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JOURNAL 
 
 EXPLORING TOTJK 
 
 BEYOND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE 
 
 A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, CLIMATE, PRO- 
 DUCTIONS OF THE COUNTRY, AND THE NUMBERS, MAN- 
 NERS, AND CUSTOMS OF THE NATIVES : 
 
 MAP OF OREGON TERRITORY. 
 
 BY BEY. SAMUEL PARKER, A, OT. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION 
 
 ITHACA, N. Y. 
 
 ANDRUS, WOODRUFF, & GAUNTLETT. 
 
 BOSTON : CROCKER & BREWSTER.— NEW YORK : HUNTINGTON & SAVAGE 
 
 ROBINSON, PRATT, & CO.— PHILADELPHIA : THOMAS, COWPER- 
 
 THWAIT, & CO. — LONDON : WILEY & PUTNAM. 
 
 1844. 
 
OiiiiilGiUH imiBifaid 
 
 
F%o 
 
 •fzz*. 
 
 APR 27 J917 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by 
 Samuel Parker, in the Clerk's office of the District Court ^©f the 
 Northern District of New York. 
 
 ANDRUS, WOODRUFF, & GAUNTLETT, PRINTERS, ITHACA. 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 FROM BENJ. SILLIMAN, LL. D., PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, GEOLOGY, &G., 
 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 I have perused with much satisfaction and instruction, the Rev. 
 Samuel Parker's Tour beyond the Rocky Mountains, and have given 
 copies of it to scientific friends in Europe, on account of the valuable 
 geological facts which it contains. B. SILLIMAN. 
 
 Yale College, Oct. 31st, 1843. 
 
 "This is one of the most authentic and interesting accounts we 
 have of the country of Oregon, or waters of the Columbia, and of the 
 character of the Indian tribes of that savage country. The author 
 brings to the subject all the knowledge, industry, candor, and piety 
 becoming his mission and pretensions." — Extract from CHANCEL- 
 LOR KENT'S Coarse of Reading, famished at the request of th* 
 New York Mercantile Library Association, 
 
 FROM II. HUMPHREY, D. D., PRESIDENT OF AMHERST COLLEGE'. 
 
 I have read Mr. Parker's Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, with uncommon interest. It embodies a great mass of facts and 
 many valuable reflections, which cannot fail of making it highly in- 
 structive as well as entertaining to every class of readers. I am glad 
 to learn that a second edition has been so soon called for. It is not a 
 book of lofty pretensions, but of unadorned verity and high intrinsic 
 merit. The friends of the missionary cause, and of the aboriginal 
 tribes beyond the mountains, who have not yet seen this volume, have 
 a rich reversion before them. H. HUMPHREY. 
 
 FROM REV. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, A. M., PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND 
 NATURAL HISTORY, AMHERST COLLEGE. 
 
 I am happ}' to concur in the above views respecting the Exploring 
 Tour, of Mr. Parker. • EDWARD HITCHCOCK. 
 
IV RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 FROM NOAH WEBSTER, IX. D. 
 
 New Haven, Nov. 12th, 1839. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I have read the aecount of your journey over the Rocky Mountains 
 to the Pacific, with much satisfaction. It contains much valuable in- 
 formation respecting a part of our continent, which is imperfectly ex- 
 plored. I hope the publication of the book will amply reward your 
 labors. N. WEBSTER. 
 
 44 This is a work of extraordinary merit, and furnishes rich food 
 alike to the man of science and the unlearned. It is one of the most 
 deeply interesting volumes that has ever issued from the American 
 press ; inasmuch as it presents, in a plain and unaffected style, stores 
 of knowledge concerning a portion of our country which heretofore 
 has been but partially explored. This is a volume which commends 
 itself to the careful perusal of men of every class, and, so marvellous 
 are its truths, that it needs but the merit of being a work of fiction to 
 gain for it universal circulation." — Missionary Herald, Cincinnati. 
 
 44 Mr. Parker's observations on the geology and geography of the 
 country through which he passed, are alone richly worth twice the cost 
 of his volume. To the friends of the unfortunate Red Man his work 
 is a noble weapon ; to the advocates of Foreign Missions an unanswer- 
 able evidence of their necessity and value. It is illustrated by a new 
 map from actual observation of the territory of the United States west 
 of the limits of Missouri."— New Yorker, May 19, 1838. 
 
 Acknowledgements are due to numerous editors of periodicals and 
 papers who have given the work a favorable notice. 
 
 m 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting to the public the Journal of a Tour beyond 
 the Rocky Mountains, the only apology, necessary to offer, 
 is the hope of promoting a more extensive and particular 
 knowledge, than has hitherto been furnished, of the condi- 
 tion of that important section of our country. The author's 
 mode of traveling furnished many opportunities for obser- 
 vation, being conducted with leisure, through one of the 
 most interesting portions of the wide territories of the west. 
 It is believed that no defects exist in the work, irrecon- 
 cilable with a strict adherence to facts, and this scrupu- 
 lous regard to truth is the principal merit claimed for the 
 volume. The most of what is narrated came under the 
 author's personal observation, and whatever is stated which 
 did not, was obtained from gentlemen connected with the 
 Hudson Bay Company, whose reputation for honesty and 
 candor, as well as capability of judging intelligently, is well 
 established. This source of information was made avail- 
 able by collecting and comparing the statements of differ- 
 ent individuals, retaining what corresponded with his own 
 observation, or was well supported by evidence. The be- 
 lief is cherished, that the following work contains a greater 
 
 2 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 amount of statistical information in regard to the country, 
 and important facts, than is to be found in any production 
 furnished by the press. Having gone over a greater ex- 
 tent of territory than any traveler who had preceded, and 
 with the express object of exploring the condition of the 
 aboriginal population, this position cannot be considered as 
 assumed. Messrs. Lewis and Clarke passed the Rocky 
 Mountains under a governmental appointment to explore 
 the country, more than thirty years since, and their pub- 
 lished narrative carries with it evidence of candor and in- 
 telligence, and contains much valuable information ; yet 
 their opportunities for observation were somewhat limited. 
 They passed over the great chain of mountains, from the 
 head waters of the Missouri, between the 45° and 46° of 
 north latitude, and came upon the head waters of the Coos- 
 coots-kee, and followed that river to its junction with the 
 Lewis or Snake river, and then proceeded by water to the 
 Pacific ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river; wintered 
 upon the south side of the bay, and early the following 
 spring returned to the mountains by the same route which 
 they pursued on their outward journey. All other persons 
 who have published any history of their travels beyond the 
 mountains, were persons engaged in the fur trade, and many 
 of their observations upon different sections of the country 
 are just, but they are deficient in statistical information, 
 and their productions are mostly confined to personal ad- 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 ventures, anecdotes of battles with Blackfeet or Crow In- 
 dians, starvation, and hair-breadth escapes. Justice to the 
 public requires fidelity in the historian and traveler. It is 
 not their business to originate facts, but to record them. The 
 license giyen to poets, or writers of romance, cannot be 
 tolerated here, and no flights of a lively imagination, or 
 graphic powers in relating passing occurrences, can atone 
 for impressions which are not in accordance with truth. 
 
 While it Was a leading object to become acquainted with 
 the situation of the remote Indian tribes, and their disposi- 
 tion in regard to teachers of Christianity, yet a careful at- 
 tention was given to the geography of the country, with its 
 productions; the climate and seasons, animals, lakes, rivers, 
 and smaller fountains ; forests and prairies, mountains and 
 valleys, its mineral and geological structure, and all the va- 
 rious aspects of its physical condition. The country here 
 described is sui generis : every thing is formed on a large 
 scale. Its lofty and perpetual snow-topped mountains rising 
 20,000 feet or more above the ocean, the trees of the forest, 
 the widely extended prairies, plants of enormous growth, and 
 the results of volcanic agency which are met with in almost 
 every direction, render the whole an ever increasing scene 
 of interest to the traveler ; and if any statements appear 
 large, it is because the facts are so in themselves. 
 
 It has been an object in writing this volume to condense 
 as much as possible the amount of information, instead of 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 unnecessarily extending it, and the hope is indulged, that 
 while these facts are perused, the desire may be awakened, 
 if it do not already exist, to benefit the original, the rightful 
 owners, and with the exception of a few thousand fur tra- 
 ders scattered in every direction over this territory, the sole 
 occupants of this wide field of uncultivated nature. 
 
 The map which accompanies the work, has been prepared 
 with much labor and care ; and though some minute parts 
 are omitted, it will be found far more accurate than any 
 which has before been published. In addition to my own 
 surveys, I have availed myself of those of gentlemen con- 
 nected with the Hudson Bay Company, in parts which I did 
 not visit, and am especially indebted to Vancouver, and the 
 labors of other explorers for much that I have delineated of 
 the North-West coast of the Pacific ocean, and the Islands. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 The interest the public have taken in this work, evinced 
 by the many highly commendatory reviews and notices, 
 which have appeared in numerous periodicals, religious, sci- 
 entific, and political, both in this country and in Europe, 
 together with the sale of the former editions, has influenced 
 the author to publish a fourth edition. Many persons, whose 
 judgment, extensive knowledge, and piety, entitle them to= 
 be held in high estimation, have encouraged him to believe 
 that this work has been interesting to men of science, useful 
 in advancing general knowledge, and promoting the spirit 
 of missions, and what is not the least to be valued, in awa- 
 kening a sympathy for the long neglected Indians of Oregon,, 
 
 As it was an object in preparing the first edition to com- 
 press as great an amount of information as possible in the 
 compass of a duodecemo volume, so in this — the same object 
 has been pursued. Since the publication of the first edi- 
 tion, the whole work has been attentively revised, corrected, 
 and enlarged. It is hoped that it will contribute its influ- 
 ence, however small it may be, in aiding the cause of hu- 
 man welfare. I shall be pardoned if I assert the senti- 
 ment, that the acquisition of all knowledge should be made 
 
 2* 
 
X PREFACE TO "THE FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 subservient to this important use, and that the gold from 
 any region, if it cannot be refined in this crucible, is of 
 no real value, and whatever will not directly or indirect- 
 ly, nearly or remotely, concur in this great end, must at 
 length endure the ultimate fate of that " Imowledge which 
 shall vanish away." 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Tour commenced by way of Buffalo, Erie and Pittsburgh ; 
 passage to Cincinnati in the steam-boat Ohioan ; the steam- 
 boat takes fire ; Cincinnati ; Falls of the Ohio ; the Ohio River ; 
 Ohio and Kentucky ; confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 rivers ; Point Girardou ; beautiful appearance of fire on the 
 prairie ; St. Genevieve, old custom ; Herculaneum ; gambling 
 on board the steam-boats; St. Louis ; Dr. M. Whitman ; Mr. 
 Fontenelle 1' 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Leave St. Louis for Liberty ; passage up the Missouri ; snags ; 
 a walk on shore ; Jefferson city ; River scenery ; Steam-boat 
 Siam ; Sand bars ; Lexington ; Steam-boat disaster ; Liberty ; 
 Navahoe Indians ; ride to Cantonment Leavenworth ; amusing 
 provincialisms ; Caravan commence their journey ; first en- 
 campment ; Iowa Indians ; Blacksnake hills ; Nodaway river ; 
 Elk; cross the Neshnabotana; Rich soil ; rapid rise of the north 
 branch of Neshnabotana ; mode of living ; mounds of the west ; 
 eross the Missouri ; Bellevue : Missionaries. . . .26 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Continuance at Council Bluffs ; interesting scenery ; Indian curi- 
 osity ; information obtained about several Indian tribes ; Spas- 
 modic Cholera ; an Indian Chief killed ; leave Bellevue for the 
 Black Hills ; storm of rain ; heavy thunder storm ; Elkhorn 
 river, the country around ; Loups Fork of the Platte ; manner 
 of encamping ; Big Ax, Pawnee Chief; Indian feasting ; fourth 
 of July ; Messrs. Dunbar and Allis ; thunder storm ; Indian 
 Ornaments ; effects of drunkenness ; bite of a rattle-snake ; buf- 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 falo seen ; prairie horse-fly ; forks of the Platte ; want of wood ; 
 swiftness of antelopes; climate; thousands of buffalo ; badgers; 
 prairie dog ; interesting bluffs ; old castle ; the chimney, or bea- 
 con ; an alarm ; Ogallallah Indians, their lodges ; Black Hills. 43 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Black Hills ; day of indulgence ; buffalo dance ; the desire of In- 
 dians for instruction ; met the chiefs in council ; re-commenced 
 our journey for rendezvous ; anthracite coal ; species of worm- 
 wood ; Red Bute ; traces of grizzly bears ; geology ; Rock In- 
 dependence ; Rocky Mountains ; perpetual snow ; valley 
 through the mountains ; " thunder spirits" gone ; an alarm ; 
 waters of the Colorado. . ..... ... .. 69 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Arrive at rendezvous ; trappers and hunters; four Indian nations; 
 Flatheads and Mez Percds, no reason why so called ; surgical 
 operations ; an interview with the Flathead and Nez Perce' 
 chiefs ; their anxiety for religious instruction ; return of Doct. 
 Whitman ; Shoshones and Utaws ; mountain life. . . 76 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Part with my associate ; arrive at head waters of the Columbia ; 
 kindness of the Indians ; narrow defile ; geology ;. Jackson's 
 Hole ; wild flax ; trappers go out on a hunt ; mountain pros- 
 pect ; Trois Tetons ; danger from affrighted buffalo ; Pierre's 
 Hole ; Volcanic chasm ; children on horseback ; interesting 
 worship with the Indians ; burial of a child ; scarcity of food ; 
 a timely supply ; Salmon river ; expected battle ; geological 
 observations : scene of mourning. . . . . .87 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Salmon river; mineral salt; chimney; forest trees, new species 
 of pine ; geology; sulphur lake; a rare animal; new species 
 of squirrels and pheasants ; came to the Lewis branch of the Co- 
 lumbia ; ferryman; Basaltic formation; fine climate; arrive 
 at Walla Walla 115 
 
CONTENTS. Xlll 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Description of Walla Walla ; the kind treatment of the Indians 
 by the Hudson Bay Company ; leave Walla Walla for fort Van. 
 couver ; loquacious orator ; rapids ; introduction to the Cayuse 
 Indians; morning prospects; long rapids; Volcanic mountains ; 
 trial of Indian generosity ; arrival at the falls of the Columbia 
 river ; rousing effects of oratory ; La Dalles ; Boston trading 
 company ; remarkable subsidence ; Cascades ; Chenooks are 
 the Flatheads and Nez Perces ; dangerous rapids ; Indian bu- 
 rying places ; Pillar rock ; interesting waterfall ; sea fowl ; 
 arrive at Fort Vancouver 131 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Description of Fort Vancouver ; departure for Fort George and 
 mouth of the Columbia ; mouths of the Multnomah ; Wappatoo 
 Island ; May Dacre ; Coffin Rock ; Cowalitz river ; Indian 
 friendship ; Pacific ocean ; Gray's bay ; Astoria. . . . 149 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Description of Fort George ; mouth of the Columbia ; dangerous 
 bar ; mountainous coast ; varieties of timber ; good location for 
 a missionary station ; continued rains ; dense forests — excur- 
 sion in a canoe down the bay ; view of the coast ; disasters at 
 the entrance of the Columbia ; ship William and Anne ; ship 
 Isabella ; Tonquin ; Japanese junk ; reflections ; water fowl ; 
 return to Fort Vancouver ; the regard Indians show the dead ; 
 Indian kindness 156 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Review of journeyings ; school ; journey up the Willamette ; walk 
 upon the pebbly shores ; falls ; settlement on the Willamette ; 
 Methodist mission ; epidemic ; voyage down the river ; hospi-, 
 tality of Wanaxka ; construction of his house ; Fort William 
 on the Wappatoo island — astonishing thirst for ardent spirits ; 
 return to Fort Vancouver. . . . . . . .169 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Services on the Sabbath ; obstacles to the gospel ; discouraging 
 case ; manner of spending time ; description of Vancouver ; fur 
 and farming establishment; garden productions; lumber; com- 
 merce ; peltries ; system of the Hudson Bay Company ; waste 
 of life ; hardships of a hunter's life ; their perseverance ; Chris, 
 tian principle ; worldly principle. 183 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Indian population; diseases; mortality; attributed to cultivation 
 of the soil; Indians destitute of medical science; holidays; 
 customs at home ; customs of the Indians ; resemblance to Jew- 
 ish customs in punishment; marriage contracts; condition of 
 the females ; slavery ; divisions into tribes ; one point of dissim- 
 ilarity, language. 192 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The various animals beyond the Mountains. . . . 201 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Fish; description of salmon ; salmon fishery ; ornithology ; den- 
 drology ; shrubbery ; nutritive roots ; geography ; mountains ; 
 valleys ; plains ; forests ; rivers ; soil ; seasons. . . .216 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Character and condition of the Indians ; Indians of the plains ; 
 their persons ; dress ; wealth ; habits ; physical character; man- 
 ufactures ; their religion ; wars ; vices ; moral disposition ; su- 
 perstitions ; medicine men. 232 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The Indians of the lower country. < 248 
 
CONTENTS. XV 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Conversation with an intelligent Indian ; meeting with Indians ; 
 early and mild season ; La Dalles Indians ; their anxiety to 
 receive the gospel ; Nootka humming bird ; number and loca- 
 tion of the Indians in the lower country ; Indians of the north ; 
 the agitated question ; solitariness. 260 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Departure for the upper country; American hunters; geology at 
 the Cascades ; Indian honesty ; escape in a dangerous gale ; 
 the Falls a favorable location for a missionary station ; tender 
 sympathy ; famished Indians ; arrival at Walla Walla ; inter, 
 esting meeting of Indians ; opportunity to give them religious 
 instruction ; a walk ; the nutritious quality of prairie grass. . 273 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Journey to the Nez Perce country ; funeral of a child ; natural 
 scenery ; worship on the Sabbath ; return to Walla Walla — in- 
 dustry of the Indians ; battle ground ; practice of smoking ; 
 journey to Colvile. 285 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Paloose Indians ; Pavilion river ; extraordinary excavation ; lost 
 on the prairie ; Indian principle; Spokcin woods and country ; 
 Indian ferry ; Spokein valley ; granite ; volcanic curiosities ; fer- 
 tile valley ; worship with the Spokeins ; IVEill river valley ; ar- 
 rival at Fort Colvile ; description of the place ; leave Colvile for 
 Fort Okanagan ; a mountain of marble ; Grand Could, or old 
 bed of the Columbia ; Okanagan described ; Long rapids ; ar- 
 rive at Walla Walla. . . 204 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 A summary of the Indians of the Upper country ; names of the 
 tribes, their locations and numbers ; leave Walla Walla for Fort 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 Vancouver ; swift passage down the river ; run the Falls ; Cas- 
 cades ; dangerous eddy ; arrive at Vancouver ; steam-boat ex- 
 cursion. - . 313 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 Geology. . . .......... 326 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 General remarks ; passage in the steam-ship Beaver down the riv- 
 er ; take passage on board the barque Columbia ; detention in 
 Chenook bay ; great cave ; Codfish, the first ever taken in this 
 bay 347 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Departure for the Sandwich Islands ; Arrival at the Islands ; wor- 
 ship in the native church ; description of Oahu ; the Pari ; the 
 valley of Manoa ; description of Honolulu ; of Waititi ; hea- 
 then temple ; Eva ; Waialua; Keneohe ; mountains ; salt lake; 
 natural productions ; animals; government; tea party of the 
 royal family ; dinner to the officers of the Peacock and En- 
 terprise ; decrease of population ; unfair negotiations ; foreign 
 residents ; charity school ; seamen's chapel ; burying place of 
 the royal family ; missionary success 353 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Departure from Oahu in ship Phoenix for the United States ; call 
 at the Society Islands ; brief description of Tahiti and Eimeo; 
 re-commence our voyage ; water spout ; severe gales of wind ; 
 Magellanic clouds ; Martin Vass Island ; Trinidad ; arrival at 
 New London. 372 
 
PARKER'S TOUR. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Tour commenced by way of Buffalo^ Erie and-Pittsburgh — pas- 
 sage to Cincinnati in the steam-boat Ohioan — the steam-boat takes 
 fire— Cincinnati— Falls of the Ohio — the Ohio River — Ohio and 
 Kentucky — confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers — Point 
 Girardou — beautiful appearance of fire on the prairie— St. Gene- 
 vieve, old custom — Herculaneum — gambling on board the steam- 
 boats — St. Louis — Dr. M. Whitman — Mr. Tontenelle. 
 
 The wide extent of country beyond the Mississippi and 
 the Rocky Mountains, with its inhabitants and physical con- 
 dition, has been a subject of interesting enquiry for the last 
 thirty years. Many things, relating to the possession of 
 the country, its future probable importance in a political 
 view, its population and trade, have occupied much atten- 
 tion. The Christian public have not been inattentive to the 
 interests, moral and religious, of those whom the God of 
 providence has placed in these remote regions, and who are 
 without the blessings of civilization and Christianity. The 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ap- 
 pointed an exploring mission to ascertain by personal obser- 
 vation, the condition of the country, and the character of the 
 Indian nations and tribes, and the facilities for introducing 
 the gospel and civilization among them. 
 
18 PITTSBURGH. 
 
 That difficulties and dangers would be incident to a jour- 
 ney through a country of such extent, uninhabited except 
 by wandering bands of Indians, where no provisions could 
 be obtained besides uncertain game, could not be doubted. 
 It was not a consciousness of undaunted courage, or indif- 
 ference to suffering, or the love of romance, which fixed my 
 purpose ; but it was the importance of the object. Although 
 it was painful to bid adieu to family and friends, unapprised 
 of the events of the future, yet committing all to the gui- 
 dance and protection of an all-wise Providence, the enter- 
 prise was undertaken without reluctance, on the 14th of 
 March, 1835. Pursuing the journey by the way of Buffalo 
 and Erie, I arrived at Pittsburgh on the twenty-fifth. The 
 intervening distance to St. Louis, through the great valley 
 of the west, had lost much of its novelty, as I had previously 
 passed over it, and .long since had it ceased to excite that de- 
 gree of interest in the community, with which it was regard- 
 ed before the numerous descriptions of the tourist and trav- 
 eler had rendered its general features familiar. Only a 
 passing notice, therefore, will be given. 
 
 Leaving Pittsburgh, which, from "its multiplied manufac- 
 tories, may be styled the Birmingham of America, I took 
 passage in the steam-boat Ohioan, for Cincinnati, four hun- 
 dred and fifty miles distant, by the river. The scenery of 
 the Ohio, as it pursues its meandering course to the Missis- 
 sippi, presents a most beautiful variety of forests, and culti- 
 vated fields, and flourishing villages. On the 28th, we ar- 
 rived at Cincinnati. The steam-boat on that day was disco- 
 vered to be on fire in the hold, in which a large quantity of 
 combustible goods were deposited. This created great alarm. 
 A very strong head wind blew the fire from the furnace down 
 the hatchway, which, after removing some goods, had been 
 
CINCINNATI* 19 
 
 carelessly left -open. The captain immediately rounded the 
 boat to the shore, and no sooner was it gained, than there 
 was a general rush for safety. Some of the passengers 
 threw out their baggage, and many leaped from the upper 
 deck to the land. The fire, however, was subdued, and with 
 considerable difficulty we disengaged the boat from its 
 grounded position, and from the trees among which it was 
 entangled, and we were again under way. 
 
 Cincinnati is. a large city for a country so new, and from 
 its mature appearance would hardly be thought to have 
 been the growth of only half a century. Its population, 
 composed of emigrants from New England, the middle, and 
 some of the southern states, and from various parts of Eu- 
 rope, is consequently not very homogeneous in its character. 
 Its schools and institutions of literature, promise much for 
 the great interests of science and religion in this interesting 
 section of our growing country. 
 
 Here I exchanged my situation on board the Ohioan, for 
 the Chien, Captain Reynolds, for St. Louis, which, by water 
 is six hundred and ninety miles from Cincinnati. . On the 
 3,0th, we passed Louisville, near, whleh.are the. fells of the 
 Ohio, twenty-two .feet in height, and 1 passable by boats only 
 in high water, about two months in the year. To save the 
 expense and, delay of portage around the falls, a canal has 
 been constructed on the south side of the river, two miles in? 
 length, fifty feet wide, and forty feet deep* 
 
 The water being high, we passed over the falls. It was 
 a sublime scene. The water about Louisville moves slowly 
 and smoothly ; but as you approach the falls', it increases 
 in velocity and power. You soon find yourself in an irre- 
 sistible current; and you are anxious to know whether 
 your pilots are well skilled in their profession. You look at 
 
20 THE OHIO RIVER — OHIO AND KENTUCKY. 
 
 them to see if they betray any fear ; you find, that while 
 their attention is fixed, their countenances are serene. Your 
 fears give way to emotions of the sublime. The boat shoots 
 forward with amazing force and velocity, and very soon 
 5 r ou find yourself gliding along in the wide-spread calm 
 below. 
 
 The Ohio is a noble river, affording in its whole course 
 romantic and beautiful prospects. It flows in a smooth and 
 easy current, and is diversified on every sid& with rich bot- 
 tom land, rolling hills, and precipitous bluffs. These hills 
 and bluffs, in many places, rise abruptly from the shore of 
 the river, in other places they recede some miles, but in 
 every part are in view ; and so varied is the scenery, that 
 there is no weariness caused by monotony. No where has 
 the hand of industry been wanting to add interest in pass- 
 ing through this part of the great western valley. Farms, 
 and towns, and villages, exhibit the advantage that has been 
 taken of the exuberance of the soil. The many swift-mo^ 
 ving, panting steam-boats show that industry furnishes the 
 means of wide-extended and profitable commerce. The 
 striking difference in the taste and habits of the people in- 
 habiting the two sides of the river, was here very apparent. 
 Upon the Ohio side, the farms and neatly painted dwellings 
 are in the New England style, while on the Kentucky side, 
 scattered here and there, you see the large log houses of the 
 planters in a grade of architecture considerably above the 
 log cabins of their slaves, by which they are surrounded, 
 yet log houses still. These are built two stories high, with 
 a wide airy hall through the centre, one of the lower rooms 
 being the parlor, and the other serves the several purposes 
 of a nursery, sleeping and eating room. Open, frank hos- 
 pitality characterizes the Kentuckian, which is pleasing to 
 
CONFLUENCE OF OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI. 21 
 
 a stranger. I offered a lady in one of these mansions 
 some tracts, which she at first declined with the enquiry, 
 "Do you think we are heathen?" "No, madam; but 
 tracts contain much that is interesting to all classes 
 of people, and after they are read, can be circulated 
 among those who may not be well supplied ' with books." 
 I saw but very few houses of worship, except in villa- 
 ges. 
 
 On the first of April we passed out of the waters of the 
 Ohio into those of the Mississippi. The Ohio spreads out 
 into a narrow sea and meets the Mississippi in the same 
 form. Both appear to expand themselves into their most 
 majestic forms, as though each was making an effort to 
 daim the superiority ; and when joined, they move on with 
 united grandeur. We should expect, at the confluence of 
 these two rivers, to find a business-going village, but instead 
 of such a place, there is only a whiskey-selling tavern, sur* 
 rounded by a few miserable huts. 
 
 To-day, a boy ten or twelve years old, playing about the 
 machinery of the boat, was caught in it by the leg^ and had 
 he not been immediately seized and extricated by two men 
 standing by, must have been drawn wholly in and crushed 
 to pieces. The bones were not broken, but the calf of the 
 leg was distressingly mangled. There being no surgeon 
 on board, I officiated in dressing his wounds. 
 
 Passed, on the second, Point Girardou, fifty miles above 
 the mouth of the Ohio. It is pleasantly situated upon a- 
 bluff on the west side of the Mississippi. ; It has a fine 
 prospect of the river, and might, under the hand of indus- 
 try, become a desirable place ; but the French Catholics- 
 are not an enterprising people, and it has the appearance of 
 
 decay. We moved but slowly against the wind and currents 
 
 3* 
 
22 PRAIRIES ON FIRE. 
 
 The fires of the prairies coming over the bluffs, presented 
 a fine scene this evening. These bluffs are two hundred 
 feet high, and extend one or two miles along the river. At 
 a considerable distance they appeared like an illuminated 
 city, but as we approached and had a nearer view, the il- 
 lusion was dissipated. The fires had advanced nearly over 
 the bluffs, and curtained them with a moderately ascending 
 blaze, drawn up on the bluffs and let down in festoons in 
 the ravines ; and the counterpart reflected from the smooth 
 waters of the broad Mississippi, added much to the beauty 
 and grandeur of the prospect. 
 
 We made a short stay on the third, at the landing of St. 
 Genevieve. The village is situated a mile back from the 
 river on the west side, and is inhabited almost entirely by 
 French, who are slow to depart from the customs and man- 
 ners established by their forefathers, who have long since 
 passed away. To adopt new improvements would be a step 
 next to giving up their catholic religion and turning infidel. 
 It is amusing to see the manner in which they yoke their 
 oxen, and to learn the reason they assign for so doing. The 
 yoke is composed of a straight piece of wood, fastened to the 
 back side of the horns by straps of leather. They say, that 
 in this way, they save the whole power of the animal ; but 
 that the yoke, bowed to the neck, and drawn back to the 
 shoulder, loses the power of the head and neck. Their rea- 
 soning may satisfy themselves, but would not convince the 
 thorough New England farmer. 
 
 To-day Herculaneum appeared in sight, which is situated 
 on the west side of the river, thirty-five miles below St. Louis. 
 It is almost surrounded by high precipitous hills, having 
 only a narrow space for a village. There are several shot- 
 towers, placed on the brink of high bluffs, in which con- 
 
GAMBLING. 23 
 
 siderable business is done . Large quantities of lead, brought 
 from the mines, are sold and carried to distant markets. 
 
 In traveling upon these waters,, it is painful to see how 
 few books of any value there are on board the steam-boats. 
 Some novels are found, but the most of them are of a licen- 
 tious character. Thousands of those who navigate these 
 rivers are going to the judgment, regardless of the interests 
 of their souls, and most of them are destitute of the Bible. 
 It gave great offence to many, that we should have reli- 
 gious worship in the ladies' cabin, as we did by invitation. 
 Complaints of obtrusion were made — " Obtruding religion 
 — no place for such things." But profanity and gambling 
 are no obtrusion ; they are always in time and always in 
 place. Christians must keep religion out of sight and hear- 
 ing, but the wicked may be as open and obtrusive as they 
 please. Gambling is practiced on board the steam-boats 
 upon these waters to a very great extent, and is a favorite 
 amusement with those whose minds are not sufficiently cul- 
 tivated to find satisfaction in reading, or intelligent conver- 
 sation. The number of black-legs who make gambling 
 their business is great ; they are adepts in their profes- 
 sion, and their success depends very much upon their skill 
 in deception, and in decoying the inexperienced. 
 
 On the evening of the fourth, we arrived at St. Louis. 
 This is a flourishing business place, situated on the west 
 side of the Mississippi, two hundred miles above the mouth 
 of the Ohio, and twenty miles below the mouth of the Mis- 
 souri, and in its local position resembles Albany, N. Y. 
 The ground ascends for about a half mile from the river, 
 and then spreads out into a widely extended plain, partly 
 covered with shrubbery, back of which are open prairies. 
 
 In the parts of the town built by the French, the streets 
 
24 ST. LOUIS. 
 
 are narrow. This may have been to accommodate their 
 propensity to be sociable, by- enabling them to converse from 
 the windows across the streets. The French population, 
 with few exceptions, are Roman Catholics, noted for their 
 indolence and dissipation. Gambling is their favorite 
 amusement ; and they have houses devoted to this object, 
 with signs up, like those of whiskey venders. As gambling 
 does not increase wealth, there are but few rich, enterprising 
 men among the French population. Drunkenness is not 
 common, and the temperance cause is doing much to remove 
 what exists. Eastern enterprise and influence are gaining 
 ground since the town has been brought under the laws of 
 the United States ; and a new impulse is given to business. 
 This is the central place in the west for the fur trade, which 
 is carried on by the American Fur Company to a consider- 
 able extent; and also much business is done in lead, which 
 is obtained at Galena. A great number of steam-boats and 
 other water craft, of various descriptions and destinations, are 
 seen here at all seasons of the year. Adventurers, of almost 
 every description of character and nation, such as trappers, 
 hunters, miners, and emigrants, collect here, as a starting 
 point from whence to go into the still far west, many of 
 whom seek a miserable fortune among the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. The local situation of this town is such, that it will 
 undoubtedly continue to be one of the first places for trade 
 in the great valley of the Mississippi. There are five 
 houses of worship, four Protestant and one Roman Catholic. 
 The Catholic cathedral is built of a firm light brown sand- 
 stone, and is a large expensive building. The Protestant in- 
 fluence is increasing, and there are here many active, devo- 
 ted Christians, who exert a salutary influence upon the town 
 and vicinity. The population is fifteen thousand* 
 
DR. WHITMAN. 
 
 25 
 
 Doctor Marcus Whitman had already arrived here, who 
 is appointed by the American Board of Commissioners for 
 Foreign Missions to be my associate. He came through 
 the central parts of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and arrived 
 a few days before me. On the 7th, we had an interview 
 with Mr. Fontenelle, who takes charge of the caravan sent 
 out by the American Fur Company. The caravan proceeds 
 a short distance beyond the Rocky Mountains, for the purpose 
 of carrying out goods for the Indian trade, and supplies for 
 their men who are engaged in hunting and trapping ; and 
 returns with the furs which they have taken during the 
 year. There are about three hundred men constantly em- 
 ployed in and about the mountains, and more than sixty 
 who constitute the caravan. With a much less number it 
 would be unsafe to perform this journey, as there are hos- 
 tile tribes of Indians on the way, viz : the Arickaras, the 
 Crows, and Blackfeet. Having obtained permission of the 
 principal agents of the company, Mr. Fontenelle kindly of- 
 fered to accommodate us with such advantages as may be 
 afforded in his caravan. Finding it necessary to leave this 
 place to-day for Liberty, which is one of the most western 
 towns in the United States, we were very busily employed 
 m making preparation for the journey, and in calling upon 
 and bidding farewell to Christian friends. A fire last night 
 destroyed a very large livery stable, in which we lost a 
 horse, saddle, and bridle. The old cathedral, which was 
 used for a store-house, was also burnt, together with a very 
 large quantity of crockery which it contained. 
 
26 ACCIDENT* 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Leave St. Louis for Liberty — passage up the Missouri — snags — a walk 
 on shore— Jefferson city — River scenery — Steam-boat Siam — Sand 
 bars — Lexington — Steam-boat disaster — Liberty — Navahoe Indians 
 — ride to Cantonment Leavenworth — amusing provincialisms- 
 Caravan commence their journey — first encampment — Iowa Indi- 
 ans — Blacksnake hills — Nodaway river— Elk-— cross the Neshna- 
 botana — Rich soil — rapid rise of the north branch of Neshnabotana 
 — mode of living — mounds of the west — cross the Missouri — Belle- 
 vue — Missionaries. 
 
 At five o'clock, P. M. we went on board the steam-boat 
 St. Charles, Capt. Shellcross, and ascended the river twenty 
 miles ; anchored at the confluence of the Missouri and 
 Mississippi, and lay by for the night, as it was dangerous to 
 proceed, on account of the many snags and sand bars in 
 the Missouri. 
 
 On the eighth, proceeding up the Missouri by rather slow 
 progress, the first stop was made at St. Charles, which is 
 twenty miles above the confluence of this river with the 
 Mississippi, and the same distance north-west from St. Louis. 
 This is a pleasantly situated village, upon the north side 
 of the river. The country around is interesting, and the 
 soil of superior quality. An enterprising Christian popula. 
 tion would make this one of the most desirable places in 
 the west. Soon. after we left- the shore, a boy six years of 
 age, fell overboard, but, from the swiftness of the current, 
 and as the boat was under full way, there was no opportu- 
 nity to save him. He was seen floating a short time, but 
 before the yawl could be loosed from its fastening, and 
 
JEFFERSON CITY. 27 
 
 manned, he sunk, and was seen no more. His mother, a 
 widow, and her family, were removing from Kentucky to 
 Franklin, Mo. The mother and the children lamented 
 greatly and loudly. 
 
 Near the middle of the day, on the ninth, we struck a 
 snag or rock, so deep beneath the turbid water, that we 
 could not determine which it was, and it became necessary 
 to repair one of the wheels of the boat, which was much 
 injured. This afforded an opportunity to go on shore. 
 Several of my fellow voyagers and myself ascended one of 
 those high bluffs, which frequently skirt this river. This 
 was accomplished by climbing on our hands and feet up an 
 elevation of several hundred feet. Here we had a delight- 
 ful view of the surrounding country, with its intermingled 
 prairie and wood land, its cultivated spots, and its hills and 
 dales. But in attempting to return, a new difficulty inter- 
 posed. I said we ascended on our hands and feet — could 
 we return in the same way ? We were compelled, by de- 
 scending backwards, to use much caution, and letting our- 
 selves down by the grass, or sometimes a shrub or tree, and 
 assisting each other, we came safely to the shore. We also 
 visited a place, some distance below this, where Lewis and 
 Clark encamped three days, the state of the river being such 
 that they could not ascend with their batteaux. Many wild 
 turkeys were seen along upon the uninhabited shores. On 
 the tenth, our boat discharged a part of her cargo at Port- 
 land, a small newly built village. A fellow passenger, a 
 merchant of this place, on landing, immediately put in re- 
 quisition some thirty colored men, women, and children, who 
 readily, without the aid of horses or carts, transferred his 
 merchandize to its destination. 
 
 The boat stopped on the 11th, at Jefferson City, the cap- 
 
28 SAND BARS. 
 
 ital of the state, situated on the south side of the river, upon 
 a high eminence, a little above the Osage river. It has a 
 great name for so small a place. The state house is of a 
 size which would be decent for a small academy ; and the 
 governor's house would do very well for a common farmer's 
 house in the country, but is not such as we should expect 
 for a governor in Jefferson City. But the state of Missouri 
 is comparatively new, and this place may in time support 
 its name. 
 
 Sabbath, the 12th, I remained in my state room, and en- 
 deavored to observe the day according to the commandment. 
 
 On Monday we passed Boonsville and Franklin, small 
 villages, which have a country of rich land around them, 
 and when it is brought under good cultivation, they must 
 rise in importance. The scenery up this river is sufficiently 
 diversified to excite interest and to charm. The trees along 
 the shores are mostly oak and cotton- wood, with some hac- 
 berry and buckeye, and it is interesting to see how easily 
 and how deep they take root in the free rich soil along the 
 river. Frequently, where the banks are washing away, the 
 roots of the trees are exposed to full view, and generally 
 there is only a large central root descending ten or twelve 
 feet, with small ones branching out, presenting the appear- 
 ance of an inverted cone. The river makes nothing of 
 washing away, and forming islands. Sand bars and snags 
 are so common, that, becoming accustomed to them, we 
 hardly think of danger. 
 
 On the 14th, we found the steam-boat Siam, Captain L., at 
 Chariton, on board of which the St. Charles put her freight 
 and passengers, and returned, both boats having so far 
 discharged their freight, that one could proceed with the 
 remainder. When under way, the boat ran upon a sand 
 
A CONTRAST. 29 
 
 bar, which gave it a sudden whirl about, apparently threat- 
 ening a disaster, but the quicksand of which the bar was 
 composed, soon washed away, and we went ahead again. 
 Running aground in this river is a very different thing from 
 what it would be in most waters ; for the bars are so gene- 
 rally formed of quicksand, that in most instances the current 
 around the boat sets all clear. 
 
 Soon after getting under way, on the 16th, we ran upon 
 a bar, where we were detained two and a half hours, and 
 so frequently were we upon these obstructions, that we made 
 only five miles before one o'clock, P. M. Called at Lex- 
 ington, a village pleasantly situated one mile back from the 
 landing, and surrounded by a fine country. We made only 
 about fifteen miles headway to-day, which is so slow, that it 
 would have been far more pleasant traveling by land ; and 
 to have been free from imprisonment with shockingly pro- 
 fane swearers and gamblers, most of whom are intemperate. 
 
 It was necessary to spend the nineteenth, another Sabbath, 
 on board the steam-boat. How great a contrast to the sa- 
 credness of the day when it is enjoyed in the Christian fam- 
 ily circle ; or in the sanctuary where God is worshiped in 
 the great congregation • or in the quiet, unobtrusive sabbath 
 school, where attentive minds sit down to study the word of 
 God, that they may practice its precepts, and where the 
 teachers are heard explaining and enforcing divine truth 
 upon the young and tender conscience. 
 
 As we passed along, I saw many children standing on the 
 banks of the river, and thought how benevolent persons at 
 the east had desired their religious instruction, and how 
 much had been done for the enterprise ; but it had failed to 
 reach these. I also reflected on the examples of infidelity 
 and vice around them, by which they are educated for de- 
 
30 STEAM-BOAT DISASTER. 
 
 struction, and endeavored to ask the Great Benefactor of 
 all, to do that for them which it was not in my power to do, 
 I contrasted in my mind the difference between kindred 
 souls in sweet communion in the service of God to-day, and 
 the unrestrained wickedness of ungodly men, which my eyes 
 and ears were witnessing, and said, when will the kingdoms 
 of this world become the kingdoms of our Lord and his Christ. 
 
 About the middle of the day, the captain and his men ap- 
 peared to be given up to blind infatuation. The Siam was 
 a new, well-built boat, had four boilers, and it was her first 
 season. They appeared to regard no bounds in raising and 
 applying steam. Such was the power under which the boat 
 labored, that she more than trembled. For a long time I 
 expected some disaster, and looked at the captain to see "if i 
 could discover any apprehension of danger. There was 
 no want of evidence that there was a free use of ardent 
 spirits. SOon the disaster came, though less extensive than 
 I had feared ; the main shaft, which was large and made of 
 iron, broke, and farther progress was impossible. 
 
 Monday, 20th. The day was spent in endeavoring to find 
 some remedy for the disaster, but all to no purpose. It 
 only remained to discharge her cargo upon the wilderness 
 shore, let her passengers take care of themselves, and return 
 with one wheel, like a crippled winged fowl. Two miles 
 ; above us lay the steam-boat Nelson, upon a sand bar high 
 and dry. She ran aground upon the Sabbath, and being left 
 by a freshet in the river, is waiting for another, to be libera- 
 ted. Our captain remarked at dinner to-day, that most of 
 the accidents which happen to steam-boats take place on the 
 Sabbath ; and that he did not believe it would be long before 
 they would not run on that day. We engaged a man to take 
 us in a wagon to Liberty, and towards evening went out into 
 
LIBERTY. 81 
 
 a small neighborhood of Mormons, where we lodged. They 
 had fled from Jackson county, which they call their promised 
 land, and to which they say they shall return. They are a 
 poor deluded people, and when they speak of their persecu- 
 tions, they seem not to possess the spirit of our Saviour, who, 
 when he was reviled, reviled not again, and when he suffered, 
 threatened not* 
 
 We rode on the 21st, twelve miles to Liberty, through a 
 very pleasant and fertile country, thinly inhabited, well 
 supplied with woods, and sufficiently undulating and hilly to 
 render it healthy. It was at that opening season of the year, 
 when nature, arousing itself from the sleep of winter, appears 
 with renovated beauty. Not only man, but flowers, and 
 trees, and birds, seemed to enjoy the season and the scene. 
 I was much charmed with the wood duck, (A. Sponsa) which 
 here were numerous ; the variety of their colors were adapted 
 to the beauty of the scenery which surrounded us. And 
 the sprightly deer did not seem to accelerate its movements 
 so much from fear, as from love of flight. 
 
 Liberty is a small village, situated three miles north of 
 the* river,- and is the county town- of Clay. R has a court- 
 house of brick-^several stores, which do considerable busi- 
 ness, a rope- walk, and a number of decent dwelling houses. 
 
 We continued here about three weeks, waiting for the 
 caravan to get in readiness. At this place it forms — men, 
 horses and mules, and wagons, are collected and put in read- 
 iness ; and from this place commences the long journey for 
 the west. While we remained here, we had an opportunity 
 to collect much information from those who have been to 
 and beyond the Rocky Mountains, in regard to the country, 
 mode of traveling, and concerning the various Indian tribes 
 on the way. Captain Ford and Lieutenant Stein, from Fort 
 
82 CANTONMENT LEAVENWORTH. 
 
 Leavenworth, were also here. They are both professors of 
 religion, and appear to be well acquainted with the Indian 
 country. Lieut. S. has been much among the Indians, was 
 out with the dragoons the last year — and was among the Paw- 
 nee Picts. He gives a very favorable account of them, and 
 thinks the way is open to establish a mission among them 
 with fair prospects of success. He also thinks the way is 
 prepared, or is preparing, for a mission among the Caman- 
 ehes, who heretofore have been hostile, but now wish for 
 peace and trade with the Americans. I saw also a Mr. 
 Vaughn of this place, a Baptist professor, who has made two 
 trips to Santa Fe, and has resided two years in that place. 
 He gives a very interesting description of the Navahoes, a 
 tribe who number about two thousand warriors. Their 
 country lies between the Rio Del Norte, and the eastern 
 branches of Rio Colorado. They carry on agriculture to 
 a very considerable extent; have large herds of cattle and 
 horses, and flocks of sheep ; and have many domestic man- 
 ufactures, and houses of good construction. They are 
 friendly to the Americans, but not to the Spaniards. Mr. 
 V. thinks they would readily receive Protestant missiona- 
 ries, and would prefer them to Roman Catholics, because of 
 their hostility to the Spaniards, He also speaks well of the 
 Paches, or Apaches, a small tribe on the Del Norte towards 
 old Mexico. These have been at war three years with the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 Saturday, May 9th, rode twenty-six miles to Cantonment 
 Leavenworth, which is situated on the west side of the Mis* 
 souri river, nearly twenty miles out of the United States. 
 The way is through a fertile section of country, part of the 
 distance is an open prairie, other parts are handsomely wood- 
 ed, and all are well adapted to cultivation. I had an intrq. 
 
SINGULAR VIEWS. 33 
 
 duction to several of the officers, and made my home at 
 Lieut. S's, an agreeable and religious family. 
 
 I preached three times on the Sabbath, and most of the 
 people of the garrison assembled, and gave good attention. 
 There is a very considerable number of professors of reli- 
 gion attached to this station, but they have no chaplain 
 to teach and lead them in their devotions, which is a defi- 
 ciency in our military establishments. Colonel Dodge and 
 some of the other officers appear disposed to maintain good 
 order, and I should think they exerted a salutary influence. 
 I had an opportunity, before I returned to Liberty, to take 
 a. view of the fort and the adjacent country. The buildings 
 of the fort are situated within an enclosure around a large, 
 beautiful square, which is covered with grass, and adorned 
 with shade trees. The whole is on an elevation of a few 
 hundred feet, and has an interesting prospect of the majestic 
 river flowing on silently below. The fertile country around 
 presents a wide and fine prospect, and when settled by an 
 industrious population, will equal the most favored parts of 
 the earth. 
 
 Liberty, and the surrounding country, is inhabited by 
 people of considerable enterprise, and when it shall be 
 brought under Christian influence, there will be but few 
 places more inviting. There is but one Presbyterian min- 
 ister in this county, a man of talents and very respectable 
 attainments, who is exerting a good influence. The Bap- 
 tists in this section of country are unlike those of the east. 
 They are opposed to the benevolent operations of the day. 
 Elder H. the pastor of the church in this place, invited Rev. 
 Mr. Merril, a Baptist missionary, located among the Otoe 
 Indians of the Platte, and myself, to preach for him the 
 
 first Sabbath after our arrival. His people objected, ap- 
 
 4* 
 
34 PROVINCIALISMS. 
 
 prehensive that Mr. Merril would say something about the 
 cause of Temperance, or missionary efforts, and Elder H. 
 had to withdraw his invitation. They profess to act from 
 Christian principles in refusing to give their minister any 
 thing for support, lest they should make him a hireling. 
 
 It is amusing to observe the provincialisms which are 
 common in this part of the country. If a person intends to 
 commence a journey some time in the month, for instance, 
 in May ; he says, " I am going in all the month of May." 
 For a large assembly of people, they say, " a smart sprinkle 
 of people." The word "balance," comes into almost every 
 transaction — " will you not have a dessert for the balance 
 of your dinner ?" — " to make out the balance of his night's 
 rest, he slept until eight in the morning." If your baggage 
 is to be carried, it will be asked, "shall I tote your plunder ?" 
 This use of the word plunder is said to have originated in 
 the early predatory habits of the borderers. They also 
 speak of a "mighty pleasant day" — "a mighty beautiful 
 flower" — " mighty xveak" A gentleman, with whom I form- 
 ed some acquaintance, invited me, when I should make " an 
 outing" for exercise, to call at his house ; for his family 
 would be " mighty glad" to see me. 
 
 During our continuance at this place, we were hospitably 
 entertained at the house of J. Bird, Esq., one of the judges of 
 the county court. We were under many obligations to him 
 and Mrs. B. not only for their liberality, but also for the 
 privilege of retirement in so kind and intelligent a family. 
 Nor would we be unmindful of the hospitality shown us by 
 Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Yantis. 
 
 May 15th, all things being in readiness, we commenced 
 our journey for Council Bluffs, directing our course north- 
 west. We did not get to-day beyond the boundaries of the 
 
INDIAN TRIBES. 3i> 
 
 United States, and for the last time, for a long period to 
 come, I lodged in the house of a civilized family. 
 
 The next day, we traveled twenty miles, which brought 
 us beyond the limits of civilization, and into the Indian coun- 
 try, and encamped on a prairie surrounded with wood. The 
 sensations excited by the circumstances of our situation 
 were peculiar, and such as I had not before felt ; in a wil- 
 derness, inhabited by unseen savages and wild beasts, en- 
 gaged in setting our tent, preparing supper with only a few 
 articles of furniture, the ground for our chairs, table, and 
 bed. But all was conducted in good style ; for I would not 
 dispense with attention to decencies, because beyond the 
 boundaries of civilization ; and having adjusted every thing 
 in good order, and offered up our evening devotions, we re- 
 tired to rest. But how to adjust all the anxieties and feel- 
 ings of the mind, so as to obtain the desired repose, was a 
 more difficult task. 
 
 On the 17th, I crossed over the east, or little Platte, which 
 is a very considerable river, and spent the Sabbath with Mr. 
 Gilmore, a Methodist professor, and governmental black- 
 smith for the Iowa Indians. Saw many Indians of the Iowa, 
 Sioux, and 1 Fox tribes. Among these a Fox Indian and his 
 wife were noble looking persons, having their faces painted 
 with unmixed vermilion ; the former entirely, and the latter 
 in stripes. They felt too important to be seen noticing what 
 was transpiring around, and seemed to think themselves 
 the only objects worthy of notice. 
 
 Here is an excellent, fertile tract of country, and nothing 
 discouraging for a missionary station, except the contami- 
 nating influence of vicious white men. The natives wish 
 to cultivate their land, probably more from necessity than 
 on any other account ; for their game is mostly gone. One 
 
36 BLACKSNAKE HILLS. 
 
 of them came to Mr. Gilmore to get some ploughs, and re- 
 marked, "It is hard work to dig up our ground for corn by 
 hand." The Sioux here are only a small band, who would 
 not join Black Hawk in his war against the United States, 
 and who are now afraid to return to their own country. 
 Their condition is becoming more and more wretched ; for 
 while they have not the knowledge, the means, nor much 
 of the inclination necessary to cultivate their lands advan- 
 tageously, they have an insatiable thirst for ardent spirits ; 
 and there are too many unprincipled men on our frontiers, 
 who, for the sake of gain, will supply them with the means 
 of drunkenness and destruction. 
 
 Leaving Mr. G., gratefully remembering his hospitality, 
 we rode on Monday, 18th, twelve miles to Blacksnake Hills. 
 At this place Mr. Rubedoux has a trading post, and an un- 
 commonly fine farming establishment on the Missouri river. 
 His buildings are on a small elevation of land, having a 
 delightful prospect in front of more than a thousand acres 
 of open bottom land, lying along down the river; and hills 
 on the north and east partially covered with woods. What 
 has nature not wrought without the labor of man ? The 
 herds of cattle, and other domestic animals, have as wide 
 a range as they choose, and fences are necessary only to 
 3ecure fields for cultivation. 
 
 The Indians here have a new mode of disposing of their 
 dead. A scaffold is raised about eight feet high, upon which 
 the dead are placed in rudely constructed coffins overspread 
 with skins. 
 
 Having obtained a supply of milk, I encamped out, pre- 
 ferring the field to the house, where I might have been sub- 
 jected to many kinds of annoyances. 
 
 For several days nothing special occurred.. On the 22d, 
 
CONSTRUCTION OF A RAFT. 37 
 
 We crossed the Nodaway river with a raft ; the construction 
 of which, and transporting our baggage, occupied most of 
 the day. To construct a raft, a number of dry logs are 
 collected, and secured together, side by side, with barks 
 stripped from elm trees; some few men swim across the 
 river, taking with them one end of a rope, while the other 
 end is fastened to the raft ; it is then shoved off, the men 
 upon the other side of the river pulling upon the rope, 
 The raft is generally drifted considerably down stream, be- 
 fore it is brought to land upon the opposite shore. In this 
 manner they crossed and re-crossed, until the baggage was 
 carried over. Then followed the swimming over the horses, 
 which is attended with noise enough — hallooing of men, 
 snorting of the horses, and throwing sticks and stones to 
 prevent them, after having gone part the way over, from 
 returning. 
 
 We saw many elk, but they were too wary to be ap- 
 proached, and too fleet to be chased, and our hunters were 
 not sufficiently successful to obtain any. They are very 
 large, and when their horns are on, have a very majestic 
 appearance. We frequently found their horns on the 
 prairie, some of which were four feet long, with large wide 
 spreading branches, 
 
 Sabbath, the twenty-fourth, passing over a brook near 
 which we had encamped the evening before, my companion 
 and myself remained for the day, while the caravan went 
 on. The movements of the caravan are so slow, that we 
 felt confident we could overtake them without any difficulty, 
 and as there was no danger from the hostile Indians, we 
 considered it our duty to rest on this holy day. The day 
 was very warm for May, the thermometer standing, at two 
 in the afternoon, at 88° = 
 
38 NESHNABOTANA RIVER. 
 
 The next day we overtook the caravan before night, and 
 crossed the south branch of the Neshnabotana on" a raft. 
 Some of the men of the caravan, if not all, were much dis- 
 pleased because we did not travel with them on the Sabbath. 
 To express their displeasure, they cut some of the barks, 
 with which the raft they had made was bound together, and 
 set it adrift. Providentially it did not drift far before it 
 lodged against a tree, and without much loss of time, we 
 repaired it and passed over. 
 
 After our arrangements were made for the night, one of 
 the desperadoes came to our tent with a basin of alcohol, and 
 stated to us that they had taken the offence of our refusing 
 to travel with them on the Sabbath into consideration, and 
 had concluded to pass it over, if we would take a friendly 
 drink with them. This of course, we declined. He said 
 the men were highly displeased, and he could not say what 
 would be the result — giving us to understand that if we re- 
 fused their terms of reconciliation, our lives were in danger. 
 We still refused. He then said if we would put the basin to 
 our lips and wet them, they would accept that as satisfac* 
 tion. But his arguments and threats not availing to shake 
 our temperance principles, he went away, but as we after- 
 wards learned without giving up the purpose of revenge on 
 some other occasion. 
 
 On the twenty-sixth, we came to the main branch of the 
 Neshnabotana, and commenced making a raft, the finishing 
 of which and crossing took most of the following day. The 
 soil of this part of the country is rich, and the grass for our 
 horses is excellent ; but there are none here to till the ground, 
 nor to gather in the ten thousand tons of hay, which might 
 be made from the spontaneous growth. This part of the 
 country does not yet answer the end for which it was crea* 
 
UNEXPECTED DIFFICULTIES. 39 
 
 ted. The time will come, when a dense population will 
 cover this country, who will render the sacrifice of prayer 
 and praise to our God. 
 
 On the 28th, we rode eleven miles, and came to the north 
 branch of the above mentioned river. After we had con- 
 structed a raft, we had a very difficult time of crossing. 
 The water was continually and rapidly rising, and before 
 we finished crossing, the banks were overflowed to conside- 
 rable depth ; and the alluvial soil was rendered too soft to 
 sustain our horses, and they sunk so deep that we could not 
 proceed. After searching for a long time, a place was 
 found sufficiently hard to bear up our animals when un- 
 loaded. We had to cany our baggage upon our shoulders 
 about fifteen rods, part of the way in water mid deep, going 
 forward and returning until all was carried to better 
 ground ; and then we had to ride a mile to the dry prairie 
 in water one and two feet deep. We rejoiced to find our- 
 selves once more on firm footing. Encamped by a stream 
 of clear water, which is rare in this part of the country, and 
 especially at this season of the year. The waters of all this 
 portion of country, especially of the Missouri river, and its 
 large tributaries, are very turbid, owing to the nature of the 
 soil over which they pass. A pail full of water, standing 
 half an hour at the seasons of freshets, will deposit three- 
 eights of an inch of sediment ; and yet the water, when 
 settled, appears to be of good quality. 
 
 Our mode of living, from day to day, had already neces- 
 sarily become uniform. Dry bread and bacon constituted 
 our breakfast, dinner, and supper. The bacon we cooked, 
 when we could obtain wood for fire ; but when " out of 
 sight of land," that is, when nothing but green grass could 
 be seen, we eat our bacon without cooking. Some of the 
 
40 MOUNDS OF THE WEST. 
 
 simplest articles of furniture were sufficient for our culinary 
 purposes. The real wants of life are few, artificial ones are 
 numerous. 
 
 30th. We drew near to Council Bluffs, and passed down 
 from the high rolling prairie, through a vale two or three 
 miles long, and a half mile wide, into the rich alluvial, and 
 widely extended valley of the Missouri, through a section of 
 country of uncommonly interesting scenery. The mounds, 
 which some have called the work of unknown generations 
 of men, were scattered here in all varieties of forms and 
 magnitudes ; and were thousands in number, and perhaps I 
 may say ten thousands. Some of these mounds were coni- 
 cal, some eliptical, some square, and others parallelograms. 
 One group of these attracted my attention more than any 
 others. They were twelve in number, of conical form, with 
 their bases joined, and twenty or thirty feet high. They 
 formed about two-thirds of a circle, with an area of two 
 hundred feet in diameter. If these were isolated, who would 
 not say they are artificial ? But when they are only a 
 group of ten thousand others, which have as much the ap- 
 pearance of being artificial, who will presume to say they 
 are the work of man ? But if they are the work of art, 
 and attest the number, the genius, and perseverance of de- 
 parted nations, whose works have survived the lapse of ages, 
 their history is shrouded in darkness. " The mind seeks in 
 vain for some clue to assist it in unraveling the mystery. 
 Was their industry stimulated by the desire to protect them- 
 selves against inroads of invaders, or were they them- 
 selves the aggressors V " Are they the monuments of wes- 
 tern Pharaohs, and do they conceal treasures which may 
 yet be brought to light V There is nothing plainer than 
 that they were never designed as works of defence. But 
 
MOUNDS OF THE WEST. 41 
 
 some, while they admit that these mounds were not designed 
 for offensive or defensive operations of belligerent powers, 
 have supposed that they were erected as " mausoleums, and 
 that the difference in their size was intended to convey an 
 idea of the difference m the relative importance of those whose 
 bones they cover." If this theory is true, the La Trappe on 
 the Mississippi, which I had an opportunity of examining on 
 my northern tour, which is as much as one hundred and fifty 
 feet high, and covers about six acres, must inclose mighty 
 bones, or the bones of a mighty monarch. I would not be 
 understood to dissent from the belief, that there are artificial 
 mounds in the great valley of the west, but I believe there 
 are great mistakes in the theories upon this subject. It is 
 said, by those who advocate the belief that they are the work 
 of ancient nations, that they present plain evidence of this, 
 from the fact that they contain human bones, articles of pot- 
 tery, and the like, which evince that they were constructed 
 for burying places of the dead. That some of them have 
 been used for burying places is undoubtedly true ; but may 
 it not be questionable whether they were constructed, or only 
 selected for burying places. Besides, if these mounds were 
 works of human art, I confess myself wholly at a loss to dis- 
 cover the traces of design, which are always characteristic of 
 every human effort. The absence of every other vestige of a 
 race extinct, such as monuments, walls, cities, or ruins of 
 any description, lead us to believe, that such a people must 
 have lived only to burrow in the earth, as these mounds are 
 the only traces they have left of their existence. Depopulate 
 any portion of the world, with which we are acquainted, and 
 save the savages who roam the desert or the prairie, many 
 centuries must elapse, before all monuments would en- 
 tirely cease to exist. No one, who has ever seen the im- 
 
42 PAWNEE MISSION. 
 
 mense number of mounds scattered through the valley of the 
 Mississippi, will ever be so credulous as to believe, that a 
 five hundredth part of them are the work of man. 
 
 We crossed the Maragine river, which, though very deep, 
 was not so wide but that we constructed a bridge over it. 
 Proceeding many miles through the rich bottom lands of the 
 Missouri, we crossed this noble river over against Bellevue, 
 in a large canoe, and swam our horses and mules across, 
 which, on account of the width of the river, and the strength 
 of the current, required much effort. I went Jo the 
 agency house, where I was happy to find brethren Dun- 
 bar and Allis, missionaries to the Pawnees, under the 
 direction of the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
 eign Missions. There is a Baptist mission here, composed 
 of Rev. Moses MeFril and wife, Miss Brown, and a Chris- 
 tian Indian woman, a descendant of Rev. D. Brainard's In- 
 dians. They are appointed by the Baptist Board to labor 
 among the Otoe Indians, about twenty-five miles from this 
 place, on the river Platte- These Indians are away from 
 their intended residence about half the time, on hunting 
 excursions. 
 
 A little more than a half mile below the agency, the 
 American Fur Company have a fort, and in connexion 
 they have a farming establishment and large numbers of 
 cattle and horses, and a horse power mill for grinding corn. 
 
BEAUTIFUL SCENERY. 43 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Continuance at Council Bluffs — interesting scenery — Indian curiosity 
 — information obtained about several Indian tribes — Spasmodic 
 Cholera — an Indian Chief killed — leave Bellevue for the Black Hills 
 — storm of rain — heavy thunder storm — Elkhorn river, the country 
 around — Loups Fork of the Platte — manner of encamping — Big Ax, 
 Pawnee Chief — Indian feasting — fourth of July — Messrs. Dunbar 
 and Allis — thunder storm — Indian Ornaments — effects of drunken, 
 ness — bite of a rattlesnake — buffalo seen — prairie horse-fly — forks 
 of the Platte — want of wood — swiftness of antelopes — climate — thou- 
 sands of buffalo — badgers — prairie dog— interesting bluffs— old cas- 
 tle — the chimney, or beacon— an alarm — Ogallallah Indians, their 
 lodges — Black Hills. 
 
 We continued in this place three weeks, waiting the move- 
 ments of the caravan, who made slow progress in preparing 
 their packages for the mountains.- During our detention 
 here, F frequently walked over the hills bordering upon the 
 west of the valley of the Missouri, to enjoy the pure air of 
 the rolling prairies, and to view the magnificent prospects 
 unfolded in the vale below. From the summit of those pro- 
 minences, the valley of the Missouri may be traced until 
 lost in its far winding course among the bluffs. Three miles 
 below, is seen the Papillon, a considerable stream from the 
 north-west, winding its way round to the east, and uniting 
 with the Missouri, six miles above the confluence of the 
 Platte coming from the west. These flow through a rich 
 alluvial plain, opening to the south and south-west as far 
 as the eye can reach. Upon these meadows are seen feed- 
 ing some few hundreds of horses and mules, and a herd of 
 
44 MISSIONARY PROSPECTS. 
 
 cattle ; and some fields of corn diversified the scenery. The 
 north is covered with woods, which are not less valua- 
 ble than the rich vales. But few places can present a pros- 
 pect more interesting, and when a civilized population shall 
 add the fruits of their industry, but few can be more desi- 
 rable. 
 
 In respect to efforts for the religious instruction and con- 
 version of the Indians, I am convinced, from all I can learn 
 of their native character, that the first impressions which 
 the missionary makes upon them, are altogether important 
 in their bearings on successful labors afterwards. In things 
 about which they are conversant, they are men ; but about 
 other things they are children ; and like children, the an- 
 nouncement of a new subject awakens their attention, their 
 curiosity, and their energies; and it has been remarked by 
 a Methodist missionary who Has labored among the Indians, 
 tii at many seemed to embrace the gospel on its first being 
 offered, and that those among the adults, who failed to do so, 
 were rarely converted. If, from any motives, or from any 
 cause, instruction is delayed, and their expectations are dis- 
 appointed, they relapse into their native apathy, from which 
 it is difficult to arouse them. 
 
 We had an opportunity, whilst we continued in this place, 
 to collect much information relating to the Indians in the Si- 
 oux country, from Major P., the agent appointed by govern- 
 ment to the Yanktons, a band of the Sioux. He appears to be 
 not only intelligent and candid, but also well disposed to-' 
 wards Indian improvement. The following is the substance 
 of the information which he gave us in regard to several 
 tribes to the north and north-west of this place : that the 
 Omahaws are situated upon the Missouri, about one hundred 
 and fifty miles above this place, and number about two 
 
SIOUX INDIANS. 45 
 
 thousand. They have been well disposed towards the 
 whites, but, owing to their intercourse with traders and 
 trappers, and abuses which they have received from them, 
 they are becoming more vicious in their habits, and less 
 friendly. Yet, kind treatment would conciliate their favor, 
 so that there would be no reason to fear but that a mission 
 might be established among them with fair prospects of suc- 
 
 The Yanktons are an interesting band of the Sioux, of 
 about two thousand people. Their village is to be located on 
 the Vermilion river, where it unites with the Missouri from 
 the north. Maj. P. thinks this will be a very eligible place 
 for a missionary station, and says he will do all in his power 
 to aid such an enterprise. 
 
 The Ponca Indians, on the south side of the Missouri, at 
 the confluence of the L'eau qui coure, number six or eight 
 hundred, and speak the same language as the Omahaws. 
 
 The region of country, from the mouth of the Big Sioux 
 river and that on the south of the L'eau qui coure, as high as 
 the country of the Mandan Indians, may be classed under the 
 general head of the Sioux country ; and is inhabited by the 
 following bands of Sioux, viz : the Yanktons, already men- 
 tioned, Santas, Yanktonas, Tetons, Ogallallahs, Siones,.and 
 the Hankpapes, who course east and west from the Missis- 
 sippi to the Black Hills, and sometimes as far south as the 
 river Platte. The real number of the several bands cannot 
 be correctly ascertained, but probably it is from forty to sixty 
 thousand. Their habits are wandering, and they rely ex- 
 clusively upon the chase for subsistence. Their principal 
 trade is in buffalo robes. The traders have for many years 
 maintained a friendly intercourse with them, and generally 
 
 speaking, they are much attached to white men. 
 
 5* 
 
46 THE SPASMODIC CHOLERA. 
 
 The Mandans are a much more stationary people than 
 almost any other tribe in this whole region of country, and 
 the opportunity to establish missionaries among them is 
 good ; but on account of repeated ill treatment, which they 
 have experienced, they are beginning to grow suspicious, 
 and are losing confidence in white men. 
 
 Our stay in this place has been protracted much beyond 
 our expectations. Two weeks after our arrival, the spas- 
 modic cholera broke out with a great degree of malignity. 
 The weather was very warm, and there were showers from 
 day to day. The intemperate habits of the men, and their 
 manner of living, probably had a tendency to induce the 
 disease. Three of the company died ; and several others 
 barely survived, through the blessing of God upon the as- 
 siduous attentions of Doct. Whitman, my associate, and the 
 free use of powerful medicines. And, had it not been for 
 his successful practice, the men would have dispersed, and 
 the caravan would have failed of going to the place of ren- 
 dezvous. This was plainly seen and frankly acknowledged . 
 This alarming disease was the means of effecting our de- 
 parture sooner than it otherwise would have taken place. 
 It was necessary to hasten to the higher prairies, as the 
 only prospect of escaping the farther ravages of the dis- 
 ease. Not a single new case occurred after we recom- 
 menced our journey. This afflictive scourge, so far as it 
 respected Dr. W. and myself, was providential. The as- 
 sistance we rendered the sick, and the medical skill of the 
 Doctor, converted those into permanent friends, who had so 
 disliked the restraints which our presence imposed upon 
 them, that, as they afterwards confessed, they had plotted 
 our death, and intended on the first convenient occasion to 
 put their purpose in execution. 
 
MURDER OF A CHIEF. 47- 
 
 Whilst at Bellevue, a man by the name of Garrio, a half 
 blood Indian chief of the Arickara nation, was shot under 
 very aggravated circumstances. Garrio and his family 
 were residing in a log cabin on the Papillon river. Six or 
 seven men, half intoxicated, went down to his house in the 
 night, called him up, took him away a half mile, and shot 
 him with six balls, scalped him, and left him unburied. 
 The reason they assigned for doing so, was, that he was a 
 bad man, and had killed white men. If he was guilty, who 
 authorized them to take his life ? The Arickara nation will 
 remember this, and probably take revenge on some inno- 
 cent persons. This, I apprehend, is the way Indian wars are 
 often produced. While we charge the Indians with invete- 
 rate ferociousness and inhuman brutality, we forget the too 
 numerous wrongs and outrages committed upon them, which 
 incite them to revenge. They cannot apprehend and do 
 justice to such offenders. Or if they could, would it not be 
 published as a gross Indian murder and aggression, and a 
 war of extermination be commenced against them ? When 
 Indian offences are proclaimed, we hear only one side of the 
 story, and the other will not be heard until the last great day. 
 
 Monday, June 22d. After so long delay, we re-com- 
 menced our journey for the " far west." The Black Hills 
 are to be our next stopping place. The caravan started 
 yesterday. We passed over a rich extensive prairie, but 
 so poorly watered, that we did not find a stream through 
 the whole day. In the afternoon we had to ride in a heavy, 
 cold rain, in consequence of which I became much chilled. 
 Overtook the caravan, and encamped before night on a high 
 prairie, where we could find but little wood, and it was dif- 
 ficult to make a fire. We had for supper coarse bread made 
 of corn, and some bacon. The change from the comforts to 
 
48 A STORM. 
 
 the bare necessaries of life was trying ; but when I had 
 wrapped myself in my blankets and laid down upon the 
 ground to repose for the night, I felt thankful to God for his 
 goodness. 
 
 Being now beyond all white inhabitants, in an Indian 
 country, and not knowing what the eventful future may 
 unfold, I thought I could give up all my private interests 
 for the good of the perishing heathen, if I could be instru- 
 mental of their temporal and eternal welfare. Come life 
 or death, I could say, " thy will be done." I felt strong con- 
 fidence that God would protect and provide for us> and de- 
 rived great consolation from* the promise, "Lo, I ' am with 
 you always." The very pelting of the storm upon our tent 
 had something in it soothing, and calculated to awaken the 
 feeling that God was near. 
 
 On the 23d, the storm still continued, and we did not re- 
 move our encampment. 
 
 Towards- noon on the 24th, went forward on our way and 
 crossed the Papillon river, which occasioned much delay to 
 get the baggage, wagons, and animals over. We did not 
 find a suitable place for encamping where we could be ac- 
 commodated with wood and water until about sunset ; and 
 before we could pitch our tent, a thunder storm, which had 
 been gathering for a long time, came down upon us with 
 great violence, accompanied with wind and' hail. The ani- 
 mals of the caravan fled" in different directions, some packed 
 and some unpacked. I had only time to unpack my mule 
 and let him go, and it was with much difficulty I could hold 
 my horse, which had become almost frantic under the beat- 
 ing hail, nor did I escape without some contusions. The 
 lightning was very frequent, and the thunder was almost 
 one continual roar. After a while the fury of the storm 
 
A FRIENDLY MEETING. 49 
 
 abated, and in the dark we pitched our tent and got our 
 baggage into it, but were not able to make a fire. We took 
 such supper as we could provide with our coarse bread and 
 bacon, without light and without fire, and laid ourselves 
 down to rest. During the night there were several showers 
 which created rivulets, some of which found their way un- 
 der our tent. Towards morning we slept, and arose some- 
 what refreshed. 
 
 The morning of the 25th was very pleasant, and afforded 
 a good opportunity to dry our baggage, and for the caravan 
 to collect together their packs of goods, which were scat- 
 tered over the prairie. After having spent the forenoon in 
 drying and adjusting them, we went forward and arrived at 
 the Elkhorn, a very considerable river. For conveyance 
 over this river, we constructed a boat of a wagon body, so 
 covered with undressed skins as to make it nearly water 
 tight. The method was very good, and we commenced 
 crossing, but night came on before we finished, and there- 
 fore we encamped on the east side. The country here is 
 excellent, and tolerably supplied with wood. 
 
 On the 26th, we continued carrying over our baggage, 
 and finished crossing at half after twelve, after which we 
 traveled ten miles up the Elkhorn, and stopped for the night. 
 
 On the 27th, arose very early and pursued our journey, 
 and made good progress until three, P. M. when we met 
 Messrs. Campbell and Sublette with a small caravan, re- 
 turning from the Black Hills. When mountain traders 
 meet under such circumstances there must be mutual ex- 
 changes of friendship, more ceremonious and complicated 
 than can be gone through with in the passing " how do you 
 do." The two caravans encamped, in due form, and at a 
 respectful distance from each other. 
 
50 FUTURE PROSPECTS. 
 
 Sabbath, 28th. The caravans continued here through the 
 day. This gave us an opportunity to rest, and to attend to 
 devotional exercises in our tent. 
 
 On the 29th, passed over and traveled a good distance up 
 Shell creek. As a traveler, I should be guilty of neglect 
 of duty, if I did not give a description of this section of 
 country, belonging to the Otoes on the east, and the Pawnees 
 on the west. For about twenty-five miles since we crossed 
 the Elkhorn, between this river and the Platte, which are 
 here about ten miles apart, there is not a single hill. It is rich 
 bottom land, covered with a luxuriant growth of grass. No 
 country could be more inviting to the farmer, with only one 
 exception, the want of wood land. The latitude is sufficient- 
 ly high to be healthy ; and as the climate grows warmer as 
 we travel west, until we approach the snow-topped moun- 
 tains, there is a degree of mildness, not experienced east of 
 the Alleghany mountains. The time will come, and proba- 
 bly is not far distant, when this country will be covered with 
 a dense population. The earth was created for the habita* 
 tion of man, and for a theatre, on which God will manifest 
 his perfections in his moral government among his moral 
 creatures, and therefore the earth, according to divine pre- 
 diction, shall be given to the people of God. Although in- 
 fidels may sneer, and scoffers mock, yet God will accom- 
 plish his designs, and fulfil every promise contained in his 
 word. Then this amazing extent of most fertile land will 
 not continue to be the wandering ground of a few thousand 
 Indians, with only a very few acres under cultivation; nor 
 will millions of tons of grass grow up to rot upon the ground 
 or to be burned up with the fire enkindled to^ sweep over the 
 prairie, to disencumber it of its spontaneous- burden. The 
 herds of buffalo which once fattened upon these meadows 
 
LOUPS FORK OF THE PLATTE 51 
 
 are gone; and the 4eer which once cropped the grass have 
 disappeared ; and the antelopes have fled away ; and shall 
 solitude reign here till the end of time ? No : here shall 
 be heard the din of business, and the church-going bell shall 
 sound far and wide. The question is, by whom shall this 
 region of country be inhabited ? It is plain that the Indi- 
 ans under their present circumstances will never multiply 
 and fill this land. They must be brought under the influ- 
 ence of civilization and Christianity, or they will continue 
 to melt away, until nothing will remain of them but the rel- 
 ics found in museums, and some historical records. Phi- 
 lanthropy and the mercy of God plead in their behalf. 
 
 We were awakened on the 30th, at the first breaking of 
 the day, by the usual call, " out, out ; gear up your mules ;" 
 We traveled until one o'clock, P. M. more than eight hours, 
 when we halted and breakfasted. We went again on our 
 way, and came to the Loups fork of the Platte, and stopped 
 for the .night. Most of the country -over which we traveled 
 to-day was a rolling prairie. There is nothing in this sec- 
 tion of country to interest the geologist. I did not see a 
 single stone, after passing the Papillon to this place, except- 
 ing a few small ones in the place where we crossed that 
 stream, and which on that account is called Rockford. It 
 is one of the peculiarities of the dialect of the people in the 
 westernmost states, to call small stones, rocks. And there- 
 fore they speak of throwing a rock at a bird, or at a man. 
 There are no forests in these western regions. The mead- 
 ows spread out almost without bounds. There are only 
 here and there some clumps of trees ; and the rivers and 
 smaller streams are skirted with cotton wood, elms and wil- 
 lows. Whatever propriety there once was, there is none 
 now, in calling the Indians, children of the forest. 
 
52 MANNER OF ENCAMPING. 
 
 The thermometer stood to-day, at noon, at 81°. 
 
 Wednesday, July 1st. I rested the last night as quietly 
 as I should have done upon a good bed, in a civilized 
 country ; and was cheerful in committing myself to God, to 
 awake in this, or in the eternal world, as he should direct. 
 
 We have a small tent made of coarse cotton cloth, form- 
 ing a cone. After setting this, we stow away our baggage 
 so as to leave a space in the centre for our lodgings. My 
 bed is made by first spreading down a buffalo skin, upon 
 this a bear skin, then two or three Mackinaw blankets, and 
 my portmanteau constitutes my pillow. 
 
 We proceeded to-day a few miles up the Loups fork, and 
 unexpectedly found a good fording place, where we crossed 
 the river, which in this place is nearly a mile wide. After 
 going a few miles up the river, we halted for the night. 
 The manner of our encamping, is to form a large hollow 
 square, encompassing an area of about an acre, having the 
 river on one side ; three wagons forming a part of another 
 side, coming down to the river ; and three more in the same 
 manner on the opposite side ; and the packages so arranged 
 in parcels, about three rods apart, as to fill up the rear, and 
 the sides not occupied by the wagons. The horses and 
 mules, near the middle of the day, are turned out under 
 guard, to feed for two hours ; and the same again towards 
 night, until after sunset, when they are taken up and brought 
 into the hollow square, and fastened with ropes twelve feet 
 long, to pickets driven firmly into the ground. The men 
 are divided into small companies, stationed at the several 
 parcels of goods and wagons, where they wrap themselves 
 in their blankets and rest for the night ; the whole, how- 
 ever, are formed into six divisions to keep guard, relieving 
 each other every two hours. This is to prevent hostile 
 
PAWNEE FEASTS. 53 
 
 Indians from falling upon us by surprise, or coming into the 
 camp by stealth and taking away either horses or package.* 
 of goods. We were permitted, by favor, to pitch our tent 
 next to the river, half way between the two wings, which 
 made our situation a little more retired. 
 
 Nothing of special interest occurred on the second. On 
 the third, we passed the villages of the Tapage and Republi- 
 can Pawnee Indians. These Indians have dwellings which 
 appear substantial and somewhat adapted to comfort. Many 
 of the Pawnee Loups came to us, and received us with 
 great civility and kindness. Big Ax, their second chief, had 
 charge of this party. He is a man of dignified appearance, 
 and his countenance is expressive of intelligence and benev- 
 olence. He is very friendly to white men. These Indians 
 were going out upon their summer hunt, by the same route 
 we were pursuing, and were not willing we should go on be- 
 fore them, lest we should frighten away the buffalo. 
 
