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 MAMIOTH CAVE, 
 
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 Y THE REVEREND HORACE MARTIN 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 J'lJIXCIKR & TOWNSEND. No. 22-2 BROADWAY 
 
pieTe^Mt. @-Hie>g 
 
 llllifl (B4W1 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
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 ILLUSTRATED IN THE FIRST STYLE OP ART, BY S. AVALLEN, JNO. ANDREAV^ 
 J. W. ORE, AND N. ORR. 
 
 NEW Y O K K : 
 
 STRINGER & TOWNSEND, No. 222 BROADWAY. 
 
 ^.UiSJ 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by 
 
 FRANK LESLIE, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in 
 and for the Eflstern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 KING & BAIRD, PRINTERS, No. 9 SANSOM STREET. 
 
 
 A^ 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The Cave Hotel. 
 
 Entrance to the Cave. 
 
 View of Entrance to the Cave from the Inside. 
 
 Entrance to the Gothic Galleries. 
 
 Bottomless Pit. 
 
 Gothic Chapel. 
 
 River Styx. 
 
 The Giant's Coffin. 
 
 HorPER's AND Water Pipes. 
 
 The Lover's Leap. 
 
AUTHOR'S ADDRESS 
 
 In America, Nature seems to have purposely ope- 
 rated on a gigantic scale. Her Lakes, her Rivers, 
 and her Mountains, may be instanced as an attestation 
 of what we say. Greatness and sublimity characterize 
 them all. Poets have sung their praises, tourists have 
 described them in all the eloquence of prose, and pain- 
 ters have labored to illustrate them upon the canvas. 
 They have been famed everywhere. But at the same 
 time, an object of Nature, as sublime as beautiful, 
 and as great as the Andes or the Mississippi, has been 
 comparatively neglected,-we allude to the Mammoth 
 Cave of Kentucky. Little has hitherto been said of 
 it by authors, less done towards familiarizing it to the 
 Million, by the painter. It is with the view of filling 
 up this blank, though it may be imperfectly, that the 
 present work has been undertaken. 
 
 We are anxious that Americans, as well as foreigners 
 visiting the Republic, should view the Mammoth Cave; 
 and we are aware of no better plan of insuring this. 
 
ADDRESS. 
 
 than bj describing the several features of attraction, 
 as ^vell as incidental comforts, which a trip there is 
 sure to include. With the facilities in the way of 
 travel, which exist in this country, no excuse of dis- 
 tance can be offered. A thousand or more miles can 
 be covered, with no more harass or fatigue than that 
 consequent upon quitting one train for another, or the 
 railroad car for the steamboat. And what scenery 
 will the eye of the traveller command in his transit ? 
 and what spectacles of splendor await him at his jour- 
 ney's end, where the Mammoth Cave itself is situated ? 
 There we will leave our friends ; but perhaps not 
 entirely so, as we shall be with them in the rejoresen- 
 tative form of this, their Guide and Companion. That 
 the association may not be deemed an unworthy one, 
 we most sincerely h^pe ; while the faithfulness of our 
 delineations, (so far as the Cave is concerned,) and ot 
 our testimony to the elegant care and "home comfort" 
 to be found at the neighboring hotel, cannot, we feel, 
 be impugned by any one. 
 
MADE. JENNY LIND'S 
 VISIT TO THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 FAVORED ET JULIUS BENEDICT, ESQ. 
 
 Early in the morning, after the close of our last concert 
 in Nashville, we started, with a somewhat smaller party 
 than had hitherto accompanied us, on a trip to the Mammoth 
 Cave. It consisted of Mademoiselle Lind and Mademoiselle 
 Ahmansen, Belletti,M. Hjortzberg, Mr. Burke, Mr. Seyton, 
 and myself. Our road was rough, and in many instances 
 almost impassable for a carriage. The rain had however, 
 laid the dust, and ahhough there was httle of the picturesque 
 to be met with in the country that was stretched on either 
 side of us, the fresh brilliancy of the young year sheeted 
 trees and meadows ahke in its budding green. After par- 
 taking of luncheon at Teyress' Springs, and pausing to 
 dine afterwards at the Bowling Green, we arrived in the 
 course of the evening, and found ourselves in comfortable 
 lodgings, at Bell's Hotel. On the following morning we 
 quitted this tarrying- place at nine o'clock, and had the 
 satisfaction of travelling over eight miles of the very worst 
 road we had yet traversed in the United States — charmingly 
 broken up with snatches of woodland and forest scenery — 
 
 2 
 
10 JENNY LIND's visit 
 
 here bending past the edge of a jagged nnd abrupt glen, 
 and then breaking into a sweep of meadow or budding 
 foliage. At length we arrived at the hotel, a dismal and 
 queer-looking building, the roof of which was seamed with 
 the chance sky-lights made by age and decay, and the 
 service of which was performed by domestics, who were 
 scrupulously bent on following their own fancies in the 
 management of our table, for here it was that we breakfasted. 
 In truth, the meal itself was excellent, and the room in which 
 it was held, considering the time of the year, was in good 
 order — Jenny Lind's presence, Ave presume, having, as is 
 usual in hotels, railways, and steamboats, made an extra 
 season. Fortunately, we here met with Mr. Croghan, the 
 proprietor of the estate in which the Cave is situated, a most 
 gentlemanly and delightful person, who did us the honors 
 of his subterranean dominions in the most agreeable manner. 
 It was about twelve o'clock that we started in his company 
 for the Cave, and to avoid the pertinacious curiosity of the 
 guests, who had beerj collected here by the report of Made- 
 moiselle Lind's visit, he conducted us by a less frequented 
 pathway than the one usually taken to its mouth. Lamps 
 were now procured, and as it happened, we were fortunate 
 enough to be placed in the hands of the very Prince of 
 Guides. This w^as Stephen, who must be a well known 
 character to those who visit this palace of the Gnomes. 
 Half Indian and half negro, ^a singularly rare mixture of 
 blood,) he has been living in or about this cavern for the last 
 fifteen years, until he himself has begun to fancy it would 
 be impossible to quit it. Although of course, uneducated, 
 he is essentially a clever man, and has contrived to pick up 
 a vast amount of information from associating with every 
 description of persons. Now he sports a bit of science, 
 derived from some of the more learned visitors he has con- 
 
TU THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 11 
 
 ducted through the cavern, or a bit of artistic knowledge 
 which has been dropped behind him by some wandering- 
 painter, or haply a touch of the life of the world beyond, 
 which has filtered through his mind from a thousand sources. 
 In addition to this, when it is remembered that he is as much 
 at home in the lengthy avenues, the gorgeous churches, and 
 palatial halls, the domes and the pits of this weird region, 
 as if he had been amongst them, it must be admitted that it 
 would be somewhat difficult to find a guide better calculated 
 to do its honors. To give anything approaching a thorough 
 description of the cavern, is far from our purpose. Indeed, 
 we shall be well satisfied if we can but impress the reader 
 with the conception that masters our own sense, as we take 
 the pen in our hand with the vain hope (for we cannot but 
 feel that it is so,)- of doing something like justice to the effect 
 it produced upon our minds. In fact, it is and would be 
 well nigh impossible to give with pen and ink any idea of 
 the wondrous effect and extraordinary combinations of 
 nature's architecture, with her wondrous and delicate tracery 
 which strike the visitor at every step he takes in these in- 
 tricate and winding labyrinths. Now you enter what 
 would appear to be the sacred precincts of a Gothic Chapel. 
 What is visible of the roof as the light of the flashing torches 
 is caught upon it is seamed with arches. Elaborate pillars 
 wreathed with tracery cluster along its sides. The very 
 pulpit is chased with elaborate and tangled ornaments, and 
 appears ready for the preacher. After this, you bend your 
 way through a rough and tedious path, that winds through 
 fragments of rock, and fallen masses of rough and jagged 
 stone. This brings you to a wooden bridge, over which 
 you pass, and reaching apparently the side of the cave, gaze 
 through a broken space into the thick and heavy darkness 
 beyond it. Here the glaring lustre of a Bengali ight, touched 
 
"12 JENNY lind's vreiT 
 
 by the torch of Stephen, falls into and for some moments 
 partially illumines the profound depths of a place which is 
 called the ' Bottomless Pit ;' and, indeed, nothing could well 
 give a more vivid idea of the earthly entrance to a spiritual 
 Hades than does this place. The spot of intense and glowing 
 light — the unfathomable space below — the unnatural features 
 of the place, all brought out in strong relief by the unusual 
 radiance ; and the awful silence that reigns around, unbroken, 
 save by the whispers and muttered observations of the party 
 which stands almost lost in the gloom of the silent cavern, 
 give it a character of extreme and unutterable solemnity. 
 What, however, must we say of the ' Star Chamber ?' After 
 having wandered for a mile or more along what we presumed 
 was the principal avenue, (the height of this varies, as we 
 should suppose, from thirty to eighty feet,) we passed the 
 'Giant's Cofiin,' a mass of stone presupposed by the dealer 
 in fabulous nomenclature to be the tomb of some antediluvian 
 hero. Here the Cave widened, and we found ourselves 
 standing as we seemed to emerge from it, under a broad and 
 sable sky, spotted with unknown stars. Almost for the first 
 moment you might dream that you had entered upon another 
 world. The illusion is complete. Above you lies the vault 
 of the dark and novel heaven, seamed with apparently 
 countless planets, and around you stretches the dark and 
 w^eird-looking horizon, apparently dyingaway into the gloom 
 of that strange firmam.ent. Here also our guide shone in 
 all his glory. First he w^ould withdraw within the entrance, 
 carrying the torches with him. Then the stars would dis- 
 appear, one by one, until we were left in silence and dark- 
 ness. Anon a crimson light would break out among the 
 rocks, whose intense brilliancy would give us some idea of 
 the grandeur and splendid proportions of the '' Star Chamber,' 
 sparkling in its brilliant glory on the glistening spots of the 
 
TO THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 13 
 
 sable coping. Then he would descend and move further 
 off, to throw the light of the torches on others of the incrus- 
 tations and glistening stalactites of the Hall. Suddenly 
 the notes of a violin were heard breaking on the stillness, 
 and the Prayer from t"t^e Der Freyshiitz poured its melody 
 on the Chamber. For a moment we were so struck by the 
 unexpected sounds, that we barely looked at each other. 
 Soon we, however, began to notice that Burke was absent, 
 and remembered that he had brought his instrument with 
 him on this trip. The mystery — a rare and delicate one, 
 too, was unravelled. After leaving this spot, we passed 
 through the ' Fat Man's Misery,' and the ' Happy Relief,' 
 which last, we confess, we should have presupposed to have 
 been achieved only by a course of sudorifics, and at last 
 reached the borders of Lethe. Unluckily there was no 
 Charon in waiting to bear us across the ominously named 
 stream. This may possibly appear an anomaly, yet when 
 it is known that the grandest part of the Cave lies be3'ond 
 Lethe and Styx, our mortification at finding the first river 
 impassable, and the Tartarus beyond it, out of our reach, 
 may very readily be conceived. The waters had un- 
 fortunately risen so high during the last few weeks, thatthe 
 impossibility of passing the streams of this subterranean 
 Tophet was self-evident. We were therefore compelled 
 unwillingly to satisfy ourselves with the glowing reports of 
 Stephen and Mr. Croghan, of the '^ Crystal Chambers,' the 
 ' Echo Halls,' stalactitic Domes, fishes without eyes, and rats 
 that were half rabbits, with sundry other breathing and visual 
 oddities that were to be found in these infernal regions. We 
 were, however, richly repaid for our visit by that which we 
 had already seen, and the crowning point was our pause 
 on our return beneath Gorj^n Dome. Fancy an immense 
 
 wall in the bowels of the earth, lit up as if by magic, n. e. 
 
 2={= 
 
14 JENNY LIND's visit TO THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 Bengal lights,) with its carved cornices and sculptured or 
 arabesqued architraves, coming crisply and exquisitely off 
 in the momentary and brilliant lustre — the wail standing 
 some 400 or 500 feet in height, and the silence of the scene 
 being only broken by the slow dripping of the water which 
 trickles through the interstices of the rock. Possibly the 
 only disappointment which was induced in my mind, arose 
 from the width and breadth of the chamber not corresponding 
 with the height, which had it done, the impression of 
 grandeur' given by this singular scene would have been 
 quadrupled. At length, after having roamed about without 
 a moment's rest for more than four hours, in which time 
 we had not explored the twentieth part that is already 
 known of this splendid palace, reared, as it might almost 
 seem, for another race of beings, we passed through the 
 ' Bats' Chamber,' where thousands of these creatures remain, 
 as though they were spell-bound, hanging to the walls in 
 their winter sleep — and, emerged again into the world above 
 us, which seemed to fasten upon our senses with an almost 
 crushing weight, as we found its light dimming and blinding 
 the eyes which instinctively sought the radiance of the sunny 
 heaven. We returned to the hotel — dined there, and bidding 
 a kindly farewell to Mr. Croghan, were soon on our way to 
 the place at which we were that night to sleep — carrying 
 with us a recollection which will not readily be effaced 
 either from the mind of Mademoiselle Lind or of myself. 
 
GUIDE 
 
 MAMMOTH CAVE 
 
 Among the many grand and beautiful objects of Nature 
 which have been worthily described, either by the pen or 
 the pencil, or by both, the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky 
 cannot be numbereil, the as yet published details or pictures 
 of it failing in imparting anything Jike an accurate idea of 
 its many wonders. Having recently visited the Cave, and 
 having all our feelings of admiration warm within us, it 
 seems that the few tourists who have hitherto given to the 
 world their ideas of this splendid natural object, have, by 
 constitution, lacked that sense of the beautiful which is the 
 readiest interpretor of scenes like those which it is our 
 purpose to describe : hence, we have had nothing more than 
 a few dry details, where the true magnificence of the theme 
 is of a character to inspire the pen to something much 
 higher than common-place. 
 
 By many who, however, are gifted with the quality, the 
 lack of which in others we have just noticed, the Mam- 
 
16 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 moth Cave has been designated the '^'^ Eighth Wonder of the 
 World." Some, indeed, have gone so far as to claim for it 
 precedence before the "seven :" and it would be difficult 
 to decide whether it has not claims to such a proud pre- 
 eminence. So wide-spread is its fame, principally from 
 the verbal reports of those who have visited it, that thou- 
 sands of American citizens, as well as strangers from every 
 other part of the world, make a point of going to it. We 
 have had opportunities of witnessing its effect upon persons 
 of different temperaments. In the religious it has awakened 
 devotional feelings amounting almost to delirium ; in the 
 poetic or artistic impromptu bursts of eloquence and a 
 sharpened sense of the grand ; the singer, too, has felt the 
 exalting and purifying influences of the place, and has 
 hymned his or her praises to the power there so obviously 
 manifested. Few have shown insensibility ; and they, we 
 hold, to be objects of pity. 
 
 Persons in the eastern states, desirous of visiting the 
 Mammoth Cave, had best take the steam-boat from Cincin 
 nati to Louisville : the' distance between the two places is 
 133 miles, and the fare only $2 50. The boats of this line 
 are first-class ones, and possess every recommendation ; 
 their arrangements are so complete, that were it not for the 
 noise of the engines, a person might fancy himself in a 
 fashionable hotel. The distance is performed in a very 
 short period of time. Arriving at Louisville, the tourist 
 should take the stage, which will convey him ninety miles 
 over a turnpike road, and stop at a truly comfortable inn, 
 kept by Mr. Bell for the last twenty-five years. The stage 
 is now left to pursue its way to Nashville. Parties coming 
 west would take the stage from Nashville, and stop at 
 Bell's. There are, besides, steamers which ply between 
 Louisville, up the Green River, to within one mile of the 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 17 
 
 Cave. In these, our preliminar}^ details, it may be as well 
 for us to state that a company is now forming, whose object 
 is to make a railway from Nashville to Louisville, which, 
 when completed, will pass within ten miles of the Cave. 
 Proper conveyances will be in readiness at that distance, 
 to take persons directly to the Cave itself. The stages now 
 running on the road take the mails, and may be relied on 
 for their punctuality, always arriving at Bell's about half-past 
 9 o'clock at night. Every accommodation for the night will 
 be afforded, and in the morning, when the visitors are 
 quite ready, they are sent over to the Cave, in either a 
 carriage or a coach, according to their numbers. The 
 distance from Bell's to the Cave is nine miles, and the road 
 runs through a very romantic country — now ascending lofty 
 mountains, then traversing thick woods, which the city 
 visitor will find strongly to contrast with the more famihar 
 scenes of his life. It is supposed that the Cave runs under 
 the ground traversed between its mouth and Bell's, as high 
 rocks are frequently met with. Descending from the last 
 hill, we arrive at the entrance to the grounds, and in sight 
 of the hotel. This property is of vast extent, containing 
 more than 1700 acres of ground; the proprietor has pur- 
 chased all the land, under which it has been ascertained 
 the Cave traversed its many winding ways. The grounds, 
 which the visitor now enters, are laid out with consummate 
 taste displaying ornamental trees and much shrubbery, 
 with forest trees of great antiquity. Having traversed 
 a winding avenue, the tourist at length arrives at the 
 Cave Hotel, conducted by Mr. Miller, who is a very 
 respectable, accommodating, and affable gentleman, and 
 ever ready "to please his company to the utmost extent. 
 The hotel consists of a number of buildings of different 
 dates, having been increased from time to time, to meet 
 
18 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 the continually increasing number of visitors. The es- 
 tablishment, in its present state, is capable of lodging 150 
 visitors, and daring the season always has that number. 
 The terms are very moderate ; and with a travelling ex- 
 perience which extends over the whole United States, we 
 can safely say that we are acquainted with no place at 
 which a person who wishes to withdraw himself from busy 
 life, can find greater comfort, or can enjoy Nature in her 
 unadorned loveliness, more than here. There is no town 
 or village within twenty miles, and neither the one nor the 
 other contains more than a comparatively thin population. 
 Consequently, visitors are not annoyed by the influx of the 
 rabble on certain days of the week. In this beautiful and 
 retired spot, the stranger will meet with polished and re- 
 fined society, persons from all parts of the world meeting 
 there. At the hotel a register is kept. Some celebrated 
 names are inscribed on its pages — among them, those of 
 Jenny Lind, Jules Benedict, Belletti, etc. The former 
 gentleman has favored us with a sketch of his and com- 
 panion's visit to the Mammoth Cave, which we append to this 
 work. The hotel is two stories high, and two hundred 
 feet long, with brick buildings at each extremity, showing 
 their gable ends in front. The space between is occupied 
 by a long wooden building, with a piazza, and gallery over it. 
 At the end of the hotel runs a long row of log houses, one 
 story high, with colonades in front, the whole length, which 
 must be near two hundred feet. These colonades and 
 piazzas must be very convenient in wet weather, helping 
 to form as they do, a beautiful promenade, protected from 
 the rain or sun. The dining room of the hotel is a spacious 
 apartment, while the fare displayed upon its table of the finest 
 quality. Venison is always to be found here in abundance. 
 A large kitchen garden is kept in a high state of cultivation, 
 
ENTRA]^CE TO THE CAVE 
 
 T-IE^K- TAKEN FKOM THE INSIDE 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 19 
 
 to furnish vegetables and fruits for the table; several 
 aardeners are retained in the establishment. Over the 
 dining room is an apartment of precisely the same dimen- 
 sionsrfitted up for a ball room ; and an excellent band is 
 kept during the entire season, for the purpose of amusing 
 the visitors. In another part of the premises a ten-pin 
 alley is fitted up. Indeed, taking the whole arrangements 
 of the hotel, we cannot speak too highly of them. The 
 perfect comfort of the visitor is the proprietor's evident aim. 
 There are single as well as double bedrooms in different 
 parts of the building; the log houses are intended for 
 families, as each httle house is fitted up for one, which can 
 live as privately as possible, or mix with the general com- 
 pany—whichever seems the most agreeable. Many of the 
 parties lodged in the hotel are in the habit of exploring the 
 Cave more than once— frequently perhaps, before they can 
 acquire even a partial knowledge of it. In this case, the 
 rule is, that they pay their entrance or cave-fee once, and 
 so often as the guides go in with fresh visitors, the old 
 visitors have the privilege of accompanying them, without 
 being required to pay any second fee — so that a particular 
 party may visit the Cave a hundred times, and yet only 
 pay one fee. Persons form themselves into companies, each 
 day, to hunt, or fish, as well as to visit the Cave. 
 
 And now for the Cave, well and aptly designated Mam- 
 moth; and as a natural object, perhaps unequalled by any 
 other in the world, certainly unsurpassed. 
 
 In order to explore only one of its avenues, which is nine 
 miles in extent, the visitor starts immediately after breakfast. 
 The entrance to the Cave is about two hundred yards from 
 the back of the hotel. Leaving it, the expectant tourists pass 
 down a beautiful ravine, having on each of its sides towering 
 trees, their foliage forming a beautiful arch overhead, so um- 
 
20 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 brageous as to si*. ■ : .mi all vision of the blue sky. About the 
 trees grape-vines are entwined, and flourish in luxuriance. 
 For a painter, the scene now presented would make a 
 splendid study. It is difficult, in fact, to find w^ords suffi- 
 ciently expressive to describe the beauty of this spot. De- 
 scending gradually to the bottom of the dell, and turning 
 sharply round to the right hand, the visitor approaches the 
 entrance of the Mammoth Cave. 
 
 He is now under its arch, having made a descent of some 
 thirty feet of rude stone steps. Before him is a small 
 stream of water. It falls from the front of the crowning 
 rock, its sound being wild and unequal. The ruins below 
 receive it, and it ultimately disappears in a deep pit. Let 
 the visitor now look backwards. How awful must be his 
 sensations ! All is utter gloom ; and well may he exclaim 
 " This is chaos !" 
 
 The visitors are invariably accompanied by a guide, who 
 places in each of their hands a lamp, which he furnishes 
 with oil from a canteen swung round his back. The journey 
 under o-round is then commenced. 
 
 HOPPERS AND WATER PIPES. 
 
 The first objects that now attract attention are the 
 wooden pipes which conducted the water, in its descent, to 
 the hoppers, when the Cave was used for the manufacture 
 of saltpetre. In speaking of this part of the Cave, we are 
 reminded of an incident of whicli it was once the scene. — 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 21 
 
 We refer to the discovery of a skeleti oO peculiar in its 
 proportions as to suggest the existence, at some remote 
 period, of that giant race of men, of whom there has been 
 so much said in works generally believed fabulous. This 
 skeleton was found some years since by the saltpetre 
 workers, and was buried by their employer in the spot 
 where it now lies. This was done to quiet the superstitious 
 fears of the men. Some antiquary had, however, taken 
 the precaution to possess himself of the head. Another 
 relic of the olden time was found in the Cave. It was a 
 bow, precisely similar to those worn by the Red Indians, 
 and no doubt, had belonged to one of that race when they 
 were the sole masters of the soil — many ages, indeed, 
 before the white men had come among them, to drive the 
 aborigines to the deep forests, and to alter the destiny of 
 this mighty continent .by the agencies of civilization. 
 
 Let us return to the visitors. Having proceeded onward, 
 a door-way is reached. It is set in a rough stone w^all, 
 stretched cross-ways, and so blocking up the entire cave. 
 We proceed through this passage, which is called *' the 
 Narrows" for a short distance, then making a gradual descent, 
 our friends find themselves in the great vestibule or ante- 
 chamber of the cave. How awful is now the surrounding 
 darkness ! No where can there be discovered the least 
 glimmering of light. The eye searches for it, but in vain. 
 Blackness reigns. It is under, above, around you. There 
 is one way, however, to dispel it. You are told the way, 
 but for a few minutes you are credulous. Presently you 
 make trial, and then how wonderful is the change ! More 
 than a hundred feet above your head is a gray ceiling, 
 moving away, so it seems, majestically and spectral. Then 
 your sight is cognizant of buttresses. They seem tottering, 
 and as though superinduced to the action by the immensity 
 
22 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 of their upward weight. All continues silent, and the 
 sensation in the brain is that of a tingling agony. The 
 guide, who knows the power of antithesis, and is an adept 
 too, in dramatic effect, now lights a few fires, by the aid of 
 which you ascertain that you are in a basilica of an oval 
 form, of some two hundred feet in length by one hundred 
 and fifty in width, with a flat and level roof between sixty 
 and seventy feet high. At right angles are two passages, 
 opening into this huge chamber. They are at its opposite 
 extremities, and in consequence of their preserving a 
 straight course for five or six hundred feet, with the same 
 flat roof just particularized, the impression is, that they are 
 included in one magnificent hall. The passage on the right 
 hand is designated the great Bat Room. That in the front, 
 is the beginning of the Grand Gallery, or the Cave itself. 
 The reader will be surprised when he is told that the entire 
 space is covered by a single rock, in which it is impossible 
 to discover a break or an interruption, if we except the 
 borders, where is a broad sweeping cornice, traced in hori- 
 zontal paved work. And what will also appear extraordi- 
 nary — not a single pillar contributes to the support. 
 
 Vast heaps of nitrous earth, and of the fragments of the 
 hoppers, which latter are of heavy planking, encumber 
 the floor. Before the Cave was appropriated to the manu- 
 facture of saltpetre, it was used as a burying ground ; and 
 it is said that the workman disinterred many a skeleton 
 belonging, it is presumed, to that* gigantic race of which 
 the bones mentioned in a previous page were a specimen. 
 
 Those visitors who enter the great Bat Room, w^ill have 
 some suspicion that they are passing into infinite space. 
 This impression will continue some time. The walls of 
 the cave are so dark as not to admit a single reflection from 
 the torches carried on ordinary occasions. It is possible 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 23 
 
 that a greater number would have power to dispel the 
 gloom, and to enable the explorers to form some idea of its 
 grandeur. 
 
 The Audubon Avenue nn which we must now fancy 
 the visitor to be) is more than a mile long, fifty or sixty feet 
 wide, and as many high. The appearance of the roof is 
 mystical or grand, exhibiting, as many other parts of the 
 Cave do, a kind of floating cloud. Of late years, a natural 
 well, twenty-five feet deep, containing the purest water, 
 has been discovered. Round it are innumerable stalagmite 
 columns. Springing from the floor, they extend to the 
 roof, and bear incrustations which, when lights are held or 
 suspended near them, reflect a thousand rare and beautiful 
 objects. 
 
 The Little Bat Room Cave may be designated a branch of 
 Audubon Avenue. It is on the left as the visitor advances, 
 and in distance, is not more than three hundred yards from 
 the Great Vestibule. In length it is little more than a 
 quarter of a mile. It is remarkable for its pit, which is 
 two hundred and eighty feet in depth ; and is also notice- 
 able as being the hibernal resort of bats. Tens of thousands 
 of those ominous looking birds are seen hanging from the 
 walls, seemingly dead or torpid during the winter, but 
 when spring comes, the place knows them no more. 
 
 The visitor will now pass for a second time through the 
 Vestibule, and enter the main Cave or Grand Gallery. 
 This is a mighty tunnel, and extends for many miles. Its 
 average dimensions throughout, are fifty feet in width by 
 as many in height. It is a truly magnificent avenue, 
 crowded with objects of interest, and the largest, we 
 believe, in the world. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile down the main Cave, the 
 visitors arrive at what are called the Kentucky Cliffs. The 
 
24 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 name, it is said, is derived from their imagined resemblance 
 to the clifTs on the Kentucky River. Furtlier on, at a 
 descent of some twenty feet, is the Church. This part of 
 the Cave is sometimes reached by a gallery from the cliffs. 
 The way we have indicated is, however, the one generally 
 adopted. The ceiling of the Church is sixty-three feet high, 
 and the Church itself, taking in the recess, is not less than 
 one hundred feet in diameter. It is furnished with a 
 natural pulpit, and as though to perfect its resemblance to 
 the place whose name it bears, there is a hollow behind the 
 pulpit, in which an organ might be very well placed, not 
 to say anything of a full choir. Thousands can be ver}'' 
 well accommodated in this Church, and, indeed, sermxons 
 have been preached there, before very large congregations. 
 In its capacity for sound, it is as well fitted for a place of 
 public worship, as in its other characteristics. Even a 
 very slight effort on the part of a speaker would render him 
 thoroughly audible to those seated furthest from him. 
 Standing in this natu^ral temple of God, older by far than 
 any cathedral the eye ever looked on, and as beautiful, the 
 imagination conjures up the scene it would present were it 
 again to be appropriated to service, and the proper ceremo- 
 nial be observed. The surpliced priests, the listening 
 auditory, the organ's swell, the burst of voices, the form of 
 the Church itself, and the "dim, religious light" — all 
 that tends to the completion of an ideal, fascinating in the 
 highest degree, and not easily dispelled in a place like that 
 of which we speak. 
 
 Concerts as well as religious services have been held 
 here; and we have no doubt but that the very inspiration 
 of the place has awakened melody until then unknown 
 and unappreciated. 
 
 Quitting the Church (which the visitors will not be very 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 25 
 
 anxious to do) a large embankment of lixiviated earth will 
 be seen. It was thrown out by the miners more than 
 thirty years ago. The former uses of the place are further 
 indicated by the print of wagon' wheels and the tracks of 
 oxen, both as sharply defined as though they had been 
 made but a few weeks since. Proceeding a little further, 
 the visitor arrives at what is called the Second Hoppers. 
 Here, too, are the signs and tokens of other days, and of 
 uses different to those which are identified with the place 
 at present. Here are the ruins of old nitre works, leaching 
 vats, pump frames, and two hues of wooden pipes ; one 
 to lead fresh water from the dripping spring to the vats 
 filled with the nitrous earth, and the other to convey the 
 lye drawn from the large reservoir, back to the furnace at 
 the mouth of the Cave. It has been stated, on authority, 
 that the nitrous earth in the Mammoth Cave is, in itself, 
 sufficient to supply the whole world with saltpetre. Pre- 
 vious to rejoining our friends in their explorations, we may 
 perhaps be pardoned for giving the following particulars, 
 quoted from an official document : — 
 
 *'The dirt in this Cave gives from three to five pounds of 
 nitrate of lime to the bushle, requiring a large proportion of 
 fixed alkah to produce the proper crystallization, and when 
 left in the Cave, becomes re-impregnated in three years. 
 When saltpetre bore a high price, immense quantities 
 were manufactured at the Mammoth Cave ; but the return 
 of peace brought the saltpetre from the East Indies in 
 competition with that of America, and drove the latter 
 entirely from the market. An idea may be formed of the 
 extent of the manufacture of saltpetre at this Cave, from 
 the fact that the contract for the supply of the fixed alkali 
 alone for the Cave, for the year 1814, was twenty thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 3« 
 
16 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 " The price of the article was so high, and the profits of 
 the manufacturer so great, as to set half the world gadding 
 after nitre caves — the gold mines of the day. Cave 
 hunting, in fact, became a kind of mania, beginning with 
 speculators, and ending with hair-brained young men, who 
 dared for the love of adventure the risk which others run 
 for profit. 'Every hole,' remarked an old miner, '^ the size 
 of a man's body, has been penetrated for miles round the 
 Mammoth Cave, but although we found petre earth, we 
 never could find a cave worth having.' " 
 
 The visitors are now looking from the nitre works 
 towards the left, and perceive, thirty feet above, a large cave. 
 In connexion with it is a narrow gallery sweeping across 
 the main Cave, and losing itself in another cave, which is 
 to the right ; the latter is called the Gothic Avenue. And 
 there is every evidence to show that it was at one time 
 connected with the cave opposite, and on the same level, 
 forming, as it were, a bridge over the main Avenue, but 
 subsequently broken idown by some natural convulsion. 
 The Gothic galleries are extremely beautiful. 
 
 The Cave on the left is filled with sand, and has been 
 penetrated a short distance only. Most likely, however, 
 from its ample size at the entrance, it would, were all 
 obstructions taken away, be found to have an extent of 
 some miles. 
 
 The visitor on leaving the main Cave, and ascending a 
 flight of steps of about thirty feet, will find himself in the 
 Gothic Avenue. This portion of the Cave is so named 
 from its strons^ resemblance to a Gothic buildino^. Its 
 dimensions are, in width forty feet, height, fifteen feet, 
 length two miles. Nothing can be more smooth than the 
 appearance of the ceiling ; in fact, it seems as though the 
 artizan had given it the last touch, and it was only waiting 
 
-n 
 
 K N T K A K C E '1 O '1 HE GOTHIC (3 A T E , 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 27 
 
 the process of drying. An excellent road has been made 
 in this Cave ; and the atmosphere is temperate. 
 
 At an elevation of a few feet above the floor, and fifty 
 feet from the head of the stairs, leading up from the main 
 avenue, a couple of mummies were to be seen in the early 
 part of the present century. At the time we speak of they 
 were in excellent preservation. One was of a female, and 
 various articles of the wardrobe were by the side of it. Of 
 the ultimate fate of these mummies nothing can be said with 
 any approach towards certainty. One, we have been told, 
 was destroyed in the burning of the Cincinnati Museum ; 
 while the wardrobe of the female, we have also been given 
 to understand, was given to a Mr. Ward, of Massachusetts, 
 and afterwards presented by him to the British Museum. 
 
 A third mummy was found by the miners, in Audubon 
 Avenue, in the year 1814. It w^as their wish to conceal it ; 
 accordingly, they placed large stones over it, and fixed such 
 marks about it as to direct them to it at some future day. 
 But all the pains they took were in vain. In 1840 the 
 present keeper of the hotel, Mr. Miller, having ascertained 
 the facts as we have related them, set out in search of the 
 place described to him as the grave of the mummy. He 
 soon found it out by the aid of the lights he had brought 
 with him; the stones, however, which had been placed 
 above it, had so injured it, as to leave it of little value to 
 the antiquary or any other person. It is no improbable 
 hypothesis, we think, that w^ere judicious efibrts made, 
 several mummies would be yet found, and also other objects 
 which would tend, in no slight degree, to throw light on the 
 early history, not of the Cave alone, but of the great con- 
 tinent itself, of which it forms so conspicuous an object of 
 interest. 
 
 The allusion to mummies very naturally reminds us of 
 
28 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 the discovery of one in this Cave, some years since, and a 
 few particulars of which may not be uninteresting to the 
 reader. 
 
 A scientific gentleman, one of the earhest visitors of the 
 Cave, saw the above named rehc in the year 1813. While 
 digging saltpetre earth in the short cave, a rock somewhat 
 flat was met with. It was a little below the surface of the 
 earth. The stone, which was about four feet wide by as 
 many long, was raised, and discovered a square excavation 
 about three feet in width — the same in length and depth. 
 On examination, it proved to be the sepulchre of a human 
 being — a female, with her wardrobe and ornaments placed 
 near her. The body, which was found in a sitting position, 
 was in a perfect state of preservation. The arms were 
 folded up, and the hands laid across the bosom ; while 
 around the two wrists was wound a small cord, apparently 
 for the purpose of keeping them in the position originally 
 determined. Round and near to the body, were wrapped 
 two deer-skins, which, on examination, seemed to have 
 undergone a mode of dressing very different to any known 
 at that day, and which would have been equally inexphcable 
 now. The hair had been cut off very near the surface of 
 the skins, which were ornamented with imprints of vases, 
 leaves, etc., sketched with a substance quite white. On 
 the outside of these skins was a large square sheet. It was 
 neither wove nor knit, the fabric being of the inner bark of 
 a tree, which, it was supposed, from certain appearances, 
 was that of the hnn tree, resembling as it did, in texture, 
 the well known South-sea cloth, or matting. The head and 
 body of the mummy were entirely enveloped in this sheet. 
 The hair had been cut off ver}^ short, being only the eighth 
 of an inch from the scalp ; on the neck, however, it had been 
 allowed to grow one inch. In color it was dark red. The 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 29 
 
 teeth of this mummy were perfectly white and sound. No 
 blemish whatever was discoverable upon the body, with the 
 exception of a wound between two ribs near the back bone ; 
 one of the eyes had also been injured. The nails on the 
 toes and hands were long and quite perfect. The features 
 of the face were remarkably regular ; and it appeared from 
 measurement of the limbs, that the body, in life, must have 
 been something over five feet ten inches in height. At the 
 time of discovery, it w^eighed only fourteen pounds. It was 
 perfectly dry, but on exposure to the atmosphere, it gained 
 four pounds in weight, by the absorbing of the dampness. 
 
 At the side of the body were found a pair of moccasins, 
 a knapsack, and what in the absence of a more expressive 
 term we must call a reticule. Wove or knit bark was the 
 material of which the mocassins were made ; and round the 
 top there was a border, to add strength, or, perhaps, to serve 
 as an ornament. The size of the feet, as denoted by these, 
 must have been very small. In form, the moccasins of this 
 subterranean mummy were precisely the same as that of 
 the articles at present worn by the northern Indians. The 
 knapsack was also of wove or knit bark, having a deep and 
 strong border around the top, and in size was the same as 
 the knapsacks worn by soldiers. In workmanship it was 
 exceedingly neat, and the circumstance of its being so, with 
 the preparation of the fabric itself, were sufficiently indica- 
 tive of a high degree of skill, as characteristic of a period 
 and a race of which we, the modern generation, have gen- 
 erally so derogatory an opinion. The reticule, as well as 
 what has been already enumerated, was made of wove bark, 
 and in shape, was hke a horseman's valise, opening its 
 entire length on the top. It was furnished with two rows 
 of hoops, each row on its respective side near the opening. 
 Two cords were fastened to one end of the reticule at the 
 
30 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 top, which passed through the loop on one side and then on 
 to the other, the whole length. By these means it was 
 laced up and secured. Deep borders, of a fanciful and pretty- 
 pattern, run round and strengthened the top of the reticule. 
 The articles proper to it and the knapsack were : — a head 
 cap, made of wove or knit bark, borderless, and in shape, 
 similar to a very plain night cap ; seven head dresses, made 
 of the quills of very large birds, and united in the same 
 manner as feather fans are made, with this exception, — that 
 the pipes of the quills were not drawn to a point, but spread 
 out in a straight line with the top. This was done by per- 
 forating the pipe of the quill in two places, then running 
 two cords through the holes, and finally, winding round 
 both quills and cords, fine thread, so as to fasten each quill 
 in the place designed for its reception. Extending some 
 distance beyond the quills on each side, these cords could 
 be tied on placing the feathers on the head. Among the 
 other articles to be enumerated were some beads — several 
 hundred strings. These consisted of a very hard brown 
 seed, smaller than hemp seed. In each of them a small 
 hole had been made, and through it a three-corded thread, 
 somewhat like sieve twine, was drawn. Then there were 
 red hoofs of fawns, on a string, by which they had the 
 appearance of a necklace ; the claw of an eagle, having a 
 hole through it, by which a cord could be attached, so as to 
 enable a person to wear the claw ; the jaw of a bear, ap- 
 parently intended to be worn, like the former ; two rattle- 
 snake skins, one having fourteen rattles upon it ; some 
 vegetable colors done up in leaves : a small bunch of deer 
 sinews ; several bunches of thread and twine ; seven needles, 
 some of horn, some of bone, and remarkably smooth ; a hard 
 piece made of deer skin ; two whistles made of cane, and 
 each about eight inches in length. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 31 
 
 At the period of the mummy's discovery, various con- 
 jectures were formed relative to it. Its preservation in the 
 Cave was no theme for wonder, as the nature of its atmo- 
 sphere is such as to preserve animal flesh for an indefinite 
 period of time. That many centuries had rolled away since 
 that discolored remnant of mortality moved about the earth, 
 and had thought, feelings, and sensations like ourselves, 
 there could not be a doubt, but the age, the condition, or 
 the circumstances attendant upon death remained a mystery. 
 There were no tokens, or, if there were, not sufficiently 
 suggestive of explanations, to mark the precise date of the 
 world's existence, to which that mummy, as a living thing, 
 could be referred. All was vague and shadowy ; and those 
 antiquarians who were interested in the discovery, and 
 would have travelled a thousand miles, to come to any defi- 
 nite conclusion, were obliged to content themselves with 
 this : — that the body was that of a human being who might 
 have existed but a few ages after the Flood or the birth of 
 the Saviour — a wide interval indeed, but taken at the latest, 
 amply sufficient to estabhsh the distinction of ancient times. 
 
 After this somewhat long, though necessary digression, 
 let us return to our friends, the visitors. They are now in 
 the Gothic Avenue, once called the Haunted Chamber, why 
 they will be informed by the guide as they pass along. As 
 the particulars share so equally the elements of the grave 
 and the gay, we may be excused giving them in a hasty 
 way : — A miner, new to the Cave, and therefore not very 
 well versed in the methods of averting or escaping from 
 danger, was sent one day, in company of an older workman, 
 to the Salts Room, for the purpose of digging a few sacks 
 of the required article. Seeingthatlhe path was unobstructed, 
 and that the Haunted Chambers w^ere in a continuous line, 
 the young man, who, by the way, was a little vain, and 
 
32 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 wished to show off his bravery, declined further direction, 
 and went ofT quite alone. Several hours passed, and as he 
 had not made his appearance since the morning, his fellow- 
 workmen became somewhat alarmed. The circumstance 
 was described, and the young man's vain glory remembered. 
 Some of the miners concluded that the fellow, like many 
 other gentlemen with an exaggerated opinion of their own 
 powers, had his career suddenly stopped ; others, however, 
 hoped that he had been spared, to repent of his follies, and 
 to become a wiser man. A consultation was held, and it 
 was, at length, determined to go in search of the missing 
 man. Some six were formed into a company. They were 
 negroes, and previous to starting on their errand of mercy 
 were stripped half naked. It may, therefore, be imagined 
 how extraordinary was their appearance. In the meantime, 
 the young miner, after reaching the Salt Room, filling his 
 sack, and succeeding in getting half way back to the place 
 whence he started, thought it possible he might be going 
 wrong. His valor v^anished before the bare idea. It was 
 no longer his courage and his clearness that he thought of, 
 but his sins. They rose up before him, and, it may be, that 
 the gloom of the place where he was, and his fear (which 
 is always a marvelous magnifier), made the errors of his 
 youth seem greater and graver than they really were. In 
 his agitation he run here and there, prayed heartily, and 
 cried lustily. Ultimately, he dropped his lamp, which 
 was immediately extinguished, and fell over a rock. He 
 prayed for help when, in his terror, he thought it could 
 alone be rendered ; but hours passed away, and all help, 
 even the slightest, seemed as far from him as ever. Madness 
 seized him. He thought that he had quitted earth — was dis- 
 embodied — in fact, that he was in the place of torments said to 
 be reserved for sinncu's. He o^azed around him. Merciful 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 83 
 
 powers ! what are those moving figures. He had never 
 seen anything Hke them. They were spirits, sent to drag 
 him to his punishment. He hears their yells. Were ever 
 mortal voices like the wild outburst ringing in his ears ? 
 Never ! Nearer and nearer they come. He is conscious 
 of their hot and hissing breath. Their arms are outstretched 
 to clutch him. He will soon be in their embrace, flist locked. 
 Horrible ! They have him — they, not devils, but miners 
 like himself. He knows them, and that he is a saved man. 
 ^' Hurra ! hurra ! hurra !" Never did the Mammoth Cave, 
 Old Kentucky, reveberate with such shouts as on the me- 
 morable occasion of the miner's rescue. 
 
 Exclamations of wonder and delight, too, are indulged 
 in by the visitors to the Cave, when they view the stalag- 
 mite columns, reaching from the floor to the ceihng of the 
 avenue in which we left them. They are, however, soon 
 startled by a hollow and ominous noise, the echo of their 
 footsteps ; but the guide soon quiets their apprehensions, 
 by the assurance that the noise is to be attributed to the 
 proximity of another large avenue underneath, which, 
 strange as the assertion may appear, has been frequently 
 visited. Near this place are a number of stalactites. One 
 bears the name of the ''Bell," and on being struck, it 
 formerly sounded like the deep bell of a cathedral. But of 
 late years it has been quite mute, having been broken by a 
 tourist from Pennsylvania, who, we presume, was partial 
 to loud music. 
 
 Louisa's Bower and Vulcan's Furnace are now passed. 
 They are marked by a heap of something similar in ap- 
 pearance to cinders, and some dark colored water. The 
 New and Old Register Rooms are the next in succession. 
 The ceiling of these rooQis is perfectly smooth, and would 
 be of an unsullied white, had not numerous persons, with a 
 
 4 
 
84 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 disgusting egotism, traced their obscure names upon it with 
 the smoke of a candle. 
 
 After the visitor's departure from the Old Register Room, 
 it is the usual practice of the guide to receive all the lamps, 
 with the exception of one, which of course, is necessary for 
 the purposes of exploration. A place of surpassing magni- 
 ficence is then entered. Here, as in many other portions 
 of the Cave, language will be found inadequate to describe 
 what is to be seen. The hall (if we may call it so^ is ellip- 
 tical in form, in dimensions, eighty feet long by fifty feet 
 wide. The two ends are nearly blocked up by stalagmite 
 columns of large size. Two rows of pillars, smaller than 
 the others, reach from the floor to the ceiling. They are 
 equidistant from the wall on either side, and extend the 
 full length. Now the purpose of the guide in requesting 
 the visitors to give up their fights is apparent. He has, in 
 the interval of departure from the Old Register Hall to the 
 arrival in the present portion of the Cave, so disposed the 
 lamps as to cause th^ir reflections to fall upon the pillars 
 and ceiling, indeed, Upon every detail of the Gothic Chapel. 
 Bearing as it does, a striking resemblance to the old cathe- 
 drals of Europe, the illumination under which it appears 
 tends to the heightening of effect. Nature has shown her 
 handiwork to advantage here. There is an apparent design 
 in the tout ensemble of the Chapel — a nicety in the separate 
 elaborations which seems the result of a long study of and 
 an intimate acquaintance with the arts. The pillars are so 
 massive and spring towards their proper arches so majesti- 
 cally ; the tracery is so delicate ; and, altogether, there is 
 so harmonious a subordination of one part to another, that 
 we are perfectly confounded at the thought of no human 
 hand having been employed there. Nature, whose common 
 function is to supply the material for human skill to work 
 
THE GOTHIC C H A P ii L 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 35 
 
 upon, has acted a double part here, for she has not only 
 o-iven the means, but has blended them into recognized form 
 and proportion. The place is well named, trulJ^ It is reli- 
 gious in every aspect, and the hght thrown on it seems 
 heavenly — a beaming from above, to warrant acceptance of 
 the services there performed. 
 
 The next object of interest at which the visitor arrives, 
 is called the Devil's Arm Chair. This consists of a large 
 stalagmite column, in the centre of Avhich is formed a 
 spacious seat, as though for the express purpose of afford- 
 ing to his Satanic Majesty all due comfort when fatigued. 
 When the tourists are shown this chair, it is obvious that 
 the same feelings sway them which sway their fellows (of 
 whom we have had some experience) on the occasion of their 
 bemg shown the Coronation Chair in Westminster Abbey. 
 They are all desirous for the honor of a seat, even though 
 but for a moment, and considerable is the anxiety manifested, 
 lest a chance should be lost. 
 
 More stalactites and stalagmites are passed on the visitor's 
 departure from the Devil's Chair, and then they come, 
 in succession, to Napoleon's Breast-work, the Elephant's 
 Head, and the Lover's Leap. The last named is a large 
 pointed rock, more than thirty feet above the floor, projecting 
 into a large rotunda. It is really amusing to notice the excite- 
 ment, especially among the ladies, which the mere mention 
 of the name, is sure to upcall. Why the fairer portion 
 of the creation should feel so interested on the subject, 
 and so eager to have the reason of the name explained, 
 can be easily accounted for. They imagine for the moment, 
 that a lover has really sought the shades from that eminence, 
 through either lost or slighted affection ; and perhaps more 
 than one fair daughter of Eve will ask whether her true 
 knight would take such a leap for her sake. 
 
36 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 
 THE LOVER'S LEAP. 
 
 Immediately below the Lover's Leap is a hollow ; turn- 
 ing thence, to the left, and at a right angle to the previous 
 course, will be found a passage or chasm in the rock, three 
 feet wide, and fifty feet deep. This conducts the visitor to 
 the lower branch of the Gothic Avenue, at the entrance to 
 which is an immense flat rock called Gatewood's Dining 
 Table. To the right of this is a cave which is frequently 
 penetrated as far as the Cooling Tub. This is a beautiful 
 basin of water, six feet wide, and three deep. Into this 
 basin a small stream of the forest water pours itself from the 
 ceiling, ultimately finding its way into the Flint Pit, which 
 is at no great distance. Returning thence, the visitor will 
 pass for a second time Gatewood's Dining Table. It will 
 be found to nearly block up the entire way. 
 
 Continuing their walk along the lower branch, more than 
 half a mile, and passing, in succession. Napoleon's Dome, 
 the Cinder Banks, the Crystal Pool, the Salts Cave, etc. ; 
 and then descending a few feet, and leaving the cave which 
 continues onwards, the visitor enters, on his right, a place 
 of great seclusion, and remarkably grand. It is called 
 Annetti's Dome. A waterfall will be seen through a crevice 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 87 
 
 in the wall of the dome. The water is a foot in diameter, 
 and issues from a high cave in the side of the dome, falling 
 on the sohd bottom, and passing off by a small channel into 
 the cistern, directly on the pathway of the cave. The 
 cistern itself is a very large pit, and is usually kept almost 
 full of water. 
 
 A beautiful sound like that of distant music will be heard 
 near the end of this branch (the lower). There is a crevice 
 in the ceiling over the last spring ; and it is through this, 
 that the ear is cognizant of the falling of water in a cave 
 over head. 
 
 Re-entering the Main Cave or Grand Avenue, the tourist 
 will discover fresh objects on which to lavish his feelings 
 as well as expressions of admiration, for the might and majesty 
 of the Deity is manifested in many forms and ways. Not 
 far from the stairs leading down from the Gothic Avenue 
 into the Main Cave, will be seen the Ball Room. It has 
 been so named from its manifest availabihty to the purposes 
 of dancing. It contains a natural orchestra, between fifteen 
 and eighteen feet high, and fully capable of accommodating 
 upwards of a hundred musicians. It also contains a gallery, 
 which extends back to the level of the high embankment 
 near the Gothic Avenue. The avenue here is high, straight, 
 wide, and quite level for several hundred feet. The ex- 
 penditure of a trifling sum of money would furnish the 
 place with a floor, seats, and lamps necessary for a ball- 
 room. Here, the effect of music would be similar to that 
 produced by the same agency in the church ; while the 
 scene realized by a ball would be as striking, though cer- 
 tainly less solemn. It would be a truly interesting sight — 
 that splendid avenue, filled by thousands in the various 
 costumes of the world's inhabitants : some engaged in the 
 
38 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 graceful measure of the dance ; others in groups, either 
 looking on, or awaiting their turn to join in the pastime. 
 
 The road now before the visitor is a broad and handsome 
 one, although in some places rather dusty. Willie's Spring 
 is soon reached. This locality of the Cave is a beautifully 
 fluted niche in the left hand wall, made by the continued 
 trickhng of water into a basin below. The Spring itself 
 has its name from a young clergyman in Cincinnati. This 
 gentleman, having a somewhat romantic temperament, 
 assumed the name of " Wandering Willie." Taking with 
 him his violin, he marched on foot to the Cave. Arrived 
 there, and being fatigued, he selected the spot since named 
 after him, for his place of rest, asking the guide to call him 
 in the morning. But a short distance beyond the Spring, 
 and close to the left wall, is the place where the oxen were 
 fed during the time of the miners ; and scattered around 
 are a vast number of corn-cobs, all quite sound, although 
 Ihey must have remained where they are upwards of thirty 
 years. Near at hand in the wall on the left, will be found 
 a niche. It is of considerable size, reaching from the roof 
 to the bottom of a pit more than thirty feet deep. Down its 
 sides water of the purest kind is constantly dripping. 
 Subsequently it is conducted to a large trough, from which 
 the invalids obtain their required water while they remain 
 inhabitants of the Cave. This well near the bottom expands 
 into a large room, but there is no opening out of it. 
 
 The visitor will now pass the Well Cave, Rocky Cave, 
 etc., and arrive at the Giant's Coffin. This is a large rock 
 on the right, and derives its singular name from its obvious 
 resemblance in form to a coffin. It is an object of great 
 interest, and cannot easily be passed by without commanding 
 the notice of even the most careless of tourists. 
 
THE giant's coffin. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 39 
 
 In this portion of the Mammoth Cave begin those in- 
 crustations which have struck so many thousands with 
 wonder and admiration. How varied are they in form ; 
 and, separately, how changeable ! Yonder you recognize 
 what appears to be the frame of some huge animal. Look 
 again, and you fancy a group of birds are before you; 
 viewed from another point, and some of the finny tribe may 
 be suggested to you. All is wonderful, indeed. 
 
 Proceeding about a hundred yards beyond the '' Coffin," 
 the visitor will perceive that the Cave takes a curve, sweep- 
 ing round the Great Bend or Acute Angle, and then 
 continuing its proper course. On entering this vast and 
 magnificent amphitheatre, the guide always ignites a 
 Bengal fight. The effect is brilliant — such, indeed, as a 
 poet may readily imagine, but with difficulty describe, but 
 of which mere ordinary mortals can have no conception. 
 Enchantment is the only word we can apply to the scene 
 thus presented. As in other portions of the Cave which, 
 like the present, exhibit characteristics of the beautiful or 
 the sublime, we have seen, in the place we mention, the 
 various ways in which a single feefing or passion may 
 be manifested. Delight has been in the ascendant with the 
 visitors, w4ien gazing on the brilfiant scene before them : 
 wefi have they proved its existence ! Some by loud expres- 
 sions, others by silence ; some, too, have wept, and many 
 have prayed. How subfime must be the scene to elicit all 
 this ! 
 
 The Sick Room Cave is opposite to the Great Bend. It 
 bears the name from the sudden sickness of a visitor some 
 years since, it is supposed, from his having smoked, with 
 others, cigars in one of its most confined nooks. A row of 
 cabins, built for consumptive patients, will be found imme- 
 diately beyond the Great Bend. Two are of stone, the 
 
40 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 the rest are frame buildings. Standing in a line from 
 thirty to one hundred feet apart, their appearance is pic- 
 turesque, akhough the visitor cannot divest his mind of 
 melancholy impressions while contemplating them ; for the 
 malady which brings so many persons to those habitations 
 is one that attacks the young, that withers beauty and 
 destroys life in its early phase. These houses for the 
 ailing are well furnished ; and though we believe that there 
 is no cure for confirmed decline, we are confident that it is 
 to be eradicated in its young or mild stages. The air of the 
 Cave is certainly favorable to such an issue. So convinced 
 of this fact was a physician of high repute, formerly a 
 member of Congress from the district adjoining the Cave, 
 that he was induced to openly express his opinion, that the 
 State of Kentucky ought to purchase it, that it might be 
 enabled to establish a hospital in one of the avenues. 
 
 The following remarks on the subject of the Cave's 
 atmosphere, from the pen of a literary gentleman who 
 visited the place in 1^32, will not, we hope, be uninterest- 
 ing to the reader. 
 
 '^ It (the atmosphere) is always temperate. Its purity, 
 judging from its effects upon the lungs, and from other 
 circumstances, is remarkable, though in what its purity 
 consists, I know riot. But be its composition what it may, 
 it is certain its effects upon the spirits and bodily powers of 
 visitors, are extremely exhilarating, and that it is not less 
 salubrious than enhvening. The nitre diggers were a 
 famously healthy set of men. It was a common and hu- 
 mane practice to employ laborers of enfeebled constitutions, 
 who were soon restored to health and strength, though 
 kept at constant labor; and more joyous, merry fellows 
 were never seen. The oxen, of which several were kept, 
 day and night, in the Cave, hauling the nitrous earth, were 
 
HE STAR CHAMBER 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 41 
 
 after a month or two of toil, in as fine a condition for the 
 shambles, as if fattened in the stall. The ordinary visitor, 
 though rambling a dozen hours or more, over paths of the 
 roughest and most difhcult kind, is seldom conscious of 
 fatigue, until he returns to the upper air ; and there it seems 
 to him, at least in the summer season, that he has exchanged 
 the atmosphere of Paradise for that of a charnel warmed 
 by steam — all without is so heavy, so dark, so dead, so 
 mephitic. Awe and apprehension, if they have been felt, 
 soon yield to the delicious air of the Cave ; and after a time 
 a certain jocund feeling is found mingled with the deepest 
 impressions of sublimity, which there are so many objects 
 to aw^aken. I recommend all broken-hearted lovers and 
 dyspeptic dandies, to carry their complaints to the Mammoth 
 Cave, where they will undoubtedly find themselves " trans- 
 lated" into very happy and bHthesome persons " before 
 they are aware of it." 
 
 The Star Chamber is considered by all visitors to be one 
 of the greatest objects of curiosity in the Cave. It is a mag- 
 nificent long hall, with perpendicular arches on either side, 
 and a flat ceiling ; the side rocks are of a fight color, and 
 stand out in relief against the dark ceiling, which is studded 
 with innumerable sparkfing substances, resembling stars. 
 The guide on approaching the chamber, takes the lanterns 
 from each visitor, and places them in a hole in the rock, 
 to subdue the light and make the illusion more perfect. 
 Visitors are always lost in admiration, and quit this part of 
 the Cave most unwillingly. The side rocks do not reach 
 within three feet of the ceiling, and no connexion can be 
 seen between the ceiling and the sides — the contrast between 
 the dark ceiling and the fight side rocks is so great, that 
 the ceifing appears to be at an immense distance, and after 
 
42 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 looking at it a few minutes, the visitor fancies he is stand- 
 ing under the canopy of Heaven. 
 
 Leaving the Star Chamber, the visitor will perceive, in a 
 a kind of cavity in the wall on the right, an oak pole about 
 ten feet long and six inches in diameter, with two round 
 sticks, of half the thickness, and in length three feet, tied to 
 it transversely, at about four feet apart. An ascent to this 
 cavity is made by means of a ladder ; the visitor then finds 
 the pole to be firmly fixed, one of its ends resting on the 
 bottom of the cavity, the other reaching across and forced 
 into a crevice about three feet above. The general suppo- 
 sition is, that this was a ladder used by the former denizens 
 of the place, in their procurement of the salts which are 
 incrusted on the walls in several parts. A different opinion, 
 however, was entertained by an intelligent medical gentle- 
 man, (Dr. Locke, of the Medical College of Ohio,) that 
 a dead body had once been placed upon it. The Dr.'s 
 reason for this conclusion was based on the fact, that pre- 
 cisely similar contrivt^nces were resorted to by some tribes 
 of Indians, in the di^sposal of their dead. Strange to say, 
 that though many thousands of persons had explored the 
 Mammoth Cave previous to 1841, it was not until that date 
 that the pole was discovered. Probably, ages as many as 
 we can count from the birth of Christ, have passed over the 
 world since it was placed here ; yet it is perfectly fresh, 
 decay has not even marked the bark which confines the 
 transverse pieces. 
 
 Some side cuts are next passed through. These, as their 
 names will imply, are caves opening on the sides of the 
 several avenues, and after continuing for some way, rejoin- 
 ing them. Generally speaking, they are short, though 
 some of them are more than half a mile in length. Gluartz, 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 43 
 
 chalcedony, red ochre, gypsum, and salts are found here. 
 Slowly the visitor wends his or her way to the Salts Room, 
 the ceiling and walls of which are covered with salts hang- 
 ing in crystals. These frequently fall like flakes of snow, 
 through the agitation of the air. In this Room will be seen 
 the Indian Houses. They are under the rocks, and are 
 small rooms entirely covered. Many of them contain cane 
 partly burnt, and ashes. 
 
 The next portion of the Cave visited is the Cross Room. 
 It is a principal section of the avenue. The most extraordi- 
 nary feature of the Cross Room is, that it has a ceiHng of 
 one hundred and seventy feet span, and yet not a single 
 column to support it. 
 
 The portion of the Cave immediately succeeding the 
 place we have been describing, is known by the ominous 
 title, Black Chambers. They contain several ruins, which 
 consist of large blocks of different kinds of strata. They are 
 cemented together, and bear a striking resemblance to the 
 walls and pedestals of the old baronial castles of European 
 countries. Here the avenue is very wide — sufficient to 
 render it tedious to walk from one side to the other. A 
 little way beyond the ruins, and on the right, the tourist 
 w^ill enter the right branch. It is on the same level, and 
 the ceiling is regularly arched. An ascent is then made 
 through the Big Chimneys, into an upper room. This is 
 about the same size as the Main Cave, the bottom of which 
 is somewhat higher than the ceiHng of the one underneath. 
 The low, plaintive murmurings of a distant waterfall are 
 heard here as the visitor proceeds. They grow louder and 
 louder, until we find ourselves close to the Cataract, Avhen 
 our ears are cognizant of a perfect roar. Very large per- 
 forations are seen in the roof, on the right hand side, from 
 which water is always falling — generally not in considerable 
 
44 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 quantities, but after heavy rains, in complete torrents, and 
 with a roar that resounds afar, and seems to be shaking 
 the Cave itself from its very foundations. The water falls 
 into a funnel shaped pit, and is lost to the sight in less than 
 a second. 
 
 Parties occasionally select this portion of the Cave as 
 their dining room. Their previous explorations have given 
 them a keen appetite, which, from experience already 
 gained, they know cannot be better satisfied than by the 
 excellent fare of the Cave House ; they have been careful 
 to furnish themselves from the abundant larder of that 
 establishment, and after the arrangement of the plates, 
 decanters, etc., prepare to do the <^^ honors " with a gusto 
 that none but hungry people can know or appreciate. The 
 incidentals of a banquet like that we refer to, are necessarily 
 very interesting. The time, the place, and the varied 
 characteristics of the visitors all tend to the perfection of 
 enjoyment. We have noticed how different dispositions 
 have become harmonized — how, too, the good wish of Mac- 
 beth towards his guests, has been fulfilled or realized in 
 this Mammoth Cave ; certainly nothing could be more 
 perfect than the '< digestion that waited on appetite." 
 
 From the particular point of the Cave to which we have 
 brought the visitor, a view of the main avenue will be 
 caught on the left. Continuing its general course, it exhibits 
 the same features of grandeur and solemnity as were notice- 
 able at the first. We have also pointed out to us the way 
 to the Humble Chute and the Cataract. The Humble 
 Chute is the entrance to the Solitary Chambers; but before 
 entering it we find it necessary to crawl on our hands and 
 knees, between fifteen and eighteen feet under a low arch. 
 The term "solitary," as applied to these chambers, is 
 exceedingly appropriate ; a person once in them, feels him- 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 45 
 
 self entirely secluded from his fellow men. The profound 
 sense of loveliness will grow upon him, until, indeed, it 
 becomes^ almost too powerful for endurance. In this Cave 
 is a Fairy Grotto — a place that is a perfect realization of its 
 name — it is fanciful and pretty: just such a place as one 
 of the '* little people" would select as a habitation. Stalac- 
 tites by the tens of thousands are seen, at various distances, 
 extending from the roof to the floor. They are of various 
 sizes, and of shapes that, in their variety at least, can only 
 be equalled by the kaleidoscope. They form columns, 
 irregularly fluted, and others quite solid. These are near 
 the ceihng, and, divided lower down, into small branches 
 similar to the roots of trees, exhibit the appearance of a 
 coral grove. The lamps with which the visitors are fur- 
 nished, being placed close to the incrustations on the 
 columns, this forest of stalactites is thoroughly lighted up, 
 and discloses a scene of the rarest and most astonishing 
 beauty. But lovely as this portion of the Cave is, it was 
 much more so a few years since — before numerous dis- 
 gusting caricatures of civilized creatures broke away many 
 of the stalactites ; and, as a memorial of their ignorance and 
 brutality, left them strewn in wild confusion on the ground. 
 Entering the main Cave at the Cataract, from the Fairy 
 Grotto, the walk is continued to the Chief City or Temple. 
 This is an immense vault. It extends over an area of two 
 acres, and is crowned by a dome of solid rock, one hundred 
 and twenty feet high. Perhaps equal in size to the 
 Cave of Staffa, it may be considered as a rival to the far- 
 famed vault in the Grotto of Antiparos, which has the 
 repute of being one of the largest in the world. There is 
 a remarkable circumstance connected with this portion of 
 the Cave, which cannot fail to attract the notice of even the 
 dullest tourist. It is the moving appearance of the dome, as 
 
 6 
 
46 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 the visitors pass along — suggestive of the same appearance 
 in the sky, when the pedestrian is above the surface of the 
 earth. A large mound of rock rises in the middle of the 
 dome, nearly to the top. It is very steep, and forms what 
 is called the Mountain. Many persons, when ascending 
 this mound from the Cave, experience feelings of awe 
 more intense than they ever knew before. We can well 
 believe such to be the case. Immediately around the tourist 
 is a narrow circle, illuminated ; without it, both above and 
 beyond, there seems to be unhmited space. No object 
 is there for the eye to fasten on, no sound, breaking the 
 dull monotony, for the ear to catch. A vague fear 
 creeps upon the visitor, although he knows he is bounded 
 by stone walls, and actually safe. But it is necessary to 
 penetrate that profound darkness, think the Cave's fre- 
 quenters, and accordingly, numerous fires are kindled. So 
 gradually as they flicker upwards, so gradually is presented 
 to the sight a spectacle of transcendent magnificence. Let 
 the reader fancy a gtrata of gray limestone, opposite him, 
 breaking into steps from the bottom to the top, scarcely 
 discernible ; above, the lofty dome, having at the top, a 
 smooth slate of oval form, in outline exquisitely defined ; 
 and the walls sloping away from it till lost in the darkness 
 of night. A well known writer on the Mammoth Cave, 
 and its frequent visitor besides, (Lee) thus concludes some 
 remarks he makes upon the temple : — 
 
 '' Every one has heard of the dome of the Mosque of St. 
 Sophia, of St. Peter's, and of St. Paul's ; they are never 
 spoken of but in terms of admiration, as the chief works 
 of architecture, and among the noblest and most stupendous 
 examples of what man can do when aided by science ; and 
 yet, when compared with the dome of this Temple, they 
 sink into comparative insignificance. Such is the sur- 
 passing grandeur of Nature's works." 
 
THE EOTTOMLEtJb PIT 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 47 
 
 At the back of the Giant's Coffin is a narrow passage 
 leading into a circular room, of about one hundred feet in 
 diameter, with a low roof. It is designated the Wooden 
 Bowl, some say from the resemblance it bears to one ; while 
 according to the account of others, the name is derived from 
 the circumstance of a bona fide wooden bowl having been 
 found in this portion of the Cave, by a miner. On the 
 right the visitor will perceive the Steeps of Time, descending 
 which for about twenty feet, he enters the Deserted Cham- 
 bers. Their characteristics are very wild and varied. 
 Advancing two hundred yards, your notice will be attracted 
 by the ceiling, which presents a rough and broken appear- 
 ance for a little while, and then shows a surface waving, 
 white, and sr][iooth. At Richardson's Spring we distinguish, 
 as we have already done in other portions of the Mammoch 
 Cave, the tokens of a bygone age and people. They are 
 the imprints of moccasins and of children's feet. The pits 
 in the Deserted Chambers are numerous — more so than in 
 any other portion of the Cave ; the Covered Pit, the Side- 
 Saddle Pit, and the Bottomless Pit are the most noted. 
 The entire range of these Chambers is, in fact, so alternated 
 with pits, and is so bewildering from the serpentine form 
 and irregularity of its branches, that the visitor is not over 
 anxious to roam far from his guide, who, of course, is 
 intimately acquainted with every rood of ground to be 
 covered. 
 
 The Covered Pit is in a little branch to the left. It is 
 between twelve and fifteen feet in diameter. A thin rock 
 covers it, having a narrow crevice, with only a trifling 
 support on one of the sides. A large rock rests on the 
 centre of the cover, and the sound of a waterfall may be 
 heard, though the fall itself cannot be seen. 
 
^8 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 The pit next in succession, the Side-Saddle Pit, is about 
 twenty feet long and eight feet wide. It has a margin 
 about three feet high, extending length-ways ten feet. 
 Against this, the visitor may lean, and view the interior of 
 both dome and pit. 
 
 The place we now come to is the Labyrinth, entrance to 
 which is gained, after a short walk from the Side-Saddle 
 Pit, by means of a ladder. We make a descent. One end 
 of the Labyrinth leads to the Bottomless Pit, which it 
 enters about fifty feet down ; the other, after taking nu- 
 merous and fantastic windings, conducts to Goran's Dome. 
 This, though of recent discovery, is one of the most at- 
 tractive features of the Cave. 
 
 Louisa's Dome is in the neighborhood. Jt is an ex- 
 ceedingly pretty little place, not more than twelve feet in 
 diameter, but about twenty-four in height. Immediately 
 under the centre of the cave just left, and lighted up as 
 it frequently is, the visitors in it can be seen distinctly from 
 above, through a sHg|iit crevice in the rock. 
 
 In Goran's Dome it is impossible not to be struck with the 
 apparent intention of producing certain effects, which is a 
 characteristic of the place. We have noticed the same 
 kind of thing as manifest in another portion of the Cave — 
 the Gothic Chapel. Goran's Dome seems to have been 
 specially made for a certain purpose ; in every way it is 
 adapted to the convenience of numerous visitors. 
 
 At the termination of the Labyrinth, we come to a kind 
 of natural window, about four feet square, and three feet 
 above the floor. This window opens into the interior 
 of the Dome, about equidistant from the top and bottom. 
 The wall of rock here is of trifling thickness — not more 
 than eighteen inches ; it continues around on the outside 
 of the Dome, and along a gallery of a few feet in width, 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 49 
 
 for upwards of twenty paces. A good view of almost the 
 entire space within is gained at another opening of much 
 larger size. The Dome is of solid rock, and very lofty — 
 perhaps two hundred feet ; its sides seem fluted and 
 elaborately polished. One of the wonders contained in 
 this portion of the Cave, is a huge rock, about thirty feet 
 from the window, and directly fronting it. Its resemblance 
 to a curtain is very striking ; we fancy we distinguish folds 
 in it, and look upwards in the endeavor to ascertain to what 
 it is suspended. 
 
 It may be necessary here to state, in order to account 
 more satisfactorily for what we shall have to say anon, that 
 it is customary for the guides to leave those on whom they 
 attend when the latter are expressing their admiration of 
 this curtain and the details in its vicinity. With feelings 
 wound up to a pitch of ecstacy by the things before them, 
 they have no idea of the change which awaits them. 
 Suddenly as thought, and as we may imagine light came 
 at the behest of God, the whole place is illuminated. 
 Every thing above, below, or around is shining in brilHant 
 hght. Tlie sides of the fluted walls — the yawning gulf — 
 the first towering to an indefinite height, the other de- 
 scending to where it would seem no soundings could be 
 gained. By what means the sudden illumination has been 
 caused, we need not say, for we have already mentioned 
 the sudden exit of the guides. 
 
 In leaving Goran's Dome, an ascent is made by means of a 
 ladder near Louisa's Dome ; and we continue on, having 
 the Labyrinth on our right, until it is lost in the Bottomless 
 Pit, which also terminates the range of the Deserted 
 Chambers. These were once considered as the end of all 
 exploration ; and perhaps this mistaken notion would have 
 continued to this day, had not a Mr. Stephenson of George- 
 s' 
 
50 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 town, Kentucky, and a well known and adventurous guide 
 named Stephen, presumed that there were things to be 
 seen on the opposite side in every way as attractive as the 
 objects with which tourists were already familiar. The 
 means hit upon were a ladder. This idea was soon acted 
 on, and a stout ladder was eventually thrown over a chasm 
 of twenty feet wide, and more than two hundred feet deep. 
 The Bottomless Pit, similar to a horseshoe in form, has a 
 tongue of land twenty-seven feet long, and runs out into 
 the middle of it. From the extremity of this land, a bridge 
 of substantial workmanship, has been thrown across to the 
 cave on the opposite side. Some idea of the depth of the 
 pit, and of the ideas of awe which a contemplation of it 
 awakens, may be imagined, when we state that it is the 
 practice of the guides to let down pieces of lighted paper 
 into the abyss, which, descending lower and lower, ulti- 
 mately vanish from the vision, though long before they are 
 extinguished. 
 
 Having crossed th^ bridge to the opposite Cave, the 
 visitor finds himself in the midst of a rocky world. Over 
 the pit a dome of magnificent dimensions expands itself. 
 We then proceed along a narrow passage for a little dis- 
 tance, and reach a point, whence diverge two routes — the 
 Winding Way and Pensico Avenue. 
 
 The former is about fifty feet in width, with a height of 
 about thirty feet. Different estimates have been given of 
 its length, but taking the mean, we should be inchned to 
 say it was about two miles. The beautiful and the sublime 
 are mingled here ; and dull, indeed, must he be who is not 
 open to their influences. It is most interesting throughout. 
 For upwards of a quarter of a mile from the entrance, the 
 roof is exquisitely arched, about twelve feet high and sixty 
 feet broad. Formerly, it was encrusted with rosettes and 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 51 
 
 various other formations. They have been either taken 
 away or demohshed ; and thus another instance is afforded 
 of the wretched VandaHsm which people calHng themselves 
 civilized, sometimes indulge in. Here the walking is very 
 good, and so wide, that a dozen persons could run or walk 
 abreast for a quarter of a mile, to Bunyan's Way. This is 
 a branch of the Avenue leading on to the river. 
 
 The Avenue now changes its features. They have been 
 those of beauty and regularity ; they are now of grandeur 
 and sublimity, and are continued to the end. The way is 
 no longer even and smooth ; on the contrary, huge rocks 
 are scattered about in the wildest disorder. The roof, lofty 
 and magnificent, presents its long, pointed, or lancet arches, 
 suggesting a strong likeness to the elaborate ceilings of the 
 ancient Gothic Cathedrals of Europe. Feelings of true 
 religion must necessarily be upcalled here. The forms and 
 ceremonials of faith respectively acknowledged by the visi- 
 tors may be, and most likely are different, but that feehng 
 of devotion and love, which are necessarily at the foundation 
 of all religious opinions, are there ; it is the same God who 
 is worshipped, — 
 
 « Jeliovali, Jove, or Lord !" 
 
 Making a gradual descent of a few feet, we enter a tunnel 
 of fifteen feet wide. It is on the left, and the ceiling, 
 twelve or fourteen feet high, is perfectly arched and 
 beautifully covered with white incrustations. Hence the 
 Great Crossings are very soon gained. In this part of the 
 Cave, it may be remarked, the guides usually jump down 
 some six or eight feet, from the place previously examined. 
 Where we now stand is a tunnel, and following our guide's 
 example, we soon rejoin him. The name Great Crossings is 
 by no means an unexpressive one ; though we must clear 
 
52 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 the mind of an erroneous opinion held regarding it — 
 namely, that it was given in honor of the Great Crossings, 
 where resides the man who killed Tecumseh. The name 
 was really adopted because two large caves cross here. 
 
 No great distance from this point, an ascent is made up 
 a hill on the left. Proceeding a little way, over the ancles 
 in dry nitrous earth, somewhat at a right angle with the 
 avenue below, the visitor arrives at the Pine-apple bush. 
 Why this locality bears so euphonious a designation, it would 
 be difficult to tell. It is secluded in a very pretty spot ; 
 the air is fresh and reviving, and beneath its influence the 
 blood dances merrily through the veins. Indeed, we would 
 recommend the hypochondriac and love-sick, as well as the 
 admirers of romantic scenery, to visit this place. 
 
 Descending into the avenue already explored, a great 
 number of stalactites and stalagmites are passed in succes- 
 sion. These bear a strong resemblance to coral. In the 
 vicinity are to be found a multitude of crystals of dog-tooth 
 spa, shining most byilhantly. The place is called An- 
 gelica's Grotto ; and so beautiful is it as to impress its own 
 sanctity on every person with a mind susceptible of high 
 influences ; yet did a Clergyman systematically destroy a 
 number of crystals, that he might inscribe his name in the 
 vacancy thus left ; and what gave a spirit of cowardice to 
 the act, this reverend gentleman watched till the back of the 
 guide was turned towards him, ere he attempted the act of 
 barbarity. Had he done it boldly, there would have been 
 some mitigation. 
 
 The visitors will now return to the head of the Penisco 
 Avenue, then turn to the right, and enter the narrow pass 
 which leads to the river, following its course for some hun- 
 dred yards ; descending all the while down a ladder, or 
 stone steps. Finally, they come to a path, which is cut 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 6S 
 
 through a high and broad embankment of sand. This con- 
 ducts to the far-famed Avinding way. In the opinion of 
 many persons, whose conclusions are entitled to deference, 
 this way has been channeled in the rock by the gradual 
 attrition of water. Should this be the case, and there is 
 certainly nothing to controvert the hypothesis, the imagina- 
 tion is lost in finding a date for the commencement of the 
 work. Was it contemporaneous with the birth of Christ, 
 or with the reign of Solomon, or, going to more remote times, 
 the era of Moses ? Beyond, far beyond them all — to a day 
 many more thousands of years before us than, according to 
 written tradition, the world itself has seen. 
 
 In length, the Winding Way is one hundred and five 
 feet, in width eighteen inches, and in depth seven feet. It 
 widens out above, sufficiently to permit the free use of a 
 man's arms. Throughout, it is a zig-zag, and the reader 
 may imagine that those persons who are of very corpulent 
 proportions, do not like very much to pass through it. No 
 companies of visitors can possibly enter this passage, except 
 in single file, and it is quite amusing to see how ladies and 
 gentlemen of the most delicate proportions eye the sides 
 askance, to satisfy themselves that a squeeze is not in re- 
 serve for them. 
 
 Aptly enough, the place entered after quitting this limbo 
 is called Rehef Hall. It is very wide and lofty, but not 
 long. Taking the turn to the right, the termination at 
 River Hall, distant about one hundred yards, is soon gained. 
 Two routes will now be visible — that on the left, conduct- 
 ing to the Dead Sea and the Rivers, that on the right, to 
 the Bacon Chamber, the Bandit's Hall, the Mammoth 
 Dome, besides a variety of other caves, domes, etc. 
 
 The Bacon Chamber, like Relief Hall, is very aptly 
 named. It has a low ceiling, clustered with canvassed 
 
64 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 hams and shoulders. The visitor will next proceed to the 
 Bandit's Chamber, where he will arrive after a steep ascent 
 of twenty or thirty feet. Huge rocks obstruct the way ; 
 the consequence is that the passage is extremely difficult, 
 and that tourists are obliged to clamber on the best way 
 they can. There is a striking similitude between the name 
 and the aspect of the place It is a chamber vast and lofty. 
 The floor is covered with a mountainous heap of rocks, 
 which rise in an amphitheatrical form almost to the ceiling, 
 and are so arranged as to furnish, at different degrees of 
 elevation, galleries or platforms, reaching immediately 
 round the chamber itself, or leading off into some of its 
 hidden or secret recesses. 
 
 Unexpectedly as before, and in another portion of the 
 Mammoth Cave, this Hall is suddenly lighted up. The 
 guide has just slipped away from the company, to ignite 
 his torch, and now the awful looking roof, the towering 
 cliffs, and the clustering rocks are bathed in a brilliant 
 glare. It is almost yout of the power of words or of the 
 artist's pencil to portray the scene presented. Such a 
 spectacle must be witnessed by the eye to be at all truly 
 understood. 
 
 Diverging from the Bandit's Hall are two caves ; that on 
 the left, leads to a multitude of other domes ; the other, on 
 the right, is called the Mammoth Dome. Directing his 
 steps towards the latter, the visitor, after a rough walk of 
 nearly a mile, comes to a platform commanding a somewhat 
 indistinct view of this magnificent dome. It is of recent 
 discovery, not more than two years having elapsed since it 
 was first explored by a German gentleman and the guide 
 Stephen. From the platform, persons are sometimes let 
 down by ropes, a distance of twenty feet, and when on the 
 ground, find themselves on the side of a hill, directly under 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 55 
 
 the great dome, from the summit of which there is a water- 
 fall. This dome is of immense height — more, than four 
 hundred feet, and is considered, with perfect justice, one of 
 the most magnificent objects in the world. The visitors 
 who have been lowered, as we have described, ascend the 
 hill to which they were previously let down from the plat- 
 form ; continuing thence up a remarkably steep hill, for 
 more than a hundred feet, they reach its summit. A scene 
 of awful sublimity is commanded here. Looking down the 
 declivity, the visitor will perceive, some distance to the 
 left, those other visitors whom he has just quitted. The 
 latter are standing on the platform or termination of the 
 avenue along which they have come ; lower down yet, the 
 bottom of the great dome itself presents itself. Overhead, 
 at a distance of more than two hundred and eighty feet, 
 the ceiling is lost in the deep obscurity. It may be neces- 
 sary for us to state that the height of the ceiling was deter- 
 mined by Mr. E. F. Lee, civil engineer, and subsequently 
 confirmed by discovering on the summit of a hill, where 
 man's foot had never trodden before, an iron lamp. The 
 astonishment of the guides on the occasion may be better 
 imagined than described. They, as well as the visitors 
 with them, were fairly astounded ; and doubt respecting 
 the cause would have continued down to the present date, 
 had it not been for the following circumstance : — An old 
 man was living at the Cave Hotel. He had been employed 
 as a miner in the saltpetre establishment of the Messrs. 
 Wilkins and Gratz, some thirty years previous ; and on 
 being shown the lamp, he said without the least hesitation, 
 that it had been found under the crevice pit. The name 
 surprised all present ; but the old man continued to inform 
 his questioners, that during the time his late employers 
 were engaged in the saltpetre trade, a person of the name 
 
50 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 of Gatewood stated to Wilkins, that the probabihties were, 
 that the richest nitre earth was under the crevice pit. Its 
 depth was, at that day, totally unknown, and Wilkins, to 
 ascertain it, took a rope 45 feet long, and fastened this very 
 lamp to it. He then caused it to be lowered into the pit, 
 but while descending, the string accidentally caught on 
 fire ; the result was the loss of the lamp. Wilkins, how- 
 ever, made an offer of two dollars reward for its recovery. 
 It was accepted by a miner, who, on account of his dimi- 
 nutive stature, was nicknamed Little Dave. With a rope 
 round his waist, and torch in hand, he was lowered to the 
 depth of forty-five feet, and then drawn up. On regaining 
 the spot from which he had descended, this miner was 
 found to be dreadfully alarmed. He trembled in every 
 limb, his eyes were fairly starting out of his head, and not 
 a single 'word could we get from him for the first five 
 minutes. Subsequently, however, he began to collect him- 
 self, and said that nb amount of money, not even the Na- 
 tional Debt of England, would induce him to make the 
 trial a second time. By way of excusing this resolve, ex- 
 pressed so firmly, and to be kept so religiously. Little 
 Dave entered into the most astounding relations. Baron 
 Munchausen's fictions were probabilities compared to what 
 our miner related ; but it is supposed that the height at 
 which poor Dave was suspended, upwards of two hundred 
 and forty feet, was the only course of his alarm. Like 
 many other gentlemen, he was not constituted for an eX' 
 alted station, and the accident that placed him in it, though 
 only for a short time, took away all the sense with which 
 nature had gifted him. But the correctness of the old 
 miner's estimate was established, guides being sent to the 
 place where the lamp was found, other persons being sta- 
 tioned at the same time at the mouth of the crevice pit. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 57 
 
 Words were exchanged by the parties, and sticks thrown ; 
 and by these means the truth was made known. 
 
 From the mouth of the cave to this pit the distance is 
 not very long — less than half a mile ; notwithstanding, a 
 circuit of more than three miles must be made, before the 
 grand apartments immediately beneath, can be reached. 
 The illumination cast upon that portion of the great dome 
 on the left, and of the Hall on the top of the hill bearing to 
 the right, as witnessed from the platform, is certainly one 
 of the most sublime spectacles we can call to mind, although 
 our experience in such matters is considerable. To be 
 seen to the greatest adv^antage, however, a different position 
 should be taken by the visitor. Then should the Bengal 
 lights be ignited, and by their aid, the dome, apparently 
 towering to a neighborhood with the heavens ; the hall on 
 the summit of the hill, with its multitude of stalagmite 
 columns, all so majestic ; and its other details, each beau- 
 tiful in itself, and the whole harmonious in their arrange- 
 ment — will be seen. 
 
 That the exclamations of admiration elicited by a sight 
 like this, are many and correct, who can doubt ! Euro- 
 peans, who are good judges of what is beautiful or sublime 
 in Nature, have been heard to declare, that to see such a 
 sight as that presented by the dome under illumination, 
 they would gladly travel ten thousand miles. Several 
 liable to illness, and whose voyage across the Atlantic, 
 speedily and comfortably as it is now performed, has en- 
 tailed much sickness, have confessed that the spectacle is 
 a perfect compensation. 
 
 With this portion of the Mammoth Cave concludes, in 
 most cases, the day's explorations. True, that the sun has 
 not set, and that there is plenty of time left ; but, no ! the 
 visitors feel anxious to return. How is this ? Can we ac- 
 
68 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 count for it? Yes ; the tourist's feelings are a realization of 
 what Byron has recorded on his immortal page. With 
 perfect propriety can it be said of the admiring company, 
 that 
 
 " Dazzl'il and drunk with beauty," 
 
 they are in no fit mood to seek for other objects of interest. 
 They have seen enough, and they now come from the 
 great, the sublime, the crowning one, deeply penetrated by 
 its effulgence. 
 
 Another scene of wondrous sublimity awaits the visitor 
 in the morning. He has heard from others of it, and 
 begins to wonder whether their accounts have not been over 
 colored ; whether, in fact, what he is about to see will come 
 up to, or can surpass, what he has already seen. He thinks 
 not, and prepares to ascertain. New from the slumbers of 
 the night, and refreshed by both the pure air and the whole- 
 some viands of the Cave House, he starts again with more 
 like himself and theyfaithfui guide. 
 
 With a pace accelerated by expectation, the party pro- 
 ceed onwards, and arriving at the Cave, seek the River 
 Hall. It is there before them — subHme in its every feature. 
 The river has been recently overflown. That is manifest, 
 for how flush, how heaving it is. 
 
 The River Hall descends similar to the slope of a moun- 
 tain ; and like the firmament at midnight, when the stars 
 come forth in their glory, the ceiHng stretches away — away, 
 it seems to infinity. You proceed onwards, making a gradual 
 ascent, and keeping pretty close to the right hand wall. 
 You will then observe on the left, a steep precipice. Over 
 this you will look down, being able to do so by numerous 
 blazing missiles, upon a broad black sheet of water, eighty 
 feet below. It is called the Dead Sea ; and the name, so 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 59 
 
 awful and so referriable to awful events, cannot be better 
 verified than here. There is a terrible grandeur in the 
 place. Long after you have left it, the eye continues cog- 
 nizant of its many sights, the ear of its many sounds. The 
 memory holds them, and they even haunt the dreams of 
 night. 
 
 i The descent is made by means of a ladder. It is of 
 about twenty feet ; the visitors then find themselves in 
 the midst of gigantic rocks, heaped pile upon pile. In the 
 mingling of lights and shadows, the persons who have come 
 to see the River, although dressed in modern fashionable 
 style, will seem of the locahty a fitting race. Slowly they 
 move in files — men, women, and children being together — 
 with lamps in their hands. These lamps are guarded with 
 extreme care, as they are hable to go out through any in- 
 advertence. Gradually their illumination falls upon the 
 different details ; the ceiling, the walls, the cliffs, the ravines. 
 Now the light, thrown upwards, is reflected through the 
 fissures in the rocks ; presently it is reflected from towering 
 cliffs, every outline of which it defines, thus relieving the 
 most intense darkness beyond. In some parts the water is 
 not seen, although it is heard ; but its murmur sounds 
 awfully. In others, its appearance is brilliant through the 
 light of the lamps. 
 
 At the foot of the slope the River Styx winds its way. 
 It is aptly named : people might well imagine it to be the 
 fabled stream whose name it bears. Four passengers only 
 can be conveyed over this river at the same time. The 
 guide fastens lamps at the prow of the boat, and the various 
 images are reflected in the murky pool. 
 
 There is another mode of crossing the Styx. It is by 
 means of a bridge overhead, composed of abrupt precipices. 
 To avail himself of this bridge, the tourist must ascend 
 
60 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 a very steep cliff, then enter a cave above, three hundred 
 yards long. Leaving this, he will find himself on the 
 bank of the River, more than eighty feet above its sur- 
 face. He will then command a view of the persons who 
 are in the boat, and also of those upon the shore. The 
 lamps in the canoe, when viewed from this distance, have 
 a singular and striking appearance. Their glare is that of 
 gigantic eye balls. Sitting somewhat in the shade, the mere 
 outline of the visitors' figures can be seen, and they look 
 like so many shadows — the spirits of the departed, being 
 rowed over that profound flood to a place where final doom 
 is to be awaited. 
 
 Turning their e3^es from the boat and its contents, the 
 persons on the shore will see those of their companions who, 
 like themselves, have come over the bridge, grouped very 
 fancifully. Their appearance is much less spectral than 
 that of the people on the water. They seem human still, 
 and give a warranty that a return to the upper world is 
 possible. ) 
 
 The Styx is the smallest river in the Mammoth Cave. 
 Having passed it, the visitor v/alks over a pile of large rocks, 
 and finds himself on the banks of the Lethe. Here, again, 
 will be found a striking resemblance between natural ob- 
 jects and the names given them. How striking is forget- 
 fulness typified in that river ! We remember seeing many 
 years ago a picture of the Waters of Oblivion, painted by 
 John Martin, which, in its general details, in the tout 
 ensemble, might have been taken as a representation of this 
 cave-stream and the objects which surround it. 
 
 Looking back, the tourist will perceive a line of men and 
 women descendinof the high hill from the cave, which runs 
 over the river Styx. Two boats are kept, and the parties 
 who have come by the two routes — that is, either down or 
 
THE RIVER STYX 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 61 
 
 over the Styx, may unite and descend the Lethe about a 
 quarter of a mile. Throughout the whole distance the 
 ceihng is very high — upwards of fifty feet we should say. 
 On landing, a lofty and level hall is entered. It is called 
 the Great Walk, and extends to the banks of the Echo, a 
 distance of three or four hundred yards. The Echo is a 
 bona fide river — wide and deep enough, we believe, to float 
 a steamship as large as the " Atlantic" or " Pacific." On 
 the occasion of embarking, persons will readily notice the 
 lowness of the arch : three feet constitute the entire passage 
 left for the boats. The consequence of this is, of course, a 
 complete doubling up on the part of the passengers. In- 
 deed, their position is anything but comfortable while they 
 are being rowed over, but their sufferings, if we may so 
 designate their sensations, are not of much duration, a couple 
 of boats' lengths being quite sufficient to put them where no 
 complaint can be made of the Cave, so far as the advantages 
 of height and width are regarded. The boats used here 
 are capable of carrying twelve persons each. The passage 
 down the river is replete with pleasure and interest. The 
 extraordinary character of the scene — its magnificence, 
 must necessarily awaken the highest feelings of admiration. 
 A sudden ecstasy is up-called, which, after holding posses- 
 sion of the soul for a time, subsides, and is succeeded by 
 sensations of quiet felicity. Fq\y persons who ever wit- 
 nessed the scene, we think, could have allowed an angry 
 feeling to find a dwelling in their bosoms, while under its 
 influences. Powerfully, most powerfully is the benign 
 mandate of Christ, for those whom he redeemed to live in 
 love and peace with one another, impressed here. Nature, 
 in her aspects of beauty, magnificence, and solemnity, is a 
 mighty illustrator of Him whose work she is ; and there 
 are thousands of instances of her power to improve or purify 
 6* 
 
62 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 those on whom both oral and written precepts have had no 
 power. May we not believe that the stream of Lethe in 
 this Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, had it a voice, could tell 
 us of such changes, wrought on its bosom or its banks, in 
 the souls of many a visitor ? 
 
 Low and musical is the rippling of the water, as heard by 
 those in the boat as well as on the shore. Beating under 
 low arches and into the cavities of rocks, it may be called 
 the very pulse of the place. So strongly does sound magnify 
 itself in this portion of the cave, that the report of an ordi- 
 nary pistol is like that of the heaviest artillery. It is pro- 
 longed for minutes, and ultimately dies away in low thunder- 
 like mutterings. 
 
 We remember well on the occasion of a late visit to the 
 Cave, that the whole boat's company joined simultaneously 
 in song Avhile gliding down this river Lethe. How sublime, 
 how truly religious was the effect ! Many are the cathedral 
 choirs we have listened to, and deep have been our impres- 
 sions of their excellence, but they did not amount to those 
 we experienced here. That such was the fact cannot cause 
 surprise. The cathedral, elaborate as it may be in its 
 carving and emblazonry, the beauty of its stained windows, 
 and the skill of the painter, is, after all, no more than a 
 human temple — a pile erected by hands ; and its choir, but 
 a band of trained singers. But here, in this Mammoth Cave, 
 we gaze upon the temple of God himself, while the hymn- 
 ings we listen to are those of spontaneous worship, bursting 
 from the rapt soul, and ascending to the Sanctuary of heaven. 
 Sometimes a full band of music has been tried on the 
 Echo. What the effect has been can be imagined. Truly 
 may it be said that such things cannot be obliterated from 
 the memory. Let us add, that they ought not to be, for 
 they assuredly make better creatures of us all. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 63 
 
 The river Echo is about three miles in length. There is a 
 rise in the water, of only a few feet, through which the 
 three rivers are united. When there has been a long suc- 
 cession of heavy rains, these rivers sometimes rise to a per- 
 pendicular height of more than fifty feet, and, with the 
 cataracts, exhibit an aspect of awful grandeur. When the 
 rise of the water does not extend even beyond two feet, the 
 low arch at the entrance of the Echo cannot be reached by 
 the visitor. Occasionally, great apprehensions have been 
 felt by the tourists, in consequence of their being caught on 
 the opposite side, by a sudden rise ; but the guide has con- 
 siderately informed them of an upper cave, admitting of a 
 passage, leading round the arch to the Great Walk. 
 
 Purgatory is the name applied to this cave or passage. 
 Once, for a distance of more than forty feet, the visitors 
 were obliged to crawl their way through it, in consequence 
 of its lowness ; lately, however, it has been enlarged, and 
 now persons can walk erect, to their entire satisfaction. 
 
 Through this improvement, an excursion can be made to 
 Cleveland's Avenue, almost entirely by land, and the 
 tourist will rest satisfied of his not being caught beyond the 
 Echo. In that river and the others which are found in the 
 Mammoth Cave, that very extraordinary fish, the White 
 Eyeless, are to be seen. On the occasion of our last visit 
 to the Cave, we were shown two of them. We, as well as 
 the persons with us, examined the fish attentively, but not 
 one of us was able to distinguish any thing like an eye ; 
 nor have the skilful anatomists who have experimented 
 upon them, been at all more successful. Indeed, it has 
 been asserted by men most celebrated in their profession, 
 that these fish are not only without eyes, but also exhibit 
 other anomahes in their organization, highly interesting to 
 Naturalists. At the time the rivers of the Mammoth Cave 
 
64 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 were first crossed (1840), and since, several endeavors were 
 and have been made to discover whence the White Eyeless 
 fish come, and, also, whither they go ; but though various 
 conjectures have been formed, nothing that can be looked 
 upon as satisfactory has been arrived at. All is still mys- 
 tery, and we suppose will continue so until the end of time. 
 
 The barometrical measurement of the rivers in the Mam- 
 moth Cave has been frequently taken. According to Pro- 
 fessor Locke, they are on a level with the Green River. 
 But Mr. Lee, civil engineer, is of a widely different 
 opinion. He says ; '' The bottom of the Little Bat Room 
 is one hundred and twenty feet below the bed of Green 
 River. The Bottomless Pit is also deeper than the bed of 
 Green River ; and so far as a surveyor's level can be relied 
 on, the same may be said of the Cavern Pit and others." 
 
 We may remark here, that at the time of Mr. Lee^s 
 visit in 1835, the rivers of the Cave were unknown, and 
 that there is no doubt as to their being lower than the bot- 
 tom of the pits, or of their receiving the water flowing from 
 the latter. If we take the statement of Lee as correct, the 
 bed of these rivers is lower than the bed of Green River at 
 its junction with the Ohio, taking as conclusive the report 
 of the State Engineers, relative to the extent of fall between 
 a point above the Cave and the Ohio, and of the entire cor- 
 rectness of this report we cannot entertain a doubt. Mr. 
 Lee thus continues his remarks on the subject : " It becomes 
 then an object of interesting inquiry to determine in what 
 way the waters are disposed of. If they are emptied into 
 Green River, the Ohio, or the ocean, they must run a great 
 distance under ground, and have a very trifling descent." 
 
 We must again join the visitor in his explorations. 
 Leaving the Echo, a walk of four miles brings us to Cleve- 
 land's Avenue. Between the river and this point, several 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 65 
 
 objects of interest are met with. Their enumeration would 
 be confusing ; therefore, in the trust that all who read these 
 pages will visit the Cave itself, if they have not done so 
 already, we will proceed with our more immediate details. 
 We pass in succession El Ghor, Silliman's Avenue, and 
 Wellington's Gallery, to the foot of a ladder. This leads 
 up to the Elysium of Mammoth Cave. Those among our 
 friends who are subject to weariness or thirst when walking, 
 will be glad to hear that Carneal's Spring is in the portion of 
 the Cave we are describing ; many thousands slake their 
 thirst here. A sulphur spring is also close at hand. Its 
 water equals, both in point of quantity and quality, that of 
 the celebrated White Sulphur Spring of Virginia. Standing 
 at the head of the ladder we have named, the visitor finds 
 himself surrounded by stalactites ; they are above as well 
 as about him. With little or no aid of the imagination, 
 these stalactites may be taken for magnificent clusters of 
 grapes. Plump, round, and pohshed, they would, even on 
 a nearer inspection, do credit to the sculptor's art. The 
 place w^iere they are found is called Mary's Vineyard, and 
 is the commencement of Cleveland's Avenue, one of the 
 chief glories and wonders of this underground world. 
 
 About one hundred feet from this spot, taking the right, 
 over a rough and rather difficult way, the tourist at last 
 reaches what is called the height or hill. On this stands 
 the Holy Sepulchre. This natural chapel is about twelve 
 feet square ; it has a low ceiHng, and is decorated in the 
 most magnificent style imaginable, having well arranged 
 draperies of stalactite of every possible shape. You go on 
 to the room of the Holy Sepulchre adjoining. Unlike the 
 place you have left, it is without ornament or decoration of 
 any kind whatever ; it presents nothing but dark and bare 
 walls, and has been hkened by many who have been there, 
 
66 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 to a charnel house. In the centre of this room, which stands 
 but a few feet below the Chapel, the visitor will be shown 
 what seems to be a grave hewn out of the sohd rock. So 
 great is the resemblance as to have suggested to a Roman 
 Catholic priest the exclamation which has since passed as 
 its name. The reverend gentleman referred to, no sooner 
 cast his eyes upon this opening in the rock, than he cried 
 out, on bended knees, and with upHfted hands, "The Holy 
 Sepulchre ! The Holy Sepulchre !" 
 
 This reminds us very forcibly of an occurrence we wit- 
 nessed some years since, at the annual exhibition in London 
 of the late Haydon's pictures. Among them was a repre- 
 sentation of the Crucifixion — so life-like in all its details, 
 and so melancholy true in its chief figure — that of the dead 
 Messiah, that an eminent foreigner, a Catholic, on seeing it, 
 threw himself, it seemed instinctively, on his knees, and 
 kissed the canvas. 
 
 Returning from the Holy Sepulchre, the tourist com- 
 mences his wanderij;'igs through Cleveland's Avenue. It is 
 of considerable length, extending from one end to the other, 
 three miles ; while its height and width are respectively 
 fifteen and seventy feet. This Avenue is truly magnificent ; 
 it may be designated one of the most magnificent objects in 
 the world. It is replete with formations that are to be seen 
 in no other places ; which even the dullest cannot behold 
 without experiencing sensations quite new to them, but 
 which, in the cultivated and intellectual, awaken feelings of 
 rapture. 
 
 Professor Locke has designated some of these formations 
 as onlophilites, or curled leaf stones ; in lecturing on them, 
 he says, — "They are unlike anything yet discovered, equally 
 beautiful for the cabinet of the amateur, and interesting to 
 the geological philosopher." 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 67 
 
 Another gentleman, (a clergyman,) also speaks of these 
 formations. His remarks are to the following effect. 
 
 So exquisite and beautiful is Cleveland's Avenue, (the 
 place where they are found) that it is out of the power of 
 painter or poet to conceive anything like it. Such loveli- 
 ness cannot, indeed, he described. Were the sovereigns of 
 wealthy states to spend their all on the most skillful lapi- 
 daries they could find, with the view of rivaling the splen- 
 dor of this truly regal abode, the attempt would be entirely 
 vain. What then, is left for the narrator ? People must 
 see it ; and then they will be convinced that all attempts at 
 adequate description are useless. The Cabinet was disco- 
 vered by Mr. Patten of Louisville, and Mr. Craig of Phila- 
 delphia, accompanied by the guide Stephen. It extends 
 in nearly a direct line, about one mile and a half, ^some 
 persons say two miles). It is a perfect arch of fifty feet 
 span, and of an average height of ten feet in the centre, — 
 just high enough to be viewed at ease in all its parts. It 
 is encrusted from end to end with the most beautiful forma- 
 tions, in every variety of form. The base of the whole is 
 carbonate (sulphate) of lime, in one part of dazzling white- 
 ness, and perfectly smooth ; and in other places, crystallized 
 so as to glitter like diamonds in the light. Growing from 
 this, in endless diversified forms, is a substance resembling 
 solenite, translucent and imperfectly laminated. It is most 
 probably sulphate of lime (a gypsum) combined with sul- 
 phate of magnesia. Some of the crystals bear a striking 
 resemblance to branches of celery, and all are about the 
 same length, while others, a foot or more in length, have 
 the color and appearance of vanilla cream candy. Others 
 are set in sulphate of lime, in the form of a rose ; and 
 others still roll out from the base in forms resembling the 
 ornaments on the capital of a Corinthian column. Some of 
 
G8 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 the incrustations are massive and splendid, others are as 
 delicate as the Jily, or as fancy work of shell or wood. Let 
 any person think of traversing an arched way like this for 
 a mile and a half, and all the wonders of the tales of youth 
 — not forgetting those gorgeous fictions, " The Arabian 
 Nights," seem tame and uninteresting, when brought into 
 comparison with the living, growing reality. The term 
 <^''' growing" is not a misnomer ; the process is going on 
 before your eyes. Successive coats of these incrustations 
 have been perfected, and then crowded off by others ; so 
 that hundreds of tons of these gems lie at your feet, and are 
 crushed as you pass, while the work of restoring the orna- 
 ments for Nature's boudoir is proceeding around you. 
 Here and there through the whole extent, you will find 
 openings in the side, into which you may thrust the person, 
 and often stand erect in little grottos, perfectly incrusted 
 with a delicate white substance, reflecting the light from a 
 thousand glittering points. Many visitors are so enraptured 
 with the place, thati they cannot repress exclamations of 
 surpise or worship. With general unity of form and ap- 
 pearance, there is considerable variety in the Cabinet. 
 The Snow Ball Room for example, is a secretion of the cave 
 described above, some two hundred feet in length, entirely 
 different from the adjacent parts ; its appearance being aptly 
 indicated by its name. If a hundred rude school boys had 
 but an hour before completed their day's sport, by throwing 
 a thousand snow balls against the roof, while an equal 
 number were scattered about the floor, and all petrified, it 
 would have presented precisely such a scene as you witness 
 in this room of Nature's frolic. These " snow balls" are a 
 perfect anomaly among all the extraordinary forms of crys- 
 tallization. They result, it is supposed, from an unusual 
 combination of the sulphates of lime and magnesia, with a 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 69 
 
 carbonate of the former. We found here and elsewhere in 
 the cabinet, fine specimens of the sulphate of magnesia, 
 (Epsom salts) a foot or two long, and three inches in thick- 
 ness. 
 
 Leaving the quiet and beautiful cabinet, you come sud- 
 denly on the Rocky Mountains. Compared to the previous 
 scenes, they furnish a contrast so bold and striking as almost 
 to startle the visitor. Clambering up the rough sides some 
 thirty feet, he passes close under the roof of the cavern he 
 has just left, and finds before him an immense transverse 
 cave, one hundred feet or more from the ceiling to the floor, 
 with a huge pile of rocks half filhng the hiiher side : they 
 were probably dashed from the roof in the great earth- 
 quake of 1811. Taking the left hand branch, the tourist is 
 soon brought to "Croghan's Hall," which is nine miles from 
 the mouth, and is the farthest point explored in that direc- 
 tion. The "Hall is fifty or sixty feet in diameter, and 
 perhaps thirty-five feet high, of a semi-circular form. 
 Fronting the visitor, as he enters, are massive stalactites, 
 ten or fifteen feet in length, attached to the rocks like sheets 
 of ice, and of a brilliant color. The rock projects near the 
 floor, and then recedes with a regular and graceful curve 
 or swell, leaving a cavity of several feet in width, between 
 it and the floor. At intervals, around this swell, stalactites 
 of various forms are suspended, and behind the sheet of 
 stalactites first described, are numerous stalagmites, in 
 fanciful forms. The curious often bring some of them 
 away. On the last occasion of our visit to the Mammoth 
 Cave, we saw one which bore a strong resemblance to the 
 horns of a deer, being nearly translucent. In the centre of 
 this hall a very large stalactite hangs from the roof, and a 
 corresponding stalagmite rises from the floor, about three 
 feet in height and a foot in diameter, of an amber color, 
 
 7 
 
70 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 perfectly smooth and translucent like the other formations. 
 On the right is a deep pit, down which the water dashes 
 from a cascade that pours from the roof. Other avenues 
 could be most likely found, by sounding the sides of the 
 pit, if any one had the courage to attempt the descent. 
 While in the part of the cave we have been describing, 
 the visitor is far enough away from terra supra; and his 
 dinner, which he has left at the Vineyard, claims his atten- 
 tion. He hastens back to the Rocky Mountains, and takes 
 the branch which he has left on his right hand, when 
 emerging from the Cabinet Pursuing the uneven path for 
 some distance, he reaches Serena's Arbor, which was 
 lately discovered by one of the guides, named Mat. The 
 descent to the Arbor seems so full of peril, from the position 
 of the loose rocks around it, that many tourists will not 
 venture it. Those, however, who have scrambled down, 
 regard this as the very crowning object of interest — the ne 
 plus ultra of their explorations. The Arbor is not more 
 than twelve feet in diameter, and about the same in height, 
 of a circular form ; but is, of itself, floor, sides, roof, and 
 ornaments, one perfect, seamless stalactite of a beautiful 
 hue, and exquisite workmanship. Stalactitic matter, in 
 the shape of blades or folds, hangs like a drapery around 
 the sides, and reaches half way to the floor ; while opposite 
 the door, a canopy of stone projects. It is most chastely 
 and elegantly ornamented, and has been truly designated a 
 " fit resting place for a fairy bride." Everything about it 
 seems fresh and new. But the invisible and unknown 
 arranger has not quite completed this, — his master piece ; 
 for the visitor can see the pure water trickling down its 
 tiny channels, and perfecting the delicate points of some of 
 the stalactites. Truly may the man exploring this portion 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 71 
 
 of the Mammoth Cave, qucte Holy Writ, and say, referring 
 to the glittering things about him, — 
 
 *' That Solomon, in all his glory, was not like one of these." 
 
 But beautiful and extraordinary as are the formations in 
 this avenue, it has been shorn of its lustre to some extent. 
 Young ladies, whose elders and parents should have taught 
 them better, have, acting on a criminal, though pretty gene- 
 ral impulse, broken from the walls, and that too, in violation 
 of the published rules, those exquisite productions of the 
 Almighty Power, which required perhaps a hundred ages 
 to perfect ; and these have been destroyed in a minute. 
 
 This want of veneration and care for the beautiful in 
 either Nature or Art, finds its agreeable antithesis in many 
 European countries. We will mention the small cave of 
 Adelburg, belonging to the Emperor of Austria, in substan- 
 tiation of what we have said. The cave in question has 
 been placed under the protecting care of Government. 
 Oufrht not the same thin^ be done with the Mammoth Cave ? 
 Consider its mineralogical treasures alone, and the answer 
 must be in the affirmative. 
 
 On his return from Serena's Bower, the visitor will pass, 
 on his left, the mouth of an avenue, upwards of two miles 
 in length, and of great height and width. A hall will be 
 found at the termination. This avenue is generally sup- 
 posed to be longer than any other in the Cave. Midway 
 between the commencement and termination of Cleveland's 
 Avenue is a huge rock. It is nearly circular, quite flat at 
 the top, and three feet in height. This is appropriately 
 called the "Dining Table." It is of great capacity, more 
 than one hundred persons occasionally seating themselves 
 around it. Here, by the aid of the guides (who are picked 
 men, so far as general knowledge and obliging manners are 
 
72 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 ^egarded^, the banquet is often spread, and the operation is 
 no sooner concluded, than the guests fall to with a gusto 
 the reader will be able to imagine. 
 
 The air of the Cave, with the circumstances attendant 
 on its exploration, seem to inspire the visitors, and accord- 
 ingly, many brilliant repartees and sayings are exchanged. 
 The banquet is, indeed, two-fold ; for while it can be called, 
 in one respect, the "feast of reason and the flow of soul," 
 with equal justice it can be designated, in a physical sense, 
 as worthy of Ude himself. 
 
 In the midst of laughter and enjoyment, our friends, the 
 visitors of this magnificent Mammoth Cave, have forgotten 
 all past cause for grief, anticipate no evil for the future. 
 Like the hero and heroine of Byron's latest poem, it may 
 be said of them, — 
 
 a 
 
 " The present, like a tyrant, liolds them fast." 
 
 But, presently, the speech is broken. By what? Is there 
 anything sufficiently potent to dispel so extatic a state of 
 existence ? Yes, and what is more, the agency is remark- 
 ably sim.ple, being no more than a hint from the guide, that 
 the river may possibly rise, and shut him and his compa- 
 nions up there. Then how sudden is the move ! how 
 quickly does the uplifted morsel drop from the mouth ! and 
 W'hat a rattle there is of plates and dishes ! Nevertheless, 
 the hint of the guide is only an innocent i^use. Experience 
 is the parent of judgment, and the quahty in him is con- 
 summate. He sees the strong admiration of those near 
 him — an admiration that promises to keep them where they 
 are till long past midnight; and he knows the only rnode 
 whereby he can work out his intent, is an appeal to what 
 is perhaps the strongest passion of the soul — fear. The 
 deception is soon dispelled ; not so, however, until various 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 73 
 
 stuml)les have been made by the visitors in their hurry to 
 reach the Echo. And when they do reach it, great is their 
 joy at finding that it has not risen. 
 
 It must not be concluded that all objects of interest have 
 been left behind. Far from it: the visitors, on their way 
 to the hotel, have much to awaken profound sensations in 
 their bosoms. The stillness — how deep is that ! and how 
 solemnly magnificent is the scene in all its details ! What 
 is that which bursts upon the silence ? Are the rocks tum- 
 bling to pieces ? or is the solid earth itself bursting into 
 milHons of fragments? These are the questions that are 
 mentally put. But the continued echoes in the Gave explain 
 the cause. A pistol has been fired, and like thunder among 
 the hills, it reverberates through the thousand sinuosities 
 of this caverned earth. 
 
 Presently, our friends begin to have a thought or two 
 concerning the time. They have seen so much since they 
 entered the Cave, and so varied and powerful have been the 
 sensations upcalled, that they cannot be expected to have 
 any very strict idea of the hour. Of one thing, however, 
 they are certain — it is, that one night at least has passed 
 over their heads. Approaching the entrance, their "assur- 
 ance is doubly assured ; " for lo ! there, afar, are the first 
 gloamings of the new day. Fallible human nature! you 
 have committed another mistake : that is not the rising sun ; 
 it is that mighty luminary upon his western throne. So- 
 lemnly, and, oh, how beautifully, does he sink away from 
 vision ; and with what thoughts, kindred of the scene around 
 them, do the tourists seek the pleasant abode they quitted 
 some twelve hours since ! 
 
 In the course of our descriptive matter, we have not, we 
 beheve, said anything relative to the proprietorship of the 
 Mammoth Cave. It is now, and has been for some time 
 
74 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 past, in the possession of St. George Croghan, Esq., son of 
 the late Dr. Croghan. He is a resident of Louisville, and 
 a gentleman of great enterprise. He has made many dis- 
 coveries in the Cave. Some time since Mr. Croghan, while 
 exploring an avenue of recent discovery, found a young 
 child lying on the ground. From the bloom upon its cheek, 
 and other indications of vitality, the worthy gentleman very 
 naturally concluded that it had strayed into the Cave, and 
 belonged to one of the farmers in the neighborhood. He 
 felt the little stranger's cheek, and was perfectly astounded 
 to find it cold. The child was dead. Mr. Croghan, as 
 soon as he had come to this melancholy conviction, ordered 
 the body to be carried to the hotel, that it might be claimed 
 by the parents ; but neither father nor mother came ; and 
 to add to the worthy gentleman's surprise, after the lapse 
 of twenty-four hours, there was nothing left but ashes. 
 This circumstance must be taken as a striking proof rela- 
 tive to the purity of the air in the Cave. Anything placed 
 there — ^^even the hodf of a deceased man, woman or child, 
 on which decay, under ordinary circumstances, is always 
 the speediest to lay its <' effacing fingers" — preserves the 
 freshness of life ; but submit it to the atmosphere without, 
 and then how swiftly is the great fiat of the Almighty 
 fulfilled ! 
 
 "Ashes to ashes — dust to dust." 
 
 We feel that we should be neglecting one part of our 
 duties, were we to omit the enumeration of the advantages 
 that are connected with a visit to the Mammoth Cave, Ken- 
 tucky. Here we append them. 
 
 No accident more serious than an occasional stumble, 
 causing little pain, but not so much as a discoloration, 
 has ever been known to occur here. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 75 
 
 Visitors, both on entering and departing from the Cave, 
 are not hkely to contract colds. They are, on the contrary, 
 usually dispelled by a visit to this mighty and beautiful 
 natural object. 
 
 In no part of the Cave is there to be found air of the 
 slightest impurity. 
 
 In the Cave, a boast made erroneously by the Irish nation 
 has been fully reahzed, for there no reptile has ever been 
 found. It seems as though a charm prevailed there, to bid 
 them away. Neither do quadrupeds trouble the Cave with 
 their presence. 
 
 In every part of the Mammoth Cave, combustion is 
 perfect. 
 
 Decomposition, and its loathsome adjunct, putrefaction, 
 have never been found here. 
 
 The water of the Cave, exquisitely pure, is generally 
 fresh ; and there are, besides, one or two sulphur springs. 
 
 There are two hundred and twenty-six avenues in this 
 magnificent Cave ; forty-seven domes ; eight cataracts ; and 
 twenty-three pits. 
 
 The temperature of the place is 59° Fahrenheit, and 
 remains precisely the same, winter and summer. 
 
 No sound, not even the loudest peal of thunder, can be 
 heard beyond the distance of one quarter of a mile in the 
 Cave. 
 
 We have mentioned in a former part of our details, the 
 many testimonies that have been borne by different persons 
 to the surpassing beauty and grandeur of the Mammoth 
 Cave. The following are to be found in the book kept at 
 the neighboring hotel: — 
 
 ^' I have stood near the summit of Etna, watched the 
 working waters of the Mselstroom, seen the glaciers of Ice- 
 land, visited the Giant's Causeway, stood on Termination 
 
76 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 Rocks, at the Niagara Falls ; but never saw any thing 
 that could come up to the Mammoth Cave, in extent, beauty, 
 grandeur, and variety. 
 
 J. A. G." 
 
 Query. — Where are your eyes ? Why, hundreds come 
 up to it every year. 
 
 Among ihe prose testimonies (we shall insert some poeti- 
 cal ones) of which the Mammoth Cave has been the subject, 
 we shall be pardoned the insertion of the following. The 
 first letter, now in the hands of the publishers, is, it will 
 be perceived, from that liberal and accomplished woman. 
 Lady Emmeline Stuart Wortiey, who was recently a visitor 
 here, and whose impressions of the United States have just 
 been issued from the press. 
 
 "New Yokk, Nov. 20th, 1850. 
 "My Dear Sir: 
 
 ** The hurry of my arrangements previous to my departure 
 for England, will lyot permit me to say ' good-by ' to 
 your family and yourself a second time. I, however, trust 
 that the day is not far distant when we shall meet again. I 
 have already conversed with you relative to my opinions of 
 the United States, so far as its government and social life 
 are concerned ; I have also, I believe, expressed ([ fear un- 
 worthily) the admiration which its natural beauties have 
 upcalled within my very ' heart of hearts.' Among these 
 let me instance the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. This is 
 a place which all tourists should visit — so magnificent, ex- 
 traordinary, and gigantic in its several details, as, in itself 
 alone, to well repay a voyage across the broad Atlantic. 
 During my short but pleasant stay in America, I was a 
 frequent visitor at the Cave ; and in every succeeding 
 occasion I found fresh cause for admiration. Though a 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 77 
 
 humble and trusting believer in the truths of Christianity, I 
 am, nevertheless, persuaded that the Almighty has im- 
 pressed certain characteristics on some of His works, to 
 prove His existence and to vindicate His power, to the 
 children of men ; and never, I can safely say, Avere those 
 evidences more strikingly displayed than in the Mammoth 
 Cave. 
 
 " Let ever}'- person visit it who can ; and at the same time, 
 not forget the home attractions of the neighboring hctel. I, 
 with many others, have tested them : no report, written or 
 oral, can do them justice. 
 
 ***** 
 
 I am. 
 
 My dear sir. 
 Yours very faithfully, 
 Emmeline Stuart Wortley.'* 
 
 Some circumstances of considerable interest were con- 
 nected with this amiable lady's visit to the United States. 
 She is the daughter of the venerable Duke of Rutland, 
 between whom and the Hon. Daniel Webster, a warm 
 friendship has long existed. Both at the time the ^ Glorious 
 Daniel ' was in Great Britain and since, the Duke of Rut- 
 land has been warmly pressed by him to pay a visit to 
 America ; but though the promise to do so has been given, 
 it has not been realized — solely because official duties on 
 one side and the encroachments of age on the other have 
 stood in the way. The daughter, knowing this to be the 
 case, felt that she could be the proxy of her parent, and 
 gratify a wish she had long entertained, at the same time. 
 She came to the United States, was a sharer of Mr. Web- 
 ster's hospitalities, and has since returned to England to do 
 
78 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 what few British tourists of rank have hitherto done — 
 namely, to speak favorably of the Western Republic. 
 
 The annexed letter is from another English personage of 
 high rank and talents. 
 
 ''Boston, June 3(7, 1851. 
 <<My Dear Sir: 
 
 " Last week I had the pleasure of exploring, with several 
 other persons, the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. I make 
 use of the term < pleasure ' in no conventional sense, but 
 in its true and honest one, as significant of a happy feehng. 
 
 <' I have described many things in my hfe, with, I believe, 
 some force and capacity, but were you to offer me the world, 
 I could not, either to my own or your satisfaction, describe 
 what I have seen in the monarch of caves from which I 
 have just come. 
 
 <^I can but speak in the way of likeness or analogy. 
 Well, then, I must say that in the Mammoth Cave is a 
 cathedral in which any Lord Primate might be proud to 
 preach, did not the solemnity of the place admonish all hu- 
 manity to humbleness — a cathedral whose gigantic buttresses 
 and delicately wrought friezes, quatre foils, fee, are res- 
 pectively as bold and minute as any ever found in the great 
 Christian Temples of the upper world. 
 
 ^"^ There are portions of the Cave called ^Arbors,' a fit 
 title ; fanciful in their arrangement, and beautiful in their 
 colors, they are fit for the reposing places of the prettiest 
 fairies that ever danced in a ring beneath the moonlight. 
 Then there are .chambers of Cimmerian gloom — quite cha- 
 otic ; but which, when they catch the re fiectionof light, display 
 stalactites of brilliant hues, hanging as it were in mid air: 
 and afar overhead, a second firmament studded with stars. 
 
 "- We are taken along a river named after, andhke what 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 79 
 
 the imagination may conceive of the fabled Styx. How 
 silent is all upon the shores of this river. How appropriate 
 it seems, as a flood running between two worlds ! Then there 
 are Domes — large and beautiful ; avenues of miles' length ; 
 chambers, water-falls, and recesses. Verily they must all 
 be seen to be understood. 
 
 "- The neiohborhood itself is a delicrhtful one. Amono; its 
 chief recommendations are the comfort and courtesies tourists 
 from all nations can find at the Cave Hotel. He, indeed, 
 must be a grumbler, and out of sorts with the world, who 
 
 cannot make himself at home there. 
 
 ****** 
 
 "• Yours ever, very truly, 
 
 " G. P. James." 
 
 We conclude our letters with the following. It is from 
 an Italian painter of high repute ; who, after giving to the 
 world, by the aid of his pencil, many of the exquisite scenes 
 of his own land, has come to America, for the express pur- 
 pose of studying its features of pictorial sublimity. 
 
 "Louisville, May 14^A, 1851. 
 ^^ Dear Friend : 
 
 "The Mammoth Cave in Kentucky is, indeed, a wonder. 
 I have visited it day after day, and can safely assert that I 
 never saw anything in Nature to surpass it, in features of 
 true grandeur and sublimity. 
 
 ^' I repeat, that my imperfect knowledge of the language 
 spoken in this country, will not permit me to discuss more 
 clearly than I do, the scenes which this extraordinary Cave 
 presents ; but now I think again, I do not regret my imper- 
 fection on that point, for I iee\, that were la native, I could 
 not speak as the reality demands I should. 
 
 "There is mutuality between all things great and beau- 
 tiful : thus, a picture is often painted to the imagination by 
 
80 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 tones of music, — and we hear rare melody by means of a 
 picture. These analogies are perfect in the Mammoth Cave ; 
 and besides, great judgment seems to have been exercised 
 in naming the different divisions. "^ The Bottomless Pit" 
 and '* Serena's Arbor" were, tome at least, striking examples 
 of this. The first, indeed, seems to be deep beyond the 
 plummet's reach ; the other is fanciful and beautiful to an 
 extreme. The Domes, too— what shall I say of them ? they 
 are full of grandeur. 
 
 ^^ Before I close my letter, I will relate an anecdote to you, 
 in connection with this Mammoth Cave. I had returned 
 from my tenth visit, and was quietly seated at my supper 
 beneath the hospitable roof of the Cave Hotel, when who 
 
 should come suddenly upon me but my old friend . He 
 
 questioned me about what I had seen, told me he should 
 commence his own visits to the Cave next morning. So an 
 
 hour passed, when starting up, exclaimed, ^' But I don't 
 
 know wether this Cave can be worth, exploring or not, since 
 you have so little to Jsay about it. The truth is that I felt, 
 as I have stated myself here to be, incapable of giving any 
 thing Hke a proper descriptionof the wonders the intelligent 
 guides had pointed out to me. I said, in reply to my friend, 
 '^ Wait till to-morrow morning, when you will be able to 
 judge for yourself." He did so, and when he came back 
 in the evening, and also on several evenings subsequently, 
 he was less profuse of words then I had been, though his 
 admiration, I am convinced, was equal to my own. 
 
 * * sK * * * 
 
 ^' I need not speak to you of the ready attention and 
 urbanity of the gentleman who holds sway at the Cave 
 Hotel. You have experienced them, and I hope you will 
 inform other persons of them. 
 
 '' Yours, very truthfully, 
 
 <' Marco Pogliani." 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 81 
 
 The following poetical attestations of the Cave's wonders 
 and beauties, are perhaps not the worst specimens that 
 have been published. They are from the pens of different 
 tourists, who, it will be perceived, have chosen their own 
 particular subjects : — 
 
 ON THE ENTRANCE TO THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 To wliat new world are we now tending? 
 
 Is it one of pain and sin ? 
 Whither are our footsteps wending ? 
 
 How darkness hems us in ! 
 That stream of water falling quick- 
 How ominous its tone : 
 We pause— we tremble — we are sick, 
 
 And feel deserted— lone. 
 The water falleth in a pit, 
 
 Like tears of those who weep ; 
 Far over head deep gloom doth sit, 
 
 And Nature is asleep. 
 On, on we go— soon cheer'd in soul, 
 
 For we are told that light. 
 Bursting from stern night's control. 
 Is near to trance our sight. 
 8 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 83 
 
 ON THE GRAND GALLERY. 
 
 With roof magnificent, like mighty minds, 
 
 (So manifest in their commandings) 
 Thou standest, naught of aid from things 
 
 Lesser than thyself, demanding. 
 No hand of mortal man hath trac'd upon 
 
 Thy borders, forms of such rare beauty, 
 As to our raptured sense there now presents, 
 
 And unto which we bow in duty : 
 Aye, bow, and lowly, too, for God hath grav'd 
 
 On thee, much that of Himself doth tell ; 
 And storm-defying, they remain for e'er. 
 Proof even against Time's potent spell 
 
MAxMiMOTIl CAVE. 85 
 
 ON AUDUBON AVENUE. 
 
 Silent and cloud-like, yonder roof seems moving, 
 
 Gray in its hue, and awful in its form : 
 What can it be ? a sigu of Heaven's reproving ? 
 
 Or herald of the approaching storm ? 
 Neither ; and soon we know, for high aloft, 
 
 Quick catching light, that burns nor scorches, 
 A multitude of gems, of colors soft, 
 
 Meet the full flame of lighted torches. 
 How beautiful the scene ! it is as tho' 
 
 The Voice omnipotent which made us all, 
 Had spoken once again, and bade light flow, 
 
 To banish hence for e'er, night's ebon pall. 
 
MAxMiMOTIl CAVE. 87 
 
 ON THE LITTLE BAT ROOM. 
 
 Where is the man can count them — 
 
 Those gloomy looking things, 
 Lying in torpidity, 
 
 Till Spring expands their wings ? 
 Can they e'er awake to life, 
 
 They seem so very dead ? 
 Can they cleave a way thro' air, 
 
 AVhere iSow'rs and winds are wed ? 
 Yes : of death and after-life, 
 
 Significant are they — 
 We lie torpid in the earth, 
 
 Till the Eternal Day, 
 Oh, 'tis well to ponder o'er 
 
 Things like those now near us — 
 Tho' they speak of life and death, 
 
 Still their end 's to cheer xis. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 89 
 
 ON THE CHURCH. 
 
 The mind-dircctcd Iv.ind of rnau 
 
 Rare wonders oft hatli wrought ; 
 To piles of beauty and of poAver 
 
 High treasure he hath brought. 
 In the Old World there now are seen 
 
 Great monuments of Art, — 
 Gazing on which the soul expands, 
 
 And purer grows the heart. 
 Ancient Churches of renown, 
 
 Where the grand organ's swell, 
 Ami [)artnor'd voices make us tliink 
 
 Wc 'niong the angels dwell ; 
 When the stain'd glass of ages past, 
 
 Tresenteth to the sight, 
 The Life and Death of Him we love, 
 
 In hues of Hcav'n's own light. 
 When toml>s of those who, in their day. 
 
 Walked lordly on the earth, 
 A) e close beside the humble beds 
 
 Of lowly peasant worth. 
 
90 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 How beautiful must service be 
 
 Performed in such a fane ! 
 How all unlikely men should feel, 
 
 Beneath its shadows vain ! 
 But look around, and say if aught 
 
 Of man's work hath appeared, 
 So truly great, and so sublime. 
 
 As this which God hath rear'd. 
 Hence we require no organ tone, 
 
 With other sounds, to give 
 Due sanctity to scenes around — 
 
 Faith's self doth with us live. 
 No blazon'd scutch' on here's requir'd — 
 
 No banner old and torn : — 
 The thoughts that elevate us here, 
 
 Are not by service worn ; 
 The song that's sung, the prayer that's breath'd, 
 
 Inspired by love's own flow. 
 In accents of unstudied force, 
 
 To God, up gushing go. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 91 
 
 ON THE MUMMY FOUND IN THE CAVE. 
 
 The tenure of our stay on earth is fleeting, 
 
 Tho' in extravagance of our conception, 
 We take for stable what is but a reed, 
 
 And often find, too late, that all's deception. 
 How petty are our aims of life ! how fickle 
 
 The friends we put our trust in, and most estimate ! 
 How glowing are the hues we paint our hopes in ! 
 
 How more than earth can yield of happiness our fate ! 
 Oh, we need monitors to tell us truly. 
 
 The one great secret of our world-creation, — 
 That knowing all there is to know, our spirits 
 
 May not succumb to gloom or consternation. 
 Ponder well over that mummy form, so stark, 
 
 And it will tell thee that 'tis best, alone to fix 
 The inmost soul where, thron'd above the Heavens, 
 
 Sits One in whom eternity and love do mix. 
 Oh, who, beholding thee, to earth returning, 
 
 Will prate of older lineage with a brow elate : 
 Let thy remembrance keep him dumb, thou Mummy, — 
 
 How many hundreds of his sei-ies dost thou out-date. 
 
MAMMOTH GAVE. 
 
 93 
 
 ON THE LOVER'S LEAP. 
 
 Beautiful women, beware 
 Where your glances fall, 
 Else they may from manly hearts 
 
 Tender feelings call ; 
 And if it should happen so, 
 
 Love met no return — 
 That frost and snow alone were where 
 
 Summer's sun should burn ; — 
 Then how terrible might be 
 
 The mishaps of those — 
 The disappointed Nightingales 
 
 Of a froward rose. 
 Let not such discarded wights 
 
 Come to Mammoth Cave, 
 
 If they have a wish to live, 
 
 Or their limbs to save. 
 
 Like the knell of Banquo brave, 
 Manifest to sight, 
 The " Lover's Leap" — alas ! 
 Will Macbeth "invite." 
 
 9 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 95 
 
 ON THE GREAT BALL ROOM. 
 
 Shame on thy ehiborations, 
 
 Artificial man; 
 What is all thy genius ? 
 'Tis circled by a span. 
 Often, often do we hear 
 
 Of thy splendid meetings 
 Where exchang'd are lovely smiles, 
 
 And affection's greetings. 
 Satins, silks and gems are there — 
 
 Music, too, doth breathe ; 
 While the richest flow'rs of earth. 
 
 Cunningly ye wreathe. 
 But, tho' all is splendid there — 
 
 Luring to the eye. 
 And the air comes fitfully, 
 
 Like a perfumed sigh ; 
 Here we do behold a scene 
 Ye never could achieve, 
 And in which the fancy ne'er. 
 Save seeing, could believe. 
 
UUJDE TO THE 
 
 Fairy footsteps well might IhH 
 On this sounding floor, 
 
 Tender vows of constancy, 
 Fairies here might pour. 
 
 Oh, how well can we imagine 
 A scene so gorgeous here ! 
 
 Shunning views of lordly life, 
 
 ' Which the spirits sear. 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 97 
 
 ON THE GIANT'S COFFIN. 
 
 Let there be liglit !" such were the words 
 
 God utter'd long ago ; 
 When darkness like a murky cloud, 
 
 Descended quick and low. 
 And now it seems His voice again, 
 
 The mandate high had given, — 
 For see ! how beautiful the scene, 
 
 As fair as yonder Heaven ; 
 Where'er we gaze around, we see 
 
 Gems multiplied, and beaming 
 Thro' what was naught but darkness late- 
 Like hope 'mid anguish gleaming ; 
 Let us but trust, that when oppress'd 
 
 By pain, by care or sorrow, 
 We may have made manifest. 
 
 Such a glorious morrow — 
 The likeness of the change that now 
 
 Charmeth the soul and eyesight ; 
 Let us believe it will be so, 
 
 As sunrise followeth night ! 
 9* 
 
MAxMMOTII CAVE. 99 
 
 ON THE STAR CHAMBER. 
 
 HoAV beautiful yon sky appears, 
 
 How bright each twinkling star ; 
 And look, a comet we now see, 
 
 With awful form, afar, 
 'Tis now in Heaven ; we see it not 
 
 Where we so late did look. 
 What does it mean ? 'tis harbinger 
 
 Of deeds that once earth shook ! 
 Of that dark time when hands were dy'd 
 
 In blood, and carnage sway'd ; 
 When millions rush'd into the fight — 
 
 To win or die — as bade ! 
 Is it a star like that of him, 
 
 Who, in his mad career, 
 Was looked on by his fellow-men 
 
 With wonder or with fear ? 
 Is it like that (ascendant now, 
 
 Large, and outshining all), 
 Destin'd to a dark reverse, 
 
 Doom'd to a sudden fall ? 
 
1CH> GUIDE TC* THE 
 
 Aje, no ; no firmament is tiutt 
 
 Ye gaze on, high- atove, — 
 Xo stars are ther now tuiakling. 
 
 Like ejes that watch for love. 
 "Tis the great Care's firm roof itself. 
 
 That doth attract the gaze, — 
 Those are its rariegated gems 
 
 Of nerer-fadins blaze. 
 
mamm<jth cave. 101 
 
 ON THE FAIEY GROTTO. 
 
 Some Fairy of the olden time 
 Her dwelling sure iiad here. 
 And here she rested, with no grief 
 
 To shade h.er spirits clear. 
 How fi-t tKe place for one like her — 
 
 So fanciful and light — 
 A. creature jocund as the dawn. 
 
 An d as the morning bright. 
 A spot like this did he, tiie Bard 
 
 Of Avon's flowery stream. 
 Imagine, wkere, in "phrenzy fine," 
 
 He had his wanton "Dream." 
 Titania here might move along. 
 
 And Puck his frolics play. 
 And Hermia in her race of love. 
 
 Out-pace the hours of day. 
 The fancy sees them passing now. 
 
 How beautiful they seem I 
 And now the/re gone — we have th.em not. 
 They've vanish' d in tlie gloom. 
 
MAMMOTH OAVE. 
 
 103 
 
 ON THE ^MOUNTAIN. 
 
 As we go onward, the o'ev-nrching dome 
 
 Seems to move with us every step we take. 
 Like to the sky, when on the earth we roam, 
 
 And find few things about, the view to break : 
 Or like accusing Conscience, hunting one 
 
 Who, after he has done some deed of ill, 
 Fearing a capture, public ways doth shun, 
 
 Fancying the Avenger near him still. 
 Then in the profound of gloom we mingle, 
 
 And feel not of the living earth, nor near 
 Our fellows' habitations— single 
 
 In sense, we stand : all, all around how drear ! 
 But light, the talisman of life and man, 
 
 Bursts cheerfully, oh, cheerfully to view : 
 aiory sits thron'd within the caverned span. 
 
 And all seems beautiful, and proud, and new. 
 Domes of the far renowned Romish pile. 
 
 And ye, Sophia— and ye, too, preacher Paul, 
 What are your glories unto those that smile. 
 
 On this huge " Mountain," and about us fall ! 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 105 
 
 ON THE RIVER SCENE. 
 
 Sure we are tending to some world of doom, 
 
 And from our own have gone forever ; 
 How very awful is this circling gloom ! 
 
 How loudly sounds that one word, never ! 
 Never! we hear it still. Alas ! we know 
 
 All of our pleasant waj's are ended ; 
 No more shall music o'er our senses flow — 
 
 Darkness and horror here are blended. 
 Or, when light glimmers o'er the wide expanse, 
 
 (Its stream, and arched rocks revealing). 
 Or concentrating in a point the glance, 
 
 We see red eyes upon us gleaming. 
 What are they — those red eyes of fearful glare, 
 
 Now shining o'er the dim, dark wave ? 
 Do they belong to fiends, who, dwellers there. 
 
 Are foes to Him who every blessing gave ? 
 And does the neighboring stream, to which we come 
 
 Anon, Oblivion's waters bring ? 
 Drinking from it, shall all of memory's sun 
 
 Be banish'd hence, like bird upon the wing ? 
 
 10 
 
MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 10^ 
 
 ON SERENA'S ARBOR. 
 
 Well did the monarch wise of old, 
 
 Declare if e'er himself enthron'd, 
 That, spite his ermine and his gold 
 
 There sprung no flow'r that would have own'd, 
 With aught of pride, affinity 
 With such a painted thing as he. 
 
 He said the daisy labored not, 
 
 Nor did the lily spin, 
 But that he knew no king who'd got 
 
 Gems of those flow'rs the twin. 
 No earthly diadem could be 
 Rarer than they in royalty. 
 
108 GUIDE TO THE 
 
 Then, liuman grandeur, check thy pride, 
 
 Man lowly bow thyself, 
 Since simplest Nature can deride 
 
 Thy words of time and pelf. 
 On scenes like this, thou nced'st but gaze 
 To purify thy heart and ways. 
 
NOTES 109 
 
 10* 
 
110 NOTES. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 Ill 
 
112 
 
 NOTES 
 
N0TE8. 
 
 113 
 
114 
 
 NOTES. 
 
NOTES. 115 
 
116 
 
 NOTES. 
 

 
 
 
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