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 LOYAL PUBLICATION SOCIETY, 
 
 863 BROADl¥AY. 
 
 JVo, 8. 
 
 SEF^H^TIOINT 
 
 WAR WITHOUT END. 
 
 By M. Edouard Labonlaye, 
 
 MEMBER OF THK INSTITWrE, 
 
 NEW TORK: 
 
 WM. C. BRYANT <Jt CO., PRINTERS, 41 NASSAU ST., Cos. LIBERTY. 
 
 1864. 
 
£4 ^'"2 
 
 61508 
 •04 
 

 NATIONAL UNITY- 
 IT MUST NOT BE SURRENDERED. 
 
 [From the N. Y. ''Evening Post," Feb. 7, 1SG3.] 
 
 New Yoke, February 7tli, 1863. 
 To Pakke Godwin, Esq. : 
 
 I send you herewith a translation from the French of a re- 
 markable paper, originally published in the Remie NationalQ 
 of Paris. It has seemed to me that, in this critical hour of our 
 national history, no better service could be rendered the country 
 than to give it, in our own language, the widest circulation 
 amongst the people. To this end may I not ask you to give it 
 a place in the columns of the Evening Post ? 
 
 The author is M. Edouaed Laboulate, member of the Insti- 
 tute and Professor of Legislation Com^pareo in the College of 
 France — a man holding the highest position in the first institu- 
 tion of the world, the University of France — and whose whole 
 life has been devoted to the study of the subject of which he 
 writes. 
 
 It may not be generally known that the lectures of the pro- 
 fessors in all the colleges and schools of the University of 
 France are open and free to all who may chose to attend them, 
 60 that the seances of such men as Laboulaye, Michclct, Quinet, 
 and other eminent scholars and scientists are crowded by the 
 most thoughtful of the men and women of all the nations of tho 
 world, who make Paris their resort lor the winter. 
 
I have before me a letter from a Frencli liberalist, of high 
 character and attainments, now a resident of the United States, 
 who has himself had the advantage of a personal intercourse 
 with M. Laboulaye, in which he says : " For the last two years 
 scarcely has he, in his chaii-e de legislation comparee, given one 
 of his eloquent lectures without introducing the United States 
 — their greatness, their constitution, their trials, and their des- 
 tinies. It is by thus particularizing his teachings that he has 
 aroused for America a universal interest, for no week passes 
 that the learned professor has not around his desk representa- 
 tives from all the nations of Europe. Even ladies of all ranks 
 and countries — English, Eussians, Germans and Spaniards — • 
 seated there, side by side with the students of the Quartier 
 Latin^ listen to and applaud his eloquent and earnest advocacy 
 of American nationality and free institutions." 
 
 M. Laboulaye himself relates the incident by which his 
 thoughts and sympathies were first turned towards the people 
 and the institutions of the United States. Everybody who has 
 been in Paris will remember the long rows of wooden trays, 
 filled with the strangest jumble of old books, that stretch along 
 the river edge of the Quai Voltaire, and the other contiguous 
 quais on that side of the Seine. One may find there books in 
 all the languages of the world, and sometimes stray copies r f 
 very rare works. Well, one day, now several years ago, M. 
 Laboulaye amused himself with rummaging amongst the 
 old books exposed for sale on the Quai Voltaire. His eyo 
 cauglit the title of a book in English ; he took it up, opened it, 
 read a few moments, demanded its price, paid it, some few sous, 
 and with his eyes still fixed upon its open pages, resumed his 
 walk towards the Champs Elysee. Arrived there, he seated 
 himself upon one of the numerous chairs ahyays ready to be 
 hired, and continued to read on until the last page of his new 
 acquisition was finished j and then, instead of returning home, 
 
he went in a state of great excitement to M. Arraand Bertin, at 
 that time editor-in-chief of the Journal des Debats, and on 
 meeting him exclaimed : " Congratulate me, I have to-day put 
 my hand on a great man." And such was the enthusiasm with 
 which he spoke of his new discovery, that M. Bertin begged 
 him to make his "great man " at once known to France. M. 
 Laboulaye, without delay, set to work, and in a few days there 
 appeared, in successive numbers of the Journal des JDebats^ 
 three masterly articles. The first was " on the works of Dr. Wm. 
 Ellery Channing," for it was a stray volume of his sermons 
 that M. Laboulaye had purchased on the Quai Voltaire, and he 
 'was the "great man " upon whom he " put his hand " that day. 
 The second article was entitled, " The Progress of Keligious 
 Ideas in New England," and the last, " The Present Condition 
 and Probable Future of the Great Republic." 
 