 They manifested their friendship by inviting us to feasts ; 
 and as we may attend half a dozen in a day without being 
 surfeited, an explanation may not be out of place. Big Ax 
 gave the first invitation; and as it is not customary for 
 those who provide the feast to sit down with their guests, ho 
 and his associates sat in dignified silence on one side of the 
 lodge, while those of us who partook of the feast, occupied the 
 centre. The daughters of Big -Ax served us on the occasion, 
 and bountifully helped us to boiled corn and beans. Such 
 are their customs, that to avoid giving offence, we must eat 
 all that is set before us, or take it away ; and Mr. Fomtenetie 
 took what remained. In the evening we were invited to two 
 others. The first consisted of boiled com and dried pump- 
 kins, and the other of boiled buffalo meat. l The next morn- 
 ing we also a;ave the principal chiefs a feast, settiftg be fee 
 
 6 
 
54 CHANGES OF THE RIVER. 
 
 them all the variety which our bacon and coarse bread 
 could furnish, having it in our power to add a dish of coffee , 
 of which luxury we partook for this once on our whole 
 journey. 
 
 Amidst the uniformity of prairie scenery, there is yet 
 some variety. It was curious to mark the alterations which 
 time and flood have made in the channel of this river. 
 Formerly, perhaps not a few centuries ago, the river ran a 
 hundred feet higher than at present, and it is owing to the 
 yielding nature of the soil that its waters are so very tur- 
 bid. The water of the LoupsFork, however, comparative- 
 ly speaking, is quite clear. This section of country offers 
 an interesting field for botanical research. Since crossing 
 the Elkhorn, I have noticed nine different species of grass, 
 most of which are entirely new. The flowering plants are 
 very numerous and beautiful, and especially the rose, which 
 is found of almost every hue. Thermometer, at noon, 90°. 
 
 July 4th. This is a day of great noise and bustle in the 
 states. Orators speak of the deeds and achievements of our 
 forefathers: their audiences catch the spirit of patriotism. 
 Not so with our company. Having almost expatriated 
 themselves, they had forgotten their nation's birth-day ; and 
 knowing that their days of indulgence would be seasons 
 of reveling, I forbore to remind them of it. How suitable 
 would be a rational religious expression of gratitude to 
 Heaven, instead of the confusion and riot, which are the 
 common demonstrations of joy on such occasions. Ther. 
 mometer at 96° at noon. 
 
 On the fifth, which was the Sabbath, the caravan went 
 forward a few miles and then encamped. The Indians were 
 constantly calling at our tent through the day. It was pain- 
 ful to witness their poor degraded condition, ignorant of God 
 
MISSIONARIES. 55 
 
 and salvation, and, for want of a knowledge of their lan- 
 guage, to be unable to point them to the Savior, or teach 
 them their obligations to their Maker, and their duty to turn 
 to him with their whole heart. I hope and pray that the 
 Pawnee mission may prosper ; that the disposition which 
 Messrs. Dunbar and Allis manifest to go with the Indians 
 and live as they live, may be followed up, until their teach- 
 ing and influence are felt, and the Indians shall locate them- 
 selves upon their lands, under the influence of Christianity 
 and civilization. The mode which Messrs. D. and A. have 
 adopted of going with the Indians where they go, appears to 
 be the right one, and must be generally adopted to bring the 
 numerous wandering nations and tribes to the knowledge of 
 Christ. 
 
 It is all important that the missionary should be able to 
 speak to the heathen in the language in which they were 
 born. It is also important that the Indians settle down and 
 cultivate the soil ; but how can they be induced to do this 
 before they are taught ? An interpreter may be employed 
 for awhile, but the missionary must become, as soon as pos- 
 sible, his own interpreter. And why can he not learn the 
 Indian language as well as the trader and hunter? He can, 
 if he will exercise as much self-denial. 
 
 On the sixth, we left the Loups Fork, very early in the 
 morning, in company with the Pawnees, and directed our 
 course south-west for the Platte river. Towards evening, 
 we had a thunder storm with heavy rains, which continued 
 through most of the night ; but, protected by our tent, we 
 slept so soundly, that our meat was stolen from us ; and in 
 our circumstances, though only about six pounds, it was a 
 sensible loss. 
 
 After we came to the Platte, we pursued our way up the 
 
56 BIG AX, A PAWNEE CHIEF. 
 
 river, which is broad, but not very deep, as its name indi- 
 cates. The country begins to diminish in its fertility, but 
 still is very good. We were prevented from making the 
 progress we might have done, if the Indians would have 
 permitted us to go on and leave them. The men of the cara- 
 van began to complain of the delay, and had reason to do so, 
 having nothing to eat but boiled corn, and no way to obtain 
 any thing more before finding buffalo. 
 
 The intellectual powers of these Indians are very good, 
 but need cultivation. They are fond of ornaments, and not 
 having the same means of gratifying their vanity as civilized 
 people have, they resort to almost any thing to decorate their 
 persons ; such as porcupine quills, beads, wreaths of grass 
 and flowers, brass rings upon their wrists, birds' feathers, 
 and claws of wild beasts. The clavrs of a grizzly bear are 
 an ornament of the first order, and the tails of white wolves 
 a.re in high estimation. But their favorite and almost uni- 
 versal ornament is painting their faces with vermilion. 
 
 These heathen, like all others, are ignorant of the benign 
 influence of the gospel, and therefore, while they have many 
 interesting traits of character, are cruel to their old men and 
 women. The women are compelled to do all the work — 
 the men only hunt and go to war. Having but few horses, 
 when they journey, they place burdens upon the old men and 
 women, and even upon the blind and lame — and upon their 
 dogs. I did not see among these Indians a single person 
 having any natural deformity, nor any one who appeared to 
 be deficient in common sense. 
 
 July 9th. To-day Big Ax came to my tent and sat by 
 me a long time. Never did I so much wish to converse with 
 any man and tell him about the Savior, and, from the ex- 
 pression of his countenance, I thought he desired to be in- 
 
ATTEMPT TO MURDER. 57 
 
 structed. But the gift of tongues was not imparted to me, 
 and we could only converse with the language of signs, 
 which is far more intelligible than I had anticipated. 
 
 Capt. Fontenelle, by a large present, purchased of the In- 
 dians the privilege of going on to-morrow without them. 
 Our men could hardly have been kept in subordination, if 
 they had not consented. 
 
 Towards the night of the 10th we had an uncommon 
 storm of thunder, hail, rain, and wind. The horses and 
 mules could not be controlled, and turned and fled in all di- 
 rections before the storm. The whole caravan was scatter- 
 ed over the prairie ; but when the storm abated, they were 
 again collected without much difficulty, and nothing was 
 lost. If any hostile band of Indians had been about us, it 
 would have been easy for them to have made us a prey. 
 But the Lord not only rode upon the storm, but was also near 
 for our defense. The scene was alarming, and yet grand 
 and truly sublime. 
 
 Sabbath,. 12th. We are in a land of dangers, but God is 
 our preserver, and how desirable it is, that his mercies-should 
 be had in grateful remembrance, and that the portion of time, 
 which he has set apart as holy, should be observed. as .such. 
 The caravan traveled a part of the day, but were under the 
 necessity of stopping in consequence of rain, which wet their 
 packages. It is worthy of notice, that there have been vari- 
 ous providences, which have thus far prevented them from 
 traveling much upon the Sabbath. But this day has been 
 one of great confusion and wickedness. In consequence of 
 the men being drenched with rain, whiskey was dealt out 
 freely, to keep them from taking cold. Most of them became 
 much excited, and one, who took an active part in killing 
 
 Garrio, stabbed a man, with full intent to have pierced his 
 6* 
 
58 MEDICINAL PLANT. 
 
 heart ; but the knife, by striking a rib, turned aside and 
 only made a deep flesh wound. 
 
 I think I know the feelings of David, when he expressed 
 a strong desire after the sanctuary of God, and to dwell in 
 his tabernacle. 
 
 July 13th. We are not traveling through forests, nor a 
 solitary desert, but through almost boundless meadows, that 
 have the appearance of being under good cultivation. We 
 see no fields of grain, nor habitations of civilized men, but 
 meadows adorned with a great variety of plants, some of 
 which appeared to be gregarious. Often some acres are 
 diversified with great variety of colors and species. 
 
 There are two species of plants which are said to be a 
 sovereign remedy for the poison of the rattle-snake, the 
 virtues of one of which we had an opportunity of testing. 
 One of our men was bitten in the foot, and before we knew 
 it the poison had so far progressed, that both the foot and 
 leg had become much inflamed and very painful. One of 
 these plants was applied to the parts affected, and at once 
 the man was convalescent, and in a few hours was well. 
 The leaves of the plant resemble those of the blue flag, 
 except that they are serrated. The healing properties are 
 contained in the roots, which are bruised and applied to the 
 affected parts. Rattle-snakes are not numerous. These 
 and other reptiles are prevented from multiplying, by the 
 fires which every year run over the prairies. 
 
 On the 14th, the announcement of buffalo spread cheer- 
 fulness and animation through the whole caravan, and to 
 men whose very life depended on the circumstance, it was 
 no indifferent event. From the immense herds of these wild 
 animals, dispersed over these beautiful fields of nature, we 
 were to derive our subsistence. Although several were 
 
BUFFALO. 59 
 
 seen to-day, yet our hunters were not successful in obtain- 
 ing many. 
 
 I had heard of the prairie horse-fly, but was not aware 
 that it would be so very annoying and even tormenting to 
 our horses. Its bite is like the thrust of the point of a lan- 
 cet, and when the fly is surfeited, or is brushed off, the blood 
 immediately gushes out. When the caravan is in close 
 company, there being about two hundred horses and mules, 
 the number of the flies are so divided that they are more 
 tolerable ; but when for any purpose a horse is separated 
 from the company, he is severely bitten by them. On one 
 occasion, when I rode forward to find a crossing place over 
 a deep muddy stream of water, they came around my horse 
 in such swarms that he became frantic, and I was obliged 
 to return in full speed. I have no doubt that a horse left 
 alone in the season of these flies would be killed by them. 
 
 The next day, we journeyed as usual, and about noon 
 arrived at the Forks of the Platte. We saw a large herd of 
 buffalo, from which we obtained a good supply of excellent 
 meat. These animals, with their shaggy shoulders, neck,, 
 and heads, make a very majestic appearance, and if their 
 natures were unknown, would be terrific. But they are 
 timid and inoffensive, showing no disposition to injure any 
 person, except in self-defense when wounded and closely 
 pursued. Their strength is great ; and, although they look 
 clumsy, they run very swiftly. It requires a horse of more 
 than ordinary speed, to outrun them for any considerable time . 
 
 The section of country about the Forks of the Platte is 
 very pleasant, without any high mountains in sight ; but at 
 a distance beyond the widely extended rich bottom lands, 
 bluffs of various forms present a picturesque scenery. The 
 entire absence of forests in the large space of country around, 
 
00 DEFENSIVE PREPARATIONS. 
 
 is a deficiency which cannot be easily remedied ; but prob- 
 ably forest trees might be cultivated to advantage. Is it not 
 highly probable that mineral coal will be found here as well 
 as upon the prairies in the western states ? We found no 
 wood yesterday, nor to-day, and probably shall not for some 
 days to come ; and therefore we have been under the neces- 
 sity of making our fires with the dry dung of the buffalo. 
 The most thoroughly weather-beaten is selected, and proves 
 to be a better substitute for common fuel than we had anti- 
 cipated. Although we are now where we had fears of find- 
 ing the Arickara Indians, the death of whose chief has been 
 mentioned, and who have been residing near this place for 
 several months past, yet we have seen no Indians since we 
 left the Pawnees. It is supposed they have gone far up the 
 south Fork of the Platte, to avoid the United States dragoons, 
 under the command of Col. Dodge, who are on their way to 
 call them to account for their conduct towards white men, 
 and to form with them a treaty of peace, although they are 
 not fond of treaties when peace is to be observed by only one 
 of the parties. They intend to keep out of the way of the 
 dragoons, and therefore we hope to pass unmolested. 
 
 We took our course up the north- west Fork of the Platte, 
 and towards night encamped upon its bank in our usual 
 form, using particular caution to be prepared for an attack 
 of the Arickaras, should any of their war parties be about us. 
 Every man was required to see that his rifle was in order, 
 and to have a good supply of powder and balls. We all 
 slept with our clothes on, so that, if called by the sentinel's 
 fire, we might in less than a moment be ready for action ; 
 but the night passed away in quietude, and at the first break- 
 ing of the day we were awakened by the customary call of 
 the guide. 
 
ANTELOPES. 61 
 
 Saw, on the 16th, the buffalo in greater numbers, and 
 nearer than previously. They are less shy than those we 
 first found. They are more majestic than the elk, but less 
 beautiful. The antelopes, some of which we have seen for 
 several days past, are becoming very numerous, and their 
 speed exceeds that of any animal I have ever seen. Our 
 hounds can do nothing in giving them the chase ; for the 
 dogs are so soon left far in the rear, that they do not follow 
 more than ten or twenty rods, before they return, looking 
 ashamed of their defeat. Our hunters occasionally take 
 some by coming upon them by stealth. When they are 
 surprised,' they start forward a very small space, then turn, 
 and with high lifted heads, stare for a few seconds at the 
 object which has alarmed them, and then, with a half whis- 
 tling snuff, bound off, seeming to be as much upon wings as 
 upon feet. They resemble the goat, but are far more beau- 
 tiful. Though they are of different colors, yet they are 
 generally red, and have a large, fine, prominent eye. Their 
 flesh is good for food, and about equal to venison. 
 
 July 17th. We did not go on our way as early this 
 morning as usual, having been detained by breaking an 
 axle-tree of one of our wagons. The country is becoming 
 more hilly, and the bluffs in some places come down to the 
 river. Herds of buffalo are seen in almost every direction, 
 and they are so numerous, that our animals find scanty pas- 
 ture. The thermometer stood at noon at 88°. Encamped 
 a little below Cedar bluffs, so called from the few cedars 
 scattered over them, which promise a better supply of fuel. 
 
 Commenced our journey on the 18th, at our usual early 
 hour, to travel on until near noon before breakfast. From 
 the change of vegetation of various kinds, and birds, &c. 
 it is evident we are ascending into higher regions of coun- 
 
62 SHOOTING BUFFALO. 
 
 try, and an atmosphere more resembling that of the New 
 England States. As we advance, the flowering plants are 
 becoming less numerous ; and although the middle of the 
 day is very warm, yet the nights and mornings are more 
 cool. The ascent is so gradual, that the change is not per- 
 ceptible. Rocks begin to appear, and still we are far from 
 the Rocky Mountains. Limestone of light brown color is 
 found in the bluffs, laying in horizontal strata, which might 
 be easily worked and to any extent. ■ Very small black 
 gnats, hardly discernible by the naked eye, have been nu- 
 merous and very annoying, and for several days we rode 
 with silk handkerchiefs closely tied over our faces to pro- 
 tect us from their poisonous bite. 
 
 July 20th. Thousands of buffalo were seen to-day, and 
 our men amused themselves with chasing and shooting at 
 them ; but it was well for the buffalo that they made poor 
 shots. I can hardly reconcile it with a good conscience, to 
 trifle with the life even of the most insignificant animals, yet, 
 for once, I felt myself powerfully inclined to try my horse 
 in the chase. The noble creature enjoyed the sport, and 
 would have rushed fearlessly into the midst of them, had I 
 not held him in check. At that time, not being sufliciently 
 acquainted with this species of amusement, and intending 
 to make sure of my victim, I dismounted in order to take a 
 more steady aim than I could otherwise have done ; and by so 
 doing, as our guide afterwards informed me, placed myself 
 in imminent danger ; for the animal, when wounded, often 
 turns upon his antagonist to retaliate his injuries. Fortu- 
 nately, though I wounded one, he did not rise upon me, and 
 I returned to the caravan unconscious of danger. 
 
 Badgers inhabit this part of the country, and from the 
 many holes, which they dig in the ground for their dwell- 
 
BADGERS PRAIRIE DOGS. G3 
 
 ings, they must be very numerous, though we have seen 
 only a few, and have killed but one. They keep near their 
 burrows, and run into them on the least approach of danger. 
 The badger is of the genus ursus, about the size of the mar- 
 mot, or what is often called the woodchuck, of a silvery gray 
 color, with short legs, and its whole aspect is interesting. I 
 did not have an opportunity to learn many of its habits. A 
 small animal called the prairie dog, abounds in this section of 
 country. It takes its name, not from its appearance, but from 
 its barking, which is like that of a very small dog. It is of a 
 brown color, and its fur is of superior fineness. It is very shy 
 and difficult to be taken. Was it not for this last circum- 
 stance, I should think it might be an important article of traffic. 
 
 We passed, on the 21st, many uncommonly interesting 
 bluffs composed of indurated clay, situated on a wide spread 
 plain ; many of them very high, with perpendicular sides, 
 and of almost every imaginable form. Some appeared like 
 strong fortifications with high citadels ; some like stately ed- 
 ifices with lofty towers. I had never before seen any thing 
 like them of clay formation. And what adds to their beau- 
 ty is, that the clay of which they are composed, is nearly 
 white. Such is the smoothness and whiteness of the perpen- 
 dicular sides and offsets ; and such the regularity of their 
 straight and curved lines, that one can hardly believe that 
 they are not the work of art. 
 
 It was a very warm day. The thermometer stood at noon, 
 at 90°, and at 5 o'clock, P. M. at 100°. There were no 
 prairie winds as usual. Almost every day winds blow over 
 the prairies like sea breezes, or trade winds. They gene- 
 rally commence about eight in the morning, and continue 
 through the day. These winds render the traveling com- 
 fortable, although the thermometer may range high. 
 
64 THE OLD CASTLE. 
 
 We encamped to-day in the neighborhood of a great nat- 
 ural curiosity, which, for the sake of a name, I shall call 
 the old castle. It is situated upon the south side of the 
 Rlatte, on a plain, some miles distant from any elevated 
 land, and covers more than an acre of ground, and is more 
 than fifty feet high. It has, at the distance of the width of 
 the river, all the appearance of an old enormous building, 
 somewhat dilapidated ; but still you see the standing walls, 
 the roof, the turrets, embrasures, the dome, and almost the 
 very windows ; and large guard-houses, standing some rods 
 in front of the main building. You unconsciously look 
 around for the enclosures, but they are all swept away by the 
 lapse of time — for the inhabitants, but they have disap- 
 peared ; all is silent and solitary. Although you correct 
 your imagination, and call to remembrance, that you are 
 beholding the work of nature, yet, before you are aware, 
 the illusion takes you again, and your curiosity is excited to 
 know who built this fabric, and what has become of the 
 by-gone generations. I found it impossible to divest myself 
 of such impressions. The longer and the more minutely I 
 examined it, the more I saw to admire ; and it reminded me 
 of those descriptions of power and grandeur in ruins, of 
 which we read of ancient times and nations. 
 
 Encamped at noon of the 22d, near another of nature's 
 wonders. It has been called the chimney ; but I should 
 say, it ought to be called beacon hill, from its resemblance 
 to what was beacon hill in Boston. Being anxious to have 
 a near view, although in a land of dangers, I concluded to 
 take an assistant and pass over the river to it. The river 
 where we crossed was about a mile wide, shallow and full 
 of quicksand, but we passed it without any difficulties. We 
 rode about three miles over a level plain, and came to tho 
 
AN ALARM. 65 
 
 base. The distance from the other side of the river did not 
 appear more than a mile, so deceptive are distances over 
 plains without any landmarks. This beacon hill has a con- 
 ical formed base of about half a mile in circumference, and 
 is one hundred and fifty feet in height ; and above this is a 
 perpendicular column, twelve feet square, and eighty feet 
 high ; making the whole height about two hundred and 
 thirty feet. We left our horses at the base, and ascended 
 to the perpendicular. It is formed of indurated clay or marl, 
 and in some parts is petrified. It is of a light chocolate, or 
 rufous color, in some parts white. Near the top were hand- 
 some stalactites, at which my assistant shot, and broke oiF 
 some pieces, of which I have tak^n a small specimen. We 
 descended, and having finished my survey, had just mounted 
 ; our horses, when we saw two bands of buffalo, six or eight 
 hundred in number, coming full speed towards us, taking 
 their course down the river. We knew somebody must be 
 pursuing them, and as, from indications for two days past, 
 we had suspected Indians near, we thought it would be the 
 safest for us to make and secure a speedy retreat to the car- 
 - avan, and set off in haste for the river, which at the nearest 
 point was two miles distant. Very soon we saw a man on 
 horseback coming rapidly towards us — he stopped and gave 
 a signal for others behind him to hasten on, and at once we 
 saw a band of men coming full rush. We put our horses 
 to their utmost speed, and when we thought our retreat to 
 the river fully secured, we stopped and took an observation 
 with a large spy-glass, which we had taken the precaution 
 to have with us, and found they were white men, who had 
 come from a fort of the American Fur Company at the Black 
 Hills, to meet the caravan. Mr. Fontenelle, the comman- 
 der of the caravan, saw the movement, was alarmed for 
 
 7 
 
66 SCOTT 'S BLUFFS. 
 
 our safety, and came out in all haste, with a number of 
 armed men to our assistance. But all resulted in friends 
 meeting friends. There were some Ogallallah Indians 
 near us, who came to our camp in the evening. Thermom- 
 eter 90°. 
 
 On the 23d, after traveling a few miles, we encamped 
 near Scott's bluffs. These are the termination of a high 
 range of land running from south to north. They are very 
 near the river, high and abrupt, and what is worthy of notice, 
 there is a pass through the range a short distance back from 
 the river, the width of a common road, with perpendicular 
 sides two or three hundred feet high. It appears as though 
 a part of the bluffs had been cut off, and moved a few rods to 
 the north. Instead of journeying, the naturalist would de- 
 sire weeks to examine the interesting scenery of this section 
 of country, and the more minute his examination, the more 
 would he find to gratify his curiosity. 
 
 This whole country appears to abound in magnesia, so 
 that epsom salts are found in almost every part ; in some 
 places in large quantities in a crystalized state. Our hor- 
 ses and mules were disposed to make these a substitute for 
 common salt. Thermometer to-day stood at 90°. 
 
 While we were encamped at noon of the 24th, and our 
 horses and mules were turned out under guard, and we were 
 preparing our breakfast, or what should be dinner, we were 
 alarmed with the call, "Secure your animals! secure your 
 animals !" I looked around to discover the cause of the 
 alarm, and saw, at about a mile and a half distance, some 
 thirty or forty Indians coming on horseback at full speed. 
 We had not more than half secured our animals and pre- 
 pared for defense, when the Indians were close upon us ; 
 whether friends or foes we could not tell, until they were 
 
THE OGALLALLAHS. 67 
 
 nearly within rifle shot, when, according to the customary 
 expression of friendship, they fired their guns into the air, 
 and then rushed into" our camp, and exchanged salutations 
 of peace. They were Ogallallahs, headed by eight of their 
 chiefs, clad in their war habiliments, and presenting some- 
 what of a terrific appearance. The chiefs dined with us, 
 and were very talkative among themselves ; for, not hav- 
 ing any good interpreter, we could not join in conversation 
 with them. Every thing, however, went on pleasantly, and 
 to mutual satisfaction. They told us their whole village 
 was only a few hours' travel ahead of us, going to the Black 
 Hills for the purpose of trading. 
 
 On the 25th, the heat was very oppressive in the middle 
 of the day, there not being as much wind as usual. Ther- 
 mometer 92°. Towards evening, we came to the main vil- 
 lage of the Ogallallahs, consisting of more than two thou- 
 sand persons. These villages are not stationary, but move 
 from place to place, as inclination or convenience may dic- 
 tate. Their lodges are comfortable, and easily transported. 
 They are constructed of eight or ten poles about eighteen 
 feet long, set up in a circular form, the small ends fastened 
 together, making an apex, and the large ends are spread 
 out, so as to enclose an area of about twenty feet in diame- 
 ter. The whole is covered with their coarse skins, which 
 are elk, or buffalo, taken when they are not good for robes. 
 A fire is made in the centre, a hole being left in the top of 
 the lodge for the smoke to pass out. All that they have for 
 household furniture, clothing, and skins for beds, is deposi- 
 ted around according to their ideas of propriety and conve- 
 nience. Generally not more than one family occupies a 
 lodge. These are the finest looking Indians I have ever 
 seen. The men are generally tall and well proportioned ; 
 
68 A SABBATH AMONG THEM. 
 
 the women are trim, and less pendulous than is common 
 among Indian women, and all were well dressed and cleanly. 
 They came around us in multitudes, and manifested great 
 curiosity to see whatever we had. I did not know why, but 
 my boots were particularly examined ; probably they had 
 never seen any before, as moccasons are worn, not only by 
 Indians, but also by traders and hunters. 
 
 Sabbath, 26th. The caravan moved on a little way to 
 the crossing place of the Platte, near Larama's fork in the 
 Black Hills, and encamped for the day. This gave us an 
 opportunity for reading and devotion. Some of the Ogal- 
 lallahs came to my tent while I was reading the Bible, and 
 observed me attentively, as though enquiring the reason 
 why I was differently employed from others. I endeavored 
 to make them understand by the language of signs, that I 
 was reading the book of God , which teaches us how to wor- 
 ship him. After spending some time in teaching them to 
 read, and how God is to be worshiped, I sung a hymn, 
 which greatly interested them. They took me by the hand, 
 and the expression of their countenance seemed to say, we 
 want to know what all this means. My spirit was pained 
 within me, and I anxiously desired to understand their lan- 
 guage, that I might tell them about Christ, the only Savior. 
 The enquiry arose forcibly in my mind, why will not some 
 of the many Christian young men of the east, exercise so 
 much self-denial, as to come and teach them the way of sal- 
 vation ? What Christian would not glory in such labor ? 
 And if there should be any tribulations attendant on the enter- 
 prise, would they not, like St. Paul, glory in tribulations ? 
 
 At evening, we passed over the Platte, and went a mile 
 and a half up to the fort of the Black Hills, and encamped 
 near the fort in our usual form. 
 
BLACK HILLS. 69 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Black Hills — day of indulgence — buffalo dance — the desire of Indians 
 for instruction — met the chiefs in council — re-commenced our jour- 
 ney for rendezvous — anthracite coal — species of wormwood — Red 
 Bute- -traces of grizzly bears — geology — Rock Independence — 
 Rocky Mountains — perpetual snow — valley through the mountains 
 — " thunder spirits" gone — an alarm — waters of the Colorado. 
 
 The Black Hills do not derive their name from any thing 
 peculiar in the color of the soil and rocks of which they are 
 composed, but are so called from being covered with shrubby 
 cedars, which give them a dark appearance when seen * at 
 a distance. The alluvial soil upon the rivers and in tKe 
 valleys is very good, but upon the higher lands and hills, 
 it is thin and rather barren, and in many parts full of stones, 
 which are worn smooth by the action of water, and are of 
 various kinds and forms. One spur of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains is seen from -this pluce, which is forty or fifty miles 
 distant, and is probably five thousand feet high. 
 
 At this place the caravan halted, and according to imme--- 
 morial usage, the men were allowed a "day of indulgence," 
 as it is called, in which they drink ardent spirits as much as 
 they please, and conduct as they choose. Not unfrequently 
 the day terminates with a catastrophe of some kind, and 
 to-day one of the company shot another with the full inten- 
 tion to have killed him. The ball entered the back, and 
 came out at the side. The wounded man exclaimed, " I am 
 a dead man ;" but after a pause, said, " No, I am not hurt.'' 
 
 The other immediately seized a rifle to finish the work, but 
 
 7* 
 
70 BUFFALO DANCE. 
 
 was prevented by the bystanders, who wrested it from him 
 and discharged it into the air. 
 
 July 28th. The day of indulgence being past, a quiet 
 day succeeded. The exhilaration was followed by conse- 
 quent relaxation, and the tide of spirits which arose so high 
 yesterday, ebbed to-day proportionally low. The men were 
 seen lounging about in listless idleness, and could scarcely 
 be roused to the business of making repairs and arrange- 
 ments for the long journey yet before us. The Indians were 
 active, and manifested a disposition to be sociable and kind, 
 and also to open a trade with us in various articles, such as 
 moccasons, belts, and dressed skins ; and desired in return, 
 knives, awls, combs, vermilion, &c. 
 
 Although the nights were cool, yet the thermometer stood 
 in the middle of the day at 98°, but the heat was relieved by 
 the usual prairie winds. 
 
 On the 29th, the Ogallallah Indians who accompanied us, 
 had a buffalo and a dog dance, the real object of which I 
 could not satisfactorily ascertain. Whether it was from 
 some superstitious notion that their success in hunting de- 
 pended on these rites, or whether the custom originated in 
 the gratitude of their hearts for past successes, or more pro- 
 bably as an amusement, or neither, I cannot tell. I wit- 
 nessed the first mentioned ceremony, and was content to 
 dispense with the latter. In the buffalo dance, a large num- 
 ber of young men, dressed with the skins of the neck and 
 head of buffalos with their horns on, moved round in a dan- 
 cing march. They shook their heads, imitated the low bel- 
 lowing of the buffalo, wheeled, and jumped. At the same 
 time men and women sung a song, accompanied with the 
 beating of a sort of drum. I cannot say I was much amused 
 to see how well they could imitate brute beasts, while 
 
THE OGALLALLAHS. 71 
 
 ignorant of God and salvation. The impressive enquiry 
 was constantly on my mind, what will become of their 
 immortal spirits ? Rational men imitating beasts, and old 
 gray-headed men marshaling the dance ! and enlightened 
 white men encouraging it by giving them intoxicating 
 spirits, as a reward for their good performance. I soon 
 retired, and was pleased to find that only a small number 
 of the Indians took any part in the dance. 
 
 An Indian whom I attempted to teach last Sabbath, came 
 to me again to-day, and manifested that he wished me to 
 instruct him. I endeavored to communicate to his mind 
 some ideas of God, and sang the hymn, " Watchman, tell 
 us of the night." He and those with him, shook hands with 
 me as a token of their satisfaction, and left me. He soon 
 returned, however, bringing others, that they too, might 
 hear what he had heard with so much apparent pleasure, 
 and they again shook hands with me. This was several 
 times repeated. These Indians appear not only friendly to 
 white men, but kind in their intercourse with each other, 
 and in no instance did I witness any quarrels among them. 
 Their minds are uncommonly gifted and noble, their per- 
 sons are finely formed, and many of them are truly " na- 
 ture's grenadiers." The women are graceful, and their 
 voices are soft and expressive. I was agreeably surprised 
 to see tall young chiefs, well dressed in their own mode, 
 walking arm in arm with their ladies. This is what I 
 had not expected to see among those whom we term 
 " savages." It is true that they are heathen, in all the 
 guilt of sin and destitute of the knowledge of God, and 
 the hopes of the gospel, but in politeness and decency, as 
 well as in many other respects, they are very unlike 
 the frontier Indians, who have been corrupted and degra- 
 
7*2 COUNCIL WITH THE SIOtTX. 
 
 ded by their acquaintance with ardent spirits, and wicked 
 white men. 
 
 On the 30th, I met in council with the chiefs of this tribe, 
 to lay before them the object of our tour, and to know if 
 they would wish to have missionaries sent among them to 
 teach them to read and write, and especially how to worship 
 God. They expressed much satisfaction with the proposal, 
 and said they would do all they cOuld to make their condi- 
 tion comfortable. There can be no doubt, that this commu- 
 nity of the Sioux would be a promising field for laborers. 
 They are inquisitive, and their language is distinct and 
 sonorous. 
 
 On the 31st, thermometer stood at 81°- 
 
 August 1st. At half past eight in the morning, we re- 
 commenced our journey, and the next point to which we di- 
 rect our course is across the Rocky Mountains, where the 
 general rendezvous will be held. Our wagons were left at 
 the fort of the Black Hills, and all our goods were packed 
 upon mules. Several of our company went out into various 
 parts of the country to hunt and trap, but as many more 
 joined us for the mountains, so that our number is not di- 
 minished. Mr. Fontenelle stopped at the fort, and Mr. Fitz 
 Patrick took his place in charge of the caravan. We had 
 received during our journey to this place, many kind atten- 
 tions from Mr. F. as well as the privilege of traveling un- 
 der his protection, for which we offered him a remuneration, 
 but he declined it, saying, "If any one is indebted, it is my- 
 self, for you have saved my life, and the lives of my men." 
 We shall gratefully remember their kindness. 
 
 Sabbath, 2nd. I enjoyed some opportunities for devo- 
 tional exercises, but felt the loss of the privileges of God's 
 house: 
 
ANTHRACITE COAL. 73 
 
 We found on the 3d but very little grass for our horses 
 and mules, owing to three causes ; the sterility of the soil, 
 the proximity of the snow-topped mountains, and the grazing 
 of numerous herds of buffalos and antelopes. To save dis- 
 tance in following the bends of the river, we passed to-day 
 over rough and somewhat dangerous precipices. I had 
 found, before I arrived at the Black Hills, some loose speci- 
 mens of anthracite coal on the banks of streams, but to-day 
 I found a regular " cropping out" of coal, the same to all 
 appearances as I have seen in the coal basins of Pennsylva- 
 nia. The existence of a coal basin here is also confirmed by 
 indications of iron ore. Certainly an invaluable substance, 
 should it prove abundant, to-the future inhabitants of a coun- 
 try so destitute of other fuel. This was the first discovery of 
 coal in this region. A range of mountains, a spur of which 
 is seen from Larama's fork in the Black Hills, runs paral- 
 lel with the river, ten or fifteen miles distant, and some of 
 the peaks are very high. 
 
 August 4th. The country was more level and fertile. 
 I discovered more anthracite, indicating large quantities : 
 also, in one place, yellow sand stone of remarkably fine tex- 
 ture. It undoubtedly would answer an excellent purpose 
 for polishing metals. A species of wormwood grows in 
 great quantities in this region, where the soil is gravelly 
 and barren. Some of it grows eight or ten feet high, and 
 four or five inches in diameter, and is an obstruction to 
 traveling. It is generally called wild sage. Scarcely any 
 animal will taste it, unless compelled by extreme hunger. 
 The prairie hen, however, crops the buds or leaves, which 
 render its flesh bitter and unpalatable for food. I saw some 
 granite to-day of a dark gray color, like the granite in parts 
 of the Atlantic states. What I had seen before in boulders 
 
74 GRIZZLY BEARS. 
 
 was of the red cast, like that which is found about Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 On the 5th, we arose at the first breaking of the day, and 
 proceeded on our route, making forced marches through this 
 barren region. Encamped towards night at a place called 
 the Red Bute, which is a high bluff of land, resembling red 
 ochre in color, but composed of clay somewhat indurated. 
 This is a central place for Indians traveling east or west, 
 north or south. Here the north-west branch of the Platte, 
 along which we have been traveling, comes from a southern 
 direction, the head of which is about one hundred and fifty 
 miles distant. From the Red Bute we pass over to the Sweet- 
 water, a branch of the Platte, which comes from the west. 
 We saw to-day tracks of grizzly bears, which were perfect- 
 ly fresh, and were indicative of their formidable size and 
 strength. One with two large cubs passed out of some 
 gooseberry and currant bushes near the river, as we pro- 
 ceeded around to an open spot of ground for an encamping 
 place. Lieut. S. of the dragoons, a man of undoubted ve- 
 racity, told me he saw several buffalos passing near some 
 bushes, where a grizzly bear lay concealed, and the bear 
 with one stroke tore three ribs from a buffalo and laid it 
 dead. It has been said, if you meet one of these bears, 
 you must either kill him, or be killed ; but this is not true, 
 unless you come upon them suddenly, or wound them. If 
 you let them pass off unmolested, they will, in most cases, 
 withdraw, showing that the fear of man is upon them as 
 well as upon other beasts. 
 
 August 6th. The geology of these regions is becoming 
 more interesting, as we approach the mountains. I saw to- 
 day, not only granite in situ, but also a quantity of the most 
 beautiful serpentine I ever beheld. It was semi-transparent 
 
ROCK INDEPENDENCE. 75 
 
 and of a deep green hue, very much resembling specimens 
 of emerald which I saw in the mineralogical cabinet at 
 New Haven. I regretted the necessity which a long jour- 
 ney? yet before me, imposed of passing by opportunities for 
 making collections. 
 
 Passed Rock Independence, on the 7th. This is the first 
 massive rock of that stupendous chain of mountains, which 
 divides North America, and forms, together with its barrens 
 on each side, a natural division. This rock takes its name 
 from the circumstance of a company of fur traders suspend- 
 ing their journey, and here observing, in due form, the an- 
 niversary of our national freedom. It is an immensely huge 
 rock of solid granite, entirely bare, and covering several 
 acres. Advancing a little distance, we came to a stream 
 of no inconsiderable size, which has its origin in the moun- 
 tains, and to which the name of Sweetwater has been 
 given on account of its purity. We followed up the course 
 of this river for several days. In one place it passes a 
 small branch of the mountains, through a narrow chasm 
 only thirty or forty feet wide, and more than three hundred 
 feet high. The caravan passed around the point of this 
 mountain, and to obtain a better prospect of this natural 
 curiosity, I left them and rode to it. A deep-toned roar 
 is heard as the river dashes its way through the rocky pas- 
 sage. The sight is soon intercepted by its winding course, 
 and the darkness caused by the narrowness and deepness 
 of the avenue. 
 
 Passed to-day, several small lakes of crystalized epsom 
 salt, from which the water in the drouth of summer is evap- 
 orated. I rode into one of them to examine the quality and 
 depth, but finding my horse sinking as in quicksand, I was 
 glad to make a safe retreat. Whatever may be beneath, 
 
76 APPROACH TO THE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 whether salt in a less solid state than on the surface, or 
 quicksand, yet large quantities of good quality might be 
 easily collected. 
 
 The mountains are indeed rocky mountains. They are 
 rocks heaped upon rocks, with no vegetation, excepting a few 
 cedars growing out of the crevices near their base. Their 
 tops are covered with perpetual snow, which are seen on 
 our left and before us. As we advanced, the atmosphere 
 was increasingly more chilling through the night and most 
 of the day, excepting the middle, which to-day was very 
 warm ; the thermometer standing at 84°. 
 
 Sabbath, 9th. I endeavored to supply the absence of the 
 privileges of the sanctuary and its ordinances, as well as I 
 could by reading, and recalling to mind portions of the 
 scriptures, hymns, and the doctrines of our excellent, but 
 neglected catechism. One needs to be on heathen ground 
 to realize the solitariness of absence from the social wor- 
 ship, where 
 
 11 The cheerful songs and solemn vows 
 Make their communion sweet." 
 
 On the 10th, cold winds were felt from the snow-topped 
 mountains to an uncomfortable degree. The passage 
 through these mountains is in a valley, so gradual in the 
 ascent and descent, that I should not have known that we 
 were passing them, had it not been that as we advanced the 
 atmosphere gradually became cooler, and at length we saw 
 the perpetual snows upon our right hand and upon our left, 
 elevated many thousand feet above us — in some places ten 
 or twelve thousand. The highest part of these mountains 
 are found by measurement, to be eighteen thousand feet 
 above the level of the sea. This valley was not discovered 
 until some years since. Mr. Hunt and his party, more than 
 
THUNDER SPIRITS DEPARTED. 77 
 
 twenty years ago, went near but did not find it, though in 
 search of some favorable passage. It varies in width from 
 two to fifteen miles ; and following its course, the distance 
 through the mountains is from eighty to one hundred miles, 
 or four days' journey. Though there are some elevations 
 and depressions in this valley, yet comparatively speaking, 
 it is level. There w r ould be no difficulty in the way of 
 constructing a rail road from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 ocean ; and probably the time may not be very far distant, 
 when trips will be made across the continent, as they have 
 been made to the Niagara Falls, to see nature's wonders. 
 
 In passing the Black Hills and the Rocky Mountains we 
 heard none of those " successive reports resembling the 
 discharge of several pieces of artillery," mentioned by 
 some authors as common " in the most calm and serene 
 weather, at all times of the day or night :" nor did we wit- 
 ness " lightning and thunder, pealing from clouds gathering 
 round the summits of the hills" or mountains. " The thun- 
 der spirits, who fabricate storms and tempests," appear to 
 have closed their labors, and the Indian tribes no longer 
 " hang offerings on the trees to propitiate the invisible lords 
 of the mountains." 
 
 The geology presents some variety ; for while the main 
 ridge of the mountains is granite, yet to-day parallel ridges 
 of red secondary Sandstone have abounded. They appear 
 to have been affected by heat ; and some elevating force 
 has broken them into dyke-like ridges at different distances 
 from each other, running from east north-east to west south- 
 west. The strata are mostly vertical, but some have a 
 slight dip to the south. 
 
 We had an alarm, while we were encamped for noon, 
 and the men were called to arms. They all rushed forth 
 
78 BIG SANDY RIVER. 
 
 full of courage, rather stimulated than appalled by danger. 
 Only one Indian made his appearance upon the hill, at the 
 foot of which we were encamped. This was taken as an 
 indication that others were near, which was the fact ; but 
 he and they retreated. 
 
 August 11th. The last night was very cold — we had a 
 heavy frost with ice. A little before sunrise, the thermo- 
 meter stood at 24°. Our early morning ride was not very 
 comfortable for myself, and less so for some of our men 
 who were not furnished with over-coats. Our horses and 
 mules began to show that constant labor, without sufficient 
 food, was not favorable to strength, and some of them failed . 
 To-day we came to the Big Sandy river, one of the upper 
 branches of the Colorado, which empties into the gulf of 
 California. Along its banks are some Norway and pitch 
 pine, and a very few small white pines, and clumps of com- 
 mon poplar. In some of the low vales, there were beautiful 
 little fresh roses, which bloomed amidst the desolations 
 around. " How ornamental are the works of nature ! She 
 seems to decorate them all, as if each spot was a garden, in 
 which God might perchance walk, as once in Eden." 
 
THE RENDEZVOUS. 79 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Arrive at rendezvous — trappers and hunters — four Indian nations — ■ 
 Flatheads and Nez Percys, no reason why so called — surgical ope- 
 rations — an interview with the Flathead and Nez Perce" chiefs — 
 their anxiety for religious instruction — return of Doct. Whitman — 
 Shoshones and Utaws — mountain life. 
 
 After stopping for the night upon the New Fork, a 
 branch of Green river, we arose on the 12th, at the first 
 breaking of the day, and continued our forced marches. 
 Although we were emerging from the mountains, yet peaks 
 covered with perpetual snow were seen in almost every di- 
 rection, and the temperature of the air was uncomfortably 
 cold. I found to-day some beautiful calcedony, of which I 
 took a specimen, and also green stone, quartz, and trap in 
 large quantities. In the afternoon, we came to the Green 
 river, a branch of the Colorado, in latitude 42°, where the 
 caravan hold their rendezvous. This is a widely extended 
 valley, which is pleasant, with a soil sufficiently fertile for 
 cultivation, if the climate was not so cold. Like the coun- 
 try we have passed through, it is , almost entirely prairie, 
 with some woods skirting the streams of water. 
 
 The American Fur Company have between two and three 
 hundred men constantly in and about the mountains, enga- 
 ged in trading, hunting and trapping. These all assemble 
 at rendezvous upon the arrival of the caravan, bring in their 
 furs, and take new supplies for the coming year, of clothing, 
 ammunition, and goods for trade with the Indians. But few of 
 
80 SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 these men ever return to their country and friends. Most 
 of them are constantly in debt to the company, and are un- 
 willing to return without a fortune ; and year after year 
 passes away, while they are hoping in vain for better success. 
 
 Here were assembled many Indians belonging to four dif- 
 ferent nations ; the Utaws, Shoshones, Nez Perces, and 
 Flatheads, who were waiting for the caravan, to exchange 
 furs, horses, and dressed skins, for various articles of mer- 
 chandise. I was disappointed to see nothing peculiar in the 
 Flathead Indians to give them their name. Who gave it 
 them, or for what reason, is not known. The name given 
 them by the Nez Perces, which is Sailep, does not signify 
 flathead. Some suppose it was given them in derision for 
 not flattening their heads, as the Chenooks and some other 
 nations do, near the shores of the Pacific. It may be so, 
 but how will those who indulge this imagination, account 
 for the Nez Perces being so called, since they do not 
 pierce their noses ? This name could not be given them 
 in derision, because those near the Pacific, who flatten 
 their heads, also pierce their noses. That those names 
 have been given by white men, is evident, since they do 
 not call each other by the names which signify either flat- 
 head or pierced nose. 
 
 While we continued in this place, Doct. Whitman was 
 called to perform some very important surgical operations. 
 He extracted an iron arrow, three inches long, from the 
 back of Capt. Bridger, which was received in a skirmish, 
 three years before, with the Blackfeet Indians. It was a 
 difficult operation, because the arrow was hooked at the 
 point by striking a large bone, and a cartilaginous substance 
 had grown around it. The Doctor pursued the operation 
 with great self-possession and perseverance; and his pa- 
 
AN INTERVIEW WITH THE CHIEFS. 81 
 
 tient manifested equal firmness. The Indians looked on 
 meanwhile, with countenances indicating wonder, and in 
 their own peculiar manner expressed great astonishment 
 when it was extracted. The Doctor also extracted another 
 arrow from the shoulder of one of the hunters, which had 
 been there two years and a half. His reputation becoming 
 favorably established, calls for medical and surgical aid 
 were almost incessant. 
 
 After spending a few days in collecting and digesting in- 
 formation in regard to this country and the condition of the 
 people, we had an interesting interview with the chiefs of 
 the Nez Perces and Flatheads, and- laid before them the ob* 
 ject of our appointment, and explained to them the benevo^ 
 lent desires of Christians concerning them. We then en- 
 quired whether they wished to have teachers come among 
 them and instruct them<-in<the knowledge of God, his wor- 
 ship, and the way to be saved ; and what they would do to 
 aid them in their labors. The oldest chief of the Flatheads 
 arose, and said, " he was old, and did not- expect to know 
 much more ; he was deaf and could not hear, but his heart 
 was made glad, very glad* to see what he had never seen 
 before, a man near to God," (meaning a minister of the 
 gospel.) Next arose Insala, the most influential chief among" 
 the Flathead nation, and said, " he had heard, that a 
 man near to God was coming to visit them, and he, with 
 some of his people, together with some white men, went 
 out three days' journey to meet him, but failed of find- 
 ing the caravan. A war party of Crow Indians came 
 upon them in the night, and, after a short battle, though 
 no lives were lost, they took away some of their horses, 
 
 and one from him which he greatly loved, but now he 
 
 8* 
 
82 dr. whitman's proposal. 
 
 forgets all, his heart is made so glad to see a man near 
 to God." 
 
 The first chief of the Nez Perces, Tai-quin-su-watish, 
 arose, and said, "he had heard from white men a little 
 about God, which had only gone into his ears ; he wished to 
 know enough to have it go down into his heart, to influence 
 his life, and to teach his people." Others spoke to the same 
 impojt, and they all made as many promises as we could 
 desire. 
 
 The Nez Perces and Flathead Indians present a promi- 
 sing field for missionary labor, which is white for the har- 
 vest, and the indications of divine providence in regard to 
 it are plain, by their anxiety to obtain Christian knowledge- 
 Taking the various circumstances under deliberate and 
 prayerful consideration, in regard to these Indians, we came 
 to the conclusion, that, though many other important sta- 
 tions might be found, this would be one. So desirable did 
 this object appear, that Dr. Whitman proposed to return 
 with the caravan, and obtain associates to come out with him 
 the next year, with the then returning caravan, and establish 
 a mission among these people, and by so doing, save at least 
 a year, in bringing the gospel among them. In view of the 
 importance of the object, I readily consented to the proposal, 
 and to go alone with the Indians the remainder of the explor- 
 ing tour. Dr. Whitman, on further consideration, felt some 
 misgivings about leaving me, lest, if any calamity should 
 befall me, he should be blamed by the Christian public. It 
 was my desire that no disquietude should be felt for me, for 
 we could not safely go together without divine protection, 
 and with it I was secure in any situation. This confidence 
 inspired me with all the courage I needed, and composed my 
 
SHOSHONES. 83 
 
 mind in regard to coming dangers, as it had sustained me 
 under those that were past. 
 
 Met with the chiefs again by appointment, and I stated to 
 them the contemplated return of Dr. Whitman. They were 
 much pleased, and promised to assist me, and to send a con- 
 voy with me from their country to Fort Walla Walla, on 
 the Columbia River. They selected one of their principal 
 young men for my particular assistant, as long as I should 
 have need of him, who was called Kentuc ; and I engaged 
 a voyageur, who understood English, and also the Nez 
 Perce language sufficiently well to interpret common busi- 
 ness, and some of the plain truths of our holy religion, to go 
 with me while I should continue with these tribes. 
 
 We did not call together the chiefs of the Shoshones and 
 Utaws, to propose to them the subject of missions, lest we 
 should excite expectations which would not soon be fulfilled. 
 We were the more cautious upon this subject, because it is 
 difficult to make an Indian understand the difference be- 
 tween a proposal and a promise. The Shoshones are a very 
 numerous nation, and appear friendly. They are probably 
 the most destitute of the necessaries of life of any Indians 
 west of the mountains. Their country lies south-west of the 
 south-east branch of the Columbia, and is said to be the most 
 barren of any part of the country in these western regions. 
 They are often called Snakes and Root Diggers, from being 
 driven to these resorts to sustain life ; and parts of the year 
 they suffer greatly from hunger and cold. They are more 
 squalid than any Indians I have seen ; but their poverty 
 does not lessen their need of salvation through Christ. 
 The Utaws are decent in appearance, and their country, 
 which is toward Santa Fe, is said to be tolerably good. 
 
84 MOUNTAIN LIFE. 
 
 A few days after our arrival at the place of rendezvous, 
 and when all the mountain men had assembled, another day 
 of indulgence was granted to them, in which all restraint 
 was laid aside. These days are the climax of the hunter's 
 happiness. I will relate an occurrence which took place 
 near evening, as a specimen of mountain life. A hunter, 
 who goes technically by the name of the great bully of the 
 mountains, mounted his horse with a loaded rifle, and chal- 
 lenged any Frenchman, American, Spaniard, or Dutchman, 
 to fight him in single combat. Kit Carson, an American, 
 told him if he wished to die, he would accept the challenge. 
 Shunar defied him. C. mounted his horse, and with a load- 
 ed pistol, rushed into close contact, and both almost at the 
 same instant fired. C's ball entered S's hand, came out at 
 the wrist, and passed through the arm above the elbow. 
 Shunar's ball passed over the head of Carson ; and while 
 he went for another pistol, Shunar begged that his life might 
 be spared. Such scenes, sometimes from passion,. and some- 
 times for amusement, make the pastime of their wild and 
 wandering life. They appear to have sought for a place 
 where, as they would say, human nature is not oppressed 
 by the tyranny of religion, and pleasure is not awed by the 
 frown of virtue. The fruits are visible in all the varied 
 forms to which human nature, without the restraints of civil 
 government, and cultivated and polished society, may be 
 supposed to yield. In the absence of all those motives, 
 which they would feel in moral and religious society, re- 
 finement, pride, a sense of the worth of character, and even 
 conscience, give place to unrestrained dissoluteness. Their 
 toils and privations are so great, that they more readily com- 
 pensate themselves by plunging into such excesses, as in 
 
 
DEMORALIZING INFLUENCES. 85 
 
 their mistaken judgment of things, seem most adapted to give 
 them pleasure. They disdain the common-place phrases of 
 profanity which prevail among the impious vulgar in civil- 
 ized countries, and have many set phrases, which they ap- 
 pear to have manufactured among themselves, and which, 
 in their imprecations, they bring into almost every sentence 
 and on all occasions. By varying the tones of their voices, 
 they make them expressive of joy, hope, grief, and anger. 
 In their broils among themselves, which do not happen every 
 day, they would not be ungenerous. They would see " fair 
 play/' and would "spare the last eye \" and would not tole- 
 rate murder, unless drunkenness or great provocation could 
 be pleaded in extenuation. 
 
 Their demoralizing influence with the Indians has been 
 lamentable, and they have practiced impositions upon them, 
 in all the ways that sinful propensities dictate. It is said 
 they have sold them packs of cards at high prices, calling 
 them the Bible ; and have told them, if they should refuse 
 to give white men wives, God would be angry with them 
 and punish them eternally ; and on almost any occasion 
 when their wishes have been resisted, they have threatened 
 them with the wrath of God. If these things are true in 
 many instances, yet from personal observation, I should be- 
 lieve, their more common mode of accomplishing their wish- 
 es has been by flattery and presents ; for the most of them 
 squander away their wages in ornaments for their women 
 and children. 
 
 During our stay, I witnessed a scene of mourning among 
 the Shoshones, on the occasion of the death of a chief 
 who was killed by the Rapahoes, the news of which had 
 but just arrived. The women made loud lamentations, 
 
86 FROSTY NIGHTS. 
 
 cut and disfigured . themselves, until the blood ran down 
 their faces and scantily clad bodies. 
 
 The Indians, with whom I am to travel, having appoint- 
 ed the 21st to commence the journey for their country, a 
 few days were occupied in writing to my family, the Amer- 
 ican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and 
 other friends ; and also in making preparations for my jour- 
 ney to Walla Walla. While we continued in this place, 
 though in the middle of the day it was warm, yet the nights 
 were frosty, and ice was frequently formed. 
 
DEPARTURE OF D0CT. WHITMAN. 87 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Part with my associate — arrive at head waters of the Columbia — kind, 
 ness of the Indians — narrow defile — geology — Jackson's Hole — wild 
 flax — trappers go out on a hunt — mountain prospect — Trois Tetons 
 — danger from affrighted buffalo — Pierre's Hole — Volcanic chasm — 
 children on horseback — interesting worship with the Indians — bu- 
 rial of a child — scarcity of food — a timely supply — Salmon river — 
 expected battle — geological observations — scene of mourning. 
 
 August 21st, commenced our journey in company with 
 Capt. Bridger, who goes with about fifty men, six or eight 
 days' journey on our route. Instead of going down on the 
 south-west side of Lewis' river, we concluded to take our 
 course northerly for the Trois Tetons, which are three very 
 high mountains, covered with perpetual snow, separated 
 from the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, and are seen 
 at a very great distance ; and from thence to Salmon river. 
 Went only about three miles from the place of rendezvous, 
 and encamped. 
 
 On the 22d, I parted with Doct. Whitman, who returned 
 to the caravan, and with them to the United States. My 
 anxious desire was, that the Lord would go with him and 
 make his way prosperous, and make him steadfast to the 
 object of his return, until it should be accomplished ; and 
 that, with next year's caravan, he might come with asso- 
 ciates into this promising field, and with them reap a plen- 
 tiful harvest. To-day we traveled twenty miles, through 
 a somewhat barren country, and down several steep de- 
 scents, and arrived at what is called Jackson's Hole, and 
 
88 PUBLIC WORSHIP. 
 
 encamped upon a small stream of water, one of the upper 
 branches of the Columbia river. It was interesting to find 
 myself, for the first time, upon the waters of this noble river . 
 The Indians were very attentive to all my wants — took the 
 entire care of my packed animals, cooking, &c. They pre- 
 serve particular order in their movements. The first chief 
 leads the way, the next chiefs follow, then the common men, 
 and after these the women and children. The place assign- 
 ed me was with the first chief. 
 
 Found some buffalo to-day, of which our men killed a 
 small number. These furnished a timely supply, as our 
 provisions were becoming scarce. The principal chief of 
 the Flatheads kindly furnished me with a horse to relieve 
 mine. 
 
 Sabbath, 23d. Had an opportunity for rest and devotion- 
 al exercises. In the afternoon we had public worship with 
 those of the company who understood English. The men 
 conducted with great propriety, and listened with attention. 
 I did not feel any disposition to upbraid them for their sins, 
 but endeavored affectionately to show them, that they are 
 unfit for heaven, and that they could not be happy in the em- 
 ployments of that holy place, unless they should first expe- 
 rience a great moral change of heart by the grace of God, 
 since the only source of happiness in heaven consists in 
 serving and glorifying God forever. The place of our en- 
 campment was such as would naturally fill the mind with 
 solemnity — just above a very deep and narrow defile which 
 we had to pass, called by the hunters Kenyan. So high 
 were the mountains, that some of them were tipped with 
 perpetual snow, and so narrow the passage, that twilight 
 shades obscured the view. The distance through must oc- 
 cupy more than a half day's journey. 
 
A DANGEROUS PASS GEOLOGY. 89 
 
 Arose very early on the 24th, and commenced our way 
 through the narrow defile, frequently crossing and re-cross- 
 ing a large stream of water which flows into the Snake river. 
 The scenery is wild and in many parts sublime—moun- 
 tains of rock, almost perpendicular, shooting their heads up 
 into the regions of perpetual snow, and in one place project- 
 ing over our path, if a zigzag trail can be called a path. 
 Often we had to pass over the sides of mountains, which in- 
 clined at an angle of 45° towards the stream of water below, 
 and down which packed mules have fallen, and been dashed 
 upon the rocks. I endeavored to guide my Indian horse so 
 cautiously that he became unmanageable, being resolved to 
 have his own method of choosing the way. I was under the 
 necessity of dismounting and making the best of my way. 
 But on farther acquaintance with Indian horses, I learned 
 that their dashing mode of going ahead, even in dangerous 
 places, was preferable to the most cautious management of 
 the American. 
 
 For some miles there was Sandstone in ridges at equal 
 distances of six or eight rods apart, and from six to ten feet 
 wide, rising a little above the surface of the earth, running 
 from south-east to north-west ; laying in strata dipping to 
 the west at an angle of 60°. At some distance I observed 
 ?c mountain of red earth of similar character, excepting that 
 the strata dipped to the east at an angle of 40°. In one 
 place where the strata of rocks and earth were in waves 
 nearly horizontal, a section a few rods wide, of a wedge 
 form, had its waving strata in a perpendicular position, as 
 though the mountain had been rent asunder, and the chasm 
 filled with the perpendicular wedge. A great diversity of 
 the strata of rocks and earth prevailed in every part. To- 
 wards the last of the way through this narrow defile we 
 
92 M MOUNTAIN PROSPECT. 
 
 would find their graves in the mountains, my heart was 
 pained for them, and especially at their thoughtlessness 
 about the great things of the eternal world. I gave each of 
 
 DO O 
 
 them a few tracts, for which they appeared grateful, and 
 said they would be company for them in their lonely hours ; 
 and as they rode away, I could only pray for their safety 
 and salvation. 
 
 During our continuance here, I took an Indian for an as- 
 sistant, and ascended one of the highest mountains in the 
 vicinity, to view the surrounding country. The prospect 
 was as extensive as the eye could peach, diversified with 
 mountains, hills, plains, and valleys. Most of the mountains 
 were covered with woods ; but the plains and valleys were 
 covered with grass, presenting less of bright green, however, 
 than might be expected where the summer is favored with 
 dews and rains. But the whole was a scene of perfect en- 
 chantment. About sixty miles to the east the Rocky moun- 
 tains lay stretched through the whole extent of vision, spread 
 out like luminous clouds in the horizon ; their summits so 
 elevated, that no soil ever rises to sully the pure whiteness 
 of their everlasting snows, and tinged and mellowed with a 
 golden hue by the rays of the sun. Not very far to the 
 north, the Trois Tetons, a cluster of high pointed mountains, 
 covered with perpetual snow, rising ten thousand feet almost 
 perpendicularly, were distinctly visible, with two others of 
 the same form, but of less magnitude. Only three of the 
 cluster are so high as to be seen at a very great distance. 
 Here I spent much time in looking over the widely extended 
 and varied scenery, sometimes filled with emotions of the 
 sublime, in beholding the towering mountains ; sometimes 
 with pleasure in tracing the windings of the streams in the 
 vale below; and these sensations frequently gave place to 
 
A MOUNTAIN PROSPECT. 93 
 
 astonishment, in viewing the courses in which the rivers flow 
 on their way, unobstructed by mountain barriers. After 
 some hours occupied in this excursion, I descended to the 
 encampment much gratified with what I had seen of the 
 works of God. The soil in this valley and upon the hills, 
 is black and rich, and the time will come, when the solitude 
 which now prevails will be lost in the lowing of herds and 
 bleating of flocks, and the plough will cleave the clods of these 
 hills and vales ; and from many altars will ascend the in- 
 cense of prayer and praise. After I returned, Tai-quin-su- 
 wa-tish took me to his company of horses and gave me one 
 in token of his friendship, and probably not without the mo- 
 tive to enlist me in his favor. The horse was finely made, 
 and of the beautiful color of intermixed cream and white. 
 
 On the 28th, we pursued our journey and passed over a 
 mountain so high, that banks of snow were but a short 
 distance from our trail. When we had ascended two-.thirds 
 of the way, a number of buffalo, which were pursued by our 
 Indians, came rushing down the side of the mountain through 
 the midst of our company. One ran over a horse, on the 
 back of which was a child, and threw the child far down 
 the descent, but providentially it was not materially injured, 
 Another ran over a packed horse, and wounded it deeply hi' 
 the shoulder. The buffalo are naturally timid, yet when 
 they have laid their course, and being affrighted are run- 
 ning at full speed, it is seldom they change their direction., 
 whatever obstacles may be in their way. 
 
 I noticed nothing particularly new in geology, excepting 
 upon the higher parts of these mountains, granite of very 
 light color. Our descent was through woods more dense 
 than those on the other side, and the most dense of any for- 
 ests since we left the waters of the Missouri. Many parts. 
 
 9* 
 
94 Pierre's hole. 
 
 of the descent were of almost impassable steepness; and 
 part of the way down a rough deep ravine, a stream of 
 water commences, and increasing from springs and rivulets 
 to considerable magnitude, winds its way through the valley 
 of Pierre's Hole ; in the upper part of which we made our 
 encampment among willows, in the prairie vale. 
 
 On the 29th, we removed our -encampment, and traveled 
 five hours along this valley to the place, where two years 
 before, two fur companies held their rendezvous. Pierre's 
 Hole is an extensive level country, of rich soil, weir water- 
 ed by branches of Lewis' river, and is less frosty than any 
 part we have passed this side the rocky chain of mountains. 
 The valley is well covered with grass, but is deficient in 
 woodland, having only a scanty supply of cotton-wood and 
 willows scattered along the streams. It extends around to 
 the north-west, as far as the eye can reach. We expected 
 to hare found buffalo here, but saw none. As parties of 
 Blackfeet warriors often range this way, it was probable 
 they had lately been here and frightened them away. Be- 
 tween this and our last encampment, I was shown the place 
 where the men of the fur companies, at the time of their 
 rendezvous two years before, had a battle with the Black- 
 feet Indians. Of the Blackfeet party there were about sixty 
 men, and more than the same number of women and chil- 
 dren ; of the white men in the valley, there were some few 
 hundred who could be called into action. From the infor- 
 mation given me, it appeared that these Indians were on 
 their way through this valley, and unexpectedly met about 
 forty hunters and trappers going out from rendezvous to the 
 south-west on their fall and; winter hunt. These Indians 
 manifested an unwillingness to fight, and presented tokens 
 of peace ; but they were not reciprocated. Those who came 
 
 
THE" BATTLE OF PIERRE'S HOLE. 95 
 
 forward to stipulate terms of peace were fired upon and 
 killed. When the Indians saw their danger, they fled to 
 the cotton-wood trees and willows which were scattered 
 along the stream of water, and, taking advantage of some 
 fallen trees, constructed as good" defense as time and cir- 
 cumstances would permit. They were poorly provided with 
 guns, and were still more destitute of ammunition. The 
 trappers keeping out of the reach of their arrows, and being 
 well armed with the best of rifles, made the contest unequal ; 
 and it became still more unequal, when, by an express sent 
 to rendezvous, they were reinforced by veterans in moun- 
 tain life. The hunters keeping at a safe distance, in the 
 course of a few hours killed several of the Indians, and al- 
 most all their horses, which, in their situation, could not be 
 protected, while they themselves suffered but small loss. 
 Those killed, on both sides, have been differently stated, but 
 considering the numbers engaged, and the length of time the 
 skirmishing continued, it could not have been a bloody bat- 
 tle ; and not much to' the honor of civilized Americans. 
 The excuse made for forcing the Blackfeet into battle is, 
 that if they had come upon a small party of trappers, they 
 would have butchered them and seized upon the plunder. 
 If heathen Blackfeet would have done so, civilized white 
 men should not. What a noble opportunity was here af- 
 forded for our American citizens to have set an example of 
 humanity. 
 
 When night approached, the hunters retired to their en- 
 campment at the place of rendezvous, and the Indians made 
 their escape. Thus the famous battle of Pierre's Hole 
 began and ended.* 
 
 * Since my return, I have seen an account of this battle, written by 
 a graphic hand, in all the fascinating style of romance, representing 
 
96 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS* 
 
 I attended worship this evening with the chiefs, and as 
 many as could assemble in one of their lodges, and explain- 
 ed to them the ten commandments — and after showing them 
 their sin in their transgression of God's" holy law, pointed 
 them to the Savior, and endeavored to make them under- 
 stand the way of salvation. My method of instructing 
 them was to give the first chief the first commandment, by 
 repeating it, until he could repeat it ; and the second com- 
 mandment to another chief in the same way, and so on 
 through the ten, with directions for them to retain what was 
 given to each, and to teach their people ; and the same 
 manner was pursued with other parts of divine truth ; in- 
 forming them, that at our next assembling, I shall examine 
 them to see if they rightly understood, and retained what I 
 committed to each. And on examination, in no case did I 
 find more than one material mistake. I also found that 
 they took much pains to communicate instruction to each 
 other. 
 
 the Indians as having entrenched themselves in a swamp, so densely 
 wooded as to be almost impenetrable ; and there they kept the trap- 
 pers at bay, until they were reinforced from rendezvous. When the 
 Blackfeet saw the whole valley alive with horsemen, rushing to the 
 field of action, they withdrew into the dark tangled wood. When the 
 leaders of the several hunting parties came into the field, they urged 
 their men to enter the swamp, but they hung back in awe of the dis- 
 mal honors of the place, regarding it impenetrable and full of danger. 
 But the leaders would not be turned from their purpose — made their 
 wills — appointed their executors — grasped their rifles, and urged their 
 way through the woods, A brisk fire was opened, and the Blackfeet 
 were completely overmatched, but would not leave their fort, nor offer 
 to surrender. The numerous veteran mountaineers, well equipped, did 
 not storm the breastwork, even when the Blackfeet had spent their 
 powder and balls, but only kept up the bloody battle by occasional firing 
 during the day. The Blackfeet in the night effected their retreat ; 
 and the brave mountaineers assembled their forces in the morning, 
 and entered the fort without opposition. 
 
 With those who have seen the field of battle, the glowing descrip- 
 tion, drawn out in long detail, loses its interest ; for although I saw 
 it, yet I did not see dense woods, nor a swamp of any magnitude any 
 where near. 
 
VOLCANIC CHASM. 97 
 
 In this place I parted with Captain Bridger and his party, 
 who went north-east into the mountains to their hunting 
 ground, which the Blackfeet claim, and for which they will 
 contend. The first chief of the Flatheads and his family, 
 with a few of his people, went with Captain Bridger, that 
 they might continue within the range of buffalo through the 
 coming winter. 
 
 The Nez Perces, and the Flatheads, with whom I go, 
 take a north-west direction for Salmon river, beyond which 
 is their country. Our encampment for the Sabbath was 
 well chosen for safety against any war parties of Blackfeet 
 Indians, near a small stream of water running through a 
 volcanic chasm, one hundred feet deep, and in most places 
 perpendicular. We were on the west side of the chasm, 
 with a narrow strip of wood on every other side. Here 
 was a passage made for the water by fire. The courses, 
 which are formed for the rivers, as forcibly prove the cre- 
 ating and directing hand of God, as the design manifested 
 in the organic part of creation ; and I would as unwillingly 
 account for the positions of mountains, and valleys, and the 
 channels of rivers, by natural phenomena, without inclu- 
 ding the power and design of God, as for the formation of 
 plants and animals. It is true, there is more minute and 
 curious organization in the one than in the other, but in 
 both the wisdom and power of God are manifest. 
 
 This day of rest, to a weary traveler, is peculiarly re- 
 freshing, and it seemed as though the Sabbath was designed 
 especially for persons in such circumstances. It was, to 
 my mind, a type of the final rest of the spirit when it shall 
 return to God, after the toils of its present brief existence 
 are done. I read with new satisfaction, the Epistle to the 
 Hebrews, and committed again myself and family, the 
 
98 CHILDREN ON HORSEBACK. 
 
 church, and the world of mankind, to God. It was pleas- 
 ant to reflect on the promise of the scriptures, that the king- 
 doms of this world shall become the kingdoms of the Lord 
 and of his Christ, and he shall reign forever ; and that the 
 time will come, when all shall know the Lord, and God 
 shall be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins 
 and iniquities he will remember no more. 
 
 Monday, 31st. While the Indians were packing and pre- 
 paring to leave this encampment, I went and examined the 
 volcanic chasm. It is many miles in length, and narrow, 
 in proportion to its depth ; formed of basaltic colums in 
 many places, and in others of amygdaloid. I found many 
 large and fine specimens of pure obsidian, or volcanic glass 
 — much lava and vitrified stones. I took some small speci- 
 mens. In the vicinity around, there was clinkstone in great 
 abundance, which, when struck by the horses hoofs, gave 
 a metallic sound. The soil is black, and appears to be 
 formed of decomposed lava, and is covered with a nutritious 
 grass. 
 
 The Indians are very kind to ea/m other, and if one meets 
 with any disaster, the others will wait and assist him. 
 Their horses often turn their packs, and run, plunge and 
 kick, until they free themselves from their burdens. Yes- 
 terday a horse turned his saddle under him upon which a 
 child was fastened, and started to run, but those near hover- 
 ed at once around with their horses so as to enclose him, 
 and the child was extricated without injury. When I saw 
 the condition of the child, I had no expectation that it could 
 be saved alive. This was the second case of the kind which 
 had occurred since I had been traveling with these Indians. 
 They are so well supplied with horses, that every mam 
 woman, and child, is mounted on horseback, and all their 
 
CHILDREN ON HORSEBACK. 99 
 
 possessions are packed upon horses. Small children, not 
 more than three years old, are mounted alone, and gene- 
 rally upon colts. They are lashed upon the saddle to keep 
 them from falling when they sleep, which they often do 
 when they become fatigued. They then recline upon the 
 horses shoulders ; and when they awake, lay hold of the 
 whip, which is fastened to the wrist of their right hand, and 
 apply it smartly to their horses ; and it is astonishing to 
 see how these little creatures will guide and run them. 
 Children which are still younger, are put into an encase- 
 ment made with a board at the back and a wicker work 
 around the other parts, covered with cloth within and with- 
 out, or, more generally, with dressed skins : and are carried 
 upon the mothers' back, 01 suspended from a high knob upon 
 the fore part of their saddles. 
 
 As we recede from the mountains the climate becomes 
 warmer. We encamped upon another tributary of the Co- 
 lumbia. Tai-quin-su-wa-tish, the principal chief of the 
 Nez Perces, came to me and requested me to meet in his 
 lodge a number of his people who had separated, husbands 
 from their wives, and wives from their husbands, and ex- 
 plain to them what God had said upon the subject. I rea- 
 dily consented, and was the more pleased with the proposal 
 as it was without any suggestion from myself, but the result 
 of his own reflections upon what I had before said in explain- 
 ing the ten commandments. When they were assembled, 
 I read to them about the relative duties of husbands and 
 wives, and of parents and children. I commented upon the 
 subject, and told them that when they marry it must be for 
 life. All but two agreed to go back to their former hus- 
 bands and wives. It was interesting to see that they are rea- 
 dy to practice instructions as soon as received. The chief 
 
100 FEARS OF BLACKFEET. 
 
 said they desired me to instruct them in all that God has 
 commanded ; for they wish to do right. After I left them, 
 they stayed a long time in the lodge of the chief, whieh was 
 near my tent, and I heard them conversing on the subject 
 until I went to sleep, which was at a late hour. They all 
 shook hands with me when I left them, and said my words 
 were " tois" (good.) 
 
 Tuesday, September 1st. We pursued our journey to- 
 day only about four hours. Crossed Henry's Fork, another 
 branch of Lewis' river, which is itself a river of some mag- 
 nitude, about twenty rods wide in this place, and fordable 
 only when the water is low. After proceeding a few miles 
 down on the north side, we encamped at an early hour in 
 a spot upon the bank of the river, surrounded by cotton- 
 wood with a dense growth of shrubbery. Our fears of 
 meeting a war party of Blackfeet Indians, were increased 
 by seeing three Indians pass who were strangers to us. 
 Some of the chiefs went through our encampment and ha- 
 rangued the people, the object of which was to be prepared 
 for defending themselves against an attack, should any en- 
 emies appear. We were preserved in safety through the 
 night, and arose on the morning of the second and went on 
 our way, and performed a journey of twenty-two miles over 
 a barren section of country. The surface is composed of 
 quartose sand, intermixed with disintegrated amygdaloid, 
 basalt, and obsidian. In some places were large excava- 
 tions, plainly indicative of ancient volcanoes, which had 
 spread out their melted contents in a level plain of hard 
 lava, or amygdaloid, without forming cones. In other pla- 
 ces there were conical rocks of different magnitudes at the 
 base, and of different height — none perhaps over the diame- 
 ter of three rods at the base and sixty feet high. They 
 
INVITATION TO FORT HALL. 101 
 
 were universally divided in the centre, as though an explo- 
 sion had taken place after they were hardened. At some 
 distance from us were several hills, rising in high cones 
 some hundred feet — two of them I should judge to be not 
 far from three thousand feet high. I did not have an oppor- 
 tunity of examining their geological formation. 
 
 We arrived at evening at a small branch of the Salmon 
 river, which was the first water we had found through the 
 day, and upon which was good grass for our horses. Here 
 Kentuc, my Indian, caught some excellent trout, which was 
 a very grateful change of food. 
 
 Our progress during the next day was through a barren 
 tract, as yesterday, where there is no vegetation except 
 wormwood, which grows very large. A sluggish stream 
 bordered with willows, afforded us some conveniences for 
 stopping at night. Thermometer, at noon, 65°. 
 
 We traveled on the fourth, five hours, and encamped by 
 a stream of water, in Cote's defile, which comes out of the 
 mountains and is lost in the barren plains below. Cote's 
 defile passes through a range of high mountains, and some 
 of their summits are covered with snow. Most of the day 
 was uncomfortably cold with snow-squalls. Thermometer, 
 at noon, 54°. 
 
 Friday, 4th. To-day I received a letter from Fort Hall, 
 containing an invitation from Mr. A. Baker to spend the 
 winter with him ; but the object for which I had passed 
 the Rocky Mountains required me to pursue my tour, and 
 if possible to reach the Pacific Ocean, and to return to Fort 
 Vancouver before winter. We providentially learned that 
 a large band of Nez Perces was a few miles below us, and 
 would come to us to-morrow. We had become almost des- 
 titute of provisions, but to-day killed a few buffalo. 
 
 10 
 
102 CHARLIE, A NEZ PERCE CHIEF 
 
 The morning of the 5th was very cold. We continued 
 in our encampment, to give the band of Nez Perces an op- 
 portunity to join us, and about the middle of the day they 
 came ; the principal chief marching in front with his aid, 
 carrying an American flag by his side. They all sung a 
 march, while a, few beat a sort of drum. As they drew 
 near they displayed columns, and made quite an imposing 
 appearance. The women and children followed in the rear. 
 Tai-quin-su-wa-tish, and other chiefs, arranged their people 
 in the same order and went out to meet them ; and when 
 we had approached within ten rods of each other, all halted, 
 and a salute was fired, in which I had to take the lead. 
 They then dismounted, and both bands formed into single 
 file, and meeting, shook hands with me and each other in 
 token of friendship, and to express their joy to see one come 
 among them to teach them respecting God and salvation. 
 The principal chief of the other band who is called Charlie, 
 and is the first chief of the Nez Perce nation, is a good look- 
 ing man, his countenance rather stern, intelligent, and ex- 
 pressive of much decision of character. I never saw joy 
 expressed in a more dignified manner, than when he took 
 me firmly by the hand and welcomed me. 
 
 In the afternoon I took Kentuc and rode five miles to see 
 a prominence of interesting appearance. It is detached 
 from the main mountain, stands on a plain upon the east side 
 of Cote's defile, is about a half mile in circumference at the 
 base, and rises up abruptly, having most of its west side 
 perpendicular. It is more than two hundred feet high, and 
 has a level horizontal summit of eighty rods long, north 
 and south, and twenty rods wide. The large quantities of 
 lava and amygdaloid which mainly compose it, furnish 
 
A SANCTUARY IN THE WILDERNESS. 105 
 
 plain evidence of its having been fused and thrown up by- 
 subterranean fires. 
 
 In the evening I met the chiefs, and as many as could 
 assemble in the lodge, and explained to those whom I had 
 not seen before, the object of my mission. Charlie, the first 
 chief, arose and spoke with much good sense for some time 
 — mentioned his ignorance, his desire to know more about 
 God, and his gladness of heart to see one who can teach 
 him ; and said, " I have been like a little child, uneasy, 
 feeling about in the dark after something, not knowing 
 what ; but now I hope to learn something which will be 
 substantial, and which will help me to teach my people to 
 do right." I told them to-morrow would be the Sabbath ; 
 and explained to them the nature of the institution, and their 
 obligation to remember and keep it holy. They expressed 
 their desire to obey, and said they would not remove camp, 
 but attend to the worship of God. Providentially there 
 came to us this afternoon a good interpreter from Fort Hall, 
 who was willing to remain with us over Sabbath, so that 
 to-morrow I shall be able to preach to the people. 
 
 Sabbath, 6th. Early this morning one of the oldest 
 chiefs went about among the people, and with a loud voice 
 explained to them the instructions given last evening ; told 
 them it was the Sabbath, and they must prepare for public 
 worship. About eight in the morning, some of the chiefs 
 came to me and asked where they should assemble. 1 en- 
 quired if they could not be accommodated under the shade 
 of the willows, which skirted the stream of water on which 
 we were encamped. They thought they could not on ac- 
 count of their numbers. I then enquired if they could not 
 take the poles of some of their lodges and construct a shade ; 
 and without any other directions they went and made pre- 
 
104 AN INTERESTING AUDIENCE. 
 
 paration, and before eleven o'clock came and said they 
 were ready for worship. I found them all assembled, men, 
 women, and children, between four and five hundred, in 
 what I would call a sanctuary of God, constructed with 
 their lodges, nearly one hundred feet long and about twenty 
 feet wide ; and all were arranged in rows, through the 
 length of the building upon their knees, with a narrow space 
 in the middle, lengthwise, resembling an aisle. The whole 
 area within was carpeted with their dressed skins, and they 
 were all in their best attire. The chiefs were arranged in 
 a semicircle at the end which I was to occupy. I could 
 not have believed they had the means, or could have known 
 how to erect so convenient and so decent a place for wor- 
 ship, and especially as it was the first time they had ever 
 had public worship. The whole sight affected me, and 
 filled me with admiration ; and I felt as though it was the 
 douse of God and the gate of heaven. 
 
