itelfH'lfr'' 
 
MISSOURI AS IT IS IN 1867. 
 
 COMMENDATIONS. 
 
 INDORSEMENT BY THE HEADS OF DEPAETMENTS. 
 
 We take pleasure in recommending "Parker's Illustrated Historical Gazet- 
 teer" to all who desire information in regard to Missouri. 
 
 From personal examination of the manuscript, and from the indorsement of 
 those who are familiar with the different portions of the State therein repre- 
 sented, we feel assured that it is authentic and reliable, and believe that a work 
 of this kind, prepared with the care and attention the author has given this, 
 will supply the inci-easing demand for a Complete Gazetteer of Missouri, 
 embracing, as it does, a history of the Territory and State from its first actual 
 settlement (upwards of a century and a half ago) to the present time, and a 
 full description of the State, at large, and by counties, showing its topography, 
 geological formations, mineral wealth, agricultural resources, and commercial 
 advantages, and the most important statistics of every portion of the State, 
 together with many thrilling incidents of the pioneer history of Missouri. By 
 the publication of this Gazetteer the author will accomplish a work worthy of 
 the approval and support of the people of Missouri. 
 
 [The above was signed by the former Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, State Auditor, 
 Clerk of Supreme Court, Superintendent of Common Schools, President Board of Public Works, 
 Secretary of the Senate, and Attorney-General.] 
 
 -esg^ss- 
 
 INDOESEMENT BY THE SENATE. 
 
 By the Senate the following complimentary resolution, indorsing this work, 
 was unanimously passed: 
 
 "Resolved, That we highly approve of and appreciate the labors of Mr. N. H. 
 Parker in the preparation of his Illustrated Historical State Gazetteer, and from 
 the care he has taken to collect reliable information and authentic accounts of 
 the many interesting incidents in our early history, and his faithful exposition 
 of the social and moral, as well as the physical, commercial, and industrial re- 
 sources of the State, we cordially commend this work to the patronage of all 
 those desiring information respecting the past history and present condition of 
 Missouri; ,^nd that, by the publication of his Gazetteer, the author will con- 
 tribute much to the development of the various resources of the State, and will 
 merit the support of every one interested in Missouri." 
 
 1 
 
COMMENDATIONS BY THE PRESS. 
 
 COMMENDATIONS BY THE PEESS. 
 
 We have had the pleasure of spending an hour at the studio of the author of 
 this standard work, and have examined a portion of the manuscripts and illus- 
 trations. The one hundred and fifteen counties in the State are represented, and 
 the history of each county is a book complete in itself, giving full descriptions of 
 the early settlement, physical features, agricultural, commercial, and business 
 statistics of each city and town in the county. Some of the principal points of 
 interest and natural curiosities throughout the State have been drawn and en- 
 graved, expressly for this work. From our personal observation, we can un- 
 qualifiedly pronounce the forthcoming work a most complete book of Missouri. 
 It already has the indorsement of the most prominent men in the State, who 
 have also examined the MSS. A work of this character has long been wanted, 
 and the author merits the support of the entire people of the State. 
 
 When the Illustrated State Gazetteer is published, we shall take an early op- 
 portunity of reviewing its contents, and setting forth more fully the merits of 
 the work. — Missouri Republican, St. Louis. 
 
 We have also had the pleasure of looking over some of the manuscripts of 
 this forthcoming work, and have heretofore had occasion to speak of it commen- 
 datorily. We can do no less than indorse every word the "Republican" says of 
 it. It is well worthy the praise and patronage of every Missourian. — Examiner, 
 .Tefferson City, Mo. 
 
 From what we have seen of the manuscript and illustrations, and from the 
 indorsement it has received from some of the most intelligent men in the State 
 and those most familiar with Missouri, we venture to say that it will be just 
 the work needed — a complete and accurate Gazetteer of Missouri. This book 
 will embrace all information of interest to the citizens of the State, and those 
 seeking homes in the West, including Missouri's early history, its geological 
 and topographical characteristics, and the mineral, manufacturing, mechanical, 
 commercial, and railroad interests, advantages, and statistics of each county. 
 We are under the impression that the information is full, late, and reliable, for 
 it has been collected by the author in person. The illustrations are undoubt- 
 edly accurate and life-like. In a word, it promises to be the best work of the 
 kind yet published in any portion of the great West, and we bespeak for it, in 
 advance, the encouragement of the public. — Democrat, St. Louis. 
 
 We have examined, with much pleasure, a portion of the manuscript, and a 
 large number of handsomely- executed engravings, for an Illustrated Gazetteer 
 of the State. This noble and useful work is being prosecuted by Mr. N. H. 
 Parker. From the energy and ability of this gentleman, we cannot doubt that 
 he will be able to produce a book that will be of the utmost value, not only to 
 citizens of Missouri, but to all who are seeking homes in our borders. 
 
 A work of this kind is greatly needed in Missouri, and we have no reason to 
 doubt that the author will present to the public a faithful and reliable Gazetteer 
 of the State. — Examiner, Jefferson City. 
 
COMMENDATIONS BY THE PRESS. 3 
 
 It will embrace a full description of the State of "Missouri as it is," inevery 
 particular, and will be a complete guide to every man who feels an interest in, 
 or wishes to travel through, that State. The interests of Missouri and Illinois 
 are in some measure identified, and this book should be in the hands of every 
 resident in either State. — Herald, Wilmington, III. 
 
 This work will be of universal interest. Every individual in every city, town, 
 and village in the State will be eager to have it; because every localitj' in the 
 State has a place upon its pages, and many of them are beautifully illustrated. 
 AVe have seen some of the manuscript, and can say, without hesita- 
 tion, that it promises to be the best work of the kind ever published for any 
 part of the West, and it will be an honor to the State and its compiler. — Iro7i- 
 ton Furnace, Ironton, Mo. 
 
 We shall have a book of great value, especially to the business men of Mis- 
 souri. — Visitor, Waverly. 
 
 This gentleman deserves the thanks and encouragement of the people through- 
 out the State, for the enei-gy and thoroughness with which he is prosecuting his 
 work. — West, St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 Any one can see at a glance that this woi-k will prove of immense advantage 
 to each county, and give it character abroad. — Mirror, Springfield, Mo. 
 
 This volume will contain a description of St. Joseph and the surrounding 
 country, its business and commercial advantages, incidents in its early settle- 
 ment, etc., etc. We have been shown the engraving of St. Joseph, designed for 
 it. It is decidedly one of the best executed engravings we have ever seen, and 
 correctly represents the city as it appears from the stand-point where sketched. 
 — Gazette, St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 This work has long been wanted, and will be much sought after. The sketch 
 of St. Joseph is perfect ; the smallest houses are visible, and can be recognized 
 at a glance. Nothing is missing, from the largest house down to the smallest. 
 This work should be in the hands of every one who wishes to become conver- 
 sant with the resources of Missouri. — Journal, St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 This will be an important work, and should be in the hands of every citizen 
 in the State. It will not only be an interesting work to read — the early times 
 of Missouri equaling those of any other State in the Union in wild adventure 
 and romantic interest — but will contain a mint of knowledge which should be 
 known by every one regarding their own State. — Herald, Neosho, Mo. 
 
 The plan of the author has been to visit every county in the State, and from 
 the lips of its oldest citizens, from official sources, and personal observation, to 
 embody every matter of interest — historical, agricultural, and commercial. We 
 have seen the notes on Kansas City, and if the book is made up with such mi- 
 nuteness and fidelity as that of Kansas City, it will be the most important his- 
 tory of Missouri ever published. — Journal of Commerce, Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 The author is able to send forth a book that will speak alike in eloquent tones, 
 to the mind and eye, of the true greatness of our State now, while it will lay the 
 foundation for a future development and population, which can be better imag- 
 ined than described. — Times, Glasgow, Mo. 
 
4 COMMENDATIONS BY THE PRESS. 
 
 The volume will be beautifully illustrated with engravings of towns (among 
 which will be Brunswick), public buildings, landscape scenery, etc., drawn and 
 engraved expressly for this work. It will be a valuable book for reference to 
 all who take an interest in this great State. — Press, Brunswick, Mo. 
 
 This book will contain the latest and most reliable information in regard to 
 our noble State, as well as authentic accounts of its early settlement. — The Cen- 
 tral City, Brunswick, Mo. 
 
 We have no hesitancy in pronouncing it one of the most complete, compre- 
 hensive works of the kind ever published for any Western State or Territory. 
 At this time the great want of the State is an inilux of intelligent, energetic 
 Northern people, who shall infuse new life and energy into the now almost depop- 
 ulated portions of our State. This want has been expressed by our noble Gov- 
 ernor in his inaugural message, by the best men in our Legislature and State 
 Convention, and by the press all over the State. In all the Union "as it was," 
 there is no other State that possesses, to the same extent, the elements of wealth, 
 of greatness, and independence as does Missouri; but the fact avails us nothing 
 unless these latent resources are developed. To insure their development we 
 must make these facts known to the rest of the world — to the overcrowded East, 
 and the manufacturing and mining districts of the Old AVorld, and a tide of im- 
 migration will flow into "free Missouri," such as even the auriferous districts 
 might covet. The reasons are self-evident; almost every mineral of any eco- 
 nomical value exists in working quantities in this State, and of some of the most 
 useful and profitable we have beds of unparalleled extent. The more valuable 
 beds of iron, lead, copper, and marble are in districts penetrated by railroads 
 already completed, or whose completion at an early day is provided for; our 
 public improvements, the cause of education and everything that tends towards 
 the advancement of the best interests of the State, are fostered and encour- 
 aged by the Executive and Legislature. 
 
 Let these facts be properly and fully set forth before the world, as they will 
 be in the forthcoming work — let a correct view of "Missouri as it is in 1867" — 
 redeemed, disenthralled — be published and widely circulated, and thousands 
 of intelligent and industrious settlers will make their homes with us, bringing 
 with them millions of capital, and energy and principles that shall inaugurate 
 ihe new era in Missouri — that shall build up colleges and school-houses, manu- 
 factories, towns, and villages, and " make the wilderness to blossom as the rose." 
 
 We heartily congratulate the people of the State, that the work of producing 
 this most desirable result, by the advocacy of the claims of our State, has been 
 undertaken at this time, by one eminently competent to do the subject justice. 
 Mr. Parker has done and is doing the State a noble work, unaided by public or 
 private enterprise, and it is due him, and manifestly to the interest of the State, 
 that his efforts should be sanctioned by the Slate, as far as consistent. — St. 
 Louis Dispatch. 
 
MISSOURI AS IT IS IN 1867 
 
MISSOUEI 
 
 AS IT IS IN" 1867 
 
 AN 
 
 llhistntto |5ist0rixiil iajctttcr of |iiss0iiii 
 
 EMBRACING TUB 
 
 (jeograpliy, History, Eesources and Prospects ; the Mineralogical and 
 
 Agricultural Wealth and Advantages ; the Population, 
 
 Business Statistics, Public Institutions, etc. 
 
 of each County in the State. 
 
 THE NEW CONSTITUTION, THE EMANCIPATION ORDINANCE, 
 
 AND IMPORTANT FACTS CONCERNING "FREE MISSOURI." 
 
 AN ORIGINAL ARTICLE ON GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, SOILS, ETC. 
 
 BY PROP. G. C. SWALLOW. 
 
 Also Special Articles on Climate, Grape Culture, Hemp, and Tobacco. 
 
 llhtsttatclEy toitl] gumcrows M^mJ (^wmimxp. 
 
 BY • , : , 
 
 NATHAN H. PARKER, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "IOWA AS IT IS;" HANDBOOKS OF MINNESOTA, IOWA, KANSAS AND NEBRASKA; 
 SECTIONAL AND GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF IOW.\, MISSOURI, ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1867. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
 
 NATHAN H. PARKER, 
 
 In the Clerk's OfiSce of the District Court of the United States for the Eastei'n 
 District of Missouri. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The present times are the beginning of a fresh chapter 
 in the history of Missouri. The tide of intelligent, in- 
 dustrious, and earnest men, the rapid inauguration of 
 public improvements and private enterprises upon a scale 
 heretofore unknown, the employment of skill and capi- 
 tal in mining and manuflicturing, the transformation of 
 thousands of acres of the virgin soil to cultivated farms, 
 and the rapidly growing villages and creation of new 
 business centers, give us every reason to date the opening 
 of the new epoch in the development of the resources of 
 Missouri from the close of the war. 
 
 After long years of struggle, the State stands to-day 
 redeemed from slavery and oppression, and, as will be 
 seen by reference to the New Constitution herein, she has 
 taken her position in the front ranks of the Free States, 
 and now "guarantees the property, protects the rights, 
 and yields the largest liberty to all her citizens." 
 
 After having thoroughly acquainted himself with the 
 character of this State, by extensive tours and corre- 
 spondence, during the past ten years, the writer has pre- 
 
 (ix) 
 
pared the following pages, not to produce a pleasing and 
 salable book, but to supply the demand for full and re- 
 liable information about this noble State. Portions of 
 the information, especially the descriptive and historical 
 notes, were collected before the war. After the smoke 
 of our battles had cleared away, and the New Era fairly 
 dawned upon the State by the adoption of the New Con- 
 stitution, it was decided to complete and publish this 
 work without unnecessary delay. Missouri suffered more 
 from the effects of the war than any other Northern 
 State, and the consequent disarrangement of traveling 
 facilities, the removal or destruction of county records, 
 the disruption and disorganization of religious and edu- 
 cational societies, rendered the task of collecting reliable 
 information neither pleasant nor satisfactory. 
 
 The most careful observer and candid writer cannot, 
 in making tours through a State, give as full and reliable 
 details respecting many important matters as the reader 
 would desire in a standard work ; hence the author has 
 not relied solely upon his personal observations, but 
 sought, from the best available authority in every de- 
 partment, the testimony and experience of practical men. 
 Special articles have been prepared for this work on 
 Geology, Mineralogy, Grape Culture, Wine-making, Hemp 
 Culture, Mineral and Agricultural Resources, Timber, 
 Trees, etc., by persons who were believed to be most 
 competent authority in those several departments. 
 
It has been the aim of the writer to address himself 
 to the general intelligence of the educated, observing, and 
 thinking men — to state facts as to the location and char- 
 acter of our various soils and minerals — to describe the 
 resources and advantages of the State, rather than to in- 
 dulge in theoretical speculations. 
 
 Of course it is impossible for perfect accuracy to be 
 obtained in a work of this description ; for, while the au- 
 thor has left one portion of the State with correct statis- 
 tics to that date, and is visiting other sections, new towns 
 spring up, and older ones grow apace. For instance, 
 Chillicothe is reported to have built 300 and Mexico 200 
 new dwellings and business houses vithin the past twelve 
 months. The same is true of other portions of the State. 
 Virgil City is so new as not to be located upon any map — 
 only four months old, and now numbers twenty dwell- 
 ings, a steam saw-mill, hotel, stores, brick machines, etc., 
 with prospects so extensive that the projectors have lo- 
 cated the plat in two counties — partly in Cedar and 
 Vernon Counties. Western people who build towns in this 
 manner, who construct railroads at a rate of from three 
 to five miles per day, do not stand still to be photo- 
 graphed, nor care one iota how rapidly they outstrip the 
 statistician's estimates of their business or population. 
 However, from the pains taken, this work is believed to 
 contain very few errors, and none of great importance. 
 Travelers or citizens who may notice mistakes or omis- 
 
sions will confer a favor by reporting the same to the 
 author, at St. Louis, by mail, that future editions may be 
 as nearly accurate as possible. 
 
 To the press of the State, for universal courtesy and 
 co-operation, and to those who have given encouraging 
 notices in advance ; to the several railroad companies, for 
 traveling facilities for visiting points along their lines, 
 and to the many citizens who have done their State good 
 service by contributing information for this work, the 
 author would return his grateful acknowledgments. 
 
 And here the writer feels called upon to express his 
 gratitude to a generous public for the very liberal pat- 
 ronage bestowed upon his six previous publications on 
 Western States and Territories. Imperfect as have been 
 his labors, his motives have been appreciated, and the 
 census statistics for the past decade indicate that pub- 
 lished information has no unfavorable results upon the 
 increase of the population or wealth of the West. 
 
 This work is submitted to the public as it is, with the 
 promise of a better, if it is demanded. If the author has 
 succeeded in representing "Missouri as it is in 1867" — if 
 his task shall tend to throw a light over the immigrant's 
 path, to direct intelligent labor and capital where there 
 is unlimited and remunerative demands — if this work 
 shall serve to eradicate or lessen whatever of misconcep- 
 tion or of prejudice may have existed in the minds of 
 strangers — if, as the fruit of his labors, the author shall 
 
be able to place Missouri before the world in her true 
 light, and to assign to her that lofty rank among the 
 States which she must attain and forever hold — he will 
 feel that he has not fallen short of the elevated goal of 
 his ambition, and, in the consciousness of duty fulfilled, 
 will reap a golden reward. 
 
 N. H. P. 
 
CONTENTS. ^ 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Historical Epoclis of the Mississippi Valley 17 
 
 General View of Missouri 20 
 
 Topography of Eastern and Western Missouri compared 22 
 
 The Submerged Lands of Missouri 30 
 
 Outline History 89 
 
 Population of Missouri from 1821 to 18G0 inclusive 51 
 
 Education 53 
 
 Table — Showing number and kind of School-houses, number of Children in 
 Schools, and the Radical and Conservative Vote in each County, in 
 
 March, 18G6 54, 55 
 
 Railways in Missouri 57 
 
 Distances by Railroads in Missouri 59 
 
 Table of River Distances 60 
 
 Elevations in Missouri 61 
 
 Climate 62 
 
 Table — Showing the order of leafing of Trees, Shrubs, etc., in Missouri... 63 
 
 Grape Culture in Missouri 64-95 
 
 Making Wine 89 
 
 Vine Culture 94 
 
 The Lead Region of Southwest Missouri — Granby 95 
 
 The Granite and Kaolins of Southeast Missouri 101 
 
 The Grand River Country 103 
 
 Geology 109 
 
 The Mineral Resources of Missouri 140 
 
 (XV) 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Building Materials in Missouri 149 
 
 Springs in Missouri 154 
 
 Agricultural Resources of Missouri 155 
 
 Timber and Trees of Missouri 159 
 
 Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs observed in Missouri 161 
 
 Public Lands 169 
 
 The Homestead Law 175 
 
 Description of Counties 177-418 
 
 Introduction of Steam Navigation upon Western Rivers 419 
 
 The Emancipation Ordinance 424 
 
 Constitution of the State of Missouri 425 
 
ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MISSOURI. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 HISTORICAL EPOCHS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 1539 — De Soto discovers and crosses the Mississippi. 
 
 1542 — Winter-quarters of bis company, probably in Missouri, in 
 
 1541-'42. 
 " De Soto died, and was buried in the Mississippi, near mouth 
 
 of Arkansas River. 
 " Louis de Moscoso succeeds De Soto. He marches to Red 
 
 River, in Texas. 
 1543 — Moscoso and his troops march through Arkansas and Missouri. 
 1544 — De Biedma makes a report of De Soto's Expedition, to the 
 
 King of Spain. 
 1671 — The French take formal possession of the Northwest. 
 1673 — May 13, Marquette and Joliet leave Mackinaw in search of 
 
 the Mississippi, 
 " June 17, Marquette reaches the Mississippi at the mouth of 
 
 the Wisconsin, and descended it to the mouth of the Ar- 
 kansas. 
 1675— May 18, Marquette died. 
 1680 — La Salle sends Hennepin and Dugay to explore the Upper 
 
 Mississippi. St. Anthony's Falls named by Hennepin. 
 1682 — Original naming of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, and 
 
 the countries through which they flow. 
 
 2 (17) 
 
18 HISTORICAL EPOCHS OF 
 
 1G83 — First settlements made by La Salle. He descends the Missis- 
 sippi to its mouth. 
 " March 6, takes possession of the country, and named it 
 "Louisiana." 
 
 168'! — March 17, La Salle is killed by some companions, 
 
 1696 — War between the Iroquois Indians and the British Colonies, 
 against the Province of Canada. 
 
 n05 — The Missouri River explored to the mouth of the Kansas 
 River by the French. 
 
 1112 — September 14, Louisiana granted to Crozart by Louis XIV. 
 
 1717 — August 22, Crozart resigns Louisiana to the Crown. Transfer 
 of the grant to "The Company of the West." First Laws. 
 
 1718 — Colonists arrive. I^ew Orleans laid out. Fort Chartres, Illi- 
 nois, commenced. 
 
 1719 — Renault leaves France for the Illinois country. Arrives, and 
 dispatches 200 miners, assayers, and artisans in search of 
 precious metals in Illinois and Missouri. Fort Chartres 
 completed. 
 
 1720 — Spanish Expedition from Santa Fe, against the French and 
 Missouri Indians. 
 
 1724 — Erection of Fort Orleans on an island in the Missouri. 
 Destruction of the Fort. 
 
 1731 — January 24, Company of the West surrender their charter to 
 the King of France. 
 
 1762 — November 3, Paris Treaty concluded. Louisiana ceded to 
 Spain by France. 
 " Village du Cote (St. Charles) established. 
 
 1763 — November 3, M. Laclede arrives at St. Genevieve and Fort 
 Chartres. 
 
 1764 — February 15, St. Louis founded by Pierre Laclede Liguest. 
 
 1766 — August 11, Grant of land received by Pierre Laclede Liguest, 
 upon which to build St. Louis. 
 
 1769 — First occupancy by the Spaniards. 
 
 1770 — Spain obtains possession of St. Louis and Upper Louisiana. 
 
 1772 — Fort Chartres evacuated. 
 
 1778 — General Clark takes possession of Kaskaskia. Cahokia joins 
 the Americans. 
 " June 20, Pierre Laclede Liguest died near the mouth of Ar- 
 kansas River, aged 54. 
 
 1780 — St. Louis attacked by 1500 Indians and 140 British. 
 
 1785 — Great flood of the Mississippi threatening to inundate St.Loui 
 
 1786 — Julien Dubuque first visits the Upper Mississippi. 
 
THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 19 
 
 nSY — New Madrid founded by Colonel G. Morgan, of New Jersey. 
 
 1788 — Dubuque obtains a grant of 140,000 acres, embracing the pres- 
 ent Dubuque, lead mines, etc. 
 " First boat-load of lead bought from the Indians and shipped 
 to St. Louis by Col. Joseph Shaw, the pioneer of the lead 
 trade. 
 
 1795 — First Ferry established at St. Louis, by Captain James Pig- 
 gott. 
 
 1798 — Charles Dehault Delassus de Deluziere succeeds Zenon Tra- 
 deau as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Louisiana. 
 
 1803 — Louisiana ceded to the United States. 
 
 1804 — March 26, "Territory of Orleans" organized; residue of coun- 
 try called "Territory of Louisiana." 
 " Lewis and Clark set out upon their Western Exploring Expe- 
 dition. 
 
 1808 — September 5, Major George C. Sibley established Fort Osage 
 Government Factory on the Missouri. 
 " July, the " Missouri Gazette," first newspaper west of the 
 Mississippi established at St. Louis by Joseph Charless. 
 
 1809 — Governor M. Lewis committed suicide. 
 
 1811 — December 11, Earthquake at New Madrid. 
 
 1812 — June 4, Name changed to Territory of Missouri, and advanced 
 to second grade of government. 
 " December 7, First Session of Legislature convened at St. Louis. 
 
 1814 — December 5, Second Session of Legislature convened at St. 
 Louis. 
 " Bank of Missouri chartered. 
 
 1815 — Second weekly paper established at St. Louis. 
 
 1817 — The first Steamboat (General Pike) reached St. Louis. 
 " John Scott, of St. Genevieve, elected first Delegate to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1818-19 — Missouri Compromise passed. 
 
 1819 — June 8, Exploring Expedition under Major Long left St. Louis 
 for Mandan villages and the Yellowstone ; failed. 
 
 1820 — Constitutional Convention at St. Louis. 
 
 1821 — Admission of Missouri into the Union. 
 
 1833 — Trouble with the Mormons in Jackson County. 
 
 1838 — State Capitol commenced. 
 " Mormon war in Caldwell County. 
 
 1852 — November 20, First Locomotive west of Mississippi, on Pacific 
 Railroad. 
 
 1859 — July, Introduction of Horse Railroads in St. Louis. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 " Missouri, one of the largest of the United States, and the first 
 formed wholly west of the Mississippi River, is bounded on the north 
 by Iowa, (from which it is separated for about 30 miles on the north- 
 east by the Des Moines River,) and on the east by the Mississippi 
 River, which divides it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee ; on 
 the south by Arkansas, and on the west by Indian, Kansas, and 'Ne- 
 braska, Territories ; from the latter two of which it is partly sepa- 
 rated by the Missouri River. This State lies (with the exception 
 of a small projection between the St. Fran9ois and the Mississippi 
 Rivers, which extends to 36°,) between 36° 30' and 40° 36' N". lat, 
 and between 89° 10' and 96° W. Ion., being about 285 miles in its 
 greatest length from E. to W., and 280 in width from N. to S., 
 including an area of 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 acres, only 
 2,938,425 of which were improved in 1850." — LippincoWs Gazetteer 
 of the World. 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 
 
 In our description of the State at large we will arrange it in four 
 distinct divisions — the Western, the Eastern, and the Northern — and 
 afterwards describe the Southern or the " Swamp Region of South- 
 east Missouri;" and to give the reader a more clear and well-defined 
 idea of its topography, we insert the following interesting extract 
 from an article in the Western Journal, vol. ii. p. 292, from the pen 
 of W. R. Singleton, Esq., Civil Engineer. He says: — 
 
 "I shall begin at the mouth of the Lamine River, in Cooper 
 County, and, drawing a line due south to its intersection of the south 
 boundary line, where White River leaves the State, shall establish 
 this as the ^ datum line,'' dividing the eastern from the western part 
 of Missouri; from the fact that the two sections differ in their geo- 
 graphical, geological, and topographical features. To a superficial 
 observer, scarcely any difference would appear upon the map of the 
 State ; but the topographer must, at the first glance, detect a marked 
 and striking one. 
 (20) 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 21 
 
 "The Main Ridges first claim our attention. That ridge which, 
 leaving the eastern branch of the Sierra Madre at Long's Peak, west 
 of St. Train's Fort, in lat. 40° 20', Ion. 105° 45', runs south until it 
 heads the South Fork of the Platte, becomes the main divide between 
 the waters which flow north to the Nebraska and east into the Mis- 
 souri, and those which flow into the Mississippi by the Arkansas. It 
 passes a few miles north of Bent's Fort, and from thence bears due east 
 to the head of Little Arkansas, separates it from Smoky Hill Fork 
 of Kansas, and passing north of Council Grove, a few miles east of 
 which it divides itself into two branches ; the northern one passing 
 into the State of Missouri between the head waters of the Osage and 
 the small streams which empty directly into the Missouri. 
 
 "This ridge continues until it reaches the head waters of the River 
 Lamine, and then again divides; its main branch passing south of 
 all the branches of the Lamine, is the divide between that stream and 
 the waters of the Osage ; and after running toward the Valley of 
 the Missouri, there loses itself between the mouths of the Lamine and 
 the Osage Rivers — changing its character topographically, from the 
 former to the latter, so materially, that that part near the Osage 
 appears to be a diflTerent ridge altogether. Those who have noticed 
 the slopes of the hills at the mouth of the Lamine would scarcely 
 identify them as belonging to the same ridge with the bluffs just 
 above the Osage. 
 
 "The southern branch of the principal ridge, passing between the 
 heads of the Osage on the east, and the streams which empty into 
 the Arkansas, retains its character, and passing into the State of 
 Missouri, in Jasper County, 110 miles south of the mouth of the 
 Kansas, becomes upon the maps the Ozark range; which name is 
 assumed to distinguish it from other ridges in that section. Possess- 
 ing no feature whatever to characterize it as a mountain chain — for 
 in every essential it is different from a mountain — this ridge, as it 
 progresses to the east, becomes the most remarkable feature in the 
 topography of the State. It is the dividing ridge between the waters 
 of the Missouri on its northern slope, and those of the Mississippi on 
 its southern, from its inception at Long's Peak to its terminus on the 
 l)anks of the Mississippi. From Long's Peak to the datum line, this 
 ridge is celebrated for its pampas or prairies, its long slopes, con- 
 tinuous directions, and the great breadth and uniformity of its sum- 
 rait level ; from the same line to the Mississippi River, it is equally 
 remarkable for the reverse of these features; and hence we have in 
 this view divided the southern half of the State into two topograph- 
 ical departments. And while, in many particulars, the escarpment 
 
22 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of the ridges on the western division shows a similarity to those in 
 the eastern, yet in all the essential qualities they differ very materi- 
 ally. This ridge, as it approaches the heads of the Gasconade and 
 Current Rivers, retakes the character it had abandoned at Long's 
 Peak, and retains it throughout the eastern section; crosses the Mis- 
 sissippi river at Grand Tower; is cut through by that river, also by 
 the Big Muddy in Illinois; passes on to the Ohio River at Golconda; 
 is again severed by the Ohio, and, passing through Kentucky, merges 
 itself into the Cumberland Mountains between the heads of the Ken- 
 tucky River and Big Sandy on the north, and the Cumberland River 
 on the south. 
 
 "We have thus traced a connection between the eastern branch of 
 the Rocky Mountains at Long's Peak and the Cumberland Mount- 
 ains in Kentucky, only broken by the Mississippi, Big Muddy, and 
 Ohio Rivers, showing throughout its entire length certain geological 
 features, and at its eastern end exhibiting topographical similarities 
 to its western. This ridge is at an elevation much above all the 
 other ridges in the valley of the Mississippi, and from this circum- 
 stance I have formed a theory to account for the prairies to the north 
 of it, but which I shall omit from this article. 
 
 " From the west boundary line to the datum line, the two main 
 branches of the principal ridge (which I shall now denominate, for 
 the sake of distinction, the 'liamine Ridge' and the 'Ozark,') have 
 the same characteristic features, which are great width and regularity 
 of summit, general uniformity as to grades, and the very gradual 
 descent to the valleys of the streams which intersect their slopes on 
 every side — to the eye of the engineer presenting a delightful pros- 
 pect in their pecu-liar adaptation for railroads, plank roads, etc. 
 
 "Topography of Eastern and Western Missouri compared. — Re- 
 ferring again to the map, we discover that east of the datum line, 
 the main streams running northwardly into the Missouri, from the 
 dividing ridge, pass much nearer to one another, and although gener- 
 ally parallel in their course, yet in their meanders approach each 
 other very frequently. Again, the branches of one stream will head 
 within two or three miles of another main stream — as, for example, I 
 refer to the ridge between the Gasconade and Osage. Many small 
 streams of both rivers head past each other within a very short dis- 
 tance of the other main stream. This is the peculiar feature of the 
 topography east of the datum line. The ridges branching off from 
 the main ridge, between two unimportant branches, frequently are 
 found to be higher and more irregular in their grade at the summit 
 than the principal one; indeed, from a personal and instrumental 
 
GENERAL VIEW OP MISSOURI. 23 
 
 examination, it has been pronounced a more remarkable country 
 than any within the States. Hence, in my examination of its geo- 
 logical features, when compared with those of the Sierra Madre, I 
 unhesitatingly pronounce it to have been subjected to the same vol- 
 canic influences, although in a milder form. The characteristic rocks 
 are identical with those of Long's Peak, and many other points of 
 the Sierra Madre.* The main dividing ridge, before mentioned, east 
 of the datum line, becomes broken, irregular, and mountainous ; as it 
 approaches the head of the Piney, Maramec, Indian Creek, and Big 
 Rivers, on the north, and Eleven Points, Current, Black, and St. 
 Francois on the south, it becomes more and more broken, irregular, 
 and ill defined; and as it approaches the seat of volcanic action, 
 near the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, (those most wonderful of all 
 natural objects,) the ridge proper loses itself in a strange anomaly — 
 a valley. Yes, a very valley on one of the highest ridges in the 
 State ! The mountains which form this valley rise up from the sum- 
 mit of this ridge, mostly of metalliferous formations, generally covered 
 with a mixed growth of timber. The autumn scenery of the West is 
 celebrated in song and on canvas; but I am satisfied," continues Mr. 
 Singleton, "neither harp, pen, or pencil could portray one-tenth of 
 the beauties of that one glance, as I surmounted the ridge, from the 
 summit of which, by one ' coup-d'oeil,'' my soul drank in all the beau- 
 ties of the Bellevue Valley, f As I have already remarked, this ridg-e 
 continues its course unbroken to the Mississippi River, at the Grand 
 Tower; but previous to which it branches in several directions: 1st. 
 Northwardly, toward the Maramec, forming the divide between the 
 Big River of the Maramec and the various short and rapid streams 
 that run into the Mississippi, which I shall term the Maramec ridge. 
 2d. Southwardly toward the sunken district in Scott and New Madrid 
 Counties, east of the St. Francois, called the St. Francis ridge, and 
 gradually loses itself in the valley of that stream, in the sunken 
 region, and the Mississippi bottom. 
 
 " The first branch, or Maramec ridge, possesses all the features of 
 the main ridge — more broken and irregular as it approaches, and 
 modifying these traits as it recedes from the parent trunk, until at the 
 Maramec it is similar to the bluffs on the Upper Missouri River, which 
 
 * Since the return from the Rocky Mountain gold regions, to Southeast Mis- 
 souri, of persons who had noticed tlie similarity in the geological features of the 
 two sections, explorations have been made which seem to indicate that there are 
 very rich and extensive mines of gold in Southeast Missouri. (See Iron and 
 Madison County.) 
 
 f See view of Pilot Knob, also view of Ironton from the summit of Pilot Knob. 
 
24 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 are the breaks of the first main branch, or Lamine ridge, east of 
 Council Grove. In this ridge, and the branches from it, are our 
 most vahiable lead mines, copper mines, and stone quarries. 
 
 "The southern slope of the main or Ozark ridge from the datum 
 line, to the geologist becomes strikingly interesting as he approaches 
 its eastern terminus. First, are the points running immediately down 
 to White River, in all of which, near the main ridge, are evidences of 
 coal; as he approaches the Eleven Points, the mineral resources be- 
 come more interesting, until having reached the waters of the Cur- 
 rent River, he is involved among intermediate hills, knobs, and mount- 
 ains of metallic deposits of iron, lead, copper, gold, silver, zinc, 
 cobalt, and many other rare metals ; while porphyritic and granitic 
 formations lead him to imagine himself at once transported to the 
 ' Stony Mountains,' or the 'Nevada' of California itself. The topog- 
 rapher can only look on with wonder and amazement. Where shall 
 he begin his sketch ? Where place his main divide ? Echo answers, 
 'Where!' With 'confusion worse confounded,' 'rocks on rocks piled 
 mountains high,' and a dozen other poetic sentences which I might 
 quote, to describe faintly what in reality exists, all whirling through 
 my brain: even to contemplate such a general 'crash of worlds,' my 
 good friend, the geologist, is quietly seated, hammer in hand, pound- 
 ing away, with his specimens around him, oblivious of the world 1 
 Can I describe a banquet-room after a drunken revel? The surgeon 
 may heal the broken heads and noses, and the cabinet workman the 
 chairs and tables ; but I have naught to do there — the Earth and her 
 sisters have had a glorious spree, and I leave those most interested 
 to make the best of it.* The topographer has no business there — ' 
 he cannot possibly describe it. So let us hasten to another equally 
 interesting feature of a different nature — the country of the St. 
 Fran9ois. While the same convulsions of nature were going on, and 
 the country near the Iron Mountain, and southwest of it, was ele- 
 vated, that near the lower St. Fran9ois was depressed. We have 
 no reason to doubt that from the last bluff on the west side, below 
 the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of White River, the general level 
 of the country on the river was the same as above that point ; but by 
 the great earthquake which raised the one, the other was sunken, and 
 is now as irregular in its lakes, rivers, and creeks, as the former is in 
 its ridges and streams." 
 
 * Of course, the writer does not refer to the earthquakes of 1811-'12, which, 
 though they changed the surface of this section very materially, produced little 
 or no change in any other portion of the State. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 25 
 
 In another portion of this work, (St. Louis County,) the idea is 
 advanced, that at one time the level of the Mississippi River, above 
 the main ridge, was probably 200 feet higher than at the present 
 time, and that there were then Falls in the Mississippi, at the Grand 
 Tower, probably as extensive as those of Niagara. We submit it to 
 geologists, whether the present appearance of the rocks at Grand 
 Tower, where this ridge has been cut through, and the fact that the 
 great coal basin, as well as the prairies of Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa 
 lie north of this great natural barrier, do not justify the conclusion 
 that such has been the case, and that the great coal basin and the 
 prairies were formed during the period when that portion of the Mis- 
 •sissippi valley must have been a vast body of water ! 
 
 "The eastern section of the State is broken and irregular in all 
 its ridges — its streams tortuous, rapid, and of sudden descent ; drain- 
 ing a country rocky and precipitous, where its escarpments approach 
 the valleys ; the streams excavated to a great depth below the sum- 
 mit of the ridges, and rising by a gentle slope to within a short dis- 
 tance of the ridge, then by a rapid ascent gaining its summit. So 
 universally is this the case," says Mr. Singleton, "that in all my sur- 
 veys for railroads, a tunnel with very heavy ascending and descend- 
 ing grades was necessary to effect the transit from the head of the 
 valley of one stream to another. 
 
 "The western section is generally regular and uniform, both in its 
 vertical and horizontal sections ; the streams, descending from the 
 summit ridges by gentle slopes to the main valleys, are almost imper- 
 ceptible in their descent ; the ridges are wide, continuously direct, 
 and uniform in grade, mostly covered with prairies, and peculiarly 
 adapted to the construction of railroads." 
 
 In speaking of the geography of Missouri, Professor Schoolcraft 
 says : " It possesses some of the most prominent geographical features 
 of the western country, and from the meeting of such mighty streams on 
 its confines, and its relation to all the country situated north and west 
 of it, must become the key to all the commerce of those regions, and 
 is destined to have a commanding influence on the surrounding States, 
 and on the political character and mutations of that country. The 
 country west of the Mississippi differs in some respects from any other 
 section of the western country, and affords a variety in its physical 
 aspect which is nowhere else to be met with. A great proportion of 
 the lands in this territory are of the richest kind, producing corn, 
 wheat, rye, oats, hemp, flax, and tobacco in great abundance, and in 
 great perfection. The lands bordering on the Missouri River, as far 
 as the territory extends, (in 1819,) are rich beyond comparison. 
 
26 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 * * * " The traveler in the interior is often surprised to be- 
 hold, at one view, cliffs and prairies, bottoms and barrens, naked hills, 
 heavy forests, rocks, streams, and plains, all succeeding each other 
 with rapidity, and mingled with the most pleasing harmony. I have 
 contemplated such scenes, while standing upon some lofty bluff in the 
 wilderness of Missouri, with unmixed delight ; while the deer, elk, and 
 buffalo were grazing quietly on the plains below." 
 
 "Although there is much high land in this territory, there is perhaps 
 none which, strictly speaking, is entitled to the appellation of a moun- 
 tain. A ridge of high land, called the Ozark chain, commencing on 
 the banks of the Maramec near the Fourche a Courtois, extends in a 
 southwestern direction to the banks of White River in Arkansas 
 Territory, a distance of about 400 miles, and occasionally rises into 
 peaks of mountain height. This ridge divides the waters of the Mis- 
 souri from those of the Mississippi. The body of red granite found 
 on the head of the St. rran9ois, lies in mountain masses, and forms, 
 in connection with the accompanying rocks, some of the most rude 
 and terrific scenery, full of interest in a mineralogical as well as a 
 geological point of view." 
 
 The Granite Mountain here referred to is north of the center of 
 township 34, range 3 east, and about 2 miles due west from Middle- 
 brook on the Iron Mountain Railroad, and about 5 miles southwest 
 from Pilot Knob. 
 
 " The region of the Ozark range of mountain-development is one 
 of singular features, and no small attractions. It exhibits a vast and 
 elevated tract of horizontal and sedimentary strata, extending for 
 hundreds of miles north and south. This range is broken up into 
 high cliffs, often wonderful to behold, which form the inclosing walls 
 of river valleys. The Arkansas itself forces its way through about 
 the center of the range. The Washita marks its southern boundary. 
 The St. Fran9ois and Maramec, at the mouth of the former of which 
 De Soto landed, constitute its northern limits. The junction of the 
 Missouri with the Mississippi may be said to be its extreme northern 
 development. The Missouri, from the influx of the Osage, is pushed 
 northward by the Ozark range. It rests, upon the south, upon the 
 primitive granites, slates, and quartz rock of Washita. The cele- 
 brated Hot Springs issue from it. The long-noted mines of Mis- 
 souri, which once set opinion in France in a blaze, extend from its 
 northeastern flanks. The primitive sienites and hornblende rocks of 
 the sources of the St. Francois and Grand Rivers support it. The 
 Unica or White River, the Strawberry, Spring River, Current, and 
 Black Rivers descend from it and join the Mississippi. The Great 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 27 
 
 and Little Osage, and Gasconade, flow into the Missouri. The great 
 plains and sand desert, which stretch at the eastern foot of the Rocky 
 - Mountains, lie west of it. It is not less than 200 miles in breadth. 
 No part of the center regions of the Mississippi valley exhibits such 
 a variety in its geological constituents, or such a striking mineralog- 
 ical development. Its bodies of the ore of iron called iron-glace are 
 unparalleled. These are particularly developed in the locality called 
 Iron Mountain, at the sources of the St. Fran9ois. Its ores of lead, 
 zinc, antimony, and manganese are remarkable. Its limestones 
 abound in caves yielding nitre. Salt and gypsum are found in the 
 plains, on its western borders. Its large blocks of quartz rocks, 
 which are found north of the Arkansas River, particularly scattered 
 over the formations crossing the Little Red, Buffalo, and White 
 Uivers, about the Buffalo shoals, furnish indications of the diluvial 
 gold deposit, which would justify future examinations." — School- 
 c raffs Adventures in the Ozark Mountains, p. 113. 
 
 Notwithstanding that the Ozark range presents a rough, rocky, con- 
 fused appearance in some portions, and that its perpendicular walls 
 here and there attain an elevation of from 100 to 400 feet, overhang- 
 ing the streams and valleys below, there are other portions of the 
 ridge, especially in the western part of the State, where the slopes 
 on either side are so gradual, and the table-lands upon its summit so 
 extensive, that the traveler would pass entirely over it without any 
 knowledge of this being the Ozark ridge, except that the elevation 
 attained everywhere presents an extensive view of the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 And here we would correct some erroneous impressions in regard 
 to Missouri, and show their origin. Upon some of the first maps 
 of the State, the "Ozark Mountains," have a prominence that would 
 be no disgrace to the Alleghanies, and some map publishers of the 
 present day still copy the information from these old editions, errors 
 and all. The following article appeared in the St. Louis Enquirer, 
 (Thomas H. Benton, editor,) December 1, 1819, (in reply to an article 
 from the National Intelligencer, in regard to the formation of the 
 proposed State of Missouri.) The editor says: "After you get forty 
 or fifty miles from the Mississippi, the arid plains set in and the country 
 is uninhabitable, except upon the borders of the rivers and creeks." 
 Again he says: "Take up Mellish's map — look for St. Genevieve — 
 carry your eyes west to Mine il Breton, and you are upon the con- 
 fines of a desert; six miles farther, the inhabitable land gives out, 
 and the naked and arid plains set in." Speaking of the country 
 north of the Missouri, the same writer says: "The Grand Prairie, 
 
28 GENEKAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 a plain without wood or water, which extends to the northwest 
 farther than hunters or travelers have ever yet gone, comes down to 
 within a few miles of the town of St. Charles, and so completely 
 occupies the fork of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, that the 
 woodland for 300 miles up each only forms a skirt from five to twenty- 
 five miles wide, and above that distance the prairie actually reaches 
 the borders of the rivers in many places." 
 
 Such was the opinion held in 1819. Let us see what Professor G. 
 C. Swallow says of these same portions, after a careful examination, 
 forty years later. 
 
 The southwestern branch of the Pacific Railroad traverses the 
 "naked, arid, and uninhabitable " country above spoken of. In his 
 lengthy and able report upon the character of the lands of this 
 company, the State Geologist says of the soil : "Almost every acre 
 of the alluvial bottoms throughout this entire region has a rich, 
 durable soil, which is usually well adapted to the culture of corn, 
 wheat, tobacco, oats, and the grasses ; some would yield good hemp. 
 Where the silicious marls of the bluff are well developed, the upland 
 soils are rich, fertile, and durable. This variety of soil prevails in 
 all the best upland on the line of the road, particularly in the eastern 
 and western extremities. In Oliver's prairie, Pool's prairie, and 
 Sarcoxie prairie, in Newton ; Grand and Kickapoo prairies in Green ; 
 Pleasant prairie in Webster ; Dimond prairie in Jasper ; and Ozark 
 prairie in Lawrence, the soil is excellent. It possesses the same 
 good qualities in some of the timbered portions of all the counties 
 above named. There is a soil, somewhat inferior to the preceding, 
 which covers large areas in the region under consideration. It also 
 rests upon the marls of the blufi", where that formation is somewhat 
 clayey, and where it has been injured by washing. This variety is 
 found on the ridges and undulating portions of the country, where 
 the white, post, and black oaks, and summer grapes abound, and 
 white hickory, dwarf sumac, and ha'zle are less prevalent. This same 
 soil also occupies the prairies, which are somewhat inferior to those 
 mentioned above. It is also true, contrary to the opinions of some, 
 that the central counties on the line of this road have large areas of 
 most excellent land." Again he says: "The time is not far distant 
 when the poor Jiint ridges and terraced slopes of Southern Missouri 
 will be more valuable for vineyards than the best lands of the State 
 for the other departments of agriculture." 
 
 Hence the reader has reliable information respecting the soils of 
 the southern portion of the State. What is said of "the plain with- 
 out wood or water, which extends farther than hunters or travelers 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 29 
 
 had ever gone" in 1819? The Hannibal and St. Joseph Raih'oad 
 passes through very nearly the center of the northern half of the 
 State. In a letter from the State Geologist, giving his opinion of 
 the lands along the line of this road, he says : "By far the larger part 
 of it is a high, rolling country, and about equally divided into prairie 
 and timber ; all well vs^atered with numerous springs and streams. A 
 small portion of the country is broken into ridges and knobs; and 
 the larger streams are bordered by rich alluvial bottoms. Nearly all 
 the soil of this region is based upon the fine silicious marl of the 
 bluff formation. As this fact would indicate, they possess all the 
 good qualities of the very best Western soils. Those in the valleys 
 of the streams are not inferior in fertility to the very best alluvial 
 soils; but those upon the ridges and knobs are of a lighter char- 
 acter, and much inferior for the ordinary uses of the farmer. It is, 
 however, very probable that these soils will be more valuable for the 
 cultivation of the grape, than even our richest soils for the ordinary 
 purposes of agriculture ; for the grape will succeed on the poorer 
 ridges, when the soil has the proper composition. Thus it will be 
 seen, that the lands of your company are located in one of the richest 
 and most desirable regions of the West. The soil is scarcely sur- 
 passed in any region of equal extent, and yet the country is high, 
 undulating, well watered, and salubrious. It is so divided into timber 
 and jDrairie, as will render the opening of farms most convenient and 
 profitable. The prairie is ready for the plow, and the best of tim- 
 ber at hand for buildings and fences. But the vast coal-beds, be- 
 neath the soil, give these lands a value far above all ordinary prices. 
 According to Major Hawn's surveys, a large portion of these lands 
 contain at least fine workable beds of good coal. These beds will 
 contain an aggregate thickness of fifteen feet, which will yield not 
 less than 20,000 tons per acre. The coal alone, at only one cent per 
 ton, is worth $200 per acre. Good limestone, suitable for all build- 
 ing purposes, is abundant along the line of the road. Clays, of 
 excellent quality for common and fine brick and pottery, are found 
 in large quantities. The numerous streams which pass through this 
 region afford a large amount of water-power, and many good sites 
 for mills and factories." 
 
 Northern Missouri. — From the facts given in the above extracts, 
 as well as the information contained in the descriptions of the several 
 counties, the reader will perceive that the portion of the State north 
 of the Missouri River exhibits a desirable medium between a mount- 
 ainous and a level country — a bleak prairie and a densely-timbered 
 region. It is less broken and hilly than most of the Eastern and 
 
30 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Middle Stcates, or the southern portion of this State, and less level 
 or flat than portions of Illinois and many of the Southern States. 
 As will be seen by reference to the map, this section is well watered, 
 the principal streams running from the north to the south, and many 
 of them present good facilities for water-power, (which, however, 
 are less numerous than upon the streams in the southern part of the 
 State.) The ridges or divides between the streams are generally suf- 
 ficiently elevated to afford natural roads of the most perfect char- 
 acter, passable with heavy loads during all seasons. 
 
 The "Elk Knobs," in Macon County, are worthy of mention, and 
 are fully described in the chapter devoted to "Natural Curiosities," 
 where will also be found a description of the "Mamelles," the " Cedar 
 Pyramid," and the "Rocky Cliff," in St. Charles County. 
 