 The stray seed of the I^Tew England Puritan Reformer took 
 deep root, and from that day to this M. Laboulaye has been an 
 earnest student of American ideas and institutions, and on all 
 occasions, and before all men, the unswerving friend and cour- 
 ageous advocate of the people and government of the Union. 
 
 A previous article of M. Laboulaye, originally published in 
 the Journal des Debats^ entitled " A View of the Causes and 
 Aims of the Rebellion," had a wide circulation in this country 
 through the columns of the Evening Post and other public 
 journals, and exerted no little influence upon the formation of 
 a just public opinion, here as well as abroad, as to the true 
 character of the slave-masters' conspiracy to overthrow demo- 
 cratic institutions on this continent. 
 
 These latest pregnant words of the distinguished publicist 
 reach us at the very moment of their greatest need. At a 
 moment when the public patience seems well nigh exhausted ; 
 when here at the north, even the most loyal seem to lose heart 
 and to doubt, and the disloyal, under the guise of conservatism 
 
6 
 
 and in the name of democracy, taking courage, strive so mncli 
 the more, to bewilder and divide public opinion and confound 
 the judgments of the people upon questions vital to national 
 Balvation. At this critical moment there comes from the other 
 side of the Atlantic, from the home of Lafayette and Kocham- 
 beau, an answer so direct, so pointed and so conclusive, to the 
 most nefarious of the sophistries of the northern parasites of 
 the slave-power, that it cannot fail to aid in confounding their 
 shameless attempt to shift the guilt of the war from the 
 shoulders of their southern masters and to lay it upon those of 
 the people of New England. This most enlightened and im- 
 partial student of American affairs, looting at the whole great' 
 conflict, from its inception to the present hour, with a single 
 eye to discover the truth, declares that " the South alone is 
 guilty." 
 
 But this is by no means the chief point of M. Laboulaye's 
 argument. To yield the disselution of the national unity — 
 " the rending asunder of the country," that, in his view, is 
 " the one irreparable degradation." " An abdication," he says, 
 " so shameful, for a people accustomed to liberty, is not even 
 to be thought of, so long as there remains a single man or a 
 single dollar to risk in the struggle to keep the inheritance of 
 the fathers." 
 
 And this is the momentous point which, I think, you, and all 
 men like you, who have the ability to speak and a great audi- 
 ence who wait daily upon your words, should press home upon 
 the minds and hearts of the people and their rulers. 
 ' For any people to permit themselves to meditate the possi- 
 bility of a surrender of their nationality, indicates a condition 
 of demoralization, which foretells the approach of utter national 
 decay, the coming on of the final shame. But for a people so 
 planted, so nutured by the Divine Providences, so illustrated 
 by the heroic characters and deeds of their great founders, as 
 
I 
 
 the people of the United States — for stich a people, in the very 
 bloom of their prime, to yield up their national unity at the 
 arrogant demand of a few thousand slave-masters, would bo 
 such an ineffaceable stain upon free institutions, upon demo- 
 cratic citizenship, upon Christian civilization, upon human 
 nature itself, as is not to be paralleled in the history of tho 
 world. The ignominious delinquency and partition of Poland 
 would be a national glory compared with it. And yet to-day, 
 even here in the ]S"orth, not to speak of the abettors of tho 
 great treason — the genuine spawn of tho Tories of 1776 — thero 
 are men calling themselves loyal, who begin to quail and to 
 hint at a possible time for surrender — at a possible time to de- 
 file the graves and desecrate the memories of Washington, of 
 Adams, of Jefferson, of Hamilton and their great compeers. 
 