 They all continued in a kneeling position during singing 
 and prayer, and when I closed prayer with Amen, they all 
 said what was equivalent in their language, to Amen. And 
 when I commenced sermon, they seated themselves back 
 upon their heels. I stated to them the original condition of 
 man when first created, his fall, and the ruined and sinful 
 condition of all mankind ; the law of God, and that all are 
 Transgressors of this law and as such are exposed to the 
 wrath of God, both in this life and the life to come ; and 
 then told them of the mercy of God in giving his Son to die 
 for us, and of the love of the Savior, and that though he de- 
 sires our salvation, he will not save us unless we hate sin 
 and put our trust in him, and love and obey him with all 
 our heart. I also endeavored to show them the necessity 
 of renovation of heart by the power and grace of the Holv 
 
AN INDIAN BURIAL. 105 
 
 Spirit. Told them they must pray to God for the forgive- 
 ness of their sins and for salvation. They gave the utmost 
 attention, and entire stillness prevailed, excepting, when 
 some truth arrested their minds forcibly, a little humming 
 sound passed through the whole assembly, occupying two 
 or three seconds. 
 
 I never spoke to a more interesting assembly, and would 
 not have changed my audience for any other upon earth ; 
 and I felt that it was worth a journey across the Rocky 
 Mountains, to enjoy this one opportunity with these heathen 
 who are so anxious to obtain a knowledge of God. I hope 
 that in the last day it will be found that good was done in 
 the name of Jesus. If Christians could have witnessed this 
 day's service, it would have enlisted their sympathies, and 
 they would be willing to do something adequate to the con- 
 version of these perishing souls* 
 
 An Indian boy about sixteen years old, who belonged to 
 the band which joined us yesterday, died this morning. He 
 was speechless when he was brought here. We attended 
 his funeral in the afternoon. They buried him in a very 
 decent manner, without any heathen rites, excepting that 
 they buried with him all his clothes and blankets. I ad- 
 dressed the people at the grave upon the subject of the re- 
 surrection and of the judgment. This was entirely new 
 to them and very interesting. Tai-quin-su-wa-tish came to 
 my tent towards evening, and said, what I had said was 
 " tois" it was spiritual, and now he knew more about God. 
 So deep was the interest awakened by the few ideas their 
 benighted minds had obtained of this most precious truth of 
 our religion, that they came to my tent after I had retired 
 to rest, and awakened me, to go and converse still farther 
 
 with them on the subject. 
 
 10* 
 
106 INDIAN HOSPITALITY, 
 
 Monday, 7th. We traveled five hours to-day. The In- 
 dians make slow progress in traveling with their village ; 
 for it takes them a long time to pack and unpack, to set up 
 • and take down their lodges. This is, however, of little 
 
 consequence to them ; for wherever they are, that place is 
 their home. 
 
 They are very kind, and manifest their kindness in anti- 
 cipating all, and more than all my wants, which they have 
 the power to supply. They consult me upon all their im- 
 portant business, and are ready to follow my counsels. 
 They are attentive to furnish little comforts. If the sun 
 shines with much warmth into my tent, they will cut green 
 bushes and set them up for shade. A few days since, 
 we encamped where there were some fragrant plants of a 
 species of mint, and the wife of Tai-quin-su-wa-tish, with a 
 few other women, collected a quantity, and strewed them 
 in my tent. 
 
 We passed to-day mountains of volcanic rocks, and over 
 a more rich, black soil, where we found a good supply of 
 grass for our horses at night. 
 
 Our route, on the 8th, was continued as usual. My health 
 hitherto, since I commenced my journey, has been uninter- 
 ruptedly good until to-day, when I suffered a slight attack 
 of inflammation of the lungs, in consequence of a cold. 
 
 The Indian mode of living is very precarious, and yet 
 they are seldom anxious about the future. When they have 
 a plenty, they are not sparing ; and when they are in want, 
 they do not complain. The Indians at this time were al- 
 most destitute of provisions, and we were approaching the 
 Salmon river mountains, to pass over which occupies be- 
 tween twelve and fifteen days, and where there are no buf- 
 falo and scarcely any other game. I felt a prayerful con- 
 
SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS TIMELY SUPPLY. 10? 
 
 cern for them, that God would send a supply before we 
 should get beyond the range of buffalo, and was confident 
 that we should experience the truth of His word, that he 
 provides for all their meat in due season ; and as the cattle 
 upon the thousand hills are his, he would not withhold his 
 providential care from us. 
 
 We continued to pass basaltic mountains; and also 
 passed some very white marl clay, which the Indians use 
 for cleansing their robes and other garments made of dress- 
 ed skins. 
 
 Their mode of doing this is to make the clay into a paste, 
 and rub it upon the garments, and when it becomes dry 
 they rub it off, which process leaves the garment soft, clean, 
 and white. We encamped to-day where the Indians had 
 before made an encampment, a little below a steep bank. 
 Near night I was alarmed by shouts of Indians and a gen- 
 eral rush up the bank. I hastened up and saw great num- 
 bers running towards our camp. It proved to be a foot 
 race, such as they frequently exercise themselves in, for 
 the purpose of improving their agility. 
 
 September 9th, I was more unwell. To-day we unex- 
 pectedly saw before us a large band of buffalo, and halted 
 to make preparation for the chase. The young men and 
 all the good hunters prepared themselves, selected the 
 swiftest horses, examined the few guns they had, and took 
 a supply of arrows with their bows. Our condition was 
 such, that it seemed that our lives almost depended upon 
 their success. And while they were preparing, I could not 
 but offer prayer to God, that he would in mercy give them 
 judgment, skill, and success. They advanced towards the 
 herd of buffalo with great caution, lest they should frighten 
 them before they could make a near approach ; and also to 
 
106 INDIAN HOSPITALITY. 
 
 Monday, 7th. We traveled five hours to-day. The In- 
 dians make slow progress in traveling with their village ; 
 for it takes them a long time to pack and unpack, to set up 
 and take down their lodges. This is, however, of little 
 consequence to them ; for wherever they are, that place is 
 their home. 
 
 They are very kind, and manifest their kindness in anti- 
 cipating all, and more than all my wants, which they have 
 the power to supply. They consult me upon all their im- 
 portant business, and are ready to follow my counsels. 
 They are attentive to furnish little comforts. If the sun 
 shines with much warmth into my tent, they will cut green 
 bushes and set them up for shade. A few days since, 
 we encamped where there were some fragrant plants of a 
 species of mint, and the wife of Tai-quin-su-wa-tish, with a 
 few other women, collected a quantity, and strewed them 
 in my tent. 
 
 We passed to-day mountains of volcanic rocks, and over 
 a more rich, black soil, where we found a good supply of 
 grass for our horses at night. 
 
 Our route, on the 8th, was continued as usual. My health 
 hitherto, since I commenced my journey, has been uninter- 
 ruptedly good until to-day, when I suffered a slight attack 
 of inflammation of the lungs, in consequence of a cold. 
 
 The Indian mode of living is very precarious, and yet 
 they are seldom anxious about the future. When they have 
 a plenty, they are not sparing ; and when they are in want, 
 they do not complain. The Indians at this time were al- 
 most destitute of provisions, and we were approaching the 
 Salmon river mountains, to pass over which occupies be- 
 tween twelve and fifteen days, and where there are no buf- 
 falo and scarcely any other game. I felt a prayerful con- 
 
SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS TIMELY SUPPLY. 107 
 
 cern for them, that God would send a supply before we 
 should get beyond the range of buffalo, and was confident 
 that we should experience the truth of His word, that he 
 provides for all their meat in due season ; and as the cattle 
 upon the thousand hills are his, he would not withhold his 
 providential care from us. 
 
 We continued to pass basaltic mountains; and also 
 passed some very white marl clay, which the Indians use 
 for cleansing their robes and other garments made of dress- 
 ed skins. 
 
 Their mode of doing this is to make the clay into a paste, 
 and rub it upon the garments, and when it becomes dry 
 they rub it off, which process leaves the garment soft, clean, 
 and white. We encamped to-day where the Indians had 
 before made an encampment, a little below a steep bank. 
 Near night I was alarmed by shouts of Indians and a gen- 
 eral rush up the bank. I hastened up and saw great num- 
 bers running towards our camp. It proved to be a foot 
 race, such as they frequently exercise themselves in, for 
 the purpose of improving their agility. 
 
 September 9th, I was more unwell. To-day we unex- 
 pectedly saw before us a large band of buffalo, and halted 
 to make preparation for the chase. The young men and 
 all the good hunters prepared themselves, selected the 
 swiftest horses, examined the few guns they had, and took 
 a supply of arrows with their bows. Our condition was 
 such, that it seemed that our lives almost depended upon 
 their success. And while they were preparing, I could not 
 but offer prayer to God, that he would in mercy give them 
 judgment, skill, and success. They advanced towards the 
 herd of buffalo with great caution, lest they should frighten 
 them before they could make a near approach ; and also to 
 
108 THE CHAS£. 
 
 reserve the power of their horses for the chase, when it should 
 be necessary to bring it into full requisition. When the 
 buffalo took the alarm and fled, the rush was made, each 
 Indian selecting for himself a cow with which he happened 
 to come into the nearest contact. All were in swift motion, 
 scouring the valley — a cloud of dust began to arise — the 
 firing of guns and the shooting of arrows followed in close 
 succession — soon here and there buffalo was seen pros- 
 trated ; and the women, who followed close in the rear, 
 began the work of securing the valuable acquisition ; and 
 the men were away again in pursuit of the fleeing herd. 
 Those in the chase, when they come abreast of the buffalo 
 and at the distance of two rods, shoot and wheel, expecting 
 the wounded animal to turn upon them. The horses ap- 
 peared to understand the way to avoid danger. As soon as 
 the wounded buffalo flies again, the chase is renewed, and 
 such is the alternate wheeling and chasing until the buffalo 
 sinks beneath its wounds. They obtained between fifty 
 and sixty. 
 
 I was interested to see how expertly the Indians used the 
 bow and arrow, and how well the women followed up the 
 chase, and performed their part in dressing the buffalo which 
 were slain. After traveling six hours to-day, we encamped 
 on the eastern branch of Salmon river, where it is of con- 
 siderable magnitude. The pain in my breast changed and 
 seated in my head, on the right side. 
 
 On the 10th, my health was no better, and I was obliged 
 to bleed myself and resort to medicine. I could say with 
 the Psalmist, " I laid me down and slept; for thou art with 
 me." We did not remove to-day, for it was necessary for 
 the Indians to dry their meat by a process which is called 
 "jerking." The meat is cut into pieces, an inch thick, and 
 
SALMON RIVER. 100 
 
 spread out on a fixture made with stakes, upon which are 
 laid poles, and upon these cross sticks ; and then a moder- 
 ate fire is placed beneath, which partly smokes, cooks, and 
 dries it, until it is so well freed from moisture, that it can 
 be packed, and then it will keep without injury almost any 
 length of time. Here we made preparation for the remain- 
 der of my journey to Walla Walla, which will probably 
 occupy about twenty days. 
 
 September 11th. To-day most of the Nez Perces and 
 Flatheads left us to continue within the range of buffalo, 
 that they might secure a larger store of provisions before 
 winter, leaving, however, about one hundred and fifty to go 
 with me towards Walla Walla. Before they left us, I ex- 
 perienced another token of their regard in a very valuable 
 present of twenty fine buffalo tongues, which are a great 
 delicacy, together with a large quantity of dried meat. I 
 reciprocated their kindness by making such presents as were 
 in my power to bestow — among which was a britania cup, 
 to the first chief, which he highly valued. And I gave him 
 some writing paper, requesting him to present it to the mis- 
 sionaries whom I had encouraged him to expect next year. 
 
 After traveling three hours, we encamped upon the same 
 branch of the Salmon river, to give the Indians an oppor- 
 tunity to dry their meat more thoroughly. 
 
 We continued our journey, on the 12th, down the eastern 
 branch of Salmon river. The valley through which this 
 river runs is generally fertile, and varies from one to three 
 or four miles in width, but as we advanced toward the Sal- 
 mon river mountains, the mountains upon each side in- 
 creased in height and converged towards each other. They 
 presented some noble prospects. It is a custom with Indians 
 to send out numbers of their best hunters and warriors, in 
 
110 DANGER APPREHENDED. 
 
 different directions, to reconnoiter, and especially when they 
 are apprehensive that enemies may be near. We had evi- 
 dence, from tracks recently made, that Indians of some other 
 nation, or tribe, were about us ; and therefore more than 
 usual numbers of our men were flanking and ahead. On 
 the banks of the river down which we were traveling, there 
 was a dense growth of willows extending, however, only a 
 few rods into the bottom-lands. About two in the afternoon, 
 we were all very much alarmed to see our men, who were 
 Out as hunters and guards upon the hills, running their horses 
 at full speed, in an oblique direction towards us. Two of 
 them were "our principal chiefs. We knew that they had 
 discovered something more than ordinary, but what we 
 could not conjecture. Being in a country where war par- 
 ties of Blackfeet Indians often range, our thoughts were 
 turned upon danger ; and soon our fears were increased by 
 seeing clouds of dust arise on the sides of the mountains at 
 our left, and in the obscure distance, men descending as 
 swiftly as their horses could run. They were so far off 
 that we could not determine who they were. At the same 
 time our two chiefs on the hills halted and made signals 
 which we did not understand. In addition to this, some of 
 the Indians said they saw Blackfeet Indians in the willows, 
 not far off, between us and the chiefs ; and our belief that 
 it was so, was confirmed, when two deer rushed from the 
 willows towards us, and when they saw us, instead of return- 
 ing, only declined a little to the left, and passed before us. 
 These enquiries arose in my mind — Why have the chiefs 
 halted 1 Do they see enemies between us and themselves ? 
 Are their signals to give us warning of danger ? What so 
 frightened the deer that they rushed out towards us ? We 
 had all halted, and made what preparation we could for bat- 
 
BUFFALO. Ill 
 
 tie. As we did not know in what part of the willows to 
 make the attack, we were waiting for our enemies to com- 
 mence the fire, and were expecting every instant to have 
 their balls poured in upon us. It was a moment of awful 
 suspense. We sent out a few men, on an eminence to our 
 right, to see what they could discover, and they soon return- 
 ed without having seen any enemies. The two chiefs upon 
 the hills, who were now joined by those who rushed down 
 the mountains, and who proved to be some of our own men, 
 applied their whips to their horses, and in full speed came 
 to us ; and Charlie, the first chief, rode up to me, and smil- 
 ing reached out his hand and said, " cocoil, cocoil" (buffalo, 
 buffalo.) Thus ended the battle ; and the remainder of the 
 day was spent in killing and dressing buffalo, which was 
 far more pleasant than fighting Blackfeet Indians. This 
 made a desirable addition to their stock of provisions We 
 encamped in this place, which supplied a plenty of good 
 grass for our horses, and where there was no want of fuel. 
 
 The inflammation in my head still continued with throb- 
 bing, pain, and fever — my pulse one hundred a minute. 
 Bled myself again and took medicine. Thermometer, at 
 noon, 73°. 
 
 Sabbath, 13th. My health was no better, and my strength 
 was failing. I felt that all was right, and that I needed this 
 trial to lead me to an examination of my spiritual condition, 
 my motives in engaging in this mission, and whether I could 
 give up all for Christ to promote his kingdom in the world. 
 I thought I could surrender all into the hands of God, my 
 soul to my Redeemer, and my body to be buried by these 
 Indians in this desert land. I felt as though it was desira- 
 ble to finish my tour, and return and make my report, and 
 urge the sending of missionaries into this field, which is 
 
 ** 
 
112 GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 white for the harvest ; and again to meet my family and 
 friends; but still I wished not to have any will of my own, 
 but say, the will of the Lord be done. These Indians per- 
 severe in their kindness, and are very respectful, and ready 
 to obey as fast as I can impart instruction ; and they say 
 that what I tell them is different from any thing they have 
 ever heard, being spiritual, and that they wish to have 
 Sueapo (American) teachers. If the American churches 
 will not send them teachers, criminality must rest upon 
 them for disobedience to Christ's authority. Are there any 
 heathen more anxious than these to be taught the way of 
 salvation, where there are so few obstacles to the introduc- 
 tion of the gospel ? Here are no idols, no sacrifices, no 
 power of caste to combat ; nor, as yet, the destructive influ- 
 ence which exists upon the frontiers. 
 
 September 14th. Re-commenced our journey, and pro- 
 ceeded five hours down the river, and stopped a few miles 
 above the main branch of Salmon river, which comes from 
 the south, and has its source in two small lakes, in the 
 mountains north of Henry's fork. 
 
 For some distance on our way, on the 15th, the moun- 
 tains come down near the river, rendering the valley through 
 which it runs, narrow. Some of these mountains terminate 
 in high bluffs, which in many places present uncommonly 
 interesting strata. The lowest stratum was white marly 
 earth, about twenty feet in depth, nearly horizontal, and 
 somewhat indurated ; upon this a green stratum of about 
 four feet in thickness ; next a stratum of brown of about 
 ten feet ; upon this a stratum of red of about the same depth 
 of the green ; over this a mould of decomposed lava. This 
 marly earth slightly effervesces with acid. The rocks in 
 most places are basalt — in some places very fine granular 
 
 •% 
 
PETRIFIED STUMP. 113 
 
 quartz. Noticing some unusual appearances near the foot 
 of the mountains, on the left, I rode to the place, and found 
 a cluster of volcanic eruptions, which, though ancient, ap- 
 peared more recent than any I had previously seen. A little 
 way down the descent into one of.the craters, I found a pet- 
 rified stump, standing in its natural position ; its roots and 
 the grain of the wood entire. I think it was cedar, and 
 about eighteen inches in diameter. This stood undoubtedly, 
 upon what was the nalural surface of the earth, and the 
 mound above and around was thrown up by volcanic fires. 
 While time is mouldering the lava into dust, the wind is 
 scattering it over the country around, to renew the soil 
 which was destroyed by the great conflagration, which once 
 fused this whole region of the setting sun. This petrified 
 stump, found in this position, proves that this country, which 
 is now so destitute of wood, was once supplied if not covered 
 with forests. From various sources of evidence, it is plain 
 that these prairie regions were formerly better supplied with 
 wood than at present, and also that the present supply is 
 constantly diminishing. 
 
 We passed, to-day, a place where two years ago thirty 
 Nez Perce" young men were buried, who were killed by 
 the Blackfeet. They were all active young men, going out 
 upon some expedition, the nature of which I could not learn. 
 They had gone but a little distance from the village, which 
 encamped here, when passing through a very narrow defile 
 on a small stream of water, walled up on both sides with 
 perpendicular rocks, the Blackfeet Indians, who had way- 
 laid them, attacked them from before and behind, and killed 
 all but one, who mounted a horse belonging to the Black 
 feet, and rushed through the opposing enemy. After the 
 
 Blackfeet Indians had retired from the place of slaughter, 
 
 11 
 
114 SCENE OF MOURNING. 
 
 the Nez Percys brought away the dead bodies and buried 
 them in this place. According to their mode, they buried 
 with them their clothes, blankets, and buffalo robes, in graves 
 about three feet deep, putting five or six bodies into a grave. 
 Some time after this, the Blackfeet Indians came and dug 
 them up, and made plunder of their blankets and whatever 
 they thought worth taking. The Nez Perces afterward 
 came this way and collected their bones and buried them 
 again. The graves in which they were first buried were 
 open when we passed, and fragments of garments were lying 
 about. Here my Indians halted, and mourned in silence 
 over their murdered sons and brothers. The whole scene 
 was affecting, and I could not but long for the time to come 
 when they shall settle down in a Christian community, and 
 cease from their dangerous wanderings ; and when the gos- 
 pel shall be sent to the Blackfeet Indians, that they may 
 imbibe its spirit of peace on earth and good will toward men. 
 After some time spent in reflections and solemn mourning, 
 we left the place and proceeded down the river, and en. 
 camped near Bonneville's Fort, which he has abandoned, 
 and which is situated in a small pleasant valley. This 
 place would be favorable for fur business, was it not on the 
 ground where conflicting tribes often meet. 
 
SALMON RIVER. 115 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Salmon river — mineral salt — -chimneys— forest trees, new species of 
 pine — geology— sulphur lake — -a rare animal — new species of squir- 
 rels and pheasants— came to the Lewis branch of the Columbia — fer- 
 ryman — Basaltic formation— fine-climate- — arrive at Walla Walla. 
 
 Salmon river is a beautiful transparent stream, and takes 
 its name from the immense number of salmon found in its 
 waters. The shores are covered with pebbles of primitive 
 formation. 
 
 I took an observation of latitude, and found it 44° 41'. 
 
 September 16th. Passing a mile down the river, we 
 came to a location of mineral salt. It crops out of the 
 mountain near its base, on the south side of the river. On 
 account of the impaired state of my health, and having no 
 facilities for exploring the mine, I was under the necessity 
 of passing it with an examination of such specimens only as 
 the Indians procured. The salt is pure and white, contain- 
 ing less of the water of crystalization than our common 
 salt. I took a quantity to replenish my nearly exhausted 
 store. That the mine may be extensive is probable from 
 the circumstance, that the geological formations around are 
 like those about the mines in Poland, and besides it is in the 
 vicinity of the great Salt Lake, whose waters are so strongly 
 saturated, that crystals form upon the shores. 
 
 After passing down the river two hours in a north-west 
 direction, we entered into the mountains, leaving Salmon 
 river. The river literally passed into the mountains ; for 
 
116 THE CHIMNEYS. 
 
 the opening in the perpendicular rocks, two or three hun- 
 dred feet high, and through these mountains several thou- 
 sand feet high, was wide enough only for the river to find a 
 passage. It flowed into the dark chasm, and we saw it no 
 more. During the two hours' ride, before we entered the 
 mountains, the scenery was grand. While there was some 
 level bottom-land along the river, in every direction moun- 
 tains were rising above mountains, and peaks above peaks, 
 up to the regions of perpetual snow. These mountains are 
 not so much in chains, as of conical forms, with bases in 
 most instances small in proportion to their height. So 
 much sublimity and grandeur, combined with so much va- 
 riety, is rarely presented to view. Horizontal strata, with 
 interchanges of white, green, red, and brown, were similar 
 to those seen yesterday ; and in one place, for more than a 
 mile, a vertical front was presented, facing the south-west, of 
 one hundred and fifty, and two hundred feet high, resting 
 upon a base of conglomerated rock, composed of round 
 stones of primitive origin, cemented with marly clay of tha 
 various colors already mentioned. The opposite side of th§ 
 river is studded with dark basalt. 
 
 After leaving Salmon river we traversed a dreary, nar- 
 row, and winding course for several hours, until an open 
 space spread out before us. Here I beheld what appeared 
 at a distance like a village of thirty or forty houses which 
 the fire had desolated, leaving the decayed, broken, and 
 tottering chimneys yet standing. On a nearer approach 
 they proved to be masses of slaty rock, ten, twenty, and 
 even forty feet in height. The firm and durable texture of 
 their material preserves them from being crumbled to a 
 level with the earth around them. 
 
 From this place we turned more westerly, and passed a 
 
THE ELASTIC PINE. 11 7 
 
 high, mountain, parts of which are very steep, and encamped 
 in a valley by a stream of crystal water. 
 
 On the 17th, we pursued our journey over high moun- 
 tains, which, in some places were intersected by deep ra- 
 vines, very difficult to be passed. Encamped on a small 
 plain in a grove of large Norway pines. 
 
 September 18th. The villages of Indians make slow pro- 
 gress in traveling, and being desirous to expedite my jour- 
 ney to some of the posts of the Hudson Bay Company, I 
 took ten Indians and went forward, leaving the remainder 
 to follow at their leisure. We passed over a mountain six 
 thousand feet high, occupying more than half a day to 
 arrive at the summit. These mountains are covered with 
 woods, excepting small portions, which are open and furnish 
 grass for our horses. The woods are composed mainly of 
 fir, spruce, Norway pine, and a new species of pine. The 
 leaves of this new species resemble those of pitch pine, 
 growing in bunches at the ends of the limbs, but are shorter 
 and smaller ; the bark and the body of the tree resemble 
 the larch ; the wood is firm and very elastic. "On experi- 
 ments which I made, I found it difficult to break sticks an 
 inch in diameter. On account of this last and peculiar 
 property, I have called it the elastic pine. It grows very 
 tall and straight, and without branches except near the top.. 
 These pines would undoubtedly make excellent masts and! 
 spars for shipping. After passing part of the way down this 
 mountain, we stopped for the night. 
 
 We arose early on the 19th, and commenced our day's 
 labor, and by diligence went more than twice the distance' 
 than when we were with the village. We were much an- 
 noyed by trees that had fallen across the trail. Encamped 
 
 upon the south-east side of a high mountain, where there 
 
 11* 
 
118 REFLFXTIONS. 
 
 was a large opening, a spring of water, and a good supply 
 of grass for our horses. 
 
 Sabbath, 20th. We continued in the same encampment. 
 I expressed my wish to the chief, that the da"y should be 
 spent religiously, and that he should communicate to his 
 men, as well as he was able, the scripture truths he had 
 learned. This was faithfully done on his part, and he 
 prayed with them with much apparent devotion. I was 
 interested to see how readily they were disposed to obey' to 
 the extent of their knowledge, and I was affected with the 
 thought that so few were Milling to come and teach these 
 benighted minds. After they had closed their worship, I 
 sang a hymn and prayed, and conversed with them. 
 
 The inflammation in my head continuing, I bled myself 
 copiously, which reduced my pulse for awhile, but increased 
 my weakness, so that I could walk only a few rods without 
 much fatigue. 
 
 Sometimes, amidst all the evidences of God's mercy to 
 me, I found my heart sinking in despondency, and was 
 ready to say, I shall perish in these wild, cold mountains. 
 It seemed, that such was my loss of strength, and I was be- 
 coming so emaciated, that I could not endure the fatigue of 
 traveling eight days longer over these mountains, which 
 are on an average about six thousand feet high ; and as 
 they range north and south, with only very narrow valleys 
 between, and as our course was only a little north of west, 
 we were constantly ascending and descending ; and we could 
 not discontinue our journey for the want of provisions. 
 The thought that I must fail of accomplishing the object of 
 rny mission, and close my life without a sympathising friend 
 with whom I could converse and pray ; and be buried in 
 these solitary mountains, filled me with a gloom which I 
 
A CURIOSITY. 119 
 
 knew was wrong. My judgment was clear, but I could 
 not make it influence the feelings of my heart. At night I 
 sometimes thought a pillow desirable, upon which to lay my 
 aching, throbbing head, but my portmanteau was my only 
 substitute, and I rested quietly upon the ground, and every 
 morning arose refreshed by sleep. 
 
 Monday, 21st. At an early hour we resumed our jour- 
 ney, and our horses being recruited with the rest and good 
 fare they had yesterday, made a long day's journey. I 
 had noticed the mountain over which we passed to-day, 
 which is about seven thousand feet high, two days before 
 we arrived at the top ; and queried in my mind whether* 
 Charlie, my guide, would not depart in this instance from 
 the common custom of the Indians, which is to pass over 
 the highest parts of mountains, and to descend into the low- 
 est valleys. But we passed the highest point, excepting 
 one peak, which is nearly perpendicular, and rises like 
 an immense castle or pyramid. It is composed of basalt; 
 and around it volcanic rocks lie scattered in great profu- 
 sion. At the base there are also excavations, around and 
 below which there is a large quantity of lava. There is a 
 granite mountain, most of which is in its natural state. 
 The way by which I calculated the height of these moun- 
 tains is, that some of them are tipped with perpetual snow : 
 and as eight thousand feet, in latitude 42°, is the region of 
 perpetual snow, there can be no doubt, as these do not 
 vary greatly from each other, that they average six thous- 
 and feet. 
 
 I was much interested with a curiosity upon this moun- 
 tain, which was two granite rocks, each weighing many 
 tons, placed one upon the other, like the parts of an hour 
 glass. It was wonderful, how nicely the uppermost one 
 
1*20 INDIAN SIMPLICITY. 
 
 was balanced upon the other. It would seem that a puff 
 of wind would blow it off its centre. Charlie, the chief, 
 seeing me one day examining minerals, with a magnifying 
 glass, said, " these white men know every thing. They 
 know what rocks are made of, they know how to make iron, 
 and how to make watches, and how to make the needle al- 
 ways point to the north." They had seen a compass be- 
 fore, and when I showed them mine, they said, " that would 
 keep me from getting lost." A waterfall was seen de- 
 scending down a high point of this mountain, which, by its 
 continual foaming, looked like a white belt girding its side. 
 We left our encampment, on the 22d, at an early hour 
 and continued our mountainous journey. Parts of the way 
 the ascent and descent was at an angle of 45°, and in 
 some places even more steep ; sometimes on the verge of 
 dizzy precipices ; sometimes down shelves of rocks where 
 my Indian horse would jump from one to another, and in 
 other places would brace himself upon all fours and slide 
 down. I had become so weak that I could not walk on 
 foot, but was obliged to keep upon his back. Frequently 
 between the mountains there would be only space enough 
 for a rushing stream of the purest water to find its way ; 
 the bank on one side of which would terminate the descent 
 of one mountain ; and the other bank commence the ascent 
 of another. The question often aiose in my mind, can this 
 section of country ever be inhabited, unless these mountains 
 shall be brought low, and these valleys shall be exalted ? 
 But they may be designed to perpetuate a supply of wood 
 for the wide-spread prairies ; and they may contain mines 
 of treasures, which, when wrought, will need these forests 
 for fuel, and these rushing streams for water power. Roads 
 may be constructed running north and south, so that trans- 
 
MOUNTAIN LAKES. 121 
 
 portations may be made south to the Salmon river, and north 
 to the Coos-coots-ke.* 
 
 After a fatiguing day's march, we encamped in a low 
 stony place where there was but little grass, for the want of 
 which some of our horses strayed away. Our men killed a 
 deer, which was a very agreeable exchange for dried buffalo. 
 
 The mountains, over which we made our way on the 23d, 
 were of primitive formation, with the exception of some parts 
 which were volcanic. Granite and mica slate predomina- 
 ted. In one place there were immense quantities of granite, 
 covering more than a hundred acres, in a broken state, as 
 though prepared for making walls, mostly in cubic forms. 
 In some places, the change from granite, in its natural state, 
 to amygdaloid, was so gradual, that it would be difficult to 
 say where the one ended and the other began ; like the 
 change from day to night. While riding along upon a nar- 
 row ridge of this mountain, I saw two small lakes a little 
 down the sides ; one on the right hand, which appeared to 
 be very black, and the other upon the left was very yellow 
 with sulphur, issuing from a spring in the mountain side. 
 These two lakes were directly opposite each other, and not 
 far distant. I should have examined them more minutely, 
 had my strength permitted me to go down to them, and again 
 ascend to where I must have left my horse. There was 
 also much in the scenery around to admire ; mountain rising 
 above mountain, and precipice above precipice. 
 
 We spent the night in a valley, where there was a small 
 meadow, well supplied with grass. The woods around 
 
 * The name of this river in the journal of Clark and Lewis, and in 
 all other writings I have seen, is written Coos-coos-kee. This signi- 
 fies the water water. But Coos-coots-ke signifies the little water. 
 Coos, water ; coots, little ; ke, the. The little river. 
 
VJ'2 new species of trees. 
 
 were very dense, composed mostly of the new species of pine, 
 which here were very tall and straight, not however very 
 lar^e in diameter. The neighborhood of beaver was indi- 
 cated by the mud dam, and by the barked willows on the 
 stream. The Indians brought in a wolverine which they 
 killed. 
 
 Took an early departure, on the 24th, from our encamp- 
 ment, and made good progress through the day. About the 
 middle of the day, we came where we could look forward 
 without having the sight obstructed by mountains, and it 
 was pleasant to have a prospect opening into the wide world. 
 We continued to descend, until we came into a valley of 
 considersble extent, through which flows a laro;e branch of 
 the Coos-coots-ke. Found to-day a new r species of elde^ 
 which grows five or six inches in diameter, and from ten to 
 twenty feet high, bearing berries which are blue and pleas- 
 ant to the taste. Kentuc caught some fine trout. 
 
 Here was a band of horses, belonging to the Nez Perces, 
 which they left last spring. They were in fine order. It 
 is remarkable that their horses do not wander far from 
 where they are left, although there are no fences to inclose 
 them. Here some of the Indians changed their horses and 
 took fresh on<?s, relieving those which were worn down with 
 journeying. 
 
 On the 25th, we pursued our course down .this fertile val- 
 ley, until one in the afternoon, when, contrary to my ex- 
 pectations, we left this branch of the Coos-coots-ke, which 
 was too much of a northerly direction, and ascended another 
 high mountain, densely covered with woods. Among the 
 largest trees is a new species of fir, single leafed, the bark 
 thick and rough like the bark of hemloc, but the balsam is 
 the same as the common fir. I saw more birds in this val- 
 
A RARE ANIMAL. 123 
 
 ley, than in all the country through which I had passed 
 west of the Rocky Mountains ; robins in great numbers, 
 the magpie, and with them a new species of bird about as 
 large as the magpie, its color uniformly a dull red, some- 
 what resembling chocolate. Thermometer stood at 54°. 
 
 On the 26th, we proceeded but about four hours on our 
 way, and encamped on the side of a mountain near its sum- 
 mit ; the distance to another suitable place for our horses 
 over Sabbath, being too great. Saw to-day a new species 
 of animal, such as I never saw before. It was about as 
 large as a martin, and probably of that genus. Its color 
 was a bright orange red, resembling a live coal of fire ; its 
 fur appeared to be fine ; its head was round and large ; its 
 eyes black, prominent, and very piercing. I was forward 
 of my Indians, and when it saw me, it sprang about eight 
 feet Up a tree, ran part of the way up, but appeared afraid 
 to ascend higher. Attempts were made to obtain it, but 
 without success. An Indian hit it with an arrow, but did 
 not kill it, and it came down and escaped. I saw in these 
 mountains, a new variety of striped squirrel, only about half 
 as large as those found in the United States ; and another 
 kind, in every respect resembling the red squirrel, but in 
 color. It is nearly black, excepting its under parts, which 
 are rufous, or reddish yellow. Also a new species of pheas- 
 ant, if it may be called a pheasant. It is much smaller 
 than the common species ; somewhat lighter colored and 
 more spotted; it is gregarious like the common quail. It 
 was remarkably tame, as if unacquainted with enemies ; 
 and when assailed with stones by the Indians, appeared to 
 be amazed, and made scarcely any effort to escape. Its 
 flesh was very good, and furnished an additional supply to 
 our waning stock of provisions. 
 
124 a chief's anxiety. 
 
 Sabbath, 27th. We continued in our encampment. My 
 health was no better — sweat profusely last night, and yet 
 the inflammation was increasing — took from my arm a pint 
 of blood, which, while it weakened, gave me relief. 
 
 We had religious services both in the morning and after- 
 noon of this day, as last Sabbath. Charlie prays every 
 morning and evening with his men, and asks a blessing 
 when they eat. In the afternoon, he, with Compo, my in- 
 terpreter, came and sat by me, and said, " we are now near 
 our country, and when we come into it, I wish you to look 
 over it and jsee if it is good for missionaries to live in. I 
 know but little about God — my people know but little — I 
 wish my people to know more about God." He said he 
 wished to talk with me much more, and was sorry I had 
 not a better qualified interpreter. 
 
 Monday, 28th, my health was improved, and we made a 
 long day's march and emerged from the mountains about 
 two o'clock in the afternoon. Not finding water as we ex- 
 pected, we were obliged to travel on until near night, when 
 we came to another branch of the Coos-coots-ke, at which we 
 found several lodges of Nez Perce Indians. A salute was 
 fired, and then we were welcomed with a ceremonious, but 
 hearty shaking of hands. They feasted us with excellent 
 dried salmon, for which I made them some small presents. 
 I was rejoiced to find myself safely through the Salmon 
 river mountains, and convalescent. These mountains were 
 far more difficult to pass than the Rocky Mountains, as we 
 could not take advantage of any valley, but one in which 
 we journeyed only two-thirds of a day. Excepting in the 
 middle of the days, the atmosphere was cold, and frequently 
 ice was formed during the night. It was a favor that we 
 had no snow, which often falls upon the tops of these moun- 
 
MEETING WITH INDIANS. 125 
 
 tains very early in the autumn ; nor had we any storms, or 
 unpleasant weather in our passage. Frequently heavy 
 gales of winds sweep through these mountains, and pros- 
 trate parts of the forest ; but we had none to endanger us. 
 
 On the 29th, we proceeded down this branch more than 
 half the day, and found the soil black and good, well cov- 
 ered with grass, but dried into hay by the summer drouth. 
 Here, as on most prairies, there is much want of wood, 
 there being but little besides what is found along the streams 
 of water. This country continues to be volcanic, as is 
 evinced by the abundance of lava and basalt. Came at 
 noon to six lodges of Indians, who welcomed us with the 
 same friendly expressions, as those did where we encamped 
 last night. We left the branch of the Coos-coots-ke and 
 ascended westerly to the upper prairies, which are as fertile 
 as the lower, and do not suffer more with the drouth. After 
 a long and fatiguing ride over these prairies, we descended 
 into a deep gulf, almost enclosed with perpendicular walls 
 of basalt ; in the bottom of which, we found a large spring 
 of water, where we encamped. 
 
 Arose very early on the 30th, set forward, and made good 
 progress, considering the exhausted state of our horses. 
 Most of the streams were dried up, and one, which is gen- 
 erally large, and where we intended to have arrived last 
 night, was wholly destitute of water and grass. Ascend- 
 ing out of this gulf, we found toward the summit of the 
 high prairie, a good spring of water, with sufficiency of 
 grass, where we refreshed ourselves at noon. The horses, 
 contrary to my expectations, preferred the dried grass to 
 the green. In the afternoon, we went through a section of 
 country well supplied with woods, chiefly made up of yellow 
 
 pine and white oak ; where much of the soil appeared to 
 
 12 
 
126 LEWIS RIVER. 
 
 be very good. Towards night we came to a stream of 
 water running west where we encamped. Thermometer 
 82° at noon. 
 
 Thursday, October 1st. Arose early with substantially 
 better health, for which I cannot be too thankful. After 
 traveling a few miles, we came to several lodges of Nez 
 Perces, who gave us their kind welcome, and seemed, as 
 at the other lodges, much pleased to see their first chief. 
 They manifested the same feelings on learning who I was, 
 and the object of my coming into their country, as their 
 countrymen did whom we met at the rendezvous. With 
 these Indians, I left two of my horses, which were too much 
 exhausted with the fatigues of our long journey to proceed 
 any farther. I had fears that they would not endure the 
 deprivations of the coming winter, without any shelter from 
 the cold and storms, and with nothing to eat except what 
 they could find upon the prairies. 
 
 We arrived, two o'clock in the afternoon, at the Lewis 
 branch of the Columbia river, near the confluence of the 
 Coos-coots-ke. Though this is a large river, yet on account 
 of the summer's drouth there is less water flowing down 
 its channel than I anticipated. 
 
 A squalid looking Indian took us over the ferry in a ca- 
 noe, which appeared as weather-beaten as himself, and re- 
 minded me of fabled Charon and his cerulean boat. 
 
 The country differs much from what I had expected ; 
 for while the soil is generally good, and furnishes a supply 
 for grazing, yet so great is the destitution of summer rains, 
 that some kinds of grain cannot flourish, especially Indian 
 corn. The crops sown in the fall of the year, or very early 
 in the spring, would probably be so far advanced before the 
 severity of the drouth, that they would do well. In general 
 
GEOLOGY. 127 
 
 there is a great want of wood for building, fencing and 
 fuel ; but at the confluence of these rivers a supply may 
 be brought down the Coos-coots-ke. This place combines 
 many advantages for a missionary station. 
 
 I began to doubt the correctness of the statements of some 
 travelers, in regard to the great numbers of wild horses, and 
 the immense multitudes of wolves, which they say they saw 
 this side the Rocky Mountains ; for as yet I had seen no 
 wild horses, and only a very few wolves. We passed the 
 night upon the west bank of Lewis river, or as it is more 
 commonly called, the Snake river. 
 
 On the 2d, we arose early, but were detained some time, 
 before all our horses could be found. We started about 
 eight, and proceeded three hours down the river to a place 
 where it takes a northerly bend, through a section of moun- 
 tains which are difficult to be passed. Our direct course to 
 Walla Walla being west north-west, we here left the river 
 and followed a small stream up a valley nearly to its source. 
 The section of country through which we journeyed to-day 
 was mountainous. One part of the river along which we 
 traveled was walled up with volcanic rocks. The lowest 
 part was amygdaloid, about thirty feet high and very cellu- 
 lar, terminating in a narrow horizontal plain. Above this 
 is superimposed columnar basalt ; the columns of which 
 are regular pentagons, varying from two to four feet in di- 
 ameter, rising forty feet high, perpendicular excepting in 
 one place, where they were a little inclined. Above this 
 formation of columns there was a stratum of volcanic stones 
 and disintegrated basalt, of some six or eight feet thickness, 
 lying in a confused state. Then upon this another section 
 of basalt and amygdaloid of fifty feet depth, and so on to 
 the height of three hundred feet, nearly perpendicular. 
 
128 CAMMAS ROOT. 
 
 The pentagons are as regularly formed, and have much 
 the same appearance, as those composing the Giant's cause- 
 way in Ireland. From the best observations I could make, 
 I was led to conclude that the different sections were raised, 
 at different periods of time, by widely extended subterranean 
 fires. The basalt in this place, and also in almost all other 
 places, which I have yet seen, is of very dark color, contain- 
 ing augite, or black oxyd of iron ; and is what Clarke and 
 Lewis, and those who have copied from -them, have called 
 black rocks. 
 
 Saturday, 3d. We took an early departure from our en- 
 campment, and had through the day, an uncommonly high 
 wind from the west, but a pleasant sun and serene atmos- 
 phere. We have had no rain since the 12th of July, while 
 on the east side of the mountains, and not more than five 
 cloudy days. The water this side the Rocky Mountains 
 is excellent, and no country can possess a climate more 
 conducive to health. After passing over a somewhat hilly 
 country well covered with grass, we encamped for the 
 night, and for the Sabbath, in a fertile vale upon an upper 
 branch of the Walla Walla river. Here we found three 
 lodges of Nez Perces who were out on a hunt for deer, and 
 the women were gathering cammas roots. This root in 
 some degree resembles in taste and nutritive properties the 
 sweet potato, and constitutes a large item of food for the In- 
 dians throughout a considerable section of country, on this 
 side of Salmon river and the Salmon river mountains. The 
 common tokens of friendship were interchanged, and they 
 presented us a share of such food as they themselves had. 
 
 Sabbath, Oct. 4th. We had public worship, at which all 
 the men, women and children of three lodges attended. 
 What there was of a truly spiritual nature in our worship, 
 
VALLEY OF THE WALLA WALLA. 129 
 
 was known to the Searcher of hearts, but there was the ap- 
 pearance of devotion, and good attention was paid to what 
 was said. It is affecting to see the anxiety these Indians 
 manifest to know what they must do to please God, and to 
 obtain salvation. 
 
 I employed part of the day in reading Vincent's Expla- 
 nation of the catechism. This is an excellent compendium 
 of divinity, and is too much neglected in families and Sab- 
 bath Schools. 
 
 Early, on the 5th, we pursued our journey down the 
 Walla Walla river, through a beautiful valley of thirty 
 miles in extent, parts of which are overgrown with the com- 
 mon trees and shrubs of such locations, interspersed with 
 wild roses. The prairie hen, the avoset, the robin, and va- 
 rieties of smaller birds, seem to have selected this as a fa= 
 vorite retreat ; while the animals, which we have been seek- 
 ing for game, desert this delightful place and find their 
 dwellings on more rugged tracts. This spot impressed' me 
 favorably as the situation for the missionaries who should' 
 succeed me, and in every thing but its populousness would- 
 furnish advantages beyond any I have as yet seen. Indi- 
 ans of different tribes border on, and around, this valley, 
 and the location is therefore less central for any one of 
 them. They might, however, be brought by degrees to 
 collect and settle down around a mission station, when once 
 it should be established. 
 
 October 6th. We arose early and commenced our jour- 
 ney with the animating hope of reaching Walla Walla, and; 
 of seeing civilized people before noon. Ascended the bluffs 
 and passed over an undulating prairie of good soil, leaving 
 the Walla Walla river to our left. As we drew near the 
 
 Columbia river the soil became more and more sandy. 
 
 12* 
 
130 FRIENDLY RECEPTION. 
 
 Before we arrived at the fort, my attention was arrested by 
 seeing cows and other cattle, in fine order, feeding upon the 
 bottom land ; and the sight was not only novel, after having 
 been so long absent from civilized life, but was the more in- 
 teresting because unexpected. As we came near the fort, the 
 Indians fired their customary salute, and then rushed for- 
 ward to the gate. Mr. P. C. Pambrun, the superintendent, 
 met us, and gave me a kind welcome. I never felt more 
 joy in entering a habitation of civilized men, whose lan- 
 guage was not strange. I felt that I had cause of thank- 
 fulness, that God, in his great mercy, and by his watchful 
 providence, had brought me in safety and with restored 
 health to this place. Soon I was invited into another apart- 
 ment to breakfast; and it was truly pleasant again to sit in 
 a chair, at a table spread with furniture, and such luxuries 
 as bread and butter, sugar and milk, of which I had been 
 deprived for about three months. 
 
 I arrived here in six months and twenty-three days after 
 leaving home — forty-five days from Rendezvous — and twen- 
 ty from entering the Salmon river mountains. 
 
FORT WALLA WALLA, 131 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Description of Walla Walla — the kind treatment of the Indians by the 
 Hudson Bay company — -leave Walla Walla for fort Vancouver — lo- 
 quacious orator — rapids— introduction to the Cayuse Indians — morn- 
 ing prospects— long rapids — Volcanic mountains— trial of Indian 
 generosity — arrival at the falls of the Columbia river — rousing ef- 
 fects of oratory — La Dalles — Boston trading company — remarkable 
 subsidence-- Cascades — Chenooks are the Flatheads and Nez Percys 
 — dangerous rapids — Indian burying places — Pillar rock—interest. 
 ing waterfall — sea fowl — arrive at Fort Vancouver. 
 
 Fort Walla Walla is situated on the south side of the 
 Columbia river, ten miles below the confluence of the Co- 
 lumbia and Lewis' river, which last is commonly called, 
 by the people belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, Nez 
 Perce river ; and one mile above the Walla Walla river, 
 in latitude 46° 2', longitude 119° 30'. The fort is built of 
 logs, and is internally arranged to answer the purposes of 
 trade and domestic comfort, and externally for defense, hav- 
 ing two bastions, and is surrounded by a stoccade. Two 
 miles below the fort there is a range of mountains running 
 north and south, which, though not high, are yet of consid- 
 erable magnitude ; and where the Columbia passes through, 
 it is walled up on both sides with basalt, in many places 
 three hundred feet perpendicular height. The soil, for con- 
 siderable distance around, with the exception of some strips 
 of bottom-land, is sandy, and for the want of summer rains 
 is not productive. This establishment is not only supplied 
 with the necessaries of life, but also with many of its con- 
 
132 HUDSON BAY COMPANY. 
 
 veniences. They have cows, horses, hogs, fowls, dec. and 
 cultivate corn, potatoes, and a variety of garden vegetables ; 
 and might enlarge these and other productions to a great 
 extent. They also keep on hand dry goods and hardware, 
 not only for their own convenience, but also for Indian 
 trade. During most of the year they have a good supply 
 offish, and an abundance of salmon of the first quality. 
 
 Wednesday, 7th. Continued in this place. Settled with 
 my interpreter, gave presents to my Indians, and made ar- 
 rangements for leaving to-morrow, in a canoe propelled by 
 Indians belonging to the Walla Walla tribe, for Fort Van- 
 couver, which is two hundred miles down the Columbia. 
 
 Thus I am putting myself, without fear, into the hands of 
 Indians, where a few years ago an escort of fifty men was 
 necessary for safety, and shall have to pass places which 
 have been battle grounds between traders and Indians. 
 
 The gentlemen belonging to the Hudson Bay Company 
 are worthy of commendation for their good treatment of 
 the Indians, by which they have obtained their friendship 
 and confidence, and also for the efforts, which some few of 
 them have made to instruct those about them in the first 
 principles of our holy religion ; especially in regard to 
 equity, humanity, and morality. This company is of long 
 standing, have become rich in the fur trade, and intend to 
 perpetuate the business ; therefore they consult the prosper- 
 ity of the Indians as intimately connected with their own. 
 I have not heard, as yet, of a single instance of any Indians 
 being wantonly killed by any of the men belonging to this 
 company. Nor have I heard any boasting among them of 
 the satisfaction taken in killing or abusing Indians, that I 
 have elsewhere heard. 
 
 Thursday, 8th. My three Walla Walla Indians having 
 
A VOYAGE COMMENCED. 133 
 
 got all things in readiness, mats, provisions, &c. furnished 
 by the kindness of Mr. Pambrun, and he having given them 
 their instructions, I went on board the canoe at nine o'clock 
 in the morning, and having passed the usual salutations, 
 we shoved off, and gently glided down the river, which here 
 is three-fourths of a mile wide. I felt myself in a new 
 situation — my horses dismissed — in a frail canoe upon the 
 wide waters of the Columbia, subject to winds, and with 
 rapids and falls on the way, and among stranger Indians, 
 two hundred miles by water before I could expect to find 
 any white men ; to pass through several nations whose Ian- 
 guages are entirely different; yet the change from horse- 
 back, for months over mountains and plains, through defiles 
 and ravines, was anticipated with satisfaction. 
 
 My three Indians were well acquainted with the river and 
 with the art of managing the canoe. One of them under- 
 stood the Nez Perce language tolerably well, was very lo- 
 quacious and vain, and wished to be thought a man of im- 
 portance. He told me he was to do the talking, and the 
 other two were to do as he should direct. On account of his 
 importance and loquacious habits I called him my orator. 
 One of the other two, who took the stern and steered the 
 canoe, was a stout, brawny, savage looking man, excepting 
 the expression of his countenance, which was indicative of 
 intelligence and good nature. The third, who took the bow, 
 was an able and well disposed young man. The channel 
 through the volcanic mountain, a little below the fort, is one 
 of the wonders of nature ; how it was formed through these 
 immensely hard basaltic rocks to the depth of about three 
 hundred feet, and for the distance of two or three miles, 
 remains unexplained. But my attention was so much 
 taken up with the boiling eddies and the varying currents, 
 
134 CAYUSE INDIANS. 
 
 that I did not take these observations which under different 
 circumstances might have been made, and which the scenery 
 and phenomena demanded. In one place, as we passed out 
 of the mountain channel, the river ran so rapidly over a 
 rocky bed, and the water was so broken, that I thought it 
 unsafe to continue in the canoe, and requested my Indians 
 to put me ashore. My talking Indian said, " tois," (good.) 
 I told him, waiitu tois, kapseis, (not good, but bad.) But still 
 he said, tois, tois, and I concluded, that they would not de- 
 cline putting me on shore, if there was any particular dan- 
 ger. The man at the stern put off into the middle of the 
 river, where the water was the smoothest, but where the 
 current was equally strong, and with his keen eye fixed upon 
 the varying eddies, applied his brawny arms to the work ; 
 and whenever a change of his paddle from one side of the 
 canoe was necessary, it was done in the twinkling of an eye. 
 Any failure of right management would have been disas- 
 trous ; but they kept the canoe in the right direction, and 
 we shot down with such velocity, as, together with the 
 breaking in of some water, to cause solicitude. But this 
 served to make the smooth parts, when we arrived at them, 
 more pleasant, and to render my mind more tranquil in re- 
 gard to future dangers. 
 
 At two o'clock in the afternoon, we called at an encamp- 
 ment of Cayuse Indians of about a dozen lodges. When 
 we had come within hearing, my orator announced our 
 approach and informed them who I was, and the object of 
 my tour, and that they must prepare to receive me with 
 all due respect — that I was not a trader, and that I had not 
 come with goods, but to teach them how to worship God. 
 They arranged themselves in single file, the chiefs and 
 principal men forward, then the more common men, next 
 
MORNING PROSPECT. 135 
 
 the women, according to their rank, the wives of chiefs, 
 the old women, the young — and then the children accor- 
 ding to age. All things being made ready, the salute was 
 fired, and I landed and shook hands with all, even the 
 youngest children, many of whom, when they presented 
 the hand, would turn away their faces through fear. I 
 made them some presents, and bought of them some dried 
 salmon and cranberries. These were the first cranber- 
 ries I had seen west of the Rocky Mountains, and they 
 were a grateful acid. The Indians expressed much satis- 
 faction in seeing me, and the object of my coming among 
 them. I told them I could not explain to them all I wished, 
 but they must meet me next spring at Walla Walla, where 
 I should have an interpreter, and then I would tell them 
 about God. After again shaking hands with them, we went 
 on our way. 
 
 At five o'clock we landed upon the north shore, and en- 
 camped near a large number of Nez Perce Indians, who 
 came about me with the tokens of friendship and kindness, 
 which characterize their nation. Among their acts of kind- 
 ness they brought me wood, which in this section of the 
 country is scarce ; and gathered small bushes and grass to 
 make my bed upon. 
 
 October 9th. We arose before day, and as soon as any 
 light appeared, resumed our voyage down the river. The 
 morning was pleasant, the country around open and diver- 
 sified with rolling prairies, and the distant mountain tops 
 were mellowed with the opening beams of the rising sun. 
 It was a time for pleasing contemplations, such as ban- 
 ished all feelings of solitude, although no sound broke upon 
 the ear, except the regularly timed strokes of the paddles 
 of my Indians, who were urging forward the canoe with 
 
136 RAPIDS. 
 
 an accelerated velocity, greater than the current of the 
 river would have carried us. 
 
 About the middle of the day, the silence was interrupted 
 by the roar of a distant rapid, the sound of which continued 
 to increase, until the white breaking water was presented 
 to view. For several miles the bed of the river was filled 
 with rocks, and several rocky islands and shoals, among 
 which the whirling and foaming water was forcing its way. 
 The only part of the river, which presented any appearance 
 of safety, was along near the south shore. This had some- 
 what the appearance of a wake. My Indians made no 
 movement for landing, but kept near the middle of the river. 
 On my expressing some apprehensions of danger, they point- 
 ed toward the wake and said, " tois." I pointed forward 
 and toward the north shore, and said, kapseis, (bad.) They 
 answered, " ai, kapseis;" and with the language of signs 
 accompanying their words, told me they would keep the 
 canoe in the good water, and it would not fill, nor be drawn 
 into the breakers. My confidence in their skill of manage- 
 ment being well established, I made no objection to their 
 going forward, and in a very short time we had passed the 
 apparent danger, and were gliding along over the smooth 
 surface on the south side of a large island, about six miles 
 long. 
 
 During the day, the country around was comparatively 
 level, covered with a black soil, which appears to have been 
 formed by atmospheric agents decomposing the volcanic 
 substances, which so generally abound. This section of 
 the country is well supplied with grass, which during the 
 summer drouth is converted into hay. Who can calculate 
 the multitudes of cattle and sheep, which might, be kept 
 here summer and winter, with no other labor than the care 
 
HEAD WIND. 137 
 
 of a few herdsmen and shepherds. We encamped upon the 
 north side of the river among some sand hills, a little below 
 several lodges of the Walla Walla Indians, to whom I had 
 the usual and formal introduction. 
 
 I was pleased to find Indians belonging to different tribes 
 scattered along this river, living in harmony without any 
 feuds or jealousies. It speaks much in favor of their kind 
 and peaceable dispositions. 
 
 On the 10th, we arose before day, after a night's com- 
 fortable rest, and by the first breaking light had our bag- 
 gage on board and were under way. Towards the middle 
 of the day we came to a more mountainous tract of country, 
 and at a place where the mountains crossed the river, were 
 very rocky rapids, but by winding our way among islands 
 near the north shore, we made a safe descent. About noon 
 a head wind, which commenced in the forepart of the 
 day, had become fresh, and the waves began to multiply 
 their white caps, so that it was dangerous navigation for 
 our canoe, and we had to land and wait for a more favora- 
 ble time. We encamped on the north side of the river, 
 under a very high and romantic basaltic mountain ; in 
 some parts near us the rocky walls were more than two 
 hundred feet in perpendicular height — in one place hanging 
 over. In some places, and at different altitudes of this im- 
 mense wall, there were cavities of considerable magnitude, 
 and in others, wide and deep fissures ; through one of which 
 passes the road traveled by pedestrians and those on horse- 
 back. This place is ten miles above the falls of the Co- 
 lumbia, which the Indians call the ium turn, the same ex- 
 pression they use for the beating of the heart. 
 
 About a mile above us, some Walla Wallas were en- 
 camped, many of whom came to my tent and wished to en- 
 
 13 
 
138 TRIAL OF INDIAN GENEROSITY. 
 
 ter into trade with me, offering beaver at a low price. I told 
 them to trade was not my business, any farther than to buy 
 salmon, &c, for food. My orator told me one of them was 
 a Meohot, a chief, and would expect a present. As a trial 
 of their disposition, I told him they had not brought me any 
 wood for a fire, and I would not give them any thing until 
 they showed their kindness. But he said I must make the 
 chief a present and buy of them wood. I replied, waiitu, 
 if he is a chief let him show the generosity of a chief. 
 Very soon they brought wood, and a fire was made, which 
 I followed with some presents. 
 
 Sabbath, 11th. We continued in the same encampment, 
 and my heart's desire was much excited for the salvation 
 of these poor heathen. There was a sufficient number 
 here to have made a decent congregation if I had possessed 
 any medium of communication. Their language differs 
 from the Nez Perces, so that I could have no communica- 
 tion with them except through my orator, who asked me if 
 he should teach these Indians what he had learned about 
 God and his worship. I gave him permission, though I 
 feared he was influenced more by love of distinction than 
 any higher motive ; but still, I would rejoice, if any true 
 light should be imparted to them. 
 
 I arose the latter part of the night of the 12th, and the 
 weather being calm, and the moon shining pleasantly, we 
 took our departure for the Falls, where we arrived some 
 time before day. Above the Falls there is a large island, 
 on the south side of which is a commodious bay, near which 
 and upon the river De Shutes, which here unites with the 
 Columbia, there is a village of the Fall Indians of about 
 thirty lodges. Here we landed, and my talker raised his 
 oratorical voice to such a note as aroused the whole village, 
 
LA DALLES. 139 
 
 calling upon the chiefs to arise, and with their people re- 
 ceive the personage with him in due form. It was but a 
 short time before their line was formed, the first chief lead- 
 ing the way, and others according to their rank and age 
 following, and the ceremony of shaking hands was per- 
 formed ; and all retired to their lodges again. 
 
 There is a great want of neatness among Indians in gen- 
 eral, but more especially among those on this river, who 
 live by fishing. 
 
 Here we left our canoe, and took horses and proceeded 
 by land, upon the south side of the river, passing by the Falls, 
 and down the La Dalles, six miles. From the lower end 
 of the island where the rapids begin, to the perpendicular 
 fall, is about two miles ; and here the river contracts, when 
 the water is low, to a very narrow space, and with only a 
 short distance of swift water, it makes its plunge twenty feet 
 or more perpendicular ; and then, after a short distance of 
 rapids, dashing against the rocks, moves on in a narrow 
 passage, filled with rapids and eddies, among volcanic rocks, 
 called the La Dalles, four miles ; and then spreads out into 
 a gentle broad channel. At the Falls and the La Dalles 
 below, there are several portages, where boats and canoes, 
 as well as baggage, have to be transported. The geolog- 
 ical formation along this distance is singular. With the 
 exception of a few high hills and bluffs, the shore and 
 lands around are but little above the river in the freshet 
 rise ; and yet the channel of the river is through the hard- 
 est basalt and amygdaloid. Has this channel worn this 
 solid rock formation ? If so, at what time ? There is no 
 appearance of the channel having worn perceptibly deeper, 
 since the rocks, from their melted state, were spread out 
 into their present condition, which must have taken place 
 
140 BOSTON TRADING COMPANY. 
 
 centuries and centuries ago. As I have no confidence in 
 theories founded upon conjecture, nor in Indian traditions, I 
 leav.e the subject for others to tell us how these things took 
 place. Former visiters, among whom I name Doct. Gard- 
 ner, a learned English naturalist whom I saw at Oahu, 
 Sandwich Islands, expressed his entire inability satisfactor- 
 ily to account for this peculiar phenomenon. Nor does the 
 Indian tradition, that the Great Wolf made this, together 
 with all the scenery that delighted my eye as I passed down 
 the river, relieve the mind of its irrepressible curiosity. 
 This is one of the best locations for salmon fishing, and 
 great numbers of Indians collect in the season of taking 
 them, which commences the last of April, or the first of 
 May, and continues several months. 
 
 At the lower part of the La Dalles, I found Capt. Wyeth, 
 from Boston, with a small company of men going up the 
 river to Fort Hall. Capt. Wyeth, who is an intelligent and 
 sociable man, had the charge of the business of a company 
 formed in Boston, for salmon fishing on the Columbia, and 
 for trade and trapping in the region of the mountains. Tho 
 plan of the company was to send a ship annually around 
 Cape Horn into Columbia river, to bring out goods for trade, 
 and to take home the salmon and furs which should be ob- 
 tained during the year. It was expected that the profits on 
 the salmon would defray all common expenses, and that 
 the profits on the furs would be clear, and yield a handsome 
 income. But thus far the enterprise has been attended with 
 many disasters, and the loss of many lives — several of the 
 men were drowned, and others killed by Indians. 
 
 Here I dismissed my Walla Walla Indiansto return, and 
 TilkT, the first chief of the La Dalles Indians, engaged to 
 furnish me with a canoe and men to carry me to Fort Van- 
 
UNUSUAL PHENOMENON. 141 
 
 eouver. I spent the night with Capt. Wyeth, and obtained 
 from him a short vocabulary of the Chenook language, to 
 enable me to do common business with the Indians residing 
 along on the lower part of this river. 
 
 Tuesday, 13th. I left at nine o'clock in the morning, in 
 the canoe with three men furnished by Tilkl, and made 
 good progress down the river, which here flows in a wide 
 and gentle current. Many parts of the way, the river is 
 walled up with high and perpendicular basalt. At the La 
 Dalles commences a wooded country, which becomes more 
 and more dense as we descend, and more broken with high 
 hills and precipices. I observed a remarkable phenome- 
 non — trees standing in their natural position in the river, 
 in many places where the water is twenty feet deep, and 
 rising to high or freshet water mark, which is fifteen feet 
 above the low water. Above the freshet rise, the tops of the 
 trees are decayed and gone. I deferred forming an opinion 
 in regard to the cause, until I should collect more data. 
 About the middle of the day a south wind began to blow, 
 and continued to increase until it became necessary to 
 go on shore and encamp, which we did about four in the 
 afternoon. 
 
 On the 14th, we did not make much progress on account 
 of wind and rain. We encamped in a cavern under a 
 large projecting rock, the upper part of which was formed 
 of basalt, the lower of conglomerate. Although this was 
 at least six miles from the Cascades, yet the roar of the wa- 
 ter could be distinctly heard. The same phenomenon of 
 the trees continued. 1 paid particular attention to the con- 
 dition of the shores of the river, and the adjacent hills and 
 mountains, to see if there were any escarpments presenting 
 
 such condition, as would furnish evidence of their having 
 13* 
 
142 REMARKABLE SUBSIDENCE. 
 
 descended by landslips ; but as there were no such appear- 
 ances, and the condition of the trees was the same where 
 there were no hills and mountains near, I was led to con- 
 jecture, that I should find the river at the Cascades dammed 
 up with volcanic productions ; and I was induced to be- 
 lieve it would be found so, from the fact, that the river, the 
 whole distance from the La Dalles, is wide and deep, and 
 moves with a sluggish current. 
 
 On the loth, the wind and rain continuing through the 
 morning, I did not leave my encampment until noon, when 
 we set forward and arrived at the Cascades at two o'clock 
 in the afternoon. The trees, to-day, were still more nu* 
 merous, in many places standing in deep water, and we had 
 to pick our way with the canoe in some places, as through 
 a forest. The water of the river is so clear, that I had an 
 opportunity of examining their position down to the spread- 
 ing roots, and found them in the same condition as when 
 standing in the natural forest. As I approached the Cas- 
 cades, instead of finding an embankment formed from vol- 
 canic eruptions, the shores above the falls were low, and the 
 velocity of the water began to accelerate two-thirds of a 
 mile above the main rapid. On a full examination, it is 
 plainly evident that here has- been a subsidence of a tract of 
 land, more than twenty miles in length, and about a mile in 
 width. The trees standing in the water are found mostly 
 towards and near the north shore, and yet, from the depth 
 of the river and its sluggish movement, I should conclude 
 the subsidence affected the whole bed. That the trees are 
 not wholly decayed down to low water mark, proves that 
 the subsidence is comparatively of recent date ; and their 
 undisturbed, natural position, proves that it took place in a 
 tranquil manner, not by any tremendous convulsion of na- 
 
THE CASCADES. 143 
 
 ture. The cause lies concealed, but the fact is plain. 
 That parts of forests may in this way submerge, is evident 
 from similar facts. The noted one on the eastern coast of 
 Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, England, is about fifteen feet 
 below low water mark, extending eastward a considerable 
 distance from the shore, in which stumps and roots of trees 
 are seen in their natural position. So manifest is the evi- 
 dence of great changes having taken place by volcanic 
 power, in these regions west of the Rocky Mountains, both 
 by upheaving and subsidence, that we are led to enquire 
 whether there are not now such agents in operation, and 
 upon such materials, that the valleys shall be literally ex- 
 alted, and the mountains be made low, and waters spring up 
 in the deserts. 
 
 The Cascades, so called to distinguish them from the 
 Falls, do not differ materially from them, except in tha 
 wild romantic scenery around. There is no perpendicular 
 fall, but the water concentrates, from its wide spread form, 
 to a very narrow compass, and then rushes with great im- 
 petuosity down an almost perpendicular precipice twenty 
 or thirty feet, and continues in a foaming and whirling de- 
 scent most of the way five miles farther, where it meets the 
 tide waters from the Pacific ocean. Above the falls, in the 
 river, there are many islands, but none of them are very 
 large — some are only volcanic rocks. The country about 
 the Cascades, and many miles below, is very mountainous, 
 especially on the south side. The volcanic peaks are as 
 diversified in their shapes as they are numerous, being con- 
 ical, denticulated, and needle-pointed, rising from one to 
 fifteen hundred feet. While imagination generally over- 
 draws her pictures, nature here has furnished abundant 
 scope for all her powers. 
 
144 THE PORTAGE. 
 
 A little above the Cascades, upon the north shore, there 
 is a small village of Chenooks. These Indians are the only 
 real Flatheads and Nez Perces, or pierced noses, I have 
 found. They both flatten their heads and pierce their 
 noses. The flattening of their heads is not so great a de- 
 formity as is generally supposed. From a little above the 
 eyes to the apex or crown of the head, there is a depression, 
 but not generally in adult persons very noticeable. The 
 piercing of the nose is a greater deformity, and is done by 
 inserting two small tapering white shells, about two inches 
 long, through the lower part of the cartilaginous division of 
 the nose. These shells are of the genus dentalium, they 
 inhabit the Pacific shore, and are an article of traffic among 
 the natives. I called at this village to obtain men to carry 
 our canoe by the portage of the Cascades. They wished to 
 engage in trade with me in several articles of small value, 
 which I declined, informing them that my business was of 
 a different nature. While detained, the daughter of the 
 chief, fancifully decked out in ornaments, and in all her 
 pride and native haughtiness, walked to and fro to exhibit, 
 to the best advantage, her fine, erect, and stately person. 
 
 After considerable delay, I obtained four Indians to carry 
 the canoe about one hundred rods by the principal rapids, 
 or falls, for which I gave each five charges of powder and 
 balls ; and an additional reward to one to carry a part of 
 my baggage a mile and a half past the most dangerous 
 rapids, to a basin just below another rapid, formed by 
 large rocks confining the river to a very narrow passage, 
 through which it rushes with great impetuosity. My Indians 
 ran the canoe over this rapid. I was much concerned for 
 their safety ; but they chose to do it. Two years before, 
 the men of the Hudson Bay Company cordelled several 
 
INDIAN BURYING PLACES. 145 
 
 batteaux down this rapid — part of the men going in the 
 boats, and part on the shore cordelling. The rope of one 
 broke, and the batteau, in spite of the efforts of the men in 
 it, was hurried out into the surging and whirling waves 
 among the rocks — capsized and all were lost. 
 
 I walked about four miles, until I had passed all the rap- 
 ids of any special danger. About three-fourths of a mile 
 below the uppermost cascade, following an Indian path, I 
 came to a pleasant rise of ground, upon which were several 
 houses of a village, inhabited only in time of taking salmon. 
 They were both larger and far better constructed than any I 
 had seen in any Indian country. They were about sixty feet 
 long, and thirty-five wide, the frame- work very well con- 
 structed and covered with split planks and cedar bark. A 
 little back of these houses a small beautiful lake spreads it- 
 self out, on the surface of which some dozens of wild ducks 
 were enjoying the quietness of its solitude. As I continued 
 down the Indian path, at no great distance from the village, 
 I came to several depositories of their dead. They were 
 built of plank split from balsam fir and cedar, about eight 
 feet long, six wide, and five high, and well covered. At 
 one end is what may be called a door, upon which are 
 paintings of various devices, which do not appear to be de- 
 signed for any other purpose than for ornament. Some had 
 painting upon the sides as well as upon the doors. I had 
 with me two Indians who paid no particular attention to 
 them, more than we should in passing a burying ground. 
 They pointed me to them, and made a short, solemn pause, 
 without any actions which would indicate their paying hom- 
 mage to the pictures or any other object. The number of 
 these depositories I did not ascertain, as many of them were 
 so far decayed, as to be hardly distinguishable ; but there 
 
146 BEAUTIFUL WATERFALL. 
 
 were eight or ten in good condition. Below this we passed 
 several houses of less magnitude than those above ; and 
 while the floors of those were on a level with the surface 
 of the ground, these were sunk about four feet below, and 
 the walls rose only about three feet above the ground. It 
 would seem that these were designed for winter habitations, 
 but at this time their occupants were all absent. At the 
 distance of four miles below the main cataract, the coun- 
 try, on the north side, spreads out into a level fertile plain, 
 which near the river is a prairie, a little distance back 
 covered with dense forests ; while on the south side of the 
 river it is very mountainous. 
 
 Toward the lower part of Brant island I re-embarked, 
 and we proceeded a few miles farther and encamped below 
 Pillar rock, over against an extraordinary cascade of water 
 which descends the mountain from the south. Pillar rock 
 is of basaltic formation, situated on the north side of the 
 river, a few rods from the shore, on a narrow strip of rich 
 bottom-land, wholly isolated, rising five hundred feet on 
 the river side perpendicular, and on the others nearly so. 
 Upon all, except the river side, there are narrow offsets 
 upon which grow some cedars, and also a few upon the 
 highest point. The base in proportion to the height, is 
 very small, giving the whole the appearance of an enor- 
 mous pillar. This is one of the astonishing wonders of 
 volcanic operations. 
 
 The cascade upon the south side of the river first strikes 
 the view at an elevation of not less than a thousand feet ; 
 and by several offsets the water descends in a white foaming 
 sheet, at an angle of sixty or eighty degrees, presenting the 
 appearance of a belt laid upon the side of the mountain. 
 In two places the descent is perpendicular, the lowest is 
 
CIVILIZATION. 147 
 
 i 
 
 probably not less than two hundred feet, and before the 
 stream reaches the bottom, it is dissipated into spray and 
 disappears, until you see it again collecting itself at the 
 foot of the mountain, and after wending its way a short dis- 
 tance, it unites with the Columbia. The whole scene, com- 
 bining the ruggedness_and wildness of nature's most roman- 
 tic forms, with its most magnificent, filled my mind with 
 admiration both of the work and its Author. 
 
 On the morning of the 16th, I arose before day, called 
 my Indians, and as soon as any light appeared, we again 
 launched into the broad river, in our frail canoe. For 
 about ten miles, the surrounding country was mountainous, 
 forming bold shores, after which the mountains recede, 
 and the river spreads out in some places from one to three 
 miles wide, and an extensive region around presents the 
 appearance of a rich soil well adapted to agriculture. 
 There are some fine prairies, but the greatest part is 
 thickly wooded. In this part of the river are many fer- 
 tile islands, some of which are large ; the current moves 
 on gently, and the whole scenery around is fascinating. 
 As I descended towards the Pacific ocean, water fowl, such 
 as geese, swans, and a very great variety of ducks, began 
 to multiply ; also every now and then seals made their 
 appearance, so that I became cheered with the increasing 
 exhibitions of animated nature, greater than I had witness- 
 ed since leaving the buffalo country. Unexpectedly, about 
 the middle of the day, on the north shore in a thick grove 
 of large firs, I saw two white men, with a yoke of oxen, 
 drawing logs for sawing. I hailed them, and enquired of 
 them the distance to Fort Vancouver. They replied, 
 u only seven miles around yonder point, down that prai- 
 rie." Soon we came to a large saw-mill, around which 
 
148 PROVIDENCE. 
 
 were large piles of lumber and several cottages. This 
 looked like business upon a much larger scale than I had 
 expected. I called a short time at this establishment, 
 where I found several Scotch laborers belonging to the 
 Hudson Bay Company, with their Indian families. Al- 
 though it was then about noon, they offered me a break- 
 fast of peas and fish, taking it for granted that men who 
 travel these western regions, eat only when they can get 
 an opportunity. At two in the afternoon, we arrived at 
 Fort Vancouver, and never did I feel more joyful to set 
 my feet on shore, where I expected to find a hospitable 
 people and the comforts of life. Doct. J. McLaughlin, a 
 chief factor and the superintendent of this fort, and of the 
 business of the Company west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 received me with many expressions of kindness, and invited 
 me to make his residence my home for the winter, and as 
 long as it would suit my convenience. Never could such 
 an invitation be more thankfully received. 
 
 It was now seven months and two days since I left my 
 home, and during that time, excepting a few delays, I had 
 been constantly journeying, and the last fifty-six days, with 
 Indians only. I felt that I had great reason for gratitude 
 to God for his merciful providences toward me, in defend- 
 ing and so providing for me, that I had not greatly suffered 
 a single day for the want of food. For months I had no 
 bread nor scarcely any vegetables, and I often felt that a 
 change and a variety would have been agreeable, but in no 
 instance did I suffer, nor in any case was I brought to the 
 necessity of eating dogs or horseflesh. In every exigency 
 something wholesome and palatable was provided. 
 
FORT VANCOUVER. 149 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Description of Fort Vancouver^-departurefor Fort George and mouth 
 of the Columbia — mouths of the Multnomah — Wappatoo island — 
 May Dacre — Coffin rock- — Cowalitz river— Indian friendship— Pa- 
 cific ocean — Gray's bay — Astoria. 
 
 Fort Vancouver is situated on the north side of the Co- 
 lumbia river, about sixty rods from the shore, upon a prairie 
 of some few hundred acres, surrounded with dense woods. 
 The country around, for a great distance, is generally level 
 and of good soil, covered with heavy forests, excepting 
 some prairies interspersed, and has a pleasant aspect. It 
 is in north latitude 45° 37', and longitude 122° 50', west 
 from Greenwich — one hundred miles from the Pacific 
 ocean. The enclosure is strongly stoccaded, thirty-seven 
 rods long, and eighteen rods wide, facing the south. There 
 are about one hundred white persons belonging to this es- 
 tablishment, and an Indian population of three hundred in 
 a small compass contiguous. There are eight substantial 
 buildings within the enclosure, and a great number o^ 
 email ones without. 
 
 October 17th. After a night's rest in this fort, I left for 
 Fort George, situated ninety-one miles below, near the con- 
 fluence of the Columbia with the Pacific, known in the 
 United States by the name of Astoria. I took this early 
 departure that I might visit the lower part of the river and 
 the sea coast, and return before the rainy season should 
 commence ; and also to avail myself of a passage in the 
 
 May Dacre, from Boston, Capt. Lambert, a brig belonging 
 
 14 
 
150 WAPPATOO ISLAND. 
 
 to Captain Wyeth and Company, which was lying twenty- 
 three miles below, at the lowest mouth of the Multnomah. 
 Mr. J. K. Townsend, an ornithologist from Philadelphia, 
 accompanied me to the brig. Our canoe was large and pro- 
 pelled by Sandwich Islanders, of whom there are many 
 in this country, who have come here as sailors and laborers. 
 Five miles below the fort, we passed the main branch of the 
 Multnomah. It is a large river, coming from the south, and 
 is divided by islands into four branches at its confluence 
 with the Columbia. Here commences the Wappatoo island, 
 so called from a nutritive root found in the small lakes 
 in the interior, which is much sought for by Indians as 
 an article of food. This island is about eighteen miles 
 long, and five miles wide, formed by a part of the Multno- 
 mah, branching off* about six miles up the main river, run- 
 ning in a westerly and north-westerly direction, and uni- 
 ting with the Columbia eighteen miles below the main 
 branch. The branch which flows around and forms the 
 island, is about fifteen rods wide, and of sufficient depth for 
 small shipping most of the year. It was upon this island 
 the Multnomah Indians formerly resided, but they have 
 become as a tribe extinct. The land is very fertile, and 
 most of it sufficiently high to be free from injury by the 
 June freshet. Some parts of it are prairie, but the greatest 
 part is well wooded with oak, ash, balsam fir, and the spe- 
 cies of poplar often called balm of Gilead, and by most 
 travelers, cotton-wood. At the south-west of this island, 
 there is a range of mountains which render a space of the 
 country broken, but beyond these, it is said by hunters, that 
 there is an extensive valley well adapted to agriculture. 
 
 We arrived at the landing place of the May Dacre, at 
 five o'clock in the afternoon, and were politely received on 
 
MAY DACRE. 151 
 
 board by Capt. Lambert. The brig was moored alongside 
 a natural wharf of basalt. 
 
 Sabbath, October 18th. Part of the day I retired to a 
 small prairie back from the river, to be free from the noise 
 of labor in which the men were engaged in preparing for 
 their voyage ; and part of it I passed in the state room 
 which was assigned me. There is much reason to lament 
 the entire disregard manifested by many towards God's 
 holy Sabbath. His justice will not always be deferred. 
 Those who will not submit to divine authority, must reap 
 the fruit of theii disobedience. None can slight and abuse 
 the mercy of God with impunity. 
 
 Monday, 19th. The brig fell down the river with the 
 tide, about three miles, but for the want of wind anchored. 
 In the afternoon, I went on shore for exercise, taking with 
 me a kanaka, that is, a Sandwich islander, for assistance in 
 any danger. I made a long excursion through woods and 
 over prairies, and found the country pleasant and fertile. 
 The grass on the prairies was green, and might furnish 
 subsistence for herds of cattle. When will this immensely 
 extended and fertile country be brought under cultivation, 
 and be filled with an industrious population 1 From time 
 immemorial, the natives have not stretched forth a hand to 
 till the ground, nor made an effort to cause the earth to 
 yield a single article of produce, more than springs up 
 spontaneously ; nor will they, until their minds are enligh- 
 tened by divine truth. No philanthropist, who is not under 
 the influence of Christian principles, will ever engage in 
 the self-denying work of enlightening their minds, and 
 arousing them from their indolence. As on our frontiers, 
 so on these western shores, the work of destruction, intro- 
 duced by those who would be called the friends of man, is 
 
152 DEER ISLAND COFFIN ROCK. 
 
 going forward. The Indians in this lower country, that is, 
 below the Cascades, are only the remnants of once numer- 
 ous and powerful nations. 
 