 The Submerged Lands of Missouri.* — The portion of the State 
 of Missouri that is inundated, comprises the counties of Cape 
 Girardeau, Scott, Mississippi, Wayne, Stoddard, Butler, New Madrid, 
 Dunklin, and Pemiscot, embracing, according to the returns made to 
 the Surveyor-General's office (including all the swamp lands in the 
 Jackson land district) 1,856,120 acres. "A portion of each of the 
 above counties is covered with water, and possess an alluvial soil; 
 the lands are low and marshy, interspersed by streams, rivers, lakes, 
 swamps, bayous, bogs, and marshes ; although a part of the swamps 
 is not submerged by water the whole year, but the water remaining 
 stagnant on these low and marshy lands during the hot summer, 
 become very impure and putrid. The vegetation being very rank 
 and abundant on this rich and marshy soil, mixes with the putrid 
 waters, and when decomposed fills and renders the atmosphere im- 
 pure and unhealthy, which adds greatly to disease ; and as the waters 
 are dried up from these swamps, there is a sediment, stench, and 
 poison left on them that cause disease and death, not only to those 
 that live on their borders, but likewise to the inhabitants that live in 
 the vicinity. A great portion of these swamps is not susceptible for 
 the habitation of man, except a numberless group of islands inter- 
 spersed, which are occupied during certain seasons of the year by 
 hunters and trappers. It is a remarkable fact, that there is a chain 
 of low, level, and marshy lands, commencing at the City of Cape 
 
 * In addition to our personal knowledge of this region, we have compiled 
 many of the facts and estimates, made by actual surveys, from the ablefreports 
 of F. A. RoziER, Esq., Chairman of the Southwestern Convention, held at Memphis ; 
 also from the concise reports of Messrs. O'Sullivan and Morrell, Engineers 
 of the Iron Mountain Railroad; and from data furnished W. S. Moseley, Esq., 
 of New Madrid. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 31 
 
 Girardeau, Missouri, and extending to the Gulf of Mexico ; and 
 between these two points there is not a rock landing, except at the 
 small town of Commerce, on the west side of the Mississippi ; there 
 is, furthermore, only one ridge of high land from Commerce to be 
 met with on the west side of said river, which is at Helena, Arkansas. 
 From the City of Cape Girardeau, running into the State of Arkansas, 
 there is a strip or tongue, 350 miles long, of beautiful and excellent 
 lands, along the western margin of the Mississippi, which is well in- 
 habited, having an average of ten miles wide, and is entirely cut off 
 and stands isolated from the interior of Missouri and Arkansas, by 
 the great swamps lying west of it, and deprives and cuts off all com- 
 munication from the interior southern part of Missouri and northern 
 part of Arkansas, for the distance above mentioned to the Missis- 
 sippi River."* The lands west of these swamps are very fertile and 
 rich — the timber unsurpassed in size and quality. 
 
 "The earthquakes of 1811-'12 proved very injurious and dis- 
 astrous to Southeast Missouri, and were felt far and wide. They 
 changed tlie course of the streams and rivers, which occasioned the 
 waters to spread in every direction; and made high land where it 
 was low previous, and in elevated places sunk them, thus causing the 
 rivers and streams to overflow a great extent of country. These 
 earthquakes are still remembered by many of the oldest settlers; 
 when the whole land was moved and waved like the waves of the 
 sea, and the majestic oak bent his head to the ground like a reed, 
 and the terrible fact that the waters of the mighty Mississippi (oppo- 
 site the town of New Madrid) rolled up stream for ten miles, carry- 
 ing on its bosom barks, keel-boats, and every species of craft, with 
 a rapidity unknown, and causing destruction of property and life."f 
 
 There are four large swamps that originate in Missouri, to wit : — 
 The White Water or Little River swamps, the St. John's, the James, 
 and the St. Fran9ois swamps. 
 
 The following is from the report of Messrs. O'Sullivan and Morrell, 
 before alluded to : — 
 
 " The swamp lands of Southeast Missouri all lie southeast of a line 
 drawn from just below Cape Girardeau, on the Mississippi River, to 
 a point on the Arkansas State line, in range 3 east. This line is not 
 straight, however, but starts from the Mississippi River, on a course 
 about 12 deg. south of west, and deflects gradually to the southward, 
 
 * Since the above report was made, the Cairo and Fulton Railroad has been 
 constructed, and is now in operation some twenty-five miles west from (he Mis- 
 sissippi, passing through Charleston, Mississippi County. 
 
 f See description of "New Madrid Earthquakes" in another chapter. 
 
32 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 until it crosses the line between ranges 5 and 6 east, making a curve 
 in this distance with a versed sine of about 9^ miles, thence to the 
 Arkansas line, in range 3 east, on a general course of south 50 deg. 
 west. This line is the termination of the high, broken ridges that 
 spur out southwardly from the Ozark range, and form a rough, broken 
 country for some seventy miles, until they are cut off abruptly at this 
 line. 
 
 • " The swamp lands may be divided into three distinct divisions. 
 The west swamp or Black River division ; the middle swamp or Cas- 
 tor River division ; and the overflowed lands bordering on the Missis- 
 sippi River, above New Madrid, may be called the Mississippi division. 
 The Black River and Castor divisions are divided by a high, broken 
 ridge. This ridge commences on the east side of the St. Francois 
 River, opposite the Chalk blufi", (the termination of the high, broken 
 ridge known as Croly's ridge,) and runs northeasterly in the same 
 general direction of Croly's ridge, to a point about three miles east 
 of the town of Bloomfield ; thence bears northwesterly and terminates 
 at Mingo swamp. 
 
 " This ridge is very broken — the crest of it being a succession of 
 undulations, and the east slope of it is very abrupt, as shown on the 
 profiles ; it is of the same character as the north end of Croly's ridge, 
 and, from the appearance at Chalk bluff, may at some day have formed 
 part of the same ridge — the St. rran9ois having cut a channel through 
 it since. It will be seen that this is an isolated ridge, surrounded by 
 overflowed lands. 
 
 " The Castor and Mississippi divisions are divided by the New 
 Madrid and Benton ridges, commencing at New Madrid and extend- 
 ing north about thirty miles ; in this distance the ridge averages 
 about three miles wide, and is nearly level, and generally about 
 twenty-five feet above overflow ; thence, after crossing a slough which 
 connects the Castor and Mississippi divisions, the Benton ridge sets 
 in, which is a high, broken one, extending to the Mississippi River at 
 Commerce, and thence continuing some eight miles up the river, and 
 there terminating on the southern border of the Mississippi inlet. 
 
 " As the slough cutting this ridge, south of Benton, can be diked 
 at a small expense, it is of but little consequence ; and, in speaking 
 of the swamps, I will consider the ridge unbroken by any water- 
 course from New Madrid to the Mississippi, at the southern border 
 of the Cape Girardeau inlet. 
 
 " The Black River and Castor divisions are overflowed through the 
 
GENERAL VIEAV OF MISSOURI. 66 
 
 inlet mentioned from the Mississippi, below Cape Gii-arrlonn. This 
 inlet is at the narrowest point about three miles wide, (averages five 
 miles,) and the water from the Mississippi River, at the time of the 
 flood in 1844, ran through it to a depth of from four to six feet — say- 
 five feet for the whole width. This inlet bears southeast twelve 
 miles to the Castor division, when the water, in time of high floods, 
 spreads out to a width of ten miles ; and this width of overflow in- 
 creases as the water runs south, until at a point opposite New Madrid 
 it overflows a belt of some fifteen miles in width. 
 
 " A portion of the Mississippi water also runs through Mingo 
 swamp to the Black River division, and fills the channel of the river 
 to the tops of the banks, and runs through the Blue Spring slough, 
 the Caledonia slough, the Monorkene slough, and other smaller ones 
 to Black River, which it fills to its banks, and at low places runs over 
 the west bank, and submerges the country westward to Cane Creek 
 and a portion west of this creek to little Black River. Farther south, 
 below 'Ash Hills,' it also breaks over the banks of the St. Fran9ois, 
 and runs over the flat surface of the country west of that river, sub- 
 merging it from one to four feet in depth, and is received in a lake at 
 the Arkansas line, about six miles west of Chalk Bluffs. In this lake 
 heads Cache River, which runs into Black River, about 125 miles 
 south of the State line. 
 
 " Another source of overflow of the swamp lands is from the drain- 
 age, during heavy rains, of the country to the north, being the southern 
 slope of the Ozark range. 
 
 " The southern slope of the Ozark divide is very abrupt, falling off 
 TOO and 1200 feet in a distance of forty and seventy miles. These 
 swamplands receive the drainage of 3518 square miles of this slope, 
 through the channels of Black River, St. Fran9ois, Castor, and White 
 Rivers, and falling, as these rivers do, at an average of twenty feet 
 per mile, from their sources to the flats, where the fall southward is 
 only one and a half feet per mile, the channels become choked, and 
 hence the overflow. 
 
 "By keeping off all overflow, there is but a very small portion of 
 these lands that will be unfit for cultivation, and those of first quality. 
 
 "A stranger in traveling over this flat country, after a season of no 
 unusual flood, would be surprised that such a body of rich land, in 
 such close proximity to the river, should be yet a wilderness. The 
 bottom, at such a time, is as dry as the high ridges north, except the 
 cypress sloughs which tread their way at various places, the tall tim- 
 bers on these sloughs looking in the distance like some high ridge 
 stretching across the country. 
 
 3 
 
34 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 " These sloughs vary in width from two hundred to eight hundred 
 feet, and are from five to ten feet below the general plane of country, 
 and will at some future day be reclaimed after the timber shall have 
 found a market. This timber, after the railroads are constructed, will 
 become valuable, and be a large source of wealth to the country. The 
 cypress-trees are of an enormous size, and run up perfectly straight 
 to a height of from sixty to eighty feet without a limb ; and the forest 
 being void of undergrowth presents a grand spectacle, looking like 
 a thousand symmetrical columns supporting some immense vault. 
 
 " The timber of the drier lands is superior to that of the uplands 
 to the north. White oak of the largest size is here found, the trunks 
 maintaining a nearly uniform girth to a great height. The other kinds 
 of oak, hickory, and various other timbers, grow in abundance. 
 
 " On the banks of Cane Creek, Black River, St. Francois River, 
 Castor River, and Little River is a thick growth of cane, but this 
 does not reach to a great height, being kept down by the cattle that 
 range over the whole country and subsist entirely on it during the 
 winter. 
 
 " When we consider the excellent quality of the swamp lands, the 
 productiveness of which is not surpassed by any of the Illinois lands, 
 and the source of wealth to Southeast Missouri that might be devel- 
 oped by settlers coming in, and, it might be added, the important 
 bearing this would have on a railroad from St. Louis, it becomes an 
 important question, can the swamp lands be drained ? and if so, what 
 would be the cost, and whether the end to be accomplished would 
 justify the means ? 
 
 " In the Surveyor-General's office the area of overflowed lands in 
 the Jackson District is found to be 1,856,120 acres. Assuming that 
 about two-thirds of these lands would be available for cultivation, 
 and of a quality that would be reclaimed by a judicious system of 
 drainage, this would be equal to 1,237,412 acres, say 1,200,000 
 acres. These lands are now worth but little, except for the timber 
 they bear, which at present may be considered inaccessible to market. 
 Bring them to a condition, by a proper drainage, so as to invite a 
 class of settlers who are looking for choice land, and they would bring, 
 on an average, at very low figures, $2 50 per acre, equal to $3,000,000. 
 
 "We now suggest an outline for a system of drainage, which con- 
 siderable knowledge of the swamp lands, acquired by observation on 
 the ground, and by consulting the U. S. notes in the office of the Sur- 
 veyor-General, warrants as probably practicable. 
 
 " First. We would shut out the water from the Mississippi through 
 the Cape Girardeau inlet, which could be done eff'ectually by an 
 embankment three miles long and averaging ten feet high. Then 
 
GENERAL VIEW OP MISSOURI. 35 
 
 for the Black River and Castor division there would be only the drain- 
 ing from the south slope of the Ozark range, and the local drainage 
 of the flats themselves. As the latter is a matter of much detail, and 
 of no great importance in a general system, we will not notice it here 
 further than to say that it can be readily accomplished through the 
 numerous small sloughs that abound throughout the entire overflowed 
 region. Then we have on these two divisions the overflow from the 
 four rivers — Black, St. Francois, Castor, and White — to dispose of. 
 
 " Black Eiver Division. — Assuming the Cape Girardeau inlet to be 
 closed, the water that overflows this division of the swamp lands then 
 comes in by Black and St. Francois Rivers. The former drains about 
 1130 square miles, and the distance by the stream from the head of 
 the longest fork to the swamp lands is ninety-four miles, and a cross 
 section of the river where it enters the swamp lands, at the highest 
 known flood, is 3950 square feet. 
 
 "The St. Fran9ois drains about 1250 square miles, and by the 
 longest fork has a length to the swamp lands of 105 miles, and a 
 cross section of water, at the highest known flood, of 9400 square 
 feet, taken above the mouth of Mingo swamp. Mingo swamp, as 
 before described, connects the Black River with the Castor division 
 north of the Bloomfield ridge. This swamp is two miles wide, and 
 the drainage from it to the St. Franyois, in time of low water, is 
 through a channel which is twenty feet deep, below the plane of 
 country where it enters the St. Fran9ois. 
 
 "At a point below the old Indian ford, where the high grounds 
 recede from the west bank of the river, the cross section of high 
 water of the St. Francois is but 5100 square feet, and at a point 
 about seventeen miles below, or eleven miles above Chalk Bluff, a 
 cross section of the same is only 2330 square feet. Assuming the 
 current to be of equal velocity at these different points, it will be seen 
 that forty-five per cent, of the water that comes down the St. Fran- 
 9ois in local floods passes through Mingo swamp into the Castor 
 division, and that thirty per cent, overflows its west bank in its pro- 
 gress to Chalk Bluff, running over the country to Black and Cache 
 Rivers, then down those streams, discharging into the Mississippi 
 finally through White River, 180 miles below the Missouri line, 
 while less than twenty-five per cent, finds its way down the St. Fran- 
 9ois and through the ridge at Chalk Bluft'. 
 
 " The banks of the St. Fran9ois, at the edge of the swamp just 
 below Indian ford, are twenty and twenty-five feet high above low 
 water ; and at the point mentioned as eleven miles north of Chalk Bluff, 
 where the other cross section is given, the banks are but ten feet high, 
 and the channel too is narrower. 
 
36 GENERAL VIEW OP MISSOURI. 
 
 "At a point just below Mingo swamp, the end of the Bloomfield 
 ridge is but two and a quarter miles from the St. Fran9ois, and the 
 side of the bluff comes close to the river on the west side, the inter- 
 vening bottom between the ridge and the river being but three feet 
 below high-water mark. We would propose throwing up an embank- 
 ment across this two miles of bottom to a height of about six feet, 
 and throwing a low dam across the river sufficiently high to throw all 
 the water through Mingo swamp into the Castor division, except so 
 much as the banks will contain at the point indicated as near Chalk 
 Bluff, after stopping some of the narrow gullies which the river has 
 cut, through which the water escapes, and clearing the river of its 
 rafts of drift. This could be done at a moderate expense, a mere 
 trifle compared with the benefits to be derived in both Missouri and 
 Arkansas. 
 
 " The water that flows over the west bank of the St. Franyois in 
 floods nearly all runs into Arkansas west of Croly's ridge, and, as 
 before demonstrated, is equal to thirty per cent, of the drainage of 
 1250 square miles; during, however, only the time that the water is 
 at its maximum height, which is the most important time, especially 
 north of the Missouri line. Black Biver could then be easily kept 
 within its banks, and the fine body of rich land west of it, embracing 
 about five townships, would be fit for settlement. 
 
 " Castor Division. — Having shut the Mississippi out by the em- 
 bankment across Cape Girardeau inlet, we have only the draining of 
 the Ozark slope to contend with through White, Castor, and St. 
 Francois Rivers, the body of water from the latter being greatly 
 increased by the improvement already suggested below Mingo swamp. 
 Thirty per cent, of the whole volume of water at its maximum height 
 in the St. Francois having been diverted by the proposed improve- 
 ments, and as forty-five per cent, before flowed through Mingo swamp 
 from the same river, this gives seventy-five per cent, of all the water 
 in the St. Fran9ois, when at its extreme height, as passing through 
 Mingo swamp into Castor division. 
 
 " To compensate for diverting thirty per cent, of the St. Fran9ois 
 into this division, we would propose throwing up a dike from the 
 north end of the inlet dike to the point where White River enters the 
 swamp, a distance of about twelve miles. It is presumed that this 
 may be done at a moderate expense, making it near the ends of the 
 ridges where the overflow is not so deep, and raising the bed of the 
 stream by a dam across the old channel where the river enters the 
 swamp. 
 
 "White River drains 590 square miles of the Ozark slope, and the 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 37 
 
 distance to the head of the longest fork is forty-seven miles, it being 
 about the same with Castor River, which drains 548 square miles, and 
 to the head of the longest fork from the swamp is fifty-three miles. 
 
 "It will be seen that the proposed improvement of diverting White 
 River would carry more drainage off from the Castor division than 
 the surplus portion from the St. Fran9ois brought in by the proposed 
 change, even supposing that this surplus be brought in during all the 
 stages of the water, which is not the case.* 
 
 "The improvements suggested for the Castor division, then, are 
 the shutting out entirely the Mississippi River and the White River, 
 to compensate for thirty per cent, of the St. Francois during its 
 highest stage let in through Mingo swamp ; and as it is fair to assume 
 that a river heading among mountain ranges, like the St. Francois, 
 with its longest fork only 105 miles in length, would remain at a 
 maximum in flood but a few hours at once, and as the White River 
 drains more country than the Castor River, we think it might be safe 
 to assume that four-tenths of the drainage is diverted by the proposed 
 improvement, in addition to that most important of all suggestions 
 for this and the Black^River divisions, the shutting out of the mighty 
 volume that escapes from the Mississippi. 
 
 "By the figures shown on the map, and by looking at tlie profile, 
 it will be seen that the high-water mark of the Mississippi River at 
 New Madrid is sixteen feet above the high water in the swamp, ten 
 miles directly west of the same point. The high-water marks are 
 presumed to be correct, having been shown at different points by peo- 
 ple who professed to understand them, and the height of different 
 places do not materially conflict. 
 
 " The country below New Madrid we know nothing of from obser- 
 vation. The fall of high-water mark from Cairo to New Madrid is 
 twenty-nine feet by our levels, and the distance by map is sixty-two 
 miles by the river, making the fall of the water average five and six- 
 tenths inches per mile. Assuming that the fall is the same for some 
 distance below New Madrid, then to fall sixteen feet, we go thirty- 
 four miles by the river below New Madrid, which gives an elevation 
 of high-water mark equal to the elevation spoken of west of New 
 Madrid, and consequently the Mississippi River can have no outlet 
 of importance in this distance, which we are informed is true, by those 
 acquainted with the country ; and, in fact, we have been told that no 
 
 * As will be seen, no account is taken of the greater velocity which rivers 
 have near the surface of the water in floods. This would augment our estimate 
 of the percentage that washes over the west bank of the St. Francois, as well as 
 our estimate of the proportion that does now run into the Castor, and the sur- 
 plus which would be thrown in by the construction of the proposed dam, etc. 
 
38 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. 
 
 outlet occurred on the west bank of the river from New Madrid to 
 Memphis. 
 
 " The country west of New Madrid is well known as having been 
 sunk several feet by an earthquake in 1811. Where once was high, 
 timbered land is now covered with standing and running water, being 
 the discharges of Castor and White Rivers, which here form one 
 stream which is called Little River. 
 
 " The route to Memphis, as shown on the map of this division, 
 runs mostly on land said to be above overflow. The first ten miles 
 south of the point where it crosses the Bloomfield ridge, we know 
 from observation on the ground, is some fifteen feet above overflow, 
 and is there mostly a sandy prairie which is said to continue much the 
 same to the Arkansas line. 
 
 "Mississippi Division. — On this division the overflow from the Mis- 
 sissippi River must be kept out by a system of levees, but the posi- 
 tion of these must be determined by more extended surveys than those 
 made by us with only a railroad route in view. Much of the ground 
 is now above overflow. Long prairie and Matthew's prairie are both 
 extensively settled, and contain some of the finest farms in Southeast 
 Missouri. 
 
 Approximated estimate of cost of carrying out the proposed system 
 
 of drainage for Southeast Missouri. 
 47,000 yds. embankment, No. 1, below Mingo swamp, at 25 cents 
 
 per yard $11,750 00 
 
 Dam 160 feet long, at say $20 3,200 00 
 
 Rock protections on sides 1,000 00 
 
 Stopping the gullies when St. Fran5ois breaks out at sundry points, 
 
 say.... 10,000 00 
 
 $25,950 00 
 162,000 yards embankment, near Cape Girardeau, 3 miles long and 
 
 10 feet high 40,500 00 
 
 For changing White River, say 160,000 00 
 
 Leveeing divide between Castor and Mississippi divisions 5,000 00 
 
 Leveeing 50 miles of the Mississippi River, averaging $4000 per 
 
 mile 200,000 00 
 
 $431,450 00 
 Engineering, contingencies, surveys, etc., etc 43,150 00 
 
 $474,600 00 
 
 " We would repeat here that the above remarks are only intended 
 
 to give what information we had collected in progress of survey, and 
 
 not as a matured plan. They may be useful in either confirming or 
 
 suggesting other plans." 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 " The man wlio is ignorant of the transactions of former times, is condemned to a perpetual state 
 of childhood." — Cicero. 
 
 The valley of the Mississippi was first discovered by Hernando 
 De Soto, appointed by the Emperor Charles V. of Spain, as 
 Governor of the Island of Cuba, and President of Florida. He 
 explored the Lower Mississippi, as far north as the mouth of the 
 Ai-kansas, in 1539, and passed up White River, crossed the Ozark 
 ridge, and spent the winter of 1541-42 on the plains (or prairies) 
 beyond — probably in the western part of this State. (See Yernon 
 County.) He named the country "Florida." 
 
 After describing the Ozark hills in Missouri, Schoolcraft says : 
 "Through these Alpine ranges De Soto roved with his chivalrous 
 and untiring army, making an outward and inwai-d expedition into 
 regions which must have presented untoward hardships and dis- 
 couragements to the march of troops. To add to these natural 
 obstacles, he found himself opposed by fierce savage tribes, who 
 rushed upon him from every glen and defile, and met him in the open 
 grounds with the most savage energy. His own health finally sunk 
 under these fatigues ; and it is certain that, after his death, his suc- 
 cessor in the command, Moscoso, once more marched entirely through 
 the southern Ozarks, and reached the Buffalo plains beyond them. 
 Such energy and feats of daring had never before been displayed in 
 North America; and the wonder is at its highest, after beholding the 
 wild and rough mountains, cliffs, glens, and torrents, over which the 
 actual marches must have laid. Some of the names of the Indian 
 tribes encountered by him furnish conclusive evidence that the prin- 
 cipal tribes of the country, although they have changed their par- 
 ticular locations since the year 1542, still occupy the region. Thus, 
 the Kapahas, who then lived on the Mississippi, above the St. Fran- 
 cois, are identical with the Quappas, the Cayaswith the Kanzas, and 
 the (^uipana with the Pawnees." 
 
 In 1673, the Mississippi valley was further explored by Father 
 Mahequette and M. Joliet, from New France, (Canada,) who 
 entered the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Wisconsin, and 
 continued down the stream to the mouth of the Arkansas River, 
 
 (89) 
 
40 OUTLINE nibTORY, 
 
 which point they reached in 1673. Thus it will be seen that that 
 portion of the Mississippi forming the eastern boundary of this State 
 was discovered by the last-named French explorers, who were the 
 first white men that had floated upon the Mississippi for a period of 
 130 years — or since the disastrous voyage of Louis de Moscoso, with 
 the remains of De Soto's expedition, in the year 1543. Returning 
 from the mouth of the Arkansas, they passed up the Illinois River, 
 and discovered all that country in July, 1674. 
 
 In 1680, Robert Cavalier de La Salle fitted out an exploring 
 expedition, consisting of Father Louis Hennepin and M. Dugay, 
 with six others, to advance to the head waters of the Mississippi. 
 Hennepin went no farther north than Saint Anthony's Falls, which 
 name he gave them in honor of his patron saint, St. Anthony, of 
 Padua. Thence they descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the 
 Arkansas, and from there returned to Green Bay.* 
 
 In 1682, La Salle made a tour of exploration through the valley of 
 the Mississippi, and to the "great river" he gave the name of 
 St. Louis, and the country traversed by it Louisiana, both in honor 
 of the King of France; and to the Missouri River he gave the name 
 of Saint Philip. Continuing down the "St. Louis," on the 7th of' 
 April, 1682, he planted the colors of France near the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and formally and solemnly claimed the Territory for France, giving 
 it the name of Louisiana ; he soon after returned to France, to make 
 arrangements for colonizing Louisiana, which he had accomplished 
 by July, 1684, when his fleet of four vessels left Rochelle, France; 
 failing to recognize the mouth of the Mississippi, as they passed 
 it, the fleet landed at the Bay of the Matagorda. His subsequent 
 history is full of melancholy interest. 
 
 The discovery of the Mississippi by the Canadian French gave to 
 France a conventional claim to navigate the great river and its prin- 
 cipal tributaries, and to occupy and settle in the country traversed 
 by them. 
 
 The further exploration of the Lower Mississippi was interrupted 
 by the war between the Iroquois Indians and the British Colonies, 
 against the Province of Canada, from 1689 to 1696. But the settle- 
 ments formed in the Illinois country (east of the Mississippi) by 
 Father La Salle were annually on the increase, by the accession of 
 Canadian adventurers, who had heard of the fertile lands and the 
 more temperate climate. Before the close of the seventeenth century 
 " Old Kaskaskia" was known through not only all the Illinois country, 
 
 * Monette. 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 41 
 
 (of which it was for several years the capital,) but throughout Canada ; 
 and the Catholic Mission posts established by La Salle had grown 
 into parishes, so great was the tide of emigration and so fair the 
 fame of the country. 
 
 Soon after the termination of the war above alluded to. Count de 
 Frontenac, then Governor-General of New France, proceeded to 
 occupy the valley of the Mississippi, and in 169*1 located colonies at 
 several points, both north and south. Up to the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century, settlements in New France were confined entirely 
 to the eastern side of the Mississippi; but the reports made by a few 
 wandering explorers, that both gold and silver were abundant in what 
 is now Missouri and Arkansas, induced the French to turn their at- 
 tention to the country to the west. Accordingly, early in the eight- 
 eenth century, Count de Frontenac prepared an expedition to visit 
 the mines of Upper Louisiana. A fort was erected and settlements 
 commenced, but the prejudices of the savages were soon excited, and 
 their demonstrations of hostility induced the French to abandon this 
 part of the country without making any permanent settlements. 
 
 The Missouri River next claimed their attention, and in ITOStliey 
 ascended to the mouth of Kansas River, and met with kind and hos- 
 pitable treatment from the Indians, whose kindness on this occasion 
 soon obliterated from their minds the remembrance of the opposition 
 offered by the savages on the Mississippi. 
 
 The war in Europe at this time demanded all the resources of 
 France, and required all the attention of her principal men, both in 
 France and "New France ;" and unable to keep up the usual advances, 
 the king had allowed the colony of Louisiana to become reduced 
 almost to starvation ; and although unable to contribute either men 
 or money to its support, the king was intent upon keeping from the 
 hands of his enemies this country, which was believed to contain inex- 
 haustible mines of gold and silver, which, when opened, would not 
 only place the colony upon a permanent basis, but be sufficient to re- 
 move the debt of France, which during the reign of Louis XIV. had 
 increased to upwards of two thousand millions of livres. "Mutual 
 friendship and confidence" had been established between the French 
 and all the Western tribes of Indians ; and emigrants from the St. 
 Lawrence continued to advance to the Illinois country, which was 
 then settling up rapidly, and Old Kaskaskia had become the capital 
 of the country, and the authorities during 1712 issued land titles for 
 a "common field," and deeds and titles to aid the people in the 
 pursuit of important public and private enterprise. In view of the 
 prosperous present, and the promising future of the Illinois country, 
 
42 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 (then looked upon as the "terrestrial paradise,") and the mines of 
 precious ores believed to exist on either side of the great river, the 
 king granted the exclusive privilege in all the trade and commerce 
 of the province to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy and influential merchant 
 of France, "who had prospered in opulence to the astonishment of all 
 the world." His charter embraced sixteen years, from the 26th of 
 September, IV 12. Louisiana, as then held by France, embraced the 
 entire Mississippi valley, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mount- 
 ains, and north to the lakes in Canada. At this time there were less 
 than 380 Europeans in the lower half of the district described, yet 
 Crozat entered upon his projects with an energy which exhibited his 
 confidence in his gigantic and hazardous undertaking. Crozat adopted 
 for the government of the country the laws, usages, and customs of 
 Paris, which were the first laws of civilized society that were ever 
 in existence between the Gulf of Mexico and the Falls of St. An- 
 thony, and were principally copied from the Roman civil law. 
 
 In 1712 M. de la Motte Cadillac was appointed royal governor of 
 Louisiana by Louis XIV., and arrived in Louisiana in 1713. In 
 order to enlist him in the commerce of the colony Crozat associated 
 him as a partner in his operations. La Motte was a self-important, 
 egotistical, proud man, whose elevation from obscurity in France to 
 the position of "royal governor of Louisiana" rendered him almost 
 unfit for the association of even his superiors. When he was ordered 
 by the ministry to assist the agents of Crozat in establishing trading 
 posts on the Wabash and Illinois, he at once got into bad humor, 
 and had the hardihood to write back to the ministry: "I have seen 
 Crozat's instructions to his agents. I thought they issued from a 
 lunatic asylum, and there appeared to me to be no more sense in 
 them than in the Apocalypse. What ! Is it expected that for any 
 commercial or profitable purposes boats will ever be able to run up 
 the Mississippi into the Wabash, the Missouri or the Red River? 
 One might as well try to bite a slice off the moon ! Not only are 
 those rivers as rapid as the Rhone, but in their crooked course they 
 imitate to perfection a snake's undulations. Hence, for instance, on 
 every turn of the Mississippi it would be necessary to wait for a 
 change of wind, if wind could be had ; because this river is so lined 
 up with thick woods that very little wind has access to its bed."* 
 
 M. de la Motte was the first governor under the new grant, and 
 arrived in the Illinois country (comprising Missouri) in 1713, and 
 took possession of his government. Anticipating an astonishing 
 
 * Louisiana, by Gayarre, p. 137. 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 43 
 
 profit from the mines, which they hourly expected to find, no atten- 
 tion was given to agriculture except by a few individuals, and large 
 investments were therefore necessary to purchase provisions, which, 
 with the other expenses of the colony, greatly exceeded the profits of 
 its trade; and, in 1717, after a trial of five years, having failed in all 
 his plans, Crozat resigned his charter and returned to France. 
 
 Soon after the relinquishment by Crozat, the colony of Louisiana 
 was granted by a patent, containing similiar privileges and restric- 
 tions, to the "Mississippi Company," or "Company of the West,'' 
 with authority to monopolize all the trade and commerce of Louis- 
 iana and New France, to declare and prosecute wars, appoint offi- 
 cers, etc. This company was under the direction of the notorious 
 John Law, and soon established a post in the Illinois country, where 
 they built Fort Chartres, about sixty-five miles below the mouth of 
 the Missouri, in 1720-21, which, at the time of its completion, was 
 one of the strongest fortresses on the continent. Under this com- 
 pany, Philippe Francis Renault, who had been appointed " Director- 
 General of the mines of Louisiana," with two hundred miners and 
 skillful assayers, arrived in the Illinois country in 1719, and the 
 miners were soon dispatched in different directions to explore the 
 country on both sides of the Mississippi. During the year 1719 and 
 1720, Sieur de Lochen, M. de la Motte, and a number of others 
 engaged in exploring the country lying between the Missouri and the 
 swamps east of the Ozark hills; and in 1719 the former commenced 
 digging on the Maramec, where he raised several hundred pounds of 
 lead, from which, after tedious experiments, he produced two drachms 
 of silver, and left the lead as worthless. They were in search of gold 
 and silver; hence lead had but slight value in their estimation. 
 
 Those who have compiled the History of the Mississippi Valley 
 make no mention of M. de la Motte after he was su(rceeded by M. de 
 I'Espinay, as governor and chief commander of Louisiana; but we 
 believe he was one of de Bienville's expedition when he discovered 
 the mines in Madison County, which still perpetuate his name. 
 Schoolcraft dates the discovery of these mines by him in 1720; but 
 other circumstances go to prove that that section of country was 
 explored, and lead ore found abundant, as early as 1718. 
 
 The miners and assayers sent out by the " Company of the West" 
 were required to carefully observe and report the presence of any 
 rich ores which might be discovered in their explorations, and to 
 mark the localities. These excursion parties were either headed by 
 Renault or M. la Motte, and in one of their earliest excursions, la 
 Motte discovered the lead mines which bear his name, near Fred- 
 
44 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 ericktown, and soon afterward Renault discovered the mines north 
 of Potosi, which are named in remembrance of him. Failing to find 
 either gold or silver, Renault and his miners turned their attention 
 to working the lead mines, which was continued till 1742, when he 
 returned to France ; and from the number of ancient diggings and 
 other indications, it is probable large amounts of ore were taken out 
 and manufactured — principally shipped to France. 
 
 In 1720 the Spanish determined to take the country from the con- 
 trol of the French, in order to accomplish which they thought it 
 necessary to destroy the nation of the Missouris, then situated on 
 the Missouri River, and who were in alliance with the French, and 
 espoused their interests. Their plan was to excite the Osages to war 
 with the Missouris, and then take part in the contest. For this pur- 
 pose an expedition was fitted out from Santa Fe for the Missouri in 
 1720. It was a moving caravan of the desert — armed men, horses, 
 mules, families, women, priests, with herds of cattle and swine to 
 serve for food on the route, and to serve for increase in the new 
 colony. In their march they lost the proper route, the guides became 
 bewildered, and led them to the Missouri tribes instead of the Osages. 
 Unconscious of their mistake, as both tribes spoke the same language, 
 they believed themselves among the Osages instead of their enemies, 
 and without reserve disclosed their designs against the Missouris, 
 and supplied them with arms and ammunition to aid in their ex- 
 termination. The great chief, concealing his real thoughts and 
 intentions, evinced the greatest joy, and promised, after they should 
 have rested three days from their march, to join the expedition with 
 them, and in the mean time the chief would assemble his warriors 
 and hold a council with the old men of the tribe. Just before the 
 dawn of the day upon which the company had arranged to march, 
 the Missouris fell upon their treacherous enemies and dispatched 
 them with indiscriminate slaughter, sparing only the priest, whose 
 dress convinced them he was a man of peace rather than a warrior. 
 They kept him some time as a prisoner ; but he finally made his escape, 
 and was the only messenger to bear to the Spanish authorities the 
 just return upon their own heads of the treachery they had intended 
 to practice upon others.* 
 
 To arrest any further attempt of the Spaniards to advance into 
 Upper Louisiana, a French post was designed for the Missouri, and 
 M. Burgmont was dispatched from Mobile to the Missouri River. 
 He took possession of an island in the river, above the mouth of the 
 
 * Monette's Hist. Miss. Valley, vol. 1. chap. vi. 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 45 
 
 Osage, upon which he built a fort, which he named "Fort Orleans." 
 The war between the French and Spaniards continued, and the 
 Indians who had been leagued in with the interests of the respective 
 colonies (Louisiana and Florida) carried on their marauding excur- 
 sions against the enemies of their respective friends. About the 
 same time "Fort Chartres" was constructed on the Mississippi, under 
 the instructions of the king, by M. Boisbriant, and a fort and trad- 
 ing post for the company at the mouth of Blue Earth River, on the 
 St. Peter's, erected by Lesueur, who was accompanied by a detach- 
 ment of ninety men. 
 
 On his arrival at the mouth of the Osage, Burgmont found the 
 difterent tribes engaged in a sanguinary warfare, which prostrated all 
 trade and rendered all intercourse extremely hazardous; hence his 
 attention was at once turned toward bringing about a reconciliation, 
 which he effected in 1724. In the mean time "Fort Orleans" had 
 been completed and occupied; but soon after the declaration of peace 
 between the contending tribes, "Fort Orleans" was attacked, totally 
 destroyed, and all the French massacred.* Nor is it yet known by 
 whom this bloody work was performed. 
 
 During the following sixteen years, the Fi'ench seemed to be fated 
 to disappointment and disaster. Their troubles with the Indians 
 increased; the Bank of France under John Law, which promised so 
 fairly, had proved worse than a bubble ; several of their expeditious 
 had resulted in the loss of large numbers of valiant and learned men, 
 valuable treasure and stock ; and the Directory, in view of the disas- 
 ters they had experienced, determined to surrender the charter into 
 the hands of the crown and retire from the American wilderness. 
 The petition was readily granted, and by proclamation, dated April 
 10, 1732, the king declared the province of Louisiana free to all his 
 subjects, with equal privileges as to trade and commerce, f 
 
 From this time to 1762, when the whole territory west of the Mis- 
 sissippi was ceded to Spain, no events transpired worthy of record 
 in so brief a sketch as our limited space permits us to give. 
 
 Up to 1751 there were but six settlements within a hundred miles 
 of the present site of St. Louis, to wit: 1. Kaskaskia, situated upon 
 the Kaskaskia River, upon a peninsula, five miles above the mouth 
 of that stream, and two miles by land from the Mississippi. 2. Fort 
 Chartres, twelve miles above Kaskaskia. 3. Prairie du Rochter, near 
 Fort Chartres. 4. St. Philii), or Little Village, four miles above 
 Fort Chartres. 5. Cahokia, near the mouth of Cahokia Creek, about 
 
 * Monette. f Stoddard. 
 
46 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 five miles below the center of the present City of St. Louis, 6. St. 
 Grenevieve, upon Gabouri Creek, west of the Mississippi, and about 
 one mile from its western shore. Kaskaskia was once the capital of 
 the Illinois country, and in its palmy days contained about 3000 
 inhabitants ; but after the country passed under the dominion of the 
 King of Spain the population decreased, and at the time St. Louis 
 was founded, in 1764, contained but about 425 inhabitants. 
 
 The territory known as Louisiana was ceded to Spain Novem- 
 ber 3, 1762, but nothing was known of this cession by the inhabit- 
 ants for nearly three years afterward ; hence the mistake made 
 by La Clede, in February, 1764, in naming St. Louis in honor of 
 Louis XV., whose subject he expected to remain for a number of 
 years, when he was then really a subject of the King of Spain. The 
 territory was not taken possession of by the Spanish until 1770. 
 (See Early History of St. Louis, St. Charles, Howard, St. Gene- 
 vieve, and Washington Counties.) 
 
 In 1762 Louisiana was ceded to Spain by France, and taken pos- 
 session of by the Spanish in 1770, In 1780 an expedition was fitted 
 out by the British commandant at Michillimackinac, upon his own 
 responsibility, in order to conquer the towns on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi, in consequence of the part the King of Spain had taken 
 in favor of the independence of the United States in the then late 
 war. His expedition consisted of 140 regular British troops and 
 Canadian Frenchmen, and 1400 Indian warriors. After reconnoiter- 
 ing several days from the opposite shore, and by scouts lurking in 
 ambush along the western bank of the river, they made the grand 
 attack upon St. Louis, on the 6th of May, 1780, and were repulsed 
 by Colonel Clark from Kaskaskia, who came to the relief of the St. 
 Louisians, with a company of 500 men.* 
 
 During the year (1762) the fii'st village was established upon the 
 Missouri River, and named Village du Cole, now St. Charles. In 
 1787, New Madrid was laid out under the direction of General Mor- 
 gan, from New Jersey, who had received a large grant of land. 
 There had been a settlement of hunters and traders at this point for 
 some time previous to his location here. 
 
 By the treaty of St. Ildefonso, made in 1800, Spain retroceded 
 Louisiana to France, by whom in 1803 it was ceded to the United 
 States, and taken possession of by American authorities on the 20th 
 of December, 1803. "The settlements upon the Upper Mississippi, 
 including the post at New Madrid, (which was just settled in 1786 ?) 
 
 Monettc. 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 47 
 
 had been attached to the government of Upper Louisiana ; and the 
 census, as taken by order of the Lieutenant-Governor Delassus, at 
 the close of the year 1199, presented the entire population at more 
 than 6000 souls, including 880 slaves and 197 free persons of color."* 
 This population was distributed as follows : St. Louis, 925 ; Caron- 
 delet, 184; kSt. Charles, 815; St. Fernando, 216; Marias des Liards, 
 316; Maramec, 115; St. Andrew, 393; St. Genevieve, 949; New 
 Bourbon, 560; Cape Girardeau, 521; New Madrid, 182; and Little 
 Prairie, 49. Total, 6028. 
 
 At different periods previous to 1811, a number of Delaware, 
 Shawanese, and Cherokee Indians had built villages along the banks 
 of the St. Francois and White Rivers, by a privilege granted them 
 by the Spanish authorities, and up to 1812 they had conducted them- 
 selves to the satisfaction of all the white settlers. About the same 
 time a few Creeks, Choctaws, and Chicasaws located upon the same 
 waters, and were considered as outlaws by their respective nations, 
 and their depredations among the whites were serious and frequent. 
 
 The name of Louisiana Territory was changed to that of "Mis- 
 souri Territory," which was then advanced to the second grade of 
 government, by an act of Congress, approved June 4, 1812. The 
 first Council consisted of nine members, and the House of thirteen. 
 
 On the 1st of October, 1816, Governor Howard, by proclamation, 
 reorganized the "districts," as heretofore called, into counties: St. 
 Charles, St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. 
 The district of Arkansas formed a portion of New Madrid County. 
 
 The House commenced their first session on the 1th of December, 
 1812. The first representatives were: St. Charles — John Pitman 
 and Robert Spencer; St. Louis — David Music, Bernard G. Farrar, 
 William C. Carr, and Richard Caulk; St. Genevieve — Geo. Bullett, 
 Richard S. Thomas, and Isaac McGready ; Gape Girardeau — Geo. 
 F. Bollinger and Stephen Byrd ; New Madrid — John Shrader and 
 Samuel Phillips. William C. Carr was elected Speaker, and Andrew 
 Scott, Clerk. 
 
 The members of the first Council were : Jas. Flaugherty and Ben- 
 jamin Emmons, of St. Charles; Auguste Chouteau, Sr., and Samuel 
 Hammond, of St. Louis; John Scott and James Maxwell, of St. 
 Genevieve; William Neely and Geo. Cavener, of Cape Girardeau, 
 and Joseph Hunter, of New Madrid Counties. 
 
 In 1818, the people of the territory petitioned Congress for author- 
 ity to form a State government. A bill was accordingly introduced 
 
 * Monette, vol. ii. 
 
48 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 during the session of 1818-19, and contained, araona: other provisions, 
 that of prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude. It passed the 
 House, but was rejected in the Senate. The bill was again brought 
 up the ensuing session, and after an animated discussion which lasted 
 several weeks, a compromise was entered into by the advocates and 
 opposers of the "slavery restriction." The terms adopted were that 
 slavery should be tolerated in Missouri, but in no other part of 
 Louisiana as ceded by France to the United States, north of 36° 30' 
 north latitude. Accordingly the people of Missouri Territory were 
 authorized to form a constitution, under which, when approved by 
 Congress, Missouri should be admitted into the Union, on an equal 
 footing with the original States. 
 
 The election for members of the Convention was held on the first 
 Monday in May, 1820, and resulted in the choice of the following 
 persons : — 
 
 Cape Girardeau. — Stephen Byrd, Richard S. Thomas, James 
 Evans, Alexander Buckner, and Joseph McFerron. 
 
 Cooper. — Robert P. Clark, Robert Wallace, and William Lillard. 
 
 Franklin. — John Gr. Heath. 
 
 Howard. — Nicholas S. Buckhart, Duff Green, John Ray, Jonathan 
 S. Findlay, and Benjamin H. Reeves. 
 
 Jefferson. — Samuel Hammond. 
 
 Lincoln. — Malcolm Henry. 
 
 Montgomery. — Jonathan Rumsey and James Talbott. 
 
 Madison. — Nathaniel Cook. 
 
 New Madrid. — Robert D. Dawson, Chris. C. Houts. 
 
 Pike. — Stephen Cleaver. 
 
 St. Charles. — Hiram H. Baber, Nathan Boone, and Benj. Em- 
 mons. 
 
 St. Genevieve. — Jno. D. Cooke, Henry Dodge, John Scott, and 
 R, T. Brown. 
 
 St. Louis. — David Barton, Edward Bates, Alexander McNair, 
 William Rector, Jno. C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Bernard 
 Pratte, and Thos. F. Riddick. 
 
 Washington. — John Rice Jones, Samuel Perry, and John Hutch- 
 ings. 
 
 Wayne. — Elijah Bates. 
 
 The Convention met at St. Louis, June 12, 1820, elected David 
 Barton President, and William G. Pettus Secretary, and formed a 
 constitution which was laid before Congress early in the session of 
 1820-21. The constitution contained a provision by which it was 
 made the duty of the Legislature to pass laws "to prevent free 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY. 49 
 
 negroes or mulattoes from coming into and settling in this State, 
 under any pretext whatever." This was considered by some of the 
 members as a direct violation of the Constitution of the "United 
 States, which they had sworn to support. Missouri, which had thus 
 far contended for every inch of ground in her passage from a terri- 
 torial to a State government, was now again the subject of conten- 
 tion, of debate, and finally of compromise. The "restrictionists" 
 and "anti-restrictionists" were again in hostile array, and the old 
 contest was renewed, and carried on with a spirit which in many 
 instances was quite unjustifiable, the effects of which are still per- 
 ceptible in the enmity existing between even the descendants of the 
 contending parties. After several months' time and thousands of 
 dollars had been squandered in debating and wrangling over the 
 subject, a resolution was finally passed through both Houses of Con- 
 gress, which provided that "no law shall be passed by which any 
 citizen of either of the States of this Union shall be excluded from 
 any of the privileges and immunities to which such citizen is entitled 
 under the Constitution of the United States." In compliance with 
 the specification of the act, the Legislature of Missouri, on the 21st 
 of June, 1821, passed a solemn public act of assent to the funda- 
 mental provision contained in the above resolution, which was trans- 
 mitted to the President, who, on the lOtli of August, 1821, issued 
 his proclamation, and gave Missouri her place, as the twenty-third 
 State in the Union.* 
 
 The following are the particulars respecting the location of the 
 seat of government, and the erection of the Capitol building: — 
 
 An act providing for the location of the permanent seat of govern- 
 ment for the State of Missouri, (approved November 16, 1820.) 
 
 Sec. 1. — That John Thornton, from the County of Howard, 
 Robert Gavy Watson, from the County of New Madrid, John B. 
 White, from the County of Pike, James Logan, from the County of 
 Wayne, and Jesse B. Boon, from the County of Montgomery, in the 
 State of Missouri, shall be and they are hereby appointed Commis- 
 sioners for the purpose of selecting a suitable place for the location 
 of the permanent seat of government for said State, etc. 
 
 An act supplementary to an act, entitled an act providing for the 
 location of the permanent seat of government for the State of Mis- 
 souri, (approved 28th June, 1821.) 
 
 Sec. 1. — That Daniel Morgan Boon, of the County of Gasconade, 
 be and he is hereby appointed a Commissioner for the purpose of 
 
 * Beck's Gazetteer, edition of 1823. 
 4 
 
50 OUTLINE HISTORY. 
 
 selecting a suitable place for the location of the permanent seat of 
 government of this State, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death 
 of Jesse B. Boon, one of the Commissioners heretofore appointed, etc. 
 By the provisions of an act entitled "an act fixing the permanent 
 seat of government, (approved 31st December, 1821,) the following 
 described lands were selected for the permanent seat of government : 
 "The fractional sections six, seven, and eight, the entire sections 
 seventeen and eighteen, and so much of the north part of sections 
 nineteen and twenty as will make four sections, all in fractional town- 
 ship 44 north and range 11 west of 5th principal meridian." These 
 lands had been previously selected by the Commissioners, and by a 
 resolution approved 28th of June, 1821, the Governor was required 
 to give notice to the Surveyor of Illinois, and Missouri, and Arkan- 
 sas, and also to the Register of the proper land office, of said selection. 
 By the provisions of "an act supplementary to the act fixing the 
 permanent seat of government," (approved 11th January, 1822,) 
 the same Commissioners were required to lay off a town on said sec- 
 tions to be called "City of Jefferson." And all the said lands were 
 to be laid off into lots, large or small. 
 
 An act to provide for the building of a Capitol and for other pur- 
 poses, (approved 2d February, 1837.) 
 
 Sec. 1. — " The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public 
 Accounts, Treasurer, and Attorney-General, or any three of them, 
 shall be ex-officio Commissioners, whose duty it shall be to superin- 
 tend the building of the Capitol," etc. 
 
 Above the principal entrance to the Capitol is the following inscrip- 
 tion : — 
 
 Erected a.d. 1838. 
 L. W. BoGGS, Governor. 
 P. G. Glover, Secretary of State. 
 H. H. Baber, Auditor Public Accounts. 
 W. B. Napton, Attorney-General. 
 A. McClellan, Treasurer. 
 
 Commissioners. 
 S. Hill, Architect. 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 51 
 
 POPULATION OF MISSOURI. 
 
 FROM 1821* TO 18G0, INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Adair 
 
 Andrew 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Audrain 
 
 Barry 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bates 
 
 Benton 
 
 Bollinger 
 
 Boone 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Butler 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Callaway 
 
 Camden 
 
 Cape Girardeau. 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Carter 
 
 Cass 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Chariton 
 
 Christian 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Cole 
 
 Cooper 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Dade 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Daviess 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 Dent 
 
 Douglass 
 
 Dunklin 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Gasconade 
 
 Gentry 
 
 Greene 
 
 Grundy 
 
 HaiTison 
 
 Henry 
 
 Hickory 
 
 Holt 
 
 Howard 
 
 Howell 
 
 Iron 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 1,T97 6,159 
 '7,852 ""7,445 
 
 1,028 3,023 
 B,4S3 5,904 
 1,721 
 
 1,928 
 1,174 
 
 3,484 
 1,545 
 
 2,823 
 "2,592 
 
 4,205 
 '13,561 
 
 1,458 
 11,765 
 
 9,359 
 2,423 
 
 4,746 
 
 2,846 
 8,282 
 2,724 
 6,754 
 10,484 
 3,561 
 
 2,736 
 
 '"4,'726 
 
 'is'ios 
 
 7,612 
 
 1,471 
 
 2,351 
 9,434 
 
 3,508 
 
 3,669 
 
 5,026 
 
 14,981 
 12,976 
 1,616 
 2,317 
 13,828 
 
 13'916 
 5,448 
 
 7,537 
 
 5,527 
 10.332 
 3,786 
 9,286 
 12,968 
 6,397 
 4,247 
 3,648 
 5,295 
 2,075 
 
 1,232 
 11,022 
 6,000 
 4.247 
 13;009 
 .3,005 
 2,446 
 4,052 
 2,330 
 3,955 
 13,971 
 
 14,001 
 4,223 
 6,928 
 7,464 
 
 0,535 
 10,944 
 3,394 
 6,130 
 4,929 
 
 5,702 
 
 5,080 
 17,248 
 15,813 
 
 2,151 
 
 3,626 
 15,906 
 
 3,287 
 
 9'663 
 new 
 6,813 
 
 9^211 
 5,946 
 
 10,138 
 15,082 
 7.672 
 
 aooi 
 
 4;620 
 7,940 
 
 1,207 
 
 8,781 
 14,124 
 
 7fiiQ 
 6,642 
 3,312 
 5,404 
 15,085 
 
 17,071 
 5,223 
 
 8,.507 
 10,880 
 
 7,890 
 11,011 
 
 4,404 
 
 7'761 
 1,816 
 6,787 
 8,528 
 5,958 
 
 14,494 
 
 21,918 
 2,125 
 4,931 
 
 13,135 
 4,631 
 
 12,734 
 8,757 
 1,062 
 8,851 
 6,442 
 9,851 
 5,326 
 9,318 
 9,584 
 6,704 
 8,724 
 
 13,591 
 6,650 
 6,735 
 5,800 
 9,248 
 5,101 
 5,542 
 2,459 
 4,535 
 
 16,478 
 8,456 
 
 11,922 
 
 11,568 
 7,909 
 
 10,621 
 8,620 
 4,618 
 6,281 
 
 10,120 
 3,200 
 5,433 
 
 19,166 
 6,607 
 8,861 
 
 13,080 
 
 97 
 1,071 
 
 1,351 
 
 247 
 21 
 4.'-|3 
 599 
 238 
 
 5,035 
 
 1,714 
 20 
 234 
 
 4,579 
 214 
 
 1,5.33 
 
 1,067 
 16 
 
 1,009 
 211 
 
 2,079 
 224 
 455 
 
 3,550 
 
 1,144 
 990 
 
 3,871 
 182 
 347 
 114 
 358 
 137 
 156 
 2 
 152 
 
 1,604 
 90 
 120 
 
 1,667 
 287 
 25 
 
 1,244 
 195 
 
 290 
 
 3,945 
 
 340 
 
 487 
 
 1,900 
 
 Present 
 Covmty-seats. 
 