 I know that the Supreme Kuler of the Ages, has always 
 "the stones" out of which he can "raise up children unto 
 Abraham" — new and faithful nations. Are we to have no other 
 significance in the history of the race, but to illustrate theso 
 portentous words of the Divine Master of these Christian cen- 
 turies ? 
 
 How many years of almost hopeless toil and bloody sweat 
 did the fathers devote to the acquisition of the great inheritance, 
 to maintain which we have given but less than two, of bewil- 
 dered and oftentimes aimless preparation ? From the meeting of 
 that first Congress of the American people, in this city of New 
 York, in 1765, in which " the brave and noble-hearted" Gads- 
 den, of South Carolina, gave utterance to the first grand formula 
 of American nationality — " Away with your royal charters, 
 and let us stand on the broad, common ground of those natural 
 rights that we all feel and know as men ; no niore New Eng- 
 landers, no more New Yorkers on this continent ; but all of us 
 Americans" — from that hour onward until 1789, when the 
 people of the United States, in their own common name, estab- 
 
8 
 
 lished and set in motion «i national constitution, the great strug- 
 gle went on. The men of the first revolution, almost without 
 means, surrounded bj all manner of perils, and backed by 
 comparatively but a handful of loyal people, waged a strug- 
 gle of twenty-four years for the right of independent national 
 existence ; a right which, in their judgment, involved all other 
 human rights and interests — social, civil, and political — peace, 
 prosperity, and glory. And in this struggle, let it not be for- 
 gotten, was included a bloody war of seven years — Valley Forge 
 and all. Less than three millions of people, without ships, 
 "without arms or munitions, without money or credit, but only 
 ■with an earnest will and stout hearts, against the first naval 
 and military power of the world, fighting for a great idea, for 
 that pearl without price, Liberty, to be set in the golden band 
 of national unity. 
 
 Kational Unity : that is the muniment of title to the inher- 
 itance transmitted by the fathers, and which the American 
 people to-day stand pledged before the world, to keep intact in 
 all its integrity, both of exterior estate and of interior idea, at 
 the cost of the last dollar of their wealth and the last drop of 
 their blood. Such, at least, is the judgment of all the enlight- 
 ened and true friends of freedom and humanity, confirmed by 
 the universal sense of the people, of all the civilized nations of 
 the world. 
 'We must not, we cannot falter, without incurring their con- 
 tempt, and the curses of our own posterity to the remotest 
 generations. 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 JAMES McKAYE. 
 
DISUNION: 
 
 DEaRADATION WITHOUT REMEDY. 
 
 PEOM THE " PwILVUE NATIONALE." 
 
 The civil war which for two years past has divided and de- 
 vastated the United States has produced its evil consequences in 
 Europe also. The scarcity of cotton occasions great suffering. 
 The workmen of Rouen and Mulhouse suffer no less than the 
 spinners and weavers of Lancashire. Whole populations are 
 reduced to beggary, and have no resource, or hope of suste- 
 nance during the winter, but private charity or aid from the 
 government. In such a cruel crisis — in the midst of such un- 
 merited sufl'erings — it is natural that the public opinion of 
 Europe should be unsettled, and that they who prolong the fra- 
 tricidal war should be charged with culpable ambition. Peace 
 in America, peace at any price, is the urgent need ; is the cr/ 
 f thousands of men among us who are pmched with hunger, 
 the innocent victims of the passions and resentments that ein- 
 brue in blood the United States. 
 
 These complaints are but too well founded. The world to- 
 day is a compact of mutual interests and obligations. For 
 modern nations, therefore, wlio live by industry, peace is a 
 necessary condition of existence. But unfortunately, if it is easy 
 to indicate the remedy, to apply it is almost impossible. Until 
 now, it is only by means of war that we could hope to reach the 
 end of the war. To throw ourselves with arms in our hands 
 between the combatants, for tlie purpose of imposing a truce 
 upon them, would be an enterprise in which Europe would ex- 
 haust all her resources, and to what end? As Mr. Cobden has 
 justly said, "It would be far cheaper to -feed the laboring 
 classes, who are now starving in consequence of the Americaa 
 crisis, on game and champagne wine-" 
 
10 
 
 To offer to-day a peaceful intervention would be to expose 
 ourselves to a refusal, if it did not even exasperate one of the 
 parties and provoke it to measures of violence. It would lessen, 
 too, the chances of our mediation being accepted at a more fa- 
 vorable moment. We are thus forced to remain spectators of a 
 deplorable war, \vhich causes us innumerable evils. We can 
 only pray that exhaustion or suffering may at'last appease the 
 maddened combatants, and oblige them to accept reunion or 
 eeparation. A sad position undoubtedly, but one which neu- 
 tral powers have at all times been obliged to accept, and from 
 which we cannot escape but at the risk of unknown perils. 
 