 The evening was clear and pleasant, which gave us an 
 opportunity to see the comet which was observed by Hal- 
 ley in the year 1682, and which was seen again in 1759, 
 and now in 1835, proving its time of revolution to be about 
 seventy-six and a half years. Its train of light was very 
 perceptible and about twelve degrees in length. 
 
 We had a favorable wind on the 20th, which, with the 
 current of the river, enabled us to make good progress on 
 our way. Among the many islands, with which the lower 
 part of this river abounds, Deer Island, thirty-three miles 
 below Fort Vancouver, is worthy of notice. It is large, and 
 while it is sufficiently wooded along the shores, the interior 
 is chiefly a prairie covered with an exuberant growth of 
 grass and vines of different kinds, excepting the grape, of 
 which there is no indigenous species west of the Rocky 
 Mountains. In the interior of this island there are several 
 small lakes, the resort of swans, geese and ducks. This 
 island was formerly the residence of many Indians, but they 
 are gone, and nothing is left except the remains of a large 
 village. 
 
 Among some interesting islands of basalt, there is one 
 called Coffin Rock, twenty-three miles below Deer island, 
 situated in the middle of the river, rising ten or fifteen feet 
 above high freshet water. It is almost entirely covered 
 with canoes, in which the dead are deposited, which circum- 
 stance gives it its name. In the section of country from 
 Wappatoo island to the Pacific ocean, the Indians, instead 
 of committing the dead to the earth, deposit them in ca- 
 noes, and these are placed in such situations as are most 
 
CAPT. LAMBERT AND THE SKILLOOT CHIEF. 153 
 
 secure from beasts of prey ; upon such precipices as this 
 island, upon branches of trees, or upon scaffolds made for 
 the purpose. The bodies of the dead are covered with mats, 
 and split planks are placed over them. The head of the 
 canoe is a little raised, and at the foot there is a hole made 
 for water to escape. 
 
 A few miles below Coffin island, the Cowalitz, a river 
 coming from the north-east, flows into the Columbia, which 
 is about thirty rods wide, deep, and navigable for boats a 
 very considerable distance. The country up this river is 
 said to equal, in richness of soil, any part of the Oregon 
 Territory, and to be so diversified with woods and prairies, 
 that the farmer could at once reap the fruits of his labor. 
 
 On account of numerous sand-bars and windings of the 
 navigable channel, we anchored for the night. The evening 
 was cloudy, and there was the appearance of a gathering 
 storm ; but we were so surrounded with high hills, that the 
 situation was considered safe. 
 
 The wind, on the 21st, was light, and our progress, there- 
 fore was slow. This section of the country is mountain- 
 ous, the ranges running nearly from the south-east to the 
 north-west, and covered with a very dense and heavy 
 growth of wood, mostly fir and oak. A chief of the Skil- 
 loots with a few of his people came on board. He was very 
 talkative and sportive. When he was about to leave, he 
 told Capt. L. that as they had been good friends, and were 
 now about to separate, he wished a present. Capt. L. told 
 his steward to give him a shirt The chief took it and 
 put it on, and then saidj " how much better would a new pair 
 of pantaloons look with this shirt." The captain ordered 
 him the article asked for. Now, said the chief, "a vest 
 
 would become me, and increase my influence with m y peo- 
 
 14* 
 
154 PILLAR ROCK. 
 
 pie." This was also given. Then he added, " well, Tie,* 
 I suppose we shall not see each other again, can you see me 
 go away without a clean blanket, which would make me a 
 full dress." The captain answered, "go about your busi- 
 ness ; for there is no end to your asking so long as I con- 
 tinue to give." Then the chief brought forward a little son, 
 and said, " he is a good boy ; will you not make him a pres- 
 ent ?" Capt. L. gave him a few small articles, and they 
 went away rejoicing over the presents which they had re- 
 ceived, instead of regretting the departure of the May Da- 
 cre. We passed to-day Pillar rock, which stands in the 
 river, isolated, more than half a mile from the north shore, 
 composed of basalt, and* is about forty feet high and fifteen 
 in diameter. We anchored a few miles below. 
 
 On the morning of the 22d, we waited for a favorable 
 tide until nine o'clock, when we got under way with a brisk 
 wind from the east. Here the river begins to spread out 
 into a bay, but owing to many shoals, the navigation is 
 difficult. We ran aground, but the increase of the tide set 
 us afloat again, and soon the great Pacific ocean opened to 
 our view. This boundary of the "far west" was to me an 
 object of great interest ; and when I looked upon the dark 
 rolling waves, and reflected upon the vast expanse of five 
 thousand miles, without an intervening island until you ar- 
 rive at the Japan coast, a stretch of thought was required, 
 like contemplating infinity. Like the vanishing lines of 
 perspective, so is contemplation lost in tbis extent of ocean. 
 
 As we proceeded on our way, we left Gray's bay at the 
 right, extending inland to the north some few miles, in which 
 on a voyage of discovery, the ship Columbia anchored, and 
 
 *.Chief, or gentleman. 
 
ASTORIA. 155 
 
 from whose commander the bay took its name. Nearly- 
 opposite we passed Tongue Point, which extends about two 
 miles into the bay or river, from the south. It is consider- 
 ably elevated, rocky, and covered with woods. Soon after 
 this, Astoria was announced. My curiosity was excited. I 
 looked, but could not discover what to all on board was so 
 plainly seen — I blamed my powers of vision — and reluc- 
 tantly asked the captain, where is Astoria? "Why," he 
 replied, " right down there — that is Astoria !" I saw two 
 log cabins, and said within myself, is that the far-famed 
 "New York of the west ?" 
 
156 FORT GEORGE. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Description of Fort George — mouth of the Columbia — dangerous bar 
 — mountainous coast — varieties of timber — good location for a mis- 
 sionary station — continued rains — dense forests — exeursion in a 
 canoe down the bay — view of the coast — disasters at the entrance 
 of the Columbia — ship William and Anne — ship Isabella — Tonquin 
 — Japanescjunk — reflections — water fowl — return to'Fort Vancou- 
 ver — the regard Indians show the dead — Indian kindness. 
 
 When we arrived in the small bay, upon which Fort 
 George (Astoria) is situated, Captain L. manned a boat to 
 take me on shore, in which he also embarked to pay his 
 respects to the governor, who had the politeness to meet us 
 at the landing, and invited us, with hearty welcome, to his 
 dwelling. After having interchanged the customary salu- 
 tations and made a short stay, the captain re-embarked and 
 made his way for Cape Disappointment ; and the wind and 
 tide being favorable, he passed the dangerous bar without 
 any delay, and shaped his course for Boston. Fort George 
 is situated on the south side of the bay, ten miles from Cape 
 Disappointment, is without any fortifications, has only two 
 small buildings made of hewed logs ; about two acres 
 cleared, a part of which is cultivated with potatoes and 
 garden vegetables. It is occupied by two white men of the 
 Hudson Bay Company, for the purpose of trade with the 
 few remaining Indians who reside about these shores. 
 Though this is the present condition of Astoria, yet the 
 time must come, when at the mouth of this noble river there 
 will be a commercial city, and especially may this be ex- 
 
MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA. 157 
 
 pected, as this bay affords the only good harbor for a long 
 distance on this coast. I should think the north side of the 
 bay, a little above the cape, adjoining what is called Ba- 
 ker's bay, would be the most desirable location for a town, 
 as that is the safest place for ships to ride at anchor ; and 
 on that side of the Columbia bay, the country is more open 
 and pleasant for a commercial town. On the south side, 
 where Astoria was located, the mountains or high hills come 
 down very near the shore, are rocky and precipitous, pre- 
 venting a southern prospect, and in the short winter days of 
 a north latitude of 46° 17' they almost exclude the sun. 
 
 A difficulty, of a nature that is not easily overcome, exists 
 in regard to the navigation of this river, namely, the sand- 
 bar at its entrance. It is about five miles across the bar 
 from Cape Disappointment out to sea. In no part of that 
 distance is the water upon the bar over eight fathoms deep, 
 in one place only five, and the channel is only about half 
 a mile wide. And so wide and open is the ocean, that there 
 is always a heavy swell, and when the wind is above a 
 gentle breeze, there are breakers quite across the bar, so 
 that there is no passing it except when the wind and tide are 
 both very favorable. Without the bar there is no anchor- 
 age, and there have been instances, in the winter season, of 
 ships laying off and on, thirty days, waiting for an opportu- 
 nity to pass ; a good pilot is always needed. Perhaps there 
 have been more lives lost here, in proportion to the number 
 of those who have entered this river, than in entering almost 
 any other harbor in the world. But the calamities have been 
 less frequent for some years past, than formerly ; and should 
 a steam-boat be stationed at the cape, to tow vessels over, 
 when business shall be sufficiently multiplied to warrant the 
 expense, the delays and dangers would be greatly diminished . 
 
158 VARIETIES OF TIMBER. 
 
 The main bay is four miles wide at the mouth of the 
 river, between Cape Disappointment and Point Adams ; 
 extends sixteen miles up the river ; is nine miles wide be- 
 tween Chenook bay on the north and Young's bay on the 
 south ; and seven miles wide between Fort George and 
 Chenook point. It is filled with many sand-bars, and one, 
 which is called Sand Island, a little within the capes, seen 
 only when the tide is down, is dangerous to ships when not 
 in the charge of skilful pilots. 
 
 The section of country about the sea coast is rough and 
 mountainous, and covered with the most heavy and dense 
 forest of any part of America of which I have any knowl- 
 edge. The trees are almost all of the genus pinus, but I 
 saw none of the species commonly called pine, any where 
 below the Cascades. The balsam fir, of which there are 
 three species, constitute the greatest part of the forest trees. 
 White cedar, spruce, hemloc, and yew, are interspersed. 
 Three species of oak, of which the white is most common, 
 prevail in both sections; and in some low bottom-lands, 
 the species of poplar, called the balm of Gilead, or bitter 
 cotton wood, predominates. The balsam fir grows very 
 large ; not unfrequently four and six feet in diameter, and 
 two hundred feet high. I measured one which was eight 
 feet in diameter, and about two hundred and fifty feet high. 
 As I do not here intend to enter upon the dendrology of this 
 country, I omit farther remarks upon this subject for the 
 present. 
 
 The quality of the land is good ; and some tracts of this 
 mountainous, iron bound coast might easily be brought un- 
 der cultivation. One section lies about Young's bay, ex-, 
 tending to and about Point Adams. This would be a favor- 
 able location for a missionary station, where access could 
 
LAND EXCURSION. 
 
 159 
 
 be had to the Clatsop and Killamook Indians, who are said 
 to be numerous. 
 
 At this season of the year, there are but few Indians 
 who reside, about this trading post, finding it more for their 
 comfort to retire into the forests during the rainy season of 
 the winter, locating themselves upon small prairies along 
 rivers and streams, where fuel is easily obtained, and where 
 some game is found to add to their winter's stock of pro- 
 visions. 
 
 During my continuance in this place it was my inten- 
 tion to cross the bay over to Chenook point, and from 
 thence down to Cape Disappointment, which it is said affords 
 a very extensive and interesting prospect. But from day 
 to day it rained, and the high winds created such a sea 
 in the whole bay, that it was not safe to attempt a pas- 
 sage. 
 
 On the 24th, the wind was high, and the weather very 
 uncomfortable, and in the afternoon the storm increased, 
 accompanied with snow, which, however, melted as fast as 
 it fell. The sea fowl appeared to be alarmed by the sever- 
 ity of so early and unexpected a storm of snow, and came 
 in from the ocean in great numbers, flying and screaming, 
 as if in search of a safe retreat. 
 
 The storm being somewhat abated, on the 26th, Mr. 
 Dunn, the superintendent of the fort, and myself, took our 
 rifles to go back into the woods to hunt deer for exercise. 
 But so dense was the forest, so filled and interwoven with 
 various vines and shrubbery, that it was next to impossible 
 to make any progress, and we did not penetrate the woods 
 more than a mile, before we gave up the object, and turned 
 our course back, but our return, with diligent efforts, occu- 
 pied some hours. If a luxuriant growth of trees and shrub- 
 
160 A WATER EXCURSlOxN. 
 
 bery is indicative of a rich soil, no part of the world can 
 surpass the country around these shores. 
 
 The morning of the 27th was pleasant and inviting for a 
 water excursion ; yet in view of the sudden changes of 
 weather, which are common at this season of the year, I 
 did not think best to cross the wide bay, but took four Che- 
 nook Indians, and a half breed named Thos. Pish Kiplin, 
 who could speak English, and we went in a large canoe 
 down to Clatsop and Point Adams, nine miles from the fort. 
 There was a gentle wind from the east, which favored hois- 
 ting a small sail. This gave us a pleasant sail until it in- 
 creased to the rate of eight miles an hour ; by this time the 
 waves had become so high, and the white caps were so nu- 
 merous, that, to one not acquainted with nautical adventures, 
 the danger in a canoe appeared imminent. We could only 
 run before the wind, and when we were upon the top of one 
 wave, it seemed the next plunge would be fatal. Fears 
 were of no avail in this situation, and I therefore kept up 
 such conversation as was calculated to suppress any which 
 might arise in the minds of the men. It was interesting to 
 see how the Indians would take the waves with their pad- 
 dles so as to favor the safety of the canoe. But our rapid 
 progress soon brought us to the shore near Point Adams. 
 Here a new and unexpected difficulty presented itself, and 
 this was the almost utter impracticability of effecting a land- 
 ing in the high surf; but my skilful mariners watched an 
 opportunity to shoot the canoe forward as far as possible on 
 a flowing wave, and as soon as it broke, they leaped into 
 the water, seized the canoe, lightened it over the returning 
 surge, and drew it up beyond the reach of the waves. This 
 management was an occular demonstration of the skill of 
 Indians on dangerous seas. I took Kiplin with me and 
 
LOSS OF THE WILLIAM AND ANNE. 161 
 
 walked several miles on the hard and smooth sandy beach, 
 so far around to the south, that I had a view of the coast 
 north and south, as far as the eye could reach. High ba- 
 saltic rocks, in most parts perpendicular, lined the shores. 
 Who reared these volcanic walls but that Being, who sets 
 bounds to the sea, and has said, " hitherto shalt thou come, 
 but no farther, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed." 
 This vast expanse of ocean and these stupendous works of 
 God fill the mind with awe. 
 
 In returning, I walked several miles beyond the place 
 where we landed, along the shore towards Young's bay, and 
 went on board the brig Lama, Captain McNeil, which was 
 on its way up to the fort. In my excursion about Clatsop 
 and Point Adams, I saw several canoes containing the dead, 
 deposited as I have already described. 
 
 I have mentioned the bar at the mouth of the Columbia, 
 and Sand Island, as dangerous to those who were not well 
 acquainted with the entrance into this river. In the year 
 1838, the ship William and Anne was cast away a little 
 within the bar. All on board, twenty-six in number, were 
 lost, and it could not be ascertained what were the circum- 
 stances of the lamentable catastrophe, as no one was left to 
 tell the story. There were conjectures that after the ship 
 had run aground, the Indians, for the sake of plunder, killed 
 the crew. This is only conjecture ; but it is very strange 
 thai none escaped, as they were not far from the shore, 
 and the beach was sandy. The Indians carried off and se- 
 creted whatever of the goods they could find. The men of 
 the Hudson Bay Company sent to the chiefs to deliver up 
 what they had taken away. They sent to Dr. McLaughlin 
 at Fort Vancouver two small articles of no value. Dr. M. 
 
 with an armed force went down to the Chenooks and de- 
 
 15 
 
162 ISABELLA AND TONQUIN. 
 
 manded a surrender of the goods. The chief, with his war- 
 riors, put himself in an attitude of resistance, and fired 
 upon the men of the Hudson Bay Company. They re- 
 turned the fire with a swivel, not to injure them, but to let 
 them know with what force they had to contend, if they 
 persisted in their resistance. On this the Indians all fled 
 into the woods. Dr. McLaughlin with his men landed and 
 searched for the goods, many of which they found. Whilst 
 they were searching, the chief was seen skulking and 
 drawing near, and cocked his gun, but before he had time 
 to fire, one of the white men shot him down. None besides 
 were hurt. This was done, as the Hudson Bay Company 
 say, not so much for saving the value of the property, as to 
 teach the Indians not to expect profit from such disasters, 
 and to take away temptation to murder white men for the 
 sake of plunder. 
 
 On the 23d of May, 1830, the ship Isabella was cast 
 away upon a sand-bar projecting frorn^ Sand Island, which 
 is a little within the capes. As soon as she struck, the men 
 all deserted her, and without stopping at Fort George, made 
 their way to Fort Vancouver. It is thought, that if they 
 had remained on board and waited the tide, she might have 
 been preserved. The cargo was mostly saved. 
 
 In 1811, the Tonquin, sent out from New York by Mr. 
 Astor, to form a fur trading establishment at or near the 
 mouth of this river, lost eight men in crossing the bar. 
 The calamity resulted from the ignorance of Captain Thorn 
 of the dangers, and his great want of prudence. 
 
 About thirty miles south of this river, are the remains of 
 a ship sunk not far from the shore. It is not known by 
 whom she was owned, nor from what part of the world she 
 came, nor when cast away. The Indians frequently get 
 
JAPANESE. 163 
 
 beeswax from her, and it is highly probable that she was 
 from some part of Asia* 
 
 A Japanese junk was cast away, fifteen miles south of 
 Cape Flattery in March, 1833. Out of seventeen men only 
 three were saved. In the following May, Captain McNeil, 
 of the Lama, brought the three survivors to Fort Vancouver, 
 where they were kindly treated by the gentlemen of the 
 Hudson Bay Company, and in the following October, were 
 sent to England, to be forwarded to their own country and 
 home.* This junk was loaded with rich China ware, cot- 
 ton cloths, and rice. In the same year eleven Japanese, in 
 distress, were drifted in a junk to Oahu, Sandwich Islands. 
 It is not very uncommon that junks and other craft have 
 been found by whale ships in the great Pacific ocean, the 
 crews in a state of starvation, without the nautical instru- 
 ments and skill necessary to enable them to find their way 
 to any port of safety. Undoubtedly many are entirely 
 lost, while others drift to unknown shores. 
 
 May not such facts throw light upon the question of the 
 original peopling of America, which has engaged the atten- 
 tion of men for a long period. While one man demonstrates 
 to his own satisfaction, that the first inhabitants of this 
 
 * From documents which have come to hand, since the publication 
 of the first edition of this work, I have been led to admire the wisdom 
 of Providence, as developed in the case of these three Japanese. On 
 their way to their country, they were brought to Macao. It is a well 
 known fact that the missionaries have been endeavoring to gain ac- 
 cess to the Island of Japan, and to obtain the means of acquiring the 
 language of the inhabitants. These three Japanese, having been so 
 long in foreign countries, were afraid to go to their own country, with- 
 out permission from their government, and therefore Mr. GutzlafF was 
 enabled to obtain them as teachers, and to assist him in translating 
 the Scriptures, and tracts, for distribution among the otherwise inac- 
 cessible population of Japan, and thus to impart to them the riches of 
 the Gospel of Jesus Christ. 
 
164 DIFFERENT THEORIES. 
 
 continent must have crossed from the north-east part of Asia, 
 because of the resemblance of the people to each othe r, and 
 the ease with which the strait is passed in canoes ; another, 
 with no less certainty, proves from the diversity of langua- 
 ges, from the impossibility of tracing their origin, and from 
 other reasons, that an equatorial union of Africa and Amer- 
 ica must have existed in some age of the world since the 
 universal deluge, and that some violent convulsion of na- 
 ture has since dissevered them. Others would recognize in 
 the aborigines of this continent the descendants of the Jews, 
 and industriously trace in their customs, the ancient wor- 
 ship and rites of God's peculiar people. But from whatever 
 single or numerical causes they have had their origin, 
 their own traditions, and the histories of more civilized na- 
 tions, seem alike unable to inform us. Physical causes 
 alone, we think, are adequate to account for the many fea- 
 tures of resemblance which they possess, though they might, 
 at different and distant periods of time have been drifted, 
 or in some manner found their way, from remote countries. 
 Some see in the aborigines of this country the confirmation 
 of their favorite theory, that human institutions and states, 
 like human and vegetable nature, have their birth, growth, 
 maturity, and decay ; and believe that, as it respects these 
 tribes, these tendencies have already, for centuries, been in 
 operation to produce their extinction. 
 
 About this time of the year, water fowl of various genera 
 and species begin to visit the bays and lagoons, and as the 
 season advances, they gradually proceed into the interior of 
 the country, where the rivers and lakes abound with them. 
 Geese, swans, ducks, and gulls, wing their way over us, and 
 their screams, particularly those of the swans, are at times 
 almost deafening. The swan is not of the species common 
 
RETURN TO FORT VANCOUVER. 165 
 
 in the United States. It is the Bewick's swan, and is char- 
 acterized by the same unsullied" plumage ; its attitudes and 
 motions, while sailing over its liquid element, are equally 
 graceful, and its voice is even louder and more sonorous. 
 Of the geese there are four kinds ; the white, white fronted, 
 the Canada, and Hutchins. Of the ducks, there are the 
 black or surf duck, the canvass-back, the blue-bill, the long- 
 tailed, the harlequin, the pin-tail, and the golden-eyed. 
 The number of these water fowl is immense, and they may 
 be seen on the wing, swimming upon the waters, or search- 
 ing for food along the shores. They constitute a large item 
 of Indian living and trade, and find a conspicuous place up- 
 on the tables of the gentlemen engaged in the fur business., 
 Wednesday, October 28th. I took passage on board a 
 oanoe, going to Fort Vancouver on an express from the La- 
 ma, recently arrived from a northern voyage to and about 
 Queen Charlotte's Island. The canoe was large, carrying 
 about fifteen hundred weight including men and baggage,. 
 manned by three white men and three Indians. The day 
 was more pleasant than for some time past, a favorable cir- 
 cumstance for passing through the bay, and around Tongue 
 Point, where the current was so strong that it required the 
 full exertion of the men to double it. Ten miles further 
 we passed Pillar Rock, a few miles above which we en- 
 camped on the north side, where the mountains came down 
 so close to the shore, that I hardly found space to pitch my 
 tent above high tide water. The men made a large fire r 
 which was cheering and most welcome, and the supper 
 which they prepared was eaten with a keener appetite 
 than many an one amidst all the appliances of wealth and 
 luxury. 
 
 On the 29th, we arose before day, and were willing to 
 15* 
 
166 REGARD FOR THE DEAD. 
 
 take an early departure from a place where tide and moun- 
 tains disputed the territory. By diligently pursuing our 
 way until eight in the evening, we made forty-five miles. 
 This was a great day's work in going up the river against 
 the current, which is strong when the tide is setting out. 
 I noticed on my return a singular rocky point on the north 
 shore, a short distance below the Cowalitz, rising nearly 
 perpendicular about one hundred feet, separated from the 
 adjacent high hills, and very much in the form of Coffin 
 Rock. It was covered with canoes containing the dead. 
 These depositories are held in great veneration by the In- 
 dians. They are not chosen for convenience, but for secu- 
 rity against ravenous beasts ; and are often examined by 
 the friends of the deceased, to see if the remains of the dead 
 repose in undisturbed quiet. And such is their watchful 
 care, that the anatomist could rarely make depredations 
 without detection, or with impunity. And if they have 
 such regard for the dead, are they without affection for their 
 living relatives and friends? Are they " callous to all the 
 passions but rage ?" Are they " steeled against sympathy 
 and feeling ?" And have they no happiness except what 
 " exists in the visionary dreaming of those, who never con- 
 templated their actual condition V Have those, who charge 
 upon the Indian character " sullen gloom, want of curiosity 
 and surprise at what is new or striking," had extensive per- 
 sonal acquaintance with many different Indian nations and 
 tribes ? and have they gained their familiar friendship and 
 confidence ? I am firm in the belief, that the character of 
 unabused and uncontaminated Indians will not lose in com- 
 parison with any other nation that can be named ; and the 
 only material difference between man and man, is produced 
 by the imbibed principles of the Christian religion. 
 
INDIAN KINDNESS. . 167 
 
 Wishing to avail ourselves of calm weather and a favor- 
 able moon, we kept on our way in the evening until thick- 
 ening clouds and descending rain admonished us of the 
 necessity of finding an encamping place ; and while doing 
 this, we ran upon a log, which came very near upsetting us 
 in deep water. But by two men getting out upon the log 
 and lifting the canoe, with much exertion we got off safely. 
 After passing round a point, we saw a light on the north 
 shore, to which we directed our course and landed, where 
 we found a small company of Indians encamped under a 
 large projecting rock, giving shelter from the storm. They 
 kindly shared their accommodations with us, and my tent 
 was pitched under the concavity of the rocks ; and mats, 
 skins, and blankets, though spread upon small stones, made 
 me a comfortable bed. A good fire and a refreshing sup- 
 per obliviscited the labors of the day and the dangers of the 
 evening. 
 
 We arose on the 30th before day, and although the morn- 
 ing was rainy, yet it was sufficiently calm for the express 
 to prosecute their voyage. I arranged my mats and skins 
 so as to shield myself and baggage from the rain : but the 
 men, whose business it was to propel the canoe, were exposed 
 to the storm. After a few hours' labor and exposure, we 
 arrived at the place where the May Dacre had made her 
 harbor, near which the southern section of the Willamette 
 discharges its waters into the Columbia. We brought our 
 canoe into a small bay indented in the basaltic rocks, and 
 drew it" so far upon the shore, that it was thought safe with- 
 out any other security ; and all hastened to kindle a fire in 
 a thatched building, which was constructed by some Kana- 
 kas for the accommodation of the May Dacre. This shel- 
 ter was very desirable to protect us from the storm, and to 
 
168 ARRIVAL AT VANCOUVER. 
 
 give the men an opportunity to dry their clothes. Whilst 
 we were preparing and eating our breakfast, the flowing 
 tide, which swells the river and slackens the current, but 
 does not stop it, took our canoe from its moorings, and 
 drifted it a considerable distance down the river. Some 
 Indians whose residence was far up the Cowalitz, and who 
 were descending the river in their canoes, saw it and re- 
 turned with it before we knew that it was gone. This act 
 proved them to be susceptible of kindness, and increased 
 my confidence in their integrity. The canoe contained 
 valuable baggage, and we should have been left without any 
 means of going on our way. We could not have crossed 
 the Willamette nor the Columbia riverj and if this had 
 been accomplished, still to have attempted a return by land 
 would have been an almost hopeless undertaking, as the 
 forest had an undergrowth which rendered it quite impas- 
 sable. The Indians are so much accustomed to travel in 
 canoes, that even the poor accommodation of a trail was not 
 to be found here, and we should have been compelled to 
 dispute every inch of the way with our hatchets. Before 
 the middle of the day, the storm abated, and the remainder 
 of our way to Fort Vancouver was pleasant, at which 
 place we arrived before evening. We were less than three 
 days in accomplishing the passage from one fort to the 
 other, and these were the only three calm days- for a 
 long time before and after. 
 
WINTER QUARTERS, 169 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Review of journeyings — sehool — journey up the Willamette — walk 
 upon the pebbly shores — falls — settlement on the Willamette — Me. 
 thodist mission — epidemic — voyage down the river-— hospitality of 
 Wanaxka — construction of his house— Fort William on the Wap- 
 patoo island — astonishing thirst for ardent spirits — return to Fort 
 Vancouver, 
 
 Here, by the kind invitation of Dr. McLaughlin, and 
 welcomed by the other gentlemen of the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany, I took up my residence for the winter, intending to 
 make such excursions as the season will admit and the ob- 
 jects of my tour demand. As this is the principal trading 
 post of the company, west of the Rocky Mountains, it may 
 be expected, that many Indians from different parts of the 
 country for considerable distance around, will be seen here 
 during winter, and more information may be obtained of 
 their character and condition than in any other course I 
 could pursue. Here also traders from different stations 
 west of the mountains will come in for new supplies, of 
 whose personal acquaintance with Indians I may avail 
 myself. 
 
 Sabbath, November 1st. By invitation, I preached to a 
 congregation of those belonging to this establishment who 
 understand English. Many of the laborers are French Ca- 
 nadians, who are Roman Catholics, and understand only 
 the French language. 
 
 This trading post presents an important field of labor, 
 »nd if a Christian influence can be exerted here, it may be 
 
170 REVIEW OF JOTJRNEYINGS. 
 
 of incalculable benefit to the surrounding Indian popula- 
 tion. Let a branch of Christ's kingdom be established here, 
 with its concomitant expansive benevolence exerted and 
 diffused, and this place would be a centre, from which di- 
 vine light would shine out, and illumine this region of 
 darkness. This is an object of so much importance, that 
 all my powers, and energies, and time, must be employed 
 for its accomplishment ; so that I do not feel that I have a 
 winter of idle confinement before me. 
 
 Monday, 2d. In taking a review of my journeyings 
 since I left my home, I can say, though long in time and 
 distance, yet they have been pleasant and full of interest. 
 So diversified has been the country through which I have 
 passed, and so varied the incidents, and so few real hard- 
 ships, that the time and distance have both appeared short. 
 Although this mission was thought to be one which would 
 probably be attended with as great, if not greater dangers 
 and deprivations than any which had been sent into any 
 part of the world, yet my sufferings have been so small, 
 and my mercies so great, that I can say, if this is taking 
 up the cross, let none be dismayed ; for surely Christ's 
 yoke is easy and his burden light. I had thought much 
 on the prospect of having an opportunity to see whether I 
 could " rejoice in sufferings" for the heathen, "and fill up 
 that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh 
 for his body's sake, which is the church," but the protect- 
 ing providence of God was so conspicuous and his mer- 
 cies so constant, that the opportunity did not appear to 
 be presented. As to want, I experienced only enough 
 to teach me more sensibly the meaning of the petition, 
 "give us this day our daily bread;" and the truth was 
 comforting, that " the Lord giveth to all their meat in 
 
SCHOOL. 171 
 
 due season." I can truly say, " hitherto the Lord hath 
 helped me." 
 
 I am very agreeably situated in this place. Rooms in a 
 new house are assigned me, well furnished, and all the at- 
 tendance which I can wish, with access to as many valu- 
 able books as I have time to read ; and opportunities to ride 
 out for exercise, and to see the adjoining country ; and in 
 addition to all these, the society of gentlemen, enlightened, 
 polished, and sociable. These comforts and privileges 
 were not anticipated, and are therefore the more grateful. 
 There is a school connected with this establishment for 
 the benefit of the children of the traders and common labor- 
 ers, some of whom are orphans whose parents were attach- 
 ed to the Company ; and also some Indian children, who 
 are provided for by the generosity of the resident gentle- 
 men. They are instructed in the common branches of the 
 English language, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, 
 grammar and geography ; and together with these, in reli- 
 gion and morality. The exercises of the school are closed 
 with singing a hymn ; after which, they are taken by their 
 teacher to a garden assigned them, in which they labor. 
 Finding them deficient in sacred music, I instructed them 
 in singing, in which they made good proficiency, and de- 
 veloped excellent voices. Among them was an Indian boy, 
 who had the most flexible and melodious voice I ever heard. 
 
 It is worthy of notice, how little of the Indian complexion 
 is seen in the half breed children. Generally they have 
 fair skin, often flaxen hair and blue eyes. The children of 
 the school were punctual in their attendance on the three 
 services of the Sabbath, and were our choir. 
 
 Monday, Nov. 23d. The weather being pleasant, though 
 generally very rainy at this season of the year, as I wished 
 
172 - JOURNEY UP THE WILLAMETTE. 
 
 to explore the country up the Willamette river, I embraced 
 an opportunity of going with Mr. Lucier and family, who 
 were returning in a canoe to their residence about fifty 
 miles up that river. Doctor McLaughlin furnished and 
 sent on board a stock of provisions, three or four times more 
 than I should need, if nothing should occur to delay us, but 
 such a precaution in this country, is always wise. We 
 left Fort Vancouver about one o'clock in the afternoon, 
 and proceeded five miles down the Columbia to the en- 
 trance of the Multnomah, and about fifteen up the Willam- 
 ette before we encamped. The name Multnomah is giv- 
 en to a small section of this river, from the name of a tribe 
 of Indians who once resided about six miles on both sides 
 from its confluence with the Columbia, to the branch which 
 flows down the southern side of the Wappatoo island. 
 Above this it is called the Willamette. The tide sets up 
 this river about thirty miles, to within a few miles of the 
 falls, and through this distance the river is wide and deep, 
 affording good navigation for shipping. 
 
 The country about the Multnomah, and also some miles 
 up the Willamette, is low, and much of it is overflowed in 
 the June freshet; but as we ascend, the banks become 
 higher, and are more generally covered with woods. The 
 country around contains fine tracts of rich prairie, suffi- 
 ciently interspersed with woods for all the purposes of fuel, 
 fencing and lumber. 
 
 A chain of mountains running from the south south-cast 
 to the north north-west, and through which the Columbia 
 river passes below Deer Island, extends along the west shore 
 of this river for some distance near and below the falls. 
 
 There are probably as many Indians who navigate this 
 river with their canoes, as any of the rivers in the lower 
 
WALK ON SHORE. 173 
 
 country ; many of whom I had an opportunity of observing 
 to-day in their busy pursuits, the strokes of whose paddles 
 broke in upon the general silence. One company overtook 
 us towards evening, and encamped with us upon the eleva- 
 ted shore on the east side of the river. Owing to the damp- 
 ness of the day, and previous rains, we had some difficulty 
 in making a fire, but at lengthit was accomplished, and the 
 wood was unsparingly applied. With my tent pitched be- 
 fore a large fire, under the canopy of wide branching trees, 
 I partook of the stores of my large wicker basket with as 
 much satisfaction as could be felt in any splendid mansion. 
 The blaze of dry crackling fir threw brilliancy around, 
 softened by the dark forest, like the light of the astral 
 lamp ; and the burning balsam perfumed the air. The 
 latter part of the night, I suffered more with the cold than 
 at any time in all my journeying, not having taken with 
 me as many blankets as the season required. 
 
 The morning of the 24th was overcast with clouds, and 
 rendered chilly by a mist settled near the surface of the 
 river, which collecting in a beautiful frosting upon the sur- 
 rounding trees, exhibited one of those picturesque fancies, 
 which works of art may imitate, but which only nature can 
 perfect. Soon after resuming the labor of the day, we 
 passed several basaltic islands, some of them of sufficient 
 magnitude to enclose a few acres, others only rocky points, 
 between which the current was strong, requiring much ef- 
 fort for us to make headway. Part of the way from our 
 last encampment to the falls, which was six miles, I walked 
 along upon the pebbled shore, where I found calcedony, 
 agate, jasper, and cornelian of good quality. Two miles 
 below the falls, a large, stream comes in from the south-east, 
 
 called Pudding river. Its entrance makes a strong current, 
 
 16 
 
174 FALLS OF THE WILLAMETTE. 
 
 which we found difficult to stem, so that we were drifted 
 back in spite of all our efforts ; but in the second attempt 
 we succeeded. We arrived at the falls of the Willamette 
 at two o'clock in the afternoon and hired eight Clough-e-wall- 
 hah Indians to carry the canoe by the falls, the distance of 
 half a mile, and proceeded about five miles farther before 
 evening. These falls with the scenery around have much 
 to charm and interest. The river above spreads out into a 
 wide, deep basin, and runs slowly and smoothly until within 
 a half mile of the falls, when its velocity increases, its 
 width diminishes, eddies are formed in which the water turns 
 back as if loth to make the plunge, but is forced forward by 
 the water in the rear, and when still nearer it breaks upon 
 the volcanic rocks scattered across the channel ; then, as if 
 resigned to its fate, smooths its agitated surges, and precip- 
 itates down an almost perpendicular of twenty-five feet, pre - 
 senting a somewhat whitened column. It was a pleasant 
 day, and the rising mist formed in the rays of the sun a 
 beautiful bow ; and the grass about the falls, irrigated by 
 the descending mist, was in fresh green. The rocks over 
 which the water falls, and along the adjacent shores, are 
 amygdaloid and basalt. The opportunities here for water 
 power are equal to any that can be found. There cannot 
 be a better situation for a factory village than on the east 
 side of the river, where a dry wide-spread level extends 
 some distance, and the basaltic shores form natural wharves 
 for shipping. The whole country around, particularly the 
 east side, is pleasant and fertile. And can the period be far 
 distant, when there will be here a busy population ? I could 
 hardly persuade myself that this river had for many thou- 
 sand years, poured its waters constantly down these falls 
 without having facilitated the labor of man. Absorbed in 
 
SETTLEMENT ON THE WILLAMETTE. 175 
 
 these contemplations, I took out my watch to see if it was 
 not the hour for the ringing of the bells. It was two o'clock? 
 and all was still, except the roar of the falling water. I 
 called to recollection, that in the year 1809 I stood by the 
 falls of the Genesee river, and all was silence except the roar 
 of the cataract. But it is not so now ; for Rochester stands 
 where I then stood. 
 
 Wednesday, 25th. As soon as the day dawned, we went 
 on board the canoe and pursued our way up the river, which 
 for thirty miles runs from a westerly direction, and at half 
 past One, we arrived at McKey's settlement. This and Jar- 
 vis' settlement, twelve miles above, contain about twenty 
 families. The settlers are mostly Canadian Frenchmen 
 with Indian wives. There are a very few Americans. 
 The Frenchmen were laborers belonging to the Hudson Bay 
 Company, but have left that service, and having families, 
 they have commenced farming in this fertile section of coun- 
 try, which is the best of the Oregon Territory that I have as 
 yet seen. It is well diversified with woods and prairies, the 
 soil is rich and sufficiently dry for cultivation, and at the 
 same time well watered with small streams and springs. 
 These hunters, recently turned to farmers, cultivate the 
 most common useful productions — wheat of the first quality 
 to as great an extent as their wants require. A small grist 
 mill is just finished, which adds to their comforts. They 
 have a common school in each settlement, instructed by 
 American young men who are competent to the business. 
 
 An opinion extensively prevails, that an American colo- 
 ny is located somewhere in this Territory, but these two 
 settlements are the only farming establishments which exist 
 here, if we except those connected with the trading posts of 
 the Hudson Bay Company. The attempt which was made 
 
176 MISLETOE METHODIST MISSION. 
 
 some few years since by a company of men from the United 
 States, was an entire failure, and only a few individuals of 
 whom I obtained any knowledge, have found their way back 
 to the States. 
 
 The forest trees are mostly oak and fir, the latter grow- 
 ing remarkably tall. The misletoe, attached to the body 
 and large branches of the oak, is very common. Beautiful 
 dark green bunches of this plant, seen upon the leafless 
 trees of winter, excite admiration that its verdure should 
 continue, when the trees, from which it derives its life and 
 support, are not able to sustain their own foliage. 
 
 I rode, on Thursday the 26th, twelve miles to Jarvis' 
 settlement, and was delighted with the country. For rich- 
 ness of soil and other local advantages, I should not know 
 where to find a spot in the valley of the Mississippi superior 
 to this. I saw on the way a large number of horses, lately 
 brought from California, fattening upon the fresh, luxuriant 
 grass of the prairies. 
 
 Near this upper settlement, a short distance up the river, 
 the Methodist church of the United States have established 
 a mission among the Calapooah Indians, of whom there are 
 but few remaining. Rev. Messrs. Jason Lee and Daniel 
 Lee are the ordained missionaries, and Mr. Shepard teacher. 
 
 Their principal mode of instruction, for the present, is by 
 means of schools. They have at this time fourteen Indian 
 children in their school, supported in their family, and the 
 prospect of obtaining others as fast as. they can accommo- 
 date them. Their facilities for providing for their school 
 are good, having an opportunity to cultivate as much excel- 
 lent land as they wish, and to raise the necessaries of life 
 in great abundance, with little more labor than what the 
 scholars can perform, for their support. The missionaries 
 
EPIDEMIC. 177 
 
 have an additional opportunity of usefulness, which is- to 
 establish a Christian influence among the people of these 
 infant settlements. Mr. J. Lee preaches to- them on the 
 Sabbath, and they have a very interesting Sabbath school 
 among the half-breed children. These children generally 
 have fair complexions, active minds, and make a fine ap- 
 pearance. The prospect is, that this mission may lay a 
 foundation for extensive usefulness. There is as yet one 
 important desideratum — these missionaries have no wives. 
 Christian white women are very much needed to exert an 
 influence over Indian females. The female character must 
 be elevated, and until this is done but little is accomplished ; 
 and females can. have access to, and influence over females 
 in many departments of instruction, to much better advan- 
 tage than men. And the model, which is furnished by an 
 intelligent and pious family circle, is that kind of practical 
 instruction, whether at home or abroad, which never fails 
 to recommend the gospel.. 
 
 At the time of my continuance in this place, a singular 
 epidemic prevailed among the Indians, of which several 
 persons died. The subjects of the complaint were attacked' 
 with a severe pain in the ear almost instantaneously, which 
 soon spread through the whole head, with great heat in the 
 part affected:; at the same time the pulse became very fee- 
 ble and not very frequent — soon the extremities became cold, 
 and a general torpor spread through the whole system^ ex- 
 cept the head — -soon they were senseless, and in a short pe- 
 riod died. In some cases the attack was less severe, and 
 the patient lingered, and after some days convalesced, or 
 continued to sink until death closed his earthly existence. 
 
 Friday, Nov. 27th. I rode with Mr. J. Lee several 
 
 miles south to see more of the country. The same rich,. 
 16* 
 
178 HOSPITALITY OF WANAXKA. 
 
 black soil continued, furnishing nutritive grass in abun- 
 dance ; and also the same diversity of wood and prairie. 
 This valley is generally about fifty miles wide east and 
 west, and far more extended north and south. 
 
 Towards evening, we attended the funeral of an Indian 
 boy, who belonged to the school, and who died last night 
 with the epidemic. Most of the children of the school and 
 the Sabbath school attended, and conducted with propriety. 
 
 On Saturday I returned to McKey's settlement, to fulfil 
 an appointment to preach to the inhabitants on the Sabbath. 
 I stopped with Mr. Edwards, who is temporarily attached 
 to the mission, but now teaching school in this settlement. 
 
 Almost the whole of the inhabitants of this settlement 
 assembled on the Sabbath, and made a very decent con- 
 gregation, but not more than half of them could understand 
 English. 
 
 After service I was called to visit a Mr. Cathre, who 
 was taken severely with the epidemic. I bled him, which 
 gave him immediate relief, and applied a blister, and, as I 
 afterward learned, he recovered. 
 
 Early on Monday morning, the 30th, McKey furnished 
 me with two young Indians to take me in a canoe to the 
 falls, where we arrived safely at three o'clock in the after- 
 noon. Here I engaged two Indians belonging to a small 
 village of the Clough-e-wall-hah tribe, who have a perma- 
 nent residence a little below the falls, to carry me in a ca- 
 noe to Fort Vancouver. Wanaxka, the chief, came up to 
 the falls, where I was about to encamp alone for the night, 
 and invited me to share the hospitality of his house. I hes- 
 itated, not that I would undervalue his kindness, but feared 
 such annoyances as might prevent my rest. On the other 
 hand there was every appearance of a cold, heavy storm, 
 
CONSTRUCTION OF HIS HOUSE. 179 
 
 and very little wood near, which I could procure for a fire 
 with my hatchet only, and I should be alone, exposed to 
 ravenous wild beasts — the latter consideration, however, I 
 scarcely regarded. But believing it would gratify the 
 chief, should I accept his invitation, I went with him to his 
 dwelling, which was a long permanent building on the west 
 side of the river, upon an elevation of one hundred feet, 
 and near which were several other buildings of nearly the 
 same dimensions. Besides the family of the chief, there 
 were two other families in the same building, in sections of 
 about twenty feet, separated from each other by mats hung 
 up for partitions. Their houses are built of logs split into 
 thick plank. These Indians do not sink any part of their 
 buildings below the surface of the earth, as some of the In- 
 dians do about and below the Cascades. The walls of the 
 chief's house were about seven feet high, with the roof 
 more steeply elevated than what is common in the United 
 States, made of the same materials with the walls, except 
 that the planks were of less thickness. They have only 
 one door to the house, and this is in the centre of the front 
 side. They have no chimneys to carry off the smoke, but 
 a hole is left open above the fire place, which is in the cen- 
 tre of each family's apartment. This answers very well 
 in calm weather, but when there is much wind, the whole 
 building becomes a smoke house. The fire place of the 
 chief's apartment was sunk a foot below the surface of the 
 earth, eight feet square, secured by a frame around, and 
 mats were spread upon the floor for the family to sit upon. 
 Their dormitories are on the sides of the apartment, raised 
 four feet above the floor, with moveable ladders for ascent ; 
 and under them they stow away their dried fish, roots, 
 berries, and other effects. There was not an excess of 
 
180 A MORNING VOYAGE. 
 
 neatness within, and still less without. The Indians in 
 the lower country who follow fishing and fowling for a live- 
 lihood are far from being as neat as those in the upper coun- 
 try, who depend more upon the chase. The latter live in 
 moveable lodges and frequently change their habitations. 
 But these Indians were also kind. They gave me most of 
 one side of the fire-place, spread down clean new mats, re- 
 plenished their fire, and were ready to perform any service 
 I should wish. They filled my tea-kettle, after which I 
 spread out the stores so bountifully provided by Doct. Mc- 
 Laughlin, and performed my own cooking. During the 
 evening, the chief manifested a disposition to be sociable, 
 but we had very little language common to us both, besides 
 the language of signs. The next thing, when the hour of 
 rest arrived, was to fortify myself against a numerous and 
 insidious enemy. I first spread down the cloth of my tent, 
 then my blankets, and wrapped myself up as" securely as I 
 could, and should have slept comfortably, had I not too fully 
 realized my apprehensions. 
 
 December 1st. As soon as daylight appeared, I left 
 the hospitable habitation of Wanaxka, and with my two 
 Indians proceeded down the Willamette about sixteen miles 
 before we landed for breakfast. I find a great difference 
 in going with or against the current of these rivers. Since 
 going up this river, the number of swans and geese had 
 greatly multiplied upon the waters and along the shores. 
 Their noise, and especially that of the swans, echoed 
 through the woods and prairies. The swan is a beautiful 
 and majestic bird ; its large body, long neck, clear white 
 color, and graceful movements place it among the very first 
 of the winged tribe. The common seal are numerous in 
 this river. It is very difficult to shoot them, even with the 
 
LOVE OF ARDENT SPIRITS. 181 
 
 best rifles, on account of their diving with extreme sudden- 
 ness at the flash. I had a fair opportunity to shoot one to- 
 day, but with one splash he was out of sight and did not 
 again appear. When I came to the north-western branch 
 of the Multnomah, I proceeded down four miles to Fort 
 William, on the Wappatoo Island, an establishment which 
 belongs to Captain Wyeth and Company. The location is 
 pleasant, and the land around is of the first quality. 
 
 Some months ago, a tragical occurrence took place here 
 between two men from the United States. The subject of 
 their dispute was an Indian woman. Thornburgh was de- 
 termined to take her from Hubbard, even at the risk of his 
 own life. He entered Hubbard's cabin in the night, armed 
 with a loaded rifle, but H. saw him and shot him through 
 the breast, and violently thrust him through the door. Poor 
 T. fell and expired. In the absence of any judicial tribu- 
 nal, a self-created jury of inquest, on examination into the 
 circumstances of the case, brought in a verdict of "justifia- 
 ble homicide." 
 
 In Thornburgh, was an instance of a most insatiable ap- 
 petite for ardent spirits. Mr. Townsend, the ornithologist, 
 whom I have before mentioned, told me he had encamped 
 out for several days, some miles from Fort William, at- 
 tending to the business of his profession ; and that in addi- 
 tion to collecting birds, he had collected rare specimens 
 of reptiles, which he preserved in a keg of spirits. Sev- 
 eral days after he was in this encampment, he went to his 
 keg to deposite another reptile, and found the spirits gone. 
 Mr. Townsend, knowing that Thornburgh had been several 
 times loitering about, charged him with having drank off 
 the spirits. He confessed it, and pleaded his thirst as an 
 apology. 
 
182 RETURN TO FORT VANCOUVER. 
 
 On Wednesday, the 2d, I returned to Fort Vancouver, 
 well pleased with my excursion. The weather was gen- 
 erally pleasant, free from winds and heavy storms. The 
 whole country is adapted by nature to yield to the hand of 
 cultivation, and ere long, I may say, without claiming to 
 be prophetic, will be filled, through the whole extent of the 
 valley of the Willamette, with farms spread out in rich 
 luxuriance, and inhabitants, whose character will depend 
 upon the religious advantages or disadvantages which be- 
 nevolent and philanthropic individuals give or withhold. I 
 found the people of the fort in their usual active business 
 pursuits, and received a renewed and cordial welcome. 
 
SERVICES ON THE SABBATH. 183 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Services on the Sabbath — obstacles to the gospel — discouraging case- 
 manner of spending time — description of Vancouver — fur and farm- 
 ing establishment — garden productions — lumber — commerce — pel- 
 tries — system of the Hudson Bay Company — waste of life — hard, 
 ships of a hunter's life — their perseverance — Christian principle — 
 worldly principle. 
 
 Sabbath, Dec. the 6th. I have attended three services 
 — morning, afternoon, and evening, and expect to continue 
 them during my residence in this place. Through the 
 week there will be but few opportunities to do much for the 
 spiritual benefit of the common laborers ; for in this high 
 northern latitude, the days in the winter are so short that 
 the men are called out to their work before daylight, and 
 continue their labor until near dark; and as their families 
 do not understand English, I have no direct means of ben- 
 efiting them. 
 
 There is another circumstance which operates against 
 the prospects of benefiting many of the population here — 
 the common practice of living in families without being 
 married. They do not call the women with whom they live, 
 their wives, but their women. They know they are living 
 in the constant violation of divine prohibition, and acknow- 
 ledge it, by asking how they can, with any consistency, at- 
 tend to their salvation, while they are living in sin. I urged 
 the duty of entering into the marriage relation. They have 
 two reasons for not doing so. One is, that if they may 
 wish to return to their former homes and friends, they can- 
 
184 DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 not take their families with them. The other is, that these 
 Indian women do not understand the obligations of the mar- 
 riage covenant, and if they, as husbands, should wish to 
 fulfil their duties, yet their wives might, through caprice, 
 leave them, and they should be bound by obligations, which 
 their wives would disregard. 
 
 There is no doubt, but that this subject is attended with 
 real difficulties, but are they insurmountable ? Has God 
 given a law, which if obeyed would not secure our greatest 
 and best good ? Can a rational mind balance for a moment 
 the pleasures of a sinful life against interests which stand 
 connected inseparably with permanent happiness, and with 
 a duration, compared to which, the whole of this mortal life 
 is but a speck, a nothing. My heart is pained when I wit- 
 ness the things which are seen and temporal preferred to 
 those that are unseen and pure, and which are commensu- 
 rate with existence itself. I cannot believe, that if these 
 men should marry the women with whom they live, and do 
 all they could to instruct them, and treat them with tender- 
 ness and respect, that there would be many cases of their 
 leaving their husbands. And whatever might be the results, 
 it is always better to suffer wrong, than do wrong. But their 
 social comforts are so strongly bound with the cords of sin, 
 that they feel, as they express their own case, that it is use- 
 less to make any efforts to obtain spiritual freedom, until 
 they shall be placed in different circumstances. 
 
 As much of my time, through the week, was occupied 
 in study, and in digesting facts connected with the natural 
 history of the country west of the Rocky Mountains, and 
 the character and condition of the Indians, which came 
 under my observation at different times and places ; and 
 also that which I obtained from persons whose testimony 
 
THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY. 185 
 
 could be relied upon, and which came under their personal 
 observation, I shall give them without particular dates. 
 
 I have already mentioned my agreeable disappointment, 
 in finding so many of the comforts of life, at different trad- 
 ing posts of the Hudson Bay Company ; I have also given 
 a brief description of the local situation of Fort Vancouver. 
 This was taken from such observations as I could make in 
 a hasty view, as I was prosecuting my journey to the shores 
 of the Pacific ocean. This establishment was commenced 
 in the year 1824. ft being necessary that the gentlemen, 
 who are engaged in transacting the business of the Compa- 
 ny west of the mountains, and their laborers, should be 
 better and less precariously supplied with the necessaries of 
 life, than what game furnishes ; and the expense of trans- 
 porting suitable supplies from England being too great, it 
 was thought important to connect the business of farming 
 with that of fur, to an extent equal to their necessary de- 
 mands, and as this fort is the central place of business to 
 which shipping come, and from which they depart for dif- 
 ferent parts of the north-west coast, and to which, and from 
 which, brigades of hunting parties come and go ; the prin- 
 cipal farming business was established here, and has been 
 progressing until provisions are furnished in great abund- 
 ance. There are large fertile prairies, which they occupy 
 for tillage and pasture, and forests for fencing materials and 
 other purposes. In the year 1835, at this post, there were 
 four hundred and fifty neat cattle, one hundred horses, two 
 hundred sheep, forty goats, and three hundred hogs. They 
 had raised the same year five thousand bushels of wheat, of 
 the best quality I ever saw ; one thousand three hundred 
 bushels of potatoes ; one thousand of barley, one thousand 
 
 of oats, two thousand of peas, and a large variety of garden 
 
 17 
 
186 HUDSON BAY COMPANY. 
 
 vegetables. This estimate does not include the horses, 
 horned cattle, &c. and produce raised at other stations. 
 But little, however, is done at any of the others, excepting 
 Colvile, the uppermost post on the northern branch of the 
 Columbia. The garden of this station, enclosing about five 
 acres, is laid out with regularity and good taste. While a 
 large part is appropriated to the common esculent vegeta- 
 bles, ornamental plants and flowers are not neglected. Fruit 
 of various kinds, such as apples, peaches, grapes, and straw- 
 berries, for the time they have been introduced, flourish and 
 prove that the climate and soil are well adapted to the pur- 
 poses of horticulture. Various tropical fruits, such as figs, 
 oranges, and lemons, have also been introduced, and grow 
 with about the same care that they would require in the 
 latitude of Philadelphia. 
 
 In connection with this business and farming establish- 
 ment, the Company have a flour-mill worked by ox-power, 
 which is kept in constant operation and produces flour of 
 excellent quality. Six miles up the Columbia, at the con- 
 fluence of a stream coming from the north-east, they have 
 a saw-mill with several saws, which is kept in operation 
 most of the year. This mill though large, does not furnish 
 more lumber than a common mill would, with one saw, in 
 the United States. There being no pine below the Cas- 
 cades, and but very little within five hundred miles of the 
 mouth of the Columbia river, the only timber sawed in this 
 mill is fir and oak. Besides what lumber is used in the 
 common business about this station, one, and sometimes two 
 ship loads are sent annually to Oahu, Sandwich Islands, and 
 it is there called pine of the north-west coast, and sells for 
 about fifty dollars the thousand feet. Spars and timber for 
 shipping are also sent to that market. Boards of fir are not 
 
HUDSON BAY COMPANY. 187 
 
 so durable when exposed to the weather, as those of pine, 
 nor so easily worked. One half of the grain of each an- 
 nual growth is very hard, and the other half soft and spungy, 
 which easily absorbs moisture and causes speedy decay. 
 There is a bakery here, in which two or three men are in 
 constant employment, which furnishes bread for daily use 
 in the fort, and a large supply of sea biscuit for the ship- 
 ping and trading stations along the north-west coast. There 
 are also shops for blacksmiths, joiners, carpenters, and a 
 tinner. 
 
 Here is a well regulated medical department, and a hos- 
 pital for the accommodation of the sick laborers, in which 
 Indians who are laboring under any difficult and dangerous 
 diseases are received, and in most cases have gratuitous 
 attendance. 
 
 Among the large buildings, there are four for the trading 
 department. One for the Indian trade, in which are depos- 
 ited their peltries ; one for provisions ; one for goods open- 
 ed for the current year's business ; and another for storing 
 goods in a )< ear's advance. Not less than a ship load of 
 goods is brought from England annually, and always at 
 least one in advance of their present use, so that if any dis- 
 aster should befall their ship on her passage, the business of 
 the Company would not have to be suspended. By this 
 mode of management, there is rarely less than two ship 
 loads of goods on hand. The annual ship arrives in the 
 spring, takes a trip to Oahu during the summer, freighted 
 with lumber to that island, and bringing back to Vancouver 
 salt and other commodities, but generally not enough for 
 ballast ; and in the last of September, or in the first of Oc- 
 tober, she sails for England with the peltries obtained du- 
 ring the preceding year. 
 
188 HUDSON BAY COMPANY. 
 
 The fur business about and west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 is becoming far less lucrative than in years past ; for so 
 extensively and constantly have every nook and corner 
 been searched out, that beaver and other valuable fur an- 
 imals are becoming scarce. It is rational to conclude, that 
 it will not be many years before this business will not be 
 worth pursuing in the prairie country, south of the 50° of 
 north latitude ; north of this, in the colder and more densely 
 wooded regions, the business will not probably vary in any 
 important degree. 
 
 But very few Americans who have engaged in the fur 
 business beyond the Rocky Mountains, have ever succeeded 
 in making it profitable. Several companies have sustained 
 great loss, or entire failure, owing generally to their igno- 
 rance of the country, and the best mode of procedure- 
 The conductors of these enterprises, mainly, were inexpe- 
 rienced in Indian trade, and, like Americans generally, 
 they perhaps expected the golden fruits of their labor and 
 industry, without the time and patience requisite to ensure 
 it. Hence the results have frequently been disappointment. 
 The Hudson Bay Company have reduced their business to 
 such a system, that no one can have the charge of any 
 important transactions, without having passed through the 
 inferior grades, which constitute several years' apprentice- 
 ship. Their lowest order are what they call servants, 
 (common laborers.) All above these are called gentlemen, 
 but of different orders. The lowest class are clerks ; then 
 chief-clerks ; next traders, and chief-traders ; factors, and 
 chief- factors ; and the highest, governors. Of the last 
 named officers there are only two ; one resides in London, 
 who is at the head of the whole business of the Company, 
 and the other resides in Montreal, Lower Canada. There 
 
THE LIFE OF THE HUNTER. 189 
 
 are only two chief- factors west of the Mountains, John Mc- 
 Laughlin, Esq. and Duncan Finlayson, Esq. and with them 
 are associated in business several chief-traders and traders, 
 and chief-clerks and clerks. The salaries of the gentle- 
 men are proportioned to the stations they occupy. This 
 being their system of business, no important enterprise is 
 ever intrusted to any inexperienced person. 
 
 It is worthy of remark, that comparatively few of all 
 those who engage in the fur business about, and west of the 
 Rocky Mountains, ever return to their native land, and to 
 their homes and friends. Mr. P. of Fort Walla Walla, 
 told me, that to keep up their number of trappers and hunt- 
 ers near, but west of the mountains, they were under the 
 necessity of sending out recruits annually, about one third 
 of the whole number. Captain W. has said, that of more 
 than two hundred who had been in his employment in less 
 than three years, only between thirty and forty were known 
 to be alive. From this data it may be seen that the life 
 of hunters in these far western regions averages about 
 three years. And with these known facts, still hundreds 
 and hundreds are willing to engage in the hunter's life, and 
 expose themselves to hardships, famine, dangers, and death,. 
 The estimate has been made from sources of correct infor- 
 mation, that there are nine thousand white men in the north 
 and in the great west, engaged in the various departments 
 of trading, trapping and hunting, including Americans, 
 Britons, Frenchmen, and Russians. It is more than one 
 hundred and fifty years since white men penetrated far into 
 the forests, in their canoes freighted with goods, coasting 
 the shores of the remote lakes, and following up the stilf 
 more remote rivers, to traffic with the Indians for their furs, 
 
 not regarding hunger, toils, and dangers. These enterpri- 
 
 17* 
 
190 CHRISTIAN PRINCIPLE. 
 
 ses have been extended and pursued with avidity, until 
 every Indian nation and tribe have been visited by the trader. 
 What is the power of that principle which draws these 
 thousands from their country, and their homes, and all the 
 ties of kindred ? Is the love of gain and hope of wealth 
 the motive by which courage and daring are roused, and 
 dangers defied ? And shall Christianity be a less powerful 
 principle ? Has it only furnished twenty or thirty mission- 
 aries, whose sole motive is to carry the gospel to the many 
 ten thousand Indians in the widely extended country, over 
 which are ranging nine thousand traders, trappers, and 
 hunters ? Are these the only evidences the church of God 
 can give of sincerity in her professions of attachment to 
 Christ, and to the interests of the immortal soul ? If so, 
 then Christians surely must suffer in comparison with 
 worldly men, and our heaven-descended religion, if judged 
 of by its restricted fruits, must be deemed unworthy of its 
 name and origin. But this want of Christian enterprise, 
 characterized by the late period in which it is begun, and 
 carried forward with such slow and faltering steps, is not 
 only to be lamented as a blot upon the Christian name, but 
 incomparably more is it to be lamented, that in consequence, 
 generation after generation of the heathen, to say nothing 
 of the thousands who are trafficking among them, are left in 
 their ignorance of the Savior to perish eternally. How 
 long shall it be, that when an adventurous man forms a 
 plan for traffic in far distant wilds, in a short time a com- 
 pany is formed with a capital of fifty thousand dollars, and 
 a hundred men are found to face hardships and dangers, 
 and they are away ? But when a Christian heart is stir- 
 red up to go and carry the gospel to some far distant Indian 
 nation, he may plead and plead for four men and two 
 
CHRISTIAN PRINCIPLE. 191 
 
 thousand dollars, and perhaps in vain. But it is said, a 
 great deal is now doing for the heathen world. How much ? 
 As much as to-give Jive ministers to the United States. All 
 that is doing for the conversion of the heathen is not more 
 than it would cost to build, and man, and defray the expen- 
 ses of one ship of war. 
 
192 INDIAN POPULATION. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Indian population — diseases — mortality — attributed to cultivation of 
 the soil — destitute of medical science — holidays — customs at home — 
 customs of the Indians — resemblance to Jewish customs in punish, 
 ment — marriage contracts — condition of the females — slavery — 
 divisions into tribes — one point of dissimilarity — language. 
 
 I have found the Indian population in the lower coun- 
 try, that is, below the falls of the Columbia, far less than I 
 had expected, or what it was when Lewis and Clarke made 
 their tour. Since the year 1829, probably seven-eighths, 
 if not as Dr. McLaughlin believes, nine-tenths, have been 
 swept away by disease, principally by fever and ague. The 
 malignancy of this disease may have been increased by 
 predisposing causes, such as intemperance, and the influ- 
 ence of intercourse with sailors. But a more direct cause 
 of the great mortality, was their mode of treatment. In 
 the burning stage of the fever they plunged themselves into 
 the river, and continued in the water until the heat was 
 allayed, and rarely survived the cold stage which followed. 
 So many and so sudden were the deaths which occurred, 
 that the shores were strewed with the unburied dead. 
 Whole and large villages were depopulated ; and some en- 
 tire tribes have disappeared, but where there were any re- 
 maining persons, they united with other tribes. This great 
 mortality extended not only from the vicinity of the Cas- 
 cades to the shores of the Pacific, but far north and south ; 
 it is said as far south as California. The fever and ague 
 
HOLIDAYS. 193 
 
 was never known in this country before the year 1829, and 
 Dr. McLaughlin mentioned it as a singular circumstance, 
 that this was the year in which fields were ploughed for 
 the first time. He thought there must have been some 
 connexion between breaking up the soil and the fever. I 
 informed him that the same fever prevailed in the United 
 States, about the same time, and in places which had not 
 before been subject to the complaint.. The mortality, after 
 one or two seasons, abated, partly from the want of subjects, 
 and partly from medical assistance obtained from the hos- 
 pital at Fort Vancouver. The mortality of Indians and 
 their sufferings under diseases are far greater than they 
 would be, if they were furnished with a knowledge of med- 
 icine. Indian doctors are only Indian conjurers. But I 
 shall have occasion to say more upon this subject when I 
 describe Indian customs. 
 
 December 25th. The holidays are not forgotten in these 
 far distant regions. From Christmas until after the New 
 Year, all labor is suspended, and a general time of in- 
 dulgence and festivity commences. Only this once in the 
 whole year are ardent spirits given to the laborers, when 
 they have a free allowance, furnishing them the opportu- 
 nity to exhibit fully what they would do, if spirits were 
 easily and always accessible. On Christmas morning they 
 dress themselves in their best attire — accelerated movements 
 are seen in every direction, and preparation is made for din- 
 ners, which are sure to be furnished in their first style, and 
 greatest profusion ; and the day passes in mirth and hilar- 
 ity. But it does not end with the day ; for the passions and 
 appetites pampered through the day, prepare the way for 
 the night to be spent in dancing ; and loud and boisterous 
 laughter, shouts, and revelry, consume the hours designed 
 
194 CUSTOMS AT HOME. 
 
 for rest. They continue these high-strung convivialities 
 until they pass the portals of the new year, when labor and 
 toil resume their place. 
 
 Such are often the customs of those who profess to be 
 wiser and better. The expiring year vanishes, amidst the 
 noise and revels of many, who pretend by such methods 
 to honor the birth of our Savior, and the introduction of 
 that only religion, which requires perfect purity and perfect 
 order. And too many give as they profess, but a decent 
 honor and respect to those festival days, when from house 
 to house of their best or indifferent friends, the wine is cir- 
 culated until they become genteelly inebriated. And is it 
 so, that these days are baptized with the name of holy days ? 
 The piety of primitive Christians undoubtedly led them 
 to observe the supposed anniversary of our Savior's birth, 
 but whenever such uncommanded observances are greatly 
 abused, the same piety will exert itself to bring about a ref- 
 ormation ; and if this cannot be done, then to abolish the 
 custom altogether. Hezekiah, king of Judah, in the case 
 of the brazen serpent, which was preserved as a memorial 
 of the salvation wrought instrumentally by it, for those who 
 were bitten by the fiery serpents, destroyed it when the peo- 
 ple idolized and burned incense to it. 
 
 The question whether there is any evidence that the In- 
 dians are descended from the ten lost tribes of Israel, though 
 frequently and largely discussed, has not been satisfactorily 
 answered. From all the personal observations I could 
 make, and efforts at examination, I could not obtain any 
 thing conclusive upon the subject, but am induced to be- 
 lieve that their origin will remain as problematical in fu- 
 ture, as it has been in time past. But we know enough of 
 their origin for all practical purposes, since we know that 
 
RESEMBLANCE TO JEWISH CUSTOMS. 195 
 
 they are a part of the fallen family of man, and therefore 
 need to know the way of salvation through Jesus Christ. 
 There are some things in their belief and customs which 
 favor the idea that they are of Israelitish descent. Their 
 entire freedom from idolatry is a peculiar characteristic, by 
 which they are distinguished from all other heathen. Where 
 can another heathen nation be found, who have no idols or 
 idol worship ? It will be remembered that this propensity 
 of the Jews to idolatry was entirely subdued from the time of 
 their captivity in Babylon. Among the Indians beyond the 
 mountains, I found no idols, nor any appearance of idola- 
 try. They believe in only one God, and all their worship, 
 so far as they have any, is offered to Him. They believe 
 in the immortality of the soul, and future rewards and pun- 
 ishments. It was predicted by the prophet Hosea of the 
 children of Israel, that " they should abide many days with- 
 out a king, and without a prince, and without a sacrifice." 
 They have no sacrifices, no kings, and no prince. Their 
 knowledge of these important truths is very inadequate and 
 imperfect, as might be supposed, since they are destitute of 
 the light of divine revelation. Their government is invest- 
 ed entirely in their chiefs, no one of whom has any spe- 
 cial control over the others, or over the people, but they al- 
 ways act in united councils. Their minds are perfectly 
 open to receive any truth in regard to the character and 
 worship of God. They have many traditions and super- 
 stitions ; and some persons can hardly see the distinction be- 
 tween a reverence for these, and idol worship — for instance, 
 though they may believe, that the Great Wolf and the Gray 
 Bear scrambled together the mountains in a fight, yet they 
 do not worship either. 
 
 Their custom of punishing the crime of murder, if it does 
 
106 RESEMBLANCE TO JEWISH CUSTOMS. 
 
 not differ from that of all other heathen nations, yet coin- 
 cides with what was the custom of the Jews. The nearest 
 relatives of the murdered person are the " avengers of 
 blood," the executioners, or " pursuers of blood." They 
 kill the murderer, if they can find him ; and in their own 
 tribe or nation, they do not extend the punishment to any 
 other person, so that " the fathers are not put to death for 
 the children, neither are the children put to death for the 
 fathers; every man is put to death for his own sin." As 
 the Jews did not regard other nations with the same benev- 
 olence as their own, so the Indians make a distinction be- 
 tween their own tribe or nation, and others. If one is kill- 
 ed by a person belonging to another nation, if they cannot 
 obtain and put the murderer to death, they will take the life 
 of some of the relatives of the murderer ; or, if they fail 
 of this, some one of the nation must atone for the crime. 
 And if this cannot be done immediately, the debt of blood 
 will still be demanded, though years may pass away before 
 it is cancelled. 
 
 There is also some resemblance in their marriage con- 
 tracts. The negotiation is commenced, if not completed, 
 with the parents of the intended bride, as in the case of 
 Isaac's marrying Rebekah. Abraham directed his servant 
 to go to his kindred and take a wife for his son Isaac. He 
 went, and when God had shown him that Rebekah was the 
 appointed person, he first consulted her father and brother, 
 and when their approbation was obtained, Rebekah's ap- 
 proval closed the contract, and presents were made to the 
 several members of the family. The customs of the In- 
 dians are substantially the same. The bridegroom negoti- 
 ates with the parents, and the approbation of the daughter 
 being obtained, the stipulated commodities are paid and the 
 
 
RESEMBLANCE TO JEWISH CUSTOMS. 197 
 
 man takes his wife. But as much or more is given in dow- 
 ry to the daughter. The presents and dowry are propor- 
 tioned to th» rank and wealth of the contracting parties. 
 Wanaxka, the first chief of the Clough-e-wall-lah Indians, 
 has refused more than one hundred dollars for a beautiful 
 daughter, whom I saw when I shared the hospitality of his 
 house. A chief at the La Dalles refused two horses and six 
 blankets, together with several other articles of smaller val- 
 ue. It is not to be understood, that marriage is a mere 
 mercenary transaction ; for fancy and choice have their in- 
 fluence with them, as well as among more refined people. 
 
 Another resemblance between the Indians and the Jews 
 may be traced in the estimation in which the females are 
 held. No doubt the degradation of Indian women is to be 
 attributed in a large degree to heathenism, and that unciv- 
 ilized and savage state in which we find them ; yet in their 
 respective occupations we find some features which are 
 not dissimilar. Among those nations and tribes who do 
 not possess slaves, the women cut and gather wood for fire, 
 as well as prepare food for their families, they pack and 
 unpack the horses, set up and take down lodges, gather 
 roots and berries for food, dress the skins for clothing, and 
 make them into garments. So the Jewish women drew 
 water for flocks and camels, and watched over them ; they 
 gleaned the fields in harvest ; they also performed the 
 work of grinding in the mill. Our Savior refers to this, 
 when he foretold the dstruction of Jerusalem. " Two wo- 
 men shall be grinding at the mill, one shall be taken and 
 the other left." 
 
 Slavery was suffered among the Jews, and undoubtedly 
 
 for the same reasons that polygamy was, and the putting 
 
 away their wives by writing a bill of divorcement. While 
 
 18 
 
198 RESEMBLANCE TO JEWISH CUSTOMS. 
 
 the Great law-giver did not at once abolish the practice, he 
 brought it under modified restrictions. The stealing and 
 selling a man was punishable with death. If a man bought 
 a Hebrew servant, the time of his service was not to exceed 
 six years. Intermarriages took place between these ser- 
 vants and the families of their masters ; and the betrothed 
 maid was to be treated like a daughter. The same restric- 
 tions were not, however, enjoined in relation to those bond- 
 men who were bought of the heathen, until the days of the 
 prophets, when they were commanded to break every yoke 
 and let the oppressed go free. So also slavery exists in a 
 modified form among the Indians west of the mountains, 
 not generally, but only among the nations in the lower 
 country. They are bought ; taken prisoners in war ; taken 
 in payment of debts, if they are orphans of the debtor ; 
 and sell themselves in pledges. They are put to the same 
 service which women perform among those Indians who 
 have no slaves. They are generally treated with kind- 
 ness ; live in the same dwelling with their masters, and 
 often intermarry with those who are free. They are ex- 
 empt from one cruel practice which their masters inflict 
 upon their own children, the flattening of their heads. The 
 reason, which those who possess slaves assign for flatten- 
 ing their own heads, is, that they may be distinguished 
 from their slaves who have round heads. 
 
 Polygamy is practiced among the Indians, and with near- 
 ly the same regulations with which it was practiced among 
 the Jews. Though they do not write bills of divorcement 
 and put away their wives, yet they send them away on 
 slight occasions. But this brings no disgrace on the wo- 
 man's character, and generally she is soon married to an- 
 other, and often as advantageously. 
 
RESEMBLANCE TO JEWISH CUSTOMS. 199 
 
 Another resemblance between the Jews and the Indians, 
 is the division of their nations into, tribes. The tribes of 
 the children of Israel were the descendants of distinguished 
 families, and their government was patriarchal. The tribes 
 among the Indians are constituted much in the same way. 
 Some important personage gains an influence, numbers be- 
 come attached to him ; and though they do not separate 
 from their nation, nor at once become a distinct tribe, yet 
 they are denominated a band, and these bands in many 
 cases grow up into tribes. 
 
 How much allusion there may be to the ancient Jewish 
 custom of wearing " fringes to the borders of their gar- 
 ments," I am not able to determine by eliciting any facts 
 from Indian tradition, but the practice is universal among 
 the tribes west of the mountains, as far as my observation 
 extended — and so fond are they of this ornament to their 
 dress, that every seam in their garments is furnished with it. 
 
 There is one consideration which should not be passed 
 over, and which may appear to be against the evidences 
 that the Indians are of Israelitish origin. 
 
 Every different nation has an entirely distinct language. 
 These languages are more distinct than the different lan- 
 guages of Europe ; for in all the different languages of Eu- 
 rope there are words derived from Latin, common to each, 
 which prove a common relation. Now, if the Indians are 
 descended from the Jews, and of course once had a common 
 language, viz. the Hebrew, notwithstanding their departure 
 by different dialects from their original, might it not be ex- 
 pected that there would still remain words and idioms indi- 
 cative of their common origin. But it is not so, as may be 
 seen in a vocabulary of a few languages which I shall sub- 
 join. They have some words in common with Latin, 
 
200 RESEMBLANCE TO JEWISH CUSTOMS. 
 
 Greek, and Hebrew, but these are used in an entirely differ- 
 ent sense from that in which they are used in those langua- 
 ges. As far as it respects language, the proof of a Jewish, 
 or even of a common origin, is not only doubtful but highly 
 improbable. 
 
ANIMALS. 201 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The various animals beyond the Mountains. 
 
 It is generally supposed that wild animals, in all Indian 
 countries, and especially in the far regions beyond the moun- 
 tains, are very numerous ; but, excepting buffalo within 
 their range, which is becoming more and more circum- 
 scribed, game is scarce. In giving an account of animals 
 beyond the mountains, I shall not go into a minute descrip- 
 tion of those which are familiar to all classes of persons. 
 
 Among the animals of the genus cervus, the elk is the 
 largest and most majestic. It exists in considerable num- 
 bers east of the Rocky Mountains, but is less numerous on 
 the west side. It combines beauty with magnitude and 
 strength, and its large towering horns give it an imposing 
 appearance. Its senses are so keen, in apprehension, that 
 it is difficult to be approached ; and its speed in flight is so 
 great that it mocks the chase. Its flesh resembles beef, 
 though less highly flavored, and is much sought for by the 
 Indians and hunters. Its skin is esteemed, and much used 
 in articles of clothing and for moccasons; 
 
 I did not see the moose ; they are said to be found farther 
 north, in the colder and woody regions. 
 
 There are three species of deer ; the red,- the black-tailed, 
 and the common American deer. Like those found in other 
 countries, they are of a mild, innocent, timid aspect ; ele- 
 gant in form, with . slender, nervous limbs. When any 
 
 object or noise alarms them, they throw up their heads, 
 
 18* 
 
202 ANIMALS. - 
 
 erect and move their ears in every direction to catch the 
 sounds ; snuff up the wind, and bound off with great celer- 
 ity. The deer west of the mountains are more lean, and 
 the flesh is less inviting than those found in the United 
 States. This may arise from the nature of the food to 
 which they are confined, having less opportunity for brows- 
 ing, especially upon such shrubbery as is congenial to their 
 natures, there being but very few of the sacchariferous kinds 
 found in their country. 
 
 The red deer are generally found about the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and upon the head waters of the Columbia. 
 
 The black-tailed deer, while they are of a dusky sallow 
 color, like the common American deer, are somewhat dark- 
 er, and their tails are larger and nearly black, which gives 
 them their name. Their eyes are large and prominent, 
 their ears are also large and long, and judging from those 1 
 saw, they are smaller than the common deer. When they 
 move faster than a walk, they bound. 
 
 The antelope, which I have already described, page 61st, 
 are numerous in the upper and prairie country. They are 
 a species of the gazelle, but differ at least in variety, from 
 any described by zoologists as inhabiting the eastern conti- 
 nent. These are said to be brown upon the head, back, and 
 outside of their limbs- — the breast, belly, and inside of the 
 limbs, are white— and their horns are sixteen inches long. 
 But the antelopes of this country are of different colors, of- 
 ten red, or red and white in irregular patches. Their horns 
 are similar to those of the goat in size and length, but are 
 recurved, and are not deciduous. Like all the varieties of 
 their genus, they are beautifully formed, and are charac- 
 terized by a prominent, mild and beautiful eye ; exceeding 
 swiftness in running, and agility in all their motions. Their 
 
ANIMALS. 203 
 
 feet are cloven, and their limbs are slender and delicate. 
 They are gregarious and are often seen feeding in flocks of 
 twenty or more, or sporting upon the hills and in the val- 
 leys. They seem to take a middle place between the goat 
 and the deer, though entirely distinct from either. 
 
 In enumerating the animals beyond the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, I am not able, as might be expected, to describe the 
 Rocky Mountain, or big-horn sheep. I am unwilling to 
 state, as facts, the descriptions of others, especially as there 
 are so many wrong statements made in natural history. I 
 did not see any of these animals, which probably I should 
 have done, if they were as numerous as travelers have said 
 they are. I saw their horns, which are enormously large, 
 if, as it is said, their bodies are not much larger than a com- 
 mon deer. A horn which I measured, was five inches in 
 diameter at its juncture with the head, and eighteen long. 
 Its flesh, of which I had an opportunity to eat, was far pref- 
 erable to the best mutton. They inhabit the mountains, 
 and are said to select the most rough and precipitous parts 
 where grass is found. They are not covered with wool, 
 but with hair so bordering upon wool as to render their coat 
 warm in the winter. 
 
 The mountain goat, and sheep, did not come under my 
 observation. I was anxious to obtain specimens of them 
 for description, but succeeded in obtaining only small parts 
 of their skins. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that the beaver, so noted for 
 its valuable fur, for its activity and perseverance — its so- 
 cial habits, its sagacity and skill in constructing its village, 
 and preparing its neat and comfortable dwellings, is an in- 
 habitant of this country. It has been sought with avidity, 
 and has been a source of wealth to many, but to multitudes, 
 
204 ANIMALS. 
 
 of poverty, misery, and death. It would be difficult to sum 
 up the woes of the last class of adventurers. Its flesh is 
 very good for food, and the trapper and hunter depend al- 
 most entirely upon it for subsistence, while in its pursuit. 
 Although I ate several times the flesh of the beaver, yet I 
 discovered no evidence of the truth of the assertion often 
 made, that while the flesh of the fore parts is of the quality 
 of land animals, its hind parts are in smell and taste like 
 fish. I should think it would require much assistance from 
 imagination to discover the fish taste. 
 