 Kirksville. 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 Rockporfc. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Cassville. 
 
 Lamar. 
 
 Butler. 
 
 Warsaw. 
 
 Dallas. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 St. Joseph. 
 
 Poplar Bluff. 
 
 Kingston. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Linn Creek. 
 
 .Jackson. 
 
 CarroUton. 
 
 Van Buren. 
 
 Harrisonville. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 Keytesville. 
 
 Ozark. 
 
 Waterloo. 
 
 Liberty. 
 
 Plattsburg. 
 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Booneville. 
 
 Steelvillc. 
 
 Greenfield. 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Gallatin. 
 
 Maysville. 
 
 Salem. 
 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 Kennett. 
 
 Union. 
 
 Hermann. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Springfield. 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Bethany. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Hermitage. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Fayette. 
 
 West Plains. 
 
 fronton. 
 
 Independence. 
 
 Carthage. 
 
 Hillsboro'. 
 
 Warreusburg. 
 
 * A State census was taken in September, 1821, at which time there were twenty-tive couuties in the 
 State, and a population of 70,647 ; of whom 11,234 were slaves. 
 
 4* 
 
52 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Knox 
 
 Laclede 
 
 Lafayette.... 
 Lawrence ... 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Linn 
 
 Livingston . 
 McDonald.-. 
 
 Macon 
 
 Madison 
 
 Maries 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Miller 
 
 Moniteau., 
 
 Montgomery.... 
 
 Morgan 
 
 New Madrid 
 
 Newton 
 
 Nodaway 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Osage 
 
 Ozark , 
 
 Pemiscot 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pettis 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Pike 
 
 Platte 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Ralls 
 
 Kandolpli 
 
 Ray 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 Ripley 
 
 St. Charles 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 St. Frangois 
 
 Ste. Genevieve. 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Saline 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shannon 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Stoddard 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Taney 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vernon - 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 Wright 
 
 1,907 
 
 2,032 
 '2,444 
 
 2,912 
 '4,059 
 
 2,371 
 "4,837 
 
 3,902 
 '2','35'6 
 
 3,181 
 8,190 
 1,176 
 
 4,375 
 2,924 
 2,057 
 
 4,320 
 
 2,366 
 2,186 
 14,125 
 
 2,873 
 
 6,815 
 
 6,040 
 7,449 
 2,245 
 4,325 
 
 9,623 
 "2,'2'8'2 
 
 9,505 
 4,371 
 4,407 
 4,5.54 
 3,790 
 
 10,646 
 8,913 
 8,a9 
 6,529 
 
 5,670 
 7,198 
 6,553 
 
 2,856 
 7,911 
 
 3,211 
 3,148 
 
 3,056 
 3,153 
 
 4,253 
 7,213 
 3,403 
 
 2,895 
 2,498 
 13,691 
 4,851 
 
 9^422 
 4,060 
 4,249 
 2,236 
 
 12,241 
 2.690 
 3,8.34 
 3,123 
 6,005 
 
 10,543 
 5,489 
 4,648 
 5,233 
 4,270 
 2,118 
 1,432 
 6,705 
 2,296 
 
 7,220 
 5,143 
 
 13,609 
 16.926 
 6;i85 
 4,010 
 
 5,861 
 8,815 
 4,418 
 
 5,484 
 4,559 
 
 17,070 
 7,613 
 9,959 
 
 11,630 
 6,567 
 6,495 
 3,533 
 8,285 
 6,256 
 3,248 
 
 13,144 
 5,603 
 4,024 
 4,241 
 6,402 
 
 11,353 
 7,263 
 5,767 
 4,317 
 6,720 
 4,772 
 3,405 
 
 6,594 
 10,530 
 12,256 
 2,399 
 3,884 
 13,428 
 4,986 
 5,797 
 6,158 
 144,977 
 12,633 
 4,691 
 7,535 
 3,792 
 1,4' 
 5,158 
 5,470 
 2,1 
 5,1 
 4,291 
 3,49 
 3,67 
 5,410 
 10,15' 
 4,829 
 6.719 
 3,109 
 
 1,.553 
 4,861 
 13,763 
 
 10|419 
 
 s'555 
 6,833 
 3,976 
 13,710 
 5,338 
 
 4^875 
 9,286 
 6.076 
 3,762 
 10,202 
 11,865 
 7,363 
 7,624 
 3,886 
 8,904 
 5,136 
 3,428 
 7,650 
 4,834 
 2,919 
 9,266 
 7,516 
 5,097 
 14,165 
 16,119 
 10,030 
 3,835 
 9,209 
 6,154 
 
 12*050 
 3,260 
 3,618 
 
 14,370 
 6,256 
 7,549 
 7,199 
 182,857 
 
 10,120 
 6,682 
 9,170 
 4,744 
 1,972 
 6,943 
 7,942 
 2,333 
 9,235 
 3,540 
 6,071 
 4,920 
 7,782 
 8,034 
 
 4,440 
 
 1,055,934 
 
 91 
 
 117 
 
 2,139 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 3,974 
 
 607 
 
 72 
 
 601 
 
 436 
 
 2,839 
 
 64 
 
 24 
 
 238 
 
 946 
 
 745 
 
 3,024 
 
 1,628 
 
 CoO 
 
 3,313 
 512 
 
 1,708 
 
 2,606 
 
 2,026 
 
 49 
 
 78 
 
 2,186 
 
 674 
 
 577 
 3,825 
 4,901 
 
 Present 
 County-seats. 
 
 Edina. 
 
 Lebanon. 
 
 Lexington. 
 
 Mount Vernon. 
 
 Monticello. 
 
 Troy. 
 
 Linneus 
 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 Pineville. 
 
 Bloomington. 
 
 Fredericktown. 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 Palmyra. 
 
 Princeton. 
 
 Tuscumbia. 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 California. 
 
 Paris. 
 
 Danville. 
 
 Versailles. 
 
 New Madrid. 
 
 Neosho. 
 
 Marysville. 
 
 Thomasville. 
 
 Linn. 
 
 Rockbridge. 
 
 Gayoso. 
 
 Perryville. 
 
 Georgetown. 
 
 RoUa. 
 
 Bowling Green. 
 
 Platte City. 
 
 Bolivar. 
 
 Waynesville. 
 
 Unionville. 
 
 New London. 
 
 Huntsville. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 Centerville. 
 
 Doniphan. 
 
 St. Charles. 
 
 Osceola. 
 
 Farmington. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve. 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 189 
 16 
 103 
 82 
 43 
 142 
 1,019 
 890 
 238 
 220 
 06 
 
 6 Eminence. 
 52!shelbyville. 
 
 112,889 
 
 Bloomficld. 
 
 Salina. 
 
 Milan. 
 
 Forsyth. 
 
 Houston. 
 
 Nevada City. 
 
 Warrenton. 
 
 I'otosi. 
 
 Greenville. 
 
 Marshfield. 
 
 Hartsville. 
 
EDUCATION. 53 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The accomplished principal of the St. Louis Normal School says 
 "it is the public schools that touch the life of the nation, and upon 
 their character and success depends the stability of this government." 
 
 The law for the organization, support, and government of common 
 schools, now just being put into operation in Missouri, accords with 
 the true spirit of progress, and when fully inaugurated will, in some 
 respects, place our educational system in advance of many of the older 
 States. "Public schools, like laws, are silent in the midst of arms." 
 During the war, in several counties the schools were broken up, the 
 teachers forced to flee for their personal safety, and the school-houses 
 burnt or injured beyond repair. The State Superintendent, in his 
 last annual report (1867), says : 
 
 " The arts of industry are reclaiming the waste places ; the communities 
 in certain parts of the State, reinforced by immigration from the neighbor- 
 ing labor States, are replacing the school-house and employing the profes- 
 sional teacher, educated under the ideas of patriotism, as well as in the 
 methods of free school instruction. I wish to restrict this latter remark to 
 those portions of our State where the friends of freedom predominate. * * * 
 It is a uotable fact that all the counties in the State which show the pre- 
 dominance of Free State power are clamorous for free schools. * * * They 
 are rapidly placing themselves under the development of the school law, and 
 demand, as among the prime elements of their newly-organized communities, 
 substantial primary and high schools, to be under the control of intelligent 
 officers and teachers. On the other hand, it is equally notable that those 
 counties in the State which have proven to be under the control of the same 
 influences which made them intolerant before the war and traitorous during 
 it, are either wholly negligent of their public school interests, or bitterly 
 hostile to them." 
 
 By a careful perusal of the following table, the reader will readily 
 decide the educational as well as the political status of each county, 
 on the basis stated above by the State Superintendent. 
 
 The capital of the Public School Fund on the first of October, 
 1866, was $1,004,071.98, having increased $200,167.14 during the 
 preceding two years. 
 
 The present school law had been in operation but about four months 
 when the report was made from which the main features of this table 
 were compiled, hence its results are scarcely notable. The number 
 and influence of public schools will very rapidly increase, as this new 
 law is appreciated and enforced. 
 
54 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 5» O 
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 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
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 S3;.ii3uun9g 
 
 
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 JO -ON 
 
 ■asjptiHO jb 
 ■ON IIJIOX 
 
 lies 
 
 Tjic<i o o<Nin 
 
 CO ci : CO CD o o CO 
 
 O (N : O CO <M IM CT. 
 
 ;s:s 
 
 
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 Ou,0^, 
 
 S^SS 
 
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 sllillw^l-a 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 55 
 
 ilsssli--|S§|»g||g|S|||||^.||"SS3|S|||S|8|-g 
 
 1,330 
 888 
 571 
 
 1,073 
 804 
 *1,069 
 477 
 396 
 762 
 204 
 63 
 192 
 903 
 280 
 753 
 817 
 639 
 267 
 503 
 488 
 775 
 481 
 750 
 687 
 963 
 175 
 *75 
 816 
 122 
 
 453 
 11 
 691 
 165 
 573 
 453 
 21 
 361 
 710 
 
 ""562"' 
 *74 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 rHH \^ 
 
 
 
 C-l 
 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 rHO^rH | j j j 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 -i- 
 
 .- 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i H h' 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 MM 
 
 
 _r.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^rH i 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 MM 
 
 : ; 
 
 rHrH 
 
 
 
 
 
 jcowgoo;. i- 
 
 J-.0, jot-co i-tooowo> 
 
 01 : irHo : ioicoj-jo : ion- 
 
 I" 1 
 
 i 
 
 
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 rH rH j 
 
 
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 : :'"' 
 
 " 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 igssssss^s ps? j^Bg jSSK^s^ss : hss h^^a \ 1^5:5^ j 
 
 
 2,130 
 
 1,623 
 
 3.432 
 
 2,197 
 
 2,226 
 
 069 
 
 726 
 
 1,982 
 
 429 
 
 ""355" 
 180 
 
 ""957"" 
 1,138 
 
 ^3p 
 
 590 
 
 1,056 
 
 1,572 
 
 1,561 
 
 1,424 
 
 2,933 
 
 720 
 
 284 
 
 ""W 
 
 2,117 
 1,726 
 
 "l,506"" 
 
 1,583 
 939 
 
 '720 
 80 
 
 56"' 
 
 ;:ss;£i=;5|3??g h?i :S|^§|s§|^|g?^ 1 ;ssg ;§s|g jsss 
 
 i§ 
 
 ""4,104" 
 
 2,422 
 
 4.207 
 4,901 
 2,147 
 1,801 
 2,945 
 3,847 
 
 4G8" 
 
 " "2,993" 
 6,162 
 3,581 
 2,003 
 3,381 
 4,809 
 
 5',021 
 4,665 
 4.309 
 6,969 
 1,343 
 
 3,838 
 2,902 
 
 ""4,278" 
 5,319 
 3,250 
 2,665 
 
 ""2,149" 
 
 2;.390 
 108 
 
 """293" 
 
 hs^s?^=°;2!;is 1 
 
 23 |8S^3=^c5SSS55§2 1 j^SS? |§§S?^ \^^^^ :^ I 
 
 jrHOlOOrHOrHOOO jrHOO ItOOOuOXMO^^O^^OOCO \ \ IcqOC-I IcOgt-CO :,MCOrHrH \ \ 
 
 H- 
 
 CrH 
 
 H^ i 
 
 0, i^^co i«^o.o i i 
 
 
 i joo^ 
 
 ^ M^ i 
 
 j 
 
 
 16.405 
 8,042 
 ll.sr2 
 
 7,590 
 10,601 
 8.620 
 4,503 
 6,241 
 
 3,'l33 
 
 5,529 
 
 18,899 
 6,533 
 9,763 
 
 12,743 
 8,436 
 4875 
 
 13,688 
 8,659 
 
 10,983 
 
 11,347 
 8,509 
 6,812 
 
 13,673 
 5,179 
 4,830 
 
 15,732 
 3,957 
 9,274 
 6,572 
 3,849 
 9,375 
 
 11,722 
 8,061 
 7,545 
 3,803 
 8,842 
 5,123 
 2,983 
 7,623 
 2.361 
 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■1 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 i 
 
 
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 Jl 
 
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56 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
 542 
 476 
 283 
 1,244 
 764 
 192 
 163 
 
 278 
 
 1,171 
 
 508 
 
 138 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 iliiilg|SHl--pgS|piii!lSs^l-liBiis 
 
 
 •p.-ioioo aqj 
 jojsiooiios 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 BSUBuiraag 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 c : : 
 
 nil 
 
 "5) 
 
RAILWAYS. 57 
 
 RAILWAYS IN MISSOURI 
 
 The system of trunk lines projected in Missouri, when completed, 
 will form a network, which, with the branch lines, will traverse every 
 portion of the State. Since, in this great railway era, speed in tran- 
 sit is the desideratum, and as it has been clearly demonstrated that 
 railways are the most successful civilizers, as well as the greatest pro- 
 ducers of business, it becomes Missouri to maintain her position among 
 her sister States, by multiplying these iron arteries of commerce. 
 
 Railroad lines are projected through the most populous and wealthy 
 counties in the State — counties, some of which possess inexhaustible 
 beds of mineral wealth, and others that are well settled by farmers, 
 whose industry and perseverance are exhibited by the superior man- 
 ner in which they cultivate their broad, fertile fields, and the abundant 
 yield they gather as a reward. These artificial channels are much 
 needed for the transportation of our valuable home products to a 
 reliable market ; and none but those who are familiar with the capa- 
 bilities of the State and of its unparalleled mineral and agricultural 
 wealth, can form an adequate estimate of the immense treasures which 
 lie hidden in the earth. Some of the finest portions of the State are 
 yet comparatively undeveloped, and, indeed, almost unknown, because 
 of their remoteness from any great thoroughfare. Few portions of 
 the West are more productive, or possess better water, or a more 
 genial climate than Southwestern Missouri, not merely in agricultural 
 lands but in lead, marble, coal, petroleum, etc. All these now remain 
 undeveloped because of the expense and delay necessary to take 
 these products to market. For stock growing, also, this is one of the 
 finest portions of the West ; yet, owing to its present isolated position, 
 the population is sparse, and will continue so until facilities are afforded 
 for the transportation of their agricultural and mineral productions 
 to market. One of the immutable laws of trade is that where the 
 demand is greater than the supply, the price of the article is enhanced, 
 and the improved facilities for intercourse bring to our very doors the 
 markets of the extreme eastern and southern borders of our country. 
 When this Atlantic and Pacific road is completed, it will furnish an 
 unbroken route from St. Louis to the Pacific, under the one manage- 
 ment. This route is claimed to be five hundred miles shorter from 
 New York to the Pacific than any other; running from St. Louis in 
 a direction a little south of west — opening up in Southwest Missouri 
 
58 RAILWAYS. 
 
 as fine a section of country for agricultural or mining purposes as can 
 be found in the Union — to the Canadian River in the Indian Territory ; 
 thence westerly to Albuquerque, on the Rio del Norte, about forty 
 miles south of Santa Fe, and thence along the thirty-fifth parallel 
 north latitude, crossing the Colorado at the head of navigation, and 
 entering California in the vicinity of Los Angelos, then along the 
 valleys to San Francisco, crossing no mountains, and showing at no 
 point a grade exceeding seventy feet to the mile, and passing so far 
 south as never to be inconvenienced by snow. Another advantage 
 claimed for this route is the brief time required to build it, owing to 
 the avoidance of mountain work and delays of winter, and the ability 
 to tap it at three points, viz., the Arkansas and Colorado Rivers, and 
 by a short branch from San Diego, in California — thus making eight 
 points from which to build the road. 
 
 The rich lead region in Southwest Missouri, some of the best mines 
 in which are owned by the company, will alone, it is thought, furnish 
 a paying freight business. 
 
 The St. Louis, L'on Mountains and Southern Railroad has been 
 purchased by parties who will speedily extend it to the Mississippi 
 River at Belmont, opposite Columbus, Ky., and to Helena or Memphis. 
 The Southern trade is too extensive to depend upon river navigation 
 entirely — low water and ice cannot be permitted to check the demands 
 of commerce. Independent of the immense through passenger and 
 freight business of this road, it will, with its branches, furnish an out- 
 let to market for the richest mineral region, probably, in the world. 
 This road will be rapidly extended to meet the wants of the people of 
 Southern Missouri, and of the trade south from St. Louis. 
 
 The North Missouri Railroad is being extended to the Iowa State 
 line, there to be taken up by the people of Iowa and Minnesota, and 
 rapidly completed — a through line to St. Paul. A western line is 
 also being built from Allen, on this road, to the Missouri River. 
 
 We trust the day is not far distant when the more important of these 
 roads will be completed, bringing every portion of the State within 
 a day's travel of the Father of Waters, and of the City of St. Louis ; 
 when the shrill neigh of the iron horse shall be heard in the most re- 
 mote corners of the State, and when the rattle of his tread shall re- 
 verberate along the frontier, with thousands of intelligent and indus- 
 trious settlers following in his wake, who shall " make the wilderness 
 to blossom as the rose." 
 
DISTANCES BY RAILROADS. 
 
 59 
 
 DISTANCES BY RAILROADS IN MISSOURI. 
 
 stations. 
 St. Lnuis TO 
 
 Miles. 
 6 
 
 
 
 WebsU-r 
 
 Kirkwood 
 
 Barrett's 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Eureka 
 
 30 
 
 
 32 
 
 Pacific 
 
 37 
 
 Gray's Summit 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 South Point 
 
 . .. 53 
 
 Washington 
 
 55 
 
 PACIFIC RAILROAD. 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Newport 62 
 
 Miller's Landing 67 
 
 Berger 75 
 
 Hermann 81 
 
 Gasconade 88 
 
 Chamois 100 
 
 St. Aubert 105 
 
 L'Onr's Creek 109 
 
 Bennett's Mill 113 
 
 Osage 117 
 
 Jefferson City 125 
 
 Scott 132 
 
 Lookout 140 
 
 California 150 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 St. Lodis to 
 
 Tipton 163 
 
 Syracuse 168 
 
 Otterville 176 
 
 Smithton 182 
 
 Sedalia 189 
 
 Dresden 196 
 
 Knobnoster 208 
 
 Warrensburg 218 
 
 Holden 233 
 
 Krigsville 237 
 
 Pleasant Hill 249 
 
 Lee's Summit 261 
 
 Independence 274 
 
 Kansas City 283 
 
 Two through trains to Leavenworth City, making direct connection at Wyandotte with the Union 
 Pacific Railway for Lawrence, Topeka., Manhattan, and Fort Riley. Stages leave Warrensburg for 
 Lexington every morning: leave Sedalia for Springfield, Bolivar, and Warsaw daily on arrival of 
 trains. Stages leave Tipton every evening for Booneville. Passengers taking the morning train 
 from St. Louis connect at Pacific with the train daily for Eolla and intermediate stations. Stages 
 leave Kolla every evening for Springfield. 
 
 ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC RAILROAD. 
 
 Stations. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Miles. 
 5 
 
 Stations. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 Allcntown 
 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 St. L"U1S to 
 
 Miles. 
 
 
 
 Pacific Junction 
 
 
 or 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Knob View 
 
 St. James 
 
 Dillon 
 
 Rolla 
 
 ERN RAILROAD. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 Cadet... 
 Mineral Points 
 Hopewell 
 Irondale 
 Blairsville 
 Iron Mountain 
 Middle BiooU 
 Pilot Kn on 
 
 important interior towns 
 
 ILROAD. 
 
 Stations. 
 Hannibal to 
 
 Breckinridge 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Calvey 
 
 Moselle 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Stanton 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 MOUNTAINS 
 
 Stations. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 AND 
 
 44 
 
 .... 48 
 .... 55 
 .... 65 
 .... 71 
 
 SOUTE 
 
 Miles. 
 .... 26 
 
 98 
 
 Maramec 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Gleucoe 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 103 
 
 108 
 
 113 
 
 Eureka 30 
 
 ST. LOUIS, IRON 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Carondelet 
 
 
 
 peevlv 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hematite 
 
 Victoria 
 
 De Soto 
 
 /..V^!^.".'. 
 
 35 
 
 .... 39 
 
 69 
 
 Grimsley's 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 14 
 
 !'.'.'.!!!".' 21 
 
 23 
 
 74 
 
 81 
 
 Kimmswick 
 
 Windsor Harbor.... 
 
 Tunnell 47 
 
 Blackwell's 50 
 
 ron Mountain and Pilot Knob for 
 
 AL AND ST. JOSEPH RA 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 Hannibal to 
 Bevier "5 
 
 83 
 
 80 
 
 Stages connect w 
 South. 
 
 Statimis. 
 
 Hannibal to 
 Barkley 
 
 th trains at I 
 
 HANNIB 
 
 Miles. 
 10 
 
 and the 
 
 Miles. 
 145 
 
 P.^LMYKAt 
 
 14 
 
 C'lllao 
 
 
 79 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 
 37 
 
 47 
 
 69 
 
 St. Catharine.... 
 
 Brookfield 
 
 Lacle.le 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 104 
 
 109 
 
 
 177 
 
 Shelbina 
 
 Clarence 
 
 
 185 
 
 Easton 
 
 194 
 
 200 
 
 
 ■70 
 
 Utica 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Branch roaU from Mineral Point to I'otosi, 3 miles, 
 t From West Quincy to Palmyra Junction, 13 miles. 
 
60 
 
 TABLE OF RIVER DISTANCES. 
 
 NORTH MISSOURI RAILROAD. 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Bellefontaine 4 
 
 Jennings 6 
 
 Ferguson 9 
 
 Graham 11 
 
 Bridgton 13 
 
 Sectionie 16 
 
 Ferry Landing 19 
 
 St. Charles 20 
 
 Dardenne 29 
 
 O'Fallon 33 
 
 Perruque 37 
 
 Wentzville 42 
 
 Millville 48 
 
 Wright's 51 
 
 Warbenton 57 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Jonesburg 67 
 
 High Hill 72 
 
 Florence 76 
 
 Muntftomory 81 
 
 Wellsburg.." 89 
 
 Martinsburg 94 
 
 Jeffstown 100 
 
 Mexico 107 
 
 Centralia 121 
 
 Sturgeon 129 
 
 Renick 139 
 
 Allen 146 
 
 Jacksonville 157 
 
 Hudson 168 
 
 Bevier 173 
 
 Stations. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Miles. 
 177 
 
 
 
 St Catharine 
 
 ... 198 
 
 
 202 
 
 Laclede 
 
 207 
 
 Chillicothb 
 
 '.'.".'.'!!!!." 233 
 
 Breckenridge 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 254 
 
 
 269 
 
 Osborn 
 
 Stewartsville 
 
 275 
 
 283 
 
 292 
 
 St. Joseph 
 
 304 
 
 TABLE OF RIVER DISTANCES. 
 
 DISTANCES FROM NEW ORLEANS TO ST. LOUIS. 
 
 UP 
 
 New Orleans to 
 
 Carrolton 7 
 
 Red Church 26 
 
 College 60 
 
 Convent 62 
 
 Donaldsonville 78 
 
 Plaquemine 110 
 
 Baton Kouge 130 
 
 Port Hudson 153 
 
 Waterloo 159 
 
 Bayou Sara 105 
 
 Mouth Red River... 205 
 
 La. and Miss. Line. 207 
 
 Fort Adams 217 
 
 Natchez 277 
 
 Rodney 322 
 
 St. Joseph 327 
 
 Grand Gulf 340 
 
 Hard Times 345 
 
 New Carthage -371 
 
 Miles. 
 
 DOWN 
 
 1278 
 1271 
 1252 
 1218 
 1210 
 1200 
 11G8 
 1148 
 1125 
 1119 
 1113 
 1073 
 1071 
 1061 
 1001 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 UP DOWN 
 
 New Orleans to 
 
 Warrenton 389 889 
 
 Vicksburg 401 877 
 
 Mouth Yazoo River 414 864 
 
 Millikeu's Bend 427 851 
 
 Lake Providence 477 801 
 
 Skipwith's Landing 487 791 
 
 Louisiana Line 498 780 
 
 Princeton 500 778 
 
 Grand Lake 504 774 
 
 Greenville 547 731 
 
 Columbia 557 721 
 
 Gains and Gntrs 575 703 
 
 Bolivar 605 673 
 
 Napoleon 620 658 
 
 Mouth White River. 645 633 
 
 Helena 728 550 
 
 Mouth St. F.R 738 540 
 
 Commerce 780 498 
 
 Mississippi Line 796 482 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 UP DOWN 
 
 New Orleans to 
 
 Memphis 818 460 
 
 Randolph 878 400 
 
 Asbport 918 360 
 
 Hale's Point 938 340 
 
 Arkansas Line 944 334 
 
 Point Pleasant 993 285 
 
 Tennessee Line 998 280 
 
 New Madrid 1003 275 
 
 Hickman 1040 2.38 
 
 Columbus 1057 221 
 
 Cairo 1077 201 
 
 Commerce 1112 166 
 
 Cape Girardeau 1127 151 
 
 Tower Rock 1152 126 
 
 Chester 1193 85 
 
 Ste. Genevieve 1213 65 
 
 Jefferson Barracks.. 1268 10 
 
 St. Louis 1278 
 
 DISTANCES FROM ST. LOUIS TO ST. PAUL. 
 
 Stations. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Alton 
 
 Cap au Gris 
 
 Clarksville 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Hannibal 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Lagrange 
 
 Canton 
 
 Alexandria & Warsaw 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Montrose 
 
 Nauvoo 
 
 Fort Madison 
 
 Pontoosuc 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Oquawka 
 
 Keithsburg 
 
 New Boston 
 
 Port Louisa 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Stations. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 Rock Island \ 
 
 Davenport j 
 
 Le Claire & Port Byron 
 Princeton & Cordova.... 
 
 Camanche 
 
 Albany 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Fulton and Lyons 
 
 Sabula 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Belleview 
 
 Galena 
 
 Dubuque & Dunleith.... 
 
 Welles' Landing 
 
 Cassville 
 
 Guttenburg 
 
 Clayton 
 
 McGregor 
 
 Prairie du Chien 
 
 Lansing 
 
 DeSoto 
 
 MiUs. 
 
 30 
 
 347 
 
 IS 
 
 365 
 
 6 
 
 371 
 
 10 
 
 3S1 
 
 3 
 
 384 
 
 6 
 
 390 
 
 2 
 
 392 
 
 20 
 
 412 
 
 3 
 
 415 
 
 2;i 
 
 438 
 
 12 
 
 450 
 
 20 
 
 470 
 
 15 
 
 485 
 
 15 
 
 hm 
 
 10 
 
 510 
 
 12 
 
 522 
 
 11 
 
 .>):« 
 
 3 
 
 536 
 
 30 
 
 566 
 
 6 
 
 571 
 
 Stations. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Victory 5 
 
 Badaxe City 11 
 
 Bro wnoville 12 
 
 La Crosse 12 
 
 Richmond 16 
 
 Trempelau 5 
 
 Winona 13 
 
 Fountain City 10 
 
 Mount Vernon 11 
 
 Minnieski 3 
 
 Alma 15 
 
 Warbasbaw 9 
 
 Read's Landing 3 
 
 Noith Pepin 5 
 
 Lake City 7 
 
 Redwing IS 
 
 Prcscott 30 
 
 Hastings 3 
 
 St. Paul .32 
 
 St. Anthony 14 
 
 726 
 756 
 759 
 791 
 
 805 
 
ELEVATIONS IN MISSOURI. 
 
 61 
 
 DISTANCES ON THE MISSOURI RIVER FROM ST. LOUIS TO FORT BENTON. 
 
 Statinns. 
 St Louis to 
 
 Jefferson City 
 
 Booneville 58 
 
 Glasgow 32 
 
 Brunswick 35 
 
 Lexington 75 
 
 Kansas City 82 
 
 Leavenworth City 39 
 
 Atchison 37 
 
 St. Joseph .33 
 
 Nebraska City 175 
 
 Council Bluffs 53 
 
 Omaha 14 
 
 Florence 15 
 
 Little Sioux River.... 72 
 
 Sioux City 116 
 
 Vermillion Kiver 140 
 
 James River 47 
 
 Yancton 104 
 
 Bonhomme Island.... 16 
 
 Stations. 
 St. Louis to 
 
 Mouth Niobrarah... 
 
 Yancton Aa;ency 
 
 Fort Randall 
 
 White River 
 
 Crow Creek or Ush- 
 er's Landing 
 
 Fort Sully 
 
 Fort Pierre 
 
 Big Cheyenne 
 
 Mouth Moreau 
 
 Grand River 
 
 Beaver River 
 
 Cannon Ball River... 
 
 Fort Rice 
 
 Hart River 
 
 Old Fort Clark 
 
 Fort Berthold 
 
 Little Missouri 
 
 White Earth River.. 
 
 
 Miles. 
 
 22 
 
 1239 
 
 .S2 
 
 1271 
 
 U 
 
 1-2S5 
 
 106 
 
 1391 
 
 94 
 
 1485 
 
 45 
 
 1530 
 
 5 
 
 1535 
 
 55 
 
 1.590 
 
 00 
 
 1690 
 
 31 
 
 1721 
 
 So 
 
 1806 
 
 30 
 
 1836 
 
 10 
 
 1846 
 
 .50 
 
 1S96 
 
 65 
 
 1961 
 
 59 
 
 2020 
 
 .30 
 
 2050 
 
 85 
 
 2135 
 
 Stations. Miles. 
 
 St. Louis to 
 Mouth Yellowstone... 135 2270 
 
 Fort Union 5 2275 
 
 Milk River .350 2625 
 
 Round Bute 135 
 
 Dophan's Rapids 152 
 
 Mouth Maria 218 
 
 2760 
 2912 
 31.30 
 
 Fort Benton 45 3175 
 
 Fort Benton to 
 
 Silver City 150 
 
 Prickly Pear 170 
 
 Last Chance 171 
 
 Deer Lodge City 180 
 
 Deer Lodge Diggings 210 
 
 Virginia City 270 
 
 Bannock City 300 
 
 Gallatin 350 
 
 .351 
 
 ELEVATIONS IN MISSOURI. 
 
 The elevations of the following places will give a general idea of 
 the surface of the southern portion of the State. The first column 
 shows the elevation above tide-water at Mobile Bay ; the second col- 
 umn above the City Directrix at St. Louis. 
 
 St. Louis Directrix 372 feet 
 
 Base of Pilot Knob 909 537 feet 
 
 Top of Pilot Knob 14i)0 1118 
 
 Marshticld, Webster County 1462 1090 
 
 New Madrid 947 575 
 
 Granby, Newton County 1030 668 
 
 Springfield 1452 1080 
 
 Ohio City 272 100 below 
 
 A high "divide" extends from (Ireen County, through Webster, 
 Wright, Texas, Dent, Iron, and St. Francois Counties. The western 
 part of this higli region is a broad, rolling table-land ; but the eastern 
 end is broken into numerous knobs, hills, and ridges, as seen at Pilot 
 Knob, which is only twenty-eight feet higher than Marshfield, on the 
 table-lands of the western end. 
 
G2 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Situated in the center of the United States possessions, lying 
 between thirty-six and forty-one degrees north latitude, and between 
 eighty-nine and ninety-six degrees west longitude, this State is free 
 from the sudden and trying clianges experienced by residents nearer 
 the sea-coast in the same latitudes. The difference in temperature, 
 however, varies from 8° below zero in winter, to 110° above in summer. 
 The seasons in their progress are gradual and uniform, subject to few 
 or no abrupt transitions. The air is pure and salubrious. 
 
 The following table is the result of twenty-five years' observations in 
 St. Louis, by Dr. George Engelmann, and being centrally located in 
 the State (latitudinally speaking), will give a correct idea of the gen- 
 eral climate of the State. Some allowance should be made, however, 
 for the effect of buildings, smoke, etc., which affect the temperature 
 of a populous city somewhat. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AT ST. LOUIS FROM 1834 TO 1850, INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Month. Mean Temp. Lowest Mean. Highest Mean. 
 
 January 32-7 19-3 405 
 
 February 84-6 20-8 44-1 
 
 March , 44-5 27-5 56-7 
 
 April 562 44-4 66-7 
 
 Mny 660 60-5 69-3 
 
 June 74-2 70-8 78-3 
 
 July 78-8 72-5 83-5 
 
 August 76-2 71-0 81-5 
 
 September 69-8 64-4 76-1 
 
 October .55-7 48-4 62-8 
 
 November 43-0 347 518 
 
 December 33-5 25-0 40 5 
 
 55-4 — ]\Iean of all the years. 
 
 The opinion has been advanced by some meteorologists that the 
 temperature of the United States is annually becoming lower; the 
 mean temperature of 1859 was 55-4, the same as the mean of all the 
 twenty-five years above given. 
 
CLIMATE. 
 
 63 
 
 The following is the result of observations by James. W. Evans, 
 Esq., during six years, taken at Big River, in St. Francois County. 
 "r" indicates rain, and "n.r." no rain. 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 1S37. 
 
 1838. 
 
 1839. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1842. 
 
 R. 
 
 N.R. 
 
 R. 
 
 N.R. 
 
 26 
 19 
 21 
 21 
 20 
 12 
 26 
 24 
 28 
 22 
 19 
 24 
 
 262 
 
 R. 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 8 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 111 
 
 N.R. 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 16* 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 254 
 
 R. 
 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 8 
 9 
 12 
 5 
 
 :? 
 
 3 
 107 
 
 N.R. 
 
 23 
 21 
 20 
 
 I? 
 
 1 
 19 
 25 
 22 
 20 
 28 
 
 259 
 
 R. 
 
 
 2 
 8 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 6 
 9 
 9 
 
 81 
 
 N.R. 
 
 26 
 23 
 21 
 25 
 18 
 24 
 30 
 27 
 25 
 21 
 22 
 
 284 
 
 R. 
 
 4 
 9 
 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 8 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 85 
 
 N.R. 
 19 
 
 24 
 19 
 18 
 19 
 23 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 24 
 26 
 
 280 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 5 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 14 
 18 
 11 
 11 
 10 
 7 
 10 
 11 
 
 26 
 20 
 21 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 24 
 20 
 20 
 
 239 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 103 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July... 
 
 
 September.... 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Total 
 
 126 
 
 The following is the order of the leafing of the several trees, shrubs, 
 etc., as recorded by J. W. Evans, Esq. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 1839. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1S41. 
 
 1842. 
 
 Gooseberry 
 
 March 14 
 " 19 
 " 26 
 " 27 
 " 29 
 " 30 
 
 April 14 
 " 3 
 " 12 
 " 16 
 u 17* 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 March 5 
 
 " 8 
 
 March 19 
 
 March 1 
 " 6 
 " 15 
 
 " 28* 
 " 25* 
 " 18* 
 April 25 
 " 9* 
 " 18 
 " 16* 
 " 16* 
 
 Elder 
 
 
 IMarch 26 
 
 Wild Cherry 
 
 Apple-tree 
 
 March 18 
 
 March 29 
 " 30 
 
 Sugar Maple 
 
 White Maple 
 
 
 Peach 
 
 
 
 Willow 
 
 
 
 Red Bud 
 
 April 14 
 March 29* 
 
 
 Plum 
 
 
 
 
64 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 GRAPE CULTURE IN MISSOURI, 
 
 BY G. C. SWALLOW, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no department of husbandry in which cultivators 
 find so much difficulty and meet with so many failures as in the cultiva- 
 tion of the vine ; and yet, while some fail, it is equally true that others 
 meet with eminent success. It is quite obvious that the most of those 
 who have failed in their efforts must attribute their failures to the want 
 of adaptation, in their modes of culture, to the habits and wants of the 
 vine ; as others, on the same soil and under the same sun, have been 
 most successful. 
 
 Notwithstanding the true principles of grape culture are so little 
 iinderstood by the community at large, no department of agriculture 
 has been more carefully investigated — more distinctly defined and 
 reduced to scientific principles. Since Virgil wrote his masterly trea- 
 tise upon the habits and cultivation of the vine, the principles which 
 should govern its culture have been within the reach of all who would 
 investigate the structure of this plant, and learn the soil and climate 
 adapted to its perfect development. And, indeed, it could scarcely be 
 otherwise, as the vine has occupied so prominent a position in the hus- 
 bandry of almost all the enlightened nations of ancient and modern 
 times. Since Noah planted a vineyard the vine has followed the pro- 
 gress of husbandry and civilization throughout India, Arabia, Pales- 
 tine, and Southern Europe. It holds an important place in the history 
 of those seats of ancient civilization and progress. The " vine-clad 
 hill" occupied a conspicuous position in every landscape, and the juice 
 of the grape had its place at the social board and ruled the joys of the 
 banquet hall. While it held so important a position among the nations, 
 its value led the ablest minds to investigate its habits and deduce the 
 best modes of culture from the experience of the many engaged in the 
 pleasant pursuit. Solomon investigated the properties of the vine, and 
 Virgil gave so excellent a treatise upon its habits and culture that the 
 investigations and experience of the last two thousand years have added 
 but little to the knowledge then possessed. Since, then, the habits of the 
 vine, and the modes of culture best adapted to it have been so carefully 
 determined and so thoroughly established by the experience of the last 
 four thousand years, it only remains for the cultivators of our times to 
 investigate the modes of culture so long and so successfully practiced in 
 
GRAPE CULTURE 65 
 
 India and the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean ; to inquire 
 how far the varieties there cultivated and the culture there adopted 
 will succeed in other localities ; to determine whether some new varie- 
 ties may not succeed better in other climates and soils ; and what 
 modifications of culture will secure the highest degree of success in 
 the various soils and climates to which we would introduce the vine. 
 
 It is obvious that the success of the grape depends upon the mutual 
 adaptation of both soil and climate. In places where the soil has all 
 the requisite properties, the climate may be such as to prevent full suc- 
 cess ; as in many parts of New England, where the climate is too cold, 
 and in England, where it is too moist. In many localities in Southern 
 Europe the soil is such as to prevent the full success of the vine, though 
 the climate is all that could be desired. 
 
 Soil. — According to Virgil* and the best authors who have followed 
 him, the soil should be warm, light, dry, and rich in alkalies and 
 alkaline earths, especially potash, soda, lime, and magnesia. The 
 best vines have been grownf upon soils of this description, and when 
 any of these qualities have been wanting, the most skillful vine-growers 
 have carefully supplied them by artificial means. Hence Virgil directs 
 to place " porous stones and rough shells" in the trenches ; the stones 
 and shells to loosen the soil and perfect the drainage, and the shells to 
 supply the defect of lime. The vine has ever succeeded the best, other 
 things being equal, in a calcareous soil. The best vineyards upon the 
 Rhine, the Ohio, and the Missouri are upon soils rich in lime ; and, 
 according to D'Orbigny, the wines from such soils in France are more 
 lively and spirituous. 
 
 * Geor., lib. ii. lines 217-221 and 262 — "Optinica putri arva solo." 
 f The great, vine at Windsor Park was planted about fifty years ago. "In 
 1850," says Professor Lindley, "it produced two thousand large bunches of 
 magnificent grapes, filjed a house one liundred and thirty-eight feet long and six- 
 teen feet wide, and had a stem two feet and nine inches in circumference. The 
 border in which it grows is warm, dry, light, shallow." The most famous 
 claret vineyards of France are on the peninsular of Medoc, north of Bordeaux, 
 where the soil is dry and warm, and so full of pebbles that the entire mass 
 seems to be made up of them. A recent traveler thus describes the superior 
 grape soil: — "Trellises of scarce two feet high carry the vines, and neither 
 foliage nor the clusters can conceal the harsh, pebbly soil, which you would 
 declare, if you were bred in a grain-growing country, to be utterly worthless. 
 There are vineyards upon this gravel-bank of Medoc which have the look only of 
 a waste of white silicious pebbles ; others again seem to be of slaty debris, and 
 nowhere could you thrust your staff in the earth more than an inch or two. Yet 
 upon this gravelly mass the sun lies warmly and kindly. For hours after sunset 
 these pebbles, which have been basking all d;iy in the light, retain their heat, 
 and through all the night give it to tlie little rootlets of the vine." 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 The chemical composition of a plant also gives us sure indications 
 of the mineral ingredients of the soil required for its perfect develop- 
 ment. The following table, from Johnston's Agricultural Chemistry, 
 contains the composition of five vines grown on five different soils. 
 The result shows most conclusively what mineral substances are 
 demanded for the perfection of the vine. 
 
 Substances. 
 
 
 a 
 ^ 1 
 
 1 . 
 
 li . 
 
 C m « 
 
 1 1 o 
 
 1 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 Potash 
 
 17-32 
 
 28-50 
 29- 7-5 
 9-78 
 4-12 
 5-20 
 1-96 
 1-82 
 1-55 
 
 25-24 
 2-74 
 
 40-75 
 7-47 
 1-52 
 
 18-87 
 2-88 
 0-53 
 
 34-13 
 
 8-03 
 32-67 
 4-G6 
 0-16 
 16-35 
 2-16 
 0-50 
 1-45 
 
 24-93 
 7-31 
 
 37-59 
 7-12 
 0-24 
 
 19-55 
 2-37 
 0-35 
 0-62 
 
 26-41 
 8-79 
 
 33-47 
 9-16 
 0-19 
 
 16-87 
 2-44 
 0-25 
 2-48 
 
 25-60 
 
 11-07 
 
 34-85 
 
 7-64 
 
 1-25 
 
 15-37 
 
 2-36 
 
 0-68 
 
 1-22 
 
 Soda 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 
 Phosphoric acid.... 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Cl)lorine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Total 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-11 
 
 100-08 
 
 100-06 
 
 100-04 
 
 Percentage of ashes 
 in dry twigs 
 
 2-885 
 
 2-G89 
 
 2-525 
 
 2-25 
 
 2.. 325 
 
 2-525 
 
 These analyses show that potash, soda, lime, magnesia, and phos- 
 phoric acid enter largely into the composition of the vine, and that 
 grapes will succeed best on soils rich in those materials. The other 
 Ingredients are such as are found in nearly all soils, and may be left out 
 of our investigations. 
 
 It is a well-established principle of vegetable science that lime may 
 supply the place of soda and potash, in part at least, in some plants. 
 The following analysis of vines from two localities ^how this to be true 
 
 of the vine also : — 
 
 I. II. 
 
 Alkalies 45-82 27-98 
 
 Lime 29-75 40-75 
 
 If, therefore, soda and potash be deficient in a soil, their place may 
 be partially supplied by lime, should it exist in sufiBcient quantities. 
 
 Climate. — The success of the grape on the islands and the shores of 
 the Mediterranean show their adaptation to a climate in which the winters 
 are short and mild, and the summers are temperate and equable. In 
 the Ionian Islands, where the grape attains great perfection, it is never 
 exposed to pinching cold or burning heat, or to any very sudden 
 changes from one to the other. But the great profusion and excellence 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 67 
 
 of the grapes in India, at Candaliar and Cabul, the sunny home of the 
 grape, indicate an ability to reach perfection in spite of sudden changes 
 from extreme cold to burning heat. " In no part of the world," says 
 Lindley, "are the grapes more delicious than in Candahar and Cabul;" 
 and yet the traveler speaks of the hitter cold wind and blazing fires 
 at night, and the burning sun by day in March ; and the sun's heat at 
 140° in May, where the grapes ripen as early as June. 
 
 We may conclude, then, that the grape will, under favorable circum- 
 stances, reach the greatest perfection though exposed to sudden 
 changes and extremes of heat and cold. 
 
 Having ascertained the conditions of soil and climate best adapted 
 to the successful culture of the vine, it has been my aim, during the 
 progress of the geological survey of Missouri, to determine how far 
 these conditions are fulfilled in Missouri ; to what extent and with what 
 success the vine may be cultivated in our State, and the advantages to 
 be derived from its cultivation. In order to secure the most accurate 
 data for our conclusions, our investigations have been directed to the 
 following subjects : — 
 
 1 . The characters and habits of all our native vines and the soils on 
 which they succeed best have been carefully noted. 
 
 2. Five persons* have been appointed to make meteorological ob- 
 servations. One at Springfield, in the Southwest ; one at Cape Girar- 
 deau, in the Southeast; one at Palmyra, in the Northeast; one at St. 
 Joseph, in the Northwest ; and one at Columbia, in the centre, in the 
 valley of the Missouri River. These observers have been supplied 
 with the very best instruments, and they have made and recorded their 
 observations according to the plan adopted by the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution. 
 
 3. The experience of our most successful vine-growers has been col- 
 lected, and the results carefully compared with the conclusions derived 
 from our examination of the climate, soils, and wild vines of the 
 State. 
 
 4. The soils of the State have been carefully observed, and the 
 varieties collected and submitted to a most skillful chemist for full and 
 accurate analyses. 
 
 * It gives me great pleasure to bear testimony to the disinterested labors of 
 those who have so faithfully observed and recorded the meteorological phenomena 
 at the stations above named. Our State will be under many obligations to the 
 Rev. G. r. Comings, of St. Paul's College, Palmyra; Rev. James Knoud, of St. 
 Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau; J. A. Stephens, Esq., Springtield; E. B. 
 Neely, A.M., of the St. Joseph High School; and Miss M. B. Hill, at Columbia, 
 who have made the observations at tlieir several localities. 
 
68 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 Native Grapes. — The growth and fruit of our native vines give us 
 most important indications of the adaptation of our soil and climate 
 to the cultivation of the grape. The following species have been 
 observed ; the growth, habits, and fruit of each variety have been care- 
 fully examined. 
 
 1. ViTis Labrusca, Linn. Fox Grape of the Northern States. 
 
 This vine is abundant in all parts of the State. It attains to a very 
 large size* in our rich alluvial bottoms and on our best upland soils ; 
 but the vines of a smaller size, which are found on the poorest soils in 
 the State, produce much the best grapes. Those which grow upon the 
 dry ridges, on the declivities of the bluffs, (especially those of the mag- 
 nesian limestone,) and on the talus of debris at their bases, exhibit a 
 healthy, firm growth, and produce an abundance of fine fruit. The 
 grapes found in these localities are larger, and the pulp is more juicy 
 and palatable. 
 
 Many well-known and excellent varieties of Grapes now in cultiva- 
 tion were derived from this species. The Isabella, Catawba, Schuyl- 
 kill, and Blands are the most esteemed. 
 
 2. ViTis Jj^STiVALis, Michx. Summer Grape. 
 This, like the preceding, is found in all parts of the State, and is 
 doubtless the largest of all our vines. It is one of the most striking 
 objects in our magnificent upland forests ; while the stem, like a huge 
 cable, hangs suspended from the limbs of the largest trees, the branches, 
 clothed in rich foliage, and often loaded with fruit, hang in graceful 
 festoons over the highest boughs. But the vines growing on the thin 
 soils of our limestone ridges and bluffs, and on the loose debris at their 
 bases, where they are more exposed to the air and the sun, produce a 
 greater abundance of the best fruit. 
 
 3. ViTis CoRDiFOLiA, Michx. Winter or Frost Grape. 
 
 This vine is widely diffused through the State : it is, perhaps, the 
 largest of all our vines; but its fruit is not so large as the fox or the 
 summer grape. 
 
 Its fruit is small and acerb. 
 
 4. {Var. of the former, Gray.) Vitis Riparia, Michx. 
 River Grape. 
 This grape is partial to the alluvial soil along the margins of our 
 streams. It grows to a large size. 
 
 * This vine often attains a diameter of ten inches, ascends the loftiest trees, 
 and spreads its branches over their highest boughs. 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 69 
 
 5. YiTis vuLPiNxV, Linn. Muscadine of the West, and Fox Grape, 
 according to Elliott, in the Southeastern States. 
 
 It is found in the southern part of the State. I saw several vinos 
 in Pemiscot and Dunklin Counties. It grows very large and pro- 
 duces abundantly. Its fruit is very much esteemed. The cultivated 
 Scuppernong Orape is a variety from this species. 
 
 A small vine with the fruit like this grows in the southwestern 
 counties. 
 
 6. YiTIS BiriNNATA, Miclix. 
 This plant was observed in Cape Girardeau and Pemiscot Counties. 
 
 7. YiTis iNDivisr, Willd. 
 
 This vine abounds in the central and western counties. 
 
