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UNITED STATES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 WORLD WAR 
 
 by 
 
 MELVIN J. GORDON 
 
 OFFICIAL ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1922 
 

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 C1A604200 
 
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THE UNITED STATES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 WORLD WAR 
 
 by 
 
 MELVIN J. GORDON 
 
 The United States entered the World War on April 6th, 
 1917, with pride in thought and sorrow at heart, to justify 
 the principles of peace and justice, and with hope to bring 
 the terrible antagonisms to a successful termination. Many 
 horrible disasters were brought, to the face of the United 
 States, before she took this step. The most vital and final 
 cause of this step, was the sinking of the unarmed Ameri- 
 can steamer **Missourian" which left Genoa, April 4th, 
 1917, with thirty-two Americans among the crew of fifty- 
 three. The crew was saved. Efforts were made by the 
 United States to obtain an account from Germany for this 
 
deplorable act, but no satisfactory answer had been sub- 
 mitted. 
 
 Hence President Wilson called a special meeting of 
 Congress on April 5th, 1917 (the day of the signing of 
 the Joint Resolution, and the declaration of war) and de- 
 livered the Proclamation of State of War and of Alien 
 Enemy Regulations: 
 
 "Whereas the Congress of the United States in the ex- 
 ercise of the constitutional authority vested in them have 
 resolved, by joint resolution of the Senate and House of 
 Representatives bearing date this day 'That the state of 
 war between the United States and the Imperial German 
 Government which has been thrust upon the United States 
 is hereby formally declared' : 
 
 "Whereas it is provided by Section four thousand and 
 sixty-seven of the Revised Statutes, as follows : 
 
 Whenever there is declared a war between the 
 United States and any foreign nation or government, 
 or any invasion of predatory incursion is perpetrated, 
 attempted, or threatened against the territory of the 
 United States, by any foreign nation or government, 
 and the President makes public proclamation of the 
 event, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of lEe 
 hostile nation or government, being males of the age 
 of fourteen years and upwards, who shall be within 
 
the United States, and not actually naturalized, shall 
 be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and 
 removed, as alien enemies. The President is author- 
 ized, in any such event, by his proclamation thereof, 
 or other public act, to direct the conduct to be ob- 
 served, on the part of the United States, toward the 
 aliens who become so liable; the manner and degree 
 of the restraint to which they shall be subject, and 
 in what cases, and upon what security their residence 
 shall be permitted, and to provide for the removal of 
 those who, not being permitted to reside within the 
 United States, refuse or neglect to depart therefrom; 
 and to establish any other regulations which are found 
 necessary in the premises and for the public safety; 
 "Whereas, by Sections four thousand and sixty-eight, 
 four thousand and sixty-nine, and four thousand and 
 seventy, the Revised statutes, further provision is made rel- 
 ative to alien enemies ; 
 
 "Now, therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the 
 United States of America, do hereby proclaim to all whom 
 it may concern that a state of war exists between the 
 United States and the Imperial German Government; and 
 I do specially direct all officers, civil or military, of the 
 United States that they exercise vigilance and zeal in the 
 discharge of the duties incident to such a state of war; 
 
and I do, moreover, earnestly appeal to all American cit- 
 izens that they, in loyal devotion to their country, dedi- 
 cated from its foundation to the principles of liberty and 
 justice, uphold the laws of the land, and give undivided 
 and willing support to those measures which may be 
 adopted by the constitutional authorities in prosecuting the 
 war to a successful issue and in obtaining a secure and 
 just peace; 
 
 "And, acting under and by virtue of the authority vested 
 in me by the Constitution of the United States and the 
 said sections of the Revised Statutes, I do hereby further 
 proclaim and direct that the conduct to be observed on 
 the part of the United States towards all natives, citizens, 
 denizens, or subjects of Germany, being males of the age 
 of fourteen years and upwards, who shall be within the 
 United States and not actually naturalized, who for the 
 purpose of this proclamation and under such sections of 
 the Revised Statutes are termed alien enemies, shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 "All alien enemies are enjoined to preserve the peace 
 towards the United States and to refrain from crime 
 against the public safety, and for violating the laws of 
 the United States and of the States and Territories thereof, 
 and to refrain from actual hostility or giving information, 
 aid or comfort to the enemies of the United States, and to 
 
comply strictly with the regulations which are hereby or 
 which may be from time to time promulgated by the Presi- 
 dent; and so long as they shall conduct themselves in ac- 
 cordance with law, they shall be undisturbed in the peace- 
 ful pursuit of their lives and occupations and be accorded 
 the consideration due to all peaceful and law-abiding per- 
 sons, except so far as restrictions may be necessary for 
 their own protection and for the safety of the United 
 States; and towards such alien enemies as conduct them- 
 selves in accordance with law, all citizens of the United 
 States are enjoined to preserve the peace and to treat them 
 with all such friendliness as may be compatible with 
 loyalty and allegiance to the United States ; 
 
 "And all alien enemies who fail to conduct themselves 
 as so enjoined, in addition to all other penalties prescribed 
 by law, shall be liable to restraint, or to give security, or 
 to remove and depart from the United States in the man- 
 ner prescribed by Sections four thousand and sixty nine 
 and four thousand and seventy of the Revised Statutes, 
 and as prescribed in the regulations duly promulgated by 
 the President ; 
 
 "And pursuant to the authority vested in me, I hereby 
 declare and establish the following regulations, which I 
 find necessary in the premises and for the public safety : 
 
 (1) An alien enemy shall not have in his posses- 
 
sion, at any time or place, any firearm, weapon, or 
 implement of war, or component part thereof, am- 
 munition, maximum or other silencer, bomb or ex- 
 plosive or material used in the manufacture of explo- 
 sives ; 
 
 (2) An alien enemy shall not have in his posses- 
 sion at any time or place or use or operate any air- 
 craft or wireless apparatus, or any form of signalling 
 device, or any form of cipher code, or any paper, doc- 
 ument or book written or printed in cipher or in 
 which there may be invisible writing. 
 
 (3) All property found in the possession of an alien 
 enemy in violation of the foregoing regulations shall 
 be subject to seizure by the United States ; 
 
 (4) An alien enemy shall not approach or be found 
 within one-half of a mile of any Federal or State 
 fort, camp, arsenal, aircraft station. Government or 
 naval vessel, navy yard, factory, or workshop for the 
 manufacture of munitions of war or of any products 
 for the use of the army or navy ; 
 
 (5) An alien enemy shall not write, print, or pub- 
 lish any attack or threats against the Government or 
 Congress of the United States, or either branch there 
 of, or against the measures or policy of the United 
 States, or against the person or property of any per- 
 
 9 
 
son in the military, naval, or civil service of the United 
 States, or of the States or Territories, or of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, or of the municipal governments 
 therein ; 
 
 (6) An alien enemy shall not commit or abet any 
 hostile act against the United States, or give informa- 
 tion, aid or comfort to its enemies; 
 
 (7) An alien enemy shall not reside in or continue 
 to reside in, to remain in, or enter any locality which 
 the President may from time to time designate by Ex- 
 ecutive Order as a prohibited area in which residence 
 by an alien enemy shall be found by him to constitute 
 a danger to the public peace and safety of the United 
 States, except by permit from the President and ex- 
 cept under such limitations or restrictions as the Pres- 
 ident may prescribe; 
 
 (8) An alien enemy whom the President shall have 
 reasonable cause to believe to be aiding or about to 
 aid the enemy, or to be at large to the danger of the 
 public peace or safety of the United States, or to have 
 violated or to be about to violate any of these regula- 
 tions, shall remove to any location designated by the 
 President by Executive Order, or shall not remove 
 therefrom without a permit, or shall depart from the 
 United States if so required by the President ; 
 
 10 
 
(9) No alien enemy shall depart from the United 
 States until he shall have received such permit as the 
 President shall prescribe, or except under order of a 
 court, judge, or justice, under Secftion 4069 and 4070 
 of the Revised Statutes; 
 
 (10) No alien enemy shall land in or enter the 
 United States, except under such restrictions and at 
 such places as the President may prescribe ; 
 
 (11) If necessary to prevent violations of these 
 regulations, all alien enemies will be obliged to 
 register ; 
 
 (12) An alien enemy whom there may be reason- 
 able cause to believe to be aiding or about to aid the 
 enemy, or who may be at large to the danger of the 
 public peace or safety, or who violates or attempts to 
 violate, or of whom there is reasonable ground to be- 
 lieve that he is about to violate, any regulation duly 
 promulgated by the President, or any criminal law of 
 the United States, or of the States or Territories 
 thereof, will be subject to summary arrest by the 
 United States Marshall, or his deputy, or such other 
 officer as the President shall designate, and to confine- 
 ment in such penitentiary, prison, jail, military camp, 
 or other place of detention as may be directed by the 
 President. 
 
 11 
 
"This proclamation and the regulations herein contained 
 shall extend and apply to all land and water, continental 
 or insular, in any way within the jurisdiction of the United 
 States. 
 
 *'IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my 
 hand and cause the seal of the United States to be 
 affixed. 
 
 "Done at the City of Washington, this sixth day of April, 
 in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and 
 seventeen, and of the independence of the United States 
 the one hundred and forty-first. 
 
 "WOODROW WILSON." 
 
 Without loss of a single minute, the great act that 
 made us an ally instead of onlookers was made known 
 to all citizens, natives, denizens and also subjects of the 
 great hostile nation or government. Immediately inter- 
 nal, unified and co-operative action began, among all fel- 
 low-countrymen whose services rendered were received, 
 with greatest, yet indirect, appreciation by the world. In 
 order to fulfill his necessary, honorable and patriotic duty, 
 the man had to join the army, navy, marines, and so forth, 
 to work in a shipyard, clothing factory, food supply house 
 or any other manufacturing plant whose products offered 
 some aid to the great cause. 
 
 The woman's task on the other hand was even greater 
 
 12 
 
than that of the man's. She, in doing her bit, fulfilled 
 the duties of the man who left for other services, and also 
 did home working, such as sewing, knitting, etc., besides 
 other necessary work that was to be done relating to her 
 housework and children's care. 
 
 The call to arms found our country ill-prepared, for the 
 great task which lay before it. No sooner had the news 
 reached the Council of National Defense and its Advisory 
 Commission, that a state of war existed between 
 the United States and the Imperial German Government, 
 when serious work began along the commercial lines. An 
 act, passed by Congress, provided for the Council to con- 
 sist of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture, 
 Commerce, Labor and the Advisory Commission of seven 
 men chosen from civil life, and put in charge, one of trans- 
 portation; another of munitions, another of food, clothing 
 and supplies in general; another of raw materials, min- 
 erals and metals ; another of labor ; another of engineering ; 
 another of medicinal, surgery and sanitation. 
 
 At a meeting held by all railroad oflficials, terms were 
 traced to a standard most beneficial to the cause, and pro- 
 visions for further operation of all railways were drawn 
 up accordingly. In December the railroads were taken 
 over by the Government, and the President appointed the 
 Secretary of the Treasury Director-General. He also made 
 
 13 
 
an appeal to the people asking them to realize the enormous 
 strain the railroads were under at the time, and that they 
 be content to use the coal that was nearest at hand, to 
 avoid congestion and extra work for the crosshand coal. 
 The coal labor shortage was so great that the Mayor of 
 New York City was asked to use the city's street cleaners 
 for the purpose of unloading coal on the New Jersey side. 
 The overwhelming amount of freight due to war industries 
 was the cause of the greatest part of the congestion. To 
 relieve this condition and so make way for the export of 
 fuel and food, traffic was ordered to southern ports, and 
 passenger trains were annulled by hundreds, so that their 
 locomotives might be used for other purposes. 
 
 Mr. Hoover, chairman of the committee on food supply 
 and prices, immediately secured the cooperation of all 
 food distributing agencies who did their utmost to pre- 
 vent waste, speculation, and to increase food production. On 
 April 15th, Pi:esident Wilson made an appeal to the Eco- 
 nomic Board, to increase the production of war material, 
 and to raise food in greater abundance. "We must," he 
 said, **not only supply ourselves, our army and our navy, 
 but a large part of the nations with whom we had made 
 common cause. We must build ships by the hundreds, to 
 carry to the other side of the seas, submarines or no sub- 
 marines, whatever would be needed there." This, there 
 
 14 
 
fore, brought our industries — our farms, mines, ship yards, 
 factories — ^to be more prolific and more provident than 
 ever before. 
 
 An urgent appeal was made, to the farmers, to increase 
 the raising of food stuffs. I feel right in stating that up- 
 on the farmers' shoulders rested half of the task, which 
 our democratic Government undertook; to solve the auto- 
 cratic problem of the world. "Their failure would have 
 meant our country's failure." The response, without 
 a doubt, was greater than that expected. Each farmer 
 did his bit, to raise more food for the benefit of the boys 
 of our own country, and our allies, who offered all they 
 had to safeguard the rights of the world and so protect 
 our country in their democratic act. The farmers' call 
 for help was answered, by thousands of our high school 
 and college boys, who were above the age of fourteen. 
 Other school children were engaged in cultivating their 
 backyards ; a work that was vital to the country. Quoting 
 MacMaster, "To raise food was not all. Quite as important 
 was the use of it." The waste of food had to be stopped, 
 and this Mr. Hoover sought to secure, by specially appeal- 
 ing to the women of the country. 
 
 In order to stop the American habit of wastefulness, 
 and know how and what to save, Mr. Hoover provided a 
 card for each home. This card called for the use of less 
 
 15 
 
wheat, meat, fats, milk, sugar and fuel ; for a larger use of 
 fruits and vegetables. It was declared by Mr. Hoover that 
 one pound of wheat saved each week by each family would 
 mean 150,000,000 bushels for our allies. He also 
 claimed that one ounce of sugar saved daily by every per- 
 son would amount to 1,100,000 tons a year. One-third of 
 an ounce less animal fat each day would save 375,000 tons 
 a year. A nation-wide association — the United States Food 
 Administration — was formed, and each woman above the 
 age of fifteen was asked to join, by signing a card, which 
 pledged that woman to carry out the food saving provision, 
 made by Mr. Hoover. 
 
 The prices of foodstuffs due to the great shortage were 
 extremely high; higher than ever before in the history of 
 the United States. Sugar, *'the shortage of it being first 
 felt by the people," rose to almost four times the normal 
 price. 
 
 Judging from the price of sugar and other foodstuffs, 
 thousands of people voiced their opinion of future life con- 
 ditions. Some said the coming of a panic was sure and 
 quick ; other that a time was near at hand, when the poor 
 people would be forced to steal or starve. The cry of 
 the people. High prices and low wages, was heard by Mr. 
 Hoover, who immediately began action in the way of price 
 regulation. 
 
 16 
 
First to be regulated were the prices of flour, wheat and 
 bread. The mills and elevators were forbidden, by an act 
 passed by Congress, to speculate in wheat and flour. In 
 Chicago all "future dealing" ceased. 
 
 From this we step to the Department of War, whose de- 
 mand for expeditionary forces was great, and yet 
 partly provided for. An offer made by Colonel Theodore 
 Roosevelt, to raise and independent volunteer force had 
 been rejected by the President, who said: "I understand 
 that the section of this act which authorizes the creation 
 of volunteer divisions, in addition to the draft, was added 
 with a view to providing an independent command for 
 Mr. Roosevelt and giving the military authority an oppor- 
 tunity to use his fine vigor and enthusiasm in recruiting 
 the forces now at the Western Front. 
 
 "It would be very agreeable to pay Mr. Roosevelt this 
 compliment and the allies the compliment of sending to their 
 aid one of our most distinguished public men, an ex-Presi- 
 dent, who has rendered many conspicuous public services 
 and proved his gallantry in many striking ways. Politi- 
 cally, too, it would no doubt have a very fine effect and 
 make a profound impression." 
 
 He continued to impress upon his audience that, it was 
 not the time or occasion for compliment, nor was the time 
 so convenient nor prolonged as to allow volunteer forms 
 
 17 
 
tion of an independent division, since the demand for im- 
 mediate forces was so great. He added : "The first troops 
 sent to France will be taken from the present 
 forces of the regular army, and will be under the com- 
 mand of trained soldiers only. The issues involved are too 
 immense for me to take into consideration anything ex- 
 cept the best, more effective, most immediate means of 
 military action. What these means are I know from the 
 mouths of men who have seen war as it is now conducted, 
 with no illusions, and to whom the whole grim matter is 
 a matter of business. I shall center my attention upon 
 those means and let everything else wait. 
 
 "I should be deeply to blame should I do otherwise, what- 
 ever the argument of policy for a personal gratification or 
 advantage." 
 
 Immediate action took place, in the work of enlisting. 
 The call to the colors was delivered to all the American 
 people, through effective posters on billboards, in factories, 
 on automobiles, wagons, in front of all recruiting stations. 
 The great need of patriotic boys was also made known, 
 through newspapers, by Government officials who from 
 automobiles drawn up to the curb, illustrated their patrio- 
 tism by constantly appealing to the people, and from plat- 
 forms in halls where meetings were held each day they 
 pleaded most conspicuously to heed their country's call. 
 
 18 
 
We must not forget that the men picked in that manner 
 were ill-prepared for the military service; and as great a 
 task as was getting the men, was the feat of training 
 them, for the work that lay before them. We must also 
 remember that, scores of recruits were rejected on account 
 of their physical condition. Some were under- weight ; 
 others were flat-footed. Narrow chests, defective sight and 
 bad teeth were the greatest part of the cause for rejection. 
 Nevertheless by the end of July 558,858 were accepted, out 
 of a million or over recruits. Additional to this number 
 were 1,374,000 young men, drafted into the selective army 
 on July 20th, 1917, which marks the date of the great 
 historical event, so-called the **Draft." The draft lottery 
 began at 9.30 A. M. in the Hearing Room of the Senate 
 Office Building. The guests who were with Secretary 
 Baker — members of the House and Military Committee — 
 witnessed the proceedings of the war draft. The 
 men picked, for the drawing of the gelatin capsule enclosed 
 numbers, were from General Crowder's office. The num- 
 ber picked was 1,374,000. These numbers were distributed 
 among their local exemption boards respectively. The war 
 was now in full swing. 
 
 Early in June, dispatches received from London reported 
 the safe arrival of the first regiment of our army. A few 
 days later a second regiment arrived, and as July drew 
 
 19 
 
near a third landed safe in secrecy. The first contingent 
 consisting of General Pershing, 53 officers, 69 civil secre- 
 taries and 67 soldiers were received by thousands upon thou- 
 sands of Parisians who left their offices, factories and 
 shops to assemble along the curbs of streets, through which 
 the contingent was to pass. Some of the noble members 
 present at the arrival were M. Viviani, Marshal Joffre, 
 General Foch, General Brugere, Military Governor of 
 Paris, and an officer representing the President of the Re- 
 public. 
 
 At home, meanwhile, the militia had been mobilized. On 
 the 9th of July the President called the National Guard in- 
 to service of the United States. 
 
 The first great battle after our entrance into the war 
 was the battle of Vimy Ridge, April 9th to May 14th. This 
 battle goes down in history as one of the great- 
 est battles of the war, won by the British. The taking of 
 Vimy Ridge, which cost the Germans 60,000 casualties to 
 capture more than two years ago, is accepted as proof that, 
 the British preparations and the preponderance of man- 
 power and heavy material, have not been made ineffectual 
 by the German retreat. 
 
 The European allies were gloriously elated, over the great 
 performance of the North American Territorials. Vimy 
 Push may be the prelude to the war's greatest battle, with 
 
 20 
 
prolonged terrific fighting and with heavy losses on both 
 sides. The British armies from the north of Arras con- 
 tinued to press their attacks, and on the night of May 
 16th, 1917 more than 11,000 German had passed through 
 the British rear, and load after load of war loot rumbled 
 by the victorious Britons and Canadians. In addition to 
 the prisoners and loot, several more villages and vantage 
 points fell into the hands of General Haig's forces. The 
 British losses were rather light. This fact was largely 
 due to the splendid artillery covering. 
 
 On October 27th, 1917, the first shot from our men in 
 the trenches, was fired. November 3rd, 1917, saw the first 
 American blood spilt on the fighting front in France. The 
 enemy put down a heavy barrage of fire, cutting 
 off the salient from the rest of the men. Our losses were 
 three killed, five wounded and twelve captured. The en- 
 emy's losses were unknown. 
 
 On November 30th remarkable action was illustrated by 
 the American engineers. On that day the Germans at- 
 tacked west of Cambraii, where the American army engi- 
 neers were working on the railways. With the British guard 
 and the aid of these army engineers the Germans were 
 forced back. After learning of this battle west of Cam- 
 braii, a French communication said: "We must remark 
 on the conduct of certain American soldiers, pioneers and 
 
 21 
 
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 Streams of Americans in olive drab pouring into the St. Mihiel sali- 
 ent, pressing the Boche retreat. Montsec, the fortified hill which 
 fell into American hands in the court of the first day of the 
 assault, in the background. The soldiers in the fore- 
 ground are machine gunners; their column is cross- 
 ing the route of a supply train. 
 
 22 
 
workmen on the military railroad in the sector of the 
 German attack west of Cambraii on November 30th. They 
 exchanged their picks and shovels for rifles and cartridges 
 and fought beside the English. Many died thus bravely, 
 arms in hand, before the invader. All helped to repulse 
 the enemy. There is not a single person who saw them at 
 work who does not render warm praise for the coolness, 
 discipline and courage of these improvised combatants." 
 
 Battle after battle now followed in rapid succession. On 
 February 23rd, it became known that our men were lined 
 up in front of St. Mihiel, Champagne and Chemin des 
 Dames sectors. The following day a gas shell bombardment 
 was turned on our men, in which 60 Americans were in- 
 jured; the injury being due to insufficient time for gas 
 mask adjustment. In the following three days our men 
 kept advancing, and on March 2nd it became known that 
 the Americans were already lined up along the front of 
 Chavington north of Cambraii and of Luneville in a sector 
 of Lorraine. 
 
 Official reports from the Department of War on March 
 15th showed our losses since the first contingent landed 
 in France to be 1,722. Of these 237 were lost at sea, 136 
 killed in action and 641 had died of diseases; 475 were 
 wounded, 21 had been captured, 14 missing, 6 were gassed 
 and 26 had died of wounds in hospitals and field. The 
 
other 166 were accounted for by various causes. On 
 March 21st, 1918, the Germans opened the great drive of 
 Picardy. Weeks of carnage had followed; but the suc- 
 cessful raids of the allies resisted all German attempts to 
 break the hand-in-hand holds of the British and French 
 in line and the attempt to drive the British from Vimy 
 Ridge. With unusual skill in fighting the British had also 
 checked the attempt of the Germans to break 
 through the lines and gain entrance to the channel ports. 
 While the terrific fighting continued along the British and 
 French fronts, the Americans were engaged in the battle 
 of Chauny, near Crozat Canal. 
 
 The battle of Seicheprey won by American forces on 
 April 20th, 1918, cost the Germans 22 captive balloons and 
 numerous aeroplanes, some of which fell behind the Ameri- 
 can lines. Our loss was very small compared with 
 that of the enemy. The Americans kept powerfully press- 
 ing forward with less friction, and on May 28th took the 
 village of Cantigny. 
 
 In like form were our marines as were our army, proven 
 so by the great victory in the battle of Venilly. The ma- 
 rines showed some vigorous fighting in the two battles 
 northwest of Chateau Thierry. 
 
 Meanwhile the Germans were particularly concentrating 
 in the Monta Grappa region, with the entire Mackensen 
 
 24 
 
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army making a tremendous effort to break through and 
 cut off the Italian forces. The enemy army, in one solid 
 square, with equipment and munitions, stretched from the 
 Monta Grappa to Balzano, a distance of about 41 miles. 
 The Austro-Germans lost hundreds of thousands of their 
 best soldiers, in the offensive against the Italians, and their 
 further operation was confronted by insuperable dif- 
 ficulties, and their present position was more unfavorable 
 than at the beginning of the drive. However, the Central 
 powers had failed to break through our lines and into the 
 plains of Italy, where they expected to find comfortable 
 shelter during the winter months. Such failure was due 
 to the staggering losses which our soldiers were enabled 
 to inflict upon the invaders. On the 26th of August Ger- 
 man soldiers entered various streets of Louvain and or- 
 dered the inhabitants of the houses to the, "Place de la 
 Station," where the bodies of nearly a dozen assassinated 
 persons were lying. On the 27th orders were given to va- 
 cate the city, because the city was to be bombarded. Old 
 men, women, children, the sick, priest and nuns were forced 
 to hike over ninety miles to a town called Tirele- 
 mont. Nearly the whole town was reduced to ashes. 
 While this and other bitter and terrific raids were carried 
 out on shore, our war ships were very busy at sea convey- 
 ing troops, supplies and ammunition. The losses since our 
 
 26 
 
entrance to war was slight. In the latter part of October 
 the Casen was torpedoed in the war zone, badly dam- 
 aged but fortunately made port. A few days later seventy 
 lives were lost upon the sinking of the Antitles. When 
 homeward bound from France in November, the transport 
 Finland was torpedoed but reached port. Towards the 
 close of the month, a German U-boat was captured by the 
 United States destroyers. Early in December it was re- 
 ported that the patrol boats, namely, Alcedo and Chauncey, 
 the latter being on patrol duty in the war zone, were sunk. 
 Forty-two lives reported lost. The loss of life caused by 
 these disasters was comparatively small, except in the sink- 
 ing of two of our great transports, Jacob Jones and Tus- 
 cania, in which occasion over two hundred and fifty lives 
 were known to be lost and many more unknown. The Tus- 
 cania carried 2,179 American soldiers. The day drew near, 
 when Germany was forced to draw a war zone 
 around the Azore Islands. This fact was partly due to 
 our naval activity in the way of rapid ship building, active 
 submarine chasing and prompt transporting. Before 
 the end of our first year in the war for democracy the man 
 power in the navy increased to 329,300 men and 20,600 oflft- 
 cers, while 1,275 vessels were at work in the vari- 
 ous Democratic services. Due to efficient service on the 
 part of our well developed and trained navy, 500,000 Amer- 
 
 27 
 
ican men were across in France engaged in military serv- 
 ice under General Foch in the early part of May, 1918. 
 To this an appeal from the Prime Minister to the American 
 people was delivered by Lord Reading : 
 
 '*We are at the crisis of the war attacked by the im- 
 mense superiority of German troops. Our army has been 
 forced to retire. The retirement has been carried out 
 methodically, before the pressure of a steady succession of 
 fresh German reserves which are suffering enormous losses. 
 
 'The situation is being faced with splendid courage and 
 resolution. The 'dog pluck' of our troops has for the 
 moment checked the ceaseless onrush of the enemy and the 
 French have not joined in the struggle. But this battle, the 
 greatest and most momentous in the history of the 
 world, is only just beginning. Throughout the French and 
 British are buoyed with the knowledge that the great re- 
 public of the West will neglect no effort which can hasten 
 its troops and its ships to Europe. In war, time is vital. 
 It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of getting 
 American re-inforcements across the Atlantic in the short- 
 est possible space of time." 
 
 Early in December, joint resolutions that a state of war 
 existed between the United States and the Austrian-Hun- 
 garian Government, were presented to both the House and 
 the Senate. For many months before, depredations con- 
 
 28 
 
An American Field Signal Batallion's telephone switchboard in operation. 
 Amrican equipment was enriched with several hundred miles of Boche 
 wires captured in the cleanup and a number of telephones. 
 
 The 
 
tinued against the American people of the Austrian naval 
 forces. A state of war actually existed between the Austro- 
 Hungarian Government and America, but unfortunately 
 this fact was unknown to the United States. The depreda- 
 tion, although small, coupled with other acts carried out 
 by Austra-Hungary caused the American people to real- 
 ize that they must be grouped with Germany as an enemy. 
 On the 4th of December, President Wilson delivered his 
 annual address to Congress. Believing that he represented 
 the people of the United States in this respect, he said : 
 
 "First, that this intolerable Thing of which the masters 
 of Germany have shown us the ugly face, this menace of 
 combined intrigue and force which we now see so clearly 
 as the German power, a Thing without conscience or honor 
 or capacity for convenanted peace, must be crushed and, 
 if it be not utterly brough to an end, at least shut 
 out from the friendly intercourse of the nations; and, sec- 
 ond, that when this Thing and its power are indeed de- 
 feated and the time comes that we can discuss peace — 
 when the German people have spokesmen whose word we 
 can believe and when those spokesmen are ready in the 
 name of their people to accept the common judgment of 
 the nations as to what shall henceforth be the basis of law 
 and of covenant for the life of the world, we shall be 
 willing and glad to pay the full price for peace, and pay it 
 
 30 
 
ungrudgingly. We know what the price will be. It will 
 be full, impartial justice done at every point and to every 
 nation that the final settlement must affect, our enemies 
 as well as our friends. 
 
 *'You catch, with me, the voices of humanity that are in 
 the air. They grow daily more audible, more articulate, 
 more persuasive, and they come from the hearts of men 
 everywhere. They insist that the war shall not end in vin- 
 dictive action of any kind; that no nation or people shall 
 be robbed or punished because the irresponsible rulers of 
 a single country have themselves done deep and abominable 
 wrong. It is this thought that has been expressed 
 in the formula, 'No annexations, no contributions, no puni- 
 tive indemnities.' 
 
 "Just because this crude formula expresses the instinc- 
 tive judgment as to the right of plain men everywhere it 
 has been made diligent use of by the masters of German 
 intrigue to lead the people of Russia astray, and the peo- 
 ple of every other country their agents could reach, in 
 order that a premature peace might be brought about au- 
 tocracy has been taught its final and convincing lesson and 
 the people of the world put in control of their own destinies. 
 
 "Let there be no misunderstanding. Our present and 
 immediate task is to win the war and nothing shall turn 
 us aside from it until it is accomplished. Every power and " 
 
 31 
 
resource we posses, whether of men, of money, or materials, 
 is being devoted, and will continue to be devoted 
 to that purpose until it is achieved. * * * We shall re- 
 gard the war as won only when the German people say to 
 us, through properly accredited representatives, that they 
 are ready to agree to a settlement based upon justice and 
 the reparation of the wrongs their rulers have done. 
 
 "They have done a wrong to Belgium which must be re- 
 paired. They have established a power over other lands 
 and peoples than their own, over the great empire of Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, over hitherto free Balkan States, over 
 Turkey and within Asia, which must be relinquished. 
 
 "The peace we make must remedy that wrong. It must de- 
 liver at once fair lands and happy peoples of Belgium and 
 Northern France from the Prussian conquest and the Prus- 
 sian menace, but it must also deliver the peoples of Austria- 
 Hungary, alike in Europe and in Asia, from the impudent 
 and alien domination of the Prussian military and com- 
 mercial autocracy. 
 
 "We owe it, however, to ourselves to say that we do not 
 wish in any way to impair or to rearrange the Austro-Hun- 
 garian empire. It is no affair of our what they do with 
 their own life, either industrially or politically. We do 
 not purpose or desire to dictate to them in any way. We 
 only desire to see that their affairs are left in their own 
 
 32 
 
hands, in all matters, great or small. We shall hope to 
 secure for the peoples of the Balkan peninsula and for the 
 people of the Turkish empire the right and opportunity to 
 make their own lives safe, their own fortunes secure 
 against oppression or injustice and from the dictation of 
 foreign courts or parties. 
 
 ''And our attitude and purpose with regard to Germany 
 herself are of a like kind. We intend no wrong against the 
 German empire, no interference with her internal affairs. 
 We should deem either the one or the other absolutely un- 
 justifiable, absolutely contrary to the principles we have 
 professed to live by and to hold most sacred throughout our 
 life as a nation. 
 
 "What shall we do, then, to push this great war of free- 
 dom and justice to its righteous conclusion? We must 
 clear away with a thorough hand all impediments to suc- 
 cess and we must make every adjustment of law that will 
 facilitate the full and free use of our whole capacity and 
 force as a fighting unit. 
 
 "One very embarrassing obstacle that stands in our way 
 is that we are at war with Germany, but not with her al- 
 lies. I, therefore, very earnestly recommend that the Con- 
 gress immediately declare the United States in a state of 
 war with Austria-Hungary. Does it seem strange to you 
 that this should be the conclusion of the argument I have 
 
n 
 
 just addressed to you? It is not. It is, in fact, the in- 
 evitable logic of what I have said. Austria-Hungary is for 
 the time being not her own mistress, but simply the vassal 
 of the German Government. We must face the 
 facts as they are and act upon them without sentiment in 
 this stern business. The Government of Austria-Hungary 
 is not acting upon its own initiative or in response to the 
 wishes and feeling of its own peoples, but as the instru- 
 ment of another nation. We must meet its force with our 
 own and regard the Central Powers as but one. The war 
 can be successfully conducted in no other way. The same 
 logic would lead also to a declaration of war against Turkey 
 and Bulgaria. They also are the tools of Germany. But 
 they are mere tools and do not yet stand in the direct path 
 of our necessary action. We shall go wherever the 
 necessities of this war carry us, but it seems to me that 
 we should go only where immediate and practical consid- 
 erations lead us and not heed any others." 
 
 December 7th a resolution was passed by both the Senate 
 and the House, and the same day signed by the President 
 whose signature announced the declaration of war on Aus- 
 tria-Hungary. 
 
 Meanwhile fighting in France continued the same as 
 ever, and on May 27th the Germans opened an attack be- 
 tween Lorce and Voormezeele and another between Sois- 
 
 34 
 
> 
 
 i^S^ 
 
 
 
 r^M 
 
 
 
 Balloon I>escendin£r 
 Camp de Sourgre, near Bordeaux 
 
sons and Rheims. The attacks cost the allies 45,000 pris- 
 oners, 400 guns and thousands of machine guns. While 
 these attacks were going on in the district of Areas, the 
 Americans were rapidly advancing along the Chateau 
 Thierry. July 1st our troops went over the top and cap- 
 tured the village of Vaux. On the 2nd our position was 
 in the Bois de la Roche. The Germans tried to open an 
 attack on the Western front of Chateau Thierry, but we 
 counteracted across the open and after sharp fighting ef- 
 fected the enemy and captured over 500 prisoners. Dur- 
 ing the month of July our troops showed vigorous action 
 along the Chateau Thierry and at the end of the month 
 the prisoners captured by our men numbered 1,200. While 
 terrific blows were being exchanged, between the allies and 
 the enemy, the enemy airmen attacked the aviation camp 
 of Istrana and repeated their aggression against the in- 
 habitants of the open cities of Vicenza, Bassaus Castle, 
 Franco and Trevigo, where bombs were dropped. Alto- 
 gether we registered 13 dead and 44 wounded. The British 
 aircraft continued their efforts daily to destroy the enemy's 
 batteries, although the enemy had been very active in a 
 few previous raids. Although many conflicts were carried 
 out against our troops this month we captured a total of 
 1,018 prisoners, including 12 officers, 4 guns, 3 truck mor- 
 tars and 103 machine guns. On September 12th our di- 
 
 36 
 
vision opened an attack on St. Mihiel salient. This attack 
 lasted three days, during which time most successful raids 
 were carried out by our troops and on September 15th we 
 registered only 7,000 casualties, while we captured 16,000 
 prisoners, 443 guns, a large quantity of material and 
 checked enemy domination in many villages. The French 
 took St. Mihiel. On Novemebr 7th the American army 
 opened their last and one of their most successful attacks 
 along the road towards Sedan. This battle cost the Ger- 
 mans 44,000 prisoners, 1,400 guns, howitzers, and truck 
 mortars. Attacks were ordered by General Pershing in the 
 direction of the coal field of Buey, when the armistice wa^ 
 signed and orders came to cease firing on the morning of 
 November 11. 
 
 38 
 
PEACE CONFERENCE 
 
 The Peace Conference met in full session on Saturday, 
 January 19th, 1919. This was the first of many meetings 
 held in the gorgeous Salle de Paix of the Foreign Ministry. 
 
 At this session, proceedings were confined to speeches 
 by President Wilson, Lloyd George, Baron Sinnio, Premier 
 Clemenceau and an address of welcome by President Poin- 
 caire. At the various meetings following this, discussions 
 of the peace treaty and league of nations were held, until 
 the final session of the representatives of all the nations of 
 the world on April 28th, 1919. At this sitting all the mem- 
 bers at the peace conference affixed their signatures to the 
 peace treaty, opening the traffic to success for a wide world 
 commercial business, restoring the feeling of a safe land in 
 the hearts of all the people. 
 
 DEMOCRACY 
 
 Democracy is a public covenant, which brings the con- 
 sent of the governed into the Government, and provides 
 for the people the unrestricted rights of political deter- 
 mination, 
 
 Melvin J. Gordon. 
 
MONEY EXPENDITURES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WORLD WAR 
 
 In the history of the war, the editor aimed to involve 
 the principles and facts that concerned the United 
 States only. He aimed to make the history as brief as 
 possible, yet taking in every point of information that 
 would be of interest to any man, woman or child in the 
 United States. But in stating the costs, the comparison 
 in expense of nation with nation, should be of as much 
 interest to all the people of this country, as the knowl- 
 edge of the expenditures of the United States in the world 
 war. The costs of the great world war as a whole affected 
 us indirectly, as well as the costs of the United States di- 
 rectly. 
 
 The following figures are official ; taken from the reports 
 of the Honorable Ernest L. Bogart, Professor of Economics, 
 in the University of Illinois : 
 
 40 
 
EXPENDITURE OF THE 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Fiscal Year War Expend. Advances Total 
 
 1916-17 $ 423,405,993 $ 885,000,000 $1,308,405,993 
 
 1917-18 8,242,039,268 4,739.434,750 12,981,474,018 
 
 1918-19 14,311,131,692 3,479,255,265 17,790,386.957 
 
 $22,976,576,953 $9,103,690,015 $32,080,266,968 
 
 The following table shows briefly the results of the loans 
 contracted by the United States in the prosecution of the jl 
 war. 
 
 Am't Asked Am't Am't Number of Rate of Redeem. 
 
 Loan Date Billions Subscribed Accepted Subscribers Interest Payable 
 
 1st 6-15-17 2 $3,035,226,850 $2,000,000,000 4,500,000 3.5 '2e-'47 
 
 2nd 11-15-17 3 4,617,532,300 3,808,766,150 9,420.000 4. '27-*42 
 
 3rd 5- 9-18 3 4.176,516.830 4,176.576,850 18.376,815 4.25 '28 
 
 4th 10-24-18 6 6,993,073,250 6,993,073,250 21,000,000 4.25 '33-'38 
 
 5th 5-21-19 4.5 5.249.908.300 4,500,000.000 12,000.000 4.75 •23-'24 
 
 41 
 
EXPENDITURE OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 2,802,367,665 
 
 1915-1916 7,795,791,888 
 
 1916-1917 10,990,563,550 
 
 1917-1918 13,481,107,025 
 
 1918-1919 13,896,505,940 
 
 $48,996,336,068 
 Less five years normal 4,937,324,200 
 
 War expenditure $44,029,011,868 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Revenue $13,664,813,735 
 
 Less five years normal 4,956,072,425 
 
 $ 8,708,741,310 
 Borrowings 35,055,123,155 
 
 Total $43,763,864,465 
 
 42 
 
EXPENDITURE OF CANADA 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 65,936,492 
 
 1915-1916 169,384,654 
 
 1916-1917 321,864,160 
 
 1917-1918 345,574,000 
 
 1918-1919 450,000,000 
 
 $1,352,759,306 
 Increase in Civil Budget 312,816,726 
 
 Total $1,665,576,032 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Revenue $ 265,792,193 
 
 Loans) Internal 1,438,000,000 
 
 " (External 195,000,000 
 
 Total $1,898,792,193 
 
 43 
 
EXPENDITURE OF FRANCE 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 2,817,900,000 
 
 1915-1916 4,560,800,000 
 
 1916-1917 6,589,029,000 
 
 1917-1918 8,374,185,000 
 
 1918-1919 8,537,800,000 
 
 $30,879,714,000 
 Less five years normal expen 5,006,931,200 
 
 $25,812,782,800 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Four war loans $11,012,200,000 
 
 Advances from banks 3,430,000,000 
 
 Advances from Great Britain 2,170,000,000 
 
 Advances from United States 2,436,427,000 
 
 Other loans from United States 686,000,000 
 
 Loans in neutral countries 150,000,000 
 
 Floating debt 4,800,000,000 
 
 Revenue five years 5,232,372,130 
 
 $29,916,999,130 
 
 Less five years normal 4,639,557,525 
 
 Extraordinary receipts $25,277,441,605 
 
 44 
 
EXPENDITURE OF ITALY 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 607,840,000 
 
 1915-1916 1,670,300,000 
 
 1916-1917 2,826,440,000 
 
 1917-1918 3,946,920,000 
 
 1918-1919 1,345,000,000 
 
 $10,396,500,000 
 
 Unpaid liabilities 2,000,000,000 
 
 Interest on war debt 724,000,000 
 
 $13,120,500,000 
 Increase in civil budget 99,362,000 
 
 $13,219,862,000 
 Less military expense 707,140,000 
 
 Net cost of war $12,512,722,000 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Loans $ 3,053,700,000 
 
 State note issues 337,740,000 
 
 Advances 4,963,000,000 
 
 Bonds 650,000,000 
 
 Exchequer bills 1,950,000,000 
 
 Private banking credit in U. S 25,000,000 
 
 Excess revenue 1,468,511,000 
 
 $12,449,951,000 
 
 45 
 
EXPENDITURE OF GERMANY 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 1,875,000,000 
 
 1915-1916 5,750,000,000 
 
 1916-1917 6,650,000,000 
 
 1917-1918 9,875,000,000 
 
 1918-1919 12,125,000,000 
 
 $36,275,000,000 
 
 Treasury bills 1,500,000,000 
 
 Advances to Allies 2,375,000,000 
 
 Total $40,150,000,000 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Nine war loans $24,640,419,925 
 
 Loans in United States 10,000,000 
 
 Discounts and bills 8,276,700,000 
 
 $32,927,119,925 
 
 War chest gold and silver 81,000,000 
 
 Russian indemnity gold 51,000,000 
 
 Belgian levies 500,000,000 
 
 $33,559,119,925 
 
 46 
 
EXPENDITURE OF NEW ZEALAND 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 59,129,320 
 
 1915-1916 61,899,015 
 
 1916-1917 62,465,535 
 
 1917-1918 70,293,850 
 
 1918-1919 80,413,510 
 
 $334,201,230 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Revenue $374,130,450 
 
 Loans 293,163,400 
 
 $667,293,850 
 
 EXPENDITURE OF RUSSIA 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 1,273,000,000 
 
 1915-1916 4,687,450,000 
 
 1916-1917 7,633,500,000 
 
 1917-1918 9,000,000,000 
 
 $22,593,950,000 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Loans $16,830,335,000 
 
 Revenue 8,112,396,000 
 
 Increased revenue 377,000,000 
 
 $25,319,731,000 
 
 47 
 
EXPENDITURE OF AUSTRALIA 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $ 73,964,800 
 
 1915-1916 230,537,195 
 
 1916-1917 331,395,455 
 
 1917-1918 438,500,000 
 
 1918-1919 (estimate) 500,022,055 
 
 $1,574,419,505 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Revenue $ 229,168,805 
 
 Loans Internal 961,249,875 
 
 " External 247,000,000 
 
 $1,437,418,680 
 
 EXPENDITURE OF JAPAN 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1914-1915 $103,900,000 
 
 1915-1916 93,700,000 
 
 1916-1917 77,900,000 
 
 1917-1918 148,900,000 
 
 $424,400,000 
 
 This expenditure was met by: 
 
 Revenue $1,582,800,000 
 
 48 
 
EXPENDITURE OF HOLLAND 
 
 Fiscal Year Expenditure 
 
 1913-1914 $ 95,200,000 
 
 1914-1915 143,600,000 
 
 1915-1916 124,000,000 
 
 1916-1917 210,800,000 
 
 1917-1918 261,600,000 
 
 1918-1919 330,000,000 
 
 $1,165,200,000 
 
 Less five years normal 493,200,000 
 
 Total war cost $ 672,000,000 
 
 Indirect Costs 
 
 Although Holland remained neutral, it is necessary, in 
 giving a complete account of war expenditures, that Hol- 
 land's increase in disbursement during war period be at- 
 tributed to the war. This increase was the result of higher 
 prices due to scarcity and universal inflation. These ex- 
 penditures were met in part by increase in revenue and 
 loans. 
 
 49 
 
Similar consideration must be given to Switzerland's ex- 
 penditures and that of the three Scandanavian countries. 
 No other nation remaining neutral had any excess expen* 
 ditures. 
 
 EXPENDITURE OF SWITZERLAND 
 
 Excess receipts $228,222,560 
 
 Loans 93,600,000 
 
 Floating debt 107,800,000 
 
 $429,622,560 
 
 EXPENDITURE OF SCANDINAVIAN 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 Excess to normal expense $150,000,000 
 
 The total expenditures of the neutral countries, approx- 
 imately, $1,750,000,000 may therefore be regarded as in- 
 direct costs of the Great War. 
 
 50 
 
LOSS OF LIFE IN GREAT WORLD WAR 
 
 Country Dead 
 
 United States 107,284 
 
 Great Britain 807,151 
 
 France 1,427,800 
 
 Russia 2,762,064 
 
 Italy 507,160 
 
 ♦Belgium 267,000 
 
 Serbia 707,343 
 
 Roumania 339,117 
 
 ♦Greece 15,000 
 
 ♦Portugal 4,000 
 
 ♦Japan 300 
 
 6,938,519 
 
 •Unofficial. 
 
 Germany 1,611,104 
 
 Austria 911,000 
 
 Turkey 436,924 
 
 Bulgaria 101,224 
 
 Wounded 
 
 Prisoners 
 
 
 or Missing 
 
 191,000 
 
 4,912 
 
 2,059,134 
 
 67,907 
 
 3,044,000 
 
 453,500 
 
 4,950,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 962,196 
 
 1,359,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 116,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 17,000 
 
 300 
 
 907 
 
 3 
 
 11,954,237 
 
 4,653,522 
 
 3,783,143 
 
 772,522 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 443,000 
 
 407,772 
 
 103,731 
 
 1,152,399 
 
 10,825 
 
 3,060,252 8,343,314 1,330,078 
 
 Grand total: 
 
 Known dead 9,998,771 
 
 Presumed dead 2,991,800 
 
 Wounded 20,297,551 
 
 Total casualties as far as known 33,298,122 
 
 61 
 
COSTS— DIRECT AND INDIRECT 
 
 Total direct costs, net $186,333,637,097 
 
 Indirect costs : Soldiers 33,551,276,280 
 
 " Civilians 33,551,276,280 
 
 Property losses 36,760,000,000 
 
 Losse of production 45,000,000,000 
 
 '* War relief 1,000,000,000 
 
 Loss to neutral 1,750,000,000 
 
 Grand total $337,946,179,657 
 
 Note : Russia had the greatest loss in human life num- 
 bering 2,762,640 known dead, 4,950,000 wounded, 2,500,000 
 prisoners or missing. 
 
 Great Britain had the greatest loss in money, netting 
 $43,763,864,465. 
 
 52 
 
Text of the Armistice 
 
 One — Cessation of operations by land and in the air six 
 hours after the signature of the armistice. 
 
 Two — Immediate evacuation of invaded countries: Bel- 
 gium, France, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, so ordered as 
 to be completed within fourteen days from the signature 
 of the armistice. German troops which have not left the 
 above-mentioned territories within the period fixed will 
 become prisoners of war. Occupation by the Allied and 
 United States forces jointly will keep pace with evacuation 
 in these areas. All movements of evacuation and occupation 
 will be regulated in accordance with a note annexed to the 
 stated terms. 
 
 Three — Repatriation beginning at once to be completed 
 within fifteen days of all the inhabitants of the countries 
 above enumerated (including hostages, persons under trial 
 or convicted). 
 
 Four — Surrender in good condition by the German 
 Armies of the following war materials: Five thousand 
 guns (2.500 heavy, and 2,500 field), 25,000 machine guns, 
 3,000 minenwefer, 1,700 airplanes (fighters, bombers — 
 firstly, all of the 7's and all the night bombing machines) . 
 The above to be delivered in situ to the Allied and 
 
 68 
 
United States troops in accordance with detailed conditions 
 laid down in the note (annexure No. 1) drawn up at the 
 moment of the signing of the armistice. 
 
 Five — Evacuation by the German armies of the coun- 
 tries on the left bank of the Rhine. The countries on the 
 left bank of the Rhine shall be administered by the local 
 troops of occupation. The occupation of these territories 
 will be carried out by Allied and United States garrisons 
 holding the principle crossings of the Rhine (Mayence, Cob- 
 lentz, Cologne), together wth the bridgeheads at these 
 points of a thirty-kilometer radius on the right bank and 
 by garrisons similarly holding the strategic points of the 
 regions. A neutral zone shall be reserved on the right bank 
 of the Rhine between the stream and a line drawn parallel 
 to the bridgeheads and to the stream and at a distance of 
 ten kilometers from the frontier of Holland up to the fron- 
 tier of Switzerland. The evacuation by the enemy of the 
 Rhinelands (left and right bank) shall be so ordered as 
 to be completed within a further period of sixteen days, in 
 all, thirty-one days after the signing of the armistice. All 
 the movements of evacuation or occupation are regulated 
 by the note (annexure No. 1) drawn up at the moment of 
 the signing of the armistice. 
 
 Six — In all territories evacuated by the enemy there shall 
 be no evacuation of inhabitants; no damage or harm shall 
 
 54 
 
be done to the persons or property of the inhabitants. No 
 person shall be prosecuted for offenses of participation in 
 war measures prior to the signing of the armistice. No de- 
 struction of any kind shall be committed. Military estab- 
 lishments of all kinds shall be delivered intact, as well as 
 military stores of food, munitions, and equipment, not re- 
 moved during the time fixed for evacuation. Stores of food 
 of all kinds for the civil population, cattle, etc., shall be 
 left in situ. Industrial establishments shall not be im- 
 paired in any way and their personnel shall not be re- 
 moved. 
 
 Seven — Roads and means of communication of every 
 kind, railroads, waterways, main roads, bridges, telegraph, 
 telephones, shall be in no manner impaired. All civil and 
 military personnel at present employed on them shall re- 
 main. Five thousand locomotives and 150,000 wagons in 
 good working order, with all necessary spare parts and 
 fittings, shall be delivered to the associated powers within 
 the period fixed in annexure No. 2, and total of which shall 
 not exceed thirty-one days. There shall likewise be de- 
 livered 5,000 motor lorries (camione automobiles) in good 
 order, within the period of thirty-six days. The railways 
 of Alsace-Lorraine shall be handed over within the period 
 of thirty-one days, together with pre-war personnel and 
 material. Further, the material necessary for the working 
 
 65 
 
of railways in the countries on the left bank of the Rhine 
 shall be left in situ. All stores of coal and material for 
 the upkeep of permanent ways, signals and repair shops 
 shall be left in situ. These stores shall be maintained by 
 Germany insofar as concerns the working of the railroads 
 in the countries on the left bank of the Rhine. All barges 
 taken from the Allies shall be restored to them. The note, 
 annexure No. 2, regulates the details of these measures. 
 
 Eight — The German command shall be responsible for re- 
 vealing within the period of forty-eight hours after the 
 signing of the armistice all mines or delayed action fuses 
 on territory evacuated by the German troops and shall 
 assist in their discovery and destruction. It also shall re- 
 veal all destructive measures that may have been taken 
 (such as poisoning or polluting of springs and wells, etc.) 
 All under penalty of reprisals. 
 
 Nine — The right of requisition shall be exercised by the 
 Allied and United States armies in all occupied territories, 
 subject to regulations of accounts with those whom it may 
 concern. The upkeep of the troops of occupation in the 
 Rhineland (excluding Alsace-Lorraine) shall be charged to 
 the German Government. 
 
 Ten — The immediate repatriation without reciprocity, ac- 
 cording to detailed conditions which shall be fixed, of all 
 Allied and United States prisoners of war, including per- 
 
 56 
 
sons under trial or convicted. The Allied Powers and the 
 United States shall be able to dispose of them as they wish. 
 This condition annuls the previous conventions on the sub- 
 ject of the exchange of prisoners of war, including the one 
 of July, 1918, in course of ratification. However, the re- 
 patriation of German prisoners of war interned in Holland 
 and in Switzerland shall continue as before. The repatria- 
 tion of German prisoners of war shall be regulated at the 
 conclusion of the preliminaries of peace. 
 
 Eleven — Sick and wounded who cannot be removed from 
 evacuated territory will be cared for by German person- 
 nel, who will be left on the spot with the medical material 
 required. 
 
 Twelve — All German troops at present in the territories 
 which before belonged to Austria-Hungary, Rumania, Tur- 
 key, shall withdraw immediately within the fron- 
 tiers of Germany as they existed on August first, nineteen 
 fourteen. All German troops at present in the territories 
 which before the war belonged to Russia, shall likewise 
 withdraw within the frontiers of Germany, defined as 
 above, as soon as the Allies, taking into account the inter- 
 nal situation of these territories, shall decide that the time 
 for this has come. 
 
 Thirteen — Evacuation by German troops to begin at once, 
 and all German instructors, prisoners, and civilians as well 
 
 57 
 
as military agents now on the territory of Russia (as de- 
 fined before 1914) to be recalled. 
 
 Fourteen — German troops to cease at once all requisitions 
 and seizures and any other undertaking with a view to ob- 
 taining supplies intended for Germany in Rumania and 
 Russia. 
 
 Fifteen — Renunciation of the treaties of Bucharest and 
 Brest-Litovsk and of the supplementary treaties. 
 
 Sixteen — The Allies shall have free access to the terri- 
 tories evacuated by the Germans on their eastern frontier, 
 either through Danzig, or by the Vistula, in order to con- 
 vey supplies to the populations of those territories and for 
 the purpose of maintaining order. 
 
 Seventeen — Evacuation by all German forces operating 
 in East Africa within a period to be fixed by the Allies. 
 
 Eighteen — Repatriation, without reciprocity, within a 
 maximum period of one month in accordance with detailed 
 conditions hereafter to be fixed of all interned civilians, 
 emy which can serve as a pledge to the Allies for the re- 
 longing to the Allied or Associated Powers other than 
 those enumerated in Article 3. 
 
 Nineteen — The following financial conditions are re- 
 quired: Reparation for damage done. While such armis- 
 tice lasts no public securities shall be removed by the en- 
 
 68 
 
emy which can serve as a pledge to the Allied for the re- 
 covery of reparation for war losses. Immediate restitu- 
 tion of the cash deposit in the national bank of Belgium, 
 and in general immediate return of all documents, specie, 
 stocks, shares, paper money, together with plan for the is- 
 sue thereof, touching public or private interests in the in- 
 vaded countries. Restitution of the Russian and Ruman- 
 ian gold yielded to Germany or taken by that power. This 
 gold to be delivered in trust to the Allies until the signa- 
 ture of peace. 
 
 Twenty — Immediate sessation of all hostilities at sea and 
 definite information to be given as to the location and 
 movements of all German ships. Notification to be 
 given to neutrals that freedom of navigation in all terri- 
 trial waters is given to the naval and mercantile marines 
 of the Allied and Associated Powers, all questions of neu- 
 trality being waived. 
 
 Twenty-one — All naval and mercantile marine prisoners 
 of the Allied and Associated Powers in German hands 
 to be returned without reciprocity. 
 
 Twenty-two — Surrender to the Allies and United States 
 of all submarines (including submarine cruisers and all 
 mine-laying submarines), now existing, with their complete 
 armament and equipment, in ports which shall be specified 
 
by the Allies and United States. Those which cannot be 
 taken to these ports shall be disarmed of the personnel and 
 material and shall remain under the supervision of the 
 Allies and the United States. The submarines which are 
 ready for the sea shall be prepared to leave the German 
 ports as soon as orders shall be received by wireless for 
 their voyage to the port designated for their delivery, and 
 the remainder at the earliest possible moment. The condi- 
 tions of this article shall be carried into effect within the 
 period of fourteen days after the signing of the armistice. 
 Twenty-three — German surface warships which shall be 
 designated by the Allies and the United States shall be 
 immediately disarmed and thereafter interned in neutral 
 ports or in default of them in Allied ports to be designated 
 by the Allies and the United States. They will there re- 
 main under the supervision of the Allies and the United 
 States, only caretakers being left on board. The following 
 warships are designated by the Allies : Six battle cruisers, 
 ten battleships, eight light cruisers (including two mine 
 layers), fifty destroyers of the most modern types. All 
 other surface warships (including river craft) are to be 
 concentrated in German naval bases to be designated by 
 the Allies and the United States and are to be completely 
 disarmed and classed under the supervision of the Allies 
 
 60 
 
 I 
 
and the United States. The military armament of all ships 
 of the auxiliary fleet shall be put on shore. All vessels 
 designated to be interned shall be ready to leave the Ger- 
 man ports seven days after the signing of the armistice. 
 Directions for the voyage will be given by wireless. 
 
 Twenty-four — The Allies and the United States of 
 America shall have the right to sweep up all mine fields 
 and obstructions laid by Germany outside German terri- 
 torial waters, and the positions of these are to be indicated. 
 
 Twenty-five — Freedom of access to and from the Bal- 
 tic to be given to the naval and mercantile marines of the 
 Allied and Associated Powers. To secure this the Allies 
 and the United States of America shall be empowered to 
 occupy all German forts, fortifications, batteries, and de- 
 fense works of all kinds in all the entrances from the Cat- 
 tegat into the Baltic, and to sweep up all mines and ob- 
 structions within and without German territorial waters, 
 without any question of neutrality being raised, and the po- 
 sitions of all such mines and obstructions are to be indi- 
 cated. 
 
 Twenty-six — The existing blockade conditions set up by 
 the Allied and Associated Powers are to remain unchanged, 
 and all German merchant ships found at sea are to remain 
 liable to capture. The Allies and the United States should 
 
 61 
 
give consideration to the provisioning of Germany during 
 the armistice to the extent recognized as necessary. 
 
 Twenty-seven — All naval aircraft are to be concentrated 
 and immobilized in German bases to be specified by the 
 Allies and the United States of America. 
 
 Tv^enty-eight — In evacuating the Belgium coast and ports 
 Germany shall abandon in situ and in fact all port 
 and river navagation material, all merchant ships, tugs, 
 lighters, all naval aeronautic apparatus, material and sup- 
 plies, and all arms, apparatus and supplies of every kind. 
 
 Twenty-nine — All Black Sea ports are to be evacuated by 
 Germany; all Russian war vessels of all descriptions seized 
 by Germany in the Black Sea are to be handed over to 
 the Allies and the United States of America; all neutral 
 merchant vessels seized are to be released ; all warlike and 
 other materials of all kinds seized in those ports are to be 
 returned and German materials as specified in Clause 
 Twenty-eight are to be abandoned. 
 
 Thirty — All merchant vessels in German hands belong- 
 ing to the Allied and Associated Powers are to be restored 
 in ports to be specified by the Allies and the United States 
 of America without reciprocity. 
 
 Thirty-one — No destruction of ships or of materials to 
 be permitted before evacuation, surrender or restoration. 
 
 62 
 
Thirty-two-The German Government will notify the 
 neutra^GoTernments of the world, and particularly the 
 Govelen ts of Norway, Sweden, I^— Ic and Hol^^^^^^^ 
 that all restrictions placed on the tradmg of their vessels 
 ^tl 'he Allied and Associated Countries, whe her by the 
 « Government or by private German -tere^t^^^^ 
 whether in return for specific concessions, «"*/« ^^^^ ^^ 
 r^rfof shipbuilding materials, or not, are immediately can- 
 
 celled. 
 
 Thirty-three-No transfers of German merchant ship- 
 ping o^a^ description to any neutral flag are to take place 
 after the signature of the armistice. 
 
 Thirty-four-The duratfon of the armistice is to be thirty 
 days with option to extend. During this period if 
 iTdauses are not carried into execution the armistice may 
 Z denounced by one of the contracting P-ties. which - J 
 criv*^ warning forty-eight hours m advance. It is under 
 SI thime execution of Articles 3 to 18 shall not wax- 
 rant the denunciation of the armistice on the ground of in- 
 sufficient execution within a period fixed, except m the case 
 of bad faith in carrying them into execution. In order to 
 assure the execution of this convention under the best con- 
 ditions, the principle of a permanent international armis- 
 tice commission is admitted. This commission will act un- 
 
 63 
 
der the authority of the Allied Military and Naval Com- 
 manders-in-Chief. 
 
 Thirty-five — This armistice to be accepted or refused by 
 Germany within seventy-two hours of notification. 
 
 (This armistice has been signed the Eleventh of Novem- 
 ber, Nineteen Hundred Eighteen, at 5 o'clock French time.) 
 
 F. FOCH 
 
 R. E. WEMYSS 
 
 ERZBERGER 
 
 A. OBERNDORFF 
 
 WINTERFELDT 
 
 VAN SALOW 
 
 64 
 

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