 Here also the land otter is found, and is somewhat numer- 
 ous, and next to the beaver is sought with avidity by the 
 hunter and trader. The shades of its color vary from a light, 
 to a deep, beautiful brown. The fur is rich and in great 
 demand, and there is none found in any country of better 
 quality than the skins I saw at different trading posts of the 
 Hudson Bay Company. Its formation is adapted to land 
 and water, having short and muscular legs, so articulated 
 that it can bring them horizontal with its body, and use 
 them as fins in the water ; and its- toes are webbed like wa- 
 ter fowl. It subsists principally upon fish, frogs and other 
 aquatic animals. It has a peculiar habit, which seems to 
 be its pastime, for we know of no motive it can have, un- 
 less it be the love of amusement, which is to ascend a high 
 ridge of snow, and with its legs thrown back, slide down 
 head foremost upon its breast. When there is no snow, it 
 will in the same manner slide down steep, smooth, grassy 
 banks. 
 
 The sea otter, so highly and justly valued for its rich fur, 
 is found only along the American coast and adjacent islands, 
 from opposite Kamschatka, to Upper California. They vary 
 in size, are generally about four feet long when full grown, 
 
ANIMALS. 205 
 
 and nine inches in diameter. Its legs are very short, and 
 its feet are webbed. Its fur is of the first quality, long 
 and glossy, extremely fine, intermixed with some hairs ; 
 the outside is black, sometimes, however, dusky, and the 
 inside a cinerous brown. They are amphibious, sportive, 
 and often bask upon the shore for repose, and when asleep, 
 the Indians approach and slay them. They have been so 
 much hunted for their valuable fur, that they are rapidly 
 diminishing in numbers. 
 
 The hair seal is very frequently seen in the waters of 
 Columbia river. Its head is large and round, its eyes full 
 and mild. I often saw it swimming after our canoe, pre- 
 senting to view its head, neck, and shoulders, appearing in 
 some degree, like the mastiff dog. Its hair is of various 
 colors, generally a dappled gray. It rarely goes far from 
 its most natural element, water ; but is sometimes seen bask- 
 ing upon rocks on the shore, and this is the most favora- 
 ble opportunity for killing it ; for its motions are so quick 
 in the water, that it will submerge at the flash of the ri- 
 fle, and if killed in the water it sinks, and is difficult to be 
 obtained. 
 
 The racoon is somewhat numerous in parts of this coun- 
 try, more especially towards the ocean. I could not dis- 
 cover any difference in their appearance and habits from 
 those in the United States. 
 
 The badger inhabits this country, and is found on the 
 plains west of the great chain of mountains. Having given 
 a short description of this animal, page 62, when passing 
 through the parts where it was seen, it is not necessary in 
 this place to make any further remarks. 
 
 The weasel, the polecat, the marmot, the mink and musk- 
 rat, are common, though not numerous in this country, and 
 
206 ANIMALS. 
 
 not differing from those on the eastern part of this continent, 
 they do not need description. 
 
 The prairie dog. briefly described on page 63, is found 
 both on the east and the west sides of the mountains. It is 
 about fourteen inches long, and is rather heavily formed, 
 and is undoubtedly a distinct species of animal. It has re- 
 ceived its name from a barking sound, like that of a very 
 small dog, which it utters when any danger is apprehended. 
 It is covered with a rich, dark brown fur. They live in 
 communities and burrow in the ground, and their villages 
 often extend over some miles of territory, which is so per- 
 forated as to endanger both horse and rider, when passing 
 over them. Some one or more are selected for sentinels, 
 and are seated upon the small mounds formed by excavating 
 their dwellings, and while the principal part of their com- 
 munity are busy in procuring food, these sentinels are on 
 the look-out, and as soon as danger threatens, they give the 
 alarm by a shrill bark, when all instantly fly to their sub- 
 terranean habitations, for safety. 
 
 There is a small species of the marmol, of which I have 
 seen no description in any work on natural history, which 
 is probably peculiar to this country. It is called by the 
 Nez Perces, eluet : is five inches long from the tip of its 
 nose, exclusive of its tail, which is two in length — its body 
 is one inch and a third in diameter, the color is brown, 
 beautifully intermixed with small white spots upon its back ; 
 the under parts of its body are of a dull white. It has eight 
 long hairs projecting from the nose, on each side, and two 
 over each eye. Its habits resemble those belonging to its 
 genus. It is remarkably nimble in its movements. The 
 Indians esteem its flesh a luxury. 
 
 The wolverine is said to inhabit these western regions, 
 
ANIMALS. 207 
 
 and I saw one in the Salmon river mountains, which my 
 Indians killed. The animal differed in several particulars 
 from the description given by Richardson. It was one foot 
 nine inches from its nose to its tail ; its body was not large 
 in proportion to the length, short legs, small eyes and ears : 
 the neck short, and as large as the head, and its mouth 
 shaped like that of the dog. Its color was uniformly a 
 dark brown, nearly black ; and its fur was more than an 
 inch long and coarse. I had no opportunity of observing 
 its habits. 
 
 The hedgehog is common in all parts of the Oregon Ter- 
 ritory, does not differ from those found in other parts of 
 America, and for its quills, is held in high estimation by 
 the Indians. It is interesting to see with how much inge- 
 nuity, and in how many various forms, the Indians manufac- 
 ture these quills into ornamental work, such as moccasons, 
 belts, and various other articles. 
 
 There are three kinds of squirrels — two of which I have 
 already described. The third is the gray, which differs 
 from those in the United States in being larger and its color 
 more beautifully distinct. I saw many of their skins made 
 into robes and worn by the Indians about the Cascades. 
 
 Of the feline, or cat kind, there are the panther, the long- 
 tailed tiger cat, the common wild cat, and the lynx. The 
 panther is rarely seen, and the difference of climate and 
 country produce no change in its ferociousness and other 
 habits, from those found in other parts of America. The 
 long-tailed tiger cat is more common, very large, and of a 
 dull reddish color. Also the common wild cat is often 
 seen. It is much smaller, its tail is short and its color 
 is like the above named. I can only name the lynx, as 
 they did not come under my observation. It is in the 
 
208 f ANIMALS. 
 
 lower, wooded country they are found, and the Indians say 
 they are numerous. 
 
 There are five different species of wolves ; the common 
 gray wolf, the black, blue, white, and the small prairie wolf. 
 The common gray wolf is the same as those found in the 
 United States, and has all their common habits. The black 
 wolf, I did not see, but as described by Mr. Ermitinger, a 
 gentleman belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, is larger 
 than the gray and more noble in its appearance, and is the 
 strongest of the wolf kind. Those which the same gentle- 
 man called the blue wolf, are rarely seen, as also the white, 
 and so far as their habits are known, they do not materi- 
 ally differ from others. The small prairie wolf is the most 
 common, and bears the greatest resemblance to the dog, 
 and has been called the wild dog. It differs from the dog 
 in all the peculiarities of the wolf kind as much as the 
 others do. It is as uniform in its color, size, and habits. 
 They are of a dull reddish gray, never particolored ; the 
 hair is always long, blended with brown fur at its roots, 
 and like other wolves they are always prowling and cow- 
 ardly. They are more numerous than the other kinds, and 
 in considerable numbers follow the caravans to feed upon 
 the offals. Although we frequently heard them howl and 
 bark around our encampments, yet they never disturbed 
 our rest. 
 
 Much has been said about the immense number of wolves 
 beyond the Rocky Mountains, but I did not find them so 
 numerous as I expected. I do not make this assertion 
 solely from the fact that I saw or heard only a few, but 
 from the testimony of those whose long residence in this 
 country entitles them to credit. It is the traveler who 
 never saw the country he describes, or the lover of the 
 
ANIMALS. 209 
 
 marvelous, or he who does not expect soon to be followed 
 in his route through dreary and uninhabited wilds, who 
 sees, and minutely relates, adventures with the reptiles and 
 monsters of the desert. 
 
 The fox, which is generally dispersed through the world, 
 is found here in three different kinds ; the red, gray, and 
 silver. They do not differ from those found east of the 
 mountains. The silver gray fox is scarce, and highly 
 esteemed, and takes the highest rank among the furs of 
 commerce. Its color is dark, sometimes nearly black, the 
 ends of the hairs tipped with white, and in addition to the 
 uncommonly fine texture, the fur presents a beautiful glossy 
 appearance. 
 
 Martins are not abundant ; some are found about the 
 head waters of the Columbia in woody mountains, but they 
 are more numerous and of superior quality farther north. 
 
 The inoffensive, timorous hare, in three different species, 
 abounds in all parts of this country. Its natural instinct 
 for self-preservation, its remarkably prominent eye, its large 
 active ear, and its soft fur, are its characteristics in this, as 
 in other regions. The three species are, the large common 
 hare, which is generally known ; the small chief hare with 
 large round ears ; and a very small species, only five or six 
 inches long, with pointed ears. If the first named differs 
 in any particular from those in the United States, it is in its 
 manner of running, and its speed. Its bound is not regu- 
 lar, but its motions are an alternate running and leaping 
 at an almost incredible distance, and with such swiftness 
 that I frequently mistook it, at first view, for the prairie 
 hen, which I supposed was flying near the surface of the 
 ground. Its flesh, when used for food, is tender and of a 
 
 pleasant flavor, 
 
 19 
 
210 ANIMALS. 
 
 The only dress which many of the Indians have to pro- 
 tect them from the cold, is made of the skins of these ani- 
 mals, patched together into a scanty robe. 
 
 There are four varieties of bears, though it is supposed 
 there are only two distinct species. These are the white, 
 grizzly, brown, and black. The white bear is ferocious and 
 powerful, but their numbers are so small in the region of 
 the Oregon country, that they are not an object of dread. 
 But the grizzly bear is far more numerous, more formidable, 
 and larger, some of them weighing six or eight hundred 
 pounds. Their teeth are formed for strength, and their 
 claws are equally terrific, measuring four or five inches ; 
 and their feet, which are astonishingly large, exclusive of 
 the claws, measuring not far from ten inches long, and five 
 inches wide. There are some even larger. The shades 
 of their color vary from a very light gray to a dark brown, 
 always retaining the grizzly characteristic. Among a mul- 
 titude of their skins which I saw, there were some beauti- 
 fully dappled, and as large as buffalo robes. These were 
 held in high estimation. Their hair and fur is longer, finer, 
 and more abundant than of any other species. They de- 
 pend more upon their strength than speed for taking their 
 prey, and therefore generally lurk in willows or other 
 thickets, and suddenly seize upon any animal which may 
 be passing near. The mountain men tell as many won- 
 derful stories about their encounters with these prodigies of 
 strength and ferocity, as some mountain travelers tell us 
 about constant battles with the Blackfeet Indians, and star- 
 vation, and eating dogs. Now I may be considered defi- 
 cient in a. flexible and fruitful imagination, if I do not enter- 
 tain my readers with one bear story, after having traveled 
 thousands of miles over prairies, and mountains, through 
 
ANIMALS. 211 
 
 valleys, ravines, and amongst caves, chasms and deserts. 
 But as I did not myself have any wonderful encounters, I 
 must borrow from a gentleman of established good charac- 
 ter, belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, who gave me 
 an account of a case which he witnessed. He and a num- 
 ber of others were traveling in canoes up the Athabasca 
 river, and one morning one of their hunters shot upon the 
 shore a large cub of a grizzly bear, which they took on 
 board a canoe, and of which they made their supper on 
 encamping for the night. While seated around their fire 
 in conversation, the supposed mother of the slain cub ap- 
 proached, sprang across the circle and over the fire, seized 
 the hunter who had shot the cub, threw him across her 
 shoulder, and made off with him. They all laid hold of 
 their rifles and pursued, but feared to fire lest they should 
 injure their companion. But he" requested them to fire, 
 which one of them did and wounded the bear. She then 
 dropped the first offender, and laid hold of the last in like 
 manner as the first, but more roughly, and accelerated her 
 departure. There was no time to be lost, and several fired 
 at the same time, and brought her to the ground. The last 
 man was badly wounded but recovered. The "great med- 
 icine" or mystery in this case, I shall not attempt to ex- 
 plain, but let every one account for it in his own way. 
 
 The brown bear is less ferocious, more solitary, and not 
 highly esteemed either for food or for its skin. The black 
 bear is somewhat similar in its habits to the brown, but lives 
 more upon vegetable food, and is more in estimation for its 
 pure black, well-coated skin. 
 
 I close with the buffalo, which is of the bovine genus, and 
 is the largest and the most important for food and covering 
 of any of the animals in our country. I need not in this 
 
*212 - ANIMALS. 
 
 place go into so long description, as otherwise would be im- 
 portant, having already spoken of them as I was passing 
 through their range of country. After having seen thous- 
 ands and ten thousands of them, and having had months of 
 time to examine their forms and habits, I do not think they 
 should be classed with the buffalo or bison of the eastern 
 continent. Not with the buffalo, if historians have given a 
 correct description of those on that continent. Th? flesh 
 of those is said to be " black, hard, and very unpalatable ; 
 their hides impenetrable, making soft and smooth leather — 
 their race is so fierce and formidable, that there is no meth- 
 od of escaping their pursuit but by climbing up some im- 
 mense tree ; for a moderate tree would be broken down by 
 them, and many travelers have instantly been gored to death 
 by them and trampled to pieces under their feet." It is 
 said " their voice is a hideous loud bellow." But none of 
 these things are true of the buffalo of our country. 
 
 If a true account has been given of the bison of the east- 
 ern continent, our buffalo differ from them in several mate- 
 rial traits of character and habits. Those of the eastern 
 continent, are said to have " small heads, with horns so wide 
 spread, that three men can sit between them — that their 
 eyes are small, red and fiery — that they have a hump upon 
 their backs like a camel, and which is preferred to be eat- 
 en for its delicacy — that they are fierce and vindictive, so 
 that men have to fly to trees for safety — that the bulls and 
 cows live in separate bands." These things do not corres- 
 pond with the buffalo or bison of our western prairies. 
 
 The buffalos or bisons of our country are generally about 
 as large as our domestic neat cattle, and the long, shaggy, 
 woolly hair which covers profusely their head, neck, and 
 shoulders, gives them an imposing appearance, at a distance 
 
-ANIMALS. 213 
 
 something like the lion. Probably there is not any animal 
 in the world, that presents an appearance so formidable 
 and terrific, as the buffalo bull, when excited and determin- 
 ed upon resistance. 
 
 Their color is a dark brown, when they are in the best 
 condition for robes, which is from November until Janua- 
 ry. As the season advances, their woolly fur increases in 
 length and assumes a pale color; but after shedding their 
 coat, their fur is very short and nearly black. In many 
 particulars they resemble our horned cattle ; they are clo- 
 ven footed, chew the cud, and select the same kind of food. 
 Their flesh is in appearance and taste much like beef, but 
 of superior flavor, and remarkably easy of digestion. Their 
 heads are formed like the ox, perhaps a little more round 
 and broad, and when running, they carry them rather low. 
 Their horns, ears, and eyes, as seen through their shaggy 
 hair, appear small, and when cleared from their covering, 
 they are not large. Their legs and feet are small and trim, 
 the fore legs covered with the long hair of the shoulders 
 as low down as the knee. Though their figure is clumsy 
 in appearance, yet they run swiftly and for a long time 
 without greatly slackening their speed ; and in ascending 
 steep hills or mountains they more than equal the best hor- 
 ses. They unite in herds, and when feeding, scatter over 
 a large space, but when fleeing from danger, they collect 
 into dense columns, and having once laid their course, are 
 not easily diverted from it, whatever may oppose ; and in- 
 deed it cannot be done with safety to themselves ; for should 
 the foremost halt, or turn directly from their course, the 
 dense mass in the rear rushing on would overthrow and de- 
 stroy them. They can change their direction only by taking 
 
 a circuitous course. Their sense of smelling is very acute, 
 19* 
 
214 ANIMALS. 
 
 and they perceive the hunter, when he is on the windward 
 side, at a great distance, the alarm is taken, and when any 
 of them manifest fear, they are thrown into confusion until 
 some of the cows, from the instinct of fear, take the lead to 
 flee from the pursuer, and then all follow at the top of their 
 speed. So far are they from being a fierce and revengeful 
 animal, that they are very shy and timid ; and in no case 
 did I see them offer to make an attack, except in self de- 
 fense when wounded and closely pursued, and then they 
 always sought the first opportunity to escape. When they 
 run they lean alternately from one side to the other. The 
 herds are composed promiscuously of bulls and cows, ex- 
 cept some of the old bulls, which are often found by them- 
 selves in the rear or in advance of the main bands. Some- 
 times an old blind one is seen alone and separated from all 
 others ; and it was amusing to see their consternation when 
 they apprehend the approach of danger. The natural in- 
 stincts of fear and prudence lead them to fly alternately in 
 every possible direction for safety. I was pleased to find 
 our most thoughtless young men respect their age and pity 
 their calamity ; for in no instance did I see any abuse offer- 
 ed them. They are fond of rolling upon the ground like 
 horses, which is not practiced by our domestic cattle. 
 This is so much their diversion, that large places are found 
 without grass and considerably excavated. The use of 
 their skins for robes, and the woolly fur, with which they 
 are covered, are so universally known, that a description is 
 entirely unnecessary. Another peculiarity which belongs 
 to them is, that they never raise their voice above a low 
 bellow ; in no instance were we disturbed by their lowing, 
 even when surrounded by thousands, and in one of our en- 
 campments, it was supposed there were five thousand near. 
 
ANIMALS. 2 15 
 
 It has been said they do not visit any of the districts formed 
 of primitive rocks. This is said without reason, for I saw 
 them as frequently in those districts, in proportion to their 
 extent, as where other formations existed. It is also said 
 that as they recede from the east they are extending west. 
 This is also incorrect ; for, as I have before said, their lim- 
 its are becoming more and more circumscribed." And if 
 they should continue to diminish for twenty years to come, 
 as they have during the last twenty, they will become al- 
 most extinct. 
 
 It is unpleasant to contemplate the period, when this no- 
 ble animal will be seen no more, and will be known only 
 in history and seen only upon canvass. Thousands and 
 hundreds of thousands are slain yearly, not for food, but for 
 robes, to gratify the luxury of civilized men, as is seen in 
 almost every vehicle for business or pleasure. 
 
216 FISH. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Fish — description of salmon — salmon fishery — ornithology —dendrol- 
 ogy — shrubbery — nutritive roots — geography — mountains — valleys 
 — plains — forests— rivers — soil — seasons, 
 
 I pass to a brief notice of the fish found in the waters of 
 the Columbia. Their number is great, but their variety is 
 small. The salmon, sturgeon, anchovy, rock cod, and trout 
 are all that came under my particular observation. Shad 
 have not been found in these western waters. The stur- 
 geon of good quality and in large numbers, commence as- 
 cending the rivers in the fore part of April, and furnish food 
 to the suffering Indians. I say suffering, for before the 
 opening of the spring, their stock of provisions is consumed, 
 and they are seen searching for roots and any thing which 
 will sustain life ; and though I do not feel authorized to 
 say what others have said, that in the latter part of the win- 
 ter and beginning of spring, they die with starvation in great 
 numbers, yet they are brought to extreme want, and look 
 forward, with great solicitude, to the time when the sturgeon 
 shall come into the river. A small fish, like the anchovy, 
 about six inches long, very fat and well flavored, come into 
 the river in great numbers about the same time or a little 
 before the sturgeon. The Indians obtain large quantities of 
 oil from them by putting them into a netting strainer and 
 exposing them to gentle heat. 
 
 The rock codfish were not known to inhabit the waters 
 
FISH. 2 IT 
 
 about the mouth of the Columbia, until the present year. 
 They are very fine and easily caught, 
 
 The salmon is far the most numerous and valuable fish 
 found in these waters, and is of excellent flavor. It is well 
 ascertained that there are not less than six different species 
 or varieties of the true salmon that ascend these waters, 
 commencing about the twentieth of April. Their muscular 
 power is exceedingly great, which is manifested in passing 
 the falls and rapids which would seem insuperable. They 
 are never known to return, but are constantly pressing their 
 way upwards, so that it is not uncommon to find them in 
 the small branches of the rivers near the very sources. 
 We found them in September near the- Rocky Mountains, 
 where they are said to be as late as November and Decem- 
 ber. I saw some with parts of their heads worn to the bone 
 and the skin worn from various parts of their bodies, which 
 appears to be the result of efforts to ascend until they per- 
 ish. Late in the season, great numbers are found dead, 
 furnishing food for crows, vultures, eagles, foxes and 
 wolves — and even Indians ; for I have seen them drive 
 away the crows and appropriate the remnants to them- 
 selves. When the salmon become much emaciated, the 
 flesh loses its rich redness, and it is seen in the skin, which 
 gives the fish a beautiful appearance ; but when in this 
 state it is hardly edible. It is worthy of notice, that the 
 salmon has its preferences of water, selecting some branch- 
 es of the Columbia river and passing by others; and those 
 taken in some of the tributary streams are far better than 
 those taken in others. While those which ascend the riv- 
 ers never return, the young are seen in September descend- 
 ing on their way to the ocean, in immense numbers. It is 
 believed these return the fourth year after their descent ; 
 
218 FISHERY. 
 
 but this may be only conjecture. It is difficult to estimate 
 how many salmon might be taken in these rivers, if proper 
 measures were pursued ; and also what would be the re- 
 sults upon the numbers which would continue to enter and 
 ascend. I think without doubt a plan might be devised 
 and adopted to carry on a salmon fishery in this river to 
 good advantage and profit. The experiment was made by 
 a company from the United States, which failed, for it con- 
 tained the elements of its own overthrow. The company 
 sent out large quantities of rum, probably calculating on 
 the fact that the Indians are fond of ardent spirits, and if 
 they should gratify this appetite, they should enlist them in 
 their favor, and as Indians will do anything for rum, they 
 would catch and sell fish to them. Whatever the object of 
 the company might have been in sending and dealing out 
 so much rum, the Indians were highly pleased with receiv- 
 ing it in pay for their salmon. But when they had thus 
 obtained it they would become intoxicated and disqualified 
 for labor, and more time was wasted in drunkenness, than 
 employed in fishing. Besides, the salmon were often suf- 
 fered to lie in the hot sun until they were much injured, if 
 not wholly spoiled. The result was, that the company, as 
 I was informed, obtained only about four hundred barrels 
 of salmon, and made a losing voyage ; and the superintend- 
 ent of Fort Vancouver told me, that when the company 
 abandoned their business, they stored many barrels of rum 
 at his fort. My information was not wholly derived from 
 those who had been in the employment of that company, 
 and gentlemen of the Hudson Bay Company, but in part 
 from the Indians, who often spoke to me upon the subject 
 by way of praise. They would say, " close, Mas lum" sig- 
 nifying, good, plenty of rum. 
 
ORNITHOLOGY. 219 
 
 The birds of Oregon are not as numerous as those which 
 inhabit civilized countries, probably because they have not 
 access to the grain and fruit of cultivated fields, and the 
 woods and groves are more widely dispersed. But they 
 are sufficiently numerous to employ an ornithologist profit- 
 ably, for a great length of time in collecting and preserving 
 specimens. This region is particularly interesting from 
 the fact, that in this as in other departments of natural sci- 
 ence, it has hitherto been an unexplored field — no compe- 
 tent scientific person having visited this country to classify 
 the different genera and species. Mr. J. K. Tovvnsend, of 
 Philadelphia, an ornithologist, has spent two years in ex- 
 amining scientifically this field, and will probably give to 
 the public the result of his labors. I am indebted to him 
 for assistance in the following summary. 
 
 The largest part of the feathered race are migratory, 
 and are seen only a part of the year ; there are many, how- 
 ever, that reside here during the whole year. Among these 
 are the majestic white-headed eagle, and the golden eagle, 
 and three or four species of hawks, two species of jay, the 
 magpie, Corvus pica, and thousands of ravens and crows ; 
 several species of small sparrows, and two or three species 
 of grouse, the common partridge of the United States, and 
 the dusky grouse of the Rocky Mountains ; and also an in- 
 teresting species of the dipper or water ousel. The habits 
 of this bird are very curious and peculiar, particularly that 
 of descending to the bottom of ponds and swiftly running 
 streams, and there in search of small shell-fish, remaining 
 under water, for at least two minutes, during which time 
 it will course about upon the pebbly bottom, with as much 
 apparent ease and satisfaction, as if upon dry land. The 
 red-winged black-bird and the robin continue through the 
 
220 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 year. The notes of the latter are heard even in the chill 
 of the winter, though in feeble strains. 
 
 As the autumn advances, the number of swans, geese, 
 and ducks multiply. I have already mentioned these wa- 
 ter fowl. The black cormorant is common upon the Co- 
 lumbia river, and there are other species of the same genus, 
 seen about the shores of the Cape, which do not ascend the 
 rivers. Among these is the violet green cormorant, the 
 most splendid of all the known species of cormorants. The 
 loon, or great northern diver, is very plentiful in this river. 
 Gulls, terns, auks, and petrels, in great numbers, visit this 
 river to seek shelter from the violent storms which agitate 
 the ocean during the winter. 
 
 The spring, with rising vegetation and opening flowers, 
 brings its hosts of lovely feathered tribes, which remain for 
 different periods of time ; many of them continue only a 
 few weeks, and then retire to other parts for nidification. 
 There are, however, great numbers that remain through 
 the summer, and their delightful songs add to the charms 
 of a fine morning of April and May. Among these are 
 hundreds of warblers, wrens, titmice and nuthatches. Of 
 the warblers there are eleven species, six of which are 
 new ; the other five are common to the States. Several of 
 the species are but transient visitors, but most of them re- 
 main through the season. Of the wrens there are six spe- 
 cies ; three of the titmice, and two of the nuthatches. And 
 in the train follow the thrushes, of which there are seven 
 species, two of which are new ; of these Wilson's thrush is 
 pre-eminent in sweetness of song. The fly catchers num- 
 ber eight species, three of which are new ; and there are 
 thirteen species of the finches, three of which are new. 
 These are a large and musical band, among which are 
 
DENDROLOGY. 221 
 
 several of the finest songsters known in the world. In no 
 instance do we find more richness and delicacy of plumage, 
 with the most sweet melody of voice, than in a new species 
 of large bullfinch, which visits this section of country in the 
 spring. If these were domesticated, they would form a 
 most valuable addition to any aviary. There are eight 
 species of woodpeckers, four of which are new ; and of the 
 swallow tribe there are five species, one of which is new. 
 and is the most beautiful of the family, characterized by a 
 splendid changeable green plumage on the head and back, 
 while the other parts are purple and white. About the 
 middle of March, the splendid little Nootka humming bird 
 makes his appearance, coming so suddenly that you won- 
 der from whence he came, as the fact of his performing a 
 long migration of weeks, with his delicate little wings, over 
 a cold and fiowerless country, or across the sea, seems in- 
 credible. The neck of this beautiful bird presents fine va- 
 riations of color ; now it is ruby red, with a metallic lustre : 
 turn it, and the tints vary from purple to violet and crimson, 
 according as the light falls upon it. 
 
 I pass over the mention of many genera, and still more 
 numerous species of the different birds of this region, as it 
 is not my design to attempt a history of them, but only to 
 give a succinct sketch, that some idea may be formed of the 
 ornithological treasures of this interesting country. 
 
 Having frequently made mention of the trees and shrub- 
 bery west of the great mountains, I shall in this place only 
 enumerate the principal, describing a few. I have said 
 there are three species of fir, and that they constitute far 
 the greatest part of the forest trees, and are very large. 
 The three kinds are the red, yellow and white. They dif- 
 fer not only in the color of the wood, but also in their foliage. 
 
 20 
 
222 * DENDROLOGY. 
 
 The foliage of the red is scattered on all sides of the branch- 
 lets in the same form as those found in the United States ; 
 the yellow only on the upper side, or the upper half of the 
 twigs ; the white is oppositely pinnated. The balsam is 
 alike in the three different species, found in blisters upon 
 the bark in the same form as in other countries. 
 
 White pine is not native in the lower country, nor far 
 west of the main chain of the Rocky Mountains ; a few 
 pitch are found in the same region with the white. Nor- 
 way and yellow pine are native farther west, but not below 
 the Cascades of the Columbia. The new species, which I 
 have called the elastic pine, is far the most numerous, but 
 I did not see any of these as far west as Walla Walla. 
 
 The cedar is the common species, grows very large and 
 tall, and is the best of the forest trees for various mechani- 
 cal uses. The yew is also found among the evergreens, 
 though it is scarce. The tamarisk is found in small sec- 
 tions of the country. The white oak of good quality, and 
 often large, is a common tree of the forest, and also the 
 black, rough-barked oak grows in some of the mountainous 
 parts. In an excursion down the rich prairies below Fort 
 Vancouver, where there are trees scattered about like shade 
 trees upon a well cultivated farm, I measured a white oak, 
 which was eight feet in diameter, continued large about 
 thirty feet high, and then branched out immensely wide, 
 under which Mr. T. and myself, with our horses, found an 
 excellent shelter during a shower of rain. There are two 
 kinds of ash, the common white ash and the broad leafed. 
 The latter is very hard. There is also alder, which I have 
 mentioned as growing very large, and on dry ground as well 
 as on that which is low and swampy. 
 
 There are three species of poplar, the common aspen, the 
 
SHRUBBERY. 223 
 
 cotton, and balm. The first is common in various parts of 
 the United States, and is well known ; the second is common- 
 ly called cotton- wood, skirting rivers and streams as in the" 
 western States ; the third is the Populus balsamifera, often 
 called the balm of Gilead. Its distinguishing properties 
 are ovate leaves, and a bitter balsam in a glutinous state 
 found in the small twigs, but mostly in the buds. This last 
 species in some places spreads over large sections of bottom- 
 land, where the soil is uncommonly good. White maple is 
 found, but only in small quantities. Willows of various 
 species are common in all parts of the country. There is 
 a tree in the lower country which grows much in the form 
 of the laurel or bay tree, but much larger — the bark is 
 smooth and of a red bay color, its leaves are ovate. It has 
 been called the strawberry tree, but I do not know with what 
 propriety. There are no walnut or hickory trees westrof 
 the great mountains, nor chestnut of any species, or hard 
 or sugar maple, or beach, linden or bass-wood, black cherry, 
 cucumber, white wood, elms, or any kind of birch, except 
 a species of black birch which grows small ; nor are there 
 any of the species of locusts, hackberry, or buckeye. I 
 might lengthen out the catalogue of negatives, but the above 
 observations are sufficient to give a general view of the for- 
 est trees of the country. 
 
 The varieties of shrubbery and plants are so numerous, 
 that their examination would employ the botanist many 
 months. I shall only sketch a few of those which are scatter- 
 ed over the prairies and through the forests. Among tKese 
 are several varieties of the thorn-bush, many of which are 
 large and fruitful. Those bearing the red apple, present, 
 when they are ripe, a very beautiful appearance. There is 
 one species peculiar to the country west of the mountains, the 
 
224 PLANTS. 
 
 fruit of which is black and of a delightfully sweet taste, but 
 not generally dispersed through the country. It is princi- 
 pally native about the Blue Mountains, the Walla Walla 
 and Ummatilla rivers. The choke cherry is common to all 
 parts of the country, and its fruit is very grateful where ani- 
 mal food is principally depended upon for subsistence. The 
 salalberry is a sweet and pleasant fruit, of a dark purple 
 color, oblong, and about the size of a grape. The ser- 
 viceberry is about the size of a small thorn apple, black 
 when fully ripe, and pleasantly sweet like the whortleber- 
 ry ; and the pambina is a bush cranberry. The varieties 
 of the gooseberry are many — the common prickly, which 
 grows very large on a thorny bush — the small white, which 
 is smooth and very sweet — the large smooth purple, and 
 the smooth yellow, which are also of a fine flavor. All of 
 these attain to a good maturity, and tho'se growing on the 
 prairies are very superior. There are three varieties of 
 the currant, the pale red, the yellow, which is well tasted, 
 and the black. Though these are a pleasant acid, yet they 
 are not so prolific and desirable as those which grow under 
 the hand of cultivation. The beautiful shrub Symphoria 
 racemosa, called the snowberry, which is found in some of 
 our gardens, grows here wild and in great abundance. 
 
 Besides the common raspberries, there is a new species 
 which grows in the forests, the berry of which is three times 
 as large as the common, is a very delicate rich yellow, but 
 the flavor is less agreeable. There is a new species of 
 sweet elder which I have already described. The climbing 
 honeysuckle is among the first ornaments of nature. 
 
 The sweet flowering pea grows spontaneously, and in 
 some places embellishes large patches of ground. In some 
 small sections red clover is found, differing, however, from 
 
PLANTS. . 225 
 
 the kind cultivated by our farmers, but not less sweet and 
 beautiful ; white clover is found in the upper and moun- 
 tainous parts. Strawberries are indigenous, and their fla- 
 vor is more delicious than any I have tasted in other coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Sun-flowers are common, but do not grow large ; also a 
 species of broom-corn, is found in many places of the bot- 
 tom-lands of the Columbia and other streams. To these 
 may be added a wild grain somewhat resembling barley, 
 or rye. Wild flax I have mentioned and described on 
 page 91. 
 
 Among the nutritive roots, I have mentioned the wappa- 
 too and the cammas. The wappatoo, is the sagittaria, or 
 arrow head, and is found only in the valley of the Colum- 
 bia below the Cascades. The root is bulbous, and becomes 
 soft by roasting, forming a nourishing and agreeable food, 
 is much used by the Indians, and is an article of trade. 
 It grows in shallow lakes, and in marshes which are cov- 
 ered with water. The Indian women wade in search of 
 this root, feel it out in the mud and disengage it with their 
 feet, when it rises to the surface of the water and is secured. 
 The cammas, a tunicated root, in the form of an onion, is 
 of great importance to the Indians and grows in moist 
 rich ground. It is roasted, pounded and made into loaves, 
 and dried, and has a taste resembling licorice. The cow. 
 ish, or biscuit root, grows on dry land, somewhat larger 
 than a walnut, tastes like a sweet' potato,- is prepared in 
 the same manner for food as the cammas, and is a toler- 
 able substitute for bread. To these may be added the 
 racine am6re, or bitter root, which grows on dry ground, 
 is fusiform, and though not pleasant to the taste, is very 
 
 conducive to health ; also the common onion, and another 
 
 20* 
 
226 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 characterized by its beautiful red flower, which often grows* 
 upon patches of volcanic scoria, where no other vegetation 
 is seen. 
 
 Although a description of the Oregon Territory has been 
 necessarily interwoven in the narrative, yet a condensed ac- 
 count of its geography may with propriety be given here. 
 In comparing the country west with that east of the moun- 
 tains, especially the great valley of the Mississippi, we are 
 impressed very powerfully with the strong contrast which 
 their distinguishing features present. The valley of the 
 Mississippi may be called the garden of the world — every 
 part abounding in rich soil inviting cultivation. We seldom 
 see any barren or rocky wastes, any far extended swamps 
 or marshes — no frozen mountains. Destitute of prominent 
 land-marks to catch the eye of the traveler, he sees in the 
 wide distance before him only the almost horizontal lines 
 of level or rolling meadow. No one points him to the 
 peaks of dim mountains and tells him that the range di- 
 vides two sister states, or separates two noble rivers. He 
 sees no clouds resting on the shoulders of lofty Butes and 
 blending their neutral tint with the hazy blue of the land- 
 scape before him — nor Tetons rearing their heads into the 
 region of perpetual snow — and day after day he pursues 
 his journey without any thing to create in his bosom emo - 
 tions of the grand and the sublime, unless it be the vastness 
 of the expanse. 
 
 Beyond the Rocky Mountains, nature appears to have 
 studied variety on the largest scale. Towering mountains 
 and widely extended prairies, rich valleys and barren 
 plains ; and large rivers with rapids, cataracts and falls, 
 present a great diversity of prospect. The whole country 
 is so mountainous, that there is not an elevation from which 
 
VALLEYS PLAINS. 227 
 
 a person cannot see some of the immense ranges which 
 intersect its different parts. On an elevation a short dis- 
 tance from Fort Vancouver, five isolated conical mountains, 
 from ten to fifteen thousand feet high, whose tops are cov- 
 ered with perpetual snow, may be seen rising in the sur- 
 rounding valley. There are three general ranges, west of 
 the rocky chain of mountains, running in northern and 
 southern directions. The first above the Falls of the Co- 
 lumbia river ; the second at and below the Cascades ; the 
 third towards and along the shores of the Pacific. From 
 each of these, branches extend in different directions. Be- 
 sides these there are others which are large and high, 
 such as the Blue Mountains south of Walla Walla — the 
 Salmon river mountains between the Salmon and the Coos- 
 coots-ke rivers ; and also in the regions of Okanagan and 
 Colvile. 
 
 Between these mountains are wide-spread valleys and 
 plains. The largest and most fertile valley is included be- 
 tween Deer Island on the west, to within twelve miles of 
 the Cascades, and is about fifty-five miles wide, and extend- 
 ing north and south to a greater extent than I had the means 
 of definitely ascertaining ; probably from Pugets sound on 
 the north, to the Umbiqua river on the south. The Willa- 
 mette river and a section of the Columbia are included in 
 this valley. The valley south of the Walla Walla, called 
 the Grand Round, is said to excel in fertility. To these 
 may be added Pierre's Hole and the adjacent conntry ; 
 also Racine Amere, east of the Salmon river mountains. 
 On Mill river, which unites with the Columbia at Colvile, 
 from the south, through a valley of more than fifty miles, 
 there are rich bottom lands. While these are open and 
 ready for cultivation, the hills on both sides of the valley 
 
228 FORESTS — RIVERS. 
 
 are covered with woods. Other fertile sections of consid- 
 erable magnitude are dispersed over different parts of the 
 country. To these may be subjoined extensive plains, most 
 of which are prairies well covered with grass. The whole 
 region of country west of Salmon river mountains, the 
 Spokein woods, Okanagan, and quite to the range of moun- 
 tains which cross the Columbia at the Fall's, is a vast 
 prairie covered with grass, and the soil is generally good. 
 Another large plain, which is said to be very barren, lies 
 off to the south and south-west of Lewis' or Snake river, 
 including the Shoshones' country ; and travelers who have 
 passed through, have pronounced the interior of America 
 a great barren desert ; but this is drawing a conclusion 
 far too broad from premises so limited. So far as I have 
 had opportunity for observation, I should feel warranted in 
 saying, that while some parts of Oregon are barren, large 
 portions are well adapted to grazing ; and others, though 
 less extensive, are adapted to both tillage and grazing. 
 
 Upon the subject of forests, I would only observe, that a 
 large proportion of the country west of the mountains is 
 destitute, while some parts are well supplied. I have al- 
 ready mentioned the lower country, from below the Falls 
 of the Columbia to the ocean, as being well wooded, and 
 densely in many parts, especially near the ocean. The 
 mountains north of the Salmon river, and the country about 
 the Spokein river, and so on still farther north, are well 
 furnished with forests, and in some other sections there are 
 partial supplies. 
 
 The country in general is well watered, being intersec- 
 ted with lakes, and by many large rivers and their tributa- 
 ry streams. This might be inferred from the fact that there 
 are so many mountains, upon the sides and at the bases of 
 
RIVERS. 229 
 
 which are multitudes of the finest springs. No country 
 furnishes water more pure and of such crystal clearness. 
 As the spring and summer heat commences, the snows of 
 the mountains melt, and begin to swell the rivers in the be- 
 ginning of May, and the freshet continues to increase until 
 June, when it is the greatest, and overflows large sections 
 of the low lands of the valleys, which have the appearance 
 of inland seas. While the rivers of this country are nu- 
 merous, and several of them are large, yet inland naviga- 
 tion will be attended with difficulties, not only from the ma- 
 ny falls and rapids, but from the labor and expense neces- 
 sary to construct canals through the immensely hard ba- 
 saltic rock formation. The Columbia has three large falls 
 in the distance of seven hundred miles ; the Cascades, one 
 hundred and thirty miles from the ocean at the head of tide 
 water ; the Falls of the Columbia, forty miles above the 
 Cascades ; and the Kettle Falls, five hundred and thirty 
 miles above the Falls of the Columbia. There are many 
 rapids, but the Nine-mile Rapids, thirty miles above Walla 
 Walla, are the most embarrassing. The other rivers are 
 still more obstructed with Falls and rapids, except the 
 Willamette, wnich has only one fall at the head of its tide 
 water, thirty miles above its junction with the Columbia. 
 The obstruction to a canal around this, is far less than 
 around the above named falls ; and when constructed, the 
 navigation may be extended fifty miles farther into the 
 country. While such is the condition of this country in 
 respect to its internal navigation and commerce, the inge- 
 nuity of man in our day, has provided something which 
 can be most advantageously applied as a remedy. I mean 
 rail roads. In making observations, with reference to this 
 very subject, I was interested to see the wisdom and benev- 
 
230 THE SEASONS. 
 
 olence of the Creator, in providing passes through those 
 stupendous ranges of mountains, which generally run from 
 north to south, and I thought how easily the whole terri- 
 tory might be traversed in this way ; and the large pen 
 tagonal basaltic columns are ready at hand to facilitate 
 the work. No country in the world furnishes better oppor- 
 tunities for water power to be applied to manufacturing 
 purposes ; almost every river and stream having falls, cas- 
 cades and rapids. 
 
 The climate is far more temperate and warm west of 
 the Rocky Mountains, than east in the same latitude, there 
 being at least ten degrees difference of latitude, as may 
 be seen by the subjoined meteorological table. There 
 were only three days in the whole winter of my residence 
 in the country, that the thermometer sunk as low as 22° 
 Farenheit, at Fort Vancouver ; and there were only 
 two mornings in the whole month of March when white 
 frost was seen. Snow does not fall deep excepting upon 
 the mountains ; in the valleys it rarely continues more than 
 a few days, or at the farthest only a few weeks ; and by 
 the latter part of February or the first of March, ploughing 
 and sowing are commenced. And not only is the climate 
 uncommonly delightful, but it is also generally healthy, 
 and there are scarcely any prevailing diseases, except the 
 fever and ague in the lower country, which, as has been 
 stated, commenced in 1829; and the opthalmy, which is 
 very general among the Indians of the plains. It is wor- 
 thy of notice, that thunder and lightning are seldom wit- 
 nessed west of the great mountains, but in the valley of the 
 Mississippi, they are very frequent and unusually heavy. 
 
 The seasons are divided into two, the rainy in the winter, 
 commencing in November, and terminating in May ; the 
 
THE SEASONS. 231, 
 
 dry in the summer, which is entirely destitute of rain, and 
 during which time the atmosphere is remarkably serene, 
 while the daily prairie winds relieve the heat of the sun, 
 and the season is most delightful. The entire destitution of 
 rain, showers, and dew, during summer, does not exclude 
 fertility ; nor is it peculiar to this country, for the same is 
 true of the whole Pacific coast west of the Andes, and also 
 of the Sandwich and Society Islands — yet by various meth- 
 ods of irrigation the soil is rendered productive. In the 
 country which I am describing, the winter being so mild, 
 the grain sown in the fall and spring advances beyond in- 
 jury before the drouth becomes severe, and the grass attains 
 its growth and dries into hay upon the ground ; and there 
 being no moisture to decompose it, retains its nutritive 
 properties. 
 
 This territory is, notwithstanding, well supplied with wa- 
 ter ; for the benevolent wisdom of God has placed the moun- 
 tains, covered with perpetual snows, just where they are 
 needed, and where the heat of spring and summer so far 
 melts these vast reservoirs, as to fill the rivers and streams, 
 and the summer freshet continues for many weeks, 
 
232 INDIANS OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Character and condition of the Indians — Indians of the plains — their 
 persons — dress — wealth — habits — physical character— manufactures 
 — their religion — wars — vices — moral disposition — superstitions — 
 medicine men. 
 
 As it was the principal object of my tour to ascertain the 
 character and condition of the Indians beyond the Rocky 
 Mountains, their numbers, and the prospects of establishing 
 the gospel among them, it will not only be proper but im- 
 portant to give a full and connected description of them in 
 these respects. In doing this, while I have availed myself 
 of information collected from men of intelligence and in- 
 tegrity, I have confined my statements to those things which 
 have been corroborated by, or came under my own ob- 
 servations ; feeling it a duty to avoid the many fabulous 
 accounts which have been given of Indian character and 
 customs. Romance may please and excite admiration, 
 fiction may charm, but only truth can instruct. 
 
 I will first describe the Indians of the plains. These 
 live in the upper country from the falls of the Columbia to 
 the Rocky Mountains, and are called the Indians of the 
 plains, because a large proportion of their country is prairie 
 land. The principal tribes are the Nez Perces, Cayuses, 
 Walla Wallas, Bonax, Shoshones, Spokeins, Flatheads, 
 Cceur d'Alene, Ponderas, Cootanies, Kettlefalls, Okanagans, 
 and Carriers. These do not include probably more than 
 one half of those east of the Falls, but of others I have ob- 
 
COSTUME. 233 
 
 tained but little definite knowledge. They all resemble 
 each other in general characteristics. In their persons the 
 men are tall, the women are of common stature, and both 
 are well formed. While there is a strong natural as well 
 as moral resemblance among all Indians, the complexion of 
 these is a little fairer than other Indians. Their hair and 
 eyes are black, their cheek bones high, and very frequent- 
 ly they have aquiline noses. Their hands, feet, and ankles, 
 are small and well formed ; and their movements are easy, 
 if not graceful. They wear their hair long, part it upon 
 their forehead, and let it hang in tresses on each side, or 
 down behind. 
 
 There is a great resemblance in the dress of different tribes, 
 which generally consists of a shirt, worn over long, close 
 leggins, with moccasons for the feet. These are of dressed 
 leather made of the skins of deer, antelope, mountain goat 
 and sheep ; and over these they wear a blanket or a buffalo 
 robe. The borders of their garments are ornamented with 
 long fringes. They are fond of ornaments 3- and their heads 
 and garments are sometimes decorated with feathers, beads, 
 Tt?uttons, and porcupine quills ; these last are colored red, 
 yellow, blue, and black, and worked with great skill and 
 variety of design. They appear to have less of the propen- 
 sity to adorn themselves with painting, than the Indians east 
 of the mountains ; but not unfrequently vermilion, mixed 
 with red clay, is used not only upon their faces, but upon 
 their hair. The dress of the women does not vary much from 
 that of the men, excepting, that instead of the shirt, they 
 have what we may call a frock coming down to the ankles. 
 Many of them wear a large cape made of dressed skins, 
 often highly ornamented with large oblong beads of blue, 
 
 red, purple, and white, arranged in curved lines covering 
 
 21 
 
234 WEALTH. 
 
 the whole. Some of the daughters of the chiefs, when 
 clothed in their clean, white dresses of antelope skins, with 
 their fully ornamented capes coming down to the waist, and 
 mounted upon spirited steeds, going at full speed, their or- 
 naments glittering in the sun-beams, make an appearance 
 that would not lose in comparison with equestrian ladies 
 of the east. Their horses are not less finely caparisoned 
 with blue and scarlet trimmings about their heads, breasts, 
 and loins, hung with little brass bells. 
 
 While a want of cleanliness is a characteristic of all hea- 
 then, the Indians of the plains are less reprehensible than 
 others, and are far more neat than those of the lower coun- 
 try towards the Pacific. It is not to be understood that 
 there are not those among them who are poor, suffering from 
 the want of food and clothing. 
 
 Their wealth consists in their horses, and their conse- 
 quence depends in a great degree upon the number they 
 possess, some owning several hundreds ; and that family 
 is poor whose ^umbers are not sufficient for every man, 
 woman and child to be mounted, when they are traveling 
 from place to place ; and also to carry all their effects. In 
 these respects they are far better supplied than any tribes 
 I saw east of the mountains. While their horses are their 
 wealth, they derive but little from them for the support of 
 themselves and families ; for they do not employ them to 
 cultivate the earth ; and the market for them is so low, that 
 they command but a small price. A good horse will not sell 
 for more than enough to purchase a blanket, or a few small 
 articles of merchandize. For subsistence, they necessarily 
 depend upon hunting and fishing, and gathering roots and 
 berries. Their mode of cooking is plain and simple. Most 
 of their food is roasted, and they excel in roasting fish. The 
 
HABITS. 235 
 
 process is to build a small fire in the centre of their lodge, 
 to fix the fish upon a stick two or three feet long, and place 
 one end in the ground so as to bring the fish partly over the 
 fire, and then by a slow process it is most thoroughly roast- 
 ed without scorching, or scarcely changing the color. The 
 principal art consists in taking time, and our best cooks 
 might improve by following their mode.. 
 
 The habits of Indians are said to be indolent. As a gen- 
 eral remark it may be true, but I saw but very little to con- 
 firm its truth among the Indians of the plains ; for I rarely 
 saw any of these Indians not engaged in some object of 
 pursuit ; not the most productive perhaps, but such as elicit- 
 ed their attention. While I believe that the resemblance, 
 both physical and moral, of all the different nations and 
 tribes of Indians, spread over large portions of the conti- 
 nent of America, is greater than is seen in any people of 
 any other country of equal extent ; yet if it is true, that as 
 a general fact, as some authors have said, " they are mo- 
 rose and gloomy in their countenances ; sullen, or baccha- 
 nalian in their dispositions ; that they are rarely so joyful 
 as to laugh unless excited by ardent spirits ; that they are 
 taciturn and never indulge in mirth ; that they are obtuse 
 in sympathy, and destitute of social affections ; that in proud 
 disdain they turn away from whatever would excite curios- 
 ity ; that no common motives or endearments excite them 
 to action ;" if these things are true, then the Indians of Or- 
 egon are an exception to the general fact. In all the above 
 named particulars, I saw no special difference between 
 them and other nations. As a part of the human family, 
 they have the same natural propensities and the same so- 
 cial affections. They are cheerful and often gay, socia- 
 ble, kind and affectionate ; and anxious to receive instruc- 
 
"236 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 lion in whatever may conduce to their happiness here or 
 hereafter. It is worse than idle to speak of " physical in- 
 sensibility inwrought into the animal nature of the Indians, 
 so that their bodies approximate to the insensibility of 
 horses' hoofs." The influence of remarks of this kind is to 
 produce, in the bosoms of all who read them, the same in- 
 sensibility that is charged upon the native character of the 
 Indians. To represent their characters and their restora- 
 tion to the common feelings of humanity so hopeless, is 
 to steel the heart of even Christianity itself, if it were pos- 
 sible, against all sympathy, and to paralize all exertions 
 and effort to save them from the twofold destruction to 
 which they doom them, temporal and eternal. Is this the 
 reason, that Christians are sitting in such supineness over 
 their condition, and that the heart-thrilling appeals for 
 teachers to enlighten them are disregarded ? Is this the 
 reason, that while the philanthropy of the United States' 
 citizens towards them is so widely blazoned, those who 
 are sent to teach them the arts of civilized life, are sit- 
 ting quietly on the borders in governmental pay, while the 
 Indians are roaming still over the prairies in search of 
 uncertain and precarious game ? I forbear to tell the 
 whole story. 
 
 They have but few manufactures, and those are the most 
 plain and simple, not extending much beyond dressing the 
 skins of animals, and making them into clothing ; making 
 bows and arrows and some few articles of furniture. In 
 dressing skins they never make any use of bark or tannin. 
 Their process is to remove the hair and flesh from the skins 
 by scraping them with a hard stone or wood, or when it 
 can be obtained, a piece of iron hoop ; and then besmearing 
 them with the brains of some animal, they smoke them 
 
MANUFACTURES. 237 
 
 thoroughly and rub them until they are soft ; and after this 
 bleach them with pure white clay. Their mode of smoking 
 them is to excavate a small place in the ground, about a 
 foot deep, and over this to construct a fixture in the form of 
 a lodge, a few feet wide at the base and brought to a point 
 at the top. Then they build a small fire in the centre, and 
 place the skins around upon the frame work, so as to make 
 the enclosure almost smoke tight. The process occupies 
 about one day. Their mode of dressing buffalo robes is 
 different. They stretch the skin upon the ground, flesh 
 side up, fastening it down with pins around the border, 
 and then with an instrument formed something like a coop- 
 er's adz, made of stone, or wood overlaid with a piece of 
 iron, brought to a blunt edge like the currier's knife, they 
 clear from it all remaining flesh, and let it thoroughly dry. 
 After this, with the same instrument, they work upon it with 
 a pounding, hewing stroke, until they have brought it to a 
 suitable thickness and rendered it soft and white, as our 
 buffalo robes are when brought into market. It is a work 
 of great labor, and is performed by the -women. We little 
 think: how much toil- it costs a woman to prepare one of 
 these robes, and then how little is paid for it by the pur- 
 chaser ; a pound of tobacco or a bunch of beads, is as much 
 as the Indian generally receives. 
 
 Their bows are made of the most elastic wood, strength- 
 ened with the tendons of animals glued upon the back side, 
 and the string is made of the same substance. Their ar- 
 rows are made of heavy wood, with one end tipped with a 
 sharp stone or pointed iron, and the other pinnated with a 
 feather. While the first is to pierce, the latter is to govern 
 the direction. Their bows and arrows perform astonishing 
 
 execution, and they manage them with great dexterity, 
 
 21* 
 
238 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Most of the cooking utensils, which they now use, are 
 obtained from traders, and do not often extend beyond a 
 brass kettle, tin pail, and a very few knives. They have 
 bowls which they manufacture very ingeniously from the 
 horns of buffalo ; and sometimes, those that are larger and 
 more solid, from the horns of the big horn mountain sheep. 
 They have spoons of very good structure made of buffalo 
 horns ; also various kinds of baskets of rude workmanship. 
 Their saddles are rude, somewhat resembling the Spanish 
 saddle, having a high knob forward, and rising high on the 
 back part ; generally sitting uneasily upon the horse's 
 back. Their bridles consist of a rope well made of the 
 hair, or shag of the buffalo, eight or ten feet long, fastened 
 in the centre to the under jaw of the horse, and the ends 
 are brought over the neck for reins. The lasso, which is 
 used for catching horses and some kinds of wild animals. 
 is a long rope with a large noose at one end, and the other 
 end is held firmly in the hand ; the whole is coiled, and 
 when the distance permits it to be thrown, it is usually so 
 dexterously done, as to bring the noose over the animal's 
 head. When mounted, they often have a long leather thong. 
 or a rope, fastened upon the horse's neck, which trails upon 
 the ground, and is frequently suffered to remain when the 
 horse is turned loose, for the convenience of more easily 
 matching him again. 
 
 Their canoes, before they obtained iron hatchets of the 
 traders were, with great labor and patience, made with 
 hatchets of stone ; and even now, cost them no small effort. 
 A canoe of good construction is valued as high as one or 
 two good horses. Their fishing nets are another article 
 which is well constructed, formed of wild flax ; and in 
 every particular like our scoop nets. 
 
RELIGION — 'BELIEF. 239 
 
 As regards the religion of the Indians. I have already- 
 stated that they believe in one God, in the immortality of 
 the soul, and in future rewards and punishments. But 
 while these are the prominent points of their belief, definite 
 ideas of a religious nature appear to be extremely limited, 
 both in number and in comprehensiveness. As much as 
 this, however, appears to be true. They believe in one 
 Great Spirit, who has created all things, governs all impor- 
 tant events, who is the author of all good, and the only ob- 
 ject of religious homage. They believe he may be dis- 
 pleased with them for their bad conduct, and in his dis- 
 pleasure bring calamities upon them. They also believe in 
 an evil spirit, whom they call cinim keneki meclwt cinmo- 
 cimo : that is, the black chief below, who is the author of 
 all the evils which befall them, undeserved as a punish- 
 ment from the Great Spirit above. They believe that the 
 soul enters the future world with a similar form, and m 
 circumstances like those under which it existed in this life, 
 They believe that in a future state, the happiness of the 
 good consists in an abundance and enjoyment of those 
 things which they value here, that their present sources of 
 happiness will be carried to perfection ; and that the pun- 
 ishment of the bad will consist in entire exclusion from 
 every source of happiness, and in finding all causes 0;f mis- 
 ery here, greatly multiplied hereafter. Thus their ideas 
 of future happiness and misery are found to vary according 
 to their different situations and employments in life. It is 
 difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain any thing of their 
 religious belief beyond these general notions. The number 
 of words and terms in their language expressive of abstract 
 and spiritual ideas is very small, so that those who wish to 
 instruct them in these subjects, are compelled to do it by 
 
240 WAR. 
 
 means of illustrations and circumlocutions, and the intro- 
 duction of words from foreign languages. Besides, con- 
 scious of their ignorance, they are, for the most part, un- 
 willing to expose it, by revealing the little knowledge which 
 they possess. Indeed, wherever a feeling of ignorance up- 
 on any subject prevails, we find that all endeavors to elicit 
 the true amount of knowledge, are repelled or evaded. 
 Even men of talents, with us, who converse fluently upon 
 most subjects, are often silent when religious subjects are 
 introduced. 
 
 I am far from believing the many long and strange tra- 
 ditions, with which we are often entertained. It is more 
 than probable, that they are in most instances the gratui- 
 tous offerings of designing and artful traders and hunters to 
 that curiosity, which is ever awake and attentive to sub- 
 jects of this description. The Indians themselves would 
 often be as much surprised at the rehersal of these tradi- 
 tions, as those are for whose amusement they are fabricated. 
 My own opinion is confirmed by that of several gentlemen 
 of integrity and veracity, who stand at the head of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company, who have long been resident in the In- 
 dian country, and have become extensively acquainted with 
 their languages. 
 
 The Indians west of the great chain of mountains, have 
 no wars among themselves, and appear to be averse to 
 them, and do not enter into battle except in self-defense, 
 and then only in the last extremity. Their only wars are 
 with the Blackfeet Indians, whose country is along the east 
 border of the Rocky Mountains, . and who are constantly 
 roving about in war parties, on both sides, in quest of plun- 
 der. When the Indians on the west meet with any of these 
 parties, they avoid an encounter if possible, but if compelled 
 
WAR VICES. 241 
 
 to fight, they show a firm, undaunted, unconquerable spirit, 
 and rush upon their enemies with the greatest impetuosity ; 
 and it is said that one Nez Perce, or Flathead warrior, is a 
 match for three Blackfeet. The only advantage which the 
 latter have over the former consists in their numbers, there 
 being more than twenty thousand of the Blackfeet Indians. 
 When an enemy is discovered, every horse is driven into 
 camp, and the women take charge of them, while every 
 man seizes his weapons of war, whatever they may be, 
 mounts his horse, and waits firm and undismayed to see if 
 hostilities must ensue. If a battle cannot be avoided, they 
 rush forward to meet their foes, throwing themselves flat 
 upon their horses as they draw near, and fire, and wheel, 
 and reload, and again rush full speed to the second encoun- 
 ter. This is continued until victory is decided, which is as 
 often by the failure of ammunition, as by the loss of men. 
 Very frequently, when the Blackfeet see white men with 
 the Nez Perces or Flatheads, they decline a battle, though 
 far superior in numbers, knowing that the white men can 
 furnish a large supply of ammunition ; and in such cases 
 they will raise a white flag, and come in to smoke the pipe 
 of peace. The Nez Perce or Flathead chief, on such an 
 occasion, will say " we accept your offer to smoke the pipe 
 of peace, but it is not in ignorance that your heart is war, 
 and your hand blood, but we love peace. You give us the 
 pipe, but blood always follows." 
 
 But these Indians are not without their vices. Gambling 
 is one of the most prominent, and is a ruling passion which 
 they will gratify to the last extremity. It is much prac- 
 ticed in running horses and foot races by men, women and 
 children, and they have games of chance played with sticks 
 or bones. When I told the Nez Perces that gambling is 
 
242 GOOD MORALS. 
 
 wrong, and a violation of the tenth commandment ; for it 
 is coveting the property of another, and taking it without 
 an equivalent, as much as stealing ; they said they did not 
 know it before, but now they know God forbids it they will 
 do so no more. Theft is generally supposed to be inbred in 
 the Indians, but I was pleased to discover that the tribes of 
 the plains held it in abhorrence, and would punish it severe- 
 ly should it occur. The Shoshones are said to be addicted 
 to this habit in some degree. Drunkenness is a stranger vice 
 among these nations, their remove from the sources of this 
 evil being their security. It is not to be supposed that their 
 virtue, any more than that of other tribes, would be invul- 
 nerable if exposed to temptation, for this habit, like their 
 proverbial love for finery and ornament, is acquired by 
 the facilities for indulgence which are thrown in their way. 
 The trader goes far into the interior with his packs of 
 beads, buttons, paints, &c. to exchange for furs, and teach- 
 es these ignorant people to set the same value on his articles, 
 that their furs are intrinsically worth — but who supposes that 
 they would not know the comparative worth of more useful 
 goods, if they were offered them ?* 
 
 The moral disposition of these Indians is very commend- 
 able, certainly as much as that of any people that can be 
 named. They are kind to strangers, and remarkably so to 
 each other. While among them I saw no contentions, and 
 heard no angry words from one to another. They manifest 
 an uncommon desire to be instructed that they may obey 
 and fulfil all moral obligations. Harmony and peace pre- 
 vail in all their domestic concerns. But when they have 
 
 * An attempt was made not long since, by an United States citizen, 
 to construct a distillery on the Willamette river, but for want of suit- 
 able materials he failed in his object. 
 
SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 243 
 
 any difficult subject, which they know not how to dispose of, 
 they go to their chiefs, and if it involves any important prin- 
 ciple, the chiefs bring the case to any white man, who may 
 be among them, to obtain his opinion, which is generally fol- 
 lowed. They are scrupulously honest in all their dealings, 
 and lying is scarcely known. They say they fear to sin 
 against the Great Spirit, and therefore, have but one heart, 
 and their tongue is straight and not forked. And so cor- 
 rectly does the law written upon their hearts accord with 
 the written law of God, that every infraction of the seventh 
 command of the decalogue is punished with severity. 
 
 I have witnessed but few things among them indicative of 
 superstition. The practice of the Shoshones of cutting them- 
 selves for the dead, I have already mentioned. The Carri- 
 ers burn their dead. When a person dies, all the relations 
 must be assembled, which often occupies many days ; and 
 if a husband is deceased, the wife must lay her head upon 
 the bosom of her husband every night, to show her affection 
 for him ; and when the funeral pile is constructed, the corpse 
 laid upon it, and the fire enkindled, during the burning of 
 the body, she must frequently put her hands through the 
 flame and lay them upon his bosom, to show her continued 
 affection. Their first chief lost his wife. He was asked if 
 he would show the affection for her, which was required of 
 others. He thought on account of his chieftainship he might 
 be excused. The people were urgent, and he consented, 
 and so great was the pain which he endured, that he was 
 willing the practice should be ameliorated, and it is hoped 
 it will soon be abolished. » 
 
 They have no unlucky days, but as a substitute for the 
 white man's Friday, they have a portentous howling of a 
 large wolf, which they call the medicine wolf. If they hear 
 
244 MEDICINE MEN. 
 
 this when traveling, sadness is at once visible in their 
 countenances, for it is considered as foreboding some ca- 
 lamity near. 
 
 Among their superstitions may be classed their mode of 
 curing diseases. They have what are called medicine* men, 
 who make no pretensions to any knowledge of diseases or 
 skill in medicine ; but they have a bag in which are deposited 
 various relics. The patient is stretched upon the ground ; 
 a number of persons encircle him and sing the medicine 
 song. The medicine man enters the circle and commences 
 his magical incantations by holding the medicine bag over 
 him, which is to operate as a charm ; he uses many ges- 
 tures, grimaces, and inarticulate sounds ; pats or kneads 
 the patient with his hands, beginning very softly, and grad- 
 ually increasing to a considerable degree of severity ; blows 
 into his ears, and practices other like ceremonies. By this 
 process the patient is often much fatigued, and thrown into a 
 free perspiration, and his imagination is much excited. When 
 the friction has been sufficiently employed, the imagination 
 well wrought upon, and the medicine bag has invisibly im- 
 parted its virtues, the medicine man presents some trifling 
 article, such as a small bone, a stick, a pebble, and says 
 he has taken it from the body of the patient, and that it was 
 the cause of the disease; or he gives a heavy puff upward, 
 and says the disease has come out of the patient and gone 
 upward, and then asks him if he does not feel better. The 
 patient says yes ; for he certainly feels better in being reliev- 
 ed from the process. And often the relief is permanent ; for 
 the friction may have been beneficial, and the imagination 
 often performs wonders. The medicine man stands respon- 
 
 * Their word which we render medicine, as used by Indians, signi- 
 fies any thing mysterious. 
 
STEAM BATH. 245 
 
 sible for the life of his patient, and if the patient dies, not 
 unfrequently his own life is taken by some of the relatives 
 of the deceased. He makes a heavy charge for his servi- 
 ces, often a horse, and why should he not ? for who in such 
 cases would endanger his life without being well paid ? In 
 some parts of the country, but more especially in the lower 
 country, the lives of medicine men are short, and it would 
 be supposed this would deter others from entering into the 
 profession. But the love of fame and wealth is powerful 
 among heathen as well as among civilized communities. 
 Undoubtedly the medicine men, when they begin their pro- 
 fession, know that they are practicing deception, but by hab- 
 itual deceit, by the confidence others place in their skill, 
 and by the effects produced through the medium of the im- 
 agination, they finally believe in the efficacy of their own 
 enchantments, and that they are consequential men. 
 
 I have seen no " root doctors" in any tribe east or west 
 of the mountains. The Indians, so far as I have had an 
 opportunity of ascertaining, have but few diseases, and for 
 the cure of these, they use but little medicine ; nor do they 
 profess to have any knowledge of remedies beyond a few 
 specifics. * 
 
 The warm bath is used both by sick and healthy persons 
 
 in the following manner. They construct a steam bath in 
 
 the form of an oblong oven, two or three feet high, about 
 
 six feet long, made of willow branches, each end inserted 
 
 into the ground, forming an arch, which is covered with 
 
 grass and mud, or more generally with skins. In this they 
 
 place a number of hot stones, upon which they pour water. 
 
 The person who is to go through the process, enters and is 
 
 enclosed nearly air tight, and remains until a very profuse 
 
 perspiration is produced, and often until nearly suffocated. 
 
 22 
 
246 music. 
 
 He then comes out and plunges at once into cold water, 
 and no regard is paid to the season of the year, whether 
 summer or winter. 
 
 They are wholly destitute of the means of obtaining an 
 education, and therefore are ignorant of all the sciences. 
 In things with which they are conversant, such as appertain 
 to hunting, war, and their limited domestic concerns, they 
 manifest observation, skill, and intellect ; but beyond these 
 their knowledge is very limited. They necessarily compute 
 by numbers, but their arithmetic is entirely mental. It is 
 an interesting fact, that of four different languages, which 
 I examined, the mode of counting is by tens. 
 
 The Klicatat nation count with different words up to ten, 
 LaVs, one ; ?ieep , t, two ; and so to ten ; then they add ivap- 
 pena to JaWs ; as latis wappena, eleven ; neepH wappena, 
 twelve ; neepH tit, twenty ; and in like manner to one hun- 
 dred, and so on to a thousand by hundreds. In the Nez 
 Perce language, nox is one, lapeet, two, metait, three, &c. 
 After ten they repeat the radical numbers with the addition, 
 tit, as noxtit, eleven ; laaptit, twenty ; metaptit, thirty. This 
 may be a sufficient specimen for the four languages, as the 
 other two proceed in the same manner. 
 
 They count their years by snows ; as, maika elaix, snows 
 six, that is, six years ; and months by moons, and days by 
 sleeps ; pinemeek pe-e-Iep, sleeps four, (four days.) It is not 
 common that they know their exact age ; nor are they very 
 accurate in chronology. 
 
 They are very fond of singing, and generally have flexi- 
 ble and sweet-toned voices. Most of their singing is with- 
 out words, excepting upon some special occasions. They 
 use hi, ah, in constant repetition, as we use fa, sol, la ; and 
 instead of several different parts harmonizing, they only 
 
MUSIC. 
 
 247 
 
 take eights, one above another, never exceeding three. 
 They are conscious of the inferiority of their tunes to 
 ours, and wished to be instructed in this department of 
 knowledge. In this land of moral desolations, it was 
 cheering to hear even the most simple strains of melody 
 and harmony. 
 
248 INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The Indians of the lower country. 
 
 The Indians of the lower country are those between the 
 shores of the Pacific and the Falls of the Columbia river, 
 and from Pugets Sound to Upper California. The principal 
 nations are the Chenooks, the Klicatats, the Callapooahs, 
 and the Umbaquas. These nations are divided into a great 
 number of tribes, which have their respective chiefs, yet 
 each nation has its principal chief, who is head over all the 
 several tribes, and has a general superintending control. 
 Their persons are rather below a middle stature, and not 
 generally as well formed as the Indians of the plains or up- 
 per country. The women are uncouth, and from a com- 
 bination of causes appear old at an early age. Among 
 these causes the habit of painting, in which they indulge, 
 destroys the smooth and healthy appearance of the skin. 
 
 These Indians appear to have less sensibility, both phys- 
 ical and moral, than those of the upper country. Their 
 dependence for subsistence being mostly confined to fishing 
 and fowling, they are not so well supplied with clothing as 
 the upper Indians, who hunt the buffalo, the elk, the ante- 
 lope and other game. The lower Indians obtain some 
 game, and clothing from the posts of the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany. I have often seen them going about, half naked, 
 when the thermometer ranged between thirty and forty 
 degrees, and their children barefooted and barelegged in 
 the snow ; and yet when exposed to fatigue, they cannot 
 
INDIANS OP THE LOWER COUNTRY. s 249^ 
 
 endure the intensity of the season as well as civilized people. 
 I have noticed this, when I have had them employed in con- 
 veying me any considerable distance in a canoe. Their 
 taste and smelling are obtuse, rendered so by their filthy 
 habits and contaminated food. But they are quick to catch 
 correctly a distant sound, and remarkably keen-sighted, 
 acquired by their habits of closely and carefully watching 
 for game. These nations, from their mode of subsistence, 
 being more stationary than those of the plains, have more 
 durable and comfortable habitations, which are built of split 
 plank, after the manner of Wanaxka's, near the falls of the 
 Willamette, which I have described. Some of them indulge 
 the fancy of making their doors like the face of a man, the 
 mouth being the place of entrance. 
 
 The lower Indians do not dress as well", nor with as good 
 taste, as the upper. Their robes are much shorter, and are 
 made of inferior materials ; such as deer skins with the hair 
 on, and skins of hares and of squirrels. I saw many women 
 of the poorer class, dressed in a short petticoat or skirt, 
 made of cedar bark, or a species of strong grass twisted 
 into strands, one end of which is secured in a girdle or band 
 around the waist, while the other is suspended, knotted and 
 fringed. These are a substitute for cloth, which they are 
 too poor to obtain. The nations near the ocean, who have 
 intercourse with sailors, and access to ardent spirits, are as 
 degraded as those on our frontiers, and from- the same causes. 
 By their communication with those who furnish them with 
 the means of intoxication, and who have introduced kindred 
 vices, they have become indolent and extremely filthy in their 
 habits, and more debased than the beasts of the earth. How 
 perfectly neat are the deer and the antelope ; how industri- 
 ous the beaver and the bee ; how cleanly is the plumage 
 22* 
 
250 INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 
 
 of the bird ; how well adapted to repose are their habita- 
 tions ; in a word, how different are all their habits, from 
 those of fallen, polluted man. It is not the want of rational 
 ,)Owers, but their abuse by sin which has thus degraded 
 him, and nothing but Christianity can bring him back to 
 God, and the comforts and decencies of life. 
 
 The want of moral instruction, the influence of bad ex- 
 amples, and unrestrained licentiousness, have brought the 
 lower Indians into a state of wretchedness, which will be en- 
 x tailed upon future generations, and which nothing but the 
 healing power of the gospel can ever eradicate. There 
 are some exceptions, but not enough to save these remnants 
 of once populous nations, if benevolence and humanity do 
 not soon break their slumbers. It is to be hoped the mis- 
 sionaries now in the field, by the blessing of God, will in- 
 terpose a barrier to these sweeping desolations. 
 
 In their religious belief, they do not materially differ from 
 the upper Indians. While they believe in one Great Spirit, 
 they in addition believe in subordinate spirits, or invisible 
 agencies, to whom they ascribe much the same power as 
 has been ascribed to witchcraft. We had a specimen of 
 this, when the May Dacre was passing down the river in 
 October. On the north side of the Columbia, near the con- 
 fluence of the Cowalitz, there are some dark recesses in 
 the basaltic rocks. An Indian chief on board warned Capt. 
 L. not to approach those dark places; for they were the 
 residence of bad spirits who would destroy the ship and all 
 on board. Capt. L. purposely passed near the place; and 
 the Indian was astonished that we escaped unhurt, and con- 
 cluded there must have been some great " medicine" in the 
 ship which defended us. They believe in the immortality 
 of the soul, and that in the future state we shall have the 
 
INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 251 
 
 same wants as in this life. Under the influence of this be- 
 lief, the wife of Calpo, an influential chief of the Chenook 
 village near Cape Disappointment, on losing a daughter in 
 the year 1829, killed two female slaves to attend her to the 
 world of spirits, and for the particular purpose of rowing 
 her canoe to the far off happy regions of the south, where 
 they locate their imaginary elysium. She deposited her 
 daughter, with the two slain females by her side in a canoe, 
 with articles of clothing and domestic implements. She 
 was the daughter of Concomly, and a woman of distinguished 
 talents and respectability, a firm friend of white men, and 
 had more than once saved them from death. How dark was 
 the mind of this talented woman, and how differently would 
 she have conducted under the influence of divine revelation ! 
 These Indians never mention the name of their relatives 
 after they are dead. 
 
 It is only in the lower country of the Oregon Territory, 
 and along the coast that slavery exists. It was formerly 
 practiced in the upper country, but was long since abolished. 
 The Walla Walla tribe are descended from slaves formerly 
 owned and liberated by the Nez Perce Indians. They per- 
 mitted, as I have stated above, their slaves to reside and to 
 intermarry in their families, and reasoning on the princi- 
 ples of natural justice, they concluded that it was not right 
 to hold in slavery their own descendants, and liberated them , 
 and they are now a respectable tribe. 
 
 Gambling is also practiced among the lower Indians, and 
 carried to perfection. After they have lost every thing 
 they possess, they will put themselves at stake ; first a hand, 
 and if unsuccessful, the other ; after this an arm, and in the 
 same manner, piece by piece, until all is lost except the head, 
 and at last their head ; and if they lose this, they go into 
 
252 INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 
 
 perpetual slavery. If civilized men will gamble, it is desi- 
 rable they should carry gaming to the same perfection, for 
 then they would cease to be pests in society ; and however 
 different may be our sentiments upon the subject of slavery, 
 in this we should generally be agreed, that such slaves 
 would not deserve much commiseration. The Indians, how- 
 ever, do not set their souls at the hazard of the game, as 
 civilized gamblers do, when they imprecate the eternal 
 vengeance of God upon themselves if they are not success- 
 ful. The Indian gambles away his inalienable rights for 
 time only. 
 
 It is an universal practice to indulge in smoking, but they 
 do it in a dignified manner. They use but little tobacco, 
 and with it they mix freely a plant which renders the fume 
 less offensive. It is a social luxury, and for its enjoyment 
 they form a circle, using only one pipe. The principal 
 chief begins by drawing three whiffs, the first of which 
 he sends upward, and then passes the pips to the next per- 
 son in dignity, and in like manner it passes around until it 
 comes to the first chief again. He then draws four whiffs, 
 the last of which he blows through his nose in two columns, 
 in circling ascent, like a double-fiued chimney. While 
 thus employed, some topic of business is discussed, or some 
 exploit in the chase, or some story of the battle-field, is re- 
 lated ; and the whole is conducted with gravity. Their 
 pipes are variously constructed, and of different materials. 
 Some of thern are wrought with much labor and ingenuity 
 of an argillaceous stone, of very fine texture, of a blue black 
 color, found at the north of Queen Charlotte's Island. It is 
 the same kind of stone except in color, as that found upon 
 the head waters of the Missouri, which is brick red. These 
 stones, when first taken out of the quarries, are soft and 
 
INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 253 
 
 easily worked with a knife, but on being exposed to the air, 
 become hard, and are susceptible of a very good polish. 
 
 The Indians in the lower country are more indolent than 
 in the upper ; and the common motives for industry operate 
 reversely from those in civilized communities. The more 
 they can get for their labor, the less they will do ; the more 
 they can get for an article in sale, the less they will bring 
 into market. Their wants are but few, and when these 
 are supplied, they will do no more. They have no dispo- 
 sition to hoard up treasures, nor any enlarged plans to exe- 
 cute, requiring expense and labor. If they have any par- 
 ticular present want to supply, they will do what is suffi- 
 cient to satisfy it, and make no further effort until urged by 
 a returning necessity. To make them industrious and prov- 
 ident, you must induce them to set a higher estimate upon 
 the comforts of life, and show them that they are attainable, 
 and that there is an increase of happiness growing out of 
 industry ; and all this must be learned by experience, for 
 abstract reasoning and theories are of no avail. An Indian 
 may be taken abroad and instructed, and convinced of the 
 advantages of civilization, but if sent back to his country 
 alone, he will become discouraged, and return to his former 
 habits. Missionaries, and practical farmers, and artisans, 
 must go among them, and make it the business of their 
 lives to do them good, and identify their own interests with 
 theirs. Charging them with indolence, and insensibility, 
 and cruelty, will never make them wiser or better. He is 
 the true philanthropist, who, instead of passing by on the 
 other side, goes to them, and does all in his power to raise 
 them from their degradation, and bring them to God and to 
 heaven. 
 
 The Indians of the lower country, although less anxious 
 
254 INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 
 
 to be instructed in the things of religion, than those of the 
 upper country, express a readiness to receive instructors. 
 I have not found among them, nor any Indians beyond the 
 influence of frontier settlements, any thing like what has 
 been stated to have taken place in other sections of our 
 country : that they will listen to statements made by mis- 
 sionaries, and give their assent to what is said as very good ; 
 and then state their own theories of religion, expecting the 
 same courteous assent in return. Neither have I seen any 
 disposition manifested, to say that the Christian religion is 
 good for white men, but as red men differ, they need a dif- 
 ferent religion and mode of life. They have not yet been in- 
 stigated by infidels to say such things. They are conscious 
 of their ignorance of God and salvation, and of the various 
 arts and sciences. While an indifference and apathy char- 
 acterize some, which is discouraging, yet I know of no in- 
 superable obstacles to their improvement. 
 
 While gratitude is a general characteristic of Indians, 
 they have in some cases their peculiar way of expressing 
 it. An Indian had a son laboring for a long time under a 
 lingering and dangerous complaint. Their medicine men 
 had done all they could for him, but without success. The 
 father brought his son to the hospital at Fort Vancouver, 
 and earnestly desired to have him treated with care and 
 with the best medical attendance. The sick son was re- 
 ceived, and in about six months was restored to health. 
 When his father came to take him home, he remarked to 
 Dr. McL. " My son is a good boy, he has been with you a 
 long time, and I think you must love him ; and now as he is 
 about to leave you, will you not give him a blanket and 
 shirt, and as many other small things as you think will be 
 good ? We shall always love you." 
 
INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 255 
 
 The lower Indians " make their medicine," in some par- 
 ticulars, differently from those farther east. Their professed 
 objects are to obtain present relief, if not a radical cure ; 
 to make his exit more easy if the patient dies, and that his 
 soul may be rendered capable of performing its journey to 
 its far distant and happy country, and also to assuage the 
 sorrow of surviving relatives. The process is simple, and 
 occupies five or six hours. The patient is laid upon a bed 
 of mats and blankets, sometimes a little elevated, and sur- 
 rounded by a frame work. Two " medicine men" place 
 themselves upon this frame, and commence a chant in low 
 long-drawn tones, each holding a wand in his hand, three 
 or four feet long, with which they beat upon the frame, 
 keeping time with their tune. They gradually increase 
 the loudness and the movement of their medicine song, with 
 a correspondent use of their wand, until the noise becomes 
 almost deafening, and undoubtedly often hurries the patient 
 out of the world. During this time the near relations affect 
 indifference to the condition of the sick person, lest their 
 anxiety should counteract the influence of the charm, and 
 they are generally employed about their common business, 
 the women in making mats, baskets, and moccasons ; and 
 the men loitering about, smoking, or conversing upon com- 
 mon subjects. In some cases, especially if their confidence 
 in the medicine man is small, they manifest much affliction 
 and concern ; and in all cases after the person dies, they 
 make great lamentation. 
 
 I have already mentioned the practice of the lower na- 
 tions of flattening their heads and piercing their noses. But 
 another reported custom, of having pieces of sea-horse's 
 tusks, or oval pieces of wood an inch and a half long and an 
 inch wide, inserted into a hole in their upper lip, made for 
 
256 INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 
 
 the purpose, is not correct in regard to any of the Indians 
 in this section of country. Captain Beechy mentions it as 
 a common practice from Norton's Island and northward ; 
 which was noticed by Deshnow, as long ago as 1648, that 
 this ornament was worn by men and women about Prince 
 William's sound, and which custom, Captain B. says, is 
 common the whole distance along the western shores of 
 America, as far as California. I saw some specimens of 
 this ornament, or rather deformity, which were worn by 
 the natives at Millbank Sound. 
 
 The wealth of the lower Indians is estimated by the num- 
 ber of their wives, slaves, and canoes. Every Indian of any 
 distinction takes as many wives as he is able to support, 
 and his wealth is supposed to accord with the number. 
 They are quite destitute of horses, and their almost only 
 mode of traveling is in canoes ; for the forests are so dense 
 that they are nearly impenetrable, and they do not construct 
 any roads. As the upper Indians excel in horsemanship, 
 so these excel in the management of canoes, which are un- 
 commonly well made, and of various sizes, from twelve to 
 thirty feet long ; the largest will carry as much as a good 
 bateau, and are generally made of the fir tree. The 
 bow and stern are raised high, so as to meet and ward off 
 the boisterous waves, and the bow is sometimes decorated 
 with figures of animals, and the upper edge of the canoe is 
 ornamented with shells. Slaves are employed in propelling 
 the canoes, but not exclusively ; for often the chiefs will 
 perform their part of the labor, and the women are equally 
 expert with the men. 
 
 Their manufactures do not widely differ from those of the 
 upper country, with the addition of hats and baskets of skil- 
 ful workmanship, made of grass of superior quality, equal 
 
INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 257 
 
 to the Leghorn. The native hats are a flaring cone. Their 
 baskets are worked so closely as to hold water, and are 
 often used for pails. Some of them are- interwoven with 
 various colors and devices, fancifully representing men, 
 horses, and flowers. 
 
 The government of the Indian nations is in the hands of 
 chiefs, whose office is hereditary, or obtained by some spe- 
 cial merit. Their only power is influence ; and this in 
 proportion to their wisdom, benevolence, and courage. 
 They do not exercise authority by command, but influence 
 by persuasion, stating what in their judgment they believe 
 to be right and for the greatest good of their tribe or nation, 
 or of any family or community. The chiefs have no pow- 
 er of levying taxes, and they are so much in the habit of 
 contributing their own property for individual or public 
 good, that they are not generally wealthy. Their influence 
 however is great ; for they rarely express an opinion or de- 
 sire, which is not readily assented to and followed. Any 
 unreasonable dissent is subdued by the common voice of 
 the people. Probably there is no government upon earth 
 where there is so much personal and political freedom, and 
 at the same time so little anarchy ; and I can unhesitatingly 
 say, that I have nowhere witnessed so much subordination, 
 peace, friendship, and confidence as exists among the Indi- 
 ans, in the Oregon Territory. The day may be rued, when 
 their order and harmony shall be interrupted by any instru- 
 mentality whatever. , 
 
 There are exceptions, however, to the general fact of the 
 good conduct of the chiefs and the respect which is given 
 them. Cazenove, the first chief of the Chenook nationals 
 one. He was a great warrior, and before the desolating 
 
 sickness, which commenced in the year 1829, could bring 
 
 23 
 
258 INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 
 
 a thousand warriors into action. He is a man of talents, 
 and his personal appearance is noble, and ought to represent 
 a nature kind and generous ; but such is his character, that 
 his influence is retained among his people more by fear 
 than by affection. I saw him often, and several times at 
 my room, while at Fort Vancouver. On Tuesday, Februa- 
 ry 2d, I attended the funeral of his only son, the heir to his 
 chieftainship, a young man who had lingered under a pro- 
 tracted disease. Cazenove departed from the long estab- 
 lished custom of his nation and fathers of depositing the 
 dead in canoes, and had him buried in the cemetery of the 
 Fort, in the decent manner of civilized people. He had the 
 coffin made large for the purpose of putting into it clothing, 
 blankets, and such other articles, as he supposed necessary 
 for the comfort of his son in the world to which he was 
 gone. Every thing connected with the ceremony of the 
 interment was conducted with great propriety. I was not 
 at the time furnished with an interpreter, but addressed 
 those present who understood English. Cazenove expressed 
 his satisfaction that an address was given, considering it a 
 token of respect for his son ; and appeared solemn in his 
 affliction, indulging tears only, and not any loud lamenta- 
 tions. Had he conducted with equal propriety subsequently, 
 he would have been worthy of commendation. But when 
 he returned to his dwelling that evening, he attempted to 
 kill the mother of this deceased son, who was the daughter 
 of Concomly, and formerly the wife of Mr. McDougal. 
 The chiefs say, that they and their sons are too great to 
 die of themselves, and although they may be sick, and de- 
 cline, and die, as others do, yet some person, or some evil 
 spirit instigated by some one, is the invisible cause of their 
 death ; and therefore when a chief, or chief's son dids, the 
 
INDIANS OF THE LOWER COUNTRY. 259 
 
 supposed author of the deed must be killed. Cazenove, on 
 this occasion, fixed on the mother of this son as the victim 
 of his rage, notwithstanding she had been most assiduous in 
 her attention to him, during his protracted sickness. Of 
 his several wives, she was the most beloved, and his mis- 
 guided mind led him to believe, that the greatei the sacri- 
 fice, the greater the manifestation of his attachment to his 
 son, and the more propitiatory to his departed spirit. She 
 fled into the woods, and the next morning, when the gates 
 were opened, came into this fort and implored protection. 
 She was secreted here several days, until her friends at 
 Chenook Bay heard of her situation, and came and secretly 
 took her away. Some days after this, a woman was found 
 killed by the hand of violence, and it was supposed to have 
 been done by Cazenove or some one in his employ,. 
 
260 CONVERSATION WITH AN INDIAN, 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Conversation with an intelligent Indian — meeting with Indians-— 
 early and mild season — La Dalles Indians — their anxiety to receive 
 the gospel — Nootka humming bird — number and location of the 
 Indians in the lower country — Indians of the north— the agitated 
 question — solitariness. 
 
 A very intelligent and influential Indian from the Cas- 
 cades called at my room, on the 8th of February, to en- 
 quire about God. I endeavored to obtain from him his own 
 system of religion. He said, he believed there is a God, 
 and he supposed he made all things, but he did not know 
 any thing more about him. I questioned him in regard to 
 his belief of a future state, and what he expected would be- 
 come of him when he died. He said he did not know. He 
 supposed that he should have an existence after death, but 
 did not know what it would be ; and wished me to tell him. 
 I endeavored to enlighten his mind, and to unfold to him 
 the great fundamental truths of God and eternity, and the 
 way to be saved. He listened with attention, and appeared 
 sober. He told me the Indians were growing better ; that 
 they did not kill each other in wars as in times past; that 
 they did not rob and steal as heretofore. I told him that 
 was good, but to be saved they must repent and receive the 
 Savior by faith, as the only hope for sinners. So benighted 
 are the minds of these heathen, and so barren their lan- 
 guage upon spiritual and invisible subjects, that I had to 
 use such illustrations as I judged best adapted to convey 
 
LA DALLES INDIANS. 261 
 
 truth to his mind, and I doubt not that he received some 
 knowledge. 
 
 The next day he called again, and wished me to take his 
 children and teach them how to read and write, and to wor- 
 ship God. I endeavored to explain to him the object of my 
 tour, and that when I returned, I would use my influence to 
 have others come and live among them. But he wanted 
 me to continue with them and instruct them. And when I 
 told him I must go, and endeavor to get several to come and 
 teach in different tribes, he wished to know how many 
 sleeps it would take me to go, and how many sleeps before 
 others would come. I told him it would be a great number. 
 He wished to know if it would be moons. I answered in 
 the affirmative, and told him it would be at least two snows. 
 He paused and looked sorrowful. His very look affected 
 me ; he arose and went out. 
 
 Sabbath, 14th. I attended service as usual in English. 
 There were many Indians from the La Dalles who wished 
 to know if they might be present. We told them there 
 would not be sufficient room in the hall, but a few of their 
 chiefs might attend, and after the English service I would 
 meet with them ; which I accordingly did in the afternoon. 
 
 They were punctual at the hour, and came in single file, 
 
 the first-chief leading the way. When I prayed with them, 
 
 they all kneeled down except two or three, and these were 
 
 reprimanded by the chief for impropriety of conduct. As 
 
 on other similar occasions, I endeavored to instruct them in 
 
 the first principles of our revealed religion, to which they 
 
 gave strict attention. The first chief, at the close of service 
 
 wished to speak ; and on receiving permission, spoke a short 
 
 time to his people, and then told me he had prayed much to 
 
 the Great Spirit, and found his heart was no better, but 
 
 23* 
 
262 EARLY SPRING. 
 
 worse. He said, a white man gave them a flag, and told 
 them to set it up on a pole, on Sundays, and meet and pray, 
 sing their songs, and dance around the pole bearing the flag ; 
 and that they had done so a long time. He wished to 
 know if this was right.* I told him it was right to meet and 
 pray, and sing, and talk about God, but to dance on the 
 Sabbath was very wrong, and would offend God. I added 
 farther, that they needed some person to teach them the 
 right way to worship God and to be saved. He was affect- 
 ed, and kneeled down and with tears in his eyes said, if you 
 must go away, do send us some one to teach us the right 
 way to serve God. We will now throw away what the man 
 said to us about dancing. We will go to our people and 
 tell them what you have said, and worship God as you have 
 taught us. I never felt so much like weeping over the 
 heathen, as on this occasion ; to see this poor benighted 
 Indian chief upon his knees, with tears in his eyes pleading 
 for some one to come and teach them the way to heaven. 
 What a spectacle ! 
 
 March 1st. We have many indications of the presence 
 of spring. The mildness of the climate, and the soft tem- 
 perature of the season west of the mountains, render it one 
 of the most delightful portions of our continent. The wide 
 and sudden extremes of heat and cold, to which the east- 
 ern portions are subject, are almost unknown here, and 
 while this is more agreeable, it is also more favorable to 
 health. Those who have the charge of the farming estab- 
 lishment at this place, have commenced sowing thus early 
 
 * The reason assigned for including dancing in the services of the 
 holy Sabbath, was the fear, that singing and praying without dancing, 
 would not interest the Indians ; and to include it would not be so 
 great a departure from their common practices, as to excite aversion 
 to worship. 
 
MILD CLIMATE. 263 
 
 their spring crops ; and the gardener is preparing his ground 
 for the seeds. The grass in the yard begins to assume its 
 beautiful, fresh green. The robin and blackbird have con- 
 tinued here through the winter, and now, with some others 
 of their feathered brethren, resume their cheerful warb- 
 lings in the fields and groves. During the winter, the ther- 
 mometer has not fallen below 22° Fahrenheit, and to this 
 point only three days. At this date, it stood at sunrise, at 
 .37° ; at noon, 46° ; and at sunset, at 44°. The rains through 
 the winter have been less constant and heavy than I antici- 
 pated ; and snow has fallen only ten days, sometimes in 
 trifling quantities, and at no one time over the depth of six 
 inches, and has remained on the ground only a few days. 
 Some have supposed, that the genial climate of the Oregon 
 Territory is attributable to the proximity of the great Pa- 
 cific, shedding the influence of its soft winds far into the in- 
 terior. But the fact is, that almost the only winds through 
 the winter are easterly winds, consequently coming directly 
 from the regions of perpetual snow. 
 
 A number of the La Dalles Indians arrived to-day, who 
 reside eighty miles distant. One of their chiefs stated to 
 my friend Mr. T. that they had changed their mode of 
 worship ; that they do not now dance on the Sabbath, as 
 they used to do, but they meet and sing, and pray ; and 
 that since they have been better acquainted with the way 
 to worship God, He hears their prayers, and that now, 
 when they and their wives and children are hungry, they 
 pray for deer, and go out to hunt, and God sends them 
 deer to satisfy their wants. It was interesting to know 
 that they were disposed to practice, as well as listen to 
 what is taught them. 
 
 Sabbath, 13th. Besides the usual service in the hall in 
 
264 THE NOOTKA HUMMING BIRD. 
 
 English, I met the Indians from the La Dalles, and endeav- 
 ored to exhibit to them the great truths of the Bible. They 
 listened with deep interest to what I said, and then enquired 
 whether they might expect, after I should go away, that 
 some one would come and teach them. I could not promise, 
 but replied that I hoped it would not be more than two 
 snows, before some one would be sent. They enquired if 
 after one or two sleeps, I would let them come to my room 
 and hear more about God. I agreed to meet them on 
 Tuesday afternoon, and addressed them several succeeding 
 times before their departure. 
 
 It seems apparent to any observing Christian, that the 
 present is the favorable time for the introduction of the 
 gospel and civilization among the natives of this wide inte- 
 rior. Soon the cupidity and avarice of men will make ag- 
 gressions here, and the deadly influence of frontier vices 
 will interpose a barrier to the religion which they now are 
 so anxious to embrace and practice. Every circumstance 
 combines to point out the time when this work should begin, 
 and one of the most important is that these Indians are en- 
 listed in favor of white men, and feel that their condition, in 
 all respects, for this world, as well as the coming one, is 
 better than their own. A well-established Christian influ- 
 ence among these tribes, would surely be respected by those 
 who otherwise would invade their rights, and deprive them 
 of a home as dear to them as our own is to us.~ 
 
 March 24th. The season is progressing in delightful 
 mildness. Flowering shrubbery and plants are beginning 
 to send forth their fragrance ; and the Nootka humming 
 bird has arrived, and is seen darting from bush to bush, 
 feeding upon the open flowers. This most splendid species 
 is not known east of the mountains. The whole of the up- 
 
THE INDIAN NATIONS. 265 
 
 per part of the body is rufous, the head greenish, the throat 
 cupreous and metalloidal crimson, varying according to the 
 incidence of light. The throat of this species resembles 
 that of the common, except, that it is even more gorgeous 
 in its colors, and in presenting the metallic feathers, forms 
 a broad ruff in the inferior part of the neck, instead of being 
 wholly a component part of the plumage. The swallows 
 made their appearance on the 12th, and a new species of 
 blue bird of uncommonly beautiful plumage, arrived on the 
 14th. The swan, several species of geese, and the sand 
 hill crane, are passing to the north for incubation. Their 
 screaming notes are constantly heard, and in the night are 
 not the most favorable to repose. 
 
 Before leaving the lower country, it will be proper to 
 present, in a connected view, the best information I have 
 been able to obtain of the several nations, their locations, 
 and numbers. There are several tribes, about whom my 
 knowledge is too limited to make any definite statements. 
 Among them are those about Pugets Sound, and the upper 
 part of the Cowalitz ; also the Chiltz Indians, north of the 
 mouth of the Columbia and Chealis rivers. And although 
 I have seen many of the Klicatat nation, who reside at the 
 north of the Cascades, yet I have not been able to learn of 
 them any thing more definite, than that they are a large 
 nation. The Chenook nation resides along upon the Co- 
 lumbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with the 
 ocean, and though once numerous and powerful, now num- 
 bers not more than fifteen hundred, or two thousand.* 
 
 * My method of computing the number of persons in a nation, was 
 to ascertain the number of their lodges, which usually contain but one 
 family, and allowing five persons to constitute a family, which is a 
 moderate estimate, the number of the nation is obtained : so that, by 
 
266 THE INDIAN NATIONS. 
 
 The Calapooah nation are located south of the Chenooks, 
 upon the Willamette river and its branches. They are di- 
 vided into seventeen different tribes, under their respective 
 chiefs, and number about eight thousand seven hundred and 
 eighty persons, who speak the same language, radically, 
 with only a little difference in dialect. They are scattered 
 over a territory of two hundred miles north and south, and 
 sixty east and west. Their country is uncommonly good. 
 
 South of the Calapooah is the Umbaqua nation, residing 
 in a valley of the same name. They are divided into six 
 tribes ; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and 
 Chasta. Their number is about seven thousand. South of 
 this nation and north of California, there was a very power- 
 ful nation called the Kincla, which before the year 1829, 
 numbered four thousand warriors. But if they have been 
 swept away by sickness, as the other nations of the lower 
 country have, it is probable their whole number of men, 
 women and children, would not now amount to more than 
 eight thousand. 
 
 Near the mouth of the Columbia, along the coast, are the 
 Killamooks, who are numerous, but their numbers I could 
 not ascertain. South of these, and at the mouth of the Um- 
 baqua river, there are the Saliutla, and two other tribes, 
 supposed to number 2000 persons. 
 
 This estimate of the Indians, in the lower country, makes 
 the number of those known, to be about twenty -five thou- 
 sand. This is probably a low estimate. It may safely be 
 concluded, from facts now collected, that there are, between 
 the 42° and 47° north latitute, in what we term the lower 
 
 this method of computation, the following estimate of Indians in and 
 ahout the Oregon Territory, is not over-rated, but below the real num- 
 ber. 
 
DUELING. 267 
 
 country, as many as twenty -five thousand more, making 
 fifty thousand, who probably at the present moment would 
 gladly receive teachers. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Hudson Bay Company gave the follow- 
 ing statements of the numbers of Indians north of Pugets 
 sound ; viz. at Millbank Sound, three tribes, numbering two 
 thousand one hundred and eighty- six. At Hygana Harbor 
 five tribes or bands, amounting to two thousand ninety-two. 
 At Queen Charlottes Island, eleven tribes, numbering eight 
 thousand six hundred persons. About Hanaga and Chat- 
 ham Straits, there are nine tribes, containing six thousand 
 one hundred and sixty persons. Making the whole number 
 of inhabitants, at and about these places, between the 47° 
 and 55° of north latitude, nineteen thousand thirty-eight. 
 At Queen Charlottes Island there is a field of much promise 
 for a missionary station, where the necessaries of life could 
 be easily obtained, and for that high northern latitude, the 
 climate is very mild. 
 
 Their summer and winter residences are built of split 
 plank, similar to those of the Chenooks. It is said they are 
 well supplied with fish, fowl, oil, berries, and potatoes of 
 superior quality and in great abundance ; and wild meat is 
 sometimes obtained. Their dress is much the same as 
 what has already been described. Polygamy prevails, and 
 also slavery. They do not treat their slaves with as much 
 kindness as the Indians in the lower country of the Oregon 
 Territory treat theirs. When they kill their slaves, the 
 loss of property is the only thing they regard. Sometimes 
 when one chief becomes offended with another, instead of 
 challenging him to a duel, he goes home and kills a num- 
 ber of slaves, and challenges the other to kill as many. 
 The challenged person, if he can, kills as many or more, 
 
268 THE M'KENZIE RIVER INDIANS. 
 
 and notifies the challenger of the number ; and thus they 
 proceed until one or the other gains the victory ; and the 
 one who yields in this mode of combat ceases to be a gen- 
 tleman. " The point of honor" with these barbarous gentry 
 is fixed higher than in our Christian country, for here the 
 life of one satisfies the powerful principle, but there, blood 
 must flow profusely to quench the noble fire of high-minded 
 revenge. They are not unfrequently engaged in wars, 
 which are often very bloody. They are much addicted to 
 gambling, and dancing ; and it is said they excel in sing- 
 ing. The country is mountainous, and is generally covered 
 with dense forests, consisting mostly of fir. 
 
 On and about McKenzie river there are six tribes of In- 
 dians, making a population of about four thousand two 
 hundred and seventy-five. The climate is very cold and 
 unpleasant ; but uninviting as it is, the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany have found men who are willing to reside there in suf- 
 ficient numbers to make six establishments, for the purpose 
 of obtaining the peltries which the Indians collect. Their 
 principal establishment, which is Fort Simpson, is on the 
 upper part of the river and is a place of much resort for 
 the Indians. 
 
 March 26th. Rode down once more to the lower plains, 
 as they are called, and was delighted with the freshness of 
 the wheat fields, which are beginning to wave in the gentle 
 breezes, and the forest trees are beginning to show their 
 leaves, and the plants their flowers. The sea fowl, which 
 through the winter covered these fields, are gone to their 
 summer residences, and the little feathered tribes are tuning 
 their notes, so full of melody. 
 
THE AGITATED QUESTION. 269 
 
 The question, to whom does this country belong, has 
 been, and is becoming still more a question of general in- 
 terest, both in Great Britain and the United States. The 
 aboriginal population claim it as their own, and say, they 
 merely permit white men to reside among them. Before 
 the first discovery of the noble river, which in itself and 
 its branches waters almost the whole territory, these na« 
 tives had undisputed possession. But their claim is labori- 
 ously, extensively, and practically denied ; for authorities, 
 both of written law, and the opinion of living judges and 
 expositors of law, sanction the principle that " unsettled 
 habitation is not true and legal possession, and that nations 
 who inhabit fertile countries and disdain or refuse to culti- 
 vate them, deserve to be extirpated. 55 It is made, then, a 
 question of enquiry, whose claim to this region is best es- 
 tablished 1 Our government claim exclusive dominion 
 against any foreign power, of all the country lying between 
 the 42nd and 49th degrees of north latitude, by treaties with 
 nations who claim possessions contiguous, and who have 
 relinquished their claims to the country included in the 
 above parallels of latitude, except Great Britain ; by the 
 discovery of the principal river by Capt. Gray of the ship 
 Columbia, the 14th of May, 1792 ; and by interior explor- 
 ation. Great Britain claims the Columbia river for her 
 southern boundary, by right of discovery. Capt. Brough- 
 ton, of the ship Chatham, having ascended the river with 
 two boats, as far as where Fort Vancouver is now situated, 
 took possession of the river and country in the name of his 
 Britannic Majesty, on the 31st of October, 1792. Capt. 
 Broughton was associated with Capt. Vancouver of the ship 
 Discovery, on a voyage of discovery in the north Pacific, and 
 
 around the world. The possession was taken in his Bri- 
 
 24 
 
270 THE QUESTION. 
 
 tannic Majesty's name in due form. A friendly old chief, 
 who did not understand a word of their language, nor they 
 a word of his, was invited to join in the ceremonj', and to 
 drink his Majesty's health. Captain Broughton says the chief 
 appeared much pleased with the transaction. But it may 
 be a subject of enquiry, with which the old friendly chief 
 was best pleased, with the rum he drank On the occasion, 
 or with the ceremony which was so full of import. And 
 farther, did the chief, by partaking of his Majesty's rum and 
 joining in the ceremony, cede all this country to be the bo- 
 na Jide property of a foreign nation ? Still Great Britain 
 " does not set up any claim of exclusive jurisdiction or sov- 
 ereignty therein, and denies the claim of the United States 
 to any such sovereign jurisdiction," but professes to claim 
 for its subjects the right of joint occupancy, indefinitely de- 
 ferring the settlement of the question of exclusive dominion. 
 But these intricate questions, so often asked, I leave to 
 learned diplomatists to decide, after confessing that I am 
 not able to discover why the nations who have, from time 
 immemorial, occupied this country, and who, like other na- 
 tions, have their territorial limits tolerably well denned 
 among themselves, should not still possess the domain which . 
 our common Creator and Benefactor has kindly given them. 
 It is a subject of increasing regret to every true friend of 
 humanity, that unless the rapacious and acquisitive spirit, 
 which urges, our nation to appropriate these western territo. 
 ries, shall be restrained by the providence of God, these In- 
 dian nations will be compelled to yield their lands, their 
 rights, and their lives to the merciless invaders of their 
 country. Is there such rectitude in power, and such virtue 
 in civilization, as to prove that the bounties of divine provi- 
 dence were never designed to be permanently possessed by 
 
REFLECTIONS. 271 
 
 the defenseless and untaught, and that they are inevitably 
 doomed to extinction by the hands of enlightened and pow- 
 erful men ? The history of the past, and the operation of 
 present causes, show that as soon as the Indians shall be 
 induced to sell and cede the best portions of their country, 
 there being no farther west to which they can be removed, 
 the Indian race must expire, and in vain will the voice of 
 humanity enquire, what has become of the aborigines of this 
 country. 
 
 The time has arrived when I expect to resume the work 
 of further exploration. The weeks and months which I 
 have spent here have fled rapidly away, while I have been 
 feebly endeavoring during the winter to benefit the people 
 of the fort, and the Indians ; and to embrace all the oppor- 
 tunities that should present, to collect information in those 
 particulars which pertain to the direct object of my tour. 
 I shall wander for a length of time, yet future, among the 
 wild scenes of nature, which have so gratified and delighted 
 me in traversing the wilderness of forest and prairie ; but 
 my heart looks back to a variety of interesting scenes of 
 civilized life and cultivated society in my own far distant 
 land, and I ardently desire to see the wide region before me 
 brought under the same beauty and cultivation. All the 
 social affections of our nature strongly desire the happiness, 
 which refined and Christian society and its concomitant 
 blessings can alone give. A feeling of solitariness, and of 
 desolation comes over the mind as you stand on the banks 
 of the noble Columbia, and perhaps for weeks, it may be 
 for months, no whitened sail becomes visible to the gaze of 
 your watching eye. At length a ship enters its waters, and 
 the Indians hasten fifty miles to tell you that the white 
 man's great canoe, with its three upright sticks, is on its 
 
272 LIBERALITY. 
 
 way, to bring a new supply of blankets, beads, and tobacco. 
 The most unimportant incidents become interesting events, 
 where so much monotony exists. 
 
 Monday, 11th April. Having made arrangements to 
 leave this place on the 14th, I called upon the chief clerk 
 for my bill. He said the Company felt a pleasure in gra- 
 tuitously conferring all they have done, for the benefit of 
 the object in which I am engaged. In justice to my own 
 feelings, and in gratitude to the honorable Company, I 
 would bear testimony to their uniform politeness and gene- 
 rosity ; and while I do this, I would express my anxiety 
 for their salvation, and that they may be rewarded in spir- 
 itual blessings. In addition to the civilities I had received 
 as a guest, I had drawn upon their store for clothing, for 
 goods to pay my Indians, whom I had employed to convey 
 me in canoes in my various journeyings, hundreds of miles ; 
 to pay my guides and interpreters ; and upon their provis- 
 ion store for the support of these men while in my employ. 
 
DEPASTURE FOR THE UPPER COUNTRY, 273 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Departure for the upper country — American hunters — geology at the 
 Cascades — Indian honesty — escape in a dangerous gale — the Falls 
 a favorable location for a missionary station — tender sympathy — 
 famished Indians— arrival at Walla Walla — interesting meeting of 
 Indians — opportunity to give them religious instruction — a walk — 
 the nutritious quality of prairie grass. 
 
 April 14th. Having exchanged farewells with the gen- 
 tlemen of the fort, whose kindness I shall ever remember, I 
 took passage in a canoe of an Indian chief belonging to the 
 La Dalles. Our company consisted of the chief and his 
 daughter, another Indian who took the bow, a half-blood 
 named Baptiste who took the stern, and two white men, 
 who, with the chief, helped to propel the canoe, making 
 seven persons. These, with the baggage of several hun- 
 dred weight, loaded the frail craft so heavily, that its sides 
 were only about seven inches above water. This, upon a 
 river averaging about a mile in width, with many rapids, 
 and subject to winds, was not a pleasant undertaking. But 
 at this season of the year, when the Indians are about to 
 commence fishing, another canoe could not be obtained. 
 
 We proceeded up the river about twelve miles, to what 
 
 are called the upper plains on the north' side of the river, 
 
 and encamped. This is a rich and beautiful prairie of some 
 
 mires in circumference, and J at this early part of the spring 
 
 was covered with a coat of fresh green grass five or six 
 
 inches high. A little back from the river, there is a beau- 
 
 24* 
 
274 
 
 THE CASCADES. 
 
 tiful lake, the resort of water fowl, which' are seen exhibit- 
 mg their unsullied plumage ; and in the rear are forests of 
 fir, whither the deer, which crop the grass of the prairie, flee, 
 when they see men ascend the river's bank. A gathering 
 storm rendered the night dark, cold, and dreary ; for as yet 
 no friendly habitations are reared upon these fertile fields 
 for the resort and comfort of man. 
 
 The rain continuing with some wind, we did not decamp 
 on the morning of the 15th, until a late hour; after which 
 we passed up into the mountainous part of the country be- 
 low the Cascades, and encamped near the high Pillar rock 
 which I have mentioned. Soon after leaving our encamp- 
 ment this morning, we met Captain W. with a small com- 
 pany of men in two canoes lashed together, on their way to 
 Fort William upon Wappatoo Island. They were wet with 
 the rain of the morning ; and their meagre countenances 
 and tattered garments did not speak much in favor of the 
 happiness of mountain life, or indicate that they had found 
 the hunter's elysium. But they were in good spirits and 
 passed merrily on their way. 
 
 The basaltic rocks which wall up the shores, in some 
 places two and three hundred feet perpendicular, and in this 
 place for miles, do not lose in interest by review. For more 
 than half a mile the columnar basalt presented the regular 
 pentagons. Near these, where the shore was inaccessible, 
 we found a deer almost exhausted with swimming in the 
 cold water. Its helpless condition and its mild, large black 
 eye, excited by fear, pleaded for the exercise of humanity ; 
 but our men, instead of rendering it that assistance which it 
 needed, shot it, and stained the pure water of the river 
 with its blood. I could not help feeling a sympathy for this 
 poor, beautiful animal. 
 
INDIAN HONESTY. 275 
 
 While the men, on the morning of the 16th, were engaged 
 in taking the canoe up the rapids and the Cascades, I-' walked 
 five miles, sometimes along the shore of the river, and some- 
 times climbing over precipices ; and so laborious was the 
 task to get the canoe above all the rapids and falls, that it 
 occupied most of the day, giving me time for examining the 
 scenery around. Almost every variety of volcanic pro- 
 duction was seen, but basalt and amygdaloid predominated. 
 Large quantities of petrified wood were scattered along the 
 shores, some of which preserved its natural appearance ; 
 but the large blocks, when broken, presented the appear- 
 ance of mineral coal. The scenery around is grand ; yet 
 such was the misty state of the atmosphere about the tops 
 of the mountains, which were at this time covered with snow, 
 and the dullness accompanying, that the enjoyment was 
 less than it would have been under other circumstances. 
 After having finished the portage by the Cascades, we 
 launched out upon the gentle current above, and proceeding 
 up the river two miles, encamped upon the north side. 
 Several Indians came to our encampment and manifested a 
 kind and sociable disposition. They told us that Captain 
 W. the day before, in cordelling his canoes down the Cas- 
 cades, had lost one, and with it baggage, of which they had 
 found some articles, which they would deliver to him when he 
 shouldagain pass this way. The Indians are coming in from 
 their winter retreats, and are engaged in catching sturgeon. 
 
 The 17th being the Sabbath, we did not remove. It was 
 a rainy day, and in the forenoon the rain came down in 
 torrents, which is common about these mountains through 
 the rainy season of the year. We were not able to make a 
 fire for preparing food, until after twelve o'clock, when the 
 storm began to abate. 
 
276 DANGEROUS GALE. 
 
 On Monday the weather was more pleasant, and we made 
 very good progress up the river, through a country of di- 
 versified, scenery. Though less mountainous than about 
 the Cascades, yet here were mountains of interesting forms ; 
 one was almost a perfect cone, a thousand feet high, rising 
 at an angle of 45 degrees, beautifully smooth and covered 
 with grass. We passed, a few miles above this a bluff 
 presenting a perpendicular semicircle, with fissures reg- 
 ularly radiating from the centre of the diameter. In dif- 
 ferent places there were red hills of the color of well-burnt 
 brick. We encamped on the north side of the river, upon 
 a pleasant spot just above a small Indian village, where we 
 found a good supply of dry wood, which added to our com- 
 fort and convenience. 
 
 A wind which blew very fresh through the night, abated 
 on the morning of the 19th, and we proceeded' on our way 
 with a gentle breeze, before which we spread a sail made 
 of a blanket. The wind continued to increase until the 
 middle of the day, which rendered navigation rather danger- 
 ous. We came to a large bend in the river, and to save the 
 distance of coasting around, the men who rowed wished to 
 pass over to the south side of the river, which was here 
 more than a mile wide. This seemed a dangerous experi- 
 ment, because the wind and waves were too high for our 
 deep-laden canoe ; but as they were anxious to save labor, 
 I did not persist in my objections. We had not passed 
 more than halfway across, before the increasing wind raised 
 waves which rolled and broke three times as high as our 
 canoe, and threatened to overwhelm us. At length the men 
 were not able to keep the canoe headed across the waves, 
 and it turned sideways to them. It seemed that nothing 
 short of a miraculous providence could save us. But by 
 
EXTRAORDINARY ESCAPE. 277 
 
 much exertion and some abatement of the wind, we again 
 got the canoe upon our course, and obliquely across the 
 waves, and safely arrived at the south shore. But our 
 greatest danger was yet before us. After coasting a few 
 miles along the south shore, we came to a promontory call- 
 ed Cape Horn, a name given it on account of the dangers 
 of passing. It is of volcanic formation, rising, as I after- 
 wards found by measurement, two hundred feet perpendic- 
 ular upon the water's edge, extending about a mile in lengthy 
 and the lower part projecting several hundred feet into the 
 river. The wind had so far lulled, that we did not appre- 
 hend any danger in passing it, but when we had doubled 
 the Cape, the wind drew around and increased to a gale. 
 The foaming, breaking waves ran high, and we could not 
 return against the wind, and to go forward against the cur- 
 rent was to add to the danger of being filled, or dashed 
 against shoreless rocks. Such was the force of the wind, 
 and such the efforts of the men to keep the canoe across the 
 waves and away from the rocks, that in the same instant of 
 time, the bowman and steersman both broke their paddles, 
 and the sail was torn away from the left fastening, and 
 whirled over to the righf side of the canoe. It seemed 
 that all hope was gone. There were only three paddles re- 
 maining, two of which were immediately put it into the 
 hands of the steersman and bowman. It was impossible to 
 return, and to make progress against the current with only 
 such means, appeared equally impracticable. A watery 
 grave seemed inevitable ; but by the protecting mercy of 
 God, when the waves broke, it was just without the canoe. 
 It was necessary to our safety to be collected and fearless, 
 and we cleared the sail, and gave orders as though no dan- 
 ger was near. Contrary to our highest expectations, we 
 
278 LA DALLES. 
 
 continued to make headway up the river, assisted probably 
 by one of those large eddies, which abound in this river, 
 until we came to a bay with a sandy shore, where we safe- 
 ly moored our frail barque, and waited until the winds and 
 weather became more favorable. 
 
 After the wind had somewhat abated, Indians came to us 
 from the opposite shore, of whom we bought paddles, and 
 being again equipped for our voyage, we proceeded up the 
 river to the La Dalles, and as fkr through them as we could 
 safely go. Here" we landed and encamped on the north 
 shore, and a number of Indians soon came to us, whom we 
 engaged to carry us with horses, to the navigable water 
 above the Falls. Near this was a very large eddy, where, 
 two years previously, nine men were drowned. Their 
 bateau was drawn into it and capsized, and only one man 
 escaped, which he effected by clinging to a bag containing 
 some empty kegs. He was carried a few miles down the 
 river, and then taken up by Indians who were passing in a 
 canoe. 
 
 The 20th was occupied in passing the La Dalles and the 
 Falls, above whichwe encamped. This place affords a fa- 
 vorable location/or missionaries. The Indians resort here 
 in large numbers for fishing, and remain usually through 
 the summer, and some of them through the year. An in- 
 tercourse would be always open with surrounding tribes, 
 and facilities would be at hand both to disseminate the 
 truths of the gospel, and to obtain the means of comfortable 
 subsistence. 
 
 As soon as we were encamped, the Indians, who are here 
 in great numbers preparing for fishing, came around us and 
 their first enquiry was for pi pi, (tobacco.) I am much dis- 
 gusted with this noxious plant, and am resolved no longer 
 
CALL AT AN INDIAN LODGE. 279 
 
 to consider it necessary to conciliate the Indians by smo- 
 king the friendly pipe. If an Indian is suffering with hun- 
 ger and nakedness, his first request is for tobacco. As we 
 had parted with the Indians who came with us from Fort 
 Vancouver, we here engaged two others to assist us as far 
 as Walla Walla. 
 
 On the 21st, we took a bateau which we found here, and 
 progressed slowly up the river against the current and fre- 
 quent rapids. On the morning of the 22d, while encamped, 
 and the men were making preparation for breakfast, I ram- 
 bled into a little village in the neighborhood, and called at 
 a lodge, whose inmates consisted of an aged woman, a 
 younger one, and four little girls. I addressed them in the 
 Chenook language, but they did not understand me. Being 
 tolerably familiar with the language of signs, I enquired 
 whose were those children. The younger woman signified 
 that three of them were hers, but the eldest was an orphan, 
 whom she had adopted for her own ; and in the most pa- 
 thetic manner she proceeded to relate her history, but little 
 of which was intelligible. The aged matron sitting on the 
 ground of her movable lodge, with her head reclining upon 
 her hand, occasionally introduced a few sentences to aid 
 the narration ; and so sad and affecting was the whole ac- 
 cent and sound of their voices, that I freely sympathized 
 with them, and nodded my assent to all they said. I re- 
 gretted the necessity which compelled me to leave them 
 without being able to point them to Him, who is touched 
 with the feelings of our infirmities, and who binds up the 
 broken in heart. I thought, as I walked slowly back to my 
 breakfast, how little of the savage character was exhibited 
 by these females, and on the contrary, how these amiable 
 sensibilities would have done honor to any civilized society, 
 
280 FAMISHED INDIANS. 
 
 Our encampment on the 24th, was on the south side of 
 the river, at a place of great resort for the Indians, but they 
 had not come in from their winter retreat. There were 
 many canoes drawn up at a short distance from the shore, 
 and left without any apprehensions of their being stolen, 
 showing the confidence the Indians have in each other's 
 honesty. They do not need guards, nor bolts and bars, 
 and prisons. 
 
 To secure ourselves from a strong, cold wind, we selected 
 a place densely covered with wild broom corn of last year's 
 growth yet standing, and in the rear of willows which here 
 skirted the shore of the river. Two Indians came to our 
 encampment, who were as miserable objects as I have seen. 
 They were not more than half covered with tattered skins 
 of rabbits patched together ; and were emaciated with star- 
 vation. To relieve the sufferings of such objects of pity, 
 the traveler needs to carry with him a store of clothing and 
 provisions. It is distressing to see them, without having 
 the means of furnishing them substantial relief. 
 
 On the 25th, we made slow progress against the strong 
 current with our poorly manned bateau, and failing of arri- 
 ving at Walla Walla as we had hoped, encamped under 
 the high basaltic rocks, where we found a small spot of soil 
 furnishing some wood. The next morning we arrived at 
 the fort, where I met at the landing a number of Nez Perce 
 Indians waiting my arrival. I felt much satisfaction in 
 seeing them, and in witnessing their tokens of affection. It 
 was like meeting old friends ; and there appeared to be so 
 much unfeigned pleasure in the reception they gavo me, 
 that it inspired the hope, that the disposition they express 
 to learn the way of salvation is based on a foundation more 
 permanent than novelty. I had told a band of the Cayuse 
 
FULFILMENT OF PROMISE. 281 
 
 Indians, on my way down the river last October, that I would 
 meet them here in the spring, and inform them about God 
 and the way to worship him. Many of them were here, 
 ready to attend to the fulfilment of my promise, and un- 
 doubtedly my arrival at the appointed time, confirmed their 
 confidence. 
 
 As the season is yet early, I judged it expedient to con- 
 tinue here a week or two, and improve such opportunities 
 as might offer for instructing the Indians residing near this 
 place, and those who might come from more remote places ; 
 making the best use of such facilities as can be obtained, 
 without waiting for the thorough knowledge of their lan- 
 guage, which the prudence of some persons would consider 
 indispensable to the commencement of teaching them the 
 way of eternal life. Their anxious curiosity to know what 
 the religion of the Bible is, cannot be kept awake while its 
 gratification is postponed. The danger that delay will re- 
 sult in indifference or disgust, is as great as that an early 
 attempt to impart instruction may be connected with imper- 
 fections. 
 
 During my continuance in this place, I preached on the 
 Sabbath morning to the white people belonging to the fort, 
 and in the afternoon to the Indians of the Cayuse, Walla 
 Walla, and Nez Perce tribes. They always gave good at- 
 tention, and some appeared to be much interested. An in- 
 stance of opposition to the truths of the gospel occurred 
 here, proving the truth of the scriptures, that the Savior 
 is set for the fall and rising of those who hear. A chief 
 of the Cayuses, who several times came to hear, disliked 
 what was said about a plurality of wives. He said he would 
 not part with any of his ; for he had always lived in sin, 
 
 and was going to the place of burning, and it was too late 
 
 25 
 
282 A WALK GRAND SCENERY. 
 
 for him, now he was getting old, to repent and be saved ; 
 and as he must go to that place, he would go in all his sins, 
 and would not alter his life. Those who are familiar with 
 the various methods to which sinners resort, to avoid the 
 convictions of truth and conscience, may see in his deep ha- 
 tred to holiness, that the operation of sin is the same in 
 every unsanctified heart. This is the only instance of open 
 opposition, that I witnessed among the Indians ; nor does 
 it characterize the Cay use tribe. They very much resem- 
 ble the Nez Perces in their peaceable disposition, and desire 
 to be instructed, and present in connection with the Walla 
 Wallas, a promising field of missionary labor. 
 
 May 3d. I walked down to the passage of the Colum- 
 bia through the basaltic mountain, two miles below the fort, 
 to take a more particular view of the scenery, than can be 
 obtained in a hasty passage on the river. I ascended the 
 mountain, from the top of which I had a fine prospect of the 
 country around, opening in every direction as far as the eye 
 could reach. All parts were covered with the fresh green 
 of spring vegetation. Very few forests were to be seen in 
 any direction, excepting upon the Blue Mountains at the 
 south, and these, instead of the fresh hues presented by for- 
 ests at this season, were softened by the distance to a hazy 
 blue. Even at this distance, the perpetual snows of Mount 
 Hood, could be distinguished at the west ; and at the north- 
 west Mount Rainier near Pugets Sound ; and at the north 
 and the east various parts of scattered mountains. After 
 some time employed in looking around upon the vast ex- 
 panse, I approached the perpendicular walls, between which 
 the Columbia descends, which are about three hundred feet 
 high, as I ascertained by the number of seconds occupied in 
 the descent of large stones, projected from the brink of the 
 
PRAIRIE GRASS. 283 
 
 precipice, which I distinctly heard when they struck upon the 
 shore below. I found a great variety of scoria and lava, 
 the latter varying much in color and density, some of it suf- 
 ficiently porous and light to swim upon water. Two thirds 
 of the way down this deep channel, are two high eminences 
 called the Pillars, to which, by a circuitous route, I de- 
 scended. They stand upon conical bases, eighty or a hun- 
 dred feet high above the river ; and above these bases rise 
 nearly a hundred feet perpendicular. They are indeed re* 
 markable ; but there are so many singular formations in 
 this volcanic country, that curiosities become common. I 
 returned, though much fatigued with my long walk over 
 prairies, precipices, and mountains, yet gratified with the 
 examination of the works of nature. 
 
 My horses and mule, which I had left with the Nez Perce" 
 Indians, were kept in their country, one hundred and thirty 
 miles east of this place, and were in April brought into this 
 neighborhood. To-day, May 5th, they were caught and 
 brought to the fort. I was surprised to End them in fine 
 order, with new coats, and in high spirits. They had run 
 out on the prairies without any shelter from the storms, and 
 with no food, except what the remains of the previous sum- 
 mer's growth afforded, together with the early grass of spring. 
 Who would have supposed, considering their worn down 
 condition, when- I left them in October, that with no other 
 fare they would have fattened during the winter. This 
 fact shows the superior mildness of the climate, and the nu- 
 tritive quality of prairie grass, even after dried up with the 
 summer drouth. Another evidence of the truth of this re- 
 mark may be seen in the condition of the cattle kept at this 
 fort. With nothing more to feed upon than what they find 
 upon the prairies, they are now not only in good order, but 
 
284 HIGH WIND. 
 
 some of them are actually fat, and in as good condition for 
 market, as oxen driven from the stalls of New England. 
 
 I rode to-day with Mr. P. ten miles up the river to the 
 confluence of the Lewis, or as it is called, the Nez Perce* 
 river, with the Columbia. They are both noble streams ; 
 the Columbia is nearly three-fourths of a mile, and the 
 Nez Perce a half mile wide. The prospect around is de- 
 lightful ; the soil is good, as is evidenced by the fresh verdure 
 which is springing up luxuriantly, at this early season. A 
 large band of horses belonging to a Walla Walla chief, are 
 feeding here. It is a curious fact, that the Indian horses 
 do not often stray from the place where they are left ; habit, 
 however produced, is as good a safeguard as inclosurcs. 
 Along upon the shores of the river, I found specimens of 
 calcedony and cornelian. 
 
 The sixth Mas a very warm day, the thermometer stand- 
 ing at noon, at 84°. Distant thunder was heard, which is 
 an unfrequent occurrence west of the great mountains. 
 Towards and through the night the wind blew very strongly, 
 and shook the bastion which I occupied, so that it seemed 
 as if it would be prostrated to the earth ; but such wind in 
 this particular section of country is common. 
 
 During the time of my continuance here, I had more 
 frequent opportunities to address the Indians, and in greater 
 numbers, than I had anticipated. From the promise that 
 the word of God shall not return void, but shall accomplish 
 that whereunto it is sent, may not the hope be indulged, that 
 some good fruits will be the result of these labors. The 
 Walla Walla tribe, though the descendents of emancipated 
 slaves, are not inferior to other tribes, and are treated with 
 the same respect. 
 
JOURNEY TO THE NEZ PERCE COUNTRY. 285 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Journey to the Nez Perce" country — funeral of a child — natural see- 
 nery — worship on the Sabbath — return to Walla Walla — industry of 
 the Indians- -battle ground — practice of smoking — journey to Col- 
 vile. 
 
 In company with several Nez Perce Indians who had 
 come down from their own country to escort me, I com- 
 menced my journey on the ninth, and pursued the same 
 route by which I came last autumn. Nothing eventful 
 marked our way, and we arrived at the Snake or Lewis 
 river, the evening of the eleventh, where we found several 
 lodges of the Nez Perces, who gave us a very cordial re- 
 ception, and a warm-hearted shake of the hand, the com- 
 mon expression of Indian friendship. The night of our ar- 
 rival a little girl, about six or seven years of age, died, and 
 on the morning of the twelfth they buried her. Every thing 
 relating to the burial was conducted with great propriety. 
 The grave was only about two feet deep ; for they have no 
 spades, and a sharpened stick was used to loosen the earth, 
 and this was removed with the hands ; and with their hands 
 they filled up the grave after the body was deposited in it. 
 A mat was laid in the grave, then the body wrapped in its 
 blanket, with the child's drinking cup and spoon made of 
 horn ; then a mat of rushes spread over the whole, and filled 
 up, as above described. In this instance they had prepared 
 a cross to set up at the grave, most probably having been 
 
 told to do so by some Iroquois Indians, a few of whom I saw 
 25* 
 
286 NATURAL SCENERY. 
 
 west of the mountains, not in the capacity of teachers, but 
 as trappers in the employ of the fur companies. One grave 
 in the same village had a cross standing over it, which, to- 
 gether with this, were the only relics of the kind I saw, du- 
 ring my travels in the country. But as I viewed a cross 
 of wood of no avail, to benefit either the dead or the living, 
 and far more likely to operate as a salvo to a guilty con- 
 science, or a stepping-stone to idolatry, than to be understood 
 in its spiritual sense to refer to a crucifixion of our sins, I 
 took this, which the Indians had prepared, and broke it in 
 pieces. I then told them that we place a stone at the head 
 and foot of the grave, only to mark the place ; and without 
 a murmur, they cheerfully acquiesced, and adopted our 
 custom. 
 
 As we proceeded up the river to the confluence of the 
 Coos-coots-ke, on account of the high water, we had to pass 
 over the huge precipices of basalt, at the foot of which we 
 traveled down last fall, and which I have mentioned. We 
 were compelled often to approach very near the brink, where 
 it seemed as if we were almost suspended over the dizzy depth 
 of three hundred feet. We arrived at the Coos-coots-ke early 
 in the afternoon of the third day after leaving Walla Walla, 
 making the distance about 120 miles. The whole country 
 had put on the loveliness of spring, and divested itself of 
 the dreariness of winter, and the grandeur of the mountain 
 scenery appeared to rise before me with new freshness and 
 delight. The Indians are assembling in great numbers 
 from different and distant parts of the country, to enquire 
 about the religion that is to guide them to God and heaven ; 
 and which they also think has power to elevate them in the 
 scale of society in this world, and place them on a level 
 with intelligent as well as Christian white men. 
 
THE OPHTHALMY. 287 
 
 On the north of the confluence of these two rivers, and 
 down the Nez Perce river, the country is diversified with 
 hills and mountains of a great variety of forms, from five 
 hundred to two thousand feet high. The volcanic and ar- 
 gillaceous strata are generally horizontal, but in some places 
 thrown into various degrees of inclination, from horizontal 
 to perpendicular ; in other places curved or waving. They 
 have all the regularity of works of art, raised up by human 
 skill ; and why should not the power and skill of an Omnip- 
 otent hand be acknowledged in these stupendous works ? 
 
 After having been several months where the Indians of 
 the lower country came daily under my observation, the 
 contrast between them and these with whom I am now, is 
 very noticeable. The former are more servile and abject, 
 both in their manners and spirit ; while the latter are truly 
 dignified and respectable in their manners and general ap- 
 pearance, far less enslaved to their appetites, or to those 
 vices whose inevitable tendency is to degrade. They know 
 enough to set some estimate upon character, and have much 
 of the proud independence of freemen ; and are desirous of 
 possessing a consequence in the estimation of other people, 
 and for this reason, wish to be taught, and they receive any 
 instruction with remarkable docility. 
 
 Saturday, May 14th. Very many of the natives are 
 coming in for the purpose of keeping the Sabbath with me ; 
 but as I have little prospect of the arrival of my interpreter, 
 I shall probably be left to commiserate their anxiety, while 
 it will be out of my power to do them good. 
 
 I have frequent applications to prescribe for the ophthal- 
 my, with which the people are much afflicted, and which I 
 should think is a prevalent endemic. Calomel, applied in 
 about the quantity of one grain to each eye, once in twenty- 
 
293 WORSHIP ON THE SABBATH. 
 
 four hours, I found to be an efficacious remedy. No inju- 
 rious effects were known to have occurred from its use, and 
 in most cases it was successful. 
 
 The Nez Perces have been celebrated for their skill and 
 bravery in war. This they have mentioned to me, but say 
 they now are afraid to go to war ; for they no longer be- 
 lieve that all who fall in battle go to a happy country. 
 They now believe that the only way to be happy here or 
 hereafter, is by knowing and doing what God requires. 
 They have learned enough to fear the consequences of dying 
 unforgiven, but not sufficient to embrace the hopes and 
 consolations of the gospel. I have been interested to see 
 the reasonings of their minds, and the result of their reflec- 
 tions, amidst the dimness of so imperfect a knowledge as 
 they yet possess. It demonstrates that they are not indif- 
 ferent to what they hear, and that their minds are inquisi- 
 tive, and capable of thought and investigation. They have 
 obtained light sufficient, to show how great is the darkness 
 in which they have been enveloped ; and it is to be hoped, 
 that these efforts to enlighten themwill be followed by those 
 still more efficient, until that meridian day foretold in proph- 
 ecy, shall fully come, and these heathen be given to the Sa- 
 vior with all the remote ends of the earth for a possession. 
 
 Sabbath, 15th. The interpreter I had been expecting did 
 not arrive, and consequently much of what I wished to say 
 to these hundreds of Indians, could not be communicated 
 for the want of a medium. I felt distressed for them. They 
 desired to celebrate the Sabbath after a Christian manner. 
 When the chiefs came and enquired what they should do, I 
 told them to collect the people into an assembly and spend 
 the hours of this sacred day in prayer and singing, and in 
 conversation on those things about which I formerly in- 
 
RETURN TO WALLA WALLA. 289 
 
 structed them. They did so, and it was truly affecting to 
 see their apparent reverence, order and devotion, while I 
 could not but know that their knowledge was limited indeed. 
 The voice of their singing echoed from the hills and vales, 
 and I could not but hope, that the time will not be greatly 
 future, when they will sing with the spirit and with the un- 
 derstanding. As a proof that they have acquired some 
 correct ideas of spiritual worship, in distinction from the 
 employment of mere outward forms, Kentuc, the Indian 
 who attended me so faithfully on my outward route, came 
 to me, anxious to describe the different manner in which he 
 regarded the worship of the two chiefs, Charlie and Teu- 
 tacus. He said Charlie prayed with his lips, but Teutacus 
 prayed with his heart. Confession of sin appears to occupy 
 much of his prayers, and if there is one among this multi- 
 tude, who it may be hoped, has been everlastingly benefited 
 by the gospel, I believe it is this man. 
 
 Monday, 16th. I had hitherto been somewhat undecided 
 what course to pursue in my future movements ; but came 
 to the conclusion to proceed to the place of Rendezvous, and 
 join the returning caravan, provided I could go by the way 
 of the Grand Round, and to the south-west of the Snake 
 river, and explore a part of the country which I had not 
 passed through the preceding autumn. But the Indians 
 chose to take the retired route of the Salmon river moun- 
 tains, to avoid danger from hostile Indians, as it was well 
 ascertained that there was a party of Blackfeet warriors 
 ranging the territory west of the great mountains. I wish- 
 ed to explore the north-east branch of the Columbia, which 
 runs through an important part of the country, and upon 
 which, and its branches, many considerable tribes reside. 
 
 To return by the way my company would travel, and by 
 
290 INDIAN INDUSTRY. 
 
 which I came, would be to leave the object of my tour only 
 partially accomplished ; and after canvassing the subject 
 as deliberately as I could, 1 concluded to return to Walla 
 Walla, procure guides and assistants, and go up the Co- 
 lumbia as far as Col vile, which is the highest post of the 
 Hudson Bay Company, about seven hundred miles, by the 
 traveled route, from the Pacific ocean. I informed the In- 
 dians of my determination, who, though they evidently pre- 
 ferred that I should accompany them, acquiesced in the 
 decision, and showed more kindness than I had expected. 
 They readily appointed Haminilpilt, one of their young 
 chiefs, to attend me on my return down the river. After 
 writing several letters, to forward to the United States from 
 Rendezvous, we turned our faces to our proposed destina- 
 tion, and at night arrived at the village on the Nez Peree 
 river, where we had encamped on the eleventh. 
 
 At this place I was peculiarly gratified to notice the in- 
 dustry of these people. Some were engaged in catching 
 fish, and gave me some excellent salmon ; the women and 
 children were early out on horseback to procure the cowish 
 root, which they often manufacture into bread ; and when 
 we left, only a few old persons and very young children re- 
 mained in their village. Five or six miles from this village, 
 up a small branch of this river, we passed a spot, which 
 some few years ago, was a battle-field between the Nez 
 Perce s and some other nation, whose name I could not with 
 certainty ascertain, but probably it was the Bonax, Tuelca. 
 The ground was judiciously chosen by the invading party, 
 which was just back of a point of land coming down near 
 the stream of water, leaving only a narrow pass, around 
 which they opened a fire, while the Nez Perces, not expec- 
 ting the approach of a foe, were taken by surprise, and fif- 
 
PRACTICE OF SMOKING. 291 
 
 teen or twenty of their number were killed. The very spot 
 where each individual fell, is now designated by heaps of 
 stones raised three and four feet high. 
 
 The country over which we passed to-day, a distance of 
 forty miles, was uncommonly pleasant, diversified with hills 
 and valleys and covered with its self-provided carpet of 
 lovely green. Several Indians came on after us and travel- 
 ed in company. Near night we encamped in a rich valley, 
 through which a considerable stream of water runs to the 
 north. Before it was dark, a number more whom I recog- 
 nized as former acquaintances, overtook us, apparently re- 
 luctant to separate from our company. I conversed with 
 them about the practice so universal among the men, of 
 using tobacco for smoking, a very expensive indulgence, for 
 which they pay almost as much as for their whole list of 
 comforts besides. In reply to my arguments to dissuade 
 them from its use, they said, "white men smoke." I ad- 
 mitted the truth, but told them that all white men are not 
 wise in every thing they do; that they have some practices 
 which are not good. The Nez Perces call tobacco, smoke, 
 and remarked, " we are better then than white men ; for 
 they eat smoke" — meaning tobacco— "we do not eat smoke." 
 This to be sure was an argument of much shrewdness, and 
 wholly unanswerable. Such is their attachment to this 
 stupefying vegetable, that to obtain it, they will part with 
 the last article of food or clothing, or even take down the 
 poles which uphold their dwellings, and sell them for fuel. 
 In this view I regarded it as a vice, from which they should 
 be rescued if practicable. 
 
 The 18th we continued our journey, and rode forty-five 
 miles over a more fertile tract than we passed yesterday, 
 and better supplied w r ith wood. On the upper part of the 
 
292 RICH SOIL. 
 
 Walla Walla river is a delightful situation for a missionary 
 establishment, having many advantages not found for some 
 distance around. It is not, however, so central for either 
 the Nez Perces, Cayuses, or Walla Wallas, as would be de- 
 sirable, yet a mission located on this fertile field would 
 draw around an interesting settlement, who would cultivate 
 the soil, and be instructed. How easily might the plough 
 go through these valleys, and what rich and abundant har- 
 vests might be gathered by the hand of industry. But even 
 now the spontaneous productions of these vast plains, inclu- 
 ding millions of acres, are so profuse, that not the fiftieth 
 part becomes the food of organic life. In some places bands 
 of Indian horses are seen ; the timid deer, the hare, the 
 wary marmot, and the swift gazelle. But these, with other 
 animals, consume so small a proportion, that these wide 
 fields are comparatively unoccupied. 
 
 We experienced a long detention on the morning of the 
 19th, in consequence of our horses wandering into a ravine, 
 to which retreat we could not easily trace them. They did 
 not, however, violate their rule, of making our encampment, 
 for the time being, their home. We rode twenty-two miles 
 and arrived at Walla Walla. Most of the remainder of the 
 week was occupied in necessary arrangements for my north- 
 east tour, and in writing letters to friends. Mr. P. assisted in 
 obtaining Indian guides, and designated two French voya- 
 geurs to be my assistants ; one of whom could speak some 
 English. I concluded to take horses, and go up through the 
 Spokein country, leaving the great bend of the Columbia to 
 the left some fifty or sixty miles, and on our return to take the 
 river. This would give me a more extended observation of 
 the country, of the tribes who inhabit it, and of their condition 
 in regard to prospects of establishing teachers among them. 
 
JOURNEY TO COLVILE. 293 
 
 On Sabbath, the 22d, we had worship as usual, and 
 the following day commenced the journey for Colvile. Our 
 course was in an easterly direction forty miles, and at night 
 we found a new place to lay our heads for rest, in a valley, 
 presenting all the appearance of the farmer's grass fields, 
 ready for the mower's hand, and from which he expects to 
 receive a future gain. But the natives, not appreciating 
 these sources of profit, neglect them altogether, and gather 
 only a scanty living from a few esculent roots, which grow 
 spontaneously in the waste. 
 
 26 
 
294 PALOOSE INDIANS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Paloose Indians— Pavilion river — extraordinary observation— lost on 
 the prairie — Indian principle — Spokein woods and country — Indian 
 ferry — Spokein valley — granite — volcanic curiosities— fertile valley 
 — worship with the Spokeins — Mill river valley — arrival at Fort 
 Colvile — description of the place ; leave Colvile for Fort Okanagan 
 — a mountain of marble — Grand Coule, or old bed of the Columbia 
 — Okanagan described — Long rapids — arrive at Walla Walla. 
 
 The morning of the 24th, we took a more northerly course, 
 and after traveling five hours over a somewhat high but 
 diversified country, descended into a fertile valley, through 
 which flowed a small tributary of the Snake river. Here 
 we found a village of Paloose Indians who are a band of the 
 Nez Perces. We hired them to assist us in crossing the 
 river, which here is a half mile wide, and has a rapid cur- 
 rent. We had only a small canoe, which the strength of 
 the current carried more than a half mile down the river 
 before we could gain the opposite shore. Three times we 
 had to encounter the stream, before every thing was safely 
 over ; and the horses made a strong effort to swim to the 
 opposite shore. This, together with refitting, employed sev- 
 eral hours. We traveled up the Pavilion river, which comes 
 from the high lands that divide the waters of this and the 
 Spokein river. This river is walled up with basalt, gener- 
 ally high and perpendicular, in various windings and forms, 
 for the distance of fifteen or twenty miles. In some places 
 the walls are spread out so widely as to enclose large spaces 
 of rich interval ; in other places so closing upon the river 
 
EXTRAORDINARY EXCAVATION. 295 
 
 as to leave only space sufficient for it to pass. The night 
 was cold, the thermometer standing on the morning of the 
 25th, at 34° • 
 
 We pursued our way over hills and valleys of an entire 
 prairie, until we came to the south part of the Spokein 
 country. Near the summit level which divides the waters 
 of the Snake and Spokein rivers, there is an interesting ex- 
 cavation, walled within by basaltic rocks. The pillars are 
 regular pentagons from two to four feet in diameter, in sec- 
 tions of various lengths, standing erect and closely joined, 
 making a wall from fifty to one hundred feet high. The 
 excavated enclosure, though not in a regular form, is yet 
 nearly entire, containing fifty or more acres. On the out- 
 side of this wall, the earth is as high as the pillars, and 
 gradually slopes off in hills and dales. By what agency 
 was this excavation formed ? There is no appearance, as 
 in many other places, of volcanic craters, unless it is itself 
 a crater, and there are no signs of the action of water. 
 May it not have been a subsidence ? 1 passed through it 
 leisurely, and surveyed with admiration these huge crys- 
 tals, of dark materials truly, but showing not the less for 
 that circumstance, that certain laws govern the mineral 
 world, as well as the animal or vegetable. 
 
 We passed to-day several small villages of the Nez 
 Perce and Spokein nations. They all manifested a per- 
 fectly friendly disposition, but appeared to be poor, evident- 
 ly in want of a comfortable subsistence. We stopped for 
 the night, after a ride of fifty miles, near one of these vil- 
 lages of Spokeins. Their language differs almost entirely 
 from that of any tribe or nation I have yet seen. One of 
 my Indian guides was sufficiently acquainted with it to 
 inform them of the object of my tour through their coun- 
 
296 LOST ON THE PRAIRIE. 
 
 try, with which they were not only satisfied, but apparently 
 interested. 
 
 We took an early departure on the morning of the 26th, 
 but traveled only a few hours before my Indian guides lost 
 the trail and the course they should pursue. Becoming 
 confident that they were not right, I alighted and set my 
 pocket compass, and discovered that instead of a north-east 
 direction, they were going west. Enquiring of them if they 
 knew where to find our trail again, one of them, a young chief, 
 putting his hand to his head, and with gestures expressing 
 the confusion of his mind, answered, loaiitu en soko, " I do not 
 know." Our situation was rather embarrassing. We had 
 very injudiciously left our rifles behind, and were at about 
 an equal distance from Walla Walla and Colvile, on a wide- 
 ly extended prairie, with provisions adequate to our wants 
 only for two days, and no probable means for obtaining 
 more until we should arrive at the fort ; to be lost under 
 these circumstances was very unpleasant. The point of a 
 high mountain we had passed was in view, and we might 
 retrace our path, and therefore I was determined not to lose 
 sight of this land-mark, until we should find the trail lead- 
 ing to the Spokein river. While my guides went off in 
 search of it, I could hardly fail to find even in our circum- 
 stances, some amusement in the apathy of my two French- 
 men. They are so confiding in Indian skill to find their 
 way through any country, as by intuition, that they will sing 
 or go to sleep with the same heedless indifference when lost 
 in a wide wilderness, as when launched upon the waters of 
 a well known river, or performing the duties of the fort. 
 They appear wholly unconscious of danger on the approach 
 of hunger and starvation, until long after the last morsel is 
 consumed, and never borrow from futurity to add to the evils 
 
SPOKEIN RIVER. 297 
 
 that afflict them to-day. On this occasion these men spent 
 the time of our detention in calm repose. After some time 
 our guides returned and told me they had found some Spo- 
 kein Indians about a mile distant, who were traveling to- 
 wards the south, but had stopped to refresh their horses. 
 We proceeded to the place, and I engaged one of them to 
 assist us in finding the way to the main trail, or to the Spo- 
 kein river. He was a tall, intelligent looking man. He 
 mounted his horse, and set off with such speed, that, jaded 
 as our horses were, it was with difficulty we could keep up 
 with him. After going at this rate more than an hour, he 
 stopped, and pointed us to a lake, and said we should find 
 the great trail on the east side. Lest we should again lose 
 our way, I was anxious to have him conduct us to their vil- 
 lage on the river, but could not prevail upon him to go* any 
 farther, although I offered him a large compensation. His 
 only, and unvarying answer was, that he had done for us 
 all that was needed, and why should he perform any un- 
 necessary labor for us- and take pay. It appeared to be a 
 principle with him;, that it would be wrong for him to take 
 pay for what we did not need. I was astonished at the hon- 
 esty of this- heathen, and his steadfast adherence to it, when 
 I remembered how many there are in civilized lands, who 
 to be well paid, would lengthen a service to an unnecessary 
 extent, and artfully deceive you to- make you believe it very 
 important. For his faithfulness and honesty I not only paid 
 him on the spot to his satisfaction, but afterwards sent him 
 a present of powder and balls, articles highly valued. 
 
 Without any farther difficulty, we arrived at the Spokein 
 river, at four o'clock, P. M. A few miles after we left the 
 lake, we entered the Spokein woods which are very exten- 
 sive, consisting of yellow pitch and elastic pine, some hem- 
 
 26* 
 
298 SPOKEIN VALLEY. 
 
 loc, spruce and fir, together with various shrubbery. These 
 are the woods in which Ross Cox was lost, about the cir- 
 cumstances of which he gives a very interesting description, 
 but which, so far as I have yet had an opportunity to judge, 
 contains far more fiction than truth. But his multitude of 
 growling bears, and howling wolves, and alarming rattle- 
 snakes, of which I have seen only one, may yet come out 
 from their lurking places in hostile array. 
 
 When we came to the river which is about thirty rods 
 wide, we hallooed a long time for the Indian who keeps a 
 canoe ferry, but without success. At length two women 
 came to the river, and with uncommonly pleasant voices, 
 together with the language of signs, the latter of which 
 only I could understand, informed us that the ferryman was 
 gone upon a short hunt, would return in the evening, and 
 the next morning at sun two hours high, he would come 
 and take us over. I never heard voices more expressive of 
 kindness. I requested them to paddle the canoe over to us, 
 and my men would perform the labor of ferrying over our 
 baggage. They declined on account of the rapidity and 
 strength of the current, the river being in full freshet. 
 Therefore we had to encamp and wait for the morning. 
 
 This is a very pleasant, open valley, though not exten- 
 sively wide. The North-west Company had a trading post 
 here, one bastion of which is still standing. These woods 
 present a fine range for the ornithologist. The magpie is 
 seen in great numbers, flying from tree to tree, vociferating 
 its chattering notes. Also thrushes, warblers, and wrens 
 are numerous, cheering those otherwise solitary wilds with 
 their delightful songs, grateful to the weary traveler. Their 
 carols appear to be designed to animate each other in their 
 intervals of labor, while constructing their habitations so 
 
SPOKEIN VALLEY. 299 
 
 admirably adapted for their tender offspring ; on an exam- 
 ination of which, the most infidel philosopher must be as- 
 tonished, and be constrained to acknowledge, that God has 
 manifested himself in supplying, instead of reason, a myste- 
 rious, unerring instinct, always sufficient for the end to be 
 accomplished. 
 
 On the 27th, about the time in the morning mentioned by 
 the two women, the Indian ferryman came, and crossed the 
 river in his canoe. His appearance, together with that of 
 his canoe, reminded me of JSneas' ferryman, who carried 
 him over the Stygian lake. 
 
 "Canites inculta jacet ; 
 Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amictus, 
 Cceruleam advertit cymbam, ripaeque propinquat." 
 
 After the river, we crossed the valley of level alluvial 
 soil, where it is about a mile and a quarter wide, and the 
 east side especially is very fertile. Here the principal vil- 
 lage of the Spokeins is located, and one of their number has 
 commenced the cultivation of a small field or garden, 
 which he has planted with potatoes, peas, and beans, and 
 some other vegetables ; all of which were flourishing, and 
 were the first I had seen springing up under Indian industry 
 west of the mountains. Our ferryman conducted us through 
 the valley to the foot of the mountain on the east, and point- 
 ed out the trail we should pursue. As we wound- our way 
 up the mountain, I looked down into the valley we had 
 crossed, and which stretches along the winding river, and 
 drew in my imagination a picture of what it will be, when 
 this people are brought under the influence of Christianity 
 and civilization. This section of country presents less 
 appearance of volcanic operation , and in several places I 
 
300 VOLCANIC CURIOSITIES. 
 
 found granite in its natural form and position, resembling 
 that found in the Eastern States. When we had arrived at 
 the summit of this mountain, we came to a sandy plain, sev- 
 eral miles wide, covered with yellow pine forming an open 
 forest. Over parts of this plain were scattered volcanic 
 eruptions of singular formation. Hundreds of regular cones 
 of various magnitudes, from those of only a few feet in di- 
 ameter and height, to those a hundred in diameter and sixty 
 feet high. They all had the same appearance, differing 
 only in magnitude, and were composed of broken granite, 
 in angular pieces, from those that were very small, to six 
 or eight inches in diameter, and on the outside were nearly 
 black, as if colored with rising smoke. They had more 
 the appearance of being broken by manual labor, and piled 
 up for future use in constructing roads or wharves, than the 
 result of internal fires, and yet no other cause but the latter 
 can be assigned. The sandy plain around them was un- 
 disturbed, and large pine trees were growing about them as 
 in other places. At the south of these were large rocks of 
 granite, and in juxtaposition a basaltic dyke extending a 
 hundred rods or more. 
 
 After passing this plain, we descended and came again 
 to the Spokein river, which makes a bend around to the 
 north-east. In this place the valley is less extensive, and 
 the mountains are more precipitous. We again ascended the 
 mountain, upon which granite and mica slate prevail, with- 
 out any volcanic appearances. From this we descended into 
 a rich valley, which was covered with a luxuriant growth 
 of grass, though but just springing up. This valley has the 
 appearance of having been a lake filled up with mountain 
 deposits. In the centre is a small lake, from which pro- 
 ceeds a rivulet passing out at the south-west. Leaving 
 
ANXIETY OF THE SPOKEINS. 301 
 
 this place, we wound around a mountain in a northerly di- 
 rection, down a valley less fertile, but more extensive, and 
 at four in the afternoon came to a stream of water, coming 
 from the mountains at the east, where our guides said we 
 must stop for the night. 
 
 Near evening, several companies of Spokein and some 
 Nez Perce Indians came riding full speed into the place of 
 our encampment, and turned out their horses with ours in 
 the half wood and prairie. The Spokeins, who had seen 
 me on my way, and had learned who I was, sent informa- 
 tion out to the various hunting parties, that a minister was 
 passing through their country, and as it was the first time 
 one was ever among them, they wished to see him and hear 
 what he had to say to them. They brought with them a 
 good interpreter, a young man of their nation, who had been 
 in the school at the Red river settlement near lake Winne- 
 peg, on the east side of the mountain, and had obtained a 
 very good knowledge of English. We had public worship 
 that evening in the Spokein and Nez Perce languages. 
 One of the Nez Perces, a chief who understood the Spokein 
 language, collected his people, a little to the left of the Spo- 
 keins, and translated the discourse as it was delivered, into 
 the language of his people, without any interruption to the 
 service. This was a plan of their own devising. All the 
 circumstances combined were to me unusually interesting. 
 Providences above my control had delayed me three several 
 times, and thus given them an opportunity to collect their 
 people and overtake me. Some of them had pursued my 
 path a day and a half, and were unwilling to return, being 
 resolved to accompany me to Col vile. These benighted 
 Indians manifested the same solicitude to hear the gospel 
 that others had done before. And as a most affecting proof 
 
302 MILL RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 that the impressions then made on their minds were not 
 momentary, they went home and erected in their village a 
 church, constructed of rude materials surely, but designed, 
 as they said, to furnish a place, that when the next mission- 
 ary should arrive, he might stop and teach them.* 
 
 The morning of the 28th was cloudy and some rain fell, 
 but this did not prevent our early departure ; for it was ne- 
 cessary to be on our way, as my men had the evening before 
 consumed their entire stock of provisions, and, whatever 
 might occur, we could procure no more until we should 
 reach Col vile. We could not obtain any game, for being 
 advised by the superintendent at Walla Walla not to en- 
 cumber ourselves with rifles, we had unwisely left them 
 behind. After traveling a few miles in an easterly direc- 
 tion we came to a very fertile valley, well adapted to culti- 
 vation, extending north and south, at least fifty miles, and of 
 various extent in width, from a half mile to two miles. The 
 valley is an open prairie well supplied with grass, and even 
 in this high latitude of 48°, cattle could do well through the 
 whole year, without the labor of cutting hay. The hills on 
 each side are covered with woods. As we proceeded down 
 this valley, we came to villages of Indians who understood 
 the Spokein language, but belonged to another tribe, prob- 
 ably to the Coeur d'Alene. Near their principal village 
 we came to Mill river, which was in full freshet. They had 
 no canoes, and we found difficulty in getting my baggage 
 across. But the Nez Perce chief took part of it upon his 
 shoulder, mounted his horse, and swam over, and crossed 
 
 * The name of this nation is generally written Spokan, sometimes 
 Spokane. I called them Spokans, but they corrected my pronuncia- 
 tion, and said Spokein, and this they repeated several times, until I 
 was convinced that to give their name a correct pronunciation it 
 should be written Spokein. 
 
FORT COLVILE. 303 
 
 and re-crossed until all was upon the other side. I then 
 crossed upon a pole, which was not the most desirable meth- 
 od, but still it was preferable to a cold bathing on horseback. 
 After pursuing our course a few miles farther, I divided my 
 remaining stock of eatables with my destitute French and 
 Indian attendants, anticipating our next meal at the time 
 when, after a long day's industrious travel, we should find 
 ourselves safely at Colvile. 
 
 Towards the lower part of the valley, through which we 
 were passing, the land is remarkably fertile. A missionary 
 located here, would have easy access to the Spokein, Sap- 
 well, Sintou-tou-oulish, Kettle falls, Lake, Cceur d'Alene, 
 and Pondera Indians. I know not of so important a field 
 within two hundred miles, presenting the natural advanta- 
 ges of mild climate, good soil, and forests. 
 
 We arrived at Fort Colvile late in the afternoon, after a 
 weary journey of sixty miles. The situation of this fort is 
 on an elevated spot, about fifty rods from the river, sur- 
 rounded by an alluvial plain of rich soil, and opening in 
 every direction an extended prospect of mountain scenery ; 
 and a half mile below are Kettle falls, above which the 
 river spreads out widely, and moves slowly, but just above 
 the precipice it contracts into a narrow channel, and dis- 
 appears from the view of the spectator at the fort, until 
 seen winding its w T ay among rocks below. This establish- 
 ment is built for defense and is well stoccaded, but so friend- 
 ly have the natives always been, that no wars have ever 
 occurred among them. It is occupied by some half dozen 
 men with Indian families, and is well supplied with the 
 useful animals and fowls common to farming establish- 
 ments. The winter and summer grains, together with gar- 
 den vegetables, are cultivated with success and in profusion. 
 
304 WORSHIP AT THE FORT. 
 
 This place does not suffer with summer drouth, like many 
 other parts of this country, as rains are of frequent occur- 
 rence ; the seasons here are not so distinctly divided, as on 
 the lower parts of the Columbia, into wet and dry. 
 
 I was much disappointed in not finding Mr. McDonald, 
 the superintendent of the fort, at home. He had left a few 
 days before with a brigade for Fort Vancouver ; but the 
 kindest attention was paid me by those who had the charge 
 of the fort. I found here an old man, who thirty years be- 
 fore accompanied Lewis and Clarke across the continent, 
 and had for several years past taken up his residence here. 
 He is in the employ of the fur company, and acts as inter- 
 preter to the neighboring Indians. 
 
 On Sabbath the 29th, the people of the fort who under- 
 stood English, assembled, and we worshiped the God of 
 our lives, who had protected us hitherto, and from differ- 
 ent nations had collected us in a little group in this re- 
 gion of the world. The Indians too came about me and 
 expressed great anxiety to be taught the revealed will of 
 God. They endeavored to make me understand what their 
 former traditionary belief and practices had been, and to 
 let me know, that what they had learned from me was rea- 
 sonable and satisfactory to them, and that they wished to 
 know all that related to so important and momentous a sub- 
 ject. But our medium of communication was inadequate 
 to a full disclosure of that most interesting truth, that God 
 so loved the world that he gave his only Son to die for its 
 redemption. 
 
 Wherever I have met with the natives of this distant re- 
 gion they have invariably, with earnestness and importuni- 
 ty, asked the gift of the gospel from the hands of Christians. 
 But how little of the faith, and love, and liberality of the 
 
JOURNEY DOWN THE COLUMBIA. 305 
 
 church is invested in the most profitable of all enterprises, 
 the conversion of the world . Should some one propose the 
 construction of a rail road from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
 and demonstrate the practicability of the measure, and show 
 that nature has interposed no effectual barrier, and that it 
 would concentrate not only the whole internal, but also the 
 China trade, and the stock would produce annually a rich 
 dividend, how soon would Christians engage in it. 
 