 From this list it will be seen that Missouri possesses nearly all the 
 native grapes of our country, save one, the Vitis Caribosa? (D. C.) of 
 California. The vines are so abundant and so large as to form an 
 important and conspicuous part of every copse and thicket throughout 
 the entire State. They are everywhere present, lending grace and 
 beauty to every landscape, and indicating with prophetic certainty 
 that the day is not far distant when the purple vineyards will cover 
 our hills, the song of the vine-dresser fill the land with joy, and the 
 generous juice of the grape will improve our moral, intellectual and 
 physical powers. 
 
 Experience of our Vine-dressers.* — Several vine-dressers in our 
 State have been engaged in the cultivation of the grape during the 
 last twelve or fourteen years. Their success has been fully equal to 
 their expectations ; and they are full of high hopes of the most use- 
 ful and profitable results, even of entire and permanent success. 
 Their experience in cultivating the vine has led them to the same 
 conclusion that we have deduced from our scientific examinations of 
 the soil, climate, and native vines, viz. : that the vine can he cuUivated 
 with entire success, in favorable localities, in all parts of the State. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that these results have been derived 
 mostly from vineyards in the valley of the Missouri and Mississippi 
 Kivers, which are not, by far, the most favorable localities in the 
 
 * I am indebted to Mr. William Haas, of Boonville, Mr. Geo. Ilusmann, of 
 Hermann, Mr. Frederick Munch, of Marthasville, and Mr. Josepli Stuby, of 
 Hamburg, for valuable information respecting the cultivation of grapes in our 
 State. 
 
70 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 State ; for the "mildew" and the "rot," the most formidable obstacles 
 they have had to contend with, may be partially or entirely obviated 
 in localities where the atmosphere and soil are not so densely charged 
 with moisture. The "rot," says one of our most successful vine- 
 dressers, Mr. Haas, "attacks the berries when the soil is in a wet con- 
 dition, in July and August. It is most severe on the low and wet 
 parts of the vineyard." Mr. Husraann says, "the principal cause, 
 all are agreed, is an excess of moisture about the roots, and damp, 
 moist weather." 'Now the larger part of our vineyards are located 
 upon a siif, cold, clayey subsoil, which of necessity retains the ex- 
 cess of moisture and produces the injurious results. This evil may 
 be oviated by thorough draining and preparation of the soil ; or, 
 what is better, by selecting some of the millions of acres in the 
 southern part of the State, where the soil is warmer and lighter, and 
 richer in the ingredients most favorable to the vine, and where the 
 subsoil is so porous as to permit a free passage to the excess of 
 moisture. 
 
 The mildew appears in June; and all agree that it is caused by 
 "foggy, damp, and hot weather, accompanied by mists,^^ which is 
 much more prevalent in the valleys of our large rivers than on the 
 table-lands of the south. 
 
 The characters of the two regions under comparison show most 
 conclusively that the excess of moisture in the valleys must be con- 
 siderable and permanent. These valleys are covered with numerous 
 and extensive lakes and sloughs, and forests of rank growth and 
 vast extent, besides the broad rivers which flow through them ; while 
 the table-lands are almost destitute of lakes and ponds, and but par- 
 tially covered by a very sparse and much less vigorous growth of 
 timber. And, besides, they occupy an elevation of several hundred 
 feet above the valleys. 
 
 No fears, therefore, need be entertained that these obstacles will 
 prevent the entire success of vine culture in Missouri, should our 
 atmosphere even continue as moist as at present. But we may ex- 
 pect much improvement in this respect, as it is fully established by 
 past experience that the settlement of a country and the opening of a 
 soil to cultivation lessen the amount of rain and moisture in the at- 
 mosphere. 
 
 Notwithstanding the many difficulties our vine-dressers have had 
 to contend with, and notwithstanding some of their vineyards arc not, 
 to say the least, in the most favorable localities in the State, their 
 success has been very flattering. 
 
 The vineyards of Boonville have yielded the present season about 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 71 
 
 fiOOO gallons, worth $12,000. Five acres gave a clear profit of 
 $2900, or $400 per acre. Mr. Haas made 1550 gallons from three 
 acres. 
 
 The vintage of Hermann was about 100,000 gallons, from less 
 than 200 acres. At $1 per gallon, which is less than the value, it 
 will give a profit of at least $400 per acre, or of $80,000 on the 200 
 acres in cultivation. One small vineyard at Hamburg, Mr. Joseph 
 Stuby's, yielded over 1000 gallons per acre. 
 
 The entire cost of vineyards, preparing the soil, setting and train- 
 ing the vines till they come into bearing, varies from $200 to $300 per 
 acre; annual cost of cultivation after, $50 to $60 per acre; ten per 
 cent, on first cost, $20 to $30 per acre ; total expense for each year, 
 $70 to $90 per acre. So that an income of $100 per annum for each 
 acre is sufficient to pay the interest on the first cost and the expense 
 of cultivation. 
 
 Judging from the statistics before me, I would suppose all our 
 vineyards have yielded an average of at least 250 gallons per acre 
 since 1849, which, at an average price per gallon of $1 GO, would give 
 an annual income of $400, and a yearly profit of $300 per acre. So 
 that the vine-dresser, even in the poorest seasons, can scarcely fail of 
 a handsome profit; while in good years his gains will far surpass 
 those derived from any other department of husbandry. But the 
 profits of our most successful cultivators have been much greater. 
 M. Poeshel, of Hermann, is said to have made over 400 gallons per 
 acre for the last ten years, and an annual profiit of more than $500 for 
 each acre. 
 
 Such are the favorable results legitimately derived from the expe- 
 rience of our vine-dressers, in their early efforts in a new country, 
 with a soil and climate unknown to the cultivators of the grape. 
 All must admit that they are most satisfactory. Even if our climate 
 does not become more dry, if no more improvements are made in the 
 modes of culture, and if no more favorable localities are obtained, 
 grape culture must increase very rai)idly, and become an important 
 element in our agricultural and commercial interests. 
 
 Climate. — It will be impossible to give, in the few pages allotted 
 to me in this communication, the results of our meteorological observa- 
 tions. It must suffice to state in general terms, that the extremes of 
 heat and cold are not so great as in some of the best grape-growing 
 regions; and that the atmosphere in the southern part of the State is 
 sufficiently dry. The results, in short, present but one very objection- 
 
12^ GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 able feature. There are occasional changes of temperature so great 
 and sudden as to prove somewhat injurious to the grape at certain 
 stages of its growth. But it should be observed that these changes 
 are not so marked in the high table-lauds of the south and west as in 
 the north and in the valleys of the Missouri anc", Mississippi, where 
 our vineyards are located; and, even where most objectionable, they 
 are not so great as in India, and other grape-growing districts of the 
 Old World. 
 
 That portion of Southern Missouri, extending from Newton County 
 in the southwest to St. Genevieve in the southeast, usually repre- 
 sented as the eastern extremity of the Ozark Mountains, is in fact a 
 table-land varying from 1000 to 1500 feet above the ocean. In the 
 west it is sufficiently undulating to be well drained, while in the east 
 it sometimes rises into ridges and knobs of moderate elevation. From 
 this table-land the country descends by moderate slopes in every 
 direction. On the northern slope are the head-waters of the Sac, 
 Pomme de Terre, Niangua, and Gasconade, flowing into the Mis- 
 souri ; on the east, the Maramec and the Big, flowing into the Mis- 
 sissippi ; on the south, the waters of the St. Franyois, the Current, 
 and the White, with its tributaries, descending toward Arkansas ; 
 and Spring River and Shoal Creek on the western slope. 
 
 The valleys of the numerous streams which flow from this table- 
 land are at first but little depressed below the genei'al level ; but the 
 farther they descend, the deeper and wider they become, until they 
 expand into broad alluvial bottoms, bounded by blufi's more or less 
 precipitous. The fountains are numerous, bold, and pure; the streams 
 clear and rapid. 
 
 The surface of these table-lands is undulating, with no mountains 
 or arid plains to disturb the equable and agreeable temperature which 
 usually prevails at that elevation under the 37th parallel of north 
 latitude. There are no swamps or overflowed lands from which 
 vapors and noxious exhalations can arise to render the air damp and 
 unhealthy. As these facts plainly indicate, the summers are long, 
 temperate, dry, and salubrious,* and the winters short and mild. It 
 possesses the clear, brilliant skies of Italy, and the dry, bracing air 
 of the western prairies. 
 
 Soil. — Nearly all the soils of Missouri possess all the ingredients 
 necessary to the complete development of the vine ; but some of them 
 are too heavy, wet, and cold, unless improved by artificial means. 
 
 * According to the census report of ISoO, this is one of the most hculihy 
 regions in the country. 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 73 
 
 Tliis is true to some extent of those on the bluffs of the Mississippi 
 and Missouri, where nearly all the vineyards of our State are located. 
 These soils are based upon the bluff formation, where it contains 
 more clay and less lime than in the western counties, which possess 
 our best soils. 
 
 Analysis of Soil from the Bluffs of Boone County, by Dr. Litton. 
 
 Water expelled by drying fit 150° C 
 
 Organic matter and water not ex'd at 150° C . 
 Silica, etc., insoluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Soluble silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 Oxide of manganese 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Potash 
 
 Soda 
 
 Phosphoric acid. 
 Sulphuric acid .. 
 Chlorine 
 
 Total 100-0373 100-1311 100-3524 
 
 No. 12, A. No.l2,B. No.l2,C 
 
 0-4105 
 3-0957 
 90-1420 
 0-1384 
 3-06-54 
 2-0553 
 a trace 
 0-2086 
 0-3423 
 0-3368 
 0-1828 
 0'0560 
 0-0035 
 O'OOOO 
 
 •(;558 
 -6049 
 •8063 
 1475 
 •9346 
 •0590 
 trace 
 -1242 
 •2088 
 2121 
 2925 
 0346 
 0508 
 0000 
 
 0-8030 
 3-8901 
 85-0571 
 0-2187 
 4-7672 
 3-8814 
 a trace 
 0-4722 
 0-6581 
 0^3895 
 0^1220 
 0-0556 
 0-0099 
 0^0276 
 
 No. 12, A, was collected from 2 to 6 inches below the surface; 
 No. 12, B, from 10 to 12; and No. 12, C, from 18 to 20 below the 
 surface on a high ridge. 
 
 This soil is very similar to those upon which the vineyards of Boon- 
 ville, Hermann, and Hamburg are located; and it produced an 
 abundance of large and excellent grapes on small vines of the Vitis 
 labrusca. The superior native grapes growing upon this soil, and 
 the succes of the vineyards above named, prove its adaptation to the 
 vine. Its greatest defect is a capacity to hold and retain an excess 
 of water ; which must be remedied by trenching and a proper admix- 
 ture of vegetable matter, sand, pebbles, and broken limestone. This 
 labor, however, may be avoided by selecting some of the millions of 
 acres in Southern and Central Missouri, the soils of which are already 
 prepared, as if by design, to invite the vine-dresser to possess and 
 cultivate them. (See the sixth and seventh varieties of soil above 
 described.) 
 
74 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 Analysis of a Maynesian Limestone Soil from the Southern Bluffs of Callaway 
 County, by Dr Litton. Soil No. 14. 
 
 Water expelled by heating to 150° C M700 
 
 Organic matter and water not driven oti' at 150° C 9-6299 
 
 Silica, etc., insoluble in liydrocliloric acid 54 2600 
 
 Soluble silica 01639 
 
 Alumina 10 8588 
 
 Peroxide of iron 2-5186 
 
 Manganese a trace 
 
 Lime 8-0720 
 
 Magnesia 1-0609 
 
 Totassa 1-6378 
 
 Soda 0-3442 
 
 Carbonic acid 10-1111 
 
 Sulphuric acid 00605 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0-0950 
 
 Chlorine 0053 
 
 Total 100 5880 
 
 This soil is all that could be desired for the culture of the grape ; 
 it contains an abundance of all the mineral substances which enter 
 into the composition of the vine, as shown above by its analysis. 
 While it is warm, light, and dry, it contains large quantities of magnesia 
 and vegetable matter or humus, giving it great capacity for absorbing 
 and retaining a sufficient quantity of moisture, even in the droughts 
 of summer. This is a fair representation of the soils on the mag- 
 nesian limestone ridges and slopes throughout Central and Southern 
 Missouri. These slopes and ridges occupy millions of acres now 
 deemed worthless, which are in fact by far the most valuable lands in 
 the State for the cultivation of the grape ; especially is this true of 
 those located upon the southern highlands, away from the vapors and 
 sudden changes of our large rivers and their broad valleys. 
 
 The magnesian limestone series occupies a large portion of 
 Southern Missouri, and is made up of magnesian limestones, sand- 
 stones, and porous chert, which are usually overlaid with thin beds of 
 reddish-brown marly clays. The sand, lime, magnesia, and alumina, 
 derived from the decomposition of these rocks, together with the 
 abundance of vegetable matter and the alkalies derived from the 
 fires which annually overrun this country, combine to form a soil* 
 light, dry, warm, and rich in potash, soda, lime, magnesia, and all 
 the other mineral ingredients needed to render it fertile, and suitable 
 in an eminent degree for the culture of the vine. In many places this 
 soil is underlaid with a sufficient quantity of pebbles and fragments 
 of porous chert to constitute a most thorough system of drainage ; 
 
 * See preceding analysis, No. 14. 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 75 
 
 while in others the fragments of chert are disseminated through the 
 soil in such quantities as to injure it somewhat for ordinary cultiva- 
 tion,* but giving precisely the preparation so highly recommended 
 by Yirgil and later authors, and the best cultivators of the grape. It 
 is true that the native vines do not grow so large and sappy on this 
 as on the deep, damp soils of the State; but they are nevertheless 
 strong and healthy, and produce finer clusters of larger and better 
 grapes. This improvement was particularly observed in the musca- 
 dine and the summe?' grapes. 
 
 This variety of soil also extends over a large portion of the coun- 
 ties on both sides of the Osage, and over the southern part of Boone, 
 Callaway, Montgomery, and Warren, on the north side of the Mis- 
 souri, occupying in all an area of some 15,000,000 acres. Of these, 
 at least 5,000,000 acres might be selected in the most desirable locali- 
 ties and devoted to vineyards, without encroaching upon the lands 
 most desirable for other departments of agriculture. And so far as 
 we can judge from the characteristics of soil and climate, and the 
 indications of the native vines, these 5,000,000 acres in the highlands 
 of Southern Missouri present rare inducements to the vine-dresser — 
 such a combination of favorable circumstances as will not fail to 
 attract the attention of those who would engage in this most pleas- 
 ant and profitable department of husbandry. And so important will 
 be the results, that every effort should be put forth to hasten the time 
 when these 5,000,000f acres shall be covered with flourishing vine- 
 yards, giving profitable employment to 2,000,000 people, yielding 
 more than 1,000,000,000 gallons of wine, and an annual profit, at the 
 lowest estimate, of $500,000,000. And what is still more important, 
 the pure, nourishing juice of the grape would take the place of the 
 vile, maddening compounds used under the names of wine and brandy ; 
 drunkenness would give place to sobriety, and our people, nourished 
 by the grape and its pure wines, would become as robust and hardy 
 as they are now daring and indomitable. 
 
 Natural Terraces. — The bluffs of the numerous streams in Southern 
 Missouri, and in the valley of the Osage, usually slope back into 
 knobs and ridges, which are frequently surrounded by numerous 
 natural terraces so regular and uniform that they appear like the 
 
 * Tliose who travel over the flint ridges of Southern Missouri will ho struck 
 with the resemblance of the soil, filled with fragments of chert, to that of the 
 famous Medoc vineyards, described in tlie note on page 63. 
 
 f France has about 5,000,000 acres in vineyards. They yield about 925,000,000 
 gallons of wine, besides tlie 95,000,000 gallons distilled into brandy, and give 
 profitable eniplnyraent to 2,000,000 of people, mostly women and children. 
 
76 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 work of human hands. These terraces are produced by the decora - 
 position of the strata of magnesian limestones which form the bluffs. 
 Their height varies from one to six feet, and the width of the top 
 from two to twelve, according to the angle of the slope and the 
 height of the terrace. Their surfaces are nearly level, and usually 
 covered with a light, warm, and rich soil, containing fragments of 
 chert and the decomposing limestone, all wonderfully prepared by 
 nature for the planting of vineyards. These terraces generally sur- 
 round high, open ridges and knobs, exposed to the free circulation of 
 the dry atmosphere of the region under consideration. We have 
 observed but one objection to their use for vineyards. In some 
 places the soil does not appear suf^ciently deep to secure the vine 
 against the effects of droughts. But, as an offset to the want of 
 depth, it always contains large proportions of carbonate of magnesia 
 and humus, which give a great capacity for absorbing and retaining 
 moisture ; as these substances possess this capacity to a greater 
 degree than any of the other ingredients of our soils. And besides, 
 the thinnest soils on these terraces sustain a vigorous growth of prai- 
 rie grasses, flowers, shrubs, and vines, which produce the finest quality 
 of grapes in great profusion. 
 
 Caves. — There are numerous spacious caves in all parts of this 
 interesting country. The temperature of those measured, ranges 
 between 50° and 60° Fah. Many of them would make most excel- 
 lent wine cellars, as their temperature is sufficiently low and uniform 
 to prevent that acidity to which the wines of all temperate latitudes 
 are predisposed. It should also be borne in mind that this is the 
 richest mineral region in the Mississippi valley. It abounds in mines 
 of lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, and mountains of iron, and quarries of 
 marble ; and, besides, its agricultural resources are sufficient to sus- 
 tain a population of many millions. 
 
 These facts respecting the native vines, the climate, the experience 
 of our vine-growers, and the so27, clearly prove the capacity of Mis- 
 souri to become the great vine-growing region of our continent. They 
 should encourage those noble spirits who have so faithfully devoted 
 their labor and their money to promote this important department of 
 husbandry in our midst ; for the time is not far distant when the "poor 
 fiint ridges" and terraced slopes of Southern Missouri will be as valu- 
 able for vineyards as some of them are now for their rich mineral 
 deposits. The vine-clad hills of the beautiful Niangua will vie in 
 wealth with the leaden veins of Potosi and Granby, and the iron 
 mountains of Madison and St. Francois. 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 77 
 
 AN ESSAY OX THE CIJLTURE OF THE GRArE IN 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 By George Husmann, Hermann, Mo. 
 THE VINEYARD. 
 
 Position and Soil. — The selection of a suitable location is very 
 important. The best situations are generally our hill-sides, with an 
 eastern, southeastern, or southern exposure. The freer the location, 
 and the more exposed to the draught of our prevalent winds in sum- 
 mer, the better. The slopes adjoining small water-courses should be 
 particularly avoided, as they are peculiarly subject to frosts in winter 
 and spring, and also, generally, to mildew and rot. 
 
 The soil best suited for the vine is a dry, calcareous loam, with a 
 poi'ous subsoil. Any soil retentive of moisture (for example, wet, 
 stiff clay, or wet, spongy land of any kind) should be avoided, as the 
 grapes are much more subject to mildew and rot on such soils, and 
 the vines are apt to make a rampant, unhealthy growth. 
 
 Preparation of the Ground. — The ground should be trenched with 
 the spade to the depth of two to two and a half feet, and the top 
 soil turned under. The best time for this is in autumn or early win- 
 ter, as the soil will then be mellowed by the frosts. Mr. Poeshel, 
 one of our most successful wine-growers, throws in a layer of corn 
 stalks, brush cut with the leaves in summer, etc. at the bottom of the 
 trench. This serves as a partial underdrain, and also as a manure, 
 and is an excellent plan. Wet spots may be drained by gutters filled 
 with loose stones, covered with flat ones, and then filled up with earth. 
 Surface-draining maybe done by small ditches in every sixth or eighth 
 row, running parallel with the hill-side, and leading into a main ditch 
 at the end or middle of the vineyard. Steep declivities must be ter- 
 raced or benched ; as this is, however, very expensive, they ought to 
 be avoided. 
 
 Planting. — Opinions differ much among wine-growers as to the 
 proper distance in planting. Of course, the kind to be planted, and 
 more or less vigor of growth, must be taken into consideration. For 
 the Catawba, I would think six by six, or four by eight feet, the proper 
 distance, the rows being eight feet apart, and the vines four feet in 
 the rows. For Norton's Virginia, six by seven feet; and for Herbe- 
 mont, six by eight feet, the rows being six feet, and the vines eight 
 feet apart in the rows, as this is a very rampant grower. This will 
 give free circulation of air between the rows, one of the great pre- 
 ventives against mildew and rot, and also gives the roots ample space 
 
78 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 to spread. Much of the quality of the fruit also depends on this, as 
 a free circulation of sun and air will, of course, materially improve 
 the fruit. 
 
 Much diversity of opinion also exists as to planting with cuttings 
 or with rooted vines. My experience is decidedly in favor of the 
 latter, for the following reasons : — 1st. A vine ought to have its prin- 
 cipal roots at least a foot below the surface of the ground, but a cut- 
 ting will often strike nearly all its roots near the surface, and will 
 then never make a good, healthy vine ; whereas, in planting rooted 
 vines, the roots can be placed where they ought to be. 2d. Some 
 cuttings will always fail to grow, even if two are planted in the same 
 place ; the vineyard will need much replanting, and the second plant- 
 ing will not make as good plants as the first. Where no rooted vines 
 can be had, I would advise planting cuttings in a nursery bed, in the 
 following manner : Plant them in moist, sandy, well-pulverized soil, 
 in rows three feet apart, and three inches apart in the rows, in a slant- 
 ing position, one foot deep with the lower end, with the upper eye 
 just above the ground, and keep them free from weeds during the 
 summer. If the season is favorable, they will make fine strong plants 
 for next spring's planting. The cuttings should be made of sound, 
 well-ripened young wood, and contain at least four eyes or joints ; 
 cut them off close below the lower eye and about an inch above the 
 upper ; if a heel of the old wood is left attached, so much the better. 
 They should be cut in the fall, tied in bundles, and buried in the 
 ground until wanted for planting. This refers, of course, only to 
 such varieties as Catawba, Isabella, and other kinds which will grow 
 from cuttings. Many of our most valuable kinds, such as Norton's 
 Virginia, Delaware, and others, will not grow from cuttings, and must 
 be propagated by layering, grafting, etc. As a general rule, those 
 varieties which have very firm, hard wood, and but little pith, will 
 not propagate readily from cuttings. 
 
 In planting the vineyard, lay the ground off with a line, and put 
 down a stick sixteen to eighteen inches long, where each vine is to 
 grow. Dig a hole eighteen inches deep in a slanting direction ; then, 
 having pruned your vine to two buds of the young wood, lay it in, 
 and take care to spread the roots properly ; then throw in a shovelful 
 of rich, well-pulverized surface-soil about the roots, and fill up, tak- 
 ing care to pulverize all thoroughly, and leave one bud above the 
 ground. Of course, the planting should be done when the ground is 
 dry enough to be light and mellow. 
 
 Treatment of the Young Vine. — The first summer after planting, 
 nothing is necessary but to keep the ground free from weeds, and the 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 79 
 
 surface well pulverized, either with the hoe, cultivator, or plow. 
 Should the vines grow very strong, they may be tied to the stakes 
 used for marking off the ground, and only one shoot be allowed to 
 grow. The next winter stakes should be provided. Here, again, 
 opinions differ, some preferring simple stakes, others trellis. The 
 latter is, undoubtedly, the best, and also the cheapest, if well made 
 in the following manner : Take cedar posts, where they can be 
 had, if not, mulberry, walnut, locust, white oak, or any other durable 
 timber, split up to about three inches in diameter and seven feet long. 
 Point them on one end, and make holes with a crowbar two feet deep 
 in the spaces between the vines, setting the stakes firmly into these. 
 To these stakes nail three laths, one about two feet from the ground, 
 the others eighteen inches apart. They can be split of black oak, 
 one inch broad by half an inch thick. Provided the stakes are made 
 of durable timber, such a trellis Avill last from ten to fifteen years ; is 
 much more convenient for tying the vines and training the young 
 wood to them, and will prove the cheapest in the end, although it 
 costs more at first, as it will not need resetting, as the small stakes 
 do every spring. 
 
 The next spring cut the young vines back to two eyes, and also cut 
 off all the upper roots one or two joints below the surface of the 
 ground. Should the vines be very strong, two shoots may be left to 
 grow. Keep them neatly tied to the trellis with straw or bark, and 
 pinch off all suckers and laterals to one joint or leaf beyond the lead- 
 ing shoots. The vineyard must be kept clean from weeds, using the 
 plow or cultivator between the rows, and for the first hoeing around 
 the vines use the two-pronged German hoe, and hoe deep, turning the 
 ground well; for all subsequent hoeings use a common field or garden 
 hoe, and only scrape off the weeds lightly. In the fall unfasten the 
 vines as they are not so liable to injury by frost as when kept tied to 
 the trellis. The second spring after planting, cut the weakest vines 
 back to three buds, and those that are strong enough may be cut, one 
 row to two eyes, and the other to eight or ten for bearing. How- 
 ever, the wish to have a crop should not lead, as it too frequently 
 does, to taxing the vines beyond their strength, as it will injure them 
 for a long time. Treat them the same way as the summer before, 
 with the exception of the canes left for bearing, which must be tied 
 to the trellis in the spring, and all the shoots on it showing fruit 
 should be pinched back, before they bloom, to just above the last 
 buuch of grapes ; and the suckers, which afterward appear, to one 
 joint or leaf. 
 
 After the third year the vine may be considered as established, and 
 
80 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 a full crop expected. It is in pruning now that the nicest judgment 
 as to the capabilities of each vine for bearing is required, as the success 
 of the vintner in raising a good crop, and also preserving his vines in a 
 healthy condition, depends principally on this and judicious summer 
 pruning. In pruning, the vintner should have a twofold object in view. 
 First, to raise a good crop of well-developed and well-ripened fruit ; 
 and, secondly, to get a supply of strong, well-ripened young wood, to 
 give a good crop next season. If he prunes too long, he taxes the vine 
 beyond its strength, and he will have an immense crop of small, worth- 
 less fruit, which will not ripen well, and will, consequently, not make 
 a good wine ; the young wood will be weak and not ripen well, will 
 often be killed by the frost the coming winter, and his vines will lan- 
 guish, and often die. If, on the other hand, he prunes too short, 
 excessive growth will be the consequence, and mildew and rot will 
 follow, as the superabundant growth will exclude all circulation of 
 air. There is a certain medium point wiiich the observant vintner 
 will soon learn to find — to tax each vine to its full capability, but not 
 beyond that — when both objects will be accomplished, and a vineyard 
 under such treatment will improve every year and last a long time. 
 It is an impossibility, in a treatise of this kind, to give the length to 
 which each vine ought to be pruned ; as this depends on the condition 
 of the vine, the variety of grapes, (as some varieties require much 
 longer pruning than others,) soil, location, etc. We prune a Catawba 
 vine generally to one spur and one cane — the first to two eyes, the 
 latter to from ten to twenty, sometimes even to twenty-five eyes, 
 according to the strength of the vine. Norton's Yirginia can, how- 
 ever, be pruned much longer. 
 
 Leave no more young shoots to grow than are necessary to pro- 
 duce two good canes, which ought to be grown, if possible, on the 
 spur. All superfluous growth should be checked, as it will materi- 
 ally weaken and injure the grapes. The principal consideration in 
 our climate must be to force the grapes as much as possible, as the 
 mildew will seldom attack them when the berries are larger than small 
 peas. This is accomplished by pinching off the fruit-bearing shoots 
 as soon as the fruit is visible, beyond the last bunch of grapes, and 
 afterward pinching back all suckers to one leaf, until the latter end of 
 July, when all may be left to grow unchecked, to produce young 
 leaves, which will shade the fruit when ripening. The first pinching 
 in ought to be done before the blossoms expand, and then they should 
 not be disturbed until the bloom is over. Tie the young canes away 
 from the fruit-bearing canes, to give freer circulation of air, and pinch 
 ofi" all laterals on them to one leaf, for the same purpose. 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 81 
 
 Where a vine has failed to grow, it can be replaced by a layer 
 from a neighboring vine, made in the following manner : Dig a trench 
 from the vine to the empty place, from a foot to eighteen inches deep, 
 and bend into it one of the canes of the vine, pruned to the proper 
 length. Let it come one or two eyes above the ground, at the place 
 where the vine is to be, and fill up again with good light soil. The 
 next spring it may be cut about half through, close to the parent 
 vine, and the second spring it can be cut off altogether. Thus in- 
 serted, it will strike roots at every joint and grow rapidly ; but as it 
 takes much of its nourishment from the parent vine, that must be 
 pruned much shorter the first year. This is a much better way than 
 replanting with young vines. 
 
 The summer culture of the ground is precisely as in the first and 
 second years. It is generally observed, as a rule, that during wet 
 seasons, the ground should be kept clean and smooth, stirring but 
 little. During dry seasons, the ground should be drawn up to the 
 vines and well stirred. Should a vineyard show a decrease in vigor, 
 it can be manured by digging a small trench just above the vines, 
 laying in manure, and covering up again with a plow or spade. 
 Yegetable manure, compost, etc., I should consider most suitable; 
 but good decomposed stable-yard manure will also do. Ashes are, 
 no doubt, very beneficial to the vines. Should a vineyard lay on a 
 very steep declivity, it will be liable to wash. This can be partially 
 guarded against, as remarked before, by surface-drains every sixth or 
 eighth row. But if too much ground is taken away, it must be re- 
 plenished with ground. This can be carted to the vineyard, and then 
 wheeled in between the rows with a wheelbarrow. This is very 
 material, as the vines should always be kept well supplied with 
 ground over the roots. 
 
 Pruning is best done late in the fall, or early winter ; but it can 
 be followed up all winter, until first of March. Fall pruning is best, 
 however, as it will prevent all flow of sap, and the cuttings are also 
 better, if cut in the fall, and buried, than if wintered on the vines. 
 In pruning, this and all the following seasons, cut away all the old 
 wood, such as bore fruit last season, close to the young canes left 
 unchecked for bearing wood, and treat as the season before, pruning 
 to one cane and one spur. This is called the renewal system of train- 
 ing, and will always keep the vine in about the same bounds and in 
 a thrifty condition, and is the best and most convenient mode for 
 vineyards. 
 
 Training of the Vine to Cover Arbors and Houses. — Tin's is alto- 
 gether different from the treatment in vineyards, as fruit is but a 
 
 6 
 
82 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 secondarj object in this, the principal object being to cover a large 
 space with dense foliage. However, a vine, if treated judiciously, 
 will also produce a large quantity of fruit, although not of as good 
 a quality as in the vineyard. 
 
 Our first step must be, to grow very strong plants, to cover a large 
 space. Prepare a border, by digging a trench two feet deep and 
 four feet wide. Fill this with good soil, decomposed leaves, burnt 
 bones, etc. Into this plant strong plants, cut back as for vineyard 
 planting. Leave one shoot to grow on them during the first summer, 
 which will get very strong. Cut this back, the following spring, to 
 three buds. These will each throw out a strong shoot, which should 
 be tied to the arbor they are designed to cover, and left to grow un- 
 checked. In the spring following, cut each of them back to three 
 eyes, as it must be our object first to get a good basis for our vines. 
 This will give us nine canes the third summer, and the vine being now 
 thoroughly established and strong, we can begin to work in good 
 earnest. It will be perceived that the vine has three different sec- 
 tions or principal branches, each with three canes. Cut one of these 
 back to two eyes, and the other two to canes of corresponding length 
 with the strength of the vine. These are tied up, and all the laterals 
 they throw out left unchecked, and distributed evenly over the trellis. 
 In the spring following, if the vine looks very thrifty, all of these 
 may be cut back to two'eyes each, one being calculated to produce 
 fruit; and the other to produce a young cane again. The spring fol- 
 lowing, the strongest is cut to four or five, and the weakest to one 
 eye, and the spurs at the bottom are kept up by the renewal mode of 
 training, to come in as a reserve, should any of the branches become 
 diseased. In this manner a vine can be made, in course of time, to 
 cover a large space, and get very old. The great vine at Windsor 
 Park was planted more than fifty years ago, and in 1850 it produced 
 2000 large bunches of magnificent grapes, filled a house 138 feet 
 long and sixteen feet wide, and had a stem two feet nine inches in 
 circumference. This is one of the largest on record. They need, 
 however, strong manuring every year to come to full perfection. 
 
 Diseases, Insects, and Frosts. — The mildew is our most formidable 
 grape disease. It generally appears from the fifth to the fifteenth of 
 June, after abundant rains, and damp, warm weather; and I have 
 seen it destroy two-thirds of our Catawba crop within forty-eight 
 hours. I fully concur in the opinion of Mr. T. F. Allen, of Salem, 
 Massachusetts, as expressed in tlie Patent Office Report for 1854, to 
 which I refer all wishing information on the subject. He thinks it a 
 parasitic fungus, and recommends sulphur as a remedy. We have 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 83 
 
 had some seasons a very dry, pure atmosphere, and have then not 
 had a trace of it. Close summer pruning will do much to prevent it, 
 throwing as it does all the strength of the vines into the grapes, and 
 allowing freer circulation of air. It was first perceived in 1849, and 
 has since that generally taken one-half to two-thirds of our grapes, 
 (that is, Catawba,) except when we have had an unusually dry season. 
 
 The so-called gray rot or grape cholera generally follows the mil- 
 dew. Indeed, I think the mildew the principal cause of it, as I 
 generally find it on berries whose stems have been injured by the 
 mildew. The principal cause of rot and mildew, all agree, is excess 
 of moisture around the roots, and damp, moist weather. The spotted 
 or brown rot will also take some of the Catawba almost every year; 
 is, however, more destructive on the Isabella and Herbemont. The 
 bitter rot or speck sometimes appears shortly before ripening, but is 
 neither destructive nor common. Premature dropping of the leaves 
 also affects the grapes very much, as they are then exposed to the 
 sun, which often literally scalds them. Early summer pruning has 
 proved a partial remedy, as the young leaves which grow after the 
 first pruning generally remain fresh and healthy long after the first 
 leaves have dropped. Such vines are afi'ected most that have beeu 
 taxed beyond their strength in bearing. Close spring pruning, allow- 
 ing no moi'e bearing wood than the vine can support, generally pre- 
 vents it, at least partially. 
 
 The insects most destructive are small gray or green worms, which 
 feed on the young leaves before blossoming. These ought to be 
 destroyed at the first summer pruning. An insect, resembling the 
 curculio, has also been frequently found on the berries, depositing 
 ova and destroying them. A small black beetle will often sting the 
 young shoots, causing them to break off, and grasshoppers will eat 
 the stems of the berries. The skeleton worm, a small greenish worm, 
 also often eats the upper side of the leaves, and thus destroys them. 
 About the time of ripening, wasps will sometimes be annoying, suck- 
 ing the juice of the berries. 
 
 Frosts in winter have sometimes been very destructive, and it is 
 my opinion that the Catawba suffers from them more or less every 
 year. I would therefore recommend laying in, in the following man- 
 ner: In autumn, prune your vines to a proper length, then bend 
 them down to the ground along the trellis, and fasten them there by 
 throwing a spadeful of earth on them. Afterward run a plow 
 through the rows, and throw a furrow of earth on the vines. In the 
 spring, take them up, by running a dung-fork under them and lifting 
 tliem up. This is a very simple and expeditious method, and has 
 
84 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 been successfully followed near Galena, Illinois, by Mr. James Sou- 
 lard and others. The cost of the whole operation will not be over 
 five dollars to ten dollars per acre, and will be found much safer than 
 trusting to chance to bring a mild winter. It is here again that the 
 advantages of such hardy kinds as Norton's Yirginia and Concord, 
 over the Catawba, will be perceived and appreciated by all who try 
 them. 
 
 Late spring frosts will also sometimes destroy the young shoots in 
 low localities, I would recommend not to tie the vines too early, as 
 they are not so easily hurt by frost when kept in motion by draught 
 of air. 
 
 METHODS TO PROPAGATE NEW AND RARE KINDS. 
 
 I. By Grafting. — The following mode of grafting has been prac- 
 ticed very successfully here : From the middle to the end of March, 
 dig away the ground around the vine you wish to graft, until you 
 come to a smooth place to insert your scion, then cut off the vine 
 with a sharp knife, and insert one or two scions, according to the 
 strength of the vine, as in common cleft grafting, taking care to cut 
 the wedge very long and thin, with shoulders on both sides, cutting 
 your scion to two or three eyes. Great care must be taken to insert 
 the scion properly, as the inner bark or liber of the vine is very thin, 
 and the success of the operation depends upon a perfect juncture of 
 it in the stock and scion. If the vine is strong, no further bandage 
 is necessary, only press a little moist earth on the wound, and fill up 
 carefully with well-pulverized earth. If only one eye of the scion 
 remains above the ground, so much the better. I have had shoots of 
 scions thus inserted, of twenty-five feet* in length the first season, 
 bearing a few bunches of grapes, while the next season they pro- 
 duced a full crop. The advantages of this method in testing new 
 kinds, over the common way of planting young vines, will be at once 
 perceived, as there is more than a year gained by it, 
 
 II. By Layering, — In the spring, before the buds start, make a 
 bed of fine mould under your vines, then take canes of last year's 
 growth, prune off all dry and imperfect wood, and fasten them to the 
 ground by wooden hooks. Let them remain until the buds have 
 sprouted, say six or eight inches long, then fill fine mould around the 
 shoots, say an inch deep, and after two or three weeks fill up another 
 inch. They will strike roots readily, and make splendid vines for 
 next spring's planting. A good vine, treated in this manner, will 
 make from thirty to fifty plants in a season. The same process is 
 often followed Avith the young shoots during June and July; but 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 85 
 
 only the varieties with soft wood can be propagated readily at that 
 time, whereas under the former treatment, even the most obdurate 
 will take root. For the latter purpose, all the suckers should be left 
 on the vine yon wish to layer, and the ends of the leading shoots 
 pinched off, to force the laterals into stronger growth. The former 
 method, however, makes the best plants. 
 
 III. By Single Eyes. — For this purpose, a hot-bed must be pre- 
 pared in the following manner: Dig a pit two feet deep to two and 
 a half, then put in a foot to eighteen inches of strong manure ; on 
 this put eight inches to a foot of well-pulverized earth, then make a 
 thin layer of short moss, in which insert the buds in a slanting posi- 
 tion. They are prepared in the following manner: Take well-ripened 
 wood, and cut it into single eyes, leaving about half an inch of wood 
 on them, above and below the bud. Kinds that have very hard wood 
 will root more readily if cut a week or two before, put into a box 
 covered with sand and left in a moist cellar to sweat. After having 
 pressed your buds into the moss in a slanting position, in rows, three 
 inches apart and half an inch in the rows, cover up evenly with fine 
 sand and place a common hot-bed sash over them. They must be 
 kept moist and given air freely, or they will damp off. An immense 
 number of plants can thus be grown from a few vines, and in a small 
 space ; but they need close attention, and will at the best only make 
 weak plants the first year. 
 
 VAllIETIES OF GRAPES. 
 
 I. Varieties tried here. — Catawba. — As yet generally cultivated, 
 and would be an excellent grape were it not so liable to rot. Bunch 
 medium to large; half an inch in diameter, round, dark red or cop- 
 per color, sometimes almost black here, covered with a fine lilac 
 bloom ; flesh pulpy, sweet and good. Makes a good wine, varying 
 from straw color to pink, of a fine fruity aroma, making an excellent 
 champagne, and a good dry hock. It is an abundant bearer in dry 
 seasons, and increases readily from layers and cuttings. Ripens in 
 September. 
 
 Isabella. — Does not always succeed here ; sometimes good, often 
 indifferent. Bunches long, medium, loose ; berries large, oval, black ; 
 sweet, but musky and pulpy ; subject to rot. Not worthy of cultiva- 
 tion where the following can be had : 
 
 Concord. — Proves very successful here ; of much better quality 
 than at the East, and entirely free from mildew and rot. Bunch 
 large and heavy, shouldered, somewhat compact ; berries longer than 
 
86 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 Catawba, round, black, buttery, very sweet and rich. A fine table 
 grape, but has not as yet been tested for wine here. Vine strong and 
 vigorous, very hardy; will keep its leaves fresh and green until frost, 
 and increases readily from layers and cuttings. Ripens two weeks 
 before Catawba, and is a much better market grape. Should be in 
 every collection, and will give more clear profit as a market grape 
 than any other variety yet tried here. 
 
 Norton's Yirginia — Norton's Seedling. — This grape has proved 
 eminently successful here, and has opened a new era in American 
 grape culture. While the wine of the Catawba is often compared 
 to good hock, in Norton's Virginia we have a wine of an entirely 
 different character, which will compare favorably with good Port 
 wine or Burgundy. Vine vigorous and hardy, productive, starting a 
 week later in the spring than the Catawba, yet ripening its fruit a 
 week sooner, which will make it very valuable in low localities. 
 Bunches medium, compact ; berries small, black, sweet, and rich, only 
 moderately juicy; makes an excellent dark-red wine; not subject to 
 mildew and rot. A most reliable grape in all localities. 
 
 Herbemont. — Received from Cincinnati under the name of Lenoir. 
 Very successful here, but rather tender; requires covering in hard 
 winters; a very vigorous grower, and but very little subject to 
 mildew or rot. Bunches long, compact, shouldered; berries below 
 medium, black, covered with a blue bloom; skin thin, sweet; flesh 
 without pulp, juicy and high flavored, delicious, fine for the table, 
 and makes excellent wine ; very productive. Ripens with the 
 Catawba, but blooms a week to ten days later. 
 
 Missouri — Missouri Bird's Eye. — A nice little grape for the 
 table, and makes an excellent wine. Bunches long, loose, shouldered; 
 berries small, black, very sweet; ripens a week before Catawba. Not 
 subject to mildew and rot; vine a modei'ate grower and bearer; wine 
 resembling good Madeira, in color, flavor, and body. 
 
 II. Varieties fruited several times, promising well, but not suf- 
 ficiently tested. — Poeshel's Mammoth. — A seedling of the Mam- 
 moth Catawba, raised by Mr. Michael Poeshel. Bunches large and 
 heavy, sometimes shouldered, very compact. Berries very large, 
 often an inch and a quarter in diameter, round, color like Catawba, 
 pulpy but juicy, with an agreeable, sweet, vinous taste. Fruited 
 twice, makes good wine, and looks truly splendid this season. But 
 little subject to I'ot, ripens after Catawba, and promises to be a 
 valuable acquisition. 
 
 Crystal. — A seedling of the Catawba, originated with Mr. Fricke, 
 near Hermann. Bunches medium, compact, shouldered; berries 
 
(5RAPE CULTURE. 87 
 
 somewhat smaller than Catawba, gTeenish white in the shade, amber 
 colored in the sun ; translucent, covered with a white bloom ; flesh 
 somewhat pulpy, inicj, sweet, and delicious. A moderate grower, 
 promises to be valuable as a table grape. 
 
 III. Varieties not fruited here, but recommended by good 
 authorities, and which ought to be tried in our climate. — Dela- 
 ware. — All good authorities concur in pronouncing this the best 
 grape in America. Free from blight and mildew, never prematurely- 
 losing its leaves, and seeming to luxuriate in our climate. Bunches 
 small, very compact, and generally shouldered ; berries small, round ; 
 skin thin, of a beautiful light-red or flesh color, translucent; without 
 hardness or acidity in its pulp, very sweet, but sprightly, vinous and 
 aromatic. Ripens three weeks before Catawba. (Charles Downing.) 
 
 Diana. — A seedling of the Catawba, which it resembles, but much 
 surpasses in quality, ripens two weeks earlier. Bunch medium; 
 berries medium, reddish lilac, covered with bloom, marked with star- 
 like specks ; very juicy, rich, and aromatic, without offensive musk- 
 iness, and keeps a long time. 
 
 Rebecca. — Bunches cylindric, about four inches long, very com- 
 pact, often shouldered; berries full medium, oval; color light green 
 in the shade, golden in the sun, covered with bloom, translucent; 
 flesh of some consistency, juicy, sweet, and delicious, with a per- 
 ceptible native perfume, but not disagreeable ; ripens eight or ten 
 (lays before Isabella, and is not subject to mildew. 
 
 Clara. — A white grape of the best quality; bunches long; ber- 
 ries medium, round, green, faintly tinged with salmon w'hen exposed 
 to the sun; flesh tender, juicy; flavor rich, sweet, and delicious; 
 (juality best. 
 
 Hartford PROLiric. — Hardy, vigorous, and productive ; bunch 
 large, compact; berries large, globular, somewhat foxy, black, 
 covered with a bloom ; flesh sweet, moderately juicy ; ripens about 
 ten days before Isabella. 
 
 Clinton. — Vigorous, hardy, and productive; bunch medium, 
 shouldered, long, and narrow, but compact ; berry round, below 
 medium, black, covered with a thin bloom ; juicy, pulpy, brisk vinous 
 Havor, eatable eight or ten days before Isabella, but continues aus- 
 tere till after cold weather, when it becomes very good. Will prob- 
 ably prove valuable for wine. 
 
 Anna. — Bunches large and loose; berries large, globular, white, 
 changing to amber, translucent, with a white bloom ; sweet, rich, 
 vinous, and high flavored, with a delightful aroma; a good grower, 
 and free from mildew and rot ; ripens ten days before Catawba. 
 
»» GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 Union Tillage. — The fruit is as large as the Black Hamburg, 
 which it resembles ; very hardy and monstrous grower ; bunches very 
 large, sweet, and rich ; a fine table grape ; ripens with the Isabella. 
 
 Cassady. — Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry round, 
 medium, greenish white, with a faint salmon tint, thickly covered 
 with white bloom; flesh juicy, with but little pulp; flavor pleasant; 
 very good. 
 
 Emily. — Nearly white, very rich and of delicious flavor; the 
 bunches and berries resemble in size the Catawba ; entirely free from 
 pulp, a first-rate table grape, and two weeks earlier than the Isabella. 
 
 Brindle. — A black grape of very rich flavor, bunches resembling 
 Black Hamburg, but not so compact; ripens from two to three 
 weeks earlier than Isabella, and is a first-rate table grape. A free 
 bearer. 
 
 Graham. — Bunch of medium size, shouldered, not compact; berry 
 half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with bloom, 
 not pulpy, and abounds in saccharine juice of most agreeable flavor; 
 quality best. 
 
 Perkins. — A fine grape, almost white, berries resembling Isabella 
 in shape and size, sweet, luscious, and vigorous; ripe three weeks 
 before Isabella ; hardy and productive. 
 
 Raabe. — A purple grape, very sweet, and is highly esteemed for 
 wine ; bears freely, and ripens three weeks before Isabella. Bunches 
 and berries of medium size ; quality best. 
 
 Devereux. — Bunches of medium size, compact ; berries rather 
 small, purple, very juicy, and sweet; good table grape and makes a 
 good wine ; not liable to rot. Latter part of July. 
 
 Garrigues. — A vigorous grower, hardy and productive; very much 
 resembles Isabella, and no doubt a seedling of it. Bunch large, loose, 
 shouldered; berries large, oval, dark purple, covered with a thick 
 bloom ; juicy, sweet, and rich. Ripe ten days before Isabella. 
 
 Marion. — Vines healthy, wood firm, short jointed, good bearer. 
 Bunches large, regular, seldom shouldered ; berries medium, inclining 
 to oval, dark purplish black, with blue bloom ; juice abundant, pulp 
 thin ; promising to be one of the most valuable. 
 
 To Kalon. — Perfectly hardy, and ripens alittle eai-lier than Isabella; 
 bunches large, shouldered ; berries oval, large, very dark in color, very 
 sweet, buttery, and luscious ; an abundant bearer. 
 
 The above descriptions are mostly copied from Downing, Elliot, 
 and Dr. Grant, and comprise the most desirable of the new kinds. 
 
 IV. Varieties which may prove valuable, but are not fully tested 
 at the East. — Canadian Chief, Canby's August, Child's Supebb 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 89 
 
 Hyde's Eliza, Louisa, Logan, Massachusetts White, Golden 
 Clinton, Northern Muscadine, Garber's Albiness, August 
 Coral, Camac, Louisiana, North Carolina Seedling, Minor's 
 Seedling, Early Isabella, Ozark Seedling, Illinois, Husmann's 
 Prolieic, Red River, Arkansas, Texas Post Oak. I have them 
 all under trial, and hope to fruit them next season. 
 
 V. Varieties represented by better sorts. — Bland's Madeira, 
 Mammoth Catawba, North Carolina, Halifax, Wine Home, 
 Little Ozark. 
 
 It is truly gratifying to the lover of this noble fruit to see the warm 
 interest in its culture and improvement which manifests itself through- 
 out the country. New varieties spring up every day, and we can 
 already count them by the hundred. That among them there are many 
 which, on farther trial, will prove worthless, there can be no doubt ; 
 but there have also been found among them some whose excellence is 
 already established beyond a doubt. Great changes are also effected 
 in some varieties by change of soil, climate, etc., of which we have an 
 instance in the Concord, which is much better here than a. the East, 
 and for which I confidently predict a great future. It is a pleasing 
 and highly interesting task for the amateur to raise new varieties from 
 seed, by hybridizing ; by taking the young wood from seedlings that 
 promise well and look healthy, and grafting it on strong vines, fruit 
 can be had of them the third year after sowing, instead of waiting 
 four or five years. Let us, then, all put our shoulder to the wheel, and 
 we will yet find varieties which will combine all qualities we want. We 
 have a wide field with all natural advantages before us, and an immense 
 territory suitable to grape culture. Ours be the glorious task to cover 
 it with smiling vineyards; and we will do more toward promoting the 
 cause of temperance, by giving to the people a healthy and strength- 
 ening drink, than all the Maine liquor laws will be able to accomplish. 
 If every man in our State cannot rest under his fig-tree, he can at 
 least rest in the shade of his vines. There is hardly a house so crowded 
 in but there will be room on its side or over its porch for the graceful 
 festoons of the vine, to refresh old and young by its luscious fruit. 
 Let us, then, plant and cherish it as one of the choicest gifts of our 
 Heavenly Father accessible to all his children, be they rich or poor. 
 
 MAKING WINE. 
 