 But if ,we have not the right to interfere, we have at least 
 that of complaining, and of seeking to discover who is really 
 guilty of this war, which so disturbs our well-being. The opin- 
 ion of Europe is something. It may hasten events and bring 
 about peace better than bayonets. Unfortunately, for two 
 years, public opinion in Europe has been led astray and has 
 taken a false direction. In arraying itself on the wrong side, it 
 but prolongs the resistance, instead of arresting it. 
 
 The South has found numerous and skilful advocates in 
 France and England. They have presented her cause as that 
 of justice and liberty. They have proclaimed the right of 
 separation, and have not quailed even before the necessity of 
 apologizing for slavery. To-day these arguments begin to loose 
 their force. Thanks to a few writers who do not chaffer with 
 the great interests of humanity — thanks, above all, to M. db 
 Gaspaein, light has begun to break forth. We know now what 
 to think of the origin and character of the rebellion. To 
 every impartial observer it is now evident that the wrong lies 
 wholly with the South. It is not necessary to be a Montesquieu 
 to comprehend that a portion of a people, whose rights are in no 
 way endangered, but who are led by pride and ambition to at- 
 tempt the destruction of national unity and to rend assunder 
 the country, have no claim to the sympathy of the French peo- 
 ple. As to canonizing slavery, that is a work we must leave 
 to southern preachers. I^ot all the ingenuity of the world will 
 ever be able to retrieve that lost cause. Even if the confeder- 
 ates had a thousand reasons for complaining and revolting, 
 there must always remain an ineffaceable stain on their rebel- 
 
11 
 
 lion. No Christian, no liberal thinker, can ever interest him- 
 self in men who, in the middle of the nineteenth century, 
 openly and audaciously proclaim their wish to perpetuate and 
 extend slavery. The planters themselves, may indeed listen to 
 theories which have intoxicated and ruined them ; but no such 
 sophistries can ever cross the ocean. 
 
 The advocates of the South have rendered her a fatal service. 
 They have made her believe that Europe, enlightened or mis- 
 led, would take sides with her and would finally throw into 
 the scales something more than sterile wishes. This delusion 
 has encouraged and still encourges the resistance of the South. 
 It prolongs the war and our suflerings. If, from tlie first, as 
 the North had a right to expect, the friends of liberty had 
 boldly declared themselves against the policy of slavery — if the 
 partisans of maritime peace — if the defenders of the rights of 
 centrals, had spoken in favor of the Union — had discouraged a 
 separation which could only benefit England, it is probable 
 that the South would have entered with less temerity upon a 
 road without an outlet. If, in spite of the courage and devotion 
 of her soldiers, if, after all the skill of her generals, the South 
 fails in an enterprise, -which, in my opinion, cannot be too often 
 (Renounced, let her lay the fault at the door of those who had 
 so poor an esteem for Europe, as to imagine that they could 
 suborn its public opinion to serve a political scheme, against 
 ■which patriotism protests, and "which the gospel and humanity 
 alike condemn. 
 
 "Granted," say fhey, "that the South is wholly in the 
 wrong ; but, after all, she is determined to separate. She can 
 no longer live with the North. The war itself, whatever may 
 be its origin, is a new cause of disunion. By what right can 
 twenty millions of men oblige ten millions* of their compatriots 
 to continue a detested alliance, to respect a contract which 
 they are resolved to break at any cost ? Is it possible to 
 imagine that two or three years of strife and misery will make 
 the conquered and the conquerors live* peaceably together? 
 Can a country, two or three times as large as France, be subju- 
 
 * And of these ten millions there are four milliona of slaves, whose wishes are not 
 consulted. 
 
12 
 
 gated? "Would tliere not be always ill blood between the 
 parties? Separation is perhaps a misfortune, but to-day the 
 misfortune is irreparable. Let it be admitted that the North 
 has the law, the letter and the spirit of the constitution on her 
 side, there remains always an undebateable point : the South 
 •wills to be master at the South. You have not the right to 
 crush a people that fights so bravely. Eesign yourselves." 
 
 If v/e were less enervated by the luxuries of modern life and 
 by the idleness of a long peace, if our hearts still retained some 
 remnant of that patriotism which, in 1792, sent our forefathers 
 to the shores of the Rhine, the answer would be an easy one. 
 To-day I fear we can no longer comprehend it. If to-morrow 
 the south of France should revolt and demand separation, if 
 Alsace and Lorraine wished to isolate themselves, what would 
 be, I do not say our right, but our duty ? Would we stop to 
 count votes, to know if a third or a half of the French people 
 had a right to destroy the national unity, to annihilate France, 
 to rend in fragments the glorious heritage bought with the 
 blood of our fathers ? No, we would take up our muskets and 
 march. Woe to him who does not feel that his country is 
 sacred, and that it is glorious .to defend it, even at the cost of all 
 possible sufferings and dangers. 
 
 "America is not France; it is a confederation, it is 'not a* 
 nation." Who says that ? The South, to justify her crime. The 
 North says the contrary, and for two years, at the price of 
 sacrifices without number, aflSrms that the people of the United 
 States are one people, and that their country shall not bo cut 
 in two. This is noble. This is grand, and what astonishes mo 
 is, that France can remain unmoved in view of such patriotism. 
 Love of country — is not that the distinguishing virtue of the 
 French people? 
 
 What, then, is the South, and whence does she derive this 
 right of separation, so loudly proclaimed ? Is it a conquered 
 people that seeks to recover its independence, like Lombardy? 
 Is it a distinct race that wishes no longer to continue an op- 
 pressive alliance ? No, they are communities of planters estab- 
 lished by American hands, on the territories of the Union, who 
 revolt without any other reason than their own ambition. Let 
 us take a map of the United States. If we except Virginia, the 
 
13 
 
 two Carolinas, and Georgia, which were originally English col- 
 onies, all the rest of the South is settled upon lands bought and 
 paid for by the Union. That is to say, the North has borne 
 the greatest part of the expense. Louisiana was sold to tho 
 United States in ISOl, by the first consul, for fifteen millions 
 of dollars. • Florida was purchased of Spain in 1820, for 
 about five millions. The Mexican war, with its cost of a bil- 
 lion of money and its cruel losses, was necessary to secure 
 Texas. In short, of all the rich territories that border the Mis- 
 sissippi and the Missouri from their source to their mouth, there 
 is not one inch but has been paid for by the Union, and therefore 
 belongs to it. It is the Union that has driven out or indemni- 
 fied the Indians. It is the Union that has built all the forts, 
 the docks, the lighthouses, and harbors. It is the Union that 
 made all these desert places of value, and rendered colonization 
 possible. [N^orthern as well as Southern men cleared and 
 planted these lands, and transformed into flourishing States 
 these sterile solitudes. Can old Europe, where unity is every- 
 where tho result of conquest, show us a title to property so 
 sacred as this ? A country more entirely the common work of 
 a whole people ? And now, shall a minority be permitted to 
 appropriate a territory which belongs to all, and to choose for 
 themselves the best part of it ? Can a minority be permitted 
 to destroy the Union and to imperil its first benefactors, with- 
 out whom, indeed, it could not exist? To say that this revolt 
 is not impious, is to say that caprice constitutes right. 
 
 It is not, however, apolitical reason only, which opposes the 
 separation. Its geography, the situation of the difterent por- 
 tions, obliges the United States to form one nation. Strabo, 
 contemplating the vast country we now call France, said, with 
 the foresight of genius, that beholding the nature of the territory 
 and the courses of the streams, it was evident that the forests of 
 Gaul, then thinly inhabited, would become the home of a great 
 people. Nature had prepared our territory to become the 
 theatre of a great civilization. This is no less true of Amer- 
 ica. She is, in truth, only a double valley with an impercep- 
 tible head-level and two great water courses, the Mississippi 
 and the St. Lawrence. No high mountains which separate and 
 isolate peoples; no natural barriers like the Alps and Pyrenees. 
 
u 
 
 The West cannot live without the Mississippi — to possess the 
 mouth of the river is for the farmers of the West a question of 
 life and death. 
 
 The United States have felt this from the first. When the 
 Ohio and Mississippi were still only streams lost in the great 
 forests of the Southwest — when the first plautem were but a 
 handful of men scattered over the wilderness, the Americans 
 knew already that New Orleans was the key of the whole coun- 
 try. They would not leave it in possession of Spain or France. 
 Napoleon understood this. He held in his hands the future 
 greatness of the United States. It did not displease him to 
 cede to America this vast territory, with the intention, he said, 
 of giving to England a maritime rival which sooner or later 
 would humble the pride of our enemy. He might have dis- 
 possessed himself merely of the left bank of the river, and thus 
 have satisfied the United States, who at that time asked no 
 more ; but he did more (and here 1 think he was very wrong), 
 he renounced, with a stroke of the pen, a country as vast as 
 half of Europe, and gave up our last right to the beautiful river, 
 we had ourselves discovered. Very soon sixty years will have 
 elapsed since this cession. The states now called Louisiana, 
 Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Oregon, the ter- 
 ritories of Nebraska, Dacotah, Jefi'erson, and Washington, which 
 will soon become states, have been established on tlio immenso 
 domain abandoned by Napoleon. Without counting the slave- 
 holding population, which seeks to destroy the Union, there are 
 ten millions of freemen between Pittsburg and Fort Union, who 
 claim the course and mouth of the Mississippi as having been 
 ceded to them by France. It is from us that they hold their 
 title and their possession. They have the right of sixty years' 
 occupancy — a right consecrated by labor and cultivation — a 
 right derived from a solemn contract, and better still, from 
 nature and from God. And for defending this right, v\'e re- 
 proach them. They are usurpers and tyrants, because they will 
 not put themselves at the mercy of an ambitious minority. 
 What should we say if to-morrow, Normandy, in rebellion, 
 should claim as her own Eouen and Havre? And yet, what is 
 the course of the Seine compared to that of the Mississippi, 
 which extends two thousand two hundred and fifty miles, and 
 
15 
 
 receives as tributaries all the waters of the "West? To possess 
 New Orleans is to command a valley which comprises two- 
 thirds of the United States. " We will neutralize the river," 
 they say. We all know what such promises are worth. We 
 have seen what Eussia did with the mouth of the Danube. The 
 Crimean war was necessary that Germany might regain the free 
 use of her great river. If to-morrow a new war should break 
 out between Austria and Russia, we may bo sure that the pos- 
 session of the Danube would be the stake of the contest. 
 
 It cannot be otherwise in America from the day when the 
 Mississippi, for hundreds of leagues, shall flow between two slave- 
 holding shores. Already the effect of the war has been to stop 
 the exportation of wheat and corn, the riches of the West. 
 
 In 1861 it became necessary to burn the useless crops, to the 
 great injury of Europe, who is the gainer by these exports. 
 The South understands so thoroughly the strength of her posi- 
 tion, that her ambition is to separate the valley of the Missis- 
 sippi from the Eastern States, to unite herself with the West, 
 and to condemn thus the Yankees of Kew England to a ruin- 
 ous isolation. The Confederates use the Mississippi as a bait 
 by which they hope to reconstruct, profitably to themselves — 
 that is to say, in the interests of slavery — the Union which 
 they have broken up through feak of libeett. 
 
 We see, then, what to think of the pretended tyranny of the 
 Korth ; what truth there is in the assertion that she wishes to 
 oppress and subjugate the South. On the contrary, the !N"orth 
 only defends herself. In maintaining the Union, it is her EianT, 
 it is her existence that she would save. 
 
 Thus far I have spoken in the name of the material interests 
 only — legitimate interests, and which, founded on solemn titles, 
 constitutes a sacred right ; but if we examine the moral and 
 political interests — interests of a superior order — we shall see 
 still more clearly that the ITorth cannot yield without self- 
 destruction. 
 
 The United States are a Eepublic, the freest and at the 
 same time the mildest and happiest government that tlio 
 world has ever seen. In what consists this prosperity of the 
 Americans? They are alone upon an immense territory ; they 
 have never been obliged to concentrate power and weaken 
 liberty, for the purpose of resisting the ambition and jealousy of 
 
16 
 
 their neighbors. In the United States there was no standing 
 army, no great war navy. The immense sums spent by us to 
 avoid or maintain war were used by the Americans to establish 
 schools — in giving to every citizen, rich or poor, that education, 
 that instruction which constitutes the moral grandeur and the 
 true riches of a people. Their foreign policy was contained in 
 a single maxim. Never to intermeddle in the political quarrels 
 of Europe on the sole condition that Europe would never inter- 
 fere in their affairs, and would respect the liberty of the seas. 
 
 Thanks to those wise principles, bequeathed to them by 
 Washington, in his immortal Farewell Address, the United 
 States have enjoyed, for eighty years a peace undisturbed but 
 once, in 1812, when they were obliged to withstand England 
 and maintain the rights of neutrals. For the last seventy 
 years, we have spent billions to maintain our liberty or our 
 preponderance in Europe. The United States have employed 
 these billions in ameliorations of all kinds. That is the secret 
 of their prodigious success ; their isolation has made their 
 prosperity. 
 
 Suppose, now, that this separation should be accomplished, and 
 that the new confederacy should comprise all the slave-states ; 
 the North loses at once her power and her institutions. The 
 Eepublic is stabbed to the heart. There would be in America 
 two rival nations, always on the eve of conflict. Peace would 
 by no means extinguish enmities. It would not obliterate the 
 memories of past greatness, nor of the Union destroyed. 
 
 The South victorious would be doubtless no less a friend of 
 slavery, no less in love with dominion, tJian in former times. 
 The enemies of slavery, now masters of their own policy, would 
 not surely be made more moderate by separation. What would 
 the Southern Confederacy be to the North ? A foreign power 
 established in America, with a frontier of fifteen hundred miles 
 — a frontier open on all sides, and consequently, always threat- 
 ening or threatened. This power, hostile by reason of its vicin- 
 ity, and still more so on account of its institutions, would pos- 
 sess some of the most important portions of the New World. 
 She would own half of the sea-coasts of the Union — she would 
 command the Gulf of Mexico, an inland sea one third the size 
 of the Mediterranean. She would be mistress of the mouth of 
 
17 
 
 the Mississippi, and could at her will ruin the people of the 
 West. The remnant of the old Union must, then, always 
 maintain an attitude of defense towards their rivals. Custom- 
 house and frontier difficulties, rivalries, jealousies — all the 
 scourges of old Europe, would at once overwhelm America. It 
 would be necsssary to establish custom-houses over an extent of 
 five hundred leagues — to construct and arm forts along this 
 immense frontier, support a large standing army and navy. In 
 other words — they must renounce the old constitution — weaken 
 municipal independence and concentrate power. Adieu then 
 to the old and glorious liberty ! Adieu to those institutions 
 which made America the common country of all those who 
 lacked a breathing place in Europe. The work of Washing- 
 ton would be utterly destroyed, and the new condition of things 
 would be full of difficulty and of peril. I understand how such 
 a future might rejoice the people who can never pardon Amer- 
 ica her prosperity and her grandeur. History is full of these 
 deplorable jealonses. But I understand, even still better how 
 a people accustomed to liberty should risk their last man and 
 their last dollar to keep the inheritance of their fathers, and I 
 respect it. What I do not comprehend is, that there should be 
 found in Europe, people, calling themselves liberal, who reproach 
 the North for her courageous resistance, and counsel a shameful 
 abdication. The war is a terrible evil ; but from the war a 
 durable peace may spring. The South may be worn out by an 
 exhausting struggle. The old Union may be again restored — 
 the future m;iy be saved. But what can be the issue of separ- 
 ation, if not WAR wriHouT end and miseries without number ? 
 The dismemberment of the Union — the rendering asunder of 
 the country, would be a degradation wn^HouT remedy. A fate 
 60 shameful is to be accepted, only, when one is utterly crushed 
 out and trodden under foot. 
 
 So far I have argued on the hypothesis that the South would 
 remain an independent power. But unless the West should 
 join the Confederates, re-establishing a Union which should 
 exclude New England, this independence is a chimera. It 
 might last a few years, but in ten or twenty years, when the 
 West shall have doubled or tripled its free population, wliat will 
 the Confederacy be — weakened, per force, by servile cultiva- 
 
18 
 
 tion — compared to a people of thirty millions of men shutting 
 her in on two sides? In self-defence the South would be forced 
 to lean on Europe. Her existence would depend on her being 
 protected by a maritime power. England alone is in a condi- 
 tion to guaranty her sovereignty. This v/ould be a new danger 
 for free America and for Europe. There is no navy in the 
 South, and with slavery there never will be any. England at 
 once would seize the monopoly of cotton, and would* furnith 
 the South with capital and ships. In two words, the triumph of 
 the South is the re-establishment of England on the continent, 
 whence she was driven by the policy of Louis Sixteenth and 
 Napoleon. It weakens neutrals, it entangles France again, in 
 all those vexed questions of liberty of the seas, which have cost 
 us already two centuries of struggle and suffering. The Ameri- 
 can Union, while defending its own rights, had assured the 
 freedom of the seas. The Union destroyed, English supremacy 
 would revive again. It is peace banished from the world ; it is 
 a return to a policy which has so far only favored our rivals. 
 
 This is W'hat Napoleon felt to be true — this is what we forget 
 to-day. It would seem as if history were merely a collection 
 of pleasant stories to amuse children. No one is willing to 
 understand the lessons of the past. If the experience of our 
 fathers was not lost upon our ignorance, we should see 
 that in defending her own independence, and in main- 
 taining the national unity, the North defends our cause as 
 well as her own. All our prayers would be for the triumph of 
 our old and faithful friends. To weaken the United States will 
 be to weaken ourselves. At the first quarrel with England we 
 shall regret, but too late, that we abandoned a policy which 
 for forty years has been the guaranty of our own safety. 
 
 In writing these pages, I do not expect to convert those who 
 have in their hearts an innate sympathy for slavery. I write 
 for those honest souls, who allow themselves to be enticed by 
 the great words of national independence, paraded before their 
 eyes purposely to deceive and delude them. The South has 
 never been threatened. To-day she might come back into 
 the Union, even with her slaves. It is only demanded of her 
 aiot to destroy the national unity, and not to subvert liberty. 
 We cannot repeat it too often : the North is not the aggressor. 
 It only defends, as every true citizen should, the national com- 
 
10 
 
 pact, the integrity of the couutry. It is sad that it has found 
 so little support in Europe, and especially in France. They 
 relied on us — in us they placed their trust — and we have 
 abandoned them as if the sacred words of Country and of 
 LiBEETY no longer awoke a response in our hearts. What has 
 become of the days when the whole of France applauded the 
 young Lafayette, as he buckled on his sword in the cause of 
 America? Who has imitated him, who has recalled that glori- 
 ous memory ? Have we grown so old as to have forgotten all 
 that? 
 
 What will be the issue of the war ? It is impossible to fore- 
 see. The South may succeed. The North may be divided and 
 exhausted by intestine strife. The Union is, perhaps, even now, 
 but a great memory. But whatever may be the future, or 
 whatever fortune may attend it, the duty of every man who 
 does not allow himself to be carried away by the success of the 
 present hour, is to sustain and encourage the JSTorth to the last 
 — to condemn those whose ambition threatens to destroy the 
 most perfect and the most patriotic work of humanity — to re- 
 main faithful to the end of the war, and, even after defeat, to 
 those, who will have fought to the last moment for Right and 
 Liberty. 
 
 EDOUARD LABOULAYE. 
 
1^^ Loyal Leagues^ Chibs^ or individuals may vhtain any 
 of our Publications at the cost price, hy apj^licaPmi to the 
 Executive Committee, or hy calling at the Rooms of the Society,. 
 No. 863 Broadway, lohere all information may Ije obtained 
 relating to the Society. 
 
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