 Monday the 30th of May, we commenced our journey 
 down the Columbia. The brigade having taken all the 
 boats from this place on their late passage to Fort Vancou- 
 ver, we were compelled to take horses for Okanagan. I 
 changed my guides for two others ; one a Spokein, and the 
 other a Paloose ; retaining my two voyageurs. As we left 
 Fort Colvile we had a fine view of Kettle falls. The Co- 
 lumbia was in its freshet, and as it rolled down in a broken 
 cataract the distance of one hundred feet, it v/as a sub- 
 lime spectacle. The whole scenery as we proceeded down 
 the river was marked by variety, wildness, and romantic 
 grandeur, as if the hand of nature, in decking these remote 
 regions, had consulted for her own amusement some of her 
 most playful and tasteful fancies. The mountains around 
 are constructed on a scale of magnificence, presenting al- 
 most all the varieties of elevation, precipice, and forest. 
 This is the country, which, by.more than one of my prede- 
 cessors in travel, has been celebrated as the abode of wolves, 
 bears, and rattle-snakes, to an extent that renders it almost 
 impenetrable, by ordinary courage ; but we found no indi- 
 cations of the presence of these animals before this even- 
 ing, when the distant barking of a prairie wolf, for once 
 interrupted the universal silence by which we were sur- 
 rounded. 
 
 27 
 
806 LOCATION OF MARBLE. 
 
 After a few hours' ride, on the morning of the 31st, we 
 re-crossed the Spokein river just above its entrance into the 
 Columbia. This large valley is capable of supporting a 
 much more numerous population than now obtain a subsist- 
 ence by hunting and fishing. The Indians residing here 
 afforded us, very cheerfully, all the assistance we needed in 
 ferrying the river. In the neighborhood of this place I dis- 
 covered a mountain of rich and very beautiful saccharine 
 marble, situated on the south side of the Columbia river ; 
 some sections are pure white, while others are beautifully 
 clouded with blue and brown. It effervesced freely with 
 sulphuric acid. This will in time become very valuable, 
 for being upon navigable waters, it can be transported into 
 various countries. Several miles below this marble loca- 
 tion, I was interested with the juxtaposition of granite and 
 basalt. It was on an elevated piece of land one hundred 
 and fifty feet above the river. Near the river there were 
 large quantities of solid granite in its natural position, with- 
 out any appearance of having undergone an igneous in- 
 fluence, and near by to the left was a stupendous dyke of 
 basalt rising two hundred feet, presenting the appearance of 
 having been thrown up by several successive volcanic erup- 
 tions; the earth on the back side gradually rising to a 
 mountain. 
 
 At this place we left the river, to save traversing a great 
 bend, and took a westerly course, expecting to reach it 
 again before night. We pursued our way over an elevated 
 prairie, destitute of wood and water. It became evident 
 that night would overtake us before we could reach the river, 
 unless we should urge forward with all the speed that hu- 
 manity for our horses would permit. Before five o'clock 
 we came near the great gulf walled up with basalt, which as 
 
GRAND COULE . 307 
 
 We supposed, embosomed the deep-flowing Columbia. Our 
 next object was to find a place where we could descend to 
 its shores. After ranging along two or three miles, we 
 found a descent by a ravine ; but to our disappointment 
 discovered that it was the Grand Coule, which was un- 
 doubtedly the former channel of the river. With consider- 
 able difficulty we wound our way into it, and found it well 
 covered with grass, and by searching, obtained a small 
 supply of water. This quondam channel of the river is 
 nearly a mile wide, with a level bottom, and studded with 
 islands. Its sides are lined, as the river itself is in many 
 places, with volcanic rocks, two and three hundred feet per- 
 pendicular. This Coule separates to the left from the pres- 
 ent channel of the Columbia, about one hundred miles be- 
 low Colvile, and is about one hundred miles in length, when 
 it again unites with the river. The volcanic appearances 
 are exhibited here as in other places, furnishing evidences 
 of eruptions at different periods of time. A peculiarity in 
 this instance was a stratum of yellow earth, eight or ten 
 feet in thickness between the strata of basalt. Those who 
 have traveled through the whole length of the Coule, rep- 
 resent it as having the same general features throughout, 
 while the whole distance of the river around to the place 
 where it again unites, as I know from personal observation, 
 has not the peculiarity of a deep channel, cut through the 
 rocks. 
 
 We left the Grand Coule early on the morning of the 1st 
 of June, and with difficulty ascended the western bank. 
 Before noon my guides lost the way to Okanagan, and wan- 
 dered far out upon the wide prairie where there was no 
 water. Losing my confidence in their- knowledge of the 
 country, except on some frequented routes, I directed my 
 
308 FORT OK AN AG AN. 
 
 course by my compass to the north-west for the river ; and 
 perceiving a snow-topped mountain in the distance, I con- 
 cluded the river must lie between it and ourselves, and 
 accordingly made it my landmark. Pursuing this direc- 
 tion a few hours with rapid speed, we came to a slope 
 which gradually narrowed into a ravine, and introduced 
 us at length to a spring of water. Our thirsty horses rush- 
 ed into it, and it was with difficulty we could control their 
 excess in drinking. We followed this ravine, the water of 
 which continually gained accessions until it became a 
 large stream, with a rich valley of alluvial bottom, and 
 united its waters with the Columbia, a few miles above Fort 
 Okanagan, the place of our destination. 
 
 Fort Okanagan is situated on the north side of the Co- 
 lumbia, above the confluence of the Okanagan river, from 
 which, and from the Indians residing in its vicinity, the 
 fort takes its name. It was first built by Mr. David Stu- 
 art, a partner of the American Fur Company, in 1811^ 
 There is an open space of considerable extent around ; the 
 soil is of an inferior quality, hard and gravelly, but produ- 
 cing grass to supply the cattle and horses belonging to the 
 station. A few fertile spots of alluvial soil are found in the 
 vicinity. The Columbia does not appear to have contin- 
 ued so long in its present channel, since leaving the Grand 
 Coule, as to form those extensive alluvial bottoms, which 
 exist in many other parts of its course. After leaving the 
 Spokein woods there is very little forest to supply timber 
 for fuel, fencing or building. They are dependent on flood- 
 wood which descends the river for their ordinary fuel, and 
 the freshets generally furnish a large supply. Not far dis- 
 tant, at the north there are snow-topped mountains, yet the 
 country here is not remarkably mountainous. At this place 
 
OKANAGAN INDIANS. 309 
 
 1 had an opportunity to see some of the Okanagan tribe. 
 Their personal appearance is less noble than the Spokeins, 
 but they are not less peaceable, friendly and honest in their 
 dispositions. This is evident from the fact that the charge 
 of the fort in the absence of Capt. Ogden, the superintend- 
 ent, was committed temporarily to a Frenchman, and sev- 
 eral of the Indians. This tribe with the Shooshaps number 
 about two thousand persons. They are much employed in 
 the salmon fishery, and large quantities are prepared by 
 drying for the winter's use. Their country does not abound 
 in game, and hunting occupies but little of their time. The 
 climate here, as in other parts of the Oregon Territory, is 
 very mild and salubrious. 
 
 Wishing to pursue my way down the river, I hired two 
 Indians to assist my two Frenchmen in navigating a bateau 
 which we obtained at this place ; and committed our horses 
 to my Indian guides to take them across the country to 
 Walla Walla. My confidence in the honesty of these men 
 was without any suspicion, and I could trust them with our 
 six horses, saddles and bridles, to go on any enterprise with- 
 in their capacity to accomplish. They have so much self- 
 respect, that they would not on any account commit a 
 crime, which would expel them from their people, induce 
 them to seek concealment, or abridge their liberties as free- 
 men. 
 
 We embarked in our boat, June 2d, to perform a voyage 
 of four" hundred miles, with the river in full freshet ; and its 
 strong current increased by high water, secured to us a ve- 
 locity beyond the ordinary. We passed several rapids, and 
 dashed over the breaking surges, where the least misman- 
 agement would have caused inevitable submersion without 
 
 any prospect of escape. But my voyageurs showed by 
 
 27* 
 
310 PETRIFIED TREE. 
 
 their adroitness at the oar, that they were upon their favor- 
 ite element, and their gayety and songs began to revive, on 
 being relieved from the rough, and to them unpleasant jour- 
 ney on horseback, over hills and down ravines, and through 
 forests. The elasticity of their native character was al- 
 most immediately apparent, and we glided on with celerity, 
 making a voyage of one hundred miles before it was neces- 
 sary to seek our safety for the night on shore. The coun- 
 try through which we passed to-day was rather mountain- 
 ous. I saw many locations of granite in its natural state, 
 but as we proceeded, volcanic operations began to appear, 
 and the granite exhibited the effects of intense heat, until 
 it wholly disappeared, and breccia, amygdaloid, basalt, and 
 lava took its place. In the afternoon we passed a perpen- 
 dicular section of rock, two hundred and fifty feet high ; 
 half way to the top of which, a petrified tree of considera- 
 ble magnitude is suspended. It appears to be retained in its 
 place by having its roots inserted in the crevices of the rocks, 
 between the layers of different eruptions. How it procured 
 its elevated situation is quite a mystery. It could not have 
 vegetated there, unless at the time of its growth, it was sup- 
 ported by a surface upon which to rise ; and taking the pres- 
 ent condition of the rocks, it could not be deposited there 
 by any floods of the river, and certainly it could not in such 
 case, intertwine its roots in the crevices of the rocks. Gen- 
 tlemen of the Hudson Bay Company, and others who navi- 
 gate this river, have amused themselves by shooting off 
 pieces with their rifles, and they assured me it was wholly 
 a petrifaction. Our encampment this evening was a few 
 miles above the Long Rapids, which extend nine miles. 
 
 On the 3d, as we approached the Long Rapids about fifty 
 miles above Walla Walla, they presented the appearance of 
 
LONG RAPIDS. 311 
 
 waves rolling under a strong breeze of wind, and their dis- 
 tant murmur broke upon the stillness of the morning. To 
 pass them without fear, is an undertaking which requires 
 courage and self-possession ; but knowing that these inland 
 navigators are experienced in all the dangers of boating 
 excursions, I had but little drawback upon the pleasure I 
 anticipated in a swift descent over them. With much care 
 and exertion of my men we safely outrode them, a distance 
 of nine miles, in forty minutes. It is this variety of falls, 
 cascades, and rapids^ together with the ever-varying scene- 
 ry of nature's wildest and grandest forms, that keeps the 
 mind from wearying, and awakens almost perpetually some 
 new emotions and energies, while performing a voyage of 
 several hundred miles in open bateaux or light canoes. Not 
 unfrequently in the stillness and solitude of the river, when 
 it assumed its more placid features, such a sense of security 
 is enjoyed, that a resort to books, to assist in a profitable 
 disposition of time, is pleasant. 
 
 My voyageurs called my attention to a red lurid aspect 
 of the atmosphere in the south, and said we should have a 
 strong wind from that quarter. Their prognostication was 
 soon realized. The gale did not last long, and the only 
 remarkable feature was, that when it subsided, it was al- 
 most instantaneously. 
 
 Through the distance of about one hundred miles, which 
 we passed to-day, the country is level and destitute of wood. 
 I observed a bank of clay in layers of diversified struc- 
 ture, such as I have often noticed. The different sections 
 were of various colors ; some dusky red, some yellow, and 
 blue, and others white, making an upright elevation of one 
 hundred feet or more. 
 
 Salmon are ascending the river in great numbers, and 
 
312 ARRIVAL AT WALLA WALLA. 
 
 groups of Indians are scattered along pursuing the employ- 
 ment of catching them. Wherever we passed them, they 
 came off in their canoes, bringing salmon to sell, some of 
 which were roasted in the best manner, and served up on 
 broad pieces of bark, which answered a good purpose in 
 the absence of plates ; and often large leaves of plants were 
 spread neatly upon the bark. Upon these we dined, with- 
 out bread, vegetables, or salt. My voyageitrs found suffi- 
 cient employment in the gratification of their appetites, to 
 interrupt for a while their anecdote and song. We arrived 
 at Walla Walla at evening, just in season to find shelter 
 from one of the most violent thunder storms, accompanied 
 with wind, which I have witnessed in this country. Such 
 storms are of rare occurrence west of the mountains. 
 
SNAKE INDIANS. 313 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 A summary of the Indians of the Upper country — names of the tribes, 
 their locations and numbers — leave Walla Walla for Fort Vancou- 
 ver — swift passage down the river — run the Falls — Cascades — dan. 
 gerous eddy — -arrive at Vancouver — steam-boat excursion. 
 
 Having traveled over the most important parts of the 
 upper country, and collected the facts of its physical condi- 
 tion, together with the location, character, and condition 
 of the most numerous tribes of Indians ; before leaving 
 this section of the territory west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 it may be proper to give a connected summary of these par- 
 ticulars. On the south part of the Oregon Territory, ad- 
 joining Upper California, are located the Shoshones or 
 Snake Indians. I was not able to gain knowledge of their 
 definite numbers, but the general estimate is that they are 
 more than ten thousand. Their country is decidedly the 
 most barren, west of the mountains ; most parts being cov- 
 ered with scoria and other volcanic productions. These 
 Indians are poor, and as indicative of their condition and 
 their resources, they are called Snake Indians, and Root 
 diggers. Some of them go to the mountains and hunt buf- 
 falo, and they very generally resort to the river in the sea- 
 son of fishing. They have a tolerable supply of horses. 
 When they go to Rendezvous they make a great display, 
 advancing on horseback, dressed in their most fantastic 
 manner, exhibiting all their ornaments of feathers, beads, 
 wolf-tails, teeth and claws of animals, arranged according 
 
314 INDIANS — DIFFERENT TRIBES. 
 
 to their notions of good taste. The warriors are armed, 
 hideously painted, and those who have been wounded in bat- 
 tle are very fond of showing their scars. After coursing 
 around and through the camp of Rendezvous for some time, 
 they dismount and go through the ceremony of shaking 
 hands. I had also an opportunity of seeing many of these 
 and the Utaws at Rendezvous. The country of the Utaws 
 is situated to the east and south-east of the Shoshones, 
 about the Salt Lake and on the head waters of the Colora- 
 do river, which empties into the gulf of California. They 
 number nearly four thousand persons, and appear to be a 
 mild and peaceable people, honest, kind, and hospitable to 
 strangers, and affectionate among themselves. They live 
 by hunting, fishing, and gathering roots and berries. Their 
 dress is plain, and their manners are unassuming. Their 
 country being in latitude about 41°, has a fine climate, and 
 good soil. 
 
 Proceeding north, we come to the country of the Nez 
 Perce's, which has many fertile parts adapted to tillage, and 
 is throughout a fine grazing country. They number about 
 two thousand five hundred ; but they have already been 
 often mentioned. 
 
 The Cayuses are situated to the west of the Nez Perce's, 
 and very much resemble them in person, dress, habits, and 
 morals. They are equally peaceable, honest, and hospita- 
 ble to strangers. They number more than two thousand 
 persons. Their wealth consist in horses, which are unusu- 
 ally fine and numerous ; it being no uncommon thing for 
 one man to own several hundred. Their country, especial- 
 ly that about the Grand Round, is uncommonly fertile, pro- 
 ducing spontaneously cammas in great abundance, upon 
 which, with fish and some game, they principally subsist. 
 
INDIANS DIFFERENT TRIBES. 315 
 
 They express the same anxiety to be instructed as the Nez 
 Perces and Flatheads. 
 
 The Walla Walla Indians inhabit the country about the 
 river of the same name, and range some distance below, 
 along the Columbia river. The number of persons in this 
 tribe is about five hundred. In their character, employ- 
 ments, and moral habits, they do not materially differ from 
 the last named tribes. 
 
 The Paloose tribe are properly a part of the Nez Perces, 
 and in all respects are like them. Their residence is along 
 the Nez Perce river and up the Pavilion. They number 
 about three hundred. The four last named tribes speak the 
 same language with a little dialectical difference. 
 
 North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation. They 
 number about eight hundred persons, besides some small 
 tribes adjoining them who might be counted a part of their 
 nation. I have so fully described them that it is unneces- 
 sary to enlarge upon their character. Their country is 
 much diversified with mountains and valleys, prairie and 
 woods, and a large part is of primitive formation, and some 
 parts are very fertile. They denominate themselves the 
 children of the sun, which in their language is Spokein. 
 Their main dependence for subsistence is upon fishing and 
 hunting, together with gathering roots and berries. I have 
 stated that a commencement is made in agriculture, which 
 it is to be hoped will be generally adopted, so that their pres- 
 ent precarious mode of living may give plac3 to that which 
 will be substantial. They have many horses, but not so 
 numerous as their neighbors farther south. 
 
 East of these are the Cceur d'Alene Indians, whose num- 
 bers are about seven hundred, and who are characterized 
 by civility, honesty, and kindness. Their country is more 
 
316 INDIANS — A CHIEF'S ANECDOTE. 
 
 open than that of the Spokeins, and equally, if not better 
 adapted to agriculture. 
 
 The country of the Flatheads is still farther east and 
 south-east, and extends to the Rocky Mountains. They 
 are a very interesting tribe ; dignified in their persons, no- 
 ble, frank, and generous in their dispositions, and have al- 
 ways shown a firm attachment to white men. They num- 
 ber about eight hundred persons, and live a wandering life. 
 For subsistence they follow the buffalo upon the head wa- 
 ters of Clarke and Salmon rivers, and often pass over to the 
 head waters of the Missouri. They have become a small 
 tribe by constant wars with the Blackfeet Indians, though 
 they themselves are not of a ferocious or hostile disposition. 
 Being averse to war, they wish to settle upon their lands, 
 and are only waiting to be instructed in the arts of civili- 
 zation, and in Christianity. 
 
 Their country is mountainous, but intersected with plea- 
 sant, fertile valleys, large portions of which are prairie. 
 The mountains are cold, but in the valleys the climate is 
 mild. 
 
 An anecdote was related by a chief of this nation, which 
 illustrates their native character, and the propensity of In- 
 dians to imitation. He said the first white men he saw, 
 was when he was young. It was summer. He said, 
 " These are a new people, they look cold, their faces are 
 white and red ; go make a large fire, and I will ask them 
 to come and warm them." In a short time his people had 
 made a fire, and brought new buffalo robes. The white 
 men came into his lodge, and he wrapped them in the robes 
 and seated them by the fire that they might be warm. 
 The robes slipped off; he replaced them. Soon the white 
 men made signs to smoke their pipe. The chief thought 
 
INDIANS DIFFERENT TRIBES. 317 
 
 they asked for food, and brought them meat. The white 
 men gave him the pipe, and he and his people smoked, 
 " and after this they loved smoke, and they loved the white 
 men, and said they were good." 
 
 The Ponderas are so like the Flatheads in person, man- 
 ners, and character, that a particular description of them 
 may be passed over They number about two thousand 
 two hundred, and live on the north of Clarke's river, and 
 on a lake which takes its name from the tribe. Their 
 country has many fertile parts, and would soon be put un- 
 der cultivation, if they could obtain instructors to teach 
 them agriculture and to impart to them a knowledge of those 
 things which are necessary to constitute a happy and pros- 
 perous community. Their language is the same as the 
 Spokeins' and Flatheads'. The Cootanies inhabit a section 
 of country to the north of the Ponderas along M'Gillivray's 
 river, and are represented as an uncommonly interesting 
 people. They speak a language distinct from all the tribes 
 about them, open and sonorous, and free from gutterals, 
 which are common in the language of the surrounding tribes. 
 They are neat in their persons and lodges, candid and hon- 
 est, and kind to each other. I could not ascertain their num- 
 bers, but probably they are not over a thousand. 
 
 There are several other tribes of Indians, whose countries 
 are situated upon the waters of the north-east branch of the 
 Columbia river, resembling each other so nearly in their 
 customs, morals, manners, and mode of living, that it is un- 
 necessary to go into a separate and particular description 
 of each. I will mention the names, locations, and number 
 of some of the principal tribes. North of the Cootanies are 
 the Carriers, whose number is estimated to be four thousand. 
 
 South of these are the Lake Indians, so named from their 
 
 28 
 
318 DESCEND THE RIVER. 
 
 place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes. They 
 are about five hundred in number. At the south, and about 
 Colvile, are the Kettle Falls Indians, who number five hun- 
 dred and sixty. West of these are the Sinpauelish, one 
 thousand in number ; and below these are the Shooshaps, 
 having a population of five hundred and seventy-five. At 
 the west and north-west, next in order are the Okanagans, 
 numbering one thousand and fifty. To the north and west are 
 several tribes, about whom I obtained no definite informa- 
 tion. Between Okanagan and the Long Rapids are detach- 
 ments of Indians, who appear poor, and wanting in that man- 
 ly and active spirit, which characterizes the tribes above 
 named. South of the Long Rapids, to the confluence of 
 Lewis' river with the Columbia, are the Yookoomans, a 
 more active people, numbering about, seven hundred. The 
 whole number of the above named Indians is thirty-two 
 thousand five hundred and eighty-five. This is probably a 
 low estimate, and in the number, the Falls and La Dalles 
 Indians are not included, nor many other numerous tribes 
 residing at the north and south of the Falls of the Colum- 
 bia, whose numbers, I could not with certainty ascertain. 
 We might more than double this number, and probably still 
 come below the population of the upper country. 
 
 The Indians to whom our horses were entrusted, came 
 in safely, as I expected. After resting on the Sabbath, 
 we renewed, on Monday the 6th, our voyage down the 
 river, having Fort Vancouver for our next destination. 
 We exchanged the bateau for a large canoe, retaining 
 the men who attended me from Okanagan. Assisted by 
 the high water, we made rapid progress until three in the 
 afternoon, when a strong head wind compelled us to take 
 to the land for the remainder of the day, having gone 
 
RUN THE FALLS OP THE COLUMBIA. 319 
 
 seventy-five miles. The Indians as usual came to us in 
 their friendly manner, offering us salmon, and asking for 
 tobacco, which they esteem more highly than either gold 
 or silver. They have been accustomed to traffic in this 
 commodity, until they expect it of every passing traveler. 
 
 The morning of the 7th was more calm, and we got un- 
 der way at an early hour, but with the rising day the wind 
 again increased to such a degree, that we were obliged to 
 suspend our voyage. After a strenuous endeavor to effect 
 a landing on the north, we were at length, without the power 
 of controlling our canoe, and in much danger, driven across 
 to the opposite shore, where we succeeded in landing, and 
 here for the first time in all my travels, I found it impossi- 
 ble to pitch my tent, such being the strength of the wind, 
 that it would have been carried away. The canoe was 
 drawn upon the shore, and wrapping myself in my blank- 
 ets and buffalo robes, I laid me down in safety by the side 
 of the canoe. We had here, as at all our other landing 
 places, the usual friendly visit from the neighboring Indians. 
 
 The following day we were able to resume our journey, 
 and passed the rapids, which in the tempest of yesterday 
 looked so forbidding. A little caution on the part of my 
 experienced Frenchmen in regard to the numerous islands 
 and eddies, enabled us to effect the passage in perfect safety. 
 In a short time we approached the falls of the Columbia, 
 which, in low water, are twenty feet perpendicular, follow- 
 ed by raging rapids below. Bousheau, my steersman, pro- 
 posed to run the falls, saying that there was no danger in 
 full freshet, and that it would save a portage. We were 
 then passing a section of the river where the banks were 
 walled up with basalt ; and while I was revolving in my 
 mind the chances of safety, I had concluded, that when 
 
320 LA DALLES. 
 
 we should come to the great basin above the falls, I would 
 be set on shore ; but when we came to the basin, the water 
 of the river, rushing from the mural shores, formed impass- 
 able breakers on the right and on the left, and onward 
 we must go, let consequences be what they would. We 
 kept near the middle of the river, which was free from 
 breakers, though not from high surges. Soon, with ama- 
 zing velocity, we were over the cataract of the mighty wa- 
 ters, and made our way into a bay at the head of the first 
 portage of the La Dalles. The accumulation of water from 
 these stupendous mountains above, was so great, that the 
 narrow channel of the La Dalles, studded with basaltic 
 islands, so obstructed the passage of the river, that the falls 
 were almost lost in the depth. 
 
 Such were the eddies and surging of the water among 
 the rocky islands in the narrow broken channel of the La 
 Dalles, that we had to make three portages. Our canoe 
 was so large that twenty Indians were not too many to 
 carry it safely. Their mode of carrying is to invert it upon 
 their heads and shoulders, and then it is with difficulty and 
 danger that they pass the steep and rocky ravines. When 
 we came to the last portage, the Indians were not willing 
 to take hold again unless we would pay them in powder 
 and balls ; and although their demands were reasonable, 
 yet my stores were not adequate to meet them, and they 
 would not perform the labor without the required articles. I 
 engaged Sopelay, and another influential chief, to induce 
 their men to perform the labor of making this last portage, 
 and promised that I would send them the demand from 
 Fort Vancouver, and for their security I would give them a 
 talking paper. They stated to their people my proposal, and 
 were about to succeed, when TilkT, the first chief, who had 
 
DANGEROUS WHIRLPOOL. 321 
 
 become familiar with an American trader, laughed at their 
 credulity. Sopelay, however, stated to the people, that he 
 had seen me at the fort, and that he heard me teach the In- 
 dians good things, and did not believe I would deceive them. 
 He prevailed, and the men took hold of the work ; and in 
 /bur hours from passing the falls we were beyond the raging 
 water, where we made our morning repast upon very fine 
 salmon. 
 
 Our passage during the remainder of the day was pleas- 
 ant ; we passed Cape Horn without difficulty, and landed for 
 the night twelve miles above the Cascades. In this high 
 state of the water, very few of the trees of the submerged 
 forest were to be seen. 
 
 On the morning of the 9th, we passed the Cascades by 
 hiring Indians to cordelle the canoe down them, exclusive of 
 one short portage, the distance of two miles to the great 
 basin, or rather the great whirlpool below. This labor is 
 attended with some danger, and cases, though not numerous, 
 have occurred of the loss of lives and property. As I walk- 
 ed along the shores, and over precipices, I saw the wrecks 
 of several canoes and bateaux strewed upon the rocks. We 
 embarked upon the great basin, at the lower part of which 
 we passed into a rapid, where the main current took a dia- 
 gonal course from the north towards the south shore. On 
 both sides of this current there were heavy breakers, and as 
 the only course of safety, we took the middle. We had not 
 proceeded far before a large whirlpool, with a deep, devour- 
 ing vortex, formed almost directly before us, and as we were 
 going forward very swiftly, it seemed impossible to avoid its 
 circling current. I said to my steersman, bear a little to 
 the right. " O don't speak here," was his reply. As we 
 
 approached the vortex, it filled after the manner of smaller 
 
 28* 
 
322 A FIELD FOR NATURALISTS, 
 
 eddies, and we soon felt the influence of its waters rolling 
 out from the centre, and all our strength was required to 
 resist them, lest we should be thrown upon the breakers. 
 We passed with the rapidity of the wind, and in a short time 
 were upon the smooth surface of the tide waters below. 
 
 The sensations excited in descending these Cascades are 
 of that peculiar character, which are best understood by ex- 
 perience. The sensation of fear is no sooner awakened than 
 it subsides before the power and magnificence of the rolling 
 surges, the circling vortices, and the roaring breakers. Let 
 those whose dormant energies, either of body or mind, need 
 arousing, try the navigation of the Columbia in high water, 
 and their powers will be invigorated for almost any future 
 enterprise. Such is the fascinating power, I had almost said 
 magic of these scenes, that those who are accustomed to be 
 employed upon these waters, though far away from home 
 and kindred, become attached to this mode of life, and are 
 reluctant to abandon it for any other. Each time the scene- 
 ry of these interesting Cascades is beheld, new wonders 
 unfold themselves. Niagara itself, if we except its unbroken 
 fall of one hundred and fifty feet, cannot bear a comparison 
 with the superior style of nature's works here. Nor are 
 these things created merely to attract our momentary admi- 
 ration. Science in very many of its departments, may find 
 subjects for investigation. 
 
 While the ornithologist listens to the songsters of the for- 
 ests, and in these enchanting solitudes follows them with his 
 eye, as they dart from bough to bough ; he regards with ad- 
 miration the noble and majestic white headed eagle, as he 
 takes his favorite perch upon the loftiest heights of some 
 needle-pointed rock, or the summit of some leafless tree, or 
 as he darts from thence upon his prey ; or his attentioa may 
 
A FIELD FOR NATURALISTS. 323 
 
 be arrested by the daring fish-hawk in his rapid descent up- 
 on the finny tribe. An amusing occurrence took place in 
 my view. A fish-hawk seized upon a fish of such magni- 
 tude, that the contest for a long time was doubtful, as the 
 splashing water indicated, which should exchange its native 
 element. The resistance was so great, that a disengage- 
 ment was deemed the best policy. 
 
 Here also the botanist, while he forbears to ascend the 
 lofty mountains, which" for him present an aspect of too 
 much dreariness, may retire into the narrow receding val- 
 leys, or wind his way over sunny hills in search of new 
 genera of plants, or at least new species, with which to im- 
 mortalize his name, and add to the stores of his favorite 
 science. 
 
 The geologist, while he admires the stupendous monu- 
 ments of volcanic operations before him, may also find 
 much to interest him in examining more minute formations. 
 Along the rugged shores are scattered specimens of calce- 
 dony, jasper, agate, and cornelian. He may examine the 
 cellules of the immense masses of amygdaloid ; the colum- 
 nar basalt and the mountains shooting up their denticulated 
 forms and needle-points. His attention will be drawn to the 
 examination of the lava, breccia, and trachyte ; and he will 
 be interested in finding many dendrolites. When he looks 
 at the deep channel through which the Columbia river finds 
 its onward way to the Pacific ocean, if he doubts the agen- 
 cy of God in forming the courses of the rivers, he may in- 
 dulge his imagination in computing how long it has taken 
 this river to wear down the immensely hard basalt a thou- 
 sand feet; and having ascertained how long it takes to 
 wear any given depth, he may then make his mathematical 
 conclusions how long the process has been going on. But if 
 
324 ARRIVAL AT THE FORT. 
 
 he is a Christian philosopher, while he admits second caus* 
 es, he may look up to the first great Cause, and admire and 
 adore; and not regarding baseless theories, may exclaim, 
 " How wonderful are thy works, in wisdom hast thou made 
 them all." 
 
 As we passed out of the mountain country about the Cas- 
 cades, we found the wide valley below so inundated, as to 
 present the appearance of an inland sea. I arrived safely 
 at the fort, found my friends well, and exchanged cordial 
 congratulations. 
 
 Sabbath, June 12th, I preached to the people of the fort, 
 and in the evening had a third service, in which as hereto- 
 fore, an opportunity was given to those present, to propose 
 questions on any subject of religion about which they wished 
 information. I was particularly gratified to find, that du- 
 ring my absence, public worship had been maintained, and 
 an effort nad been made to bring the French Canadians to 
 attend upon religious instruction. They are assembled 
 twice on the Sabbath, and a portion of scripture and a ser- 
 mon in French, are read to them by Dr. McLaughlin. 
 
 I was favored with an opportunity to send to Sopelay the 
 promised powder and balls, by Capt. Black, a gentleman of 
 the Company, who in a few days was to leave Vancouver 
 for his station- north of Fort Okanagan. 
 
 On the 14th, we took a water excursion in the steam-boat 
 Beaver, Capt. Home, down the Columbia to the confluence 
 of the western branch of the Multnomah ; up this river into 
 the Willamette, and then into the middle branch of the 
 Multnomah, and through it into the Columbia, and back to 
 the fort. All the low lands were overflowed with the annual 
 freshet, and presented the appearance of an immense bay, 
 extending far into the country. The day was pleasant and . 
 
NAVIGABLE WATERS. 325 
 
 our company cheerful. The novelty of a steam-boat on the 
 Columbia, awakened a train of prospective reflections upon 
 the probable changes which would take place in these re- 
 mote regions, in a very few years. It was wholly an un- 
 thought of thing when I first contemplated this enterprise, 
 that I should find here this forerunner of commerce and bu- 
 siness. The gayety which prevailed was often suspended, 
 while we conversed of coming days, when with civilized 
 men, all the rapid improvements in the arts of life, should 
 be introduced over this new world, and when cities and vil- 
 lages shall spring up on the west, as they are springing up 
 on the east of the great mountains, and a new empire shall 
 be added to the kingdoms of the earth. 
 
 The Columbia is the only river of magnitude in the Ore- 
 gon Territory, and this is navigable for ships but one hun- 
 dred and thirty miles to the Cascades ; and it is the only 
 one which affords a harbor for large ships on the coast, from 
 California to the 49° of north latitude. For bateaux and 
 various other light craft, the Columbia and its branches are 
 navigable a thousand miles. The internal navigation could 
 not be much improved, unless at great expense, by canals 
 around the rapids and falls, which are so numerous that 
 ascending the river is now difficult. Still a considerable 
 interior trade is carried on by means of these waters, and 
 the ingenuity of men on the west, when it shall be more 
 extensively populated, will contrive facilities, as on the east, 
 for greatly improving the intercourse of remote and differ- 
 ent portions of this territory. 
 
326 GEOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Having remarked on the features of the country through 
 which I passed, as I proceeded, I shall now give a more 
 connected and summary view of facts, the result of my ob- 
 servations in relation to the geology of that hitherto unex- 
 plored region. m In remarking, however, on the observed 
 facts, it cannot be expected that I should be able to give a 
 complete view of the geology of so extensive a territory ; it 
 being greater than the whole of the United States east of 
 the Alleghany Mountains. The complexity, too, must be 
 considered, of plainly marked phenomena, resulting from 
 long continued igneous action, where both ancient and com- 
 paratively recent products are so blended, that time and 
 much experience alone can resolve appearances, at first 
 view inexplicable. Let the reader also add to this the cir- 
 cumstances under which the author was compelled to note 
 the data of his conclusions. He regrets that in his brief 
 stay in a country, where many years are requisite fully 
 to investigate all its interesting phenomena, and in a field 
 so rich, he could' make but few measurements, and only 
 judge in most cases by approximate modes. As to the strict 
 scientific accuracy of his statements, he deems it no more 
 than just to say, that while he doubts not that the facts he 
 details are worthy the attention of scientific men, and are 
 correct in re, so that perfect reliance may be placed on 
 them,, yet he feels himself to have wanted that almost intu- 
 
GEOLOGY. 327 
 
 itive knowledge, which he alone possesses who has long 
 been a field-laborer. 
 
 With these considerations the author presents the result 
 of his observations, hoping the reader may find much that 
 is valuable respecting these regions of the setting sun, re- 
 plete as they are with interest, arising from grandeur both 
 of scenery, and of developements of the modes and effects of 
 the operations of the great geological agents ; especially of 
 that element, which in time past has wrought such chan- 
 ges, and is yet gradually and more unperceivedly produ- 
 cing them ; where it has played all its frantic freaks, and 
 then quietly left this spot with so few superimposed materi- 
 als, that well developed phenomena may be leisurely ex- 
 amined. ~ 
 
 My design is first to give a general view of the rocks of 
 Oregon — then state a few facts in the form of remarks or 
 descriptions — and then add a brief catalogue of minerals 
 found in this Territory. 
 
 After leaving the great secondary valley of the Missis- 
 sippi, near the Black Hills, which are a range of lesser 
 mountains, east of the Rocky Mountains, the geologist be- 
 gins to find rocks of the Carboniferous Group, obscurely 
 manifest beneath the deep soil, and anthracite coal in loose 
 fragments on the banks of streams running into the Platte. 
 Among and beyond the Black Hills, the carboniferous strata 
 are clearly seen, the coal " cropping out" and presenting 
 precisely the same features as did the Wilksbarre beds in 
 Pennsylvania, w,hen I saw them before they were worked. 
 Here, for several days, we rode over rocks, interspersed 
 now and then with anthracite, and having marks of the 
 presence of iron, as is usual in regular coal deposits. 
 Passing this, the geologist next reaches another group, 
 
328 GEOLOGY. 
 
 either the upper secondary, or more recent rocks, lying at 
 the foot of the Rocky Mountains. I was inclined to believe, 
 from the fact that 1 was apparently geologically rising, as 
 well as really ascending above the level of the ocean, that 
 they were the latter. Red Shale, or sandstone, I found in 
 what are termed the Red Butes. Perhaps this is New Red 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Reaching the Rocky Mountains, which are a continuation 
 of the Andes, depressed in Mexico, Granite becomes abun- 
 dant, and other primary rocks, extending to an unknown dis- 
 tance north and south, and more than a hundred miles east 
 and west. This section, mostly covered with perpetual 
 snow, affords ample space for the study of glacial geologi- 
 cal action, a subject now eliciting much attention. The 
 valley through which we passed, remarkably indicates the 
 overruling hand of Providence, in providing an easy pass, 
 where no serious obstacle presents itself to the construction 
 of a rail-road. This and other valleys would undoubtedly, 
 with facilities for observation, give equal opportunities to 
 discover the formation of this vast chain, as has been done 
 in regard to the great rocky ranges of the Eastern Con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Advancing westward, and emerging from the Rocky 
 Mountains, there is found immediately at their base Secon- 
 dary Rocks ; but as we approach the borders of one of the 
 great volcanic furnaces of the world, they are much bro- 
 ken and tilted up, presenting some singular phenomena, 
 which I have mentioned in the journal, such as the forma- 
 tion of narrow ridges with the strata at different angles. In 
 some places these dyke-like ridges are nearly regular in 
 size and distance, as though cracked by an upheaving force, 
 and the fissures filled afterwards with earth ; and in other 
 
GEOLOGY. 329 
 
 places existing in wedge-form masses, interspersed between 
 other rocks, and having other varieties of dislocation. The 
 lithological character of the tract, over which we rode for 
 two days, corresponds with that of the new red sandstone 
 of the valley of the Connecticut. There are deposits both 
 of the red and slaty colored strata — and their depth seems 
 to be quite great, as is evinced by bluffs. But, as I observed 
 no organic remains, my inclination to believe that these 
 rocks are the new red sandstone, is founded only on their 
 mineral character, and the fact, a very important one, that 
 they appear directly to underlay the saliferous rocks, or to 
 lie immediately above them. Should these rocks, which 
 are quite extensive, prove to be new red sandstone, it adds 
 no little to the interest of the geology of a country so rich 
 in other respects. Perhaps, as red rocks of the same kind 
 lie on each side of the Rocky Mountains, it may be proved 
 hereafter, that the range was elevated through a deposit of 
 shale or new red sandstone. 
 
 Directly after leaving the red sandstone, and passing a 
 belt of volcanic operations, which also are found among the 
 red and slaty rocks just described, (as will be seen by ref- 
 erence to the Trois Tetons, the Butes, and other conical 
 mountains, as exhibited on the map,) Saliferous Rocks 
 are seen. Here is Native Salt, Chloride of Sodium, and 
 red, green, brown, and white strata of indurated marl, 
 agreeing in character with the geological features of the 
 Boehnia and Wieliezka mines of Poland. These rocks 
 also occupy quite a tract of country, as we were sever- 
 al days in passing them, and they seemed to reach both 
 north and south of the locality of rock salt, as is proved 
 by the existence of the great Salt Lake at the south ; 
 
 and travelers assert that native rock salt is found to 
 
 29 
 
330 GEOLOGY. 
 
 the north, and especially far to the south, near the Rocky 
 Mountain range.* 
 
 We have now arrived at Oregon proper, and find it a vast 
 amphitheatre of volcanic operations, where are exhibited in 
 unexcelled magnificence, variety, and distinctness, the pro- 
 ductions of several periods. 
 
 The Greenstone, found in connexion with the new red 
 sandstone and saline rocks, undoubtedly belongs to the 
 same period as that of other countries. 
 
 The Columnar Basalt, corresponding as it does with other 
 similar eruptions in the eastern world, is probably cotempo- 
 raneous with them. The same identity of time may be 
 traced in regard to the trachyte, obsidian, clinkstone or 
 phonolite, and other products, after allowing for difference 
 of circumstances of pressure, and rapidity of refrigeration. 
 Recent eruptions also have taken place. 
 
 The traces of igneous action, commencing near the 
 Rocky Mountains, or mountains adjacent to them, in the sec- 
 ondary rocks are evinced by the disturbed state of these 
 rocks, as already described, and grow more and more evi- 
 dent until almost the whole region exhibits volcanic pro- 
 ducts. In other places, the Primary of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, or mountains west of this range, first begins to be 
 cracked and injected with dykes, then farther west termi- 
 nates in the vast volcanic fields of upper and lower Oregon. 
 
 It is in vain to attempt fully to describe the volcanic op- 
 erations here presented. Mountains of amygdaloid, the 
 cavities of which are mostly vacant ; volcanic conglomer- 
 ate, detritus, columnar basalt, and disintegrated lava, every 
 where abound, together with other less frequent produc- 
 
 * See Ures' Geology, page 373, and Professor Rogers' Report to the 
 British Geological Association. 
 
GEOLOGY. 331 
 
 tions ; obsidian, clinkstone, pitchstone, and minerals found 
 in the cavities of amygdaloid. The tops of hills and moun- 
 tains are sometimes spread out into horizontal plains, others 
 terminate in conical peaks, or are rounded like domes. 
 Escarpments are frequently presented like that in the plate 
 heading this chapter. Regular craters, presenting them- 
 selves in the forms of cones and concave depressions, are 
 often found in plains, or capping the summits of mountains ; 
 most of them, however, are more or less obscured by the 
 lapse of time, but still as marked as the extinct craters of 
 the Sandwich Islands. The marked volcanic agency, man- 
 ifesting itself in these and similar products, and completely 
 occupying most of the country which we have termed upper 
 and lower Oregon, continues to be evident until lost in the 
 waters of the Pacific. In some places the Primary rocks 
 seem again to be found on the western coast. Near the 
 mouth of the Columbia I noticed a few Tertiary rocks lying 
 in situ, and obtained a few shells belonging to this deposit. 
 Whether there is on the North West Coast a regular Terti- 
 ary basin, partly on shore, and the remainder under the 
 ocean, remains to be determined. Queen Charlottes Island 
 on the north is, at least in part, primary. Primary rocks 
 rise in various parts of the country, and are like islands in 
 the vast volcanic field. Such are the Salmon river moun- 
 tains, and the granite and carbonate of lime near the Spo- 
 kein river, and other places. 
 
 We have thus glanced at the rocks of Oregon as we pass 
 westward. In relation to their extent in a northerly and 
 southerly direction, I am unable to say much. There is 
 evidence that igneous action has extended from Queen 
 Charlottes Island to California. I have already remarked 
 on the extent of the Saliferous rocks. That they extend 
 
332 GEOLOGY. 
 
 from north of the locality where I found native salt, south 
 into Mexico, appears quite certain. 
 
 Having remarked thus much in general terms, I will 
 proceed to give a few facts without much order, some, if 
 not all of which, might have been included in my descrip- 
 tion of the great changes in the rocks. 
 
 The plate at the head of this chapter demands a more 
 definite explanation than has been given in former editions. 
 It substantially describes frequent escarpments of volcanic 
 rocks, such as are found in nearly every part of Oregon . 
 
 The place designed to be represented by it,, is below the 
 junction of the Coos-coots-ke with the Lewis river. With 
 some variations it is applicable to a mural escarpment sev- 
 eral miles below the Cascades on the Columbia. Similar 
 mural escarpments are found in the Spokein country, and at 
 the Grand Coule, or ancient bed of the Columbia. The 
 needle-points on the right of the plate are found most dis- 
 tinctly marked, about and just below the Cascades, though 
 they occur at numerous other places. Indeed this is not an 
 unfrequent form of basalt west of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The first strata marked in the plate above what is intend- 
 ed for the shore of the river, is irregular massive amygda- 
 loid. In some localities similar to that from which the plate 
 is taken, there is found a conglomerate underlaying this 
 strata. The next or second strata of the plate, is volcanic 
 breccia or conglomerate, composed of detritus, and angular 
 fragments mixed with earthy matter, and is perhaps what 
 some call volcanic tufa. This brecciated layer is more or 
 less hard and compact, varying however very much in dif- 
 ferent localities, and is in all cases only a few feet thick. 
 The third strata is columnar basalt, regularly crystalized 
 in pentagons about two feet in diameter. In other places 
 
GEOLOGY. 333 
 
 they vary in size from one to four or more feet in diameter. 
 It is in all the localities where I noticed it, closely jointed, 
 with the convex surface upwards, like the basalt of the Gi- 
 ant's Causeway. The fourth is a brecciated layer. The 
 fifth on the left, is columnar basalt, and on the right, amyg- 
 daloid in juxtaposition with the basalt. The sixth is a brec- 
 ciated layer. The seventh and uppermost is a semi-crys- 
 talized basalt on the left, and needle-pointed basalt on the 
 right. The semi-crystalized basalt very nearly resembles 
 the Palisades on the Hudson River, and the greenstone of 
 East and West Rocks at New Haven, and the more distinct 
 crystals found in Mt. Tom and Mt. Holyoke. For the latter 
 see Hitchcock's Geo. 1st ed. page 73. 
 
 In a description of bluffs and banks of rivers, where 
 there are mural escarpments similar to that from which the 
 plate is taken, I have numbered from ten to twenty strata of 
 amygdaloid, basalt, and brecciated layers, which appear to 
 have been thrown up in different periods, through craters, 
 fissures or chasms, rising m succession one above another. 
 In some locations the lowest formation is pudding stone ; on 
 this amygdaloid, varying in thickness from a few feet to 
 twenty or thirty ; and then above this a stratum of angular 
 fragments- of basalt and. amygdaloid, frequently intermixed 
 with lava, which I have termed the brecciated layer. This 
 strata generally appears to have been exposed for a period 
 to atmospheric agencies, until in some degree decomposed, 
 and upon this the alternating strata as described above, in- 
 dicating so many different eruptions ; the whole series rising 
 from fifty to several hundred feet. The brecciated layers 
 are only a few feet in depth, and appear to have been for a 
 long - period the surface, after which a new eruption has 
 
 again overspread the whole. In one section of the high 
 
 29* 
 
334 GEOLOGY. 
 
 walls of the Grand Coule, far up the sides, instead of the 
 breccia is presented a depth of yellow earth of six or eight 
 feet, and above this several strata of basalt and amygdaloid, 
 as above described, in like manner exhibiting proof that this 
 section for a long time constituted the surface. Thus it 
 appears that the internal fires have had long intervals of re- 
 pose, and then have again sent forth their volcanic sub- 
 stances. The probability is, that they were thus in opera- 
 tion for centuries, but with a few exceptions, have ceased 
 for centuries past, so that time has been given for atmos- 
 pheric agencies to decompose the volcanic productions, suf- 
 ficiently to form a soil covering most parts of the country. 
 The enquiry naturally arises, whether it may not be on ac- 
 count of the great internal fires of this country, that the 
 temperature is so much warmer on the west side of the 
 mountains than on the east ; for it is an interesting fact, that 
 the eastern side of North America, in given parallels of 
 latitude, is the coldest, while the western in the same par- 
 allels, is the warmest part of the world. And may not this 
 arise from the comparative recency, as well as extent and 
 depth of the volcanic operations, which have pervaded this 
 whole region of the setting sun.* The length of time, during 
 which immense masses of lava and other volcanic matter 
 retain heat, is well known, and needs no remark. May 
 not the climate thus be affected in Oregon ? 
 
 Among other localities of columnar basalt, the columns 
 of which are regular crystalized pentagons, a distinguish - 
 
 * By reference to the annexed meteorological table it will be seen, 
 from observations taken between the 45th and 46th degrees of north 
 latitude, that in the winter of 1835 — 6, the greatest cold was but 10° 
 below the freezing point, and this for three mornings only — and du- 
 ring the month of March, there were but two mornings in which there 
 was any frost. 
 
GEOLOGY. 335 
 
 ed one is on the high lands dividing the waters of the Snake 
 and Spokein rivers. The formations of this locality have 
 many interesting characteristics, as described on page 295. 
 Another below the Cascades of the Columbia, where the 
 regular pentagonal columns wall up the north side for the 
 distance of half a mile. Here are also found all the va- 
 rieties of volcanic productions ; — volcanic peaks, as diver- 
 sified in their forms as they are numerous, being conical, 
 denticulated, and needle-pointed ; varying in magnitudes, 
 and rising one above another from ten feet to fifteen hun- 
 dred feet. These occur almost entirely upon the south 
 side of the river. There are also numerous islands of 
 basalt in the Columbia river and its branches, eleva- 
 ted, often much above high freshet water. These are nu- 
 merous in the La Dalles, and in the ancient bed of the 
 Columbia, or Grand Coule. These Islands are the same 
 in form and substance as the dykes which exist in vari- 
 ous parts of the country. There is something similar to 
 these Needles in what I have termed the Pillars, where 
 one or two such needles occur alone, and rise some hun- 
 dred feet. They are basalt, and so hard and compara- 
 tively smooth, that I can account in no other way for their 
 production, than that they are dykes, which have been 
 injected into soft rock, or soil, which has since been re- 
 moved by other agencies. The most remarkable in- 
 stance of this is the Pillar Rock at the lower part of the 
 rapids, below the Cascades, at the head of the tide water 
 of the Columbia. It is about five hundred feet high ; and 
 is perpendicular on the river side, and nearly so on the 
 other sides ; and is wholly isolated upon a narrow strip 
 of bottom land, with a small base, and in its appearance 
 resembles a vast monument. Another such needle is found 
 
336 GEOLOGY. 
 
 in the river near the mouth of the Columbia, and standing 
 alone it makes a very conspicuous object. 
 
 Another result of volcanic agency is seen in the Primary 
 rocks, in which are cracks or fissures, through which gas- 
 eous products have escaped, without forming a crater, and 
 indeed without ejecting any igneous solid matter. One lo- 
 cality of this kind presents a result somewhat peculiar. It 
 is on elevated land near the Spokein river, where there are 
 hundreds of regular cones, varying from a few feet in diam- 
 eter and height, to a hundred or more in diameter at their 
 base, and fifty or sixty feet high. They are made up of 
 angular fragments of granite, from an inch to six or eight 
 -inches in size, and stand on a sandy plain now sparsely 
 covered with yellow pine, apparently disturbed only at the 
 places where these cones have broken through it. At a 
 short distance south is granite in situ. Near these cones 
 there is a large dyke, visible a hundred rods or more, the 
 only other evidence of a disturbing force. These piles of 
 fragments seem to have been made by the escape of steam 
 or gas ; for they appear as if smoked by a fire from within 
 the cones. The Salmon river mountains afford another 
 example similar to this. An irregular circular space of 
 a hundred acres or more, is covered with immense quan- 
 tities of granite broken into cubical and angular frag- 
 ments, as though prepared for Macadamizing the future 
 turnpikes of Oregon. 
 
 These mountains, though mere islands of granite and 
 mica slate in the great volcanic field, are quite extensive, 
 and in addition to the breaking up of the granite by ig- 
 neous forces, they are also perforated by vents or chim- 
 neys, through which lava has escaped. One of the highest 
 points of the mountains which lay in my route was of this 
 
GEOLOGY. 337 
 
 sort. It is a granite mountain, with the top capped by a 
 volcanic cone, rising like an immense pyramid. The 
 passage in some places of granite into basalt, is easily 
 traced, and the first igneous appearance is not a change 
 of the structure, but multiplied fractures increase until 
 you find the granite broken into large fragments ; and 
 these diminishing in size, until they disappear in the dis- 
 tinct characteristics of volcanic agency, in which it is 
 changed into a substance resembling trachyte, if it has not 
 become trachyte itself, while in situ. Smaller sections of 
 granite are scattered over the country in forms of less di- 
 mensions, protruding from the earth ; but these are of some- 
 what rare occurrence. 
 
 We have said that recent igneous action has taken place . 
 A well authenticated instance occurred in August 1831. 
 There was at this time at Fort Vancouver and vicinity, an 
 uncommonly dark day, which was thought to have been 
 caused by an eruption of a volcano. The whole day was 
 nearly as dark as night, except a slight red, lurid appear- 
 ance, which was perceptible until near night. Lighted can- 
 dles were necessary through the day. The atmosphere was 
 filled with ashes, which were very light, like the white ashes 
 of wood ; all having the appearance of being produced by 
 great fires, and yet none were known to have been in any 
 part of the whole region around. The day was perfectly 
 calm, without any wind. For a few days after, the fires 
 out of doors were noticed to burn with a bluish flame, as 
 though mixed with sulphur. There were no earthquakes. 
 By observations which were made after the atmosphere be- 
 came clear, it was thought the pure, white, perpetual snow 
 upon Mount St. Helens was discolored, presenting a brown 
 appearance, and therefore it was concluded, that there had 
 
338 GEOLOGY. 
 
 been upon it a slight eruption.* The Indians say they have 
 seen fires in the chasms of Mount Hood. TilkT, the first 
 chief of the La Dalles Indians, who is a man of more than 
 ordinary talents, said he had frequently seen fires in the fis- 
 sures of rocks in the last named mountain. f 
 
 Though I have improved every opportunity which has 
 been presented to make observations, and have also made 
 many enquiries of men who have traveled extensively and 
 for a long time in different parts of this country, some of 
 whom are men of science, yet no evidence of fossil remains 
 have been noticed, with the exception of a very few speci- 
 mens. I saw a small shell, a Turritella, which was found in 
 a mountain south of Mount Hood, in the Callapooa country. 
 Also a few miles up the Columbia river, on the south shore 
 of the bay, I found some very large petrified bivalve shells, 
 embedded in calcarious sandstone of the Tertiary formation. 
 The largest specimens which I took, measure, longitudinal- 
 ly, four and a half inches from the hinge, and transversely, 
 five. They are very perfect, beautifully scalloped, and 
 have all the lustre of living shells. 
 
 Since the channel of the Columbia, in many parts, is 
 walled up on its sides, and studded with islands of basaltic 
 rocks, rising in perpendicular height from twenty to four 
 hundred feet ; the question forces itself upon the mind, what 
 agency formed the channel of the Columbia and other rivers 
 in this country, flowing through ridges and mountains of 
 hard basalt ? Undoubtedly the action of water has worn 
 the rock very considerably and effected changes, but per- 
 
 * This was the opinion of Doct. Gardner, a distinguished naturalist, 
 from England, who was present at the time. 
 
 t Since the publication of the above in other editions, I have been 
 credibly informed that lava was ejected at that time from Mount St. 
 Helen. 
 
GEOLOGY. 339 
 
 haps by no principle of its action can it be supposed, that it 
 has produced so long and so deep a channel, as the one 
 through which the river flows, and through such solid rock 
 formations, differing but little from irOn in hardness. That 
 the channel of rivers owe their existence to other causes 
 than the action of water, is no new idea. Indeed very 
 many are now described as formed otherwise. In relation 
 to the channels of the Connecticut river and its branches, 
 see Prof. Hitchcock's Geo. page 167, 1st edit. While I 
 believe that Providence operates by means, yet I doubt not 
 there are phenomena which are, and ever may remain unre- 
 solved. While conversing in relation to the channel of the 
 Columbia with some literary gentlemen, who had frequent- 
 ly passed up and down this river, after several theories were 
 proposed, none of which could bear the test even of proba- 
 bility, one of them remarked, he had been reminded of his 
 boyish sports, when he had dammed up water, and then with 
 his finger drawn a channel through . the sand for the water 
 to run ; so it seemed to him that God had drawn a channel 
 for the Columbia. 
 
 If we do not keep in view the overruling hand of God as 
 a landmark in our investigations, but look to nature, at 
 work in her great laboratory, the earth, as our only guide 
 to teach us precisely how the earth was formed, we shall, 
 at least, be in danger of wandering into mazes from which 
 we shall not be able easily to extricate ourselves. 
 
 The condition of the country on the western side of the 
 Rocky Mountains differing in almost every particular from 
 that on the eastern side, may render the common assump- 
 tion doubtful, that different genera and species of plants and 
 animals, designate distinct formations and distinct periods 
 of time, in which such formations took place. And if it 
 
340 GEOLOGY. 
 
 was known to be true, that the same genera and species of 
 animals and plants had their existence in the same period 
 of time, in all countries of the same climate, or in corres- 
 ponding latitudes, then the age of different formations might 
 be better known by fossil remains. But it is a fact, that 
 the genera and species of animals and plants may differ 
 widely and materially in the same country, age, and lat- 
 itude. This is now the case in North America, on the east 
 and west sides of the Rocky Mountains ; which gives us a 
 view and shows what may be the truth in relation to re- 
 gions of the earth, perhaps regarded as belonging to differ- 
 ent periods, though in fact contemporaneous. Yet in all 
 such cases marks of isochronism, or the. want of it, doubt- 
 less could be found, and with proper care would convince 
 the experienced geologist of their diversity or identity in 
 time. 
 
 Compare the two sides of North America as they now 
 are, and notice the difference which exists in animals and 
 productions. Let now the whole of the northern part of 
 this continent be submerged, and after a long time be again 
 elevated to its present position, and let future generations 
 examine its fossil remains, and by the rules very general- 
 ly laid down, would they not conclude that the section on 
 the east side, and that on the west side of the mountains, 
 indicate two different periods of submersion, and that there 
 was a long intermediate period of tranquility between them ? 
 Would not the different genera and species of vegetables 
 and animals lead to this conclusion ? Would they not, from 
 the evident difference of temperature of climate in the 
 same latitudes on the east and on the west, conclude, (if there 
 was not a careful search made for other marks to show 
 disparity or identity of time, ) that the western section was 
 
GEOLOGY. 341 
 
 submerged, at a period when the earth was much warmer 
 than at a period when the eastern section was submerged ? 
 This would be a rational and legitimate conclusion from 
 the rule that in strata of the same class, dissimilar organic 
 remains belong to a different period of time, and were de- 
 posited under a different condition of the globe. And the 
 gigantic balsam firs found in the west and not found in the 
 east, would as clearly prove a different climate in the same 
 latitude, and therefore a different period of submersion, as 
 the gigantic ferns prove a different temperature of the earth, 
 and. of course a different period of time, in which they were 
 deposited. 
 
 On the west side, the enormous balsam firs, measuring 
 from five to eight feet in diameter, and between one and two 
 hundred feet in height, would be found so numerous as to 
 constitute whole forests ; and also the alder of various di- 
 ameters, from the small to those of one foot, and proportion- 
 ably tall ; and the rush varying from four to ten feet long, 
 and proportionably large. While the fir, the alder, and 
 rush, would be found on the east side, they would be mere 
 dwarfs in comparison with those on the west, and also very 
 sparse. And many genera of trees and plants would be 
 found on one side, which would not be found on the other. 
 On the west there would be no walnut, chestnut, sugar ma- 
 ple, elm, and many other kind of trees. And of animals, 
 there would not be found any of the present fossils of the 
 east ; nor the ox, the ass, the swine, nor common sheep — the 
 buffalo would be found east and in the mountains, but not 
 numerous beyond. To what strange conclusions, without 
 great care and close examination, should we come, if such 
 data simply were received ! If such is now the difference 
 
 of vegetables and animals, between the country on the east, 
 
 30 
 
842 GEOLOGY. 
 
 and the country on the west of our continent, and in the 
 same latitude, may not mistakes be made in regard to diffe- 
 rent formations, and different periods of time in which they 
 have taken place. Especially when periods are so remote, 
 and the tninute exploration of the earth confined to so small 
 limits. 
 
 No doubts need be indulged, but that such advances may 
 and will be made in the science of geology, that it will be- 
 come one of the strong corroborating evidences of the inspi- 
 ration of the scriptures, without departing from the obvious 
 meaning of any part of the inspired language. The books 
 of nature, of providence, and of revelation harmonize ; and 
 it is owing to our darkened and limited understandings, and 
 the imperfections of our knowledge, that we have any diffi- 
 culty in seeing their harmony ; and the more correct knowl- 
 edge we gain of them, the more we shall see and admire 
 their coincidence. 
 
 Far the greatest part of the soil of Oregon is formed from 
 decomposed lava and other like substances, reduced by at- 
 mospheric agencies, which forms a -fine rich black mold. 
 Some parts, however, are in a different condition ; such as 
 the great desert of the Shoshones or Snake country, which 
 lies between two ranges of mountains, and extends three 
 hundred or more miles in a southeasterly direction, with 
 an average width of about one hundred miles. This desert, 
 occupying as it does so many square miles, is to a great 
 extent covered with scoria and other volcanic matter, which 
 from their nature renders it a barren region. Other tracts 
 of country are argillaceous. In several localities, escarp- 
 ments of clay, diversified in structure, are presented. The 
 layers are from a few inches, to twenty feet in thickness. 
 Their colors are dusky red, brown, blue, green, yellow, 
 
GEOLOGY. 343 
 
 and in some instances pure white, and not unfrequently 
 more or less indurated. Still, other tracts are calcarious ; 
 and some parts, especially near the Rocky Mountains, are 
 covered with a silicious sand, mixed with volcanic detritus ; 
 while few, and only few parts of the country afford vegeta- 
 ble mold. 
 
 By reference to- the map between Okanagan and Walla 
 Walla, the dotted line, as will be seen, describes the Grand 
 Coule. By some cause, probably volcanic, the Columbia 
 has been turned from its ancient bed, and made to take a 
 new and more circuitous course. The old channel has isl- 
 ands rising above what was once the level of the water : 
 and as previously mentioned, high mural escarpments are 
 found on its sides. 
 
 Another fact worthy to be mentioned, is the subsidence on 
 the Columbia. • It is twenty or more miles long, and about 
 a mile wide. See page 142. 
 
 What I suppose to be another subsidence occurs on the 
 summit level which divides the waters of the Snake and 
 Spokein rivers. See page 295. 
 
 Rivers are found which disappear and again reappear 
 from under volcanic products, which is no new phenomena 
 in other volcanic countries. Two such rivers are put down 
 on the map south of Henry's Fork. 
 
 Limestone does not abound here : indeed it is questiona- 
 ble whether it exists except in very detached and small 
 quantities. One location of magnesian limestone, I observ- 
 ed in the neighborhood of the Sulphur Spring, which I have 
 already described. The lime used at Fort Vancouver, is 
 made of rock coral, imported for ballast in vessels return- 
 ing from the Sandwich Islands. In the vicinity of the Sul- 
 phur Spring was a quantity, though not very extensive, of 
 
844 GEOLOGY. 
 
 gypsum. The only marble I noticed was a mountain situ- 
 ated a short distance below the confluence of the Spokein 
 with the Columbia. In parts which I examined, I discover- 
 ed it to be saccharine white, and variegated blue. A spe- 
 cimen of the first I have preserved. Situated as it is on a 
 navigable river, it will most probably become in time a 
 source of wealth. 
 
 In the region of Pierre's Hole, and still farther west, there 
 is clinkstone of marked and distinctive character, in great 
 abundance, and in the same vicinity obsidian in large quan- 
 tities. From the dark color of this, and also of basalt gen- 
 erally, I detected the presence of augite. Obsidian is found 
 in very many places throughout the country ; and towards 
 the ocean in small quantities it is a resinous white. 
 
 Lava is abundant in many places, in all the varieties of 
 color in which it is usually found, sometimes dusky red, 
 yellowish, gray, and black, of different degrees of hardness 
 and gravity, some being compact, some cellular, and often 
 so light as to float upon water. Trachyte is also found 
 among the varieties of lava. 
 
 Most of the varieties of the precious stones, such as cal- 
 cedony, agate, jasper, and cornelian, are found in diffe- 
 rent sections of the country, but more frequently upon the 
 shores of the Columbia, Willamette, and the large branches 
 of these rivers. While they vary in size, forms, and colors, 
 many of them are very pure and beautiful, and might be 
 improved to great brilliancy in the hands of the artist. Por- 
 phyry of different textures and quality is frequently met with, 
 some of which resembles the precious stones in fineness. 
 
 I saw no anthracite coal after leaving the region of the 
 Black Hills on the east of the mountains ; bituminous coal, 
 of which I saw a quantity, is obtained from a locality 
 
GEOLOGY. 345 
 
 near Pugets Sound, and brought for use to Fort Vancou- 
 ver. 
 
 It is an interesting fact, that Mineral Rock Salt exists in 
 its native state, in a section of mountains on the south side 
 of the Salmon river, before entering the Salmon river moun- 
 tains. It crops out from the side of a mountain, a little 
 above the base. I saw the mine and examined specimens of 
 it, and took of it for future use. It is pure and white, and 
 contains less of the water of crystalization than common 
 salt. The geological formations in the immediate vicinity, 
 so nearly resemble those described in the neighborhood of 
 the mineral salt mines of Poland, as to induce the belief that 
 it exists in great abundance. It was peculiarly grateful to 
 me in the circumstances in which I was placed, and the best 
 testimony I can give to the quality is, that I. found it very 
 useful when compelled to subsist on game. 
 
 Salt is also found in a crystalized state upon the shores of 
 the great Salt Lake, the waters of which are so strongly 
 impregnated, that-large quantities are deposited. How wise 
 and kind is the disposition of the products of nature, and 
 how well adapted to the wants of all his creatures has the 
 hand of a beneficent Father distributed his blessings ; and 
 here, at so great a remove from all the facilities of com- 
 merce, He has laid up in store one of the most necessary 
 and important articles of domestic use. 
 
 But few Mineral Springs have as yet been' discovered. 
 The most remarkable are, the Soda fountain on Bear river, 
 about forty-five miles north of Salt Lake, remarkable for the 
 quantity of carbonic acid gas which is evolved, but not hav- 
 ing been analyzed, its particular mineral properties are not 
 ascertained, and the general remark only can be made, that 
 it greatly, resembles the Saratoga waters ; — the Sulphur 
 
 ao* 
 
846 GEOLOGY. 
 
 Spring to the south of the Trois Tetons, on a branch of Hen- 
 ry's fork, around which large quantities of pure sulphur are 
 deposited, and from which sulphureted hydrogen escapes, 
 and its annoying properties are perceptible more than eighty 
 rods distant ; — and the hot springs in the great range of the 
 Rocky Mountains, some of which are said to furnish the 
 mountain men a convenient place to boil their food. 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia, (epsom salts,) purely native, exists- 
 in immense quantities in and on both sides of the mountains. 
 Lakes or pools, which the heat of summer principally evap- 
 orates, abound in this region, exhibiting crystalized salts in 
 great quantities. Spicular crystals of the same salt shoot 
 up on the surface of the ground, and effloresce to such a 
 degree as to present the appearance of fields whitened with 
 snow. 
 
 No indications of Metalic Ores have yet been noticed in 
 any part of Oregon Territory ; and probably when metals 
 are found, they will not be in their oxyds, but reduced by 
 the intense heat of the volcanoes to their massive state, 
 
GENERAL REMARKS. 347 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 General remarks— passage in the steam-ship Beaver down the river — 
 take passage on board the barque Columbia — detention in Chenook 
 bay— great cave— Codfish, the first ever taken in this bay. 
 
 Having explored the most important parts of this terri- 
 tory, and gained all the information within my reach, as to 
 the several objects proposed in my instructions from the 
 Board of Foreign Missions ; and especially having ascer- 
 tained to my entire satisfaction two most prominent facts, 
 namely, the entire practicability of penetrating with safety 
 to any and every portion of the vast interior, and the dispo- 
 sition of the natives in regard to my mission among them, 
 it remained that the most feasible and expeditious mode of 
 returning should next be consulted. I could expect to ac- 
 quire but little additional knowledge in traversing the route 
 to Rendezvous ; and the necessary delay of several months, 
 it seemed could be avoided by a return by water. The 
 Hudson Bay Company were about to send a ship to the 
 Sandwich Islands, in which I was kindly offered a gra- 
 tuitous passage. On the other hand, my friendship with 
 gentlemen of this establishment, my regard for the spiritual 
 welfare of the benighted men, for whose good, I had for 
 many a weary day pursued my object over mountains and 
 plains, hills and valleys, through all the vicissitudes of cli- 
 mate and weather ; and especially a desire to see in this 
 whitened field, the returning laborers I expected, and to be 
 
348 REFLECTIONS. 
 
 able to give them personally, instead of by letter, the result 
 of my collected information^ as a guide to them in their in- 
 cipient labors ; all these held me riveted to the spot, and un- 
 decided as to my course. At length after consultation with 
 my most judicious friends, I concluded to take passage in 
 the barque Columbia for Oahu, in the hope that an early 
 opportunity would present to return to the United States. 
 
 In taking leave of this country and the work in which f 
 have so long been engaged, a train of reflections crowds 
 upon my mind. The future condition of this noble race of 
 men, is a subject of interesting enquiry to many others as 
 well as to myself. Whether the Indians are to pass away 
 before the increasing power and numbers of white men, or 
 whether enlightened and improved by their philanthropy, 
 they shall arise in the scale of intellectual and moral ex- 
 istence, is a problem which time alone can solve. I entered 
 on the work of exploring this field with no bias or precon- 
 ceived opinion, and from critical and personal observation, 
 I hesitate not to say that I can see no reason existing in the 
 nature of things, or in their present condition, which ne- 
 cessarily dooms the race to annihilation on the one hand, or 
 on the other, necessarily makes them objects of apprehen- 
 sion, as the future hordes who shall in coming time, like the 
 northern barbarians of Roman days] be reserved as the 
 scourge of an overgrown and decaying republic. If to do 
 good be an object worthy of humanity or religion, I see not 
 why a consistent and persevering attempt to raise a race of 
 freemen from their depression, and to place them in the 
 rank of intelligent men, be not an undertaking fraught with 
 as much promise and encouragement, as it was in earlier 
 days to elevate our ancestors. In favor of this opinion, we 
 have the docility of the Indians in every thing pertaining 
 
REFLECTIONS. 349 
 
 to their improvement ; in the sprightliness of their youth 
 and children ; and in the amiableness of their native tern- 
 pers and dispositions. I take nothing of this upon testimony. 
 In all my intercourse with them, I saw with only one ex- 
 ception, no angry or malevolent passions in exercise in their 
 little communities. 
 
 I tremble for the consequences, when I reflect on the 
 wrongs inflicted upon this race of men. Able pens have 
 portrayed in vivid colors, their injuries and abuses, and hu- 
 manity has wept. Were but the one hundredth part spread 
 out to view, we should recoil at the sight. The life of an 
 Indian, in the estimation of our border and refugee men 
 who visit their country, is nothing worth. Theirs is a 
 land where white men regard no law ; but superior cun- 
 ning and superior force bear rule. It was related to me 
 that Captain S. an English officer in half pay, while trav- 
 eling through the Indian country, lost a horse which he 
 highly valued, and believing it to be stolen by an Indian, 
 offered five hundred dollars for his head. One of a law- 
 less band, a half Indian who was present, went in pursuit, 
 and returned with the head of the person charged with 
 the theft, and demanded his reward^ To make out the 
 sum Captain S. gave him two horses, calling each 8250. 
 Thus ended the affair. Mr. Wyeth, in a memoir, em- 
 bodied in a Report of a Committee of Congress, on the 
 Oregon question, says, " The preponderance of bad char- 
 acter is so great amongst traders and their people, that 
 crime carries with it little or no shame. I have heard it 
 related among white American trappers, as a good joke, 
 that a trapper who had said he would shoot any Indian, 
 whom he could catch stealing his traps, was seen one morn- 
 ing to kill one ; and, on being asked if the Indian had sto- 
 
350 DEPARTURE FOR SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 len his traps, he answered " No, but he looked as if he was 
 going to." These are only specimens. 
 
 I have been much pleased to notice among the benevolent 
 operations of the present day, the formation of a society in 
 England, which I regard as among not the least benevolent, 
 viz : "An Aborigines Protection Society," from whose " Plan 
 and Objects," I quote, as expressing very fully my own sen- 
 timents. " Among these tribes, our imported diseases pro- 
 duce frightful ravages, our ardent spirits deprave and con- 
 sume their population, our unjust laws exclude them from 
 enjoying that first element of well-ordered societies, judicial 
 protection, as well as from the possibility of a timely incor- 
 poration with colonial communities ; while, in addition to 
 all these evils, our neglect of suitable means and methods 
 of improvement, prevents that adoption of civilized manners 
 and customs to which they are inclined. It is impossible 
 for us as men, patriots, philanthropists, or Christians, to be- 
 hold without anxiety, the ruin of the people whom we are 
 accessary in supplanting, unless our future modes of colo- 
 nization be directed with greater humanity and wisdom than 
 in times past." 
 
 On the 18th of June, according to previous arrangements, 
 I took passage in the steam-ship Beaver for Fort George, 
 to join the barque Columbia for the Sandwich Islands. As 
 the Beaver was commencing her first voyage upon the 
 Pacific, under the power of steam, destined for the north- 
 west coast, the people of the fort, and those residing around, 
 assembled upon the shore of the Columbia, and as she moved 
 majestically from her anchorage, they saluted us with cheers, 
 which were reciprocated by all on board, and they responded, 
 " A happy voyage, a prosperous voyage." The ship an- 
 chored at night a little above Tongue Point ; and the next 
 
GREAT CAVE. 351 
 
 day, after being detained upon a sand bar, from which the 
 tide after awhile set us free, we arrived at Fort George. 
 The next day, the 20th, with my friend Mr. Finlayson, and 
 a few others I took a ramble on the shores below. The ver- 
 dure of the trees and plants, the red indigenous clover in full 
 sweetness in the desert, and the mildness of the season, all 
 combined to make the scene enchanting. It was on the shore 
 of this bay where I collected the large bivalve shell petri- 
 factions, embedded in calcarious sandstone of the Tertiary 
 formation, as described in the chapter foregoing. No vol- 
 canic appearances were visible in the immediate vicinity. 
 
 On the 21st, I embarked on board the Columbia, and 
 we dropped down to the Chenook Bay, and anchored just 
 above Cape Disappointment. Here, for the want of favor- 
 able wind and tide, we were detained until the 28th. While 
 we continued here, I made several excursions on shore ; as- 
 cended the cape, which is probably about four hundred'feet 
 high, and from which a fine prospect of the Pacific and its 
 shores is presented as far as the eye can reach. The shore 
 is generally bold and rocky, furnishing no other harbor 
 near. The country around is rocky and densely covered 
 with forests, and the scenery is wild. Near the shore, on 
 the west end of the cape, a large cave extends into the vol- 
 canic rocks the distance of one hundred and fifty feet. We 
 penetrated into its gloomy recesses, and from the bones of 
 animals strewed around within, we concluded it must be 
 the retreat of some of those beasts of prey which inhabit 
 these forests and coasts. 
 
 About the cape, at different places, grow the large or- 
 ange-yellow raspberries, of a new species, upon shrubbery 
 which often grows to the height of twenty feet, and more 
 generally in the forests than in the open places, but equally 
 
352 CODFISH. 
 
 fruitful. They are more inviting to the eye than agreea- 
 ble to the taste. 
 
 While we were detained here, our men belonging to the 
 Columbia caught a large number of codfish. In taste and 
 appearance, they very much resemble those taken upon the 
 banks of Newfoundland, excepting they are a little shorter. 
 This is the first time they were known to exist in these wa- 
 ters ; the Indians knew nothing of them before, and they 
 eagerly took those we did not need. 
 
VOYAGE TO OAHT7. 353 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Departure for the Sandwich Islands — Arrival at the Islands— worship 
 in the native church— description of Oahu— the Pari— the valley 
 of Manoa — description of Honolulu— of Waititi — heathen temple 
 — Eva--Waialua— Keneohe — mountains -salt lake — natural pro- 
 ductions — animals— government-tea party of the royal family — 
 dinner to the officers of the Peacock and Enterprise— decrease of 
 population— unfair negotiations — foreign residents — charity school 
 — seamen's chapel— burying place of the royal family — missiona- 
 ry success. 
 
 On the 25th, the bar being smooth, with only a light wind, 
 though ahead, and the tide favoring, the Beaver weighed 
 anchor and put out to sea for her northern voyage. She 
 went over the bar finely, and could have towed us over, 
 but it being her first experiment, it was not thought ad- 
 visable. 
 
 On Tuesday the 28th, the wind and tide were favorable 
 for passing the bar, and we set sail at half past three in the 
 afternoon. There was a heavy rolling sea ; and every man 
 was at his post, one on each side of the ship constantly throw, 
 ing the lead to take the sounding. Four fathoms and a half 
 was the least, and this was little enough considering the 
 heavy swell. The bar has a very bold termination; for 
 we passed from seven fathoms to no sounding, where the 
 sea presented its dark blue. The land receded, and in a 
 few hours disappeared : and nothing was to be seen but one 
 wide expanse of ocean. Our voyage to Oahu,* Sandwich 
 
 * Pronounced Wauhoo. 
 31 
 
354 ARRIVAL AT 0AHT7. 
 
 Islands, was attended with nothing remarkable, except- 
 ing that it was performed in much shorter time than usual, 
 being only sixteen days from the time we left the Colum- 
 bia river, to our anchoring in the roads of Honolulu. We 
 took our direct course, and kept it without any variation, 
 and with a few exceptions without shortening a sail, the 
 distance of two thousand five hundred miles. An almost 
 entire uniformity marked our progress, and excepting the 
 common alternations of day and night, sunshine and clouds, 
 nothing interrupted the monotony of the scene. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th of July, land was announced. 
 The islands of Ranai and Morakai were near, and as we 
 passed them, we had a near view of the latter. It is not 
 so mountainous as most others of the group, and presented 
 rather a sterile aspect. We soon after made Oahu, and 
 passed on the east side around Diamond Hill to the harbor 
 of Honolulu on the south. This harbor is the best and 
 almost the only good one in any of the groups of the Poly- 
 nesian Islands. The entrance is somewhat intricate, and 
 an experienced pilot is required to take ships in safely. 
 Within the coral reefs the water is sufficiently deep for 
 ships of almost any magnitude ; and this, with the long 
 extended roads without the reefs which afford good anchor- 
 age, renders the port desirable, and the island, in a com- 
 mercial point of view, the most important of any in this part 
 of the Pacific ocean. 
 
 We went on shore, two o'clock in the afternoon, and I 
 was invited by Rev. H. Bingham to his house, where I met 
 several of the other missionaries, and felt much rejoiced 
 to behold again a Christian community. 
 
 The heat of a vertical sun was very oppressive and ener- 
 vating, and was it not for the refreshing effects of the daily 
 
PUBLIC WORSHIP — THE PARI. 355 
 
 north-east trade winds, it would be insupportable to a north- 
 ern constitution. 
 
 On Sabbath 17th, I attended worship in the native church, 
 and heard Rev. Mr. Bingham preach in the Hawaiian lan- 
 guage to a very large assembly of natives, probably two 
 thousand five hundred, who gave very good attention. They 
 were all decently dressed ; while some of them were in the 
 European mode, the most of them were dressed in their na- 
 tive costume, and made a good appearance. Their conduct 
 and attention were very becoming, and many listened with 
 deep interest. Madam Kinau, the queen regent, and the 
 royal family, were present ; and although it was easy to 
 distinguish them from the common people, yet they made 
 no ostentatious display of royalty. Their dress was rich, 
 but plain, and they paid sober attention to the worship of 
 God. The performance of the singers was good, but there 
 was not that melody in their voices which characterizes- the 
 Indians. 
 
 The house of worship is large and commodious, one hun- 
 dred and ninety feet long and sixty-two feet wide, built in 
 the native style, with the roof and sides covered with thatch. 
 
 Oahu is the most northern of the Sandwich Islands, situa- 
 ted in north latitude 21° 18' and in west longitude 158° 
 38'. Its greatest length is forty-five miles from Koka on 
 the south-east to Kakana on the north-west. The greatest 
 portion of the island is on the north-east of this line. Its 
 greatest breadth is twenty-eight miles from Kahuku on the 
 north to Laeloa (Barber's Point) on the south ; about four- 
 fifths of the island is on the east of this line. The island 
 is very mountainous ; the highest eminence is called Hona- 
 huanui, and is a little over four thousand feet. The Pari, 
 at the upper end of the valley of Nuuanu x north of Hono- 
 
356 DECISIVE BATTLE. 
 
 lulu, may be counted among the curiosities of the island ; 
 principally on account of its being a part of the main 
 road, or rather the only one to Keneohe. It is one thou- 
 sand one hundred and forty feet above the level of the sea, 
 and six hundred feet nearly perpendicular. This is to be 
 clambered up and down in passing from Honolulu to Kene- 
 hoe, and to a stranger it is a fearful undertaking, as it is 
 necessary to have a native to assist in putting your feet into 
 the crevices of the rocks. And yet the natives pass up and 
 down with their calabashes of poi, and their loads of mel- 
 ons, fish, and other commodities, without any difficulty more 
 than fatigue. 
 
 Some years ago, in a war between Tamehameha and the 
 king of Oahu, the final battle was fought here which decided 
 the fate of the island. The king of Oahu made a desperate 
 struggle ; and one part of his routed army, numbering more 
 than three hundred, were pursued to this precipice, forced 
 down, and almost all were dashed to pieces. 
 
 On each side of this pass, needle-pointed mountains rise 
 up two thousand feet, forming a narrow chasm, through 
 which the north-east trade winds rush with great violence. 
 Before you, at the north, you have a very pleasing view of 
 the fertile valley of Kolou ; and beyond is a fine prospect 
 of the bay and wide spread ocean. The valley between the 
 Pari and Honolulu is seven miles long ; the upper part of 
 which is. narrow and very picturesque. Interesting cas- 
 cades are seen dashing down the almost perpendicular 
 mountains, and the whole scenery is covered with fresh 
 foliage. This was almost the only place where the cool and 
 invigorating breezes gave me relief from the oppressive heat. 
 The lower part of the valley is wide, and covered to a great 
 extent with taro patches. 
 
VALLEY OF MANOA. 357 
 
 Taro is a bulbous plant of the genus arum, and is planted 
 in hills upon patches of ground, so formed as to be partially- 
 flooded with water, somewhat after the manner of rice cul- 
 tivation. In eight or ten months after setting the plants, 
 they are fit for use. To prepare it for food, it is always ne- 
 cessary to roast it, to take out the pungency which is common 
 to this genus, as found in the wild turnep. It is frequently 
 eaten for bread with no other preparation except roasting ; 
 or it is converted into poi by pulverising and making it into 
 a stiff paste. The natives prefer the poi after it has under- 
 gone the acetic fermentation. 
 
 East of this valley is another called Manoa, about five 
 miles in length, running north from Diamond Hill. It is 
 well watered by streams descending from the mountains, 
 formed by showers of rain which frequently fall upon them, 
 and which sometimes extend to the valleys and plains. Its 
 fertile soil' is well cultivated with sweet potatoes, taro, and 
 melons. At the upper end, Kaahumanu, the late queen re- 
 gent, who died in 1832, had a house built for retirement 
 from the bustle of Honolulu, and for devotion, near a beau- 
 tiful cool grove of olxia and kukui* trees, on an eminence 
 commanding a view of the valley below. Near this dwell- 
 ing, she caused a house to be built for the accommodation 
 of the missionaries, when they should wish for rest, and to 
 be refreshed with the invigorating air of the mountains. 
 The evidences of her Christian character were convincing. 
 
 o 
 
 Her piety was active. She traveled through all the islands, 
 from time to time, to see that the people attended upon the 
 means of religious instruction, and the schools ; and to rec- 
 
 * The kukui tree bears a nut as large as a black walnut, a string of 
 which is used for candles, and hence the tree is called the candle tree. 
 
 31* 
 
358 HONOLULU". 
 
 ommend'the religion of the Bible to all classes of her sub- 
 jects. Her example, as well as her authority, was power- 
 ful in suppressing intemperance, and the many vices which 
 threatened the ruin of her country. Her influence was felt 
 not only by her own people, but also by foreigners who re- 
 sorted to these islands. 
 
 When I visited this spot of remembrances, the buildings 
 were far gone to decay ; but not the cherished regard of her 
 piety and philanthropy. This spot presented a very plea- 
 sing view of the high and precipitous mountains around on 
 every side, excepting the south, which is open and exhibits 
 to view the grandeur of the rolling ocean. The many cas- 
 cades around upon the mountain sides added to the interest 
 of the scenery. Among the variety of shrubbery, we found 
 the coffee tree with its fruit in various stages of maturity ; 
 the arrow root ; and the brake fern, growing, in many in- 
 stances, to the height of twenty feet. From a bulb, near 
 the root, is taken what the natives call hapuu, a silky down, 
 which makes excellent beds and cushions. 
 
 Honolulu is situated on the south side of the island, on a 
 bay of the same name, and is the capital, and business place 
 of all the islands. The land around, and on which the vil- 
 lage is located is a dry barren, excepting on the north and 
 north-west, which is moist and cultivated with taro patches,, 
 with some cocoa trees interspersed. The buildings gener- 
 ally are in the native style, thatched ; many are built with 
 doia walls after the Spanish manner on the coast of Mexico 
 and Peru, that is, with large sun-burnt bricks made about 
 two feet long, eighteen inches wideband ten inches thick. 
 The clay is mixed with cut straw to strengthen them, after 
 the manner of the ancient Egyptians. Their enclosures 
 are often built in. the same manner. There are several 
 
OLD HEATHEN TEMPLE. 359 
 
 good buildings made of rock coral in English style, some of 
 which are spacious and well finished. The village contains 
 about nine thousand inhabitants, three hundred of whom are 
 English and Americans. Most of the commercial business 
 and trade are carried on by foreigners, to a large amount, 
 increased by the resort of whale ships, in the fall and 
 spring, for repairs and fresh supplies, particularly vegeta- 
 bles; it is .the place where all other shipping touch which 
 navigate this ocean from Europe and America, in the Chi- 
 nese and East India trade. This place is constantly grow- 
 ing in importance, and must continue to do so from its local 
 advantages. 
 
 Four miles south-east of Honolulu is the pleasant native 
 village of Waititi, situated on the bay of the same name. 
 It contains five or six hundred inhabitants, is situated in a 
 beautiful grove of cocoa trees, which adds very much to its 
 appearance and comfort. This place ; if its cultivation was 
 proportioned to the richness of the soil, might be made one 
 of the most delightful spots on the island. 
 
 The only road, or any thing that deserves the name of a 
 road in this island, is between this place and Honolulu. 
 
 About two miles east of this village are the remains of an 
 old heathen temple, in which human sacrifices were offered ; 
 a part of the walls of the enclosure are still standing. Va- 
 rious methods were employed to obtain victims. One of 
 which was to lay a tabu upon all the people in the whole 
 region around, that no one for a certain period of time 
 should go out of their dwellings, or make any fire in them, 
 upon pain of death. If any violated the tabu, they were 
 apprehended and sacrificed to their idols. If none violated 
 the tabu, and they were unsuccessful in obtaining victims, 
 an expedient was adopted to decoy the people from their 
 
360 HEATHEN PRIEST— EVA. 
 
 dwellings, by sending out men in a canoe, to range along 
 between the coral reef and the shore, and to feign distress, 
 and if any were decoyed out for their relief, they were ap- 
 prehended and carried to the temple and offered in sacrifice. 
 
 It is a pleasing consideration, that the benign influence 
 of the gospel has dispelled these bloody and cruel supersti- 
 tions of heathenism. I had an opportunity of seeing an 
 old man who had been a high priest in these bloody rites. 
 He has no hope that he is interested in the salvation of the 
 gospel, but he said it is maitai, (good,) and that the Christian 
 religion is so firmly established in these islands, that their 
 ancient idolatry can never again be revived. He saluted 
 me with many alohas. Mr. Bingham gave him some ac- 
 count of my journey across the Rocky Mountains and the 
 object. He replied that it was good; and that God was with 
 me and preserved me. He said in their former religion, 
 they were all ignorant — all was darkness, entire darkness, 
 but now the light shines. He said that when Captain Van- 
 couver visited these islands in the reign of Tamaha, he urged 
 the king to renounce idolatry, and the king promised he 
 would, when Christians would send from' the land of light 
 a minister to teach them in the right way. They waited 
 until their king died without knowing the right way, and no 
 one came' until Mr. Bingham and his associates, in the year 
 1820. This old heathen priest gave up his religion and his 
 honors, took Mr. B. by the hand on his first arrival, and 
 called him brother, and has ever since been friendly to the 
 missionaries. His wife, whom I also saw, hopes that she 
 has experienced the saving power of the gospel. 
 
 Fourteen miles west of Honolulu is Eva,* a village of con. 
 
 * Pronounced Ava. 
 
KENEOHE. 361 
 
 siderable magnitude, but not very compact. It is situated 
 on Pearl river, at the head of a large lagoon extending sev- 
 eral miles inland, and is surrounded with a fertile valley 
 reaching twelve miles north, which is two-thirds of the dis- 
 tance to Waialua. The highest elevation between these 
 places is about four hundred feet, and is intersected in va- 
 rious parts with deep ravines. Eva is the station which 
 Rev. Artemus Bishop and wife occupy, whose prospects of 
 usefulness are encouraging. When I was there, the na- 
 tives were engaged in building a substantial and commodi- 
 ous house of worship, and appeared to take deep interest in 
 the effort. 
 
 In the north-west part of the island, is the village of 
 Waialua, where Rev. John S. Emerson and wife are sta- 
 tioned. The village is situated upon a wide spread bay, 
 which would furnish an excellent harbor for any shipping, 
 if there was sufficient water upon the bar at the entrance. 
 The valley around is large and fertile, capable of being 
 made very productive. On a Sabbath which I spent here, 
 eight natives, six men and two women, were received into 
 the communion of the church, who appeared very intelli- 
 gent and serious, and conducted with as much propriety as 
 is seen in the most civilized parts of the world. I felt a 
 satisfaction in joining with these redeemed heathen in the 
 ordinance of the Lord's supper. Every part of divine ser- 
 vice was conducted with Christian decorum. I was par- 
 ticularly pleased with the appearance of the native deacon, 
 who was dignified in his person, dressed in good taste, and 
 very devotional in his behavior. 
 
 The only, remaining village of any considerable impor- 
 tance is Keneohe, where Rev. Benjamin W. Parker and 
 wife are stationed. This village is in the fertile valley of 
 
362 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Kolou, near the shore of a pleasant bay, which would af- 
 ford an excellent harbor if there was sufficient water at the 
 entrance over the coral bar. This village is about four 
 miles north of the Pari, and is the most cool and refreshing 
 retreat I found upon the island. The basaltic mountain on 
 the south, three thousand feet high, and on the north side 
 nearly vertical, and the north-east trade winds give a tem- 
 perate atmosphere, not found in any other part of the island 
 sufficiently low for a village. 
 
 The greatest part of the island is mountainous, though 
 but two ranges are of considerable magnitude. The lar- 
 gest, Koanahumanui, is on the east side, and runs parallel 
 with the ocean, and its highest point is four thousand feet 
 above the level of the sea. This range of mountains is di- 
 versified with cones, acute points, and prairies. At the great 
 Pari, the upper end of Nuuanu, the main chain turns to the 
 west, and terminates towards Waialua. The north side 
 of the range, west of the Pari, is very precipitous, having 
 many spurs projecting to the north, including deep, pit-like 
 ravines. The other range is on the west part of the island, 
 called Kaala, running north and south, separating Waianae 
 on the west, from the valley of Eva on the east. The high- 
 est point is three thousand eight hundred and fifty feet. 
 There are many conical hills of different magnitudes in va- 
 rious parts of the island, which were evidently ancient cra- 
 ters ; one six miles south-east of Honolulu, called Diamond 
 Hill ; and another a short distance north of Honolulu, called 
 Fort Hill. They are open and concave at the top, with 
 high walls, reeded down the sides, which appear to have 
 been formed by streams of lava, and by the action of water, 
 cutting ravines. There is an abundance of lava and other 
 volcanic productions about these hills. 
 
GEOLOGY. 363 
 
 The Salt Lake, four miles west of Honolulu, is of the cra- 
 te ric form. It is a great curiosity, as well as a source of 
 trade. It has undoubtedly a connection by some subterra- 
 neous passage with the ocean, near which it is situated. 
 Its depth is not known, being nearly filled with excellent 
 cryslalized salt, which appears to be inexhaustible, and is 
 taken out in large quantities for use and exportation. The 
 lake appears as if filled with ice, a little sunken below 
 the surface of the water. 
 
 The geological formations of this island, and all the others 
 in the Pacific which I saw, and concerning which I ob- 
 tained information, are volcanic and coraline to a great 
 extent. Some have supposed that these islands have been 
 thrown up in the first place by internal fires, and then en- 
 larged by coraline additions. But there is too much argil- 
 laceous soil to favor the opinion ; and to say the least, the 
 supposition is without conclusive evidence. Much of the 
 soil is formed of disintegrated and decomposed lava. The 
 reefs lying off from the shores, and in some places immedi- 
 ately upon them, are coraline. The corals are divided into 
 ancient and modern, the latter still increasing. Between 
 these formations is a volcanic deposit. The ancient corals 
 are found in many places forming the surface of the plains, 
 elevated some six or eight feet above the present level of the 
 ocean. As the zoophytes, which form coral, never work 
 above water, it is evident that these islands have been ele- 
 vated by some subterranean or submarine power, or the 
 ocean is subsiding ; and as this recession of the ocean is seen 
 in various parts of the world, in nearly, if not the same de- 
 gree, is it not probable that the waters of the ocean are 
 gradually diminishing ? Of the modern corals there are 
 many species, from the rock, to the most beautiful kinds 
 
364 PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 resembling trees and plants, and of various colors. The 
 volcanic formations do not differ materially from those in 
 Oregon Territory. Cellular lava is very common, often 
 bordering upon pumice, and of various colors ; brick red, 
 ash colored, orange yellow, and green. No primitive 
 rocks are found, nor any silicious sand ; the sand upon the 
 shores being formed either of disintegrated lava, scoria, 
 or coral ; but more generally a combination of these three 
 products. 
 
 While I shall not attempt a minute enumeration of the 
 productions of these islands, the following are some of the 
 principal. The cocoa tree, bread fruit, coa tree, which fur- 
 nishes lumber nearly equal to mahogany ; hybiscus, candle 
 nut tree, mulberry, fig, cotton shrub, which grows spontane- 
 ously and produces cotton of very fine quality ; coffee tree, 
 grape vines, oranges, lemons, limes, pine apples, melons of 
 superior quality, squashes, sugar cane, arrow root ; indigo 
 plant, which grows finely without any care ; the guava, its 
 fruit resembling mandrakes, but not agreeable to the taste 
 of those not accustomed to it ; taro, sweet and common 
 potatoes, and bananas. There are many ferns of extraor- 
 dinary size ; and the cactus opuntia, familiarly known as the 
 prickly pear, growing to the height of six or eight feet, 
 is planted in hedge-rows for enclosures. All the most su- 
 perb tropical flowering plants luxuriate in these islands, 
 among which we find the oriental lilac, eight different spe- 
 cies of mimosa, the pride of Barbadoes, several varieties of 
 convolvulus, and mirabilis, the passiflora or passion flower, 
 roses, the Spanish pink, Mexican pea, and many other beau- 
 tiful genera. Also garden vegetables of various kinds. 
 
 These islands when discovered by Capt. Cook, contained 
 but very few animals, and most of those now found upon 
 
ANIMALS GOVERNMENT. 365 
 
 them have since been introduced from the Mexican coast. 
 There are now, horses, mules, neat cattle, goats, hogs, dogs, 
 fowls. The birds which have their residence here, though 
 not numerous, are of most beautiful plumage, and the favor- 
 ite head ornament of the women, is made of the golden 
 colored feathers of a native bird. The crow and raven, 
 which are common in almost all parts of the world, have 
 not found their way here. There are very few reptiles, be- 
 sides the green lizard, which is very common, and in the 
 days of the idolatry of the Islanders, was worshiped, and 
 such is the influence of superstition, that they can hardly 
 dismiss all feelings of reverence for this insignificant rep- 
 tile. If one comes into their dwellings, they choose to let 
 it take its own departure rather than molest it. Snakes are 
 unknown, and the scorpion and centiped have, within a very 
 few years, been brought here in vessels. The musquetoe 
 was not known until recently, though now they are numer- 
 ous and very annoying. 
 
 The government of these islands is absolute and heredi- 
 tary, administered by the king, queen, and chiefs, whose 
 will is the supreme law; the common people are a nation of 
 slaves. The lands belong to the government, and are leased 
 to the people at high rents, and even then they have no 
 security that they shall enjoy the avails of their labor ; for 
 besides the stipulated rents, the government make any addi- 
 tional demands they please, and the people are taught to 
 obey without complaining. The king secures his house and 
 person by life guards. Very frequently on a Saturday 
 morning, the queen regent, attended by her train of female 
 companions and servants in equestrian style, visits her gar- 
 den some two miles east from Honolulu. Their appearance 
 
 is fine, and they are well skilled in horsemanship. Her ordi- 
 
 32 
 
866 TEA PARTY. 
 
 nary mode of riding is in a small, low-wheel carriage drawn 
 by twenty servants. The persons of the chiefs are remark- 
 able for their extraordinary size, towering quite above the 
 height of the common people, and in corpulency preserving 
 corresponding dimensions. The Sandwich Islanders, or 
 Kanakas, as the common people are called, have less activ- 
 ity of body and mind than the Indians of our continent, and 
 yet a phrenologist would say that their intellectual powers 
 are well developed. In their present political condition, 
 they are not expected to be otherwise than indolent and im- 
 provident. In their dress, mode of living, and habitations 
 generally, they have made but little advance upon the days 
 of heathenism ; some in the interior, especially, wearing lit- 
 tle more clothing than their maro, and having their dwell- 
 ings in caverns in volcanic rocks. The chiefs, and some 
 of the people, have good houses, dress in good fashion, and 
 live comfortably. 
 
 The king, queen regent, and chiefs, gave a tea party, to 
 which with a few others I had the honor to be invited. 
 They were dressed richly and in good taste ; the table was 
 splendidly arrayed with silver plate and china ; the enter- 
 tainment was both judiciously and tastefully arranged and 
 prepared, and all the etiquette and ceremony of such occa- 
 sions were observed. The conversation was cheerful and 
 intelligent, without frivolity, and nothing occurred embar- 
 rassing to any one. At a suitable early hour, we were in- 
 vited into a well-furnished saloon, where, after a perform- 
 ance of music, both vocal and instrumental, the queen pro- 
 posed that prayer should conclude our agreeable visit ; after 
 which the company retired. I have seen but few parties 
 in Christian America conducted more on the principles of 
 rationality and religion. 
 
DECREASE OF POPULATION. 367 
 
 An entertainment, however, is sometimes transacted in a 
 different style by some of our countrymen and other for- 
 eigners in these islands. A dog-feast, as it is here called, 
 was given by foreign resident gentlemen, on the 20th of 
 Sept. at the country seat of the American consul, in honor 
 of the officers of the American squadron, the Peacock and 
 Enterprise, then in the harbor of Honolulu. I extract from 
 the account published in the Sandwich Island Gazette as 
 described at the time. " Food in native style was bounti- 
 fully served up — baked dog was among the dishes, and it 
 was not to be despised. Songs, toasts, cheers, bumpers, and 
 speeches all came in their turn. Among the toasts were, 
 
 • Commodore our Commodore. ,' Commodore's reply, 
 
 1 May you all live a thousand years, and may we always 
 meet here.' Doctor of the United States ship Pea- 
 cock. < Population and prosperity to the Sandwich Islands, 
 and an end to all oppressive tabus.' The party separated 
 teeming with good spirits." 
 
 The population of these islands has been decreasing ever 
 since an acquaintance has been had with them. Captain 
 Cook estimated the people at 400,000. The present popu- 
 lation is about 110,000. A variety of causes have conspi- 
 red to bring about this declension ; and yet no one so prom- 
 inent above the rest, as wholly to satisfy enquiry. It is 
 acknowledged by all observers, and has become evident to 
 the government itself, that a change of things in the inter- 
 nal structure of their national affairs, is necessary to the 
 prosperity of the people. During my stay at Oahu, the 
 heads of the nation had frequent meetings to discuss the 
 subject of reform and improvement, and to adopt some new 
 mode of administration which will give to the people the 
 privileges of freemen, and thereby stimulate them to indus- 
 
368 UNJUST NEGOTIATIONS. 
 
 try. To effect this, the lands must be distributed among 
 the people, a more equal mode of taxation must be adopted, 
 industry must be encouraged, and progressive prosperity 
 will follow in the train.* 
 
 The perpetuity of the independence of this nation, and 
 with it their existence, is very problematical. A disposi- 
 tion to possess these islands, has evidently been manifested 
 by foreign powers. Whether the paw of the Lion, or the 
 talons of the Eagle, shall first make them its prey, or wheth- 
 er they shall be mutual checks upon each other, and thus 
 prolong the life of this feeble nation, is not known. The 
 manner in which the king and chiefs are often treated by 
 the officers of foreign nations, the insults they often meet 
 with, would not pass with impunity from a more powerful 
 people. In fair and honorable negotiations, regard is had 
 to mutual rights, but here foreigners assume the style of 
 dictation ; " You shall, and you shall not." Assertions are 
 made of things existing in the laws and practices of Eng- 
 land and America, which neither government would toler- 
 ate. Lord Russel, the commander of the Acteon, a British 
 man of war, obtained the signature to a certain instrument, 
 by assuring the Hawaiian government that, if they refused 
 any longer to sign it, he would order all the English ves- 
 sels to leave the harbor, and request all the American 
 shipping to withdraw ; and then bring his armed ship be- 
 fore their fort, and batter down the walls, and prostrate 
 their village. The king signed the instrument, and then, 
 together with the queen and chiefs, like some other people 
 who feel their feebleness before a mightier nation, had only 
 
 :ze 
 
 * Since my visit at these islands, the government has been re-organ- 
 and formed upon the system of free governments. 
 
FOREIGN RESIDENTS. 3bV 
 
 trie poor resort of a public remonstrance. They according- 
 ly sent a remonstrance to the king of Great Britain, in 
 which they say, that " on account of their urging us so 
 strongly ; on account of said commanders assuring us that 
 their communication was from the king ; and on account of 
 their making preparation to fire upon us — therefore we gave 
 our assent to the writing, without our being willing to- give 
 our real approbation ; for we were not pleased with it." 
 They feel incompetent to contend with naval strength, and 
 therefore submit to indignities from which their feelings re- 
 volt. Why cannot the principles of justice and equity 
 govern the intercourse of men with men, where they are so 
 well understood, and the painful necessity be spared of in- 
 nocence and helplessness supplicating that protection which 
 God designed should be enjoyed by all his children. 
 
 Much has been said of the character of the foreign res- 
 idents, and of the counteracting influence they exert upon 
 the labors of the missionaries in this field. The cause of 
 their bitterness and opposition is well understood, and lest 
 my own observations should seem partial to the missiona- 
 ries, and invidious towards those who oppose them^ Twill 
 embrace all I have to say on the subject in a quotation 
 from a work published by Mr. J. N. Reynolds of the voy- 
 age of the Potomac, an American man of war. He cer- 
 tainly cannot be accused of partiality to the missionaries 
 who reside on these islands, for his remarks on them are 
 somewhat acrimonious, but in regard to the foreign resi- 
 dents, he says, " they are generally devoid of all religious 
 principle, and practice the greatest frauds upon the natives 
 in their dealings with them ; which tends to corrupt their 
 morals, and to preclude all hopes of fairness in trade among 
 
 them. It cannot be denied, and no one can regret it more 
 
 32* 
 
370 CHARITY SCHOOL. 
 
 than we do, that this whole population, generally speafc 
 ing, are of the lowest order ; among whom every thing, 
 like the decent restraint which civilized society imposes upon 
 its members, is at war with their vicious propensities, and 
 of course resisted by them to the extent of their power." 
 He farther adds, " let us be distinctly understood in the 
 remarks we have made in reference to the foreign resi- 
 dents and missionaries on this island. As to the question, 
 which party is on the side of virtue and good order, there 
 can be but one opinion, where there is not even room for 
 comparison." I have been in communities where vice has 
 been unblushingly indulged, but I have never witnessed 
 direct enmity to every thing morally good, in so much bit- 
 terness and power, as in Oahu. 
 
 Most of the foreign residents have native wives, and 
 manifest a regard for the education of their children, and 
 send some of them'to other countries for this purpose ; but 
 for most of them a charity school has been established, and 
 for its support a call is made upon the commanders and 
 officers of vessels who come into this port ; and they have 
 even sent to England and America for charitable aid. 
 Though some poor are taught here, yet I know not why the 
 benevolent should help, by way of charity, the consuls and 
 rich merchants in Oahu. 
 
 I visited the seamen's chapel and preached several times 
 for Rev. Mr. Diell. While there are often several hundred 
 seamen in the port of Honolulu, there are frequently very 
 few attendants on the regular services of the chapel. Rev. 
 Mr. Diell, their worthy chaplain, is however indefatigable in 
 his labors through the week, visiting sailors on ship board, 
 and wherever he can find them, endeavoring to promote their 
 spiritual good. Some conversions have crowned his efforts. 
 
MISSIONARY SUCCESS. 371 
 
 On the occasion of the funeral of an infant of the Prin- 
 cess, whose husband is Leleiohoku, alias Wm. Pitt, I visited 
 the burial place of the kings and royal family. This is a 
 stone building of rock coral, of the common size and struc- 
 ture of the houses of the village, and situated amongst them, 
 having nothing particularly distinguishable except an out- 
 ward signal, by which is understood the number and rank 
 of the dead within. They are encased first in lead, secured 
 from the admission of air, and then deposited in coffins of 
 elegant workmanship, covered with rich silk velvet, or 
 crimson damask, and ornamented with silver or brass plate. 
 Here sleep the remains of Rihoriho, and Kamehamalu, who 
 died on a visit to England, and several others lying in state ; 
 and in the same tomb, are interred a number of other mem- 
 bers of the royal family. 
 
 The missionaries of the American Board of Commission- 
 ers for Foreign Missions in these islands, have done much 
 to elevate the character of the population, by teaching and 
 preaching the truths of Christianity ; by schools, where the 
 first rudiments of education are taught ; by the press, and a 
 translation of the entire bible ; they have exerted a salutary 
 influence upon the morals of the whole nation, and raised a 
 monument to the power and excellence of the gospel of Jesus 
 Christ. They have also laid, instrumentally, a broad foun- 
 dation for the political, and social, and religious improve- 
 ment of that people, unless thwarted by the interference 
 and opposition of foreigners, and for the future and unend- 
 ing happiness of many redeemed souls in the world to come. 
 I had frequent opportunities of witnessing the effect of their 
 labors in the evidences of the .moral renovation of these once 
 idolaters, and of meeting with them in their great congre- 
 gation on the Sabbath. 
 
372 HOMEWARD BOUND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Departure from Oahu in ship Phoenix for the United States — call at 
 the Society Islands — brief description of Tahiti and Eimeo — severe 
 gales of wind— Magellanic clouds— Martin Vass Island — Trinidad 
 — arrival at New London. 
 
 From July to November, no vessel departed from the 
 Sandwich Islands direct for ,the United States, and after 
 being detained about five months, waiting an opportunity to 
 return, I engaged a passage in the Phoenix, Allyn, from 
 New London, and embarked December 17th. The ship was 
 built for the China trade, of four hundred and ten tons, 
 manned with twenty-eight persons, besides five passengers. 
 The pilot boat left us well out at sea, at nine in the morning ; 
 our course south-west. On the morning of the 21st, we en- 
 countered a strong wind, which in the afternoon had in- 
 creased so much, that we were compelled to put two reefs 
 in the top-sails ; and a squall split our jib and sprung our 
 foremast. I had no opportunity or disposition to enjoy the 
 grandeur of the rolling ocean, being confined to the cabin 
 by sea sickness. Our ship was engaged in the whaling 
 business, and I was furnished, for once, with an opportuni- 
 ty of seeing the experiment of taking a whale. The thing 
 has often been described, but the novelty of the manoeu- 
 vre interested me. The experienced and skillful whale- 
 men dispose of the dangerous process, with the tactics of 
 their profession, in a manner much beyond my conceptions 
 before witnessing it; and the monster of the deep, though 
 
TETT7AR0A. 373 
 
 mighty in his strength, is made to submit to inferior power, 
 and to contribute largely to illuminate our evenings at 
 home. When the whale is brought along side of the ship, 
 the whalemen dissever the head from the body, and hoist 
 it on deck, and while some are employed in perforating the 
 scull, and with a bucket taking out the sperm, others make 
 a spiral incision in the oily portion, beginning where the 
 head was taken off, and by rope and hook suspended by a 
 pulley twenty feet up the mainmast, draw up the oily part 
 which cleaves from the flesh, while the body of the whale 
 revolves in the water; and this process is continued until all 
 that is valuable is secured. There are said to be thirty 
 thousand men employed in this business in the Pacific, while 
 only about four hundred are engaged in diffusing the light 
 of life through the dark places of the earth. 
 
 January 12th, 1837. Through the whole of to-day we 
 had strong gales from N. N. E. Our top-sails were close 
 reefed — split our main- top-sail. Headed to the E. close on 
 the wind. Very bad sea — not able to take any observation 
 of our latitude or longitude. These gales continued on the 
 13th until almost every sail was taken in, and we lay to on 
 the wind. The last part of the day was more moderate, 
 and we headed south. By observation taken to-day, our 
 latitude was 14° 47' south. 
 
 Sabbath, 15th. The winds subsided, and the weather was 
 warm. In the morning we came near Tetuaroa, a small 
 island of the Society group. It is low, the highest parts ri- 
 sing but a few feet above the level of the sea, is thinly in- 
 habited, and adorned with large and beautiful groves of the 
 cocoa tree extending even to the water's edge. The fresh 
 verdure of this island, in all the luxuriance of perpetual 
 summer, was a delightful contrast to the constant view of the 
 
374 TAHITI. 
 
 water for nearly a month, and I felt as though these gems of 
 the ocean were scattered here to refresh the tired voyager, 
 and bring to his mind the recollection of his own dear home. 
 Like all the islands of this ocean which I have seen, it is sur- 
 rounded with coral reefs, lying off at a little distance from 
 the shore, and upon which the sea constantly breaks. In the 
 afternoon we approached the harbor of Papeeti, at the island 
 of Tahiti. The pilot came off to us, and made an effort to 
 get the ship in, but did not succeed, the wind being too light, 
 and we had to bear off for the night. The prospect as it 
 lay spread out before us was a combination of all that was 
 beautiful in nature. Nor am I alone in the impression 
 which this little "Queen of the ocean" makes upon a stran- 
 ger. Others have described it with all the vividness which 
 its romantic and delightful scenery inspires. The harbor 
 forms a gentle curve, and in the foreground, on a level tract 
 were scattered neat cottages, built of thatch, or wood, plas- 
 tered and whitewashed with coral lime, situated together with 
 the church, in the midst of bread-fruit, cocoa, and orange 
 groves. The back ground of the enchanting picture was 
 filled up with hills and valleys, and streams dashing their 
 way down the ravines, and then meandering through the 
 rich vale below, to the ocean, while the outline terminated 
 in steep and lofty mountains. But not the least interesting 
 were the marks which the Christian religion and its attend- 
 ant, civilization, have made. Here was a church, and to 
 know that this people had lately been rescued from pagan- 
 ism, and all the hideous forms of idolatrous worship, raised 
 in my heart emotions of pleasure and gratitude, which not 
 even nature's fairest forms had power to awaken. An im- 
 mortal spirit elevated from the dust, and raised to heaven, a 
 monument of the Savior's grace — what can equal it ? 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND CIVILIZATION. 375 
 
 Monday morning, the 16th, we passed safely into the 
 harbor, where we found the Daniel Webster, Pierson, from 
 Sag Harbor ; on board of which were Rev. W. Richards 
 and family, passengers for the United States. 
 
 We continued in this port four days, during which time 
 I made several excursions about the island, and became 
 acquainted with the English missionaries, of whose success- 
 ful labors I had often heard and read ; the Rev. Messrs. 
 Wilson, Pritchard, and Darling, and their families. They 
 appear happy in their work, and devoted to it. The 
 Christian religion is the only religion acknowledged in 
 these islands, and its influence is universally apparent. As 
 the conversion of multitudes in the first ages of Christiani- 
 ty, has ever been considered as furnishing evidence of the 
 truth of the gospel, so the " moral miracle" of the conver- 
 sion of the islands of the sea, in our own day, is calculated, 
 with all its attendant circumstances, to confirm our faith, 
 as well as to encourage us in prosecuting still farther those 
 benevolent designs, which render the deserts, both natural- 
 ly and morally, the garden of the Lord. Besides preach- 
 ing on the Sabbath, the missionaries have religious service 
 on other days of the week. At sun- rise every morn- 
 ing they have a public prayer meeting. They are doing 
 much by their schools and the press ; and most of the peo- 
 ple can read. The performances of the natives in vocal 
 music pleased me, their voices being very soft and musical, 
 though less cultivated than those of the Sandwich Islanders. 
 Their personal appearance, complexion, language, and 
 dress are much the same as the natives of those islands. 
 Their advances in the arts and in agriculture, are less than 
 might be expected of them, but in a climate where so many 
 rich fruits vegetate spontaneously, the necessity of cultiva- 
 
376 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 tion is less imperious. While the harbor is not as good as 
 that of Oahu, less is done by way of wharfing, or other- 
 wise to facilitate business, or to aid in repairing the ship- 
 ping which visit this island. A good public road has been 
 commenced to extend around the island, on which convicts, 
 instead of being imprisoned, were employed, but it is now 
 neglected, and all the bridges are broken down. 
 
 The government here is much the same as that of the 
 Sandwich Islands, but is in some respects more free and sys- 
 tematized. Their judiciary is well organized, and justice 
 is tolerably well_ administered. Their legislative body is 
 composed of the queen, governors, chiefs, and two represen- 
 tatives from each district of the islands of Tahiti and Eimeo ; 
 the laws when framed are canvassed by the people, and if 
 approved, receive the queen's signature. The young queen 
 Pomare is of very prepossessing appearance, possesses tal- 
 ents, and decision of character ; but her views of civilization 
 are not so enlarged as those of Madam Kinau. 
 
 The American consul at these islands, resides at Papee- 
 ti ; he is a Dutchman, and as he informed me, a native and 
 citizen of Antwerp. His English is hardly intelligible, and 
 his knowledge of the duties of his office is yet to be ac- 
 quired. 
 
 The islands of Tahiti and Eimeo, like the other large 
 islands of the Pacific, are volcanic and coraline. They 
 are mountainous, and many of the mountains are high and 
 steep, and many of the valleys are deep and narrow, extend- 
 ing far into the interior. To a considerable extent the soil 
 is rich and productive ; oranges and all other tropical fruits 
 being abundant, and requiring little labor or care. Such is 
 the indolence of the inhabitants that they cultivate little be- 
 sides sugar cane and a few vegetables. These islands are 
 
CLEANLINESS OF THE ISLANDERS. 377 
 
 well supplied with forests, in which are several kinds of 
 wood equal in value to mahogany for cabinet work. The 
 heat for the most part of the year is so oppressive, that 
 though many things are very pleasant, yet these islands come 
 short of the paradise which some journalists have described. 
 
 These, like the other islands of the Pacific, have been di- 
 minishing in populousness. Various causes, such as the in- 
 troduction of foreign diseases, infanticide, human sacrifices, 
 the means furnished by commerce of rendering wars de- 
 structive to human life, and the introduction of ardent spirits, 
 have all contributed to this end. It is estimated that only 
 about twelve thousand people inhabit the two islands of Ta- 
 hiti and Eimeo, and about forty thousand both the Georgian 
 and Society group. The introduction of the Christian re- 
 ligion has banished many causes of their decline. 
 
 The cleanliness of the islanders is a subject worthy of re- 
 mark. Their practice of frequent ablutions and sea bath- 
 ing, to which they are induced by the climate, and of which 
 they are fond, including all descriptions of persons, and even 
 children, is highly conducive to health, and promotes a taste 
 for neatness in their persons not common to heathen nations. 
 
 Wednesday, 18th, I accompanied Mr. Pritchard in his 
 
 pastoral labors, about seven miles, on horseback, where he 
 
 preached to a congregation in a village in which the queen 
 
 has her residence. Queen Pomare was present, and an 
 
 interesting audience appeared to listen as if they were 
 
 hearing the word to obey it. After the meeting, we pursued 
 
 our ride about seven miles farther, to Rev. Mr. Wilson's at 
 
 Point Venus, a lovely spot, situated in orange and banana 
 
 groves. Our way thither was around the base of hills and 
 
 mountains which approached near the beach in precipices, 
 
 and where the opening through the coral reefs permitted the 
 
 33 
 
378 PUBLIC FEASTS. 
 
 sea to break on the shore with a noise like thunder, so that 
 we had to watch the opportunity afforded by the receding 
 waves to pass these points. Any horses, but those accus- 
 tomed to the sight, would have denied us a safe passage. 
 With these dear missionaries I partook of a cheerful dish of 
 tea, while we talked of the interests of the kingdom of our 
 common Redeemer, and of the time when fellow laborers 
 from every part of our lost world, and from their different 
 spheres of agency, when their work here is done, shall be 
 gathered to their Father's home in heaven. 
 
 In the evening we returned to Mr. Pritchard's, on my part 
 delighted with so refreshing an interview. 
 
 During my short stay, the queen and royal family of a 
 neighboring island, paid a visit of friendship to Tahiti. 
 This afforded me a very desirable opportunity of remarking 
 the manners and customs of the people. A public feast 
 was given in honor of the royal visitants ; and the day was 
 ushered in by firing rusty guns, of which they have a very 
 few. The morning until ten o'clock was occupied in col- 
 lecting together their cocoanuts, bananas, baked hogs, &c. 
 Many were out to purchase calico scarfs of two or three 
 yards in length to wear in the procession. A very large pro- 
 cession formed, the women taking the lead, and the men fol- 
 lowing in order. A female with an infant in her arms led 
 the van. This was explained to me as done in honor of 
 mothers ; for here, as well as at the Sandwich Islands, wo- 
 men are regarded as in all respects on a par with men. All 
 were well attired in European style, their heads adorned 
 tastefully with garlands of most beautiful tropical flowers, 
 with which their sea-girt isle abounds in profusion. After 
 taking, in single file, a long and circuitous march, they ar- 
 rived at their feasting bower, under a grove of cocoanut, 
 
PREPARING FOR SEA. 379 
 
 bread-fruit, and orange trees, where near the centre, with 
 an infant, sat the royal visitor; and as they passed, each 
 Tahitian threw down at her feet their scarfs or some other 
 present. It was the pleasure of the queen, however, not 
 long to retain all these tokens of honor, for she seemed happy 
 in generously giving them to others. After the procession 
 had passed in respectful review, next came the refreshments, 
 which were placed, some on the ground, others suspended 
 on boughs of trees, which were taken and shared in little 
 circles seated upon the grass, evidently enjoying the social 
 interview. This is considered one of their most joyful holi^ 
 days, and was managed without noise, confusion, or any 
 apparent infraction of the rules of propriety. It must be 
 recollected that this is a temperance island ; all traffic in 
 ardent spirits being prohibited by law. 
 
 In taking leave of these islands, I would not fail to men- 
 tion the kind hospitality of Rev. G. Pritchard and family r 
 and the satisfaction I had in seeing the other missionaries, 
 and witnessing the interesting fruits of their labors under 
 the blessing of God. 
 
 Our stay at Tahiti was employed by the ship's crew in 
 disposing of our poor sulphureted water from the Sandwich 
 Islands, and in re-supplying themselves from the pure moun- 
 tain streams of this island, and in " vegetating the ship" as 
 they phrase it ; that is, by collecting quantities, which are 
 purchased of the natives, of oranges, bananas, sweet pota- 
 toes, limes, cocoanuts in abundance, bread-fruit, yams, and 
 squashes. Here I collected for my cabinet, some choice 
 specimens of coral and shells of the ocean, which the na- 
 tives dive to obtain, and sell to the ships which enter this 
 port. 
 
 On the morning of Saturday 21st January, we left the 
 
380 MAN OVERBOARD. 
 
 harbor of Tahiti with a light wind, and as we sailed around 
 Eimeo, its mountains, with their densely wooded tops and 
 precipitous sides, appeared in full prospect. On this island 
 there is a high school for the children of the missionary 
 families of the several islands. 
 
 We proceeded with a favorable wind until the 30th, when 
 our latitude was 30° 27' south, and longitude 153° 10' west. 
 I was here much gratified to witness the interesting phe- 
 nomenon of a water-spout. It first became visible to us 
 about half a mile distant as it arose, and at that distance 
 we had no apprehensions of danger from it, and yet it was 
 sufficiently near to give a distinct view. It commenced in 
 a small, dark, and nearly perpendicular column, enlarging 
 its diameter as it rose, until it reached the region of the 
 clouds, when apparently feeling the influence of the wind, 
 it passed obliquely to the south-west. It continued in view 
 some time, but as we were proceeding on our course, it grad- 
 ually disappeared. 
 
 On the 4th of February, fresh breezes from the north- 
 west took the place of the south-east trade-winds, and our 
 course was laid E. S. E. 
 
 On the 5th we had strong gales from the west. Put two 
 reefs in the top-sails, and took in the mizzen-top-sail, aftd 
 handed the main-sail. The sea was very heavy. On the 
 9th the wind was more moderate ; and while engaged in 
 spearing porpoises, one of the men fell overboard from 4;he 
 bow, and went directly under the ship, and came up under 
 her stern. The life buoy was thrown over to him, but 
 being an indifferent swimmer he was long in his efforts 
 to seize it. By lowering the boat and rounding about the 
 ship, he was recovered on board much exhausted, and almost 
 overcome with the cold. Hundreds are daily, by a great 
 
HEAVY GALE. 381 
 
 variety of occurrences, taken from the world, and the cer- 
 tain knowledge awakens but feeble sensations in our bosoms ; 
 but a solitary case of individual danger and suffering which 
 we witness, arouses all our anxieties and sympathies, and 
 we are grateful when relieved by the safety of the suf- 
 ferer. 
 
 On the 16th and 17th, the gale was tremendous. We 
 were in latitude about 47° south, and 120° west longitude. 
 With nearly every sail taken in, we could only run before 
 the wind, which was from the north-west, and the waves were 
 constantly breaking over our bulwarks. Such was the 
 roaring of the wind and breaking waves, that it was diffi- 
 cult for the orders of the captain to be heard, upon his loud- 
 est Voice, from midship, forward or aft. The wind blew 
 tons of water into the air and scattered it into ten thou- 
 sand sprays. I never had such evidence of the power of 
 wind and water, nor of the admirable manner the ship could 
 live in such a gale. She would roll upon the waves, and 
 plunge, and rise again upon the mountain billows. The 
 whole scene was fraught with magnificence, terror, and 
 grandeur. It was a great favor that we had a courageous 
 and experienced captain ; and a sober, active, and obe- 
 dient crew ; and above all the protection of Heaven. Two 
 men were constantly at the wheel, selected from our best 
 steersmen. We shipped a great quantity of water, and 
 on the night of tlie 17th, the fore deck had scarcely at 
 any time, less than a foot, or two feet of water, the waves 
 breaking over faster than the water could pass through 
 the scuppers. Two pumps were at work a large portion 
 of the time to keep the ship clear, so much water was con- 
 stantly finding its way down the closed hatches and other 
 
 leakages of the deck. The two men at each pump la- 
 
 33* 
 
382 THE TERN AND ALBATROSS. 
 
 bored so forcibly, that it was necessary to be relieved by 
 others every three minutes. I reflected on the condition of 
 those who were not prepared for death,. and that even to 
 a Christian a quiet death-bed would be preferable to leav- 
 ing the world in such a scene of confusion. But we were 
 spared in great kindness, and the following morning the wind 
 began to abate. Captain Allyn, who had been into most of 
 the principal seas, and around both of the great Capes, 
 said he never saw, except in a typhoon which he encounter- 
 ed on the Japan coast, any gale which equalled this. 
 
 The gales continued with frequent squalls of hail and 
 rain until the 28th, when we found we were driven to the 
 59° of south latitude, and 77° west longitude. This was 
 farther south of Cape Horn than we wished to go. The 
 weather was cold and thick, the thermometer ranging be- 
 tween 41° and 47° for several days. On the 1st of March 
 we saw for the first time after leaving Tahiti, a sail to the 
 windward heading south-west, but were unable to speak 
 her. It was very pleasant to find our latitude lessening in 
 our homeward course, though we were not up with the Cape 
 until the third of March. During the gales, and especially 
 in stormy weather, our vessel was very frequently visited 
 by a bird which navigators call the Noddy, and which is 
 easily taken with the hand. It is of the Tern genus, twelve 
 inches long, slenderly formed ; its plumage is a dark sooty 
 brown, excepting the top of its head which is dusky white. 
 The Albatross also was constantly flying about us, regard- 
 less of wind and waves. Our men caught several of them 
 with a hook, the heads of which, when standing upon the 
 deck, were four feet high ; their aler measurement was ten 
 feet. Although they are generally of a brown color, yet in 
 the region of Cape Horn, they vary from a mixture of brown 
 
MAGELLANIC CLOUDS. 383 
 
 and white, to an almost entire white. They are the largest 
 class of the feathered race,. 
 
 We had for a long time an opportunity of observing the 
 Magellanic ciouds ; which are three in number, two lumin- 
 ous and one black ; about thirty degrees distant from each 
 other, and fixed in their relative situations as are the fixed 
 stars. Although I had noticed them, supposing them to be 
 clouds, and wondering how an illuminated cloud should be 
 seen at all times of the night, and preserve its position with 
 an outline so well defined and so plainly marked, yet my 
 mind was not wholly satisfied respecting them, until the 
 mate of the ship, who had seen them in previous voyages, 
 and' who possessed considerable astronomical knowledge, 
 pointed out to me some of their characteristics. The weath- 
 er in these high southern latitudes being so uniformly thick 
 and cloudy, prevented our observing them so early, or care- 
 fully as we might otherwise have done. They were distinct- 
 ly visible for weeks, keeping their relative situation, and 
 their altitude above the southern horizon lessening to the 
 beholder, according as his latitude diminished while he pro- 
 ceeded north. The forms of each are about five degrees in 
 diameter. The luminous ones undoubtedly are formed by 
 clusters of stars, so numerous and contiguous, and so dis- 
 tant as only to give a glimmering light like luminous clouds, 
 which gives them their name ; and the black one is very 
 probably the entire absence of all light. I gazed at these, 
 night after night, with wonder and admiration. It seemed 
 to me, that looking at the dark one, was looking beyond 
 created nature into infinite space. 
 
 Gales occurred occasionally after we doubled Cape Horn, 
 but most of the time was pleasant and the winds favorable, 
 until the 27th of March in south latitude 23° 27', and west 
 
384 
 
 FUNERAL AT SEA. 
 
 longitude 28° 34', the wind came around to the north, and 
 continued to blow from a northerly direction for ten days, 
 which retarded our progress, and carried us off our course 
 to the east, until we were brought into 26° west longitude, 
 where we changed our course west by north. On the first 
 of April, we spoke an East Indiaman. She was a very 
 large, fine-looking ship, of about eight hundred tons, well 
 filled with men, women, and children, who probably were 
 passengers for New Holland. This was the first ship we 
 had spoken after the Spartan, near the line on the other 
 side of the continent. It is difficult to imagine how pleas- 
 ant it is to see and speak a ship after having been months 
 at sea. A few hours after, we saw another East Indiaman, 
 but did not speak her. By falling in with these ships, we 
 found we were so near Africa, that we were in the track of 
 ships from Europe to the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 The same day we buried one of the seamen in the great 
 deep. He was a man who in early life was trained up in 
 the care of pious parents, but whose after life was marked 
 by vices, which in their consequences led : to a comparative- 
 ly early death. It was a solemn scene when we committed 
 his remains to the water grave. The colors were raised 
 half mast, the whole ship's company collected around ; the 
 body, with weights attached, was laid upon a plank at the 
 gang-way ; and we paused to dwell for a moment on death 
 and the dread scenes beyond. I addressed them in a few 
 remarks suggested by the occasion, and after a prayer, the 
 plank was gently moved over the side of the ship, and the 
 dead disappeared to be seen no more. 
 
 On the 2d, we made Martin Vass Islands, which are five 
 in number, composed wholly of volcanic rocks, without any 
 soil ; some of them are cones, shooting up four or five hun- 
 
MARTIN VASS AND TRINIDAD ISLANDS. 385 
 
 dred feet. Two are very small and needle pointed. They 
 are all so precipitous, and the sea constantly breaking 
 against them, that there is no landing. Their forms are 
 fantastical ; one of them having the appearance of a forti- 
 fication with bastions, about which are needle points resem- 
 bling men on guard. They are in 20° 31' south latitude, 
 and 28° 38' west longitude. By changing our course more 
 westerly we made Trinidad, off against St. Roque. which is 
 an island of considerable size, and in latitude 20° 28', and 
 longitude 29° 5'. Near evening we were fifteen miles from 
 it, and wishing to land in the morning, we took in sail and 
 lay off for the night. Some Portuguese once settled upon 
 it, but it is so difficult of access, that they abandoned it, and 
 it is now without any inhabitants. 
 
 On the morning of the 3d, we ran down to within three 
 miles of the island, and manned three boats to go on shore ; 
 but finding no place free from breakers, gave up the at- 
 tempt, caught a few fish near the shores, and after being 
 much annoyed with flies which came off to us, we returned 
 to the ship, and with a favorable breeze pursued our course. 
 This island is also volcanic, has an iron-bound shore, and 
 is mountainous, the highest part of which is about fifteen 
 hundred, or two thousand feet. It is a place of resort for 
 multitudes of birds and sea fowl, some of which are large. 
 I had an opportunity to see, but not to examine, the man-of- 
 war hawk. They are numerous here, and while they are 
 handsome, they are also ravenous, always taking their prey 
 upon the wing. There were many of the perfectly silky 
 white species of the Tern, which hovered over us with great 
 tameness, as though they wished to form an acquaintance 
 with us, not suspecting any hostility. 
 
 Most of our nights as well as days for a long time were 
 
386 
 
 EVENINGS AT SEA. 
 
 clear, and the stars were seen with remarkable brightness. 
 What has been described by others of evenings at sea, in 
 the southern hemisphere, I had an opportunity of observing 
 with admiration. The richest colors of red, orange, and 
 yellow, are spread over the western sky after the setting 
 sun, and often over the whole concave of heaven. No pen- 
 cil of art can imitate the tints and hues which blend in soft- 
 ness over this scene of beauty. Nature's pencil only can 
 lay on these delicate shades, and add to them the brilliancy, 
 ever varying, of so much richness and splendor. 
 
 In the deep seas we did not see many fish ; of the few 
 which came under our observation, the dorado, or as com- 
 monly called, the dolphin, and the pilot fish excelled in the 
 beauty of their colors. The former, when taken upon deck, 
 constantly changed its colors from the bright purple to the 
 gold, the bluish green, and the silver white, and these spread- 
 ing out into vanishing shades. The pilot fish is equally 
 beautiful, but is singular in the choice of company and em- 
 ployment ; always being found with the shark, and conduct- 
 ing him to his prey, from which it derives its name. 
 
 The flying fish is a curiosity, furnished with powers for 
 occupying both air and water, but finds no friend in either ; x 
 pursued by the porpoise, or the dolphin, or some other fish, 
 it swims with all speed until it can no longer escape its de- 
 structive enemy, and then takes to flight in the air, where 
 the albatross and the man-of-war hawk hover to make it 
 their prey. In its flight it often falls upon the decks of 
 ships, where man shows it no mercy. 
 
 On the 19th of April we passed the equator. For a few 
 days we had calms or only light winds with showers. The 
 heat was very intense, and to be becalmed under these cir- 
 cumstances is more to be dreaded than gales. But we 
 
LAND DESCRIED. 387 
 
 were much favored, and soon found ourselves in north lat- 
 itude, and it was with sensations of delight that I again be- 
 held the North star, though but just above the horizon. I 
 hailed it as the harbinger of good, and an indication that I 
 was fast approaching my long desired home and friends. 
 
 All objects at sea are considered worthy of notice, and 
 the gulf weed, which was seen in great abundance before 
 we came to the gulf-stream, was observed with no small 
 interest. It is an aquatic plant of a peculiar light green 
 color, and floats upon the surface of the water. . We en- 
 tered and passed the stream on the 14th of May, in 36° 37' 
 north latitude ; and though a rough sea is generally expec- 
 ted here, yet we had a very pleasant time. The current 
 is at the rate of three miles an hour, and the temperature 
 seven degrees warmer than the adjacent water. 
 
 On the 17th of May, at three in the afternoon, we were 
 cheered with the cry from the man at the mast head, "Land 
 hof ahead" It proved to be Block Island. We came in 
 sight of the light-house in the evening, but too late to at- 
 tempt to get into the harbor before morning, and therefore 
 lay off for the night. In the morning we found ourselves 
 among various shipping bound to different ports. We pass- 
 ed Montauk Point and drew near to New London, where 
 the sight of the city, the shipping in the harbor, the country 
 around, and the islands dressed in green, were most grateful, 
 especially to one so long conversant with heathen countries 
 and a wide expanse of ocean. Passed up the Thames to 
 the city, and I rejoiced to land once more upon Christian 
 and civilized shores, my native land, my country ! In 
 taking leave of the Phoenix, I felt it due to the captain and 
 crew to say, that I received from them every kind attention 
 I could wish, and it being a temperance ship, I did not hear a 
 
388 ARRIVAL AT HOME. 
 
 profane word from any while on board. We had public 
 worship, during the voyage on the Sabbath, and the word of 
 God was blessed, as there was reason to believe, to the 
 saving conversion of some souls. I found kind friends in 
 New London, and after arranging my business, directed my 
 way to Ithaca, where I arrived on the 23d of May, after an 
 absence of more than two years and two months, and having 
 accomplished a journey of twenty-eight thousand miles. 
 
 I have in several places made mention of the superior 
 mildness of the climate west of the Rocky Mountains, and 
 that the seasons are divided into the wet and dry ; the rainy 
 season commencing about the first of November, and the 
 dry about the first of May. The following Meteorological 
 Table, which was taken with care, will give a general spe- 
 cimen. 
 
METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
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 00"^COCOC?C^05C?"*000000?C=>1000»OC©OCO 
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 xn 
 
392 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
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METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 
 
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 \ . 5 S "13 :3 <* 
 
 i >» "a 'c o "2 >» 
 
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 m 
 
 34* 
 
394 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 
 P 
 
 . bX) 
 ^ "3 
 
 % ^ 
 
 T3 T3 
 
 bJD bJD 
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 T3 r3 rQ 
 
 a o o 
 
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METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 395 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 6 
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 OOKCTtOO^nirJitO 
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 n^iofo^ooooH'HNn'jjtiowt'OoC) 
 
 CN<M(M<MCJ<M<MC0COPQ 
 
 
396 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 t 
 
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METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 397 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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398 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
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METEOEOLOGICAL TABLE. 399 
 
 
 
 
 ^j R* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I -I 1 " § I -I § -I -I & o I S 8 1 I § 
 
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 T* ^ ^ "3« ■"* "3< 
 
400 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 bJD - 
 
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 o 5 
 
 s s 
 
 o ,-5 ,-=; 
 
 fl 
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 b a 
 
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 00 O O H W « -* 
 
 03 
 
LANGUAGES. 
 
 401 
 
 VOCABULARY OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 Several gentlemen of erudition, who have professedly in- 
 vestigated the languages of the American Indians, have giv- 
 en it as their opinion, that they are all traceable to four 
 roots. But I am confident, from the opportunities I have 
 had to examine the languages of many different nations, that 
 the opinion is entirely unfounded. The following vocabu- 
 laries are given as specimens of difference in the languages 
 of four nations in Oregon. The languages of other nations 
 are equally distinct. 
 
 
 NEZ PERCE LANGUAGE. 
 
 glish. 
 
 Indian. 
 
 God, 
 
 hemakis Tota 
 
 Spirit, 
 
 koonapa. 
 
 Father, 
 
 tota. 
 
 Man, 
 
 hama. 
 
 Woman, 
 
 iat. 
 
 Mother, 
 
 peka. 
 
 Child, 
 
 meaits. 
 
 Brother, 
 
 uskeep. 
 
 Sister. 
 
 axsip. 
 
 Husband, 
 
 hama. 
 
 Wife, 
 
 waipna. 
 
 I, 
 
 en. 
 
 Thou, 
 
 em. 
 
 35 
 
402 
 
 
 NEZ PERCE. 
 
 He, 
 
 emim. 
 
 She, 
 
 aiat. 
 
 It, 
 
 ke. 
 
 They, 
 
 elahne tetokan. 
 
 People, 
 
 tetokan. 
 
 Heaven, 
 
 accompenaka. 
 
 Earth, 
 
 waitush. 
 
 Water, 
 
 coos. 
 
 Fire, 
 
 aula. 
 
 Snow, 
 
 maika. 
 
 Rain, 
 
 waikit. 
 
 Wood, 
 
 haitsu. 
 
 Grass, 
 
 pax. 
 
 Hell or bad spirit, 
 
 koonapa kapseish 
 
 Horse, 
 
 shecum. 
 
 White Bear, 
 
 hahats. 
 
 Black Bear, 
 
 eakat. 
 
 Beaver, 
 
 taxpull. 
 
 Otter, 
 
 collas. 
 
 Deer, 
 
 enishnim. 
 
 Moose, 
 
 taissheep. 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 cocoil. 
 
 Wolf, 
 
 siyah. 
 
 Salmon, 
 
 natso. 
 
 Trout, 
 
 wowalthum. 
 
 Gun, 
 
 temoon. 
 
 Powder, 
 
 popokes. 
 
 Ball, 
 
 saip. 
 
 Stone, 
 
 pishwa. 
 
 What is that ? 
 
 etu ke. 
 
 Who is that ? 
 
 eshe ke. 
 
 There, 
 
 koone. 
 

 NEZ PERCE. 
 
 Here, 
 
 kene 
 
 Where, 
 
 mene. 
 
 When, 
 
 mowwa. 
 
 How many ? 
 
 moits. 
 
 None, 
 
 sTou. 
 
 All, 
 
 oekalla. 
 
 Plenty, 
 
 elahne. 
 
 Near by, 
 
 keemta. 
 
 Great way off,. 
 
 wyat. 
 
 This road. 
 
 iskit* 
 
 Stop, 
 
 collo. 
 
 Go, 
 
 coetuc, 
 
 Run, 
 
 willaikit. 
 
 Go fast, 
 
 haum teets* 
 
 Stop here, 
 
 collo kene. 
 
 Encamp, 
 
 wispeix. 
 
 Sleep, 
 
 penemeeko. 
 
 Eat, 
 
 hipsh. 
 
 I hear, 
 
 en amachish. 
 
 You hear, 
 
 em amachish. 
 
 I understand, 
 
 en amacus. 
 
 Come, 
 
 c5me. 
 
 I know, 
 
 en soko. 
 
 You know,. 
 
 em soko. 
 
 He knows, 
 
 emim soko. 
 
 They know, 
 
 tetokan soko. 
 
 T do not know,. 
 
 waiitu en soko 
 
 Talk, 
 
 tumtein. 
 
 Ride, 
 
 wyatcus. 
 
 Wait,. 
 
 coats. 
 
 Swim, 
 
 shuway. 
 
 Love, 
 
 aitou. . 
 
 403 
 
404 
 
 
 NEZ PERCE. 
 
 Hate, 
 
 waiitu aitou. 
 
 Kill, 
 
 wapseou. 
 
 Alive, 
 
 waikus. 
 
 Make, 
 
 ainees. 
 
 Take, 
 
 enip. 
 
 Carry, 
 
 enip coeta. 
 
 Give, 
 
 enahanim. 
 
 Pay, 
 
 tumaitcus. 
 
 Make fire, 
 
 ailix. 
 
 Worship, 
 
 tolla poosa. 
 
 Smoke, 
 
 keieta 
 
 Sun, moon, 
 
 hasumtooks. 
 
 Prairie, 
 
 paix. 
 
 Mountain, 
 
 mashum. 
 
 Friend, 
 
 sextua. 
 
 Chief, 
 
 meohot. 
 
 Nez Perce, 
 
 numepo. 
 
 Flathead, 
 
 sailep. 
 
 Black foot, 
 
 quasne. 
 
 Bonnax, 
 
 tuelca. 
 
 American, 
 
 sueapo. 
 
 Indian, 
 
 tete teluit. 
 
 Frenchman, 
 
 allima. 
 
 Head, 
 
 hooshus. 
 
 Hair, 
 
 hookoo. 
 
 Arm, 
 
 artum. 
 
 Leg, 
 
 waiu. 
 
 Foot, 
 
 akooa. 
 
 Cloth, 
 
 tahea. 
 
 Saddle, 
 
 supen sapoos 
 
 Pack, 
 
 supen saps. 
 
 Beads, 
 
 collowin. 
 
NEZ PERCE — KLICATAT. 
 
 405 
 
 Good, 
 
 Bad, 
 
 No, 
 
 Yes, 
 
 Great, 
 
 Small, 
 
 Sick, 
 
 Well, 
 
 To-day, 
 
 Yesterday, 
 
 Once more, 
 
 White, 
 
 Black, 
 
 Red, 
 
 Vermilion, 
 
 Paint, 
 
 1 nox. 
 
 2 lapeet. 
 
 3 metait. 
 
 4 peelep. 
 
 5 pahut. 
 
 6 elaix. 
 
 7 quoenapt. 
 
 8 wemuttut. 
 
 9 quoies. 
 
 VOCABULARY OF THE 
 COUNTRY 
 
 English. 
 God, 
 
 Evil spirit, 
 Sun, 
 Moon, 
 
 tois. 
 
 kapseis. 
 
 waiitu. 
 
 ai. 
 
 hemakis. 
 
 coots. 
 
 comitsa. 
 
 penamina. 
 
 tax. 
 
 watish. 
 
 nox emaka. 
 
 hihi. 
 
 cinmo cimmeo. 
 
 ilpelp. 
 
 ailish. 
 
 penasuet. 
 
 10 poetumpt. 
 
 11 nox tit. 
 
 12 lapeet tit. 
 20 laap tit. 
 30 metaip tit. 
 40 pelap tit. 
 50 pahap tit. 
 
 100 pooetap tit. 
 
 KLICATAT NATION WHO INHABIT THE 
 NORTH OF THE CASCADES. 
 
 Indian. 
 Meyoh. 
 melah. 
 an. 
 ulhigh'. 
 
406 
 
 
 KLICATAT. 
 
 Stars, 
 
 kashlo. 
 
 Fire, 
 
 lokkowouks. 
 
 Earth, 
 
 te 'tsum. 
 
 Water, 
 
 chow wass. 
 
 Stone, 
 
 'p's swah. 
 
 Wood, 
 
 il quas. 
 
 House, 
 
 enneet. 
 
 Bread, 
 
 shappleel. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 t'kuinnat. 
 
 Deer, 
 
 owinnat. 
 
 Bird, 
 
 'hat 'hot. 
 
 Cow, 
 
 moos moos stun. 
 
 Horse, 
 
 kosee. 
 
 Dog, 
 
 kosikkosee. 
 
 Boat, 
 
 quassas. 
 
 Man, 
 
 ,wince. 
 
 Woman, 
 
 iyet. 
 
 Girl, 
 
 p'teeniks. 
 
 Boy, 
 
 ass wan. 
 
 Fingers, 
 
 pahhahtopat. 
 
 Foot, 
 
 wattekas. 
 
 Toe, 
 
 owhunghe. 
 
 Tongue, 
 
 melleese. 
 
 Ear, 
 
 misshu (plu.) pesahmisshu 
 
 Mouth, 
 
 mettolla'hhow. 
 
 Lip, 
 
 um, (plu.) pesah um. 
 
 Black, 
 
 chemook. 
 
 White, 
 
 pillas. 
 
 Green, 
 
 lahm't. 
 
 Yellow, 
 
 penahkunnootowass. 
 
 Red, 
 
 klutsah. 
 
 Good, 
 
 seyah. 
 

 KLICATAT. 
 
 Bad, 
 
 chilooeet. 
 
 High, 
 
 'quaahme. 
 
 Low, 
 
 metee. 
 
 Many 5 
 
 hugh'lak. 
 
 Few, 
 
 millah. 
 
 Little, 
 
 iksiks. 
 
 Who? 
 
 sindewah. 
 
 What? 
 
 sinmisswah. 
 
 Knife, 
 
 hahbittelme. 
 
 Bow, 
 
 toominpas. 
 
 Arrow, 
 
 kiasso. 
 
 Gun, 
 
 toowinpas. 
 
 Sea, 
 
 attackas. 
 
 River, 
 
 wannah 
 
 Lake, 
 
 wattum. 
 
 Mountain, 
 
 'ke'h. 
 
 Hill, 
 
 pussque. 
 
 Valley, 
 
 nkop. 
 
 Plain, . 
 
 tak. 
 
 Here, 
 
 itche. 
 
 There, 
 
 ekkone. 
 
 Near, 
 
 'tsahpah. 
 
 Far off, 
 
 weat'tpah. 
 
 Night. 
 
 e tset. 
 
 Day, 
 
 echoosah. 
 
 Where, 
 
 minnan. 
 
 When, 
 
 mittach. 
 
 I walk, 
 
 inikwenahsah. 
 
 I talk, 
 
 sinewesah. 
 
 None, 
 
 chahow. 
 
 I know, 
 
 assook sah. 
 
 I have known, 
 
 mewe sah sooh sah 
 
 407 
 
408 
 
 i 
 
 KLICATAT. 
 
 I see, 
 
 enahukheno sah 
 
 I hear, 
 
 innasick sah. 
 
 I taste. 
 
 quatas sah. 
 
 I smell, 
 
 annookse sah. 
 
 I, 
 
 sah. 
 
 Thou, 
 
 imk c . 
 
 He, 
 
 equak. 
 
 She, 
 
 equakiik. 
 
 Head, 
 
 chlamtukh. 
 
 Eye, 
 
 tats'k. 
 
 Back, 
 
 koopkoop. 
 
 Come, 
 
 winnum. 
 
 Go, 
 
 winnak. 
 
 Give, 
 
 annik. 
 
 Large, 
 
 mche. 
 
 Smaller, 
 
 mimche. 
 
 Smallest, 
 
 ooksooks. 
 
 Beauty, 
 
 seeghewah. 
 
 All, 
 
 k'lhweek. 
 
 True, 
 
 chawnumsisk. 
 
 False, 
 
 t'sis. 
 
 Chief, 
 
 kooMtup. 
 
 Common men, 
 
 wallumteen. 
 
 My father, 
 
 hahtootas. 
 
 My mother, 
 
 naheclas. 
 
 Elder brother, 
 
 nahnahnas. 
 
 Younger brother, 
 
 incoks. 
 
 Sister, 
 
 inchats. 
 
 Husband, 
 
 inman. 
 
 Yes, 
 
 deh. 
 
 No, 
 
 waht. 
 
 Beaver, 
 
 wispus. 
 
KLICATAT CALAPOOA . 
 
 409 
 
 Rabbit, 
 
 sin we. 
 
 Cat, 
 
 wasswass. 
 
 Wolf, 
 
 enahte. 
 
 Bear, 
 
 'hollees. 
 
 Otter, 
 
 nooksi. 
 
 Laziness, 
 
 ilkkah. 
 
 Sleep, 
 
 'tsotah. 
 
 Soft, 
 
 uquatuquat 
 
 Strength, 
 
 h'too. 
 
 Swan, 
 
 wahhalow. 
 
 Goat, 
 
 powyanin. 
 
 Beads, 
 
 k'pput. 
 
 Cold, 
 
 'tsoisah. 
 
 Hard, 
 
 k'ttet'k. 
 
 1 lab's, 
 
 12 neep'twappena, 
 
 2 neep't, 
 
 13 mettaptwappena. 
 
 3 mettapt', 
 
 20 neeptit, 
 
 4 peneep't, 
 
 30 mettaptit, 
 
 5 pahhat, 
 
 40 peneeptit, 
 
 6 pHuhninis, 
 
 50 pahliaptit, 
 
 7 tooskas, 
 
 60 p'tuhninsaptit, 
 
 8 pahhahhemaht, 
 
 70 tooskahslptit, 
 
 9 'csawlawsimkah, 
 
 80 pahhahtusap'tit, 
 
 10 hotem, 
 
 90 'tsaulochsaptit, 
 
 11 lah'swappena, 
 
 100 potemtit. 
 
 VOCABULARY OF THE CALAPOOA NATION. 
 
 God, 
 
 'ntsompate. 
 
 Heaven, 
 
 ahlupklooah. 
 
 Evil Spirit, 
 
 ehwakehe. 
 
 Hell, 
 
 owievenah. 
 
 Sun, 
 
 'npeun. 
 
 Moon, 
 
 'ntope. 
 
 36 
 
410 
 
 
 CALAPOOA. 
 
 Stars, 
 
 'ntsalowah. 
 
 Fire, 
 
 ummi. 
 
 Earth, 
 
 umpullo. 
 
 Wind, 
 
 c ntolouh. 
 
 Water, 
 
 'mpahke. 
 
 Wood, 
 
 owattuk. 
 
 Stone, 
 
 'ntaugh. 
 
 Bone, 
 
 'ntsa. 
 
 House, 
 
 ummi*. 
 
 Bread, 
 
 shappleel. 
 
 Fish, 
 
 mtumuak. 
 
 Deer, 
 
 ammoke'. 
 
 Elk, 
 
 'ntokah. 
 
 Bird, 
 
 noknok. 
 
 Horse, 
 
 kuetan. 
 
 Cow, 
 
 moosmoos. 
 
 Dog, 
 
 'n'tul. 
 
 Boat, 
 
 f mpaw. 
 
 Man, 
 
 'noihee. 
 
 Woman, 
 
 ehwahktsut. 
 
 Boy, 
 
 ehwahpyah. 
 
 Girl, 
 
 'mpeena. 
 
 I, 
 
 tsa. 
 
 Thou, 
 
 mah. 
 
 He, 
 
 annoihe. 
 
 She, 
 
 ahwahkkotsut, 
 
 My father, 
 
 hum nee. 
 
 Your father, 
 
 makkan nee. 
 
 My mother, 
 
 sin nee. 
 
 Elder brother, 
 
 tah. 
 
 Sister, 
 
 shetup. 
 
 Husband, 
 
 tahwahke. 
 
Wife, 
 
 tahwahke. 
 
 Yes, 
 
 aw. 
 
 No, 
 
 kussowe. 
 
 Head, 
 
 unquah. 
 
 Mouth, 
 
 tinte. 
 
 Chin, 
 
 <tlak- 
 
 Teeth, 
 
 tinte. 
 
 Arm, 
 
 t'ntooque. 
 
 Hand, 
 
 t'lakquah. 
 
 Finger, 
 
 taw'nah. 
 
 Foot, 
 
 teuofoh. 
 
 Ear, 
 
 toandunkahtah 
 
 Black, 
 
 mo f . 
 
 White, 
 
 mow'. 
 
 Blue, 
 
 'mpulunk. 
 
 Green, 
 
 pitchish. 
 
 Red, 
 
 'tselow. 
 
 Good, 
 
 misso. 
 
 Bad, 
 
 kaskah. 
 
 High, 
 
 tshamayunk. 
 
 Low, 
 
 wallah. 
 
 Many, 
 
 milloe. 
 
 Few, 
 
 'mponuk. 
 
 Large, 
 
 pellah. 
 
 Small, 
 
 etoo. 
 
 Who, 
 
 me'eh. 
 
 What, 
 
 annikkee. 
 
 Knife, 
 
 'nkamistik. 
 
 Bow, 
 
 unchin. 
 
 Arrow, 
 
 un'owsuk. 
 
 Gun, 
 
 sukwallahlah. 
 
 Sea, 
 
 mullak. 
 
 411 
 
412 
 
 
 CALAPOOA. 
 
 River, 
 
 'ntsok. 
 
 Lake, 
 
 wassetnummeke 
 
 Mountain, 
 
 peotahmefook. 
 
 Valley, 
 
 wallah. 
 
 Night, 
 
 mooyoo. 
 
 Day, 
 
 'mpeyon. 
 
 Here, 
 
 m'hash. 
 
 There, 
 
 pie fan. 
 
 Near, 
 
 'mchillah. 
 
 Far off, 
 
 m'lokkio. 
 
 Where, 
 
 mutchoo. 
 
 When, 
 
 tahnondeh. 
 
 To talk, 
 
 tanuk. 
 
 To walk. 
 
 owallowah. 
 
 None, 
 
 mwa. 
 
 I see, 
 
 chats'onhot'n. 
 
 Beaver, 
 
 'nkipeah. 
 
 All, 
 
 teloh. 
 
 Chief, 
 
 'ntsombeek. 
 
 Common men, 
 
 anwoekee. 
 
 Come, 
 
 mahek. 
 
 Go, 
 
 tattea. 
 
 Give, 
 
 mahaque. 
 
 Swan,. 
 
 mow. 
 
 Rabbit, 
 
 umpon. 
 
 Wolf, 
 
 molent. 
 
 Bear, 
 
 'rarao, 
 
 Sleep, 
 
 towi. 
 
 Hard, 
 
 'p'tsakkolloo. 
 
 Soft, 
 
 'mput'l. 
 
 Boil, 
 
 liplip. 
 
 1 towneh, 
 
 10 teeneefeahah, 
 

 CALAPOOA CHENOOK. A 
 
 2 kamah, 
 
 11 teenefeahpetownah, 
 
 3 peshin, 
 
 12 teenefeahpekamah, 
 
 4 tohwah, 
 
 20 keefotenefeah, 
 
 5 wul, 
 
 30 p'shintenefeah, 
 
 6 taffo, 
 
 40 tohwatenefeah, 
 
 7 p'sinmewe 
 
 , 50 wultenefeah, 
 
 8 ke'mewe, 
 
 100 tenefeah, 
 
 9 'quisteh, 
 
 1000 tumpeah. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 OF THE CHENOOK LANGUAGE AS SPOKEN 
 
 
 ABOUT FORT VANCOUVER. 
 
 God, 
 
 Cannum. 
 
 Heaven, 
 
 coosah. 
 
 Earth, 
 
 iliaha. 
 
 Fire, 
 
 olaptska. 
 
 Water, 
 
 isuck. 
 
 Sea, 
 
 wecoma. 
 
 River, 
 
 ibolt. 
 
 Sun, 
 
 otlah. 
 
 Moon, 
 
 ootleum. 
 
 Evil spirit, 
 
 skokoom. 
 
 Hell, 
 
 skokoom. 
 
 Boat, 
 
 conim. 
 
 Knife, 
 
 opitsah. 
 
 Gun f 
 
 sucwallal. 
 
 Powder, 
 
 poolalla. 
 
 Ball, 
 
 colietan. 
 
 Air, 
 
 kummataz. 
 
 I, 
 
 nika. ! 
 
 'Thou, 
 
 mika. 
 
 He, 
 
 yahkah. 
 
 She, 
 
 yahkah. 
 
 ft or them, 
 
 klaska. 
 
 413 
 
414 
 
 
 CHENOOK. 
 
 Chief, 
 
 tie. 
 
 Boy, 
 
 kaskas. 
 
 Girl, 
 
 l'kpho. 
 
 Sister, 
 
 ahts. 
 
 Father, 
 
 tilecummama. 
 
 Mother, 
 
 st'llmama. 
 
 People, 
 
 tilecum. 
 
 Yes, 
 
 ah, or aha. 
 
 No, 
 
 wayick, or wake 
 
 Good, 
 
 close. 
 
 Bad, 
 
 wake close. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Very bad, 
 
 mestsa. 
 
 Large, 
 
 hias. 
 
 Small, 
 
 tunas. 
 
 Far, 
 
 sia. 
 
 Little way, 
 
 tunas sia. 
 
 Great way, 
 
 hias sia. 
 
 To go fast, 
 
 clatua hiuc. 
 
 Not fast, 
 
 wake hiuc. 
 
 Black, 
 
 klaait. 
 
 White, 
 
 t'koop. 
 
 Blue, 
 
 spock. 
 
 Red, 
 
 pelpil. 
 
 Green, 
 
 peteish. 
 
 High, 
 
 saghalle. 
 
 Low, 
 
 kekulle. 
 
 Now, 
 
 witka. 
 
 Much, 
 
 oghooway. 
 
 Little, 
 
 tunas. 
 
 Who, 
 
 'tkaksta. 
 
 What, 
 
 ikta. 
 
 Mountain, 
 
 saghalle illaha. 
 
CHENOOK. 
 
 415 
 
 Valley, 
 
 Where, 
 
 Here, 
 
 Night, 
 
 None, 
 
 Bear, 
 
 Beaver, 
 
 Fox, 
 
 Wolf, 
 
 Deer, 
 
 Horse, .. 
 
 Cow, 
 
 Dog, 
 
 Salmon, 
 
 Bird, 
 
 Speak, 
 
 I speak, 
 
 Thou speakest, 
 
 He speaks, 
 
 They speak, 
 
 Make, 
 
 I make, 
 
 Thou makest, 
 
 He makes, 
 
 They make, 
 
 Come, 
 
 Perhaps, or I do not know- 
 Understand, 
 
 I understand, 
 
 Now I understand, 
 
 Sleep, 
 
 I have, or it is with me, 
 
 kekulle illaha. 
 
 can. 
 
 ookook. 
 
 pollakle. 
 
 haloo. 
 
 siano. 
 
 eena. 
 
 tiskowkow. 
 
 leelo. 
 
 moueech. 
 
 kuetan. 
 
 moosmoos. 
 
 kamux. 
 
 quanagh. 
 
 kallakalla. 
 
 wawa. 
 
 nica wawa. 
 
 mica wawa. 
 
 yakka wawa. 
 
 klaska wawa. 
 
 mammook. 
 
 nica mammook. 
 
 mica mammook. 
 
 yakka mammook. 
 
 klaska mammook. 
 
 chawko. 
 
 clunas. 
 
 cumetax. 
 
 nica cumetax. 
 
 alta nica cumetax. 
 
 moosom . 
 
 mitlit nica. 
 
416 
 
 6 
 
 CHENOOK. 
 
 I walk, 
 
 nica clatuwa. 
 
 Long ago, 
 
 aunacotta. 
 
 See, 
 
 noneneech. 
 
 Eat, 
 
 mucamuc. 
 
 1 eght, 
 
 8 stoghtkin, 
 
 2 moxt, 
 
 9 quiitz, 
 
 3 none, 
 
 10 taughlelum, 
 
 4 'lakit, 
 
 30 moxttaghlelum, 
 
 5 quinum, 
 
 40 'lakittaghlelum, 
 
 6 tohhum, 
 
 100 taughlelum tau 
 
 7 sinnamox, 
 
 
 The Philologist, by examining the specimens of the lan- 
 guages in the foregoing vocabularies, will notice how en- 
 tirely distinct they are from each other, and may form his 
 own opinions in regard to their origin. The languages of 
 other Indian nations are equally distinct. The use of the 
 commas, as in 'ke'-h, mountain; 'noihee, man; is designed 
 to designate a gutteral sound, wholly inarticulate.