 The Wine-press. — It is made somewhat like a screw cider-press. 
 An iron screw, three or four inches in diameter is used, either in a 
 strong, upright frame, or coming up through the center of the plat- 
 form. A strong, tight box-platform, six or seven feet square, is made 
 
90 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 of strong plank, two or three inches thick, and six or eight inches at 
 the sides, wedged between heavy timbers. It ought to slope about two 
 inches to the front, which is left open, and a small spout or gutter 
 nailed under it to receive the juice and lead it into a tub. Boards to 
 lay over the mashed grapes, and pieces of oak scantlings to lay across 
 to receive the pressure, complete the arrangement. The power is 
 applied by a strong lever attached to the nut of the screw. 
 
 Gathering and Pressing the Grapes.— The grapes should remain 
 on the vines until very ripe. Pick off all decayed, dry, or unripe ber- 
 ries from the bunches in gathering. Such berries as are not fully ripe 
 may be put into a separate vessel, to make an inferior wine. They may 
 then be bruised in a tub with a wooden pestle, or run through a mill 
 made for that purpose. I have used Ilicock's cider-mill to advantage, 
 by taking off the upper zinc cylinder. They are then emptied into a 
 large receiving or fermenting tub, with a spile on one side to draw off 
 the must. This is covered with a cloth, and the mashed grapes left to 
 undergo a slight fermentation. I generally let them ferment twenty- 
 four hours, and then draw off the must, and press. Some press them 
 immediately ; others leave them to ferment three or four days. When 
 pressed immediately, they will make a light-colored, mild, agreeable 
 wine, which will soon be salable. If fermented longer, they will make 
 a wine of a darker color, more aroma and more stringency, but which 
 will keep better and improve with age. In the whole process of wine 
 making the utmost cleanliness should be observed. 
 
 After fermenting, the grapes are emptied into the press and pressed 
 several times, until all the juice is extracted. The must is then filled 
 into clean, sweet casks, in a cool cellar. Should the casks be new, soak 
 them for eight or ten days in clear water. They are then scalded 
 with hot water, and when dry fumigated with sulphur. Fill the cask 
 to within three inches of the bung-hole, and lay a vine-leaf, with a 
 small sac filled with sand, on the bung-hole. They should then remain 
 until fermentation is over, when they can be filled with must, kept sep- 
 arate for that purpose, and bunged tight. 
 
 In February or March the wine will be clear. It should then be 
 racked into clean casks and bunged tight. A slight fermentation will 
 ensue in May, after which it should be racked again, and may then be 
 kept in casks or bottles, as most convenient. 
 
 Another Method to make a Superior Wine. — Leave the grapes on 
 the vines until very ripe, then gatlicr carefully and spread the grapes 
 in a dry loft, where there is plenty of air, on layers of clean straw. 
 Let them remain for about two weeks, then draw them through a rasp, 
 made for that purpose, to separate the berries from the stem; or they 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 91 
 
 may be stripped off by hand, raashed, and then pressed. This will make 
 a very strong, yet mild wine, which will not have the stringency so 
 many object to in our native wines, as this is mostly in the stems of 
 the grapes ; but it is very troublesome, and will never be extensively 
 practiced. 
 
 Keeping the Grapes for Winter Use.— In a dry day gather the 
 grapes, choosing the best bunches, and carefully cut out, with a pair of 
 scissors, all decayed or rotten berries, taking care not to bruise them, 
 and lay them in a shallow basket. Seal the stems with sealing-wax, 
 to keep them from shriveling, and lay them in a dry, airy garret, on 
 clean, sweet straw, spread for that purpose. They must be spread 
 thin, so they do not touch each other. In this way they will keep for 
 several months. If you wish to keep them still longer, pack them, 
 after a few days, into shallow boxes, betv/een layers of cotton batting, 
 and place them in a cool room. They may be kept thus for three or 
 four months. 
 
 Statistics. — The cost of establishing a vineyard naturally depends 
 much upon the quality of the soil, cost of labor, variety of vines, etc. 
 The following is about the cost of a Catawba vineyard per acre, in 
 common soil, without stones ; distance six by six or four by eight feet, 
 with spaces allowed for surface drains, paths, etc. : — 
 
 Cost of 1100 yearling plants $25 00 
 
 " " trenching 75 00 
 
 " " planting -5 00 
 
 " " 1100 small stakes 5 00 
 
 " " attention during first summer 25 00 
 
 " " 11-50 cedar posts, at 8 cents 'j2 00 
 
 " " 3300 laths, nails, etc 20 00 
 
 " '■ labor, second year 50 00 
 
 " '• labor, third year 83 00 
 
 Total $400 00 
 
 Of course, several of these items can be furnished considerably 
 
 cheaper where timber is convenient. 
 
 The following has been the produce of a vineyard of Cataw^ba now 
 
 under my care, since 1849 : — 
 
 Bearing season. Vines in bearing. 
 
 1849, first 1500 
 
 1850, second 2000 
 
 1851, third 2000 
 
 1852, fourth 1800 
 
 1853, fifth 1500 
 
 1854, sixth 2500 
 
 1855, seventh 3000 
 
 Galls, wine 
 
 made. 
 
 Price. 
 
 \ield per acre. 
 
 750 
 
 
 $1 25 
 
 $6 00 
 
 150 
 
 
 1 25 
 
 95 
 
 500 
 
 
 1 25 
 
 3 00 
 
 210 
 
 
 1 25 
 
 1 20 
 
 580 
 
 
 1 25 
 
 5 00 
 
 750 
 
 
 1 75 
 
 G 00 
 
 230 
 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 50 
 
92 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 Bearing season. Vines in bearing. Galls, wine made. Price. 
 
 1856, eighth 4000 150 $2 00 
 
 1857, ninth 4000 2000 120 
 
 1858, tenth 4000 210 120 
 
 1859, eleventh 1200probably. 1200 probably. 1 20 
 
 Which will show the average yield to have been about 3 23 
 
 Deduct from this cost of yearly labor 50 
 
 Interest on $400 atlOpercent 40 
 
 i'ield per acre. 
 
 $0 75 
 
 6 00 
 
 60 
 
 4 55 
 
 $0 90 $3 23 
 
 Will leave a clear profit of $2 33 
 
 Yield of Mr. M. Poesliel's vineyard, (Catawba): — 
 
 Ypnr flftpr nl-mtino- ^'^^''^ '" ^'^"'^^ "^ vineyard. Price of 
 
 Yeai aftei planting. ^^._^^^_ Gallons. wine sold. 
 
 1847, second 5-G 24 $2 00 
 
 1848, third .5-6 1000 2 00 
 
 1849, fourth 2 600 150 
 
 1850, fifth 2 350 125 
 
 1851, sixth 2h 450 1 75 
 
 1852, seventh 21 500 1 50 
 
 1853, eighth 2^ 350 2 00 
 
 1854, ninth 3J 800 2 00 
 
 1855, tenth 3J 50 150 
 
 1850, eleventh U 1000 2 25 
 
 1857, twelfth 6 4500 150 
 
 1858, thirteenth 6 1100 175 
 
 It must be taken into consideration, however, that at the time these 
 vineyards were planted it was an entirely new branch of industry with 
 us, and of course numerous errors and mistakes in the treatment of the 
 vines were made. We had also the extremely cold winter of 1855-6, 
 which destroyed almost the whole crop, killinj? the young wood. 
 
 COST OF AN ACRE OF NORTON'S VIRGINIA. 
 
 1000 layers, at $25 per 100 $250 00 
 
 Trenching 75 00 
 
 Planting 25 00 
 
 1000 small stakes, 18 inches 4 00 
 
 1050 cedar posts, 8 cents 84 00 
 
 3000 laths, nails, etc 18 00 
 
 Labor, second year 50 00 
 
 Total $506 00 
 
 The third year the vineyard would probably bear enough to pay cost 
 of attending, expenses, etc. 
 
GRAPE CULTURE. 93 
 
 Average yield per acre the fourth year, and all following: — 
 
 400 gallons per year, at $1 50 per gallon $000 00 
 
 Deduct from the cost of yearly labor $-30 00 
 
 Interest from capital GO GO 
 
 $100 60 600 00 
 
 This will leave a clear profit of $499 40 
 
 Yield of an acre of Concord vines for market purposes : — 
 
 1000 vines, at least 10 lbs. per vine (probably 15 lbs.) lbs. 10,000 
 
 Lowest market price, at 10 cents per lb $1000 00 
 
 But as the Concord is two weeks earlier than the Catawba, much of 
 the crop can be sold at much higher prices, as it has also a much finer 
 bunch and berry. 
 
 The whole number of acres planted in and around Hermann may 
 be estimated at about two hundred and fifty acres. But people are 
 planting more every year, and I boldly assert that in a few years the 
 acres devoted to wine culture in our State will be counted by thou- 
 sands instead of hundreds. And here let me add, that it has been a 
 great drawback to the advancement of grape culture here, that our 
 people are too much disposed to look to Ohio, and the doings of 
 Ohio wine-growers, for examples. We have a different climate here, 
 a different soil, and therefore our treatment must be different, and 
 other varieties may be cultivated here. Let us eke out our own 
 path, like energetic, thinking men. Let us try other varieties — not 
 only those recommended by our Ohio brethren ; let us faithfully try all, 
 and keep only such as are worthy of general culture. The fiat of Mr. 
 Longworth against Norton's Virginia has done more to retard the 
 progress in the culture of that invaluable grape than all other ob- 
 stacles it met with ; and why ? Because we preferred seeing with 
 other eyes to using our own ; and they were not fairly opened until 
 Ohio wine-growers sent here to procure plants of the very grape Mr. 
 Longworth had condemned. 
 
 But the most serious obstacles are overcome. We have labored 
 faithfully and hard. We have learned something, and are learning 
 more everyday. A glorious future is before us ; let as labor with head, 
 heart, and hand, and we may be sure of a rich reward. Let us be 
 willing to listen to the advice of others ; but let us also always hold 
 this principle in view, that experience is the mother of wisdom. 
 
94 GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 VINE CULTURE.— BY WILLIAM HAAS. 
 
 The preparation of land for a vineyard by vine-dressers is expensive, 
 may cost about one hundred dollars per acre. The land of our vine- 
 yard, containing eighteen acres, belonging to the Boonville Wine Com- 
 pany, is turned over with plow and shovel to the depth of thirty 
 inches, the top soil brought down and the subsoil up. Others prepare 
 the land with deep plowing only, producing equally as good crops of 
 grapes, it is said, as more costly prepared vineyards. 
 
 The distance of the vines in the vineyards near Boonville is from 
 four to six feet in the rows, and the rows sufficiently apart to cultivate 
 with horse and plow between them, say five to six feet. 
 
 Vineyards located on the side of hills ought to be })rotected by ter- 
 racing tlie land against the washing of rain. 
 
 Beginners in vine-dressing I would advise to consult "The Culture 
 of the Grape, and Wine Making. By Robert Buchanan." This is a 
 valuable treatise on the subject, giving the views of intelligent vine- 
 dressers on all matters belonging thereto. 
 
 Our State, Missouri, is very favorable for the culture of the grape- 
 vine. But we must acknowledge that in past seasons, between good 
 crops we had some severe disappointments, depending perhaps not so 
 much on climate and soil as on the kind of grape here in culture — the 
 Catawba. 
 
 The Catawba is a very good wine grape, from which excellent wine 
 is manufactured, equal in quality and flavor, and comparing favorably 
 with the celebrated Rhine wine. The Catawba vine is a great bearer, 
 but the grapes are apt to rot every year ; in wet seasons more, in dry 
 seasons less. 
 
 The vine-growers at Hermann have begun several years ago to cul- 
 tivate the Virginia Seedling grape, said to be free from all rot, and is 
 a good bearer. The wine mash from it is of a very dark color, and of 
 good quality, preferred by some persons to the Catawba wine. We 
 will not be found behind our Hermann friends in experimenting, and I 
 have ordered from Messrs. Husmann & Co. fifty dollars' worth of Vir- 
 ginia Seedling roots. 
 
 Having been, in the fall of 1858, in Chicago, I noticed there with 
 delight and surprise the crops of a small number of the Clinton grape- 
 vine, planted on sandy and level ground, and trained to trellises. 
 From the produce of perhaps not one-twentieth part of an acre three 
 hundred and seventy- five bottles of very good wine was made. From 
 another single grape-vine twenty gallons were made. The same vines 
 
THE LEAD REGION. 95 
 
 have been the next season, this last summer, in a like promising condi- 
 tion ; but a severe frost in June destroyed the blossoms. 
 
 The Clinton is a pure native grape-vine, very hardy, and the grapes 
 not subject to mildew or rot. This variety of the grape-vine may be 
 of immense value to the vine-growers of Missouri. It grows, flourishes, 
 and produces so well on the sand flats of Lake Michigan, why may it 
 not do so here on our Missouri river-bottom sand land ? Take the 
 highest and driest localities for its cultivation, and we need not have 
 any fear of success. Do not consider the occasional overflowing of the 
 river too seriously ; a crop may thereby in perhaps twenty or thirty 
 years once be destroyed, but the vines will not be damaged by it, 
 and will come out next season renovated, and stronger to bear than 
 before. I have engaged several thousand of the Clinton, intending to 
 plant them according to the suggestions here made. 
 
 THE LEAD REGION OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI— 
 GRANBY. 
 
 History. — The riches and extent of the lead mines of Southwest 
 Missouri (principally situated in Newton and Jasper Counties) render 
 this, as a mining region, justly entitled to the reputation given it by 
 Professor Swallow, State Geologist, that of being " one of the best 
 lead regions in the world." 
 
 These mines, as is generally the case, were originally discovered by 
 the aborigines. The Osage Indians at sundry times brought a number 
 of bars of lead to the trading house, at the village of Neosho, which 
 had the appearance of having been recently molded, which led to the 
 inquiry by the whites as to the discovery of the lead. The Indians, 
 for a proper consideration, disclosed to the whites the location of the 
 deposits, and the laud was immediately entered by Mr. Sheppard, as 
 the agent of W. S. Moseley, of New Madrid, who with his uncle, 
 George W. Moseley, Esq., had a trading house at Neosho. Though 
 inexperienced in the business, they commenced mining on a limited 
 scale and under many disadvantages in 1849, and smelted at first in 
 what is known as the Drummond Furnace, upon which an improvement 
 had been recently made by Hon. J. P. B. Gratiott, of Washington 
 County, Missouri, which improvement consisted of placing the fire- 
 house at the end, instead of at the side of the furnace. Upon this 
 Drummond furnace about six thousand pigs of lead were smelted, up 
 
96 THE LEAD REGION. 
 
 to 1852, when a Scotch hearth furnace was erected by S. Dunklin, Esq., 
 of Washington County, in connection with the Messrs. Moseley. 
 About sixteen thousand pigs of lead were made at this furnace by the 
 different parties who smelted there ; the ore being obtained principally 
 from the Moseley mine, some from Centre Creek, and small quantities 
 from Granby and Spurgeon Prairie. John Fitzgerald & Co. had a blast 
 furnace on Turkey Creek, and the Messrs. Harkelrode one on Centre 
 Creek, in operation about the same time. The last named were in 
 Jasper County, and manufactured considerable quantities of lead. 
 Moseley's furnace is ten miles southwest from Granby. 
 
 The extensive diggings south from Granby were discovered in 1854 
 by William Foster, while digging a well for Madame Richardson ; pre- 
 vious to this, however. Professor Swallow had discovered lead in the 
 same vicinity. 
 
 Owing to the want of capital to mine and smelt, and the very poor 
 facilities for transportation, but little systematic mining or smelting was 
 done until 1856, when Messrs, J. B. Dale & Co. and Booth, Ryan 
 & Co. engaged men extensively in smelting, and offered better induce- 
 ments to miners. The ore then ranged from $17 50 to $20 per one 
 thousand pounds, and lead from six and a quarter to six and a half 
 cents per pound. No rents were required from miners, and they had 
 the full benefit of all the mineral furnished by them. This condition 
 of things existed until June or July, 1857, when the mines covered 
 by section six came into the possession of Messrs. Blow & Kennett, as 
 the lessees of the Pacific Railroad Company, (as hereinafter specified,) 
 since which time these mines have yielded both in quantity and quality 
 an amount of mineral second to none in the country, in proportion to 
 the number of mines opened or miners employed ; the business having 
 increased from twenty-two pigs of lead per day to about three hundred, 
 which has for some time past been the daily average product. 
 
 The complete success of the mines at Granby is attributable to the 
 very liberal course pursued by, and the discreet and judicious manage- 
 ment of the present proprietors, Messrs. Blow & Kennett, who, by the 
 investment of a large amount of capital in the introduction of the most 
 approved machinery for mining and smelting, have concentrated almost 
 the entire operations of the Southwest to their great center, on section 
 six, infused new life and energy into all the adjacent country, and 
 increased the population of the town of Granby from a cluster of log 
 cabins to a town of several thousand population, and developed one 
 of the most important mineral regions of this great mineral State. 
 
 By an act of Congress, the Pacific Railroad Company received in 
 1852 a grant of land, embracing every alternate section for twelve 
 
THE LEAD REGION. 97 
 
 miles wide, along the Southwest Branch, amounting to nearly 
 1,040,000 acres. The company were entitled to dispose of any of 
 these lands lying within twenty miles of the completed road. After 
 the transfer was made and the prospective title vested in the railroad 
 company, agents were at once sent out to protect the'lands. Granby 
 proved to be located upon one section of this land. The squatters 
 at this and upon other portions of the best mineral lands, in view of 
 the immense mineral wealth that only required their labor and in- 
 dustry to secure a sure and remunerative return, declared that the 
 railroad company had no legal right to the land, and resisted every 
 effort made on the part of the agents to control it. The agents 
 demanded a rent; the squatters refused to pay it, and after consider- 
 able trouble, the railroad company abandoned the lead region until 
 1857, when a lease was made to Messrs. Blow & Kennett for ten 
 years, for a rent or tax of two dollars per thousand pounds for all 
 mineral taken from the mines. 
 
 At this time there were about 1000 miners at work, all of whom 
 held claims jointly or severally, and worked them as they now do — 
 selling their mineral to the smelters, who had erected furnaces in the 
 vicinity for the purpose of reducing the ore to metal. Trading and 
 selling claims was here practiced, as is the case in all mining dis- 
 tricts; some claims being sold at prices ranging from $50 to $1000 
 per acre, according to the prospect. It is estimated that at that time, 
 (January, 185'7,) 5,000,000 pounds of ore had been taken out by the 
 squatters, smelted, and found its way to St. Louis and other mar- 
 kets, yielding some 3,000,000 pounds of manufactured lead. Owing 
 to the scarcity of money, and from a want of proper system and 
 encouragement, the mines had not been worked as vigorously as they 
 were subsequently. Those engaged in mining at Granby at that 
 time were not all of that hard-working, industrious class whose hands 
 supply their families with the comforts of life, but principally held 
 their claims for speculation, and depended upon their sales of claims 
 rather than upon their actual mining operations. As soon as it was 
 known that Messrs. Blow & Kennett had received a lease of the mines, 
 rumors of every conceivable character prejudicial to the lessees were 
 spread abroad by these speculators, informing the squatters that they 
 would be driven from their claims and lose the rights which they 
 regarded as belonging to them, and deprived of all profits arising 
 from the working of their lots or claims. In the midst of these in- 
 flammatory rumors. Blow & Kennett appeared, with the evidence of 
 their title, and called a meeting of the miners, before whom was sub- 
 
 7 
 
98 THE LEAD REGIOX. 
 
 mitted their evidences of several right, with the course they had de- 
 cided upon for the future regulation and government of the mines. 
 
 The proposition of Messrs. Blow & Kennett was, that the miners 
 should continue upon their claims, and work them as heretofore, re- 
 ceiving a fair price for their ore, which was to be governed by the 
 market value of the metal, less two dollars per thousand pounds, 
 which went to the Pacific Railroad Company, that being the amount 
 specified in the lease between the parties. For the greater security 
 of the miners, a basis of 400 pounds of lead was offered for every 
 1000 pounds of ore, when the quotation price in cash did not suit 
 them. Up to the present time, (May, I860,) lead has never been 
 called for, the cash price being satisfactory to them. These matters 
 were understood as arranged, and Blow & Kennett returned to St. 
 Louis for machinery and proceeded at once to erect their furnace, 
 which was put in successful operation on the 18th of January, 1858, 
 at a cost of $20,000. The furnace once in blast and the rules en- 
 forced produced dissatisfaction in the minds of some of the miners, 
 outsiders, and speculators. Factions of disaffected miners were con- 
 sequently formed, and were led on by disappointed smelters, caucass- 
 ing and calling meetings both private and public in reference to the 
 rights of Blow & Kennett, the legality of which they questioned. 
 Speeches of the most inflammatory character were made at those 
 meetings of the miners, and the life of Peter E. Blow, the master- 
 spirit of the mines, was frequently jeopardized by some of the most 
 reckless and daring miners. Suits at law were found necessary to 
 protect the rights of the lessees, and, after a severely contested action 
 by the claimants and defendants, during fifteen months, it was finally 
 decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri, in March, 1859, that the 
 title was, according to the lease from the railroad company, vested in 
 Blow & Kennett, and that they were the sole owners of the mines 
 during the time specified in the lease. This decision settled the 
 legal difficulties, and the conciliatory and generous course pursued 
 by Blow & Kennett soon brought about a mutual good feeling 
 between the proprietors and miners; and now the mines are in a 
 prosperous condition, the miners receiving good prices for their ore, 
 and the smoking furnaces, under the immediate control of Peter E. 
 Blow, Esq., are turning out millions of pounds of this valuable 
 metal, which finds its way to the markets, from New Orleans to Bos- 
 ton, and lead bearing the brand of "Blow & Kennett" is receiving a 
 world-wide reputation. 
 
mm I' I 
 
THE LEAD REGION. 99 
 
 The Furnace and its Operations. — The furnace (of the interior 
 of which we present an accurate illustration) is in size 136 feet front 
 by fifty deep, with additional buildings for engine, sawing wood for 
 the furnaces, water-pumps, etc. Six "eyes" or Scotch hearths are 
 in blast, at each of which two men are employed, called front and 
 back hands. The former receives two dollars for reducing .3000 
 pounds of galena to metal, the latter one dollar and fifty cents ; which 
 labor is performed in about five hours. They generally run only 
 the 3000 pounds; but frequently they exceed that amount from 2000 
 to 3000 pounds, receiving the same compensation pro rata. The 
 mineral yields, upon an average, sixty-five per cent. In addition to 
 the above six eyes, the furnace has two "slag hearths," which, to- 
 gether, represent eight furnaces in the engraving. The Scotch 
 hearth is familiar to every one who has ever visited the mining region, 
 hence a description thereof is deemed unnecessary. 
 
 From personal observations we learned many facts relative to the 
 manufacture of lead here. The furnace of Kennett & Blow makes 
 twenty-five pigs of lead (weighing eighty-one pounds each) to the 
 hearth, and frequently they exceed that amount. Three of the 
 hearths about the middle of October, 1859, made fifty-six pigs each 
 in seven hours, with the usual two hands to the hearth ; amounting 
 to the sum of 12,608 pounds. The men who made this extraordi- 
 nary run were Buis, Hancock, and Perringer, each making fifty-six 
 pigs of lead, weighing eighty-one pounds to the pig; in all 168 pigs, 
 from 11,400 pounds of mineral. 
 
 Taking the Mineral from the Earth. — Galena or lead ore, at 
 Granby, is found at a depth of from forty to sixty feet, according to 
 the undulations of the surface. There are three strata, varying from 
 eight to ten feet apart, which brings the lower lead or stratum about 
 sixty feet below the surface. The "cap rock" is of a flinty formation, 
 usually about eighteen inches thick, and is generally found above each 
 stratum. Miniature railroads are in operation through the principal 
 openings, by means of which the ore is conveyed to the main shafts, 
 where it is raised by windlasses worked by hand or horse-power. 
 
 After the mineral is raised to the surface it is picked over by hand, 
 and all foreign matter separated therefrom by the use of picks. This 
 operation is known by miners as "pick-a-weeing the mineral." It is 
 then taken to the furnace, washed, and smelted. Four hands are 
 employed in breaking and washing, turning off about 20,000 pounds 
 of mineral per day, which is then weighed out in quantities to suit 
 the convenience of the smelter — no fire or smelter, however, taking 
 less than 3000 pounds. T.ie oi'e thus ready for the smelter, he pro- 
 
100 THE LEAD REGION. 
 
 ceeds to render it to metal, and usually finishes his day's work before 
 noon, unless by overwork extra pigs are made. 
 
 The yield of galena here is sixty-five per cent., depending, how- 
 ever, upon the quality of the ore, and its freedom from foreign mat- 
 ter. Scientific analysis has proven that there is eighty-two per cent, 
 in the pure galena, but it is next to impossible to produce this quan- 
 tity by the Scotch hearth. 
 
 The following is a statement of the amount of mineral taken from 
 the principal mines, during the dates given, and received at Blow & 
 Kennett's Furnace : — 
 Hopkins & Hersey, from April, 1858, to Nov. 1, 1859 910,000 lbs. 
 
 .2,200,000 
 . 836,000 
 . 623,000 
 . 448,000 
 . 177,000 
 
 Culpepper & Hersey, from " " 
 Frazer & Hersey, from February, " 
 Braun, Denning & Co., from Jan. 1859, to 
 Isaac Evans & Co., from Api-il, " 
 Trent & Sons, from May, " 
 
 5,194,000 «' 
 Hopkins, Hersey & Co., to whom we are indebted for valuable 
 information, etc., have an extensive and profitable mine, which, during 
 the eighteen months previous to the 1st November, 1859, produced 
 1,200,000 pounds of mineral. Joseph Hopkins, Esq., the senior 
 partner, came from the lead region of Washington County, where 
 several years' experience as a practical miner well qualified him for 
 the extensive operations he has so successfully conducted at Granby. 
 There are other mines equally rich ; and Culpepper & Hersey have 
 taken out more galena than any other on the diggings. Frazer's 
 mine has produced over 1,250,000 pounds of mineral. It was opened 
 in the winter of 1859, but is now abandoned, having been exhausted. 
 In the spring of 1858 the largest piece of mineral ever taken out at 
 Granby, was raised here. It weighed 1700 pounds, and is now at 
 the office of Blow & Kennett, St. Louis. There are between forty 
 and fifty mines now being worked, which employ an average of 500 
 miners. 
 
 The total amount of mineral received at the furnace, during the 
 year 1858, was 2,806,881 pounds; and from January 1 to November 
 1, 1859, 4,753,652 pounds. 
 
 The total amount of lead manufactured in 1858 was 26,225 pigs, 
 of eighty-one pounds each. Lead made in 1859, up to November 
 1st, 35,741 pigs. 
 
GRANITES AND KAOLINS. 101 
 
 THE GRANITE AND KAOLINS OF SOUTHEAST 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 [The following article on this important subject was written expressly for 
 this work by F. Woolford, Esq., Paton P.O., Bollinger County.] 
 
 Kaolin that is sufficiently pure, and free from all foreign matter, and 
 well adapted to the manufacture of true porcelain or hard china-ware, 
 is but very seldom found anywhere in this country ; hence any State 
 possessing it may look upon it as a rare and valuable mineral. 
 
 Kaolin, however, of the best quality is found in township 33, range 
 8 east, upon section 36, six miles southwest from Paton P.O., and eight 
 miles from the village of Bristol. This kaolin, upon thorough and 
 practical investigation, has proved to be a very extensive deposit, and 
 of a number one quality. It is found among the primitive rock, four- 
 teen feet below the surface; it is six feet thick or more, of a good 
 quality, very white and friable, meager to touch, well decomposed ; it 
 occurs below the gneiss ; this, as well as the diorite below it, is inter- 
 cepted and intersected by veins of feldspar, occurring sometimes in 
 massive deposits and at other times in veins ; the decomposing action 
 of the weather has gradually converted the gneiss into a red, and the 
 diorite into a blackish-gray mass, very much resembling kaolin, but 
 which could not be used on account of the color. The feldspar is, how- 
 ever, thoroughly decomposed, and contains but little quartz, consisting 
 chiefly of kaolin, somewhat plastic ; and is well adapted to the manu- 
 facture of true porcelain and the finest and most substantial articles of 
 iron stone-ware, with a proper proportion of quartz, sand, and feld- 
 spar; also, by varying the mixture, the finest quality of ironstone 
 china and other earthenwares can be produced. 
 
 The next clay of importance is called "sandy stiff" or ball clay, by 
 which latter name it is known by practical potters. This is nearly 
 allied to the china clay, and possesses many of the same properties. 
 It is unaltered in the porcelain kiln, becomes very white, and will admit 
 from twenty-five to thirty per cent, of flint or silex. This clay is very 
 plastic, and is the best of the kind I have discovered in Missouri. Its 
 locality is in township 34, range 8 east, in the southwest corner of 
 Perry County, and about twelve miles from Bristol. I believe it will 
 be found in quantities sufficient for all practical purposes. 
 
 The next clay of importance is the "pipe c?fl?/," found in section 13, 
 townsMp 38, range 9 east. This contains from two to two and a half 
 
102 GRANITES AND KAOLINS. 
 
 per cent, of iron, and a small proportion of lime, but is more plastic 
 than any of the clays, is a very good white, and admits fifty per cent. 
 of flint or silex, (a very desirable quantity,) and can be advantage- 
 ously combined with the other clays for the manufacture of all kinds of 
 common earthenwares. 
 
 A fine, white quartz sand, of good quality, and closely resembling 
 the St. Genevieve sand, is found upon the last-named locality. This 
 sand is well adapted to the manufacture of glass, and for glazing for 
 pottery. 
 
 A very extensive bed of Jire clay (twenty-five feet thick) is found at 
 this same locality, well adapted to the manufacture of the best quality 
 of fire brick, pottery, glass pots, etc. From this clay I am making 
 from fifteen to twenty thousand gallons of hard-glazed stoneware 
 per year, and various other articles. This deposit seems to be inex- 
 liaustible. The mountain is based upon it for moj'e than a mile, and 
 is capped with white sandstone. 
 
 Near this same locality is another bed of kaolin, whicli is not suffi- 
 ciently pure for manufacturing hard ironstone china, but would make 
 very good common queensware. 
 
 I have also discovered, in township 33, range 9 east, (one and a half 
 miles from Paton,) another bed of very fine kaolin, well adapted to the 
 manufacture of true porcelain and ironstone china; and combined with 
 the pipe or ball clays, would produce every variety of earthenware. 
 
 In the same vicinity is found a stratified chert of suitable quality for 
 the erection of mills for grinding silex for pottery or glazes. 
 
 In the fire clay above spoken of are found considerable quantities of 
 cobalt of the purest quality, also ti7i and nickel. These minerals are 
 found mixed with the fire clay upon the side of a hill two hundred and 
 fifty feet in height, having been separated from the rock above, and in 
 its descent mixed with the clay. 
 
 This rock has the appearance of sienite, accompanied by feldspathic 
 sand, and some portions of it resemble red granite. 
 
 All the clays and other minerals above spoken of are found in close 
 proximity to each other, and are easy of access. My opinion is, that 
 if practical potters and capitalists could be convinced that all the wares 
 named can be readily produced here, with wood as fuel, this would very 
 soon become the great Staffordshire of America, and hundreds of 
 thousands of dollars that are now sent to foreign countries annually 
 for china, glass, and queensware, could be invested in the manufacture 
 of better ware at lower prices in Missouri. 
 
 We have here an abundance of wood for fuel, and beautiful, rapid 
 streams, affording ample water power. The soil is well adapted to the 
 
THE GRAND RIVER COUNTRY. 103 
 
 growth of grains, grasses, and fruits, the climate pleasant and healthy, 
 and the scenery very romantic and beautiful. I know of no better 
 investment of capital, either for the advantage and profit of those en- 
 gaging in the manufacture of porcelain, china, and earthenware, or for 
 the good of the State at large, than the establishment here of exten- 
 sive potteries. My prediction is, that the day is not far distant when 
 these rare minerals will be better known and more fully appreciated, 
 and T know of no more successful way to introduce them, than by a 
 full description of them in your valuable State work. 
 
 THE GRAND RIVER COUNTRY. 
 
 The fertile valley drained by the Grand Raver comprises some of 
 the richest counties in the State, and an area in extent (partly in 
 Iowa and ])artly in Missouri) of nearly 12,000 square miles — larger 
 than the kingdom of Belgium ; as large as Holland ; and enough 
 territory to make the States of Yermont, New Hampshire, and Con- 
 necticut. Its area in Missouri is about '7000 square miles or more, 
 the balance, about 5000, lying in Southern Iowa. All the waters of 
 this vast territory — an inchoate empire — find their outlet into the 
 Missouri River at Brunswick, in Chariton County. 
 
 The general features of the country are about the same throughout 
 the thirteen counties drained by its waters, to wit : Chariton, Carroll, 
 Linn, Sullivan, Livingston, Caldwell ; in part, Daviess, Dc Kalb, 
 (lentry, Harrison, Mercer, Putnam, and part of Nodaway. Of that 
 jiortion of the valley lying in low^a it is not in our province here to 
 speak, except, by the way, that the lands are not inferior to those in 
 Missouri, and that judicious enterprise, aided by perhaps a too specu- 
 lative spirit, had enhanced their market value, previous to the panic 
 of 1857, to even a higher rate than was attained in Missouri. But 
 it is worth while here to say, that Missouri lands in this part of the 
 State have sustained themselves in price, while Iowa lands of corre- 
 sponding fertility and location have receded, in some cases, ruinously. 
 
 It is strange that, with the well-known fertility of this country, 
 and its acknowledged adaptability to the production of all the great 
 staples of both the North and the South, its resources in coal and 
 water-power, it should be so long neglected by the emigrant seeking 
 a Western home. We have seen cotton growing in Sullivan County 
 
104 THE GRAND RIVER COUNTRY. 
 
 alongside of tobacco ; and in the same latitude hemp can be culti- 
 vated with an abundant yield. The cotton in question was planted 
 by a Georgian or North Carolinian, who would not give up old 
 habits, and must pitch a small cotton crop at a venture. 
 
 But the Kentucky and Virginia emigrant, the Tennessean and the 
 Carolinian passed over these beautiful lands, (now become blooming 
 fields, then prairies covered with rank, tall grass high enough to hide 
 a man and horse,) to find the more densely-timbered country on the 
 Platte, even before the Platte country was properly a part of Mis- 
 souri. They preferred lauds that they must open for culture by the 
 old familiar process of clearing and grubbing, to those already cleared 
 and grubbed to their hands by a bountiful Providence. Then, how- 
 ever, the Grand River country was under the ban of uuhealthiness. 
 That great scourge of the Western squatter was supposed to be snuffed 
 in every breeze that bowed the tall grass in summer, or swept the 
 sheet of flame in its terrific splendor across the almost unbounded 
 meadow of Nature's sowing. Even the gentle dews of heaven were 
 laden with ague. All countries of great fertility of soil, where the 
 vegetable products are unconsumed by stock and allowed to rot where 
 they grow, are liable to miasmatic diseases. The very fertility of the 
 valley even retarded its settlement. Few were willing to endure that 
 ordeal which no one but the pioneer squatter can fully appreciate. 
 The chills and fever — which, by-the-way, overcame Julius Ciesar 
 when he was conquering Gaul — were as certain to come as his sod- 
 corn; and Sappington's pills, Peruvian bark, and quinine were as 
 much daily necessities as his bread and meat, or whisky bitters. 
 Well do those early settlers, who are now living in comfortable coun- 
 try mansions, with their broad acres lying around them, and their 
 lowing herds and sleek mules browsing on blue-grass and clover, 
 remember their numberless combats against this insidious disease. 
 Well can they recount the diagnoses of blue nails, pains in the limbs, 
 lassitude without labor — degenerating with many into confirmed lazi- 
 ness — the cold sensations, the shakes, and, finally, the fever, which 
 left them in a state of debility such as it is hard to conceive without 
 an experience — a feeling of most depressing weakness — in which a 
 man would feel a complete unfitness for all sublunary offices; like a 
 wasp with a body of two hemispheres linked together by a narrow 
 isthmus, his attenuated back bone. 
 
 But pardon this digression ! The country was at first unhealthy, 
 more so than the Platte country, because of its more rank prairie 
 vegetation. But there were other causes which produced an unhealthi- 
 
THE GRAND KIVER COUNTRY. 105 
 
 ness. There were many swamps and lakes scattered tlirough the val- 
 ley, which produced malaria. It is well, here, to say something iu 
 reference to those lakes. The drainage of so large an extent of 
 country rendered the low lands on the river and tributaries liable to 
 overflow — and indeed the broad bottom lands which lined one side of 
 every stream were often submerged. The breadth and extent of these 
 bottoms, as they are now rearing themselves out of the reach of over- 
 flows and being brought into cultivation, to some are even yet sur- 
 prising; but the time has been when they were hardly more than 
 adequate to their office of draining the vast territory watered by 
 Grand River. 
 
 The waters subsiding from the low lands, after an overflow, left 
 usually a broad sheet of water on whatever depression there might 
 have been in the bottom. To these shallow lakes the buffalo would 
 repair in the summer, in vast herds, until they wore them broader and 
 deeper, so that they became permanent. But as civilization advanced, 
 that untiring adventurer, called, I believe, in France, the Christopher 
 Columbus of the ti'uffie, the swine, was the necessary accompaniment 
 of civilized man, as settlements approached this yet wild territory. 
 The introduction of swine into this valley was of importance. They 
 in their turn hunting their daily food, found to them a delicious escu- 
 lent in the yonkapin, called nnckshaiv by the Indians, and in seasons 
 of drought, such as have been known in this valley from 1854 to ISST, 
 done much to undo the work of the wild buffalo. Indeed, the hogs 
 have been the silent engineers who have reclaimed many of our bot- 
 tom lands during the last thirty years, and have achieved what thou- 
 sands, even millions of dollars, by human hands could not have accom- 
 plished in this valley. Even before there was a permanent white 
 settler in the valley of Grand River, they were driven into the bot- 
 toms from the settlements in Howard County to fatten on the viast, 
 and then in the dry seasons commenced rooting in the ponds after the 
 yonkapin, by which they broke the crust of the lake and suffered the 
 accumulated waters to drain through the porous alluvium or quick- 
 sands. 
 
 The Grand River country previous to about 1817 was inhabited 
 by Indians. The lowas occupied the territory of what are now 
 Grundy, Mercer, and Harrison Counties; their lands and hunting- 
 grounds extended even down into the Counties of Livingston and 
 Caldwell. Traces of these aboriginal inhabitants are yet abundantly 
 visible. In Grundy County there is to be found the remains of an 
 Iowa village of considerable dimensions. In the northern part of 
 Livingston, the old inhabitants yet remember their wigwams and 
 
106 THE GRAND RIVER COUNTRY. 
 
 huts as tliey stood in 1833. Familiar stories are yet told in those 
 counties of adventures and incidents in which they were parties. 
 
 In North Grand River, James Weldon was an early settler; 
 from him the Weldon, a branch of Grand River, which has its junc- 
 tion with the Thompson, about three miles above Trenton in Grundy 
 County, takes its name. He was familiarly known to the Indians as 
 Jim, and his house was a sort of an exchange where a considerable 
 trade was carried on between the Indians and whites. Dr. Thomp- 
 son, a Virginia gentleman, was among the first settlers on the western 
 fork of North Grand River, from which the stream takes its name. 
 He was familiarly known among the lowas and Delawares as Doc, 
 so that Jim and Doc. were among the Indians regarded as the big 
 chiefs of the white settlers. In Sullivan County, John Baldridge was 
 among the early settlers, and others we have not space here to men- 
 tion. Honorable Jno. C. Griffin, who is now Circuit Attorney for 
 the 11th Judicial District, reached Mercer County in 1835, of which 
 county and Grundy, his present residence, he was the first representa- 
 tive in the State Legislature. 
 
 Farther down the river settlements were made much earlier. John 
 Graves, Esq., still living, a family of Kirks, and others, were in 
 Livingston at an early day. Elisha Henry Ford was in that county, 
 but perhaps not as a resident, as early as 1825. His singular ad- 
 venture of catching a panther asleep, and springing a young sapling 
 over his back till he could tie his four legs together over it and bear 
 him home, is rather too romantic to be seriously related here, but is 
 worth mentioning as a traditionary incident. 
 
 The tribe of Indians from which our State and our magnificent 
 river took its name, the Missouri, were inhabitants of the lower part 
 of the valley, and dwelt in the valley of Grand and Chariton Rivers. 
 It was in what is now Chariton County that their last battle was 
 fought with the whites, probably as early as 1810. The vestiges of 
 this battle-field are yet, it is said, visible. They were there exterm- 
 inated. 
 
 The Counties of Carroll, Caldwell, De Kalb, and Daviess were 
 settled principally with what emigration fell back from the Platte 
 country. From the time of the acquisition of the territory from 
 France, civilization seems to have radiated from two or three common 
 centers, i.e. in North Missouri settlers radiated at first from St. 
 Charles; next, Loutre Island furnished the nucleus; and finally Coop- 
 er's Fort and Boonslick were the radius from which adventurous 
 civilization shone upon the eastern part of the Grand River valley ; 
 while from the Platte settlements it radiated on the western branch 
 
THE GRAND RIVER COUNTRY. 107 
 
 of this valley. The Counties of Harrison, Gentry, and Nodaway are 
 more recently settled than any on Grand lliveV, and were all settled 
 since 1840. Putnam perhaps should be excepted, which has been 
 erected in its present form, at least into a county, since 1850. 
 
 In 1838 the Mormons Diade their stronghold at Far West, in Da- 
 viess County, after having been dislodged from De Witt, in Carroll 
 County. The celebrated Mormon war of that year and its incidents 
 are yet remembered by the early settlers, and among the earliest of 
 whom is Mr. Perriston, Sen., who resides yet on the farm he settled, 
 on the west fork of Grand River, as early as 1831. 
 
 Enough of this brief glance at the early history of the Grand 
 River valley. The physical conformation of the country is homo- 
 geneous throughout its whole extent. It is a succession of flat 
 meadows fringed with rich timber along the margin of the long, 
 winding streams, these meadows themselves fringing the elevated 
 table-land or ridges of rich, well- watered and well-drained prai- 
 ries. The table-lands themselves conform to the sinuosities of the 
 streams, which, by-the-way, are of great length usually, as most of 
 the tributaries of the rivers, like their parent stream, have their 
 sources on the southern inclination of the summit which divides the 
 waters of the Missouri and Des Moines Rivers, at perhaps an eleva- 
 tion of about twelve hundred feet above the level of the Missouri 
 River, at Brunswick. We must not omit here to mention that many 
 of these ridges turn northwardly on a direct line into the heart of 
 Iowa, and that they furnish as eligible location for cheaply con- 
 structed railways, with all the materials at hand, (except the iron,) as 
 any country in America. 
 
 There is an abundance of cheap water-power afforded by Grand 
 River and its tributaries, both in Iowa and Missouri. - Cain's Mill in 
 Harrison ; Shaffer's in Mercer; and Kelsey's, Cooley's, and others in 
 the same county ; Graham's and McDonald's in Grundy ; Scott's in 
 Daviess; Waldrip's, Hoy and Chadwick's at Utica; and, finally, the 
 Redford Rapids, in Livingston County, are a few which have sprung 
 up in the past few years, and for manufacturing furnish every advan- 
 tage. These were in an unsettled, almost unknown wilderness at the 
 time Wetmore wrote his Gazetteer. The Rapids at Bedford, where 
 the volume of water is such as to offer no very serious impediment to 
 navigation, which has for the past three years been successfully accom- 
 plished, will, at some future time, with properly applied energy and 
 capital, furnish the seat for large manufacturing establishments unex- 
 celled in any of the States. 
 
108 THE GRAND EIVER COUNTRY. ^ 
 
 Underlying? all this vast territory are valuable beds of bituminous 
 coal, in veins of from six inches to three feet. These veins crop out at 
 Bedford and above. The lower and more valuable veins are beneath 
 a good roof of shale and slate. Vast ledges and cliffs of both lime 
 and sandstone are found in almost every neighborhood, though not 
 so widely disseminated as to make them conveniently accessible to 
 every settler. 
 
 In this article we have not spoken particularly of the coal forma- 
 tions in Chariton County, because we reserve that subject for our 
 article on that county alone, which will be found in its proper place 
 in this volume. 
 
 Very few of those counties above enumerated, except Chariton and 
 Carroll, have had a corporate existence longer than twenty years. 
 Chariton, which was organized in 1831, just after Missouri entered 
 the Union, extended from the Missouri River to the Iowa line ; Car- 
 roll, which was organized a year or two later, had formerly been a 
 part of Ray, which then comprised all the territory west of Chariton 
 County to Platte, and from the Missouri River to Iowa. The aggre- 
 gate taxable property now in the thirteen counties is not less than 
 twenty-five millions. They contain about twenty thousand voters, 
 and perhaps a population, slave and white, of over one hundred and 
 fifty thousand souls. In area the Grand River country is about one- 
 fifth of the State of Missouri, and the entire valley in Iowa and Mis- 
 souri is about one-hundredth part of the territory acquired from 
 France. 
 
 The timber most abundant in this valley are the various kinds of 
 oak, of which there are one or two varieties not known in most of 
 the Southern States. Some four or five varieties of hickory, pecan, 
 in the southern part of it ; Cottonwood, linn, in some locations ; sugar- 
 tree and maple, ash, honey locust, water birch, and walnut of great 
 size, of which the lumber is principally made for building. The oak 
 timber has proved of great value, as from it are now being built at 
 the Brunswick ship-yards hulls for steamboats which have begun to 
 acquire a high reputation. The forks and knots of the walnut have 
 afforded for several years quite a trade for some enterprising men, who 
 hew them in blocks of convenient size and ship them to Cincinnati; 
 and some of them are returned, no doubt, to the country where they 
 grew, in the shape of furniture. The Grand River country produces 
 all the timber of the Southern States except pine, cedar, poplar, and 
 larch. The poplar does not grow in such high latitudes, and the 
 . larch is not known west of Illinois. 
 
109 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 MINERAL AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 BY G. C. SWALLOW, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 In presenting a systematic view of the Mineral and Agricultural 
 resources of our State, it will be necessary to give a brief exhibit of 
 the Geology as developed by the researches of the Geological 
 Survey. 
 
 Stratifikd Rocks. 
 
 So far as observed, the stratified rocks of Missouri belong to the 
 following systems: — 
 
 System I. — Quatcniary. 
 System II. — Tertiary. 
 System III. — Cretaceous. 
 System IV. — Carboniferous. 
 System V. — Devonian. 
 System VI. — Silurian. 
 
 SYSTEM I, QUATERNARY. 
 
 Previous to the commencement of the Geological Survey of Mis- 
 souri but little effort had been made to trace out and classify the 
 various deposits of the Quaternary System. This fact and the vast 
 importance of these formations, both in our scientific and in our 
 economical geology, have led us to undertake a careful investigation 
 of this system as developed in our State. The results of our early 
 investigations were given in the Second Annual Report of the Mis- 
 souri Survey in 1854. This paper will include the facts there 
 recorded, and those observed in our subsequent examinations, that 
 it may present a full view of the present state of our knowledge 
 upon this subject. 
 
 When it is remembered that these formations contain the entire 
 geological record of all the cycles from the end of the Tertiary period 
 to the present time, and that their economical value is greater than 
 that of all the other formations combined, I shall need no apology for 
 entering somewhat into details in recording the phenomena they pre- 
 sent. 
 
 The Q,uaternary System comprises the drift and all the deposits 
 above it — all the strata included in the alluvion and diluvion of 
 former authors. There are, within this period, four distinct and well- 
 
110 GEOLOGY. 
 
 marked Formations in this State, whicli we have thus named iu tbe 
 order of their stratigraphical position.* 
 
 F. a.— Alluvium. F. c— Bluff. 
 
 F. 1).— Bottom Prairie. F. d.— Drift. 
 
 All of the latest deposits, all that have been formed since the 
 present order of things commenced upon our Continent, are included 
 in — 
 
 F. a. — Alluvium. 
 
 All the deposits observed in the State, belonging to this formation, 
 are : — 
 
 1st. Soils. ifh. Vegetable Mould or Humus. 
 
 M. Pebbles and Sand. 5th. Bog Iron Ore. 
 
 3d. Clays. Gth. Calcareous Tufa. 
 
 Ifh. StalactUes and Stalagmites. 
 
 1st. Soils are a well-known mixture of various comminuted mineral 
 substances, combined and mingled with decayed vegetable and animal 
 remains, all comprising those ingredients peculiarly adapted to the 
 nourishment of the vegetable kingdom. They are formed by the 
 action of water, particularly in the form of rain and dews, cold, heat 
 and other atmospheric influences, together with the co-operation of 
 the vegetable and animal kingdoms. 
 
 The process by which soils are formed is one of the most beautiful 
 and wonderful in nature. By a careful examination of what is 
 transpiring in this great laboratory of nature, we may easily detect 
 that process. If a rock, fresh from the quarry, be exposed, its sur- 
 face will soon present a dull, earthy appearance, which is caused by 
 a disintegration of its surface by atmospheric influences. Fine par- 
 ticles have been separated from the mass, and this meager coating of 
 decomposing mineral matter will soon become the resting-place of 
 numerous microscopic germs, which will be developed into a minute 
 growth of lichens. These in turn will decay and add their remains 
 to the pulverized particles, and prepare them to sustain a more 
 vigorous growth of herbs, and to become the abode of the small 
 insects and worms, which will burrow in their recesses, feed upon 
 the increasing vegetation, and swell the mass both by their mechan- 
 ical agency and by adding their exuviae to the accumulating soil. 
 Larger plants and animals will accelerate the process by their more 
 powerful agencies and by tiie greater amount contributed by their 
 
 * See the general section of the rocks of Missouri in the Second Annual 
 Report. 
 
GEOLOGY. Ill 
 
 decaying remains. Thus by almost imperceptible increments our 
 rich deep soils have been accumulated. 
 
 But the soils of Missouri are made up by the mingling of organic 
 matter with the comminuted marls, clays, and sands of the quater- 
 nary deposits which cover all parts of the State, with a vast abund- 
 ance of the very best materials for their rapid formation. Hence the 
 soils of the State are very deep and wonderfully productive, save in 
 those limited localities where the materials of the quaternary strata 
 are unusually coarse or entirely wanting. But I shall speak more 
 particularly of the soils, while treating of the rocks from which they 
 were formed. 
 
 2d. Pebbles and Sand. — Many of our streams abound in water- 
 worn pebbles, which constitute their beds, and form bars along their 
 margins and across their channels. These pebbles were derived from 
 the drift and the harder portions of the adjacent rocks. They vary 
 in size according to the transporting power of the streams in which 
 they are found. 
 
 The economical value of these pebbles for roads and streets, and 
 the obstruction they often present to navigation, as in the Osage, 
 give them unusual importance in our Geology. The Osage, Gasco- 
 nade, Niangua, Marais des Cygnes, Sac and Spring Rivers of the 
 South, and the Salt, South, North, Fabius, and Chariton of the 
 North, all furnish good and abundant examples of these deposits, 
 which have been formed by the action of those streams. 
 
 Sand is the most abundant material in the alluvial bottoms of 
 the great rivers in the State. Vast quantities of it are constantly 
 borne along by the irresistible current of the Missouri. Its whirl- 
 ing, rolling, turbulent waters form of it extensive bars in incredibly 
 short periods, which they again wear away often still more rapidly 
 than they were formed. 
 
 These sand-bars, so common in this stream, frequently extend along 
 its bed several miles, with a breadth varying from one to five or six 
 furlongs, and limited in thickness only by the depth of the water. A 
 slight fall in the river leaves these vast sand-beds dry, when their 
 surfaces are soon covered by a growth of weeds, interspersed with 
 young willows and Cottonwood.* The fickle stream, however, sel- 
 dom leaves these sand-beds to a long repose, but returns to its old 
 channel by a rapid removal of their loose materials, 
 
 * The sand of the ^Missouri, usually grayish brown and fine grained, con- 
 tains a considerable quantity of lime and clay and vegetable matter, which 
 render it very productive. 
 
112 GEOLOGY. 
 
 A disaster to the ill-fated steamer Timour, No. 2, presents a good 
 illustration of the rapidity with which the Missouri forms and destroys 
 these extensive deposits of sand. In the fall of 1853 this steamer 
 ran upon a sand-bar, and was soon left high and dry some seventy- 
 five or one hundred yards from the water, with a fair prospect of 
 leaving her timbers to decay in the young forest of willows and Cot- 
 tonwood which would soon spring up around her. But the current 
 changed and cut its way through the sandy stratum upon which the 
 boat rested, and floated her away uninjured to the great City of the 
 West. And all this transpired in a few weeks. 
 
 As these sand-bars are cut away, their perpendicular faces present 
 beautiful illustrations of their stratification, which is usually very 
 irregular and complicated, as might be expected from the changeable 
 character of the current. 
 
 But water is not the only agent engaged in producing the irre- 
 gular stratification of the sand-bars of the Missouri and Mississippi 
 Rivers. When these sand-beds become dry by exposure, the winds 
 easily transport and rearrange their light and fine materials. Such 
 quantities are moved by high winds, that the entire channels of the 
 rivers are obscured by the dense clouds of moving sand. The strati- 
 fication of the sand-beds thus formed is very interesting and com- 
 plicated, and aids us in explaining some examples of stratification 
 observed in the older rocks. 
 
 At high stages of water, both the Missouri and Mississippi over- 
 flow their low bottoms, and leave deposits of a grayish-brown or a 
 grayish-yellow sand similar to that in the sand-bars mentioned above. 
 The thickness of these beds depends upon the height and continuance 
 of the overflowing waters, varying from a mere perceptible stratum 
 to several feet. 
 
 That from the flood of 1844 is very conspicuous throughout the 
 length of the Missouri bottom. It is sometimes six or eight feet 
 thick, particularly in low bottoms, so heavily timbered as to obstruct 
 the current. 
 
 At the lower end of Waconda Prairie this deposit is very evenly 
 distributed over its surface ; but it increases in thickness as the 
 prairie descends to the low timbered bottom, lower down the stream, 
 where it is six or seven feet, and its surface becomes very irregular, 
 like the surface of a lake when disturbed by a high wind or a chopped 
 sea. 
 
 The lower extremity of Waconda Prairie and the Cottonwood 
 bottom below finely illustrates these phenomena. The small timber 
 is a young growth of cottonwood, which has sprung up since 1844, 
 
GEOLOGY. 113 
 
 and the larger trees just below is the okler growth, which obstructed 
 the waters flowing through the bottom, and thus caused the more 
 abundant and irregular deposit there observed. Similar phenomena 
 are exhibited in the bottoms opposite St. Charles and Jefferson City, 
 and in many other places on the Missouri, and at several localities in 
 New Madrid and Pemiscot Counties on the Mississippi. 
 
 These sands were doubtless derived from those extensive sandstone 
 formations on the Platte* and other tributaries of the Missouri. It 
 is nearly all silex, but contains enough calcareous and argillaceous 
 matter to render it fertile, as is abundantly proved by the growth of 
 weeds and willows, cottonwood and sycamores, which immediately 
 spring up on these sand-bars whenever they are exposed above the 
 water. There are many points on the Missouri, as in the bottom 
 opposite St. Charles, where a thrifty growth of young timber may be 
 seen on the sand deposits of 1844. 
 
 3d. Clays. — These are dark, bluish-gray, argillaceous strata, ren- 
 dered more or less impure by fine silicious, calcareous, and decom- 
 posed organic matter. When the floods of the Mississippi and the 
 Missouri subside, the lagoons, sloughs, and lakes are left full of tur- 
 bid water. The coarser materials soon settle into a stratum of sand, 
 but the finer particles more gradually subside and form the silico-cal- 
 careous clays of their alluvial bottoms. Thus, after each flood new 
 strata of sand and clay are deposited until the lakes and sloughs are 
 silted up. 
 
 The thickness of each stratum of sand depends upon the height 
 and continuation of the floods, but that of the clay-beds is governed 
 more by the time between the overflows, and is very variable, ranging 
 from the tenth of an inch to ten feet. 
 
 The argillaceous materials which formed them were doubtless 
 derived from the cretaceous and tertiary clays of the Upper Missouri 
 and its tributaries, whence, as from the Mauvaises Terres, such vast 
 quantities of a similar material have been removed by denudation. 
 
 4th. Vegetable Mould or Humus is a dark-brown or black deposit 
 of decayed vegetable matter, containing variable, though small, quan- 
 tities of fine silicious and argillaceous particles. When wet it is very 
 soft and plastic, and quite black ; but when dry, it separates into 
 angular cuboidal fragments, which readily crumble into a dark-brown, 
 very light, impalpable powder. In these beds of almost homogeneous 
 
 * The Platte is a rapid stream, and brings down large quantities of sand, 
 though its waters are not so turbid as thosf of the Missouri, either above or 
 below their junction. 
 
114 GEOLOGY. 
 
 humus, leaves and stems of trees are sometimes found in a tolerable 
 state of preservation. 
 
 The process by which these strata of humus are deposited is very- 
 obvious. When the lakes and sloughs of these bottoms are so far 
 filled up as to sustain vegetable life, the decay of the annual growth, 
 and of the foreign matter which falls or floats into these waters, forms 
 a stratum of humus at the bottom, over the beds of clay and sand 
 previously deposited by the floods and still waters. Another over- 
 flow gives another succession of sand and clay, and the succeeding 
 annual crop of vegetable matter another stratum of humus. 
 
 These changes have often continued until several scries of these 
 deposits were formed. But when the bottoms of those bodies of 
 water had been thus raised so high above the river that the floods 
 less frequently flowed into them, the deposits of sand diminished, and 
 the long, quiet intervals favored the deposition of clay and humus. 
 In time, these shallow waters became mere marshes where a rank 
 vegetation rapidly formed thick beds of vegetable mould for the sup- 
 port of the magnificent forests which now occupy the sites of those 
 former lakes and sloughs. 
 
 Such is the process by which the succession of sands, clays, and 
 humus in those alluvial bottoms has been deposited; whence it is 
 easy to see why the sands are most abundant at the bottom, when the 
 waters from the river floods would more frequently overflow them; 
 the clays in the middle, when the waters would be rarely disturbed by 
 overflows ; and the humus or vegetable mould at the top, when a rank 
 vegetation prevailed and inundations were rare. 
 
 Sections 3 and 4 of our 2d Annual Report are good illustrations 
 of the manner in which these strata of sand, clay, and vegetable 
 mould succeed each other in the alluvial bottoms of our two great 
 rivers. 
 
 Such is the structure of the vast alluvial plains bordering the Mis- 
 souri and Mississippi Rivers. The bottom of the former stream, 
 extending from the Iowa line to its mouth, is about TOO miles long 
 and five broad, presenting an area of 3500 square miles. More than 
 one-half of this, say 2000 square miles, may be set down as alluvium, 
 while the river, bottom prairies, and lakes occupy the remainder. On 
 the Missouri side of the Mississippi bottom there are about 4300 
 square miles of alluvial bottom of a similar character. Thus the allu- 
 vial bottoms of our two great rivers alone give more than 4,000,000 
 acres of land based upon these alluvial strata of sands, clays, marls, 
 and humus. And, besides, the quantity is constantly increasing by 
 the silting up of the sloughs and lakes as above described. 
 
GEOLOGY. 115 
 
 The soil formed upon these alluvial beds is deep, light, and rich 
 almost beyond comparison, as is abundantly proved by the immense 
 burden of timber growing upon it, and by the unparalleled crops of 
 hemp, tobacco, and corn harvested from its cultivated fields. 
 
 5th. Bog-Iron Ore is deposited from several chalybeate springs. 
 Large quantities of the hydrated oxide have accumulated near a fine 
 spring some two miles west of Osceola, and a small amount from 
 another near Sharpsburg, in Marion County. But the most import- 
 ant deposits of bog-iron are situated in the cypress swamps and 
 other low, wet portions of Southeastern Missouri. Extensive beds 
 were traced out in Lake St. John, extending from the " Stake Glades" 
 in Scott County to the " Iron Ore Ford" in New Madrid. Several 
 large beds were observed in the southwestern part of Dunklin County, 
 and two in the western part of Mississippi. These beds vary in 
 thickness from one or two inches to two feet ; while some of them are 
 several miles in length. The quality of the ore is good, and the 
 quantity very great, almost fabulous. 
 
 6th. Calcareous Tufa has been found in several places in the State. 
 In a ravine south of Parkville is a mass, in which many specimens of 
 moss are well preserved, and another similar deposit was observed 
 under the bluffs near Bryce's Spring, on the Niangua. 
 
 Tth. Stalactites and Stalagmites are abundant in some parts of 
 the State. Many beautiful specimens were observed in the extensive 
 caves of Boone, Camden, and Greene Counties. 
 
 Such are the alluvial deposits, so far as observed, in Missouri. 
 Future investigations may bring to light others belonging to this 
 formation. 
 
 Range and Thickness. — Our alluvium is, as a matter of course, 
 diffused throughout the entire State, as it comprises all the soils and 
 other deposits now forming. It is, however, much more abundant in 
 the valleys of our great streams. The thickness is often thirty or 
 forty feet, though generally much less. 
 
 r. b. — Bottom Prairie. 
 
 This important formation in many respects resembles that of the 
 alluvial bottoms above described, with which it has usually been con- 
 founded by geologists, though agriculturists have made a distinc- 
 tion. 
 
 There are, however, important differences : — 
 
 1st. The stratification in the prairie is much more uniform, and 
 more regularly extended over wide areas. 
 
116 GEOLOGY. 
 
 2cl. In tlie prairie formation the. strata are not so distinct, nor are 
 they so purely silicious or argillaceous. 
 
 3d. It was evidently formed by agencies operating over the entire 
 bottoms, whose action was more uniform and quiet, and continued 
 uninterrupted through longer periods than those now forming the 
 alluvial deposits in the same bottoms. 
 
 4th. Where these two formations meet one can usually trace out 
 the line of demarkation. Either the strata of the prairie pass under 
 those of the alluvium or are cut off and replaced by them. Instances 
 of both of these changes may be observed at the lower end of Wa- 
 conda Prairie, and other places on the Missouri. 
 
 5th. The alluvial bottom is continually increased at the expense of 
 the prairie, through the action of the rivers. The current is con- 
 stantly cutting away the prairie, forming new channels and filling up 
 the old ones with drift and silt. This explains the fact that the 
 strata of the prairie are frequently cut off, and others quite different 
 set in, as we pass from it to the timbered bottoms. At high stages 
 of water the lower portions of the prairie are overflowed, and deposits 
 of sand are left on its surface which are soon covered with willows, 
 sycamores, or cottonwood, as on the lower end of Waconda Prairie, 
 where a young growth of cottonwood has sprung up on the deposits 
 from the flood of 1844. 
 
 6th. No causes now in operation could, at the present level of the 
 country, produce a formation of such extent and uniform structure as 
 the bottom prairies.* 
 
 Such are some of the facts which have convinced me that this is 
 an older formation, and one entirely distinct from the alluvial bot- 
 toms. Several facts show it to be distinct from and newer than the 
 Bluff or Loess. Its coiuposition, structure, and position are entirely 
 different, and in many places the former rests non-conformably upon 
 the latter, as at St. Joseph, and at the mouth of the Big Nemaha. 
 
 Tills formation, like the last, is made up of sands, clays, and vege- 
 table mould variously intcrstratified. 
 
 The Sand in the upper part is fine and yellowish brown, like that of 
 the Missouri sand-bars, but the lower beds are more purely silicious. 
 
 The Clays are usually dark, bluish brown, and marly, with more or 
 less sand and humus intermingled. 
 
 * Some of the bottom prairies of Ihe Missouri are at least thirty miles long, 
 and from ten to twenty broad, as Ihe IIuppan-Kuty of Nicollett, above tlie mouth 
 of the Sioux River, and the Waconda, in Carroll County. And these are proba- 
 bly only fragments of one which was once continuous from the former to the 
 mouth of the Missouri. 
 
GEOLOGY. 117 
 
 The Humus or Vegetable Mould has a hrowuish-black color ; when 
 wet, it is somewhat plastic and slightly tenacious; when dry, brittle, 
 breaks into angular fragments, and can be easily reduced to an impal- 
 pable powder. These beds of humus were evidently formed by the 
 growth and decay of plants in the localities where they are found. 
 
 Range and Thickness. — This formation is confined to the bottoms 
 of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, and is more abundant and 
 better characterized on the former. The bottom prairie is about half 
 as extensive as the alluvial bottoms above described, is made up of the 
 same materials, and sustains a soil of equal fertility. This estimate 
 will give us about two million acres of these vastly rich savannas, all 
 prepared by Nature for the plow. Their agricultural capacities are 
 scarcely inferior to any in the world, as is abundantly demonstrated by 
 the mineral contents of the strata and the products of the numerous 
 flourishing farms located upon them. 
 
 The Organic Remains of the bottom prairie are numerous and well 
 preserved. All the shells of the bluft*, save the Helicini occidla, have 
 been found in it; but no remains of the elephant or mastodon have yet 
 been detected. We have collected many species of trees, shrubs, and 
 vines from these beds. 
 
 The character and position of the strata forming the bottom prairie 
 show most conclusively that the level of the country, when they were 
 deposited, was somewhat difiFerent from its present condition, that 
 bodies of almost still water covered the present valleys of our great 
 rivers, and that the formation was coextensive with these river bottoms. 
 Subsequently such a change of level occurred as gave the present rapid 
 current to the waters passing through these valleys. The rapid waters 
 cut channels in their soft beds, and left broad, level areas dry and sub- 
 ject to vegetable life. These "bottom prairies" extended from the 
 mouth of the Sioux to the Mississippi, and probably from the St. 
 Peter's to the Arkansas. Since that period the rivers have been ever 
 busy, wearing away the bottom prairie and depositing the alluvial 
 bottom above described, until we have but few remnants, such as the 
 Waconda and IIuppan-Kuty, of the vast bottom prairie, which occu- 
 pied these great valleys. Like the Indians of the Western prairies, 
 they are fast " passing away." 
 
 These beautiful savannas are universally called ''Bottom Prairie;" 
 and I have proposed that as the geological name of the interesting 
 formation on which they rest. 
 
 The scenery of the alluvial bottom and the bottom prairie is well 
 represented in section 2 and plate 12 of the Second Geological 
 Report. 
 
118 GEOLOGY. 
 
 F. c— Bluff. 
 
 This formation rests upon the drift, as is obvious wherever the two 
 formations are well developed. In many places, as at St. Joseph and 
 at the mouth of the Big Nemaha, it is seen dipping beneath the beds 
 of the bottom prairie. While the bluff formation rests upon the 
 highest ridges and river bluffs, and descends along their slopes to the 
 lowest valleys, the bottom prairie is confined to the river bottoms, and 
 was deposited in horizontal beds between the bluflFs. Thus, while the 
 bottom i)rairie occupies a higher geological horizon, the bluff is usually 
 several hundred feet above it in the topographical. 
 
 This formation, when well developed, usually presents a fine, pulver- 
 ulent, obsoletely stratified mass of light, grayish-buff, silicious, and 
 slightly-indurated marl. Its color is usually variegated with deeper 
 brown stains of oxide of iron. The bluff above St. Joseph exhibits 
 an exposure of it one hundred and forty feet thick, presenting its usual 
 characteristic features. 
 
 When but sparingly developed it generally becomes more argilla- 
 ceous, and assumes a deeper brown or red color; as on the railroad 
 south of Palmyra, where it is a dark, brick red, tinged with purple. 
 In some places the ferruginous and calcareous matter increases, and 
 we find concretions of marl and ironstone, either disseminated through 
 the mass or arranged in horizontal belts. At other places it has more 
 arenaceous matter, and is much more decidedly stratified, as at a point 
 one mile above Wellington, and in the bluff at St. Joseph. 
 
 These are the only places seen where the stratification assumed the 
 irregular appearance so often presented by sand-bars. It is barely pos- 
 sible that this stratified sand is a portion of Altered Drift ; but the 
 beds between it and the drift, having the usual appearance of the bluff, 
 militates against such a supposition. 
 
 The bluff formation is often penetrated by numerous tubes or cylin- 
 ders about the size or thickness of pipe-stems, some larger and others 
 smaller. They are composed of clay, carbonate of lime, and oxide of 
 iron, being argillo-calcareous oxide of iron, or calcareous clay iron- 
 stone. But it is not so easy to say how they were formed. Several 
 facts may aid us in determining this matter. These tubes penetrate 
 the formation in all directions, and are most abundant near the surface, 
 though some extend to the depth of twenty feet. The space for some 
 half inch around each tube, more or less, according to its size, is of a 
 much lighter color; as if the coloring matter (oxide of iron) had been 
 extracted. 
 
 The same appearances were observed around the green and dry roots 
 
GEOLOGY. 119 
 
 of the white oak, (quercus alba,) which had penetrated the same form- 
 ation. Qualitative analyses proved these same roots to contain a large 
 portion of oxide of iron. And besides, oak-wood always contains a 
 large portion of that metal and manganese. An analyses of its ashes, 
 by Saussiire, gave two and a quarter per cent, of the oxides of those 
 metals; while the analysis of "oak-wood mould," or the decayed w-ood, 
 by the same chemist, gave fourteen per cent, of the same oxides. 
 
 It is thus made manifest that oak-wood contains iron, which must 
 have been absorbed through the roots from the earth. This fact readily 
 explains the loss of the iron from the marl around the roots and around 
 the tubes, provided they M'ere once oak-roots. But the question natur- 
 ally arises, how these roots became tubular ? But they were seen in the 
 various stages of decay, and the woody fibers of some had disappeared 
 and left the bark, in the form of a tube, still retaining its organic struc- 
 ture, though strongly impregnated with the oxide of iron and alumi- 
 num and carbonate of lime. 
 
 It may also be objected that the roots of the oak do not penetrate to 
 such depths; but, in the language of a poet and a botanist: — 
 
 "iEsculus in primis ; quae quantum vertici ad auras, 
 ^Etheras, tantum radice in Tartara tendit." 
 
 These facts have led to the conclusion that these tubes of calcareous 
 clay and ironstone are the decayed roots of oaks and other plants. In 
 some localities small holes, also, without any tubes of different material, 
 penetrate this formation in great numbers, and are probably caused by 
 similar agencies. 
 
 These phenomena have been thus minutely investigated, not merely 
 as interesting scientific facts, but also as one of the most useful agri- 
 cultural features of this pre-eminently valuable formation ; for upon it, 
 and sustained by its absolutely inexhaustible fertilizing resources, rest 
 the very best farms of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys. These 
 tubes and holes also constitute the most thorough sijdem of drainage 
 imaginable. 
 
 Range and Thickness. — So far as my own observations extend, this 
 formation caps all the bluffs of the Missouri, from Council Bluffs to its 
 mouth, and those of the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Des Moines 
 to that of the Ohio, and forms the upper stratum beneath the soil of 
 all the high lands, both timber and prairie, of all the counties north of 
 the Osage and Missouri, and also St. Louis, and the other Mississippi 
 counties on the south. 
 
 According to Mr. Meek, its western or northwestern limit is prob- 
 ably a few miles below Fort Pierre; Lyell traces a smilar formation up 
 
120 GEOLOGY. 
 
 the Ohio and farther down the Mississippi ; Dr. Owen mentions its 
 existence on the Wabash River; Dr. G. G. Shumard saw a similar 
 deposit on Red River ; Major Hawn traces this formation far up the 
 tributaries of the Platte and Arkansas in Western Kansas, toward the 
 golden sands of the Eastern Cordilleras. 
 
 The identity of the deposits at Council Bluffs, at St. Joseph, at Lex- 
 ington, at Boonville, at Hannibal, at St. Louis, and at Cape Girardeau 
 is placed beyond all doubt by the following facts : — 
 
 1st. They occupy the same geological position. 
 
 2d. They have the same topographical position on the tops of the 
 bluffs. 
 
 3d. They present the same lithological and chemical characters. 
 
 4th. Nearly all the fossils are found at all those places, save perhaps 
 the last. 
 
 5th. These localities are connected by an unbroken continuity of the 
 same deposit. 
 
 Its greatest development in this State is in the counties on the Mis- 
 souri, from the Iowa line to Boonville; but thence to St. Louis it is 
 not so thick. In some places it is two hundred feet thick. At St. 
 Joseph it is one hundred and forty ; at Boonville one hundred ; and 
 at St. Louis, in St. George's Quarry, and the Big Mound, it is about 
 fifty feet; while its greatest thickness observed in Marion County was 
 only thirty. 
 
 Organic Remains. — The fossils of the Bluff are very numerous 
 and interesting. We have collected from it, of the Mammalia, two 
 teeth of the Mastodon giganteus, Elephas primigenius ; the bones of 
 a Bison; the jaw-bone of the Castor fiber Americana ; the molar of a 
 Euminant; and the incisor of a Rodent. Of the Mollusca, seventeen 
 species of the genus Helix, eight Limnea, eight Physa, three Pupa, 
 four Planorhis, six Succinea, and one each of the genera Valvata, 
 Amnicola, Helicina, and Cyclas, besides some others not determined. 
 These lacustrine, Jluviatile, amphibious, and land species indicate 
 a deposit formed in a fresh-water lake, surrounded by land and fed 
 by rivers. These facts carry back the mind to a time when a large 
 portion of this great valley was covered by a vast lake, into which, 
 from the surrounding land, flowed various rivers and smaller streams. 
 We see the waters peopled with numerous mollusks; the industrious 
 beaver building his habitation ; the nimble squirrel, the fleet deer, the 
 sedate elephant, and huge mastodon, lords of the soil. There must 
 have been land to sustain the elephant, and mastodon, and helices; 
 fresh water and laud for the beaver ; and fresh water for the Cyclaa 
 and Limneas. 
 
GEOLOGY. 121 
 
 Some have supposed this formation was deposited by the rivers 
 when the waters were at a higher stage. If it was deposited by the 
 rivers, their waters were high enough to cover nearly all of this State 
 and a large part of the adjoining States and Territories, and (juiet 
 enough to be the abode of Limneas and to be called a lake. 
 
 I have proposed the title Bluff Formation for this deposit, as it 
 forms a large portion of, and gives the peculiar characters to the 
 bluffs so conspicuous and unique in the scenery about Council BlutTs 
 and other portions of the Missouri valley, and as it forms the tops 
 of the bluffs wherever it is developed. 
 
 Loess, the name of a similar formation on the Rhine, has been 
 given to this by some geologists. But this would imply that these 
 two formations are identical, when they may or may not be, so far as 
 any proof has been given. It is true they are both fresh-water 
 deposits, both have recent shells of the same genera, and in litholog- 
 ical and chemical characters they are somewhat similar. But there 
 are other deposits, whose Fauna and lithological and chemical prop- 
 erties are quite similar to the Bluff, and some of them more so, and 
 yet they are more recent. 
 
 There is just as much evidence of the identity of the Loess and 
 the Bottom Prairie, as there is of the Loess and the Bluff; and still 
 we know the Bluff was formed long before the Bottom Prairie, and 
 under a very different condition of this part of the continent. It 
 may also be stated that there is just as much evidence of the identity 
 of the Bluff and the Bottom Prairie, as of the Bluff and Loess; and 
 yet the Bluff and Bottom Prairie are not identical. The fossils of 
 all three formations only prove they belong to the Quaternary Sys- 
 tem, or were formed since some of the present Fauna came into 
 being. 
 
 There is, indeed, but little probability that two such vast fresh- 
 water lakes existed at the same time on the two continents, with the 
 ocean rolling between. 
 
 But it would seem impossibe to identify formations so recent on 
 separate continents, whose recent Faunas are so widely different; as 
 the deposits on these continents, though contemporaneous, would of 
 necessity present Faunas very distinct. Hence if we make fossils 
 our only guide in identifying them, it will be impossible to distin- 
 guish deposits formed since the present genera of animals and plants 
 came into existence ; and we should be compelled to omit all distinc- 
 tions between formations of the recent period and to make all of our 
 recent deposits identical with each other, and with all belonging to 
 the same system in Europe and Asia; and this would deprive us of 
 
122 GEOLOGY. 
 
 distinctions recognized in Scientific, and almost indispensable in 
 Economical Geology. 
 
 I have been thns minute in my examinations of the Bluff, the Bot- 
 tom Prairie, and the alluvial formations, both on account of their 
 vast importance to our agricultural interests and the comparatively 
 little attention geologists have given to them. It is to this forma- 
 tion that the central Mississippi and Southern Missouri valleys owe 
 their pre-eminence in agriculture. The most desirable lands of Iowa, 
 Missouri, Western Illinois, Kansas, and Nebraska, all rest upon the 
 fine silicious marls of the bluff formation. Where it is best developed 
 in Western Missouri, the soil is inferior to none in the country. 
 
 The scenery presented by the bluff formation is at once unique 
 and beautiful, and gives character to nearly all the best landscapes 
 on the Lower Missouri. Plates I. and II. of the Missouri Reports 
 give characteristic views of the scenery where this formation is well 
 developed. 
 
 F. d.— Drift. 
 
 This formation lies directly beneath the bluff, and rests upon the 
 various members of the paleozoic series as they successively come 
 to the surface of that system. 
 
 In this formation there appear to be three distinct deposits : — 
 
 1st. What might be called an Altered Drift frequently appears in 
 the banks of the Missouri River, as at the mouth of the Kansas, and 
 in the Bottom Prairie below Brunswick, and at Waconda Prairie, 
 Section 2, No. 4, These strata of sand and pebbles appear to be 
 the finer materials of the drift, removed and rearranged by aqueous 
 agencies subsequent to the drift period and prior to the formation of 
 the bluff. The pebbles are from all the varieties of rocks found in 
 the true drift, but are comparatively small. 
 
 2d. The Boulder Formation, as it was left disturbed by those 
 powerful and widely-extended agencies which formed that deposit of 
 the northern hemisphere. It is a heterogeneous stratum of sand, 
 gravel, and boulders, all water-worn fragments of the older rocks. 
 The larger part are from the igneous and metamorphic rocks, in 
 place at the north, and the remainder from the paleozoic strata 
 upon which they rest. The metamorphic and igneous rocks must 
 have come from the northern localities of those strata, the nearest of 
 which, according to Dr. Owen's Report, is on the St. Peter's River, 
 about 300 miles north of St. Joseph. But the paleozoic fragments 
 are usually from localities near where they rest, as shown by the fos- 
 sils they contain, and are as comjActchj i-ounded as those from the 
 more distant points. 
 
GEOLOGY. 123 
 
 The largest boulders observed iu Missouri are five or six feet in 
 diameter. They are usually granite and metamorphic sandstone. 
 
 3d. Boulder Clay. — In Northern Missouri, the boulder formation 
 just described often rests upon a bed of bluish or brown sandy clay, 
 through which pebbles of various sizes are disseminated in greater 
 or less abundance. In some localities this deposit becomes a pure 
 white pipe clay. 
 
 Range and Thickness. — The Altered Drift has been observed 
 more frequently in the northwestern part of the State, and is often 
 twenty-five or thirty feet thick. The Boulder Formation abounds in 
 all parts of the State north of the Missouri, and exists in small 
 quantities as far south as the Osage and Maramec. Its thickness is 
 very variable, from one to forty-five feet. Its development is greater, 
 the boulders larger, and those of a foreign origin more numerous 
 toward the north. Its thickness varies from one to fifty feet. The 
 Boulder Clay is also most abundant in the northern part of the 
 State, and is, in some places, more than 100 feet thick. 
 
 Organic Remains. — I have seen no fossils in this deposit, save a 
 few logs in the altered drift of the Missouri. Some of these are 
 still sound, and burn quite well when dry, as we proved M^hen build- 
 ing our camp fires with them on several occasions. 
 
 There are other deposits, particularly iu the middle and southern 
 parts of the State, which are not genuine drift, and yet they bear a 
 greater resemblance to that than any other formation, and occupy 
 precisely the same stratigraphical position. 
 
 Beneath the alluvium of the bottoms we often find deposits of 
 pebbles similar to the genuine or altered drift of the Missouri; but 
 all the materials came from the neighboring rocks, somewhat worn, 
 and indiscriminately commingled with sands and clays. 
 
 Whether these deposits were formed by the same agencies which 
 produced the drift, or by a part of them only, or by other causes, 
 has scarcely been determined. 
 
 SYSTEM II. — TERTIARY. 
 
 There is a formation made up of clays, sands, and iron ores, more 
 or less indurated, extending along the bluffs and skirting the bottom, 
 from Commerce, in Scott County, westward to Stoddard, and thence 
 south to the Chalk Bluffs, iu Arkansas. 
 
 The following section, obtained in the neighborhood of Commerce, 
 will give a good idea of the character of these beds. The strata are 
 numbered in their natural order, from the top down. 
 
121 GEOLOGY. 
 
 No. 1. 9 feet. — Pebbles, sand, and clay intermingled. 
 
 No. 2. 2 feet. — Sand and iron ore — brown hematite. 
 
 No. 3. 10 feet. — Brown and buff sand interstratified. 
 
 No. 4. 12 feet. — Buff and white sand interstratified, containing 
 rounded masses of sandstone, of the same character and color as the 
 sand forming the strata. 
 
 No. 5. 5 feet. — Clay and gravel of a bright chrome yellow. 
 
 No. 6. 1 foot. — Clay and hematite ore — nearly all iron. 
 
 No. 1. 47 feet. — Blue shale, which separates on exposure into rhom- 
 boidal masses. 
 
 No. 8. 2 feet. — Carbonate of iron in septaria and nodular masses, or 
 in regular strata, which break into rhomboidal masses. 
 
 No. 9. 6 feet.— Blue shale, like No. Y. 
 
 No. 10. 1 foot. — Iron ore, like No. 8. 
 
 No. 11. 11 feet.— Blue shale, like No. 1. 
 
 No. 12. 1^ feet.— Carbonate of iron, like No. 8. 
 
 No. 13. 31 feet. — Blue shale, like No. 7, with some thin bands and 
 nodules of iron ore. 
 
 No. 14. 7 feet. — Sandy clay, with thin strata and nodular masses of 
 hematite ore. 
 
 No. 15. 18 feet. — White sand interstratified with thin brown strata, 
 containing some rounded masses of sandstone. 
 
 No. 16. 5 feet. — Sand of a light peach-blossom color interstratified 
 with brown beds. 
 
 No. 17. 12 feet. — White sandstone in thick beds. The upper part 
 is hard and vitreous, but the lower is soft and friable. This rock very 
 much resembles the saccharoidal sandstone of the calciferous series, 
 and appears to have been much worn by running water. 
 
 No. 18. j\ foot. — Very hard, compact oxide of iron. It is strong 
 and rings like pot-metal. 
 
 No. 19. 20 feet. — Salmon-colored, white, purple, and yellow sands 
 interstratified with clays of the same colors. 
 
 No. 20. 1 foot. — Spathic iron ore. 
 
 No. 21. 13 feet.— Blue potter's clay. 
 
 214 feet. — Total thickness. 
 
 I have observed no fossils in these beds, except the impression of a 
 leaf on the sandstone of No. 17. In the absence of any positive proof 
 of the age of this interesting strata, I have marked them tertiary, in 
 deference to their close resemblance to the tertiary rocks of the Mis- 
 sissippi valley, until future discoveries shall show their true position. 
 
 Tlie Iron Ore of these beds is very abundant and exceedingly valu- 
 able. The spathic ore has been found in no other locality in South- 
 
GEOLOGY. 125 
 
 eastern Missouri, so that the large quantity and excellent quality of 
 these beds will render them very valuable for the various purposes to 
 which this ore is peculiarly adapted. 
 
 The White Sand of these beds will be very valuable for glass making, 
 and for the composition of mortars and cements. 
 
 The Clays are well adapted to the manufacture of pottery and 
 stoneware. 
 
 SYSTEM III. — CRETACEOUS. 
 
 Beneath the tertiary beds above described, in the bluffs of the Mis- 
 sissippi above Commerce, the following strata were observed : — 
 
 No. 1. 13 feet. — Soft argillaceous sandstone variegated with gray, 
 brown, and white. 
 
 No. 2. 20 feet. — Soft, bluish-brown, sandy slate, containing large 
 quantities of iron pyrites. 
 
 No. 3. 25 feet. — Whitish-brown, impure sandstone, banded with 
 purple and pink. 
 
 No. 4. 45 feet— Slate, like No. 2. 
 
 No. 5. 45 feet. — Fine white silicious clay interstratified with white 
 flint more or less spotted, and banded with pink and purple. 
 
 No. 6. 10 feet. — Purple, red, and blue clays. 
 
 158 feet. — The entire thickness. 
 
 These beds are very much disturbed, fractured, upheaved, and tilted, 
 so as to form various faults and axes, anticlinal and synclinal, while 
 the strata above described as tertiary are in their natural position, and 
 rest non-conformably upon these beds. These facts show the occur- 
 rence of great disturbances subsequent to the deposition of these beds 
 and anterior to the formation of the strata above. 
 
 We have no clew to the age of these rocks, save that they are older 
 than the tertiary (?) beds above and newer than the Trenton limestone 
 below. They somewhat resemble some cretaceous beds found in sev- 
 eral places on this part of the continent; and these facts have led me 
 to the inquiry whether they are cretaceous. Our future investigations 
 may show their true position. 
 
 We have observed no fossils in these rocks. 
 
 SYSTEM IV. — CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 This system presents two important divisions: — 
 
 Upper Carboniferous or Coal Measures ; 
 
 Lower Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone. 
 The Coal Measures are made up of numerous strata of sandstones, 
 limestones, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores, and coals. AVe have 
 
126 GEOLOGY. 
 
 observed about fifteen hundred feet of these coal measures, containing 
 numerous beds of iron ore, and at least eight or ten beds of good 
 workable coal. 
 
 These rocks, with the accompanying beds of coal and iron, cover an 
 area of more than 27,000 square miles in Missouri.* If a line be 
 drawn from the northeastern corner of the State through Clark, Lewis, 
 Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Saline, Henry, 
 St. Clair, Cedar, and Dade Counties to the middle of the western 
 boundary of Jasper, this irregular boundary will separate the great 
 body of the coal measures on the northwest from the older rocks on 
 the southeast. Besides the large body of coal measures on the north- 
 west side of this line, there are extensive beds in Cole, Moniteau, St. 
 Charles, St. Louis, and Callaway Counties. 
 
 The common bituminous and cannel coal are the only varieties of 
 this mineral observed. These exist in vast quantities; one might 
 almost say inexhaustible. 
 
 The fossils are numerous and interesting. 
 
 So far as our observations extend, in Missouri, the Fusulina cylin- 
 drica, Spirifer cameratus, S. plano-convexus, S. hemiplicatus, S. 
 lineatus, S. perplexus, S. Boonensis, 8. Kentuckensis, Spirigera 
 3Tissouriensis, S. Ilaconensis, Productus splendins, P. sequicostatus, 
 P. Nebrasccnsis, P. Wabashensis, P. Boonensis, Chonetes mesoloba, 
 C. parva, C. Smithi, Myalina subquadrata, Allorisma regularis, A. 
 ensiformis, A. terminalis, Leda arata, Pleurotomaria sphaerulata, 
 Campophyllum torquium, and Chsetetes milleporaceus, are confined 
 to, and very characteristic of the coal measures, f 
 
 The discovery of the fact that these fossils are confined to the coal 
 measures has enabled us to point out the existence of the coal meas- 
 ures and the coal beds contained in thera, over an area of many thou- 
 
 * The Missouri coal basin is one of the largest in the known world. Besides 
 the 27,000 square miles in Missouri, there are in Nebraska at least 10,000 square 
 miles, in Kansas 23,000, in Iowa, according to Dr. Owen, 20,000, in Illinois 
 20.000 (?) making in all at least 100,000 square miles. And we may expect the 
 explorations of Major Ilawn in Kansas, and others in Nebraska, will add much 
 more. 
 
 f So far as I know, the Second Annual Report of the Missouri Survey made 
 known the very striking and important difference between the fossils of the coal 
 measures and the lower carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi valley. It was 
 also shown in the same report that some at least of the different beds of lime- 
 stone in the coal measures could be distinguished by their fossils. This is 
 another application of the use of fossils of vast importance in tracing out the 
 position of the various coal-beds in these rocks. 
 
GEOLOGY. 1^7 
 
 sand miles, where geologists bad supposed no coal measures and no 
 coal existed. 
 
 Of the Lower Carboniferous rocks we have observed the follow- 
 ing formations : — 
 
 Ferruginous Sandstone — 115 feet. 
 
 Upper Archimedes or Kaskaskia Limestone — 250 feet. 
 
 Prairie du Rocher Sandstone — 105 feet. 
 
 Middle Archimedes or St. Genevieve Limestone — 50 (?) feet. 
 
 St. Louis Limestone — 225 feet. 
 
 Lower Archimedes or Keokuk Limestone — 350 feet. 
 
 Encrinital Limestone — 550 feet. 
 The Ferruginous Sandstone is variable in its lithological char- 
 acters. In some places it is very white and saccharoidal ; in others, 
 fine, impure particles are disseminated through the mass, and the 
 color becomes a dirty brown ; and in a few localities, as near Fulton, 
 Callaway County, it is a coarse conglomerate. But generally, where 
 well developed, it is a coarse-grained, heavy-bedded, friable sand- 
 stone, colored with various shades of brown, red, and purple, as it 
 appears in the bluffs near Salt Creek, Sulphur Springs, some two 
 miles west of Oceola, township 38, range 26, section 27 ; or clouded 
 with yellow and red, as on Turkey Creek, in Cedar County. The 
 upper part is more regularly stratified and finer grained, contains 
 more argillo-calcareous matter, and has a lighter brown, yellowish 
 gray or cream color. It is very soft when quarried, and may then 
 be easily dressed for building purposes ; but exposure renders it 
 much harder and more durable. 
 
 This sandstone contains large quantities of oxides of iron, brown 
 and red hematites, which in many places form extensive beds of ex- 
 cellent ore. Ii! Cooper County, in the northeast quarter of section 
 3, township 48, range 19, this sandstone, in the bluffs of the Black 
 Water, contains a good bed of ore, three feet thick. The same bed 
 again shows itself in several places in section 33, township 48, range 
 19, and in various other places in the county. It was also observed 
 in large masses on Grand River, in Henry County; in section 28, 
 township 39, range 24, in St. Clair County; and in Bates and 
 Hickory ; and in still greater abundance in the western part of Greene 
 County. 
 
 The large quantities of iron in this standstone has led me to de- 
 signate it the Ferruginous Sandstone. It is found skirting the 
 eastern border of the coal measures, from the mouth of the Des 
 Moines to McDonald County. 
 The Upper Archimedes or Kaskaskia Limestone is found under- 
 
128 GEOLOGY. 
 
 lying the ferruginous sandstone in St. Genevieve County, and in 
 several places on the Illinois side of the Mississippi. This formation 
 is made up of beds of blue limestone and blue shales variously 
 interstratified. 
 
 At Chester, Illinois, we find the following section of these 
 rocks : — 
 
 No. 1. 90 feet. — Blue and grayish limestone interstratified with 
 thin strata of blue shales. 
 
 No. 2. 58 feet. — Blue shales with purple and gray beds inter- 
 calated. 
 
 No. 3. 9 feet. — Bluish gray, coarse-grained and thin-bedded lime- 
 stone, interstratified with blue shale. 
 
 The fossils most characteristic of these beds are : Spirifer incre- 
 bescens, Athyris subquadrata, Fenestella lyra, Pentremites sulcatus, 
 P. pyriformis, and one species of Archimedipora. 
 
 Prairie du Rocher Sandstone. — This is usually a light-brown, 
 thick-bedded, friable sandstone, which sometimes contains numerous 
 pebbles of quartz and jasper. 
 
 It appears in heavy mural bluffs on the Mississippi, in St. Gene- 
 vieve County, and at Chester and Prairie du Rocher, on the Illinois 
 side. Its thickness varies from 20 to 100 feet. 
 
 Middle Archimedes or St. Genevieve Limestone. — In lithological 
 characters, these rocks are very much like the Upper Archimedes 
 limestone — bluish-gray crystalline limestones intercalated with thin 
 strata of blue shale. 
 
 The fossils most abundant are Spirifer spinosa, S. Leidyi, Spiri- 
 gera hirsuta, Retzia vera, Productus elegans, and one or more 
 species of Archimedipora. 
 
 These rocks are exposed in the bluffs of the Mississippi on both 
 sides of the river below St. Genevieve. 
 
 The St. Louis Limestone is made up of hard, crystalline, and com- 
 pact gray and blue, somewhat cherty limestones, interstratified with 
 thin partings of blue shale. 
 
 Its stratigraphical position is between the Middle and Lower 
 Archimedes Limestones. It is found in Clark, Lewis, and St. Gene- 
 vieve Counties ; but attains its greatest development in St. Louis, 
 from which the name is derived. 
 
 The most characteristic fossils yet described are Palsechinus mul- 
 tipora, Lithoslrolion mamillare, L.proliferum, Echinocrinus Nerei, 
 Poteriocrinus longidacfylus, Atrypa lingidata, Productus margini- 
 cinchis, Sjdrifcr LiUoni. 
 
 Lower Archimedes or Keokuk Limestone. — In this formation are 
 
GEOLOGY, 129 
 
 included the "Arenaceous bed,'" ihe "Warscnv or Second Archimedes 
 Limestone,'''' the "Magnesian Limestone," "Geode bed," and the 
 "Keokuk or Lower Archimedes Limestone" of Professor Hall's 
 section, and the lead-bearing rocks of Southwestern Missouri, which, 
 though different from any of- the above beds, are more nearly allied 
 to them than to the Encrinital limestone below. All of the above 
 beds are easily recognized in Missouri, save, perhaps, the Warsaw 
 limestone, which is but imperfectly represented in our northeastern 
 counties, where the "Keokuk limestone," the "Geode beds," and the 
 Magnesian limestone" are well developed. 
 
 The most characteristic fossils described are : Agaricocrinus tube- 
 rosus, Actinocrinus biturbinatus, Spirifer pseud o-lineatus, S. 
 Keokuk, Orthis Keokuk, and one or more species of Archimedi- 
 pora. 
 
 This formation extends from the northeastern part of the State to 
 the southwest, in an irregular zone skirting the eastern border of the 
 Ferruginous sandstone. The extensive and rich lead deposits in 
 Southwestern Missouri are in this formation. These mines occupy 
 an area of more than 100 square miles in the Counties of Jasper 
 and Newton. 
 
 The Encrinital Limestone is at once the most extensive and best 
 characterized of the divisions of the Carboniferous limestone. It is 
 made up of brown, buff, gray, and white, coarse crystalline heavy- 
 bedded limestones. The darker-colored impure varieties prevail near 
 the base, while the lighter and more purely calcareous strata abound in 
 the upper part. It everywhere contains globular, ovoid, and lenticu- 
 lar masses of chert, disseminated or arranged in beds parallel to the 
 lines of stratification. These masses of chert are more abundant in 
 the upper beds ; in fact, the upper beds are made up almost exclu- 
 sively of this mineral. 
 
 The beds of this formation are frequently intersected by joints 
 resembling the sutures of the cranium. The remains of corals and 
 mollusks are very abundant; some of the strata are made up almost 
 entirely of their exuviae, especially of the joints and plates of cri- 
 noideans. In the southwest, these strata rest upon some seventy or 
 eighty feet of hard, porous, and thick-bedded silicious rocks, which 
 are included in this formation, as they have more affinities with it 
 than with the Chemung below. 
 
 There are nine divisions of this formation in Missouri, which are 
 quite well marked by their fossils and lithological characters. The 
 Encrinital limestone extends from Marion County to Greene, forming 
 an irregular zone on the east of the Archimedes beds. 
 
 9 
 
130 GEOLOGY. 
 
 The most characteristfc fossils are Platycrinus planus, Actinocri- 
 nus pyriformis, A. Missouriensis, Orthis Swallovi, 0. Michelino, 
 Productus Burlingtonensis, Spirifer striates, S. plenus, S. linea- 
 ioides, S. Meeki, Euomphalas latus, Ghonetes Shumardiana. 
 
 SYSTEM V. — DEVONIAN. 
 
 The Devonian system in Missouri is made up of the four following 
 groups : — 
 
 Chemung Group, Onondaga Limestone, 
 
 Hamilton Group, Oriskany Sandstone. 
 
 Chemung Group. — This group presents three formations very dis- 
 tinct in lithological characters and fossil remains. They have received 
 the following provisional names : — 
 Choteau Limestone — 85 feet. 
 Vermicular Sandstone and Shales — 15 feet. 
 Lithographic Limestone — 125 feet. 
 The Chouteau Limestone, when fully developed, is made up of 
 two very distinct divisions. 
 
 1. At the top, immediately under the Encrinital limestone, we find 
 some forty or fifty feet of brownish-gray, earthy, silico-magnesian 
 limestone in thick beds, which contain disseminated masses of white 
 or limpid calcareous spar. This rock is very uniform in character, 
 and contains but few fossils. Reticulated corals, and fucoidal mark- 
 ings like the Cauda-galli, are most abundant. 
 
 In the quarry it is quite soft, but becomes very hard on exposure, 
 and forms a very firm and durable building rock. It is also hydraulic 
 and forms a good cement. 
 
 2. The upper division passes down into a fine, compact, blue or 
 drab thin-bedded limestone, whose strata are quite irregular and 
 broken. Its fracture is conchoidal, and its structure somewhat 
 concretionary. 
 
 Some of the beds are filled with a great profusion of most beauti- 
 ful fossils. In many the organic substance has been replaced by 
 calcareous spar. The most characteristic are Spirifer Marionensis, 
 S. peculiaris, S. Goopercnsis, S. Vernonensis, Productus Murchi- 
 sonianus, Ghonetes ornata, Atrypa gregaria, A. occidentalis, A. 
 obscuraplicata, Leptxna depressa, Avicula Gooperensis, Mytilus 
 elongatus, and several new species of Trilobites. 
 
 Chouteau Limestone has been applied to these rocks, as they are 
 well developed at the Chouteau Springs, in Cooper, where I first 
 
GEOLOGY. 131 
 
 found large quantities of its new, beautiful, and characteristic 
 fossils. 
 
 In the northeastern part of the State, the Chouteau limestone is 
 represented by a few feet of coarse, earthy, crystalline, calcareous 
 rock, like the lower division of the encrinital limestone, as there 
 developed. There is, indeed, in that part of the State, no change of 
 lithological characters as you pass from the encrinital limestone to 
 this formation, but the change in the organic remains is both sudden 
 and great. 
 
 The Vermicular Sandstone and Shales. — The upper part of this 
 formation is usually a buff, or yellowish-brown, fine-grained, pulveru- 
 lent, argillo-calcareous sandstone. It is usually perforated in all 
 directions with pores, filled with the same materials more highly 
 colored and less indurated. This portion, when exposed to atmo- 
 spheric agencies, often disintegrates, and leaves the rock full of wind- 
 ing passages, as if it were worm-eaten. In the southwest the harder 
 part is much more silicious and indurated. The middle portion is a 
 bluish-brown and gray silico-calcareous magncsian shale. It has a 
 conchoidal fracture, the peculiar markings of the upper part, together 
 with those of a curious undescribed Fucoid. 
 
 The lower part is usually a blue, sometimes brown, argillaceous 
 shale or fire-clay, in regular thin strata. 
 
 This formation contains but few fossils, and those arc in the upper 
 portions. B'pirifer Mariojiensis, Productus MurcJiisonmnus, Cho- 
 netes ornata, Avicula circula, the Fucoids above named, and the 
 cauda-galli, are most numerous. These beds can always be detected 
 by the lithological characters and its peculiar Fucoids. 
 
 The Lithographic Limestone is a pure, fine, compact, even-textured 
 silicious limestone, breaking rather easily, with a conchoidal fracture, 
 into sharp angular fragments. Its color varies from a light drab to 
 the lighter shades of buff and blue. It gives a sharp, ringing sound 
 under the hammer, from which it is called "pot metal" in some parts 
 of the State. It is regularly stratified in beds varying from two to 
 sixteen inches in thickness, often presenting in mural bluff's all the 
 regularity of masonry, as at Louisiana, on the Mississippi. The 
 beds are intersected by numerous fractures, leaving surfaces covered 
 with beautiful dendritic markings of oxide of iron. The strata are 
 much thinner toward the top, where they often become silicious, and 
 sometimes pass into an impure, thin-bedded oolitic limestone, as in 
 the bluff's southeast of Elk Springs, in Pike County. 
 
 It has but few fossils. The most abundant are Orthis Missouri- 
 ensis, Spirifer Marionensis, Productus Subalatus, P. minutus, 
 
132 GEOLOGY. 
 
 Prcetus Missouriensis, Filicifes gracilis, Conularia tripUcata, Sjn- 
 rigera Hannibalensis. 
 
 The Chemung rocks extend from Marion County to Green, along 
 the eastern border of the carboniferous strata. 
 
 The Hamilton Group is made up of some forty feet of blue shales 
 and 130 feet of blue, brown, and gray semi-crystalline limestone, con- 
 taining Dalmania calliteles, Spirifer eurutines, S. mucronatus, S. 
 aspera, S. congesta, Cyrtia Missouriensis, Spirigera Fultonensis. 
 
 Onondaga Limestone. — This formation is usually a coarse gray or 
 buff, crystalline, thick-bedded and cherty limestone, abounding in 
 Strophodonta navalis, S. Callawayensis, Terebratula reticularis, 
 Orthis resupinata, Chonetes nana, Productus subaculeatus, Phacops 
 hufo, Gyatlio-phyllum rugosum, Emmonsia hemisphaerica. 
 
 No formation in Missouri presents such variable and widely-differ- 
 ent lithological characters as the Onondaga. It is generally a coarse, 
 gray, crystalline limestone ; often a somewhat compact, bluish concre- 
 tionary limestone, with shale partings ; in many instances a drab, com- 
 pact limestone, containing cavities filled with green matter, or calc- 
 spar ; in a few places a white, saccharoidal sandstone ; in two or three 
 localities a soft, brown sandstone; and at Louisiana, a pure white 
 oolite. Will those who would have us follow lithological characters 
 exclusively, tell us how we are to identify this formation, without its 
 fossils, at these various localities ? 
 
 The Oriskany Sandstone of Missouri is a light gray limestone, 
 which contains the Spirifer arenosa, Leptaena depressa, and several 
 new species of Spirifer, Chonetes, Illsenus, and Lichas. 
 
 The Devonian rocks occupy a small area in Marion, Ralls, Pike, 
 Callaway, Saline, and Perry Counties. 
 
 SYSTEM VI. — SILURIAN. 
 
 Of the Upper Silurian series, we have the following formations : — 
 
 Lower Helderberg — 350 feet. 
 
 Niagara Group — 75 feet. 
 
 Cape Girardeau Limestone — 00 feet. 
 
 The Lower Helderberg Group is made up of buff, gray, and red- 
 dish cherty, and argillaceous limestones, blue shales, and dark grap- 
 tolite slates. Dalmania tridentifera, Gheirurus Missouriensis, 
 Encrinurus punctatus (?), GaJymene rugosa, Orthis hyhrida, 0. ele- 
 ganlula, and several species of Platyostoma are the prevailing fossils. 
 
 Niagara Group. — The upper part of this formation consists of 
 red, yellow, and ash-colored shales with compact limestones inter- 
 
GEOLOGY, 133 
 
 stratified. The lower beds are purple, gray, and buff limestones 
 variegated with bands and nodules of cherl. 
 
 Hahjsites caienularia, Columyiay-ia inequalis, Calymene Blumen- 
 hachii, and Garyocrinus ornatus are the most characteristic fossils. 
 
 Cape Girardeau Limestone is a compact, bluish-gray, brittle, lime- 
 stone, with a smooth fracture, in layers from two to six inches in 
 thickness, with thin argillaceous partings. These strata contain a 
 great many fossils, principally Trilobites and Criuoids. In a small 
 slab not more than three by three inches, I have counted four genera of 
 Trilobites, viz., Cyphaspis Girardeauen.Hs, Acidaspis Halli, Free- 
 tus depressus, Asaphus Nov. sjy. None of these Trilobites have been 
 before noticed in this country, and, so far as I can ascertain, the species 
 are distinct from European forms. According to Barrande, the first 
 three genera occur in the greatest numbers in the Upper Silurian 
 period, and are very spai'ingly represented in the Lower Silurian 
 groups. The Crinoids belong mostly to the genera Glyptocrinus, 
 Horaecrinus, and Tentaculites and Pala^ster, and the shells to Orthis, 
 Leptiena, and Turbo — all being of undescribed species. 
 
 These strata occur on the Mississippi R-iver, about one mile and a 
 half above Cape Girardeau. Thickness, forty to fifty feet. 
 
 Lower Silurian. 
 
 We have thus far observed the formations belonging to this series : — 
 
 Hudson River Group — 220 feet. 
 
 Trenton Limestone — 360 feet. 
 
 Black River and Bird's-eye Limestone — T5 feet 
 
 1st Mas^nesian Limestone — 200 feet. 
 
 Saccharoidal Sandstone — 125 feet. 
 
 2d Magnesian Limestone — 280 feet. 
 
 2d Sandstone — 115 feet. 
 
 3d Magnesian Limestone — 350 feet. 
 
 3d Sandstone— 60 feet. 
 
 4tli Magnesian Limestone — 300 feet, 
 
 Hudson River Group. — There are three formations, which we have 
 referred to this group : — 
 
 1st. Immediately below the oolite of the Onondaga limestone, in 
 the bluffs both above and below Louisiana, we find some forty feet of 
 blue, gray, and brown argillaceous magnesian limestone. The upper 
 part of these shales is in thick beds, presenting a dull, conchoidal frac- 
 ture, and containing Asaphus megistos and Calymene senaria. The 
 
134 GEOLOGY. 
 
 lower part of this division becomes more argillaceous, and has several 
 thin beds of bluish-gray crystalline limestone, intercalated, which con- 
 tain many fossils of the following species : Leptaena sericea, L. alter- 
 nata, L.planumhona, Orthisjugosa, 0. subquadrala, and Bhynchonella 
 capax. 
 
 There are, also, strata of calcareo-arenaceous slate in the same posi- 
 tion, filled with remains, which I am unable to distinguish from Pro- 
 fessor Hall's Palseophycus virgatus, and another contorted species, 
 smaller than No. 2, pi. 70 of Professor Hall's Report. There are, 
 also, beds of slate, similar to those above mentioned, at the base of 
 these shales, whose surfaces are covered with great numbers of the Lin- 
 gula ancyloidea. 
 
 2d. On the Grassy, three and a half miles northwest of Louisiana, 
 about sixty feet of blue and purple shales are exposed, below the beds 
 above described. They contain three species of Lingula: Lingula 
 quadraia, L. fragilia, and still another not named. The first resem- 
 bles the L. quadraia of Hall, but is destitute of the " radiating striae" 
 of that species, and is larger; it is more like the variety from the Tren- 
 ton Limestone than that from the Hudson River Group. 
 
 3d. Under the second division are some twenty feet of argillo-mag- 
 nesian limestone, similar to that in the first division, interstratified with 
 blue shales. Ortliis subquadrala, O.jugosa, Leptaena allernala, Rhyn- 
 chonella capax, and Asaphus megislos are abundant. 
 
 These rocks have been seen only in Ralls, Cape Girardeau, and Pike 
 Counties. On the Grassy, a thickness of 120 feet is exposed, and they 
 extend below the surface to an unknown depth. 
 
 Trenton Limestone. — The upper part of this formation is made up 
 of thick beds of hard, compact, bluish-gray and drab limestone, varie- 
 gated with irregular cavities filled with greenish materials, while the 
 beds below are filled with irregular cylindrical portions, which readily 
 decompose on exposure, and leave the rock perforated with numerous 
 irregular passages, that somewhat resemble those made in timber by 
 the Teredo navalis. 
 
 The appearance of the rock when thus decomposed is very singular, 
 and is a well-marked character of this part of the formation. 
 
 The decomposed, honey-combed portions are most admirably adapted 
 to ornamental rock-work in gardens and yards. These beds are ex- 
 posed on the plank-road from Hannibal to New London, north of 
 Salt River, and are seventy-five feet thick. Below them are thick 
 strata of impure, coarse, gray and buff crystalline magnesian lime- 
 stones, with many brown, earthy portions, which rapidly disintegrate on 
 exposure to atmosj)heric influences. This part may be seen in the bluff 
 
GEOLOGY. 135 
 
 of Salt River, near the plank-road, one hundred and fifty feet thick. 
 The lower part is made up of hard, blue and bluish-gray, semi-com- 
 pact, silico-magnesian limestone, interstratified with light buflf and 
 drab, soft and earthy magnesian beds. Fifty feet of these strata crop 
 out at the quarries south of the plank-road bridge over Salt lliver, 
 and on Spencer's Creek, in Ralls County. 
 
 The middle beds sometimes pass into a pure white crystalline marble 
 of great beauty, as at Cape Girardeau. 
 
 Organic Remains. — Fossils are abundant in all parts of the forma- 
 tion. Lcptsena deltoidea, L. sericea, L. alternata, Orthis pectinella, 
 0. tedudinaria, 0. tricenaria, Rhynchonella capax, Murchisonia 
 gracilis, M. hellicincta, Receptaculites sulcata, and Chaetetes lycop)er- 
 don are most common. 
 
 Black lliver and Bird's-eye Limestone. — " They are bluish-gray or 
 dovC'Colored, compact, brittle limestones, with a smooth, conchoidal 
 fracture. The beds vary in thickness from a few inches to several feet." 
 " Near the base the rock is frequently traversed in all directions by 
 vermicular cavities and cells." 
 
 Gonioceras anceps, Ormoceras tenuifolium, and Gythere sublevis 
 are the most abundant fossils. 
 
 1st Magnesian Limestone. — This formation is developed in many 
 parts of the State. It is usually a gray or buff, crystalline, cherty, 
 silico-magnesian limestone, filled with small irregular masses of a soft, 
 white, or greenish-yellow silicious substance, which rapidly decomposes 
 when exposed, and leaves the rock full of irregular cavities, and cov- 
 ered with rough projecting points. These rugged, weather-worn strata 
 crop out in the prairies, and cap the picturesque bluffs of the Osage in 
 Benton and the neighboring counties. 
 
 These beds often pass into a homogeneous buff or gray crystalline 
 magnesian limestone, which is frequently clouded with blue or pink, 
 and would make a good fire-rock and building stone. 
 
 At other places the strata become compact, hard, and clouded, as 
 above, forming a still more beautiful and durable marble. 
 
 Some of the upper beds are silicious, presenting a porous, semi- 
 transparent, vitreous mass, in which are disseminated numerous small, 
 globular, white, enamelar, oolitic particles. They are sometimes in 
 regular and continuous strata ; at others in irregular masses, present- 
 ing mammillated, and batryoidal and drusy forms of this beautiful 
 mineral. In some parts of Benton and the neighboring counties these 
 masses, left by the denuded strata, literally cover the surface and ren- 
 der the soil almost valueless for ordinary cultivation. 
 
 Other strata abound in concretions, or organic forms, which resemble 
 
136 GEOLOGY. 
 
 wooden button-moulds, with a central aperture and one convex surface. 
 Masses of calcareous spar are quite abundant in the upper beds. But 
 the lower part of this fornaation is made up of thin, regular strata, of 
 a soft, earthy, light drab or cream-colored silico -argillaceous mague- 
 sian limestone. 
 
 Above the beds already described we find, in several places in the 
 State, a succession of hard, silicious, dark bluish-gray, semi-crystalline 
 limestones, interstratified with grayish-drab, earthy magnesian varie- 
 ties, all in regular layers destitute of chert. These strata have been 
 joined to the first magnesian limestone, with the expectation that they 
 may prove distinct from the calciferous sandrock and the first magne- 
 sian limestone, and be identified with the chazy limestone or some other 
 formation. 
 
 Straparollus Isevata (?), a small variety of Cythcre sublevis, and a 
 large Orihoceras have been observed. 
 
 Saccharoidal Sandstone. — This formation is usually a bed of white, 
 friable sandstone, slightly tinged with red and brown, which is made 
 up of globular concretions and angular fragments of limpid quartz. 
 It presents very imperfect strata, but somewhat more distinct lines of 
 deposition, variously inclined to the planes of stratification. 
 
 This interesting formation has a wide range over the State. I have 
 seen it in Ralls, Boone, Saline, Cooper, Moniteau, Pettis, Benton, 
 Morgan, Hickory, St. Clair, Cedar, Polk, and Dallas; and Drs. Shu- 
 mard and Litton observed it in Perry, Franklin, St. Genevieve and 
 other counties. 
 
 Its thickness is very variable, from one to one hundred and twenty- 
 five feet. At times it thickens very rapidly ; so much so, as to increase 
 thirty or forty feet in a few hundred yards. 
 
 In a bluff about two miles northeast of Warsaw is a very striking 
 illustration of this change of thickness. This sandstone crops out 
 along the bluff, between the 1st and 2d magnesian limestone, and in 
 a few yards decreases in thickness from twenty feet to one. Where 
 thinnest, it is semi-vitreous, and the line of demarkation between it and 
 the limestones is very distinct. 
 
 Near the same place is a locality where the sandstone thickens so 
 rapidly as to present the appearance of a dike, cutting off' the strata 
 of limestone above and below that formation. I have had specimens 
 broken from the junction of this dike- like mass with the wall of the 
 adjacent limestone, which are half sandstone and half limestone, show- 
 ing the two rocks firmly cemented together. 
 
 On Bear Creek, near Warsaw, as shown in the Second Annual Re- 
 port of Missouri Survey, at nermann, and in many other places, are 
 
GEOLOGY. 137 
 
 very striking instances of this dike-like development of this rock; but 
 I must admit that such a freak among sedimentary rocks I have never 
 observed in any other formation. 
 
 One might give a satisfactory reason for its penetrating the strata 
 above, but by what process of nature it was made to cut off the beds 
 below is not so obvious. There is, perhaps, a possibility that after the 
 deposition of the 2d magnesian limestone, the waters which depos- 
 ited the silicious matter of the sandstone first cut a channel in the 
 upper strata of the limestone. But future investigations may enable 
 us to solve the difficulty more satisfactorily. 
 
 A very large Orthoceras is found in this sandstone. 
 
 2d Magnesian Limestone. — The lithological characters of this 
 formation are very much like those of the 1st magnesian limestone, 
 above described. 
 
 The following section from the bluffs of the Osage, above Warsaw, 
 *will give an idea of its general character: — 
 
 No. 1. 12 feet. — First magnesian limestone. 
 
 No. 2. 4 feet. — Saccharoidal sandstone. 
 
 No. 3. 15 feet. — Soft, earthy, fine-grained, yellowish-white or drab 
 silico-magnesian limestone, with a conchoidal, earthy fracture in beds 
 from half of an inch to one foot thick, interstratified with thin layers 
 of bluish silico-argillaceous magnesian limestone. It is called "Cotton 
 Bock. " 
 
 No. 4. 1 foot. — Coarse-grained, crystalline, greenish-brown lime- 
 stone, in thin laminae. The crystals are as large as buck-shot, and 
 give the rock a brecciated appearance. 
 
 No. 5. 8 feet. — Limestone, like No. 3, interstratified with chert. 
 
 No. 6. 10 feet. — Compact, buff silicious limestone, filled with heavy 
 spar and iron pyrites, some parts so variegated with flesh-colored 
 spots as to present the appearance of a breccia — a beautiful and dur- 
 able marble. 
 
 No. 7. 3 feet. — Coarse, gray and brown, and buff crystalline mag- 
 nesian limestone, filled with masses and veins of calcareous spar. 
 
 No. 8. 1 foot.— Like No. 3. 
 
 No. 9. 5 feet.— Like No. T. 
 
 No. 10. 5 feet. — Hard, compact, gray silicious limestone, interstrat- 
 ified with chert and "cotton rock." 
 
 No. 11. 1 foot. — Yellowish-gray saccharoidal sandstone. 
 
 No. 12. 4 feet— Like No. 10. 
 
 No. 13. 10 feet.— Like No. 3. 
 
 No. 14. 5 feet. — Semi-oolitic, sub-crystalline, hard, gray silicious 
 limestone, interstratified with compact, flesh-colored silicious beds. 
 
138 GEOLOGY. 
 
 'No. 15. G feet. — Soft, buff, fine-grained magnesian limestone, inter- 
 stratified with chert and a compact, flesh- colored silicious limestone. 
 
 No. 16. 25 feet. — Coarse, gray and buff silico-magnesian limestone, 
 variegated by cavities filled with a white or yellowish pulverulent sili- 
 cious substance, which decomposes on exposure and leaves the rock 
 porous. It is an excellent fire-rock. 
 
 No. 17. 4 feet— Like No. 14. 
 
 No. 18. 10 feet.— Like No. 15. Strata undulating. 
 
 No. 19. 2 feet. — Fine, compact, flesh-colored silicious limestone. 
 
 No. 20. 8 feet. — Hard, gray, crystalline, semi-vitreous, calcareous 
 sandstone, with chert interspersed. 
 
 No, 21. 20 feet.— Slope to water. 
 
 2d Sandstone. — This is usually a brown, or yellowish-brown, fine- 
 grained sandstone, distinctly stratified in regular beds, varying from 
 two to eighteen inches in thickness. The surfaces are often ripple 
 marked and micaceous. It is sometimes quite friable, though generally 
 sufficiently indurated for building purposes. The upper part is often 
 made up of thin strata of light, soft and porous, semi-pulverulent sandy 
 chert or horn-stone, whose cavities are usually lined with limpid crys- 
 tals of quartz. Fragments of these strata are very abundant in the 
 soil and on the ridges where this sandstone forms the surface rock. It 
 someiimes becomes a pure, white, fine-grained, soft sandstone, as on 
 Cedar Creek, in Washington County, in Franklin, and other localities. 
 
 3d Magnesian Limestone. — This limestone is exposed on the high 
 and j)icturesque bluffs of the Niangua, in the neighborhood of Bryce's 
 Spring, where the following strata were observed : — 
 
 No. 1. 50 feet. — 2d sandstone. 
 
 No. 2. 80 feet. — Gray and buff crystalline silico-magnesian lime- 
 stone, somewhat clouded with flesh-colored spots and bluish bands. It 
 is regularly stratified in thick beds, some of which have many cells 
 filled with a white, pulverulent, silicious substance ; while others are 
 ferruginous and semi-oolitic. It contains very little chert. 
 
 No. 3. 50 feet. — Blue and white ferruginous chert, interstratified 
 with hard, compact, and flesh-colored silicious limestone. 
 
 No. 4. 190 feet. — Like No. 2, save some beds are hard, compact, 
 buff or flesh-colored, and silicious. 
 
 No. 5 20 feet. — Light drab, fine-grained, crystalline silico-magne- 
 sian limestone, often slightly tinged with peach-blossom, and beauti- 
 fully clouded with darker spots and bands of the same hue or flesh- 
 color. It is distinctly stratified in beds of medium thickness. 
 
 No. 6. 50 feet.— Like No. 2. 
 
 No. 7. 30 feet — 3d sandstone ; crops out lower down. 
 
GEOLOGY. 139 
 
 3d Sandstone. — This is a white saccharoidal sandstone, made up of 
 slightly-cohering, transparent, globular and angular particles of silex. 
 It shows but little appearance of stratification, yet the well-marked 
 lines of deposition, like those of a Missouri sand-bar, indicate its form- 
 ation in moving water. 
 
 4th Magnesian Limestone. — This presents more permanent and 
 uniform lithological characters than any of the magnesian limestones. 
 It is usually a grayish-buff, coarse-grained, crystalline magnesian lime- 
 stone, containing a few cavities filled with less indurated silicious 
 matter. Its thick, uniform beds contain but little chert. 
 
 The best exposures of this formation are on the Niangua and Osage 
 Rivers. 
 
 This magnesian limestone series is very interesting, both in its 
 scientific and economical relations. It covers a large portion of 
 Southern and Southeastern Missouri, is remarkable for its extensive 
 caves and large springs, and contains all the vast deposits of lead, 
 zinc, copper, cobalt, haematite ores of iron, and nearly all the marble 
 beds of the State. Thoy indeed contain a large part of all our min- 
 eral wealth. 
 
 The lower part of the 1st magnesian limestone, the saccharoidal 
 sandstone, the 2d magnesian limestone, the 2d sandstone, and the 
 upper part of the 3d magnesian limestone belong without doubt to the 
 age of the calciferous sand-rock ; but the remainder of the series may 
 prove to be Potsdam sandstone. 
 
 Igneous Rocks. — There are a series of rounded knobs and hills in 
 St. Francois, Iron, Dent, and the neighboring counties, which are 
 principally made up of granite, jiorphyry and greenstone. These 
 igneous rocks contain those wonderful beds of specular iron, of which 
 Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob are samples. 
 
 These mountains of iron and igneous rocks are older than the oldest 
 of the stratified rocks above described; as the beds of the latter rest 
 against the sides of the former without exhibiting signs of any con- 
 siderable disturbance. 
 
140 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 COAL. — Mineral coal has done much to promote the rapid pro- 
 gress of the present century; commerce and manufactures could not 
 have reached their present unprecedented prosperity without its aid. 
 And no people can expect success in those departments of human 
 industry, unless their territory furnishes an abundance of this useful 
 mineral. Previous to the present State Survey, it was known that 
 coal existed in many counties of the State ; but there was no definite 
 knowledge of the continuation of workable beds over any consider- 
 able areas. But since the Geological Survey commenced, the south- 
 eastern outcrop of the Coal Measures has been traced from the 
 mouth of the Des Moines, through Clark, Lewis, Shelby, Monroe, 
 Audrain, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Henry, St. Clair, Bates, and Yer- 
 non into the Indian territory; and every county on the northwest of 
 this line is known to contain more or less coal, giving us an area of 
 over 26,000 square miles of coal beds in that part of the State. The 
 Geological Survey has proved the existence of vast quantities of coal 
 in Johnston, Pettis, Lafayette, Cass, Cooper, Chariton, Howard, 
 Boone, Saline, Putnam, Adair, Macon, Carroll, Callaway, Audrain ; 
 and it is.confideutly expected that the counties to the northwest will 
 prove to DC as rich when fully examined. 
 
 Outside of the coal field, as given above, the regular coal rocks 
 also exist in Ralls, Montgomery, Callaway, St. Charles, and St. 
 Louis; and local deposits of cannel and bituminous coal in Moni- 
 teau, Cole, Morgan, Saline, Cooper, Callaway, and probably other 
 counties. 
 
 Workable beds of good coal exist in nearly all places where the 
 Coal Measures are developed, as some of the best beds are near the 
 base and must crop out on the borders of the coal-field. This is 
 found to be the fact where examinations have been made. All of 
 the little outliers along the borders contain more or less coal, though 
 the strata are not more than ten or fifteen feet thick. 
 
 But exclusive of these outliers and local deposits, we have an 
 area of 26,88'7 square miles of the regular Coal Measures. If the 
 average thickness of workable coal be one foot only, it will give 
 26,887,000,000* tons for the whole area occupied by coal rocks. 
 
 * The mining engineers of England allow 1,000,000 tons jjer square mile for 
 every foot of workable coal. 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 141 
 
 But in many places the tliickness of the workable beds is over fifteen 
 feet ; and the least estimate that can be made for the whole area is 
 five feet. This will give 134,435,000,000 tons of good available coal 
 in our State. In our efforts to estimate the economical value of so 
 vast a deposit of this most useful mineral, we should constantly bear 
 in mind the position of these beds, beneath the soil of one of the 
 richest agricultural regions on the continent, within a State whose 
 manufacturing and commercial facilities and resources are scarcely 
 inferior to any, and adjacent to the Missouri River and the Pacific, 
 the North Missouri and the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroads. 
 With all these advantages of location, the certainty that these coal 
 beds can furnish 100,000,000 tons per annum for the next 1300 years, 
 and then have enough left for a few succeeding generations, is a fact 
 of no small importance to the State. 
 
 The local deposits of cannel and common bituminous varieties 
 furnish some of the best coal in the State, and, though many of these 
 beds will not yield sufficient quantities for exportation or extensive 
 manufacturing purposes, they are of great value for supplying the 
 local demand. But some of the beds of the cannel varieties could 
 furnish a very large supply of an excellent article for gas, oil, and 
 those manufacturing purposes, where a light pure coal, producing an 
 abundance of flame, is desirable. 
 
 IRON. — Among minerals, iron stands pre-eminent in its influence 
 upon the power and prosperity of a nation. Nations who possess it 
 in large quantities, and by whom it is extensively manufactured, seem 
 to partake of its hardy nature and sterling qualities. Missouri pos- 
 sesses an inexhaustible supply of the very best ores of this metal. 
 She also has all desirable facilities for becoming the great iron mart 
 of the Western continent. 
 
 Specular Oxide. — This is, probably, the most abundant and val- 
 uable ore in the State. Iron Mountain is the largest mass observed, 
 and is made up almost exclusively of this ore in its purest form ; as 
 it contains no perceptible quantity of other mineral, save some less 
 than one per cent, of silica, which improves rather than injures its 
 quality. 
 
 .iut little need be said of this mountain of iron, as there is no 
 iv m for speculation or doubt as to the quantity or quality — one is 
 inexhaustible, and the other cannot be improved for many purposes. 
 The quantity above the level of the valley is easily estimated. The 
 height of the mountain is 228 feet, and its base covers an area of 
 500 acres, which gives, according to Dr. Litton, 1,655,280,000 cubic 
 feet, or 230, 187,375 tons of ore. But this is only a fraction of the 
 
142 MIXEKAL RESOURCES. 
 
 ore at this locality. The nature of the ore, the plutonic character of 
 the associated rocks, aud the position of the ore beneath the level of 
 the valley, and of the sedimentary rocks skirting the base of the 
 mountain, all indicate its igneous origin, and that it extends down- 
 ward indefinitely, enlarging as it descends. But, on the supposition 
 that it continues of the same size, every foot of descent will give 
 over 3,000,000 tons of ore. Each one can judge for himself how 
 deep he will be compelled to go to get enough. 
 
 Several veins of this ore, of good quality, are found intersecting 
 the porphyry at the Shut-in, in township 33, range 4, north half sec- 
 tion 2. The largest vein exposed is nearly vertical, ranging north and 
 south, and is one foot thick. One of the first iron furnaces in this 
 part of the country was erected at this place. There are other im- 
 portant localities of this ore in the neighborhood of Pilot Knob. 
 The Bogy or Buford Ore Bed, in township 33, range 3 east, north- 
 east quarter section 24; the Big Bogy Mountain, in township 33, 
 range 3 east, southeast quarter section 13 ; and the Russell Mountain, 
 in township 33, range 3 east, east half section 3, are the most noted. 
 
 Specular ore of the best quality abounds at a number of localities 
 in Phelps County. The oldest known, and, perhaps, most valuable 
 deposit in this county, is the Maramec Ore Banks, situated about a 
 half mile from the Maramec, on the west side. This bank was 
 opened as early as 1826, by Messrs. Massey and James, who com- 
 menced the erection of a furnace, which was completed in the month 
 of January, 1829, and has been in operation at intervals up to the 
 present time. The ore, which is a rich, compact specular variety, is 
 wrought by Messrs. James, the present proprietors, with consider- 
 able profit. It occurs in large rounded or angular masses, and ap- 
 pears to be almost inexhaustible. 
 
 When the masses are broken they exhibit cavities filled with small, 
 extremely beautiful, fibrous crystals of iron, which are highly irides- 
 cent, and sometimes perfectly transparent quartz crystals. In some 
 parts of the bank the specular ore is imbedded in a soft, purplish 
 hematite, which is quite soapy to the touch. It forms an excellent 
 and valuable paint, for which purpose large quantities, I am told, 
 are sent annually to the Eastern cities. 
 
 In section 32, township 37, range 8, there is an extensive deposit of 
 specular ore very similar in character to the Maramec bank. 
 
 In Dent County, in sections 2, 3, 10, and 11, of township 35, range 
 4 west, is one of the most valuable and extensive deposits of the specu- 
 lar oxide of iron in that part of the State. The ore is rich and pure, 
 and will yield a very large per cent, of the very best iron. In appear- 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 143 
 
 ance the ore is intermediate between that of the Iron Mountain and 
 that at the Pilot Knob ; but in quality it is not surpassed by either. 
 
 Iron ore is found at many localities in Pulaski County. A large 
 deposit of specular iron ore similar to that used at the Maramec 
 Iron Works in Phelps County, was examined in section 31, township 
 37, range 12. 
 
 These are but a few of the many localities of this ore known to 
 exist in various parts of the State. 
 
 The Specular and Magnetic Oxides. — At Shepard Mountain tlie 
 ore is usually a mixture of these varieties, (the magnetic being the 
 least abundant,) in a very pure state ; as they yield less than two per 
 cent, of silex and alumina, which are the only substances perceptible 
 in most of the ore; and they do not injure its quality. The ore at 
 this mountain exists in vertical veins, ranging in different directions 
 through the porphyry of which the mountain is composed. They 
 vary in thickness from one foot to fourteen. Three of these veins 
 have been partially explored. They will yield an enormous amount 
 of ore, as they, doubtless, continue downward indefinitely; for they 
 have every appearance of an igneous origin. They exist in nearly 
 perpendicular fissures in a plutonic rock ; the walls of these fissures 
 appear to be striated in places ; the purple porphyry on each side 
 has lost its color and become very soft and somewhat friable, as might 
 be expected from such a rock, after exposure to heat and the action 
 of atmospheric influences ; and besides, fragments of the porphyry 
 were detected in the ore ; and they changed in the same manner as 
 the wall rocks. Such facts, it seems to me, indicate an igneous 
 origin, and the indefinite continuation of the vein in a doAvnward 
 direction. 
 
 Silicious Specular Oxide. — The ore of the Pilot Knob is somewhat 
 different from the other iron ore of this neighborhood, both in appear- 
 ance and composition. It is more compact and breaks with a gray 
 steel-like fracture, and contains ten or twenty per cent, of silica. The 
 silica should make the ore no less valuable, as the presence of that 
 mineral usually renders it more fusible and better adapted to some 
 uses. Pilot Knob is 581 feet high, (its base 531 feet above St. Louis,) 
 and it covers an area of 360 acres. A large portion of this mountain 
 is pure ore ; but it is not so easy to estimate the quantity, as it is in- 
 terstratified with the slates, which, together with the ore, form the 
 greater portion of the mountain. At any rate, the quantity is enor- 
 mous, and may be considered inexhaustible. The amount above the 
 surface cannot be less than 13,972,1'73 tons. But it evidently far 
 exceeds this estimate ; for the thick stratum from which the most of 
 
144 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 the ore has been obtained will give nearly 10,000,000 tons. There 
 are several strata above, and, at least, one below. Whether this ore 
 had an igneous origin, is not so certain ; still the metamorphosed 
 character of the slates with which it is interstratified, the relative 
 position of the plutonic rocks below and around it, and its similarity 
 to the ores in Shepard Mountain, Iron Mountain, and the Shut-in, 
 all go to show its igneous origin. If this be true, the main stratum 
 is probably connected with the fissure through which it was ejected. 
 This fissure or vein is to be sought on the southwestern side, where 
 the dip of this stratum brings it near the base of the mountain or 
 within its base. 
 
 There is no probability that this valuable ore can be exhausted 
 within any time, sufficiently short, to affect the market value of the 
 deposit. 
 
 There is ore enough of the very best quality within a few miles of 
 Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, above the surface of the valleys, to 
 furnish 1,000,000 tons per annum of manufactured iron for the next 
 two hundred years. 
 
 All of these ores are well adapted to the manufacture of pig-metal ; 
 and those of Iron Mountain and Shepard Mountain are used for 
 making blooms by the Catalan process, in the Bloomeries, at Pilot 
 Knob and at Valle Forge. 
 
 Hematite. — This ore is very generally diffused through the south- 
 ern part of the State wherever the ferruginous sandstone, or the 
 2d and 3d magnesian limestones are developed, as it is most abund- 
 ant in those formations. The hematite of the ferruginous sand- 
 stone is not generally so uniform in texture and so pure as that 
 found in the calciferous sandrock. There are three important local- 
 ities of it in Cooper County. One is immediately on the bluff's of 
 the Blackwater, in township 48, range 19 west, northeast quarter sec- 
 tion 3. The ore at this place forms a stratum in the sandstone, some 
 three feet thick, which promises an abundant yield. The same ore 
 again shows itself in the same geological position, in section 33 of 
 the same township, where it covers a large area, and will furnish 
 much more ore than the last locality. Loose masses were also seen 
 in township 41, range 19, section 35, which had evidently fallen 
 down from this sandstone in the hill above. The same ore was also 
 observed on the eastern bluff's of the La Mine, above the mouth of 
 Clear Creek. Large blocks of hematite were discovered resting 
 on the surface of the encrinital limestone on the brow of a bluff in 
 township 39, range 24, section 28, in St. Clair County. The ore at 
 this place has been derived from the sandstone which had disinte- 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 145 
 
 s:rated and left the iron. In townsliip 38, range 26, some half mile 
 southeast of the Salt Creek Sulphur Springs, which are in section 
 27, I saw a great many large blocks of this ore from the same sand- 
 stone. There are also localities on Grand River, in Henry County. 
 
 One of the most valuable localities of iron was observed in the 
 southwestern part of Greene County. Large masses of fibrous brown 
 hematite cover several acres in the southeast quarter of section 24, 
 township 21, range 24. The bed is more than eight feet thick in a 
 shaft sunk into it. In the southwest quarter, section 19, township 27, 
 range 23, we saw another large bed of the same ore. The same ore 
 covers many acres in the northwest quarter of the same section. It 
 also abounds in section 7 of the same township, and in sections 14 and 
 15, township 27, range 24. There are also large beds of this ore to 
 the north and northeast of these localities. Some important beds 
 of the common brown hematite occur at Pond Springs, and several 
 other localities in Greene County. In section 2, township 25, range 
 25, in Stone County, large quantities of the ore were observed. Beds 
 of less importance were also seen in nearly all the counties examined 
 in the southern part of the State. 
 
 The hematite of the magnesian limestones is of better quality 
 and more extensively diffused. The most important localities in the 
 2d magnesian limestone are in Franklin County, in townships 41 
 and 42, range 1 east. These beds will yield a large amount of 
 excellent ore. There is also a quantity of this ore a short distance 
 above Warsaw and several localities west of Buffalo. Many local- 
 ities of it were observed in the 3d magnesian limestone. But the 
 most important is in the ridge, in the forks of the Big and Little 
 Niangua, extending from the mouth of the latter to section 12, town- 
 ship 38, range 18. The slopes of this ridge and the ravines skirting 
 it are covered with fragments of the ore in such quantities as seem 
 to indicate a vast deposit. The hematite in township 34, range 3, 
 section 21, is probably in this limestone. The ore is good; but I 
 cannot speak with certainty of the amount. 
 
 The 4th magnesian limestone also contains several important 
 deposits of this ore in Camden. 
 
 In the northwest quarter of section 27, township 36, range 7, large 
 masses of specular and brown iron ore abound on the surface. A 
 shaft of fifteen feet has been sunk here, from which a good deal of 
 argillaceous red hematite has been taken. 
 
 In Perry County several fine deposits of hematite ore have been 
 discovered. The Birmingham beds are, perhaps, the most import- 
 ant. These beds are located near the mouth of Apple Creek, in 
 
 10 
 
14G MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 what are called Iron Ridge and Iron Hill. The ore is abundant and 
 good. 
 
 In Stoddard County, near Kitchen's Mill, I discovered large quan- 
 tities of this ore. It was used in building the dam for the mill. In 
 township 27, range 9, the bluffs toward Duck Creek Swamp contain 
 vast beds of good hematite. I followed the outcrop several miles 
 along the bluffs. But the most extensive of the deposits of this ore 
 was discovered in the bluffs facing Mingo Swamp, in township 21, 
 ranges 8 and 9. Here it appears as a regular stratum in the mag- 
 nesian limestones. It is four or five feet thick, and extends along 
 the bluff nearly a mile. 
 
 In Scott County I discovered several beds of this ore in the ter- 
 tiary rocks in the bluffs facing the southern swamps. The beds are 
 extensive ; but the quality is inferior. 
 
 Bog Ore is very abundant in the swamps of Southeast Missouri. 
 I examined vast beds of this in Scott County, in section 2, township 
 27, range 14, on the Stake Glades, where the ore is nearly one foot 
 thick over a large area. From this point the ore was seen at short 
 intervals in St. John's Lake or swamp down to the Iron Ore Ford, 
 where the quantity is very great — the bed about one foot thick. This 
 ore also exists in Big Cypress west of Sandy Prairie. It was also 
 discovered in extensive beds in the swamp southwest of Charleston, 
 Mississippi County. In Dunklin County, in Buffalo and Honey 
 Cypresses, fine beds were discovered several miles in length. The 
 quantity of this ore in this part of the State is very great — more 
 than enough to supply all future demands. 
 
 Spathic Ore or Carbonate of Iron.— This ore is found in greater 
 or less quantities in all parts of the State where the coal measures 
 exist; but the most valuable beds yet examined are those in the 
 tertiary rocks in the bluff of the southern and eastern parts of town- 
 ship 28, range 13, and township 29, range 14. There are four 
 regular strata of the ore, varying from one to two feet in thickness. 
 These beds crop out of the southern face of the bluffs at various 
 points between Benton and Commerce. The ore is good, and may 
 be worked to great advantage. 
 
 LEAD. — Next to iron, lead is perhaps the most abundant of all the 
 valuable metals in the State. Our lead mines have been worked with 
 great success for the last half century. It is true that the amount of 
 mining done and the success at various points have been somewhat 
 variable, as is always the case in mining operations, when conducted 
 and carried on by men who have but little capital and practical 
 knowledge of the work ; as ours have been in some considerable de- 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 147 
 
 gree at least. Many of our mines have been neglected for various 
 reasons. Some on account of disputed titles, others from the general 
 depression of the business affairs of the "West; but there is no good 
 reason to suppose our mines would be less productive now than at any 
 previous period. Few or none have been exhausted ; and many are 
 now worked with greater success than at any previous time. All the 
 facts encourage a more extended effort to work out and more fully 
 develop some of the neglected lead mines of our State. 
 
 Our space will not permit a detailed account of the lead mines of 
 the State. There are more than five hundred localities, old and new, 
 that promise good returns to the miner; two hundred and sixteen have 
 been catalogued in my report on the southwest branch of the Pacific 
 Railroad. 
 
 The Eastern Lead Region comprises a large portion of Franklin, 
 Washington, Jefferson, Crawford, Phelps, Dent, Madison, St. Fran9ois, 
 St. Genevieve, and some parts of the adjoining counties, giving an area 
 of some 5000 square miles. 
 
 The Southwestern Lead Eegion comprises a large portion of New- 
 ton and Jasper, and portions of the adjoining counties, making an 
 area of about 200 square miles. 
 
 The Osage Lead Region contains a considerable portion of Cole, 
 Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Camden, and Miller Counties, an area of 
 about 1000 square miles. 
 
 The Southern Lead Region comprises portions of Taney, Christian, 
 and perhaps other counties. The extent is but little known ; at least 
 100 square miles have been examined. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that these areas, large as they are, contain 
 all the lead lands of the State. We have not yet examined a single 
 county south of the Osage and the Missouri without finding in it more 
 or less of this valuable mineral. And, besides, nearly all the counties 
 in Southern Missouri are underlaid by the true lead-bearing rocks of 
 our State. 
 
 We have then 6300 square miles in which lead deposits in workable 
 quantities have been found and successfully worked ; and at least 
 15,000 square miles more of lead-bearing rocks, where we may 
 reasonably expect to find valuable deposits of this mineral. I must 
 refer to the Ceological Reports for the details of our lead mines. 
 
 COPPER. — The copper mines of Shannon, Madison, and Franklin 
 Counties have been known for a long time. Some of the mines of 
 Shannon and Franklin were once worked with bright prospects of suc- 
 cess. Some in Madison. are still yielding with good results. 
 
 Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, 
 
148 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Maries, Greene, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, and Wright 
 Counties. But the mines in Franklin, Shannon, Madison, Dent, and 
 "Washington give greater promise of yielding profitable results than 
 any others yet discovered. When capitalists are prepared to work 
 these mines in a systematic manner, they may expect good returns for 
 the money invested. 
 
 ZINC. — Sulphuret of zinc is very abundant in nearly all the mines 
 in Southwestern Missouri, particularly in those mines in Newton and 
 Jasper, in the mountain limestone. The carbonate and the silicate 
 occur in the same localities, though in much smaller quantities. The 
 ores of zinc are also found in greater or less abundance in all the 
 counties on the southwestern branch; but the distance from market, 
 and the difficulties in smelting the most abundant of these ores, the 
 sulphuret, have prevented the miners from appreciating its real value. 
 
 It often occurs in such large masses as to impede very materially 
 the progress of mining operations. For this reason, black-jack is no 
 favorite with the miners of the Southwest. Many thousand tons have 
 been cast aside with the rubbish as so much worthless matter; but the 
 completion of the Southwestern Branch will so lessen the cost of trans- 
 portation as to give a market value to this ore, and convert into 
 valuable merchandise the vast quantities of it, which could be so 
 easily obtained in Jasper, Newton, and other counties of the South- 
 west. 
 
 Considerable quantities of the sulphuret, carbonate, and silicate, 
 also occur in the Eastern Lead Region. At Perry's mine, at Mount 
 Hope mine, in township 36, range 3, east, sections 4 and 7, and at a 
 locality near Potosi, these ores exist in some considerable quantities; 
 but little has been done to test the value of the ores of zinc in these 
 and other localities in the State. 
 
 COBALT AND NICKEL. — Ores of these metals are obtained in 
 some considerable quantities in Mine La Motte. Small quantities 
 only have been discovered in other localities. 
 
 MANGANESE. — The peroxide of manganese exists in small quan- 
 tities in the second sandstone, on the plank-road, west of St. Gene- 
 vieve, and at Buford's ore bank. 
 
 SILVER. — Silver has not been discovered in the State, save in 
 minute quantities in the sulphuret of lead. 
 
 GOLD. — Gold has been found in very small quantities in a few 
 places in the State ; but I have no evidence that any of the localities 
 will pay for working them. 
 
 PLATINUM. — Platinum has been reported in one or two localities 
 in the State ; but I have not been able to obtain any. 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 149 
 
 BUILDING MATERIALS.— The possession of materials for the 
 construction of habitations is one of the first necessities of the human 
 race ; and, as the race advances in civilization and wealth, the demand 
 for the more beautiful and durable qualities constantly increases, and 
 it becomes a matter of no small importance to determine whether we 
 are prepared to supply the demand which our advancement will create 
 for dwellings, warehouses, and public edifices. Our examinations in 
 Missouri prove the existence of such materials in nearly every forma- 
 tion in the State. 
 
 Limestones, suitable for building purposes, are abundant in the 
 Upper and Middle Coal Series, in the St. Louis Limestone, the Ar- 
 chimedes Limestone, the Encrinital Limestone, the Chouteau Lime- 
 stone, the Onondaga Limestone, the Cape Girardeau Limestone, the 
 Trenton Limestone, and the second, third, and fourth Magnesian Lime- 
 stones. All of these formations are, more or less, employed in the 
 places where they are exposed. Numbers 1 and 6 of the Upper 
 Coal Series furnished the rock used in the Presbyterian church 
 and the public-house, erected by Mr. Park, at Parkville, and in the 
 public buildings at Fort Leavenworth, all of which indicate their 
 durability and beauty ; and the ease with which it is wrought into any 
 desirable form renders it a very economical building material. No. 
 41, of the Middle Coal Series, is a light-gray semi-crystalline lime- 
 stone, which is both durable and beautiful. It is used at Lexington. 
 
 The St. Louis limestone has many beds of excellent rock, which 
 are extensively quarried and employed for various purposes in St. 
 Louis County. The Archimedes beds furnish a very great number 
 of very durable limestone. It is used for the custom-house in St. 
 Louis. The Encrinital strata are more extensively employed for econo- 
 mical purposes than any other limestone in the State. The State 
 University and the Court-house, at Columbia, furnish abundant proof of 
 its adaptation to building purposes. The upper beds of the Trenton 
 limestone, and the dark compact and the light magnesian strata in the 
 lower part, are very desirable building stones ; but the middle beds are 
 not so durable ; still they are sometimes used. The court-house, in 
 St. Louis, presents good examples of the Trenton limestone. 
 
 The strata of Cotton-Rock, so abundant in the magnesian lime- 
 stones, are much used. The State-house, Court-house, and many 
 other buildings at Jefferson City, show the adaptation of this lime- 
 stone to such purposes. This is the same as the buff limestone im- 
 ported into St. Louis from Illinois for houses. This rock is equally 
 good at many localities in our own State. These formations, also, 
 contain numerous beds of the silicious and the magnesian crystalline 
 
150 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 varieties, which are much stronger and more durable than the Cotton- 
 Rock. 
 
 Marbles. — There are several beds of excellent marble in the State. 
 The 4th division of the encrinital limestone is a white, coarse- 
 grained, crystalline marble, of great durability. It crops out in 
 several places in Marion County. One of the best localities is in 
 the bluffs of the Mississippi, between McFarlin's Branch and the 
 Fabius. The lithographic limestone would furnish a hard, fine- 
 grained, bluish-drab marble, that would contrast finely with white 
 varieties in tesselated pavements for halls and courts. 
 
 The Cooper marble of the Onondaga limestone has numerous pel- 
 lucid crystals of calcareous spar disseminated through a drab, or 
 bluish-drab, fine, compact base. It exists in great quantities on the 
 La Mine, in Cooper, and on See's Creek, and in other places in 
 Marion ; and it is admirably adapted to many ornamental uses. 
 
 McPherson's marble, a bed of the Trenton limestone, situated in the 
 vicinity of Rattlesnake Creek, is a hard, light-colored, compact lime- 
 stone, intersected with numerous thin veins of transparent, calcareous 
 spar, which give it a beautifully variegated surface when well polished. 
 It appears to be strong and durable. McPherson's marble block, on 
 Fourth Street, St. Louis, is constructed of it. 
 
 Cape Girardeau marble is also a part of the Trenton limestone 
 located near Cape Girardeau. It is nearly white, strong, and durable. 
 
 There are several beds of very excellent marble in the magnesian 
 limestone series. In sections 34 and 35 of township 34, range 3 east, 
 are several beds of semi-crystalline, light-colored marbles, beautifully 
 clouded with buff and flesh color. They receive a fine polish, are 
 durable, and well fitted for many varieties of ornamental work and 
 building purposes. But one of the most desirable of Missouri marbles 
 is in the 3d magnesian limestone, on the Niangua. It is a fine-grained, 
 crystalline, silico-magnesian limestone of a light drab, slightly tinged 
 with peach-blossom, and beautifully clouded with the same hue or 
 flesh color. It is twenty feet thick. This marble is rarely surpassed 
 in the qualities which fit it for ornamental architecture. The beautiful 
 Ozark marbles are well known. Some of them have been used in 
 ornamenting the Capitol at Washington. The localities are very 
 numerous throughout the Ozark region. 
 
 There are also several other beds in this and the other magnesian 
 limestones which are excellent marbles. Some are plain, while others 
 are so clouded as to present the appearance of breccias. 
 
 Granite. — Granite Knob will furnish any amount of a superior 
 coarse granite, admirably adapted to all structures where durability and 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 151 
 
 strength are desirable. Its introduction to general use in St. Louis 
 would add much to the architectural effects produced by her public 
 and private edifices. 
 
 Brick. — The pipe-clay and sands of the drift will furnish a large 
 amount of the very best materials suitable for manufacturing the most 
 durable and beautiful brick. The argillaceous portions of the bluff 
 make a very good article. It is generally diffused, and is almost uni- 
 versally employed for that purpose. Nearly every township in the 
 State has an abundance of these clays. 
 
 Fire-bricks are manufactured from the fire-clays of the lower coal 
 series in St. Louis County. These bricks have the reputation of pos- 
 sessing fine refractory properties. There are many beds of fire-clay in 
 the coal measures ; and besides, some beds of the Hudson River 
 group, in Ralls and Pike Counties; of the Hamilton group, in Pike 
 and Marion; and of the vermicular sandstone and shales on North 
 River, seem to possess all the qualities of the very best fire-clays. The 
 quantity of these clays is great, almost beyond computation. No pos- 
 sible demand could exhaust them. 
 
 Fire-rock has often been observed. Some of the more silicious beds 
 of the coal measures are very refractory, as many have discovered. 
 The upper strata of the ferruginous sandstone, some arenaceous beds 
 of the encrinital limestone, the upper part of the Chouteau limestone, 
 and the fine-grained, impure beds of the magnesian limestones, all 
 possess qualities which will enable them to withstand the action of 
 fire. But the 2d and 3d sandstones are the most refractory rocks 
 yet examined, and are well adapted to use where great strength and 
 firmness are not demanded. They are used in the furnaces at Iron 
 Mountain and Pilot Knob. 
 
 Paints. — There are several beds of purple shales in the coal meas- 
 ures which seem to possess the properties requisite for paints used in 
 outside work. Nos. 10, 31, and 50 of this formation have shales 
 of a bright-purple color and firm texture. But No. 10 possesses the 
 best qualities. It has a more uniform texture and color, and is much 
 more abundant than either of the others. This bed is exposed in the 
 bluff opposite to Bethlehem; at Fort Kearney, in a bluff ten milee 
 below that station, opposite Sonora ; at the mouth of the Little Ne- 
 maha ; and at Dallas, Weston, and Parkville. Mr. Park, of the last 
 place, has used it with oil, both alone and mixed with white-lead, for 
 outside work ; and several years' exposure have proved it very durable. 
 Its color is more brilliant when prepared with oil; but when mixed 
 with white-lead it produces a dark, dull, peach-blossom color, which is 
 very agreeable and appropriate for some purposes. Its properties as 
 
152 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 a fire-proof paint were also tested by Mr. Park. An inch board was 
 covered with a thick coat, when coals were burned upon the painted 
 side until the whole thickness of the board was charred; but the paint 
 remained firm and uncracked. He has also compared it in use with 
 the famous Ohio paint, and thinks ours the best. At several of the 
 above localities thousands of tons could be thrown from the beds into 
 a boat lying in the river beneath. 
 
 Cements. — All of the limestone formations in the State, from the 
 coal measures to the 4th magnesian, have more or less strata of very 
 nearly pure carbonate of lime, which will consequently make good 
 quick-lime. But few if any of the States have such an abundance, and 
 so general a distribution of this important article of domestic use. 
 
 All the limestones whose physical characters indicated hydraulic 
 properties have been collected, and some of them subjected to analysis. 
 So far as can be judged from the results obtained, we have many 
 beds of hydraulic limestone. Several beds of the coal measures are 
 hydraulic* 
 
 Vermicular Sandstone and Shales. — The middle beds are hydraulic, 
 as indicated by the analysis. 
 
 Lithographic Limestone. — The upper beds come in this class. 
 
 Cape Girardeau Limestone. — The analysis and description show 
 good hydraulic properties. 
 
 Magnesian Limestones. — Several beds in these formations are 
 hydraulic. 
 
 Chouteau Limestone. — The upper division of this formation, as it 
 is developed in Boone, Cooper, and Moniteau Counties, gives the best 
 indications of excellent hydraulic properties. The beds are about 
 thirty feet thick, and have a uniform texture and composition. These 
 very much resemble the hydraulic strata at Louisville, and can furnish 
 any desiral^le quantity. 
 
 Vermicular Sandstone and Shales. — The middle beds of this form- 
 ation, both in Marion and Cooper, have superior hydraulic properties. 
 This is especially indicated by the dark-clouded beds which were passed 
 through in sinking the well of Mr. Winston Walker, in Cooper. 
 
 Hudson River Group. — The upper and lower beds of this formation 
 give good evidence of being hydraulic. 
 
 From present indications, the hydraulic limestones of our State may 
 be expected to supply the home demand and furnish large quantities 
 for exportation. 
 
 ROAD MATERIALS. — In a country where the superficial deposits 
 
 * See Second Annual Report, page 168. 
 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 153 
 
 make such bad roads it is a matter of no small importance to have an 
 abundance of good materials for highways. The limestones, so 
 abundant in the country, are much used for macadamized roads. But 
 the rapid pulverization of liruerock, and the consequent mud and dust, 
 particularly in towns and cities, render it very desirable to point out a 
 more durable and economical substitute. The coarse gravels of the 
 boulder formation and of the river beds furnish an abundance of the 
 best possible substitute. These deposits contain gravels of any degree 
 of fineness, from the sand suited to the formation of footpaths to the 
 pebbles best adapted for carriage-ways. Any amount, of any given 
 coarseness, may be obtained by screening, in all parts of the country, 
 either from the drift or the river-beds. These pebbles have the 
 advantage of limestones in several particulars : — 
 
 1st. They are more durable, being fragments of chert and the 
 harder igneous and crystalline rocks, which have withstood the action 
 of those unknown but all-powerful causes which have worn away and 
 ground to dust so large a portion of our superficial rocks, and trans- 
 ported to our territory such quantities of the rocks in situ, several 
 hundred miles to the north. Those from the river-beds, also, have 
 been exposed to aqueous action for unknown ages. 
 
 2d. They are less injurious to animals and carriages, as all the peb- 
 bles are water-worn and rounded. 
 
 3d. By their use we should avoid the impalpable dust of the lime- 
 stone, so injurious to health and property in our cities. We should, 
 also, escape much of the mud, which is scarcely less objectionable. 
 
 Should St. Louis but pave a single street with these pebbles, every 
 person living or doing business upon it would at once see the differ- 
 ence in comfort and health. The impalpable dust of the dry weather 
 and the liquid mud of the wet, would no longer soil the furniture and 
 goods of the houses and shops, and clog the lungs and disfigure the 
 garments of those passing over it. Material could be obtained from 
 various parts of the State. Good pebbles are abundant in the streams 
 of Marion, Boone, Cooper, and Moniteau. The Osage and its tribu- 
 taries can supply any needed quantity, and there can be no doubt 
 that the Gasconade and the Maramec have a good supply of them in 
 localities nearer St. Louis. Small steamers could easily reach bars 
 made up of good pebbles, on the Osage, the La Mine, and other 
 streams, and obtain a supply sufficient to meet all demands. 
 
 Lithographic Limestone. — This is a very fine, compact, even- 
 textured rock, which resembles the best lithographic stones so closely 
 that hand-specimens of them can scarcely be distinguished. 
 
 Messrs. Schaerff & Brother, of St. Louis, have tested this rock, 
 
154 SPRINGS. 
 
 and pronounced some parts of it good. Excellent slabs large enough 
 for small engravings can be obtained with ease ; but the jointed struc- 
 ture of the strata, and an occasional particle of iron pyrites, will make 
 it difficult to get large slabs of suitable quality. 
 
 SPRINGS. — We have a great abundance of Springs, both fresh and 
 mineral. The fresh springs are very numerous in all parts examined, 
 and' some of them are very large. 
 
 Bryce's Spring, on the Niangua, is the largest observed. The 
 quantity discharged was carefully measured, and it was ascertained 
 that 455,328 cubic feet of water were discharged per hour, and 
 10,927,872 cubic feet per diem. The Gunter and Sweet Springs are 
 not quite so large; and, what increases their value, the quantity and 
 temperature of the water scarcely changes during the year. We have 
 several varieties of mineral springs — chalybeate, sulphur, and brine. 
 The most important chalybeate spring observed is in or beneath 
 the ferruginous sandstone, west of Osceola. Salt springs are very 
 generally diffused. The sulphur springs are also very abundant ; and 
 a- few have acquired some considerable reputation for their sanitary 
 qualities. Those most popular are the Chouteau Springs, in Cooper; 
 the Elk Springs, in Pike ; and the Monagan Springs, in St. Clair. 
 We have seen sulphur springs in Marion, Pike, Howard, Cooper, 
 Saline, Benton, St. Clair, and St. Louis Counties. 
 
 Petroleum Springs. — I am indebted to the Hon. Charles Sims for 
 a bottle of petroleum, from what is commonly called Tar Spring^ 
 situated about five miles west of Coldwater Grove, which is near the 
 middle of the western boundary of Cass County. The petroleum 
 usually rises with the water, and forms a stratum on its surface ; but, 
 in drought, when the spring does not discharge water, it comes up in 
 a pure state and fills the basin. 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. 155 
 
 AGKICULTURAL RESOUECES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 In determining the value of a country, wliether it be to secure 
 national greatness or individual wealth and happiness, the character 
 of the soil is of the first importance, as the largest portion of the 
 wealth of individuals and the power of nations depend primarily 
 upon the products of the earth ; and, indeed, without a good soil, no 
 nation can hope to enjoy any permanent prosperity and greatness. 
 
 It is doubtless true that the soil of Missouri surpasses that of any 
 other equal portion of our continent in fertility and variety, and in 
 adaptation to the varied wants of an enlightened people. While 
 our soils and climate are surpassed by none for the production of 
 corn, wheat, oats, grasses, hemp, and tobacco, nearly all the staple 
 products of Europe and North America would do well in some parts 
 of the State. In the northern part, the potato, the grasses, and 
 cereals of the cooler northern States are most luxuriant; and in the 
 southern portion we see the cane and cotton of the Sunny South; 
 and in the central highlands, the cereals, grapes, and other fruits of 
 Central and Southern Europe are yielding their rich harvests and 
 delicious fruits as kindly as upon their chosen hills in Normandy and 
 Italy. 
 
 There are many varieties of Soil in the State. Some of them 
 deserve a more detailed description. 
 
 1. Alluvial Soil. — This variety occupies the bottom lands of all 
 our large streams. It is based upon the beds of sand, clay, and 
 humus of the alluvial formation, above described, and is one of the 
 most desirable and productive of all in the State. Its physical 
 properties are such, it is so light and porous and deep, that in wet 
 weather the superabundance of water readily passes off; while, in 
 drought, the roots sink deep, and the water below easily ascends by 
 capillary attraction and keeps the surface moist. These scientific 
 deductions are abundantly sustained by the experience of those who 
 have cultivated farms on it for the past twenty or thirty years. 
 When the crops on the neighboring farms have been parched by 
 drought or drowned by excessive rains, those of the bottom farms 
 have never failed from these causes. 
 
 The great fertility of this soil is very clearly shown by the tropical 
 luxuriance of the natural vegetation. The timber is abundant and 
 as large as any in the Mississippi valley. The most abundant trees are 
 Cottonwood; sycamore; white and sugar maple; box-elder; slippery 
 
156 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. 
 
 and American elm; red birch; black, white, and blue ash; coffee- 
 tree; wild-cherry; catalpa; cypress; sweet gum; tupelo ; buckeye; 
 honey locust ; bur, white, swamp-white, rock chestnut, yellow, laurel, 
 pin, red, and scarlet oaks; shellbark, thick shellbark, and pignut 
 hickories; hackberry; papaw; red bud; black and white walnuts; 
 linden; wild-plum; several willows; pecan; mulberry and red birch. 
 The trumpet and Virginia creepers, the poison ivy, and several 
 species of grapes almost cover with their graceful foliage many of 
 the largest trees. 
 
 The soil of the bottom prairies has nearly the same properties, and 
 may be classed in the same variety. 
 
 The soil occupies an area on the borders of the Mississippi, the 
 Missouri, and our other large rivers of about 5,000,000 acres. The 
 farms opened are usually cultivated in corn, wheat, hemp, and 
 tobacco. The yield, even with our poor cultivation, is of corn, 15 
 to 20 barrels; wheat, 20 to 25 bushels; hemp, 10 to 12 hundred; 
 and tobacco, 1500 to 2000 pounds per acre. 
 
 2. Bluff or Hemp Soil. — The bluff formation, where well developed, 
 produces a light, deep calcareo-silicious soil, of the very best quality. 
 The alumina, silex, and lime are mingled in such proportions with 
 the other fertilizing properties in this formation as to adapt it, in an 
 admirable degree, to the formation of soils and subsoils; and, as 
 might be expected, the soils formed upon it, under favorable circum- 
 stances, are equal to any in the country. The territory occupied by 
 this soil is known as Hemp Land; it is most popular among Western 
 farmers : and yet its great value is not fully appreciated. It is light 
 and rich, and will improve rather than deteriorate with judicious 
 culture. The marl beds, upon which it everywhere rests, will be the 
 inexhaustible source of its fertility for all future time. 
 
 This soil covers a greater or less portion of all the western counties 
 of the State, from Cass to Atchison, and eastward to Howard. It 
 is also found in some considerable areas in other portions of the 
 State ; as in Marion and St. Louis Counties. It covers an area of 
 some 8,000,000 acres. Hemp, corn, and tobacco are the staple 
 crops. The surface of the country is high rolling prairie and timber, 
 well watered and well drained. 
 
 The timber most abundant is hackberry ; elm ; wild-cherry ; honey 
 locust; common and pignut hickories; coffee-tree; bur, swamp- 
 white and chestnut oaks ; black and white walnut ; mulberry ; papaw ; 
 linden ; and grapes. 
 
 3. The bluff formation, where not fully developed, becomes more 
 argillaceous and forms a soil somewhat inferior. On account of the 
 
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. 157 
 
 impervious nature of the clayey subsoil, it suffers more by drought 
 and excess of rain. This is called Hickory Land in some parts of 
 the State ; in others, Mulatto Soil. 
 
 When timbered, the growth is usually shellbark and common 
 hickories ; white, black, and scarlet oaks ; black walnut ; sugar-tree ; 
 white and blue ash ; papaw; red and black haws; red bud ; linden; 
 and grapes. The country is high and rolling ; and is about equally 
 divided between prairie and timber. 
 
 The crops most cultivated are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, and 
 the grasses. Of the grasses, blue-grass, timothy, clover, and Hunga- 
 rian grass are most in favor. 
 
 This soil prevails in the northern, central, and southern portions of 
 the State over an area of some 10,000,000 acres. This is esteemed 
 by many the best wheat-land in the State. 
 
 4. Other portions of the State, underlaid by the bluff formation, 
 are occupied by a soil somewhat inferior to the last. These portions 
 are known as White-Oak Lands; and they usually abound on high 
 ridges and steep slopes, where the rains of past centuries have 
 washed away the finer and richer materials of the surface soil. 
 
 The timber on the White-Oak Lands is usually white, post, black, 
 gray, and black-jack oaks; and black hickory, dwarf sumach, and 
 shellbark hickory often grow on the better portions. 
 
 This soil was formerly more popular than at present. It produces 
 wheat, rye, oats, corn, tobacco, and the grasses. Analyses show the 
 subsoil much better than the surface ; and deep cultivation has much 
 improved the crops on this variety of soil. It covers an area of 
 some 5,000,000 acres in the State. 
 
 5. There is in the southern counties a reddish, marly clay, probably 
 of the same age as the bluff, which is the foundation of a very pro- 
 ductive and durable chocolate-colored soil. This soil, when not 
 affected by the subjacent rocks, is very good, and sustains a fine 
 growth of American, slippery, and Wahoo elms, honey locust; black 
 cherry; mulberry; black gum; hackberry ; white, red, black, bur, 
 chestnut, rock chestnut, and laurel oaks; common and shellbark 
 hickories ; crab-apple ; black and red haws ; papaw ; white and blue 
 ashes ; black walnut. This variety of soil abounds in many of the 
 southern counties. It is well represented in the neighborhood of 
 Farmington, St. Fran9ois County, in the beautiful valley of Arcadia, 
 south of Pilot Knob, in the Kickapoo and other rich prairies of 
 Southwestern Missouri, and in the rich valleys and slopes of the 
 whole Ozark range or highlands of Southern Missouri, where it 
 probably covers 1,000,000 acres in all. 
 
158 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. 
 
 This soil is very productive and durable. It yields fine crops of 
 corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and even hemp. Cotton is sometimes 
 grown upon it. 
 
 6. The red marl or clay beds upon which this soil rests are often 
 so thin that the lime, magnesia, sand, and flints of the subjacent mag- 
 nesian limestones and sandstones mingle with and greatly modify 
 this fifth variety of soil. When the flints are not too abundant, this 
 soil is very productive. The ingredients above named render it very 
 light, dry, and still tenacious of moisture. It yields all our staple 
 crops but hemp, and is the best possible soil for fruit culture. Apples, 
 grapes, peaches, pears, quinces, plums, cherries, blackberries, straw- 
 berries, raspberries, and many other varieties of fruit are produced 
 with great success on this soil. 
 
 This variety may occupy some 4,000,000 acres, principally in the 
 highlands of Southern Missouri. 
 
 1. But where this soil is thin, and filled with the chert and sand 
 of the subjacent limestones and sandstones, it becomes very poor, and 
 sustains a scattered growth of black, white, post, and black-jack oaks ; 
 black hickory ; sumachs and hazels. Only a stunted growth of post 
 oak, black-jack, black hickory, dwarf sumachs, and American hazel, 
 is found on the poorest ridges. • These cherty hills and ridges are 
 prevalent in all the southern counties, except those on the western, 
 eastern, and southeastern borders of the State. 
 
 This soil is not used for ordinary cultivation. It is reserved for 
 pasture and timber. The better portions may be made the most 
 profitable of all our soils for the cultivation of the grape and other 
 fruits. 
 
 It covers an area of some 6,000,000 acres in Southern Missouri. 
 
 8. In some of the southern counties the sandstones of the mag- 
 nesian limestone series have rendered the soil very sandy and light, 
 and almost useless for the ordinary farming purposes. This soil pro- 
 duces the yellow pine, and is known as the Pine Lands or Pineries 
 of Southern Missouri. The area occupied is not determined — it may 
 be 2,000,000 acres. 
 
 Such is a very brief description of the most important varieties of 
 soil in Missouri. With 41,000,000 acres of such soils in a climate 
 warm and salubrious, we have a foundation for wealth and prosperity 
 such as few States or countries can boast. With proper cultivation 
 it will be a source of unbounded wealth to this and many future gen- 
 erations. 
 
 A few figures will give us some idea of what our State is caj 
 
TIMBER AND TREES. 159 
 
 of producing from its soil alone. With only one-half of the State in 
 cultivation it would easily yield 
 
 com 8,000,000 acres of corn, at 10 barrels per acre 400,000,000 bushels. 
 
 3,000,000 acres of wheat, at 10 bushels per acre 30,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 acres of oats, at 20 bushels per acre 20,000,000 " 
 
 2,000,000 acres of hay, at 2 tons per acre 4,000,000 tons. 
 
 1,000,000 acres of hemp, at 8 hundred per acre 8,000,000 liundreds. 
 
 1,000,000 acres of tobacco, at 10 hundred per acre. 10,000,000 " 
 3,000,000 acres of grapes, at 200 gallons per acre. ..000,000,000 gallons. 
 1,000,000 acres in other fruit would yield enough to supply all the demands 
 of a dense population. 
 
 Such are the crops our rich domain might easily yield to reward 
 the labors of the farmer, and feed the millions who will ere long be 
 working out and manufacturing our vast mineral resources. And 
 yet these figures are below, far below the results obtained by our good 
 farmers. 
 
 TIMBER AND TREES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The broad, rich bottoms of all the streams in the State sustain a 
 very heavy growth of most excellent timber of nearly all the most 
 useful varieties — cottonwood ; bur, red, laurel, pine, and swamp white 
 oaks ; black and white walnuts ; white, blue, and black ashes ; white 
 red, and Wahoo elms ; red birch ; honey locust ; buck-eye ; box-elder ; 
 black cherry; hackberry; pignut, and common and thick shellbark 
 hickories ; red bud ; sugar and white maples ; mulberry ; American 
 plum; hazel; papaw; sycamore; Muscadine, summer, and fox 
 grapes ; and several species of thorn and willow are most abundant. 
 
 In the southeastern counties we also have an abundance of cypress, 
 tupelo, yellow gum, catalpa, overcup and Spanish oaks, strawberry- 
 tree, cross vine, water locust, spice bush, and cane. 
 
 A large portion of the upland of the central, northern, eastern, and 
 western parts of the State has a very heavy growth of white, black, 
 bur, post, black-jack, chestnut, laurel, scarlet, and swamp white oaks ; 
 white and black walnuts ; sugar-tree; mulberry; honey locust; com- 
 mon shellbark, thick shellbark, and pignut hickories ; pecan ; linden ; 
 American and slippery elms ; cherry ; coffee-tree ; hackberry ; white 
 and blue ashes; red bud; dogwood; papaw; red cedar; haws, and 
 grapes. In the south we also have the beech, tulip-tree, (erroneously 
 called ^'poplar,'^^) sweet gum, holly, yellow pine, and Wahoo elm. 
 
160 TIMBER AND TREES. 
 
 But other portions of the north, and a large part of the south, are 
 sparsely timbered with small black-jacks, post oaks, and black hicko- 
 ries, forming beautiful oak-openings. This stunted growth is not, 
 however, due to the poverty of the soil, but to the fires which have 
 annually overrun this country since the earliest dates of the Indian 
 traditions. These fires, fed by the rank annual growth of grasses 
 and other herbaceous plants, have entirely destroyed some of the 
 young trees, while they have scorched and very much retarded the 
 growth of those sufficiently vigorous to withstand their ravages. 
 
 Large areas, particularly those underlaid by sandstones, are covered 
 by very extensive and valuable forests of the yellow pine. These 
 pine forests are very extensive in many of the southern counties, and 
 annually yield a large supply of most excellent lumber. 
 
 The growth is very large on the rich soils of the State, as the fol- 
 lowing measurements of trees show: — 
 
 In Howard County, a white oak measured 28 feet in circumference. 
 
 In Howard County, a grape vine measured 3 feet in circumference. 
 
 In Stoddard County, a beech, Fagu% ferruginea, 18 feet in circum- 
 ference, and 100 feet high. 
 
 In Dunklin County, a catalpa, Catalpa hignonioides, 10 feet in 
 circumference, and 90 feet high. 
 
 In Stoddard County, a tupelo, Nyssa grandidentata, 30 feet in 
 circumference, and 120 feet high. 
 
 In Pemiscot County, an elm, Ulmus Americana, 22 feet in circum- 
 ference, and 100 feet high. 
 
 In Pemiscot County, a cypress, Taxodium distichum, 29 feet in 
 circumference, and 125 feet high. 
 
 In Cape Girardeau County, a sweet gxxm, Liquidamhar styracifiua, 
 15 feet in circumference, and 130 feet high. 
 
 In Cape Girardeau County, a white ash, Fraxinus Americana, 18 
 feet in circumference, and 110 feet high. 
 
 In Mississippi County, a Spanish oak, Quercus faJcata, 28 feet in 
 circumfei'cnce, and 110 feet high. 
 
 In Mississippi County, a sycamore, Platanus occidentalis, 43 feet 
 in circumference, and the hollow was 15^ by 13 feet in diameter. 
 
 These facts, and the following catalogue of trees and shrubs, show 
 the great value and variety of our vast forests. There is no physical 
 reason why St. Louis should not export several times as much lumber 
 as she now imports. Though Bangor, in Maine, exports more lumber 
 than any city on this continent, and, perhaps, more than any in the 
 world, the forests which supply it are located at a greater distance, 
 and on sti'eams much more impracticable than ours in Missouri. 
 
TIMBER AND TREES. 161 
 
 It seems unnecessary to specify where good localities exist, for there 
 is scarcely a stream in the State which is not bordered oy forests of 
 excellent timber. The Missouri, the Osage and all its tributaries. 
 Spring River, Gasconade, Grand, Chariton, St. Francois, White, La 
 Mine, South, North, Salt, and Fabius Rivers, are bordered with mag- 
 nificent forests of the trees peculiar to the alluvium and upland slopes. 
 
 All of these streams, save the Missouri, furnish water-power and 
 good mill-sites, and even the large springs of the Niangua afford the 
 best water-power and mill-sites observed in the State. But steam has 
 usually proved the most economical power for the manufacture of 
 lumber, as the site can be selected with greater advantage. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF TREES AND SHRUBS OBSERVED IN MISSOURI. 
 
 Alder. 
 
 Common Alder, Alnns serulata. — Near streams. 
 
 Winter Berry, Prinos Isevigatus. — In wet, wooded bottoms.* 
 
 Black Alder, Prinos verticillatus. — In wet woods, 
 
 Apple. 
 
 Crab-apple, Malus coronaria. — On borders of prairies. ;. 
 
 Angelica Tree. 
 Angelica Tree or Hercules' Club, Aralia spinosa. — In dry soil. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 White Ash, Fraxinus Americana. — In good soil. 
 
 Black Ash, Fraxinus sambucifolia. — Not abundant. 
 
 Blue Ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata. — On good soil. 
 
 Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum Americanum. — In bottoms and moist 
 places. 
 
 Basswood. 
 
 American Linden or Lime, Tilia Americana. — In rich soils, not 
 very abundant. 
 
 Large-leaved Linden or Lime, Tilia heterophylla (J).-\ — Very 
 common in rich soil. 
 
 * When no localities are given, the species is generally diffused through the 
 State, -wherever appropriate soils occur. 
 
 ■}■ This tree agrees very nearly with Nuttall's, but the leaves are less tomen- 
 tose; it also differs from Michaux's alba, in having the peduncles subdivided. 
 
 11 
 
162 TIMBER AND TREES. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Beech, Fagiis ferruginea. — Common in the southeast. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Red Birch, River Birch, Betula rubra. — On the borders of 
 streams. 
 
 Blackberry. 
 
 Low Blackberry or Dewberry, Ruhus Canadensis. — In open 
 forests. 
 
 Wedge-leaved Blackberry, Bubus cuneifolius. — On the bord- 
 ers of prairies. 
 
 Bladder-nut. 
 
 American Bladder-nut, Staphylea trifolia. — Under bluffs and in 
 ravines. 
 
 Buckeye. 
 
 Ohio Buckeye, Aesculus Ohioensis (?). — On the borders of 
 streams. 
 Large Buckeye, Aesculus lutea. — In low rich soil. 
 
 Blueberry. 
 Blueberry, Vaccinium vacillans. — Dry hills in Taney. 
 Huckleberry, Vaccinium (?). — Dry hills in Taney. 
 
 Box-elder. 
 Box-elder or Ash-leaved Maple, Negundo aceroides. — In rich 
 bottoms. 
 
 Burning- Bush. 
 
 Burning Bush, Euonymus atropurpureus. — Very beautiful when 
 in fruit. 
 
 Buttonwood. 
 
 Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. — In the bottoms of all our 
 streams. 
 
 Button-Bush. 
 Button-Bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis. — In wet places. 
 
 Catalpa. 
 
 Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides. — In the southeast. 
 
 Cedar. 
 Red Cedar, Juniperus Virginiana. — On dry limestone bluffs. 
 
 Cherry. 
 Choke Cherry, Cerasus Virginiana. — In northern prairies. 
 Black or Wild Cherry, Cerasus serotina. — On the best soils. 
 
TIMBER AND TREES. 163 
 
 Chestnut. 
 
 Chestnut, Castanea vesca. — In the southeast. 
 
 CofFee-tree. 
 
 CoFFEE-TEEE, Gi/mnocladus Canadensis. — In rich soil. 
 
 Cottonwood. 
 
 Cottonwood, Populus Canadensis (?). — In bottoms. 
 
 Coral-berry. 
 
 Coral-berry or Indian Currant, Symphoricarpus vulgaris. — 
 Everywhere. 
 
 Cross-vine. 
 
 Cross- VINE, Bignonia capreolata. — In southern swamps. 
 
 Currant. 
 
 Currant, Rihes. — Several species, but none are abundant. 
 
 Cypress. 
 
 Cypress, Taxodium distichum. — In swamps. 
 
 Dogwood. 
 
 Flowering Dogwood, Cornus fi<wida. — On bluffs and ridges. 
 Silky Cornel or Dogwood, Cornus sericea. — In wet places. 
 Panicled Cornel or Dogwood, Cornus paniculata. — In thickets. 
 Rough-leaved Dogwood, Cornus asperifolia. — Not common. 
 
 Elder. 
 
 Common Elder, Sambucus Canadensis. — Yery large in rich bot- 
 toms. 
 
 Elm. 
 
 White or American Elm, Ulmus Americana. — Abundant on the 
 best soils. 
 
 Red or Slippery Elm, Ulmus rubra. — On good soils. 
 Wahoo Elm, Ulmus alata. — In the south. 
 
 Grape. 
 Summer Grape, Vitis aestivalis. — Abundant on good soils. 
 Frost Grape, Vitis cordifolia. — On good soil, in bottoms. 
 Muscadine Grape, Vitis vulpina. — In the south. 
 River Grape, Vitis riparia. — In bottoms. 
 Vitis Indivisa. — Near Cape Girardeau. 
 YiTis Bipinnata. — In Cooper and the northwestern counties. 
 
164 TIMBER AND TKEES. 
 
 Green Brier. 
 
 Green Brier, Smilax rotundifoUa. — Very common in thickets. 
 Glaucus Green Brier, Smilax glauca. — In thickets and beside 
 roads. 
 
 Smilax tamnoides. 
 Smilax hona-nox. 
 Smilax hastata. 
 Smilax Pseudo-China. 
 
 Gooseberry. 
 
 Prickly Gooseberry, Rihes Cynosbati. — In the central counties. 
 Wild Gooseberry, Bibes rotundifolium. — On borders of prairies. 
 
 Gum. 
 Black Gum, Nyssa sylvatica. — IS'ear Iron Mountain. 
 Sweet Gum, Liquidambar siyracijiua. — In the southeast. 
 
 Hackberry. 
 
 American Nettle-tree or Hackberry, Geltis occidentalis. — In 
 rich soil. 
 
 Hackberry, Geltis crassifolia. — In rich soils and low grounds. 
 
 Hazel. 
 American Hazel, Corylus Americana. — In rich prairies. 
 Witch Hazel, Hamamelis Virginica. — In Taney. 
 
 Haw. 
 Black Haw, Viburnum pi^unifolium. — In forests, on good soil. 
 
 Red Haw. (See Thorn.) 
 Hickory. 
 
 Common or Mockernut Hickory, Carya tomentosa. — On ricli 
 soils. 
 
 Pecan, Carya jjecan. — In the Missouri bottom. 
 
 Shellbark Hickory, Carya squamosa. — Abundant on dry, rich 
 soil. 
 
 Thick Shellbark Hickory, Carya sulcata. — In rich bottoms. 
 
 Pignut Hickory, Carya porcina. — Rich soils on high land. 
 
 Black or Bullnut Hickory, Carya microcarpa (?). — On poor 
 soil. 
 
 Bitternut Hickory, Carya amara. — On Caps' Creek. 
 
 HoUy. 
 American Holly, Ilex opaca. — Bare in the south. 
 
TIMBER AND TREES. 165 
 
 Honeysuckle. 
 Small-flowered Honeysuckle, Lonicera parvijlora. — In nortli- 
 ern counties. 
 Yellow Honeysuckle, Lonicera Jlava. — In southwest. 
 
 Hornbeam. 
 
 Hop-hornbeam, Ostrya Virginica. — ISTear rocky branches. 
 American Hornbeam or Iron-wood, Carpinus Ame7-icana. — 
 Sparsely diffused. 
 
 Hydrangea. 
 
 Wild Hydrangea, Hydrangea arhorescens. — On rocky bluffs. 
 Iron-Wood. (See Hornbeam.) 
 
 Judas-Tree. 
 
 Red Bud or Judas-Tree, Cercis Canadensis. — Abundant on 
 ?!:ood soil. 
 
 Locust. 
 
 Water Locust, Glcditschia mono-<jyerma. — In swamps. 
 Sweet or Honey Locust, Gledltschia triacantlios. — In the richest 
 soils. 
 
 Common Locust, Rohinia pseudo-acacia. — Naturalized. 
 
 Linden. (See Basswood.) 
 
 Maple. 
 White Maple, Acer eriocarjium. — In the river bottoms. 
 Sugar-Tree, Acernigrum{?). — On good soil. 
 Red Maple, Acer rubrum. — In the swamps. South. 
 
 Mulberry. 
 Red Mulberry, Morus rubra. — On rich lands. 
 
 Nettle-Tree. (See Hackberry.) 
 
 Oak. 
 
 First division — leaves lobed, lobes rounded. 
 
 White Oak, Quercus alba. — Dry soil ; excellent timber. 
 
 Over-cup White Oak, or Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa. — Low, 
 rich soils. 
 
 Post Oak, Quercus ohtusiloba. — Dry, poor soils ; timber most 
 durable. 
 
 Over-cup Oak, Quercus lyrata. — In southeast. 
 
166 TIMBER AND TREES. 
 
 Second division — leaves coarsely toothed. 
 
 Swamp White Oak, often called Bur Oak, Quercus hicolor. — On 
 low, damp soil. 
 
 Chestnut White OAK,Quercus prinos. — Wet, rich soil, in shaded 
 places. 
 
 Rock Chestnut Oak, Quercus monticola. — On rocky bluffs. 
 
 Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak, Quercus acuminata. — On lime- 
 stone bluffs. 
 
 Chinquapin, or Dwarf Chestnut Oak, Quercus prinoides{1). — 
 In the southwest. 
 
 Third division — leaves entire. 
 Laurel Oak, erroneously called Pin Oak, Quercus imhricaria. 
 Willow Oak, Quercus Phellos. — In southeast. 
 
 Fourth division — leaves lobed, lobes mucronate. 
 Bartram's Oak, Quercus heterophylla. — In Cooper and Pettis. 
 Black- Jack Oak, Quercus nigra, (Lin.) — On the poorest soils. 
 Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria. — On good and medium soil. 
 Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. — On good soil. 
 Red Oak, Quercus rubra. — On damp, rich soil. 
 Pin Oak, Quercus palustris. — On low, wet soil. 
 Gray Oak, Quercus ambigua. — Yery rare. 
 Spanish Oak, Quercus falcata. — In southeast. 
 
 Osage Orange. 
 Osage Orange, Madura aurantiaca. — In the valley of Spring 
 River. 
 
 Papaw. 
 Papaw, Anona triloba. — In rich soils. 
 
 Pecan-Nut. (See Walnut.) 
 
 Persimmon. 
 
 Persimmon, Diospyros Virginiana. — In good soil. 
 
 Pine. 
 Yellow Pine, Pinus mitis{l). — In the south. 
 
 Plum. 
 Red Plum, Prunus Americana. — In rich bottoms. 
 Chicasaw Plum, Prunus Chicasa. — In southwest. 
 
TIMBER AND TREES. 167 
 
 Poplar. (See Cottonwood.) 
 Downy-leaved Poplar, Populus hetej-oj^hylla. — In southeast. 
 
 Prickly Ash. 
 Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum Americanum. — In wet places. 
 
 Rose. 
 Dwarf Wild Rose, Rosa lucida. — In prairies south. 
 Prairie Rose, Bosa setigera. — Very showy on the borders of 
 prairies. 
 
 Cherokee Rose, Rosa Isevigata. — In south. 
 
 Raspberry. 
 
 Red Raspberry, Rubus st7'igosus. — Common on the borders of 
 fields. 
 
 Black Raspberry, or Thimble-berry, Rubus occidentalis. — In 
 open forests. 
 
 Ratan. 
 
 Ratan Yine, or Wistaria, Wistaria frutescens. — Common 
 south. 
 
 Sycamore. 
 BuTTONWOOD or American Plane Tree, Platanus occidentalis. — 
 In bottoms. 
 
 Sumachs. 
 
 Dwarf Sumach, Rhus copallina. — Common by the borders of 
 fields. 
 
 Smooth Sumach, RMls glabra. — In open forests. 
 Stag-horn Sumach, Rhus typhina. — Often in clusters in prairies. 
 Poison Ivy or Poison Oak, Rhxis toxicodendron. — On rich soils. 
 Fragrant Sumach, Rhus aromatica. — Abundant in forests. 
 
 Spiraea. 
 
 Flowering Spiraea or Nine-bark, Spiraea opulifolia. — On 
 limestone bluffs. 
 
 Spiraea Corymbosa. — On dry prairies. 
 
 Sassafras. 
 
 Sassafras, Laurus sassafras. — Common on medium soil. 
 
 Service-berry. 
 
 Wild SERViCE-BERRy or Shad-Bush, Amelanchier Canadensis. — 
 On bluffs. 
 
168 TIMBER AND TREES. 
 
 Staff-Tree. 
 
 Staff-Tree, Celastrus scandens. — On river banks and broken 
 bluffs. 
 
 Thorn. 
 
 CoRKSPUR Thorn, Crataegus crus-galli. — In open forests. 
 
 Black Thorn, Crataegus tomentosa. — In forests. 
 
 Red Haw or White Thorn, Crataegus coccinea, (Gray) — In 
 open forests. 
 
 Dotted Thorn, Crataegus punctata. — On bluffs and ridges. 
 
 Strawberry-Tree. 
 Strawberry- Tree, Euomjmus Americanus. — In the southeast. 
 
 Trumpet Creeper. 
 Trumpet Creeper, Tecoma raclicans. — Climbing over the bluffs 
 and trees. 
 
 Tulip-Tree, (erroneously called Poplar.) 
 Tulip-Tree Liriodendron tulipifera. — In the southeast. 
 
 Tupelo. 
 
 Large Tupelo, Nyssa uniflora. — In swamps. 
 
 Virginia Creeper. 
 Virginia Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia. — In rich soil. 
 
 Walnut. 
 Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. — Common in rich soil. 
 White Walnut or Butternut, Juglans cathai-tica. — In low, rich 
 soil. 
 
 Pecan-nut, Juglans olivaeformis. — In bottoms. 
 
 Willow. 
 Salix. — There are numerous species of willow in Missouri. 
 
 Winter Berry. 
 Winter Berry, Prinos laevigatus. — In low, wet forests and 
 thickets. 
 
 Witch-Hazel. 
 
 Witch-Hazel, Hamamelis Virgmica. — Taney County, 
 
PUBLIC LANDS. 169 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 The following propositions are a part of the compact formed between 
 the United States and the State of Missouri, adopted July 19, 1820 : 
 
 1st. That section 16 of every township be granted for the use of 
 the inhabitants of such township, for the use of schools. 
 
 2d. That all salt springs, and six sections adjoining each, be granted 
 to the State. 
 
 od. That five per cent, of the net proceeds of lands lying within the 
 said Territory or State, sold by Congress after January 1st, 1821, shall 
 be reserved for making public roads and canals. 
 
 4th. That four entire sections be granted for the location of the seat 
 of government. 
 
 5th. That thirty-six sections, or one entire township, together with 
 lands heretofore reserved for that purpose, shall be reserved for the 
 use of a seminary of learning, and vested in the Legislature of the 
 State. 
 
 In a note to this article, in the Revised Statutes, the author says : 
 " The school lands mentioned in the first proposition have been appro- 
 priated to the use of common schools. The salt springs and lands 
 adjoining have been selected and disposed of. The lands for the loca- 
 tion of the seat of government have been selected and appropriated. 
 The university lands have been designated, and mostly disposed of." 
 
 The following is a copy of the "Graduation Act" of 1854: — 
 
 An Act to Graduate and Reduce the price of the Public Lands to 
 Actual Settlers and Cultivators. 
 
 Sec. 1. Ee it enacted, etc., that all the public lands of the United 
 States, which shall have been in market for ten years or upwards prior 
 to the time of application to enter the same under the provisions of 
 this act, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at the price 
 of one dollar per acre ; and all the lands of the United States that 
 shall have been in market for fifteen years or upwards, as aforesaid, 
 and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at seventy-five cents 
 per acre ; and all of the lands of the United States that shall have 
 been in market for twenty years or upwards, as aforesaid, and still 
 remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at fifty cents per acre ; and 
 all of the lands of the United States that shall have been in market 
 
170 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 for twenty-five years and upwards, as aforesaid, and still remaining 
 unsold, shall be subject to sale at twenty-five cents per acre ; and all 
 lands of the United States that shall have been in market for thirty 
 years or more, shall be subject to sale at twelve and a half cents per 
 acre : provided, this section shall not be so construed as to extend to 
 lands reserved to the United States in acts granting lands to the States 
 for railroad or other internal improvements, or to mineral lands held 
 at over one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. 
 
 Sec. 2. And he it furtlier enacted, that upon every reduction in 
 price under the provisions of this act, the occupant and settler upon 
 the lands shall have the right of pre-emption at such graduated price, 
 upon the same time, conditions, restrictions, and limitations upon 
 which the public lands of the United States are now subject to the 
 right of pre-emption, until within thirty days preceding the next grad- 
 uation or reduction that shall take place ; and if not so purchased, 
 shall again be subject to right of pre-emption for eleven months, as 
 before, and so on, from time to time, as reductions take place : pro- 
 vided, that nothing in this act shall be so construed as to interfere 
 with any right which has or may accrue by virtue of any act granting 
 pre-emption to actual settlers upon public lands. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, that any person applying to 
 enter any of the aforesaid lands, shall be required to make affidavit 
 before the register or receiver of the proper land office, that he or she 
 enters the same for his or her own use, and /or the purpose of actual 
 settlement and cultivation, or for the use of an adjoining farm or plan- 
 tation owned or occupied by him or herself, and together with said 
 entry, he or she has not acquired from the United States, under the 
 provisions of this act, more than three hundred and twenty acres, 
 according to the established surveys; and if any person or persons 
 taking such oath or affidavit shall swear falsely in the premises, he or 
 she shall be subject to all the pains and penalties of perjury. 
 
 Approved, August 4, 1854. 
 
 An Act to extend Pre-emption Rights. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc., that the pre-emption laws of the United States, 
 as they now exist, be, and they are hereby extended over the alternate 
 reserved sections of public lands along the lines of all the railroads of 
 the United States, whenever public lands have been or may be granted 
 by acts of Congress; and that it shall be the privilege of persons 
 residing on any of said reserved lands, to pay for the same in soldiers' 
 bounty land warrants, estimated at one dollar and twenty-five cents 
 
PUBLIC LANDS. 171 
 
 per acre, or in gold and silver, or both together, in preference to any 
 other person, and at any time before the same shall be oifered for sale 
 at auction : provided, that no person shall be entitled to the benefit of 
 this act who has not settled and improved, or shall not settle and im- 
 prove, such lands prior to the final allotment of the alternate sections 
 to such railroads, by the General Land Office ; and provided, further, 
 that the price to be paid shall in all cases be two dollars and fifty cents 
 per acre ; or such other minimum price as is now fixed by law, or may 
 be fixed upon lands hereafter granted; and no one person shall have 
 the right of pre-emption to more than one hundred and sixty acres; 
 and provided, further, that any settler who has settled or may here- 
 after settle on lands heretofore reserved on account of claims under 
 French, Spanish, or other grants, which have been or shall be here- 
 after declared by the Supreme Court of the United States to be invalid, 
 shall be entitled to all the rights of pre-emption granted by this act 
 and the act of fourth of September, eighteen hundred and forty-one, 
 entitled " an act to appropriate the proceeds of the public lands, and 
 to grant pre-emption rights," after the lands shall have been released 
 from reservation, as if no reservation existed. 
 Approved March 3, 1853. 
 
 An Act for the Relief of Settlers on Lands reserved for Eailroad 
 purp)oses. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc., that every settler on public lands which have 
 been or may be withdrawn from market in consequence of proposed 
 railroads, and who had settled thereon prior to such withdrawal, shall 
 be entitled to pre-emption at the ordinary minimum to the lands settled 
 on and cultivated by them : provided, they shall prove up their rights 
 according to such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the 
 Secretary of the Interior, and pay for the same before the day that may 
 be fixed by the President's proclamation for the restoration of said 
 lands to market. 
 
 Approved, March 2T, 1854. 
 
 The Washington Union gives the following as the mode of pro- 
 ceeding in making purchases of the public lands: When an indi- 
 vidual applies to the register of a land district to purchase a tract of 
 land, he is required to file a written "application." On such appli- 
 cation the register indorses his certificate, showing the land is vacant 
 and subject to entry. The certificate the applicant carries to the 
 receiver, and it is the evidence on which the receiver permits pay- 
 
172 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 ments to be made, and issues his "original receipt," the duplicate of 
 which is handed to the purchaser as his evidence of payment, and 
 which is required to be surrendered when a patent is forwarded from 
 the General Land Office for delivery. The " original receipt" is handed 
 to the register, who indicates the sale on his township plat, enters the 
 same on his tract book, and is transmitted by the register to the 
 General Land Office, with the monthly abstract of sales and certi- 
 ficates of purchase. 
 
 This is the formula prescribed for individual purchases, and must 
 be preserved not only for their protection in securing titles, but for 
 the protection of the interests of the government. The law has 
 established two officers in a land district — the register and receiver — 
 and prescribed a mode of proceeding to serve as a check upon each 
 other. If a claimant fails to observe the requirements, he does it at 
 his peril. If he deposits money with any person connected with the 
 district office, even with a receiver, without having filed a written 
 application with the register, he does so at his own risk, the govern- 
 ment not being responsible for any loss where the terras on which the 
 law authorizes entries are departed from. 
 
 Townships are numbered north and south ; and ranges east and 
 west. A section of land embraces 640 acres, and is 320 rods, 80 
 chains, or 5280 feet square. An acre may be measured in any shape 
 thus: 1 rod by IGO rods; 2 rods by 80; 4 rods by 40; or 1 chain by 
 10 chains; 160 square rods or 4840 square yards. A French arpent 
 is about one-seventh less than an English acre ; contains in France 
 100 square rods or perches of 18 feet each. 
 
 The following extracts from the "Report of the Commissioner of 
 the General Laud Office," for the year 1858-59, will be of general 
 interest : — 
 
 "From the passage of the act of August 4, 1854, up to the close 
 of the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1858, 18,081,435-34 acres have 
 been sold at the various graduated rates. Of these, 10,068,480*25 
 acres were sold at the lowest price of 12^ cents per acre. And of 
 the whole quantity, about 6,457,421 acres, or more than one-third, 
 were sold in the State of Missouri." 
 
 The commissioner expresses his belief that the greater portion of 
 the graduated lands have been entered by "unscrupulous individuals," 
 and afterward bought up by speculators regardless of the law re- 
 quiring settlement and cultivation, and suggests that the act of Con- 
 gress "be so amended as to require the settlement and cultivation to 
 be made, and proof of the fact produced in every instance before the 
 entry of the land is consummated, the same as required under the 
 
PUBLIC LAND?. 
 
 173 
 
 pre-emption act of 1841; else that the condition of setilemeat and 
 cultivation be waived altogether." 
 
 The following statement exhibits the quantity of public land sold 
 at the several land offices in this State during the fiscal year onding 
 June 30, 1858, and the amount received therefor: — 
 
 Quantity of ptibh'c land sold in Missoxiri daring (lie fiscal year 
 June 30, 1858, with the amount received for the same. 
 
 iiuh 
 
 ng 
 
 LAND OFFICES. 
 
 Sold at $1.25 an 
 acre. 
 
 At $1. 
 
 At 75 cents. 
 
 At 50 cents. 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 11,095-07 
 
 2,600-81 
 
 3,828-48 
 28,576-53 
 40,981-45 
 50,135-28 
 43,260-10 
 25,789-13 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Acres. 
 3,266-93 
 
 240-00 
 
 410-27 
 
 2,906-32 
 
 62,554-83 
 
 65,754-14 
 
 7,586-54 
 
 6,829-32 
 
 Acres. 
 3,766-04 
 
 *Fayette \ 
 
 
 BoonviUe J ' 
 *Palinyra 
 
 40-00 
 
 526-70 
 
 18,385-85 
 
 48,144-81 
 
 29,762-57 
 
 5,079-89 
 
 556-36 
 
 33,792-44 
 
 40-00 
 
 23,177-44 
 
 1,958-78 
 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 Springfield 
 
 *Plattsburg 
 
 *Milan 
 
 Total 
 
 
 208,266-78 
 
 101,939-82 
 
 149,448-15 
 
 63,301 -o<; 
 
 
 LAND OFFICES. 
 
 At 25 cents. 
 
 At 12i< cents. 
 
 The aggregate quantity sold at all 
 
 prices, and amount received for 
 
 the same. 
 
 
 Acres. 
 58,287-66 
 
 43,944-96 
 
 160-00 
 85,990-35 
 39,082-22 
 
 Acres. 
 30,146-05 
 
 52,413-42 
 
 2,273-55 
 
 1,009,334-57 
 
 40,622-31 
 
 Acres. 
 116,116-61 
 
 99,199-19 
 
 7,278-61 
 
 1,161,185-91 
 
 201,566-66 
 
 187,211-65 
 
 90,507-58 
 37,698-34 
 
 Amcmiit. 
 $38,679-58 
 
 20,969-81 
 
 6,873-91 
 207,925-08 
 13.5,520-92 
 109,011-05 
 104,598-83 
 49,741-39 
 
 *Fayett.e 1 
 
 BoonviUe J 
 *Palmyra 
 
 
 
 
 *Plattsburo- 
 
 425-83 
 
 5,513-76 
 
 *Milan 
 
 Total 
 
 227,940-02 
 
 
 1,140,303-66 
 
 1,893,209-69 
 
 $881,125-82 
 
 
 The lands that were entered under the graduation law, in Mis- 
 souri, at 12 J cents and 25 cents per acre, may be classed under three 
 distinct heads : — 
 
 * All the land offices north of the Missouri River have been discontinued, and 
 the business of the several former districts is now done at BoonviUe, Cooper 
 County. St. Louis land district remains unchanged ; extending north of the 
 Missouri River as heretofore. 
 
174 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 1st. Pine Lands. — These were in a limestone district, timbered 
 with yellow pine, mixed with oak and hickory on the ridges, and ash, 
 walnut, and sugar tree in the valleys, supplied with water by numer- 
 ous springs and clear running brooks. The agricultural lands of 
 these districts are all in the valleys, and the valleys generally narrow ; 
 yet the soil being formed of decomposed limestone and sandstone is 
 very productive. 
 
 2d. Limestone Districts. — Wide flat ridges, not very deep val- 
 leys, small growth of oak and black-jack timber ; partial prairies or 
 openings in places; uplands good for wheat and all small grains. 
 There is timber sufficient for fencing and fuel in these districts, and 
 good water procured by digging wells or cisterns. The soil is well 
 adapted to fruit and grape culture, and the climate pleasant and 
 healthy. 
 
 3d. Mineral Lands. — These include lead, iron, and copper lands ; 
 are a broken limestone country, plenty of springs and clear creeks; 
 agricultural lands in the valleys ; considerable of flint on the sides 
 of the ridges, and very red clay exposed. There is, probably, from 
 fifty to 100 acres of agricultural lands on each half section of this 
 class. 
 
 Some idea may be formed of the rapidity with which Missouri is 
 gaining favor, from the following facts, which we gather from the last 
 Report of the General Land Office. 
 
 The amount of Public Lands sold in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mis- 
 souri, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Michigan, Arkansas, Florida, 
 Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon Territory, Wash- 
 ington Territory, Kansas and Nebraska, at $1 25 per acre, was 
 817,529-35; of which 208,166-18, or more than one-fourth, were in 
 Missouri. The total amount of cash paid into the Treasury by these 
 eighteen States and Territories during the said fiscal year (ending 
 July 1, 1858,) was $3,213,715 87; of which $837,719 83, or more 
 than one-fourth, was from the sales of Missouri lands. There were 
 entered during the year 2,987,379-11 acres of land under the gradua- 
 tion act; of which 1,682,942*91 were in Missouri, being three hundred 
 and seventy-eight thousand five hundred and six acres more than half 
 the amount entered by all the other States and Territories. 
 
 Complaint has been made, by the people of Southeastern Missouri 
 especially, that the surveys were incorrect — that a great proportion 
 of land that had been returned as swamp or overflowed land is really 
 dry or arable land. The schedules furnished by State agents have 
 been examined, and as the following table shows that of the 
 1,031, 803-37 acres reported as swamp lands, there are really, upon 
 careful examination, 908,712 95 acres of dry, tillable land. 
 
PUBLIC LANDS. — THE HOMESTEAD LAW. 175 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS.— THE HOMESTEAD LAW. 
 
 The "Act to graduate and reduce the price of public lands," as 
 given on page 169, has been repealed; a provision is made, however, 
 that any parties who, under this law, selected a homestead, and were 
 prevented from living upon the land during the war, by being in the 
 service of the array or navy of the United States, and who enter upon 
 the land as their home immediately upon discharge from such service, 
 shall be entitled to its full provisions and benefits. 
 
 The privileges of the Homestead Law (passed May 20th, 1862) are 
 extended to every person who is the head of a family, or who has ar- 
 rived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United 
 States, or has declared his intention of becoming such, and who has 
 done no disloyal act, direct or indirect. An exception, however, to 
 the foregoing requirement as to age is made in the sixth section of the 
 act, in favor of any person who has served not less than fourteen days 
 in the army or navy of the United States, either regular or volunteer, 
 during actual war, domestic or foreign. Any person coming within 
 the foregoing requirements will have the right to enter one quarter 
 section, or a less quantity, of unappropriated public land, upon which 
 said person may have filed a pre-emption claim, or which, at time of 
 application, is subject to pre-emption at $1-25 per acre ; or eighty acres, 
 or less, of such unappropriated lands, at $2-50 per acre. 
 
 The law requires the land "to be located in one body, in conformity 
 to the legal subdivisions of the public lands, and after the same shall 
 have been surveyed." 
 
 Any person owning and residing on land may enter contiguous land, 
 which, with that already owned and occupied, shall not exceed in the 
 aggregate one hundred and sixty acres. 
 
 The applicant for the benefit of the law is required by the second 
 section to file with the Register his "application," which should desig- 
 nate the tract desired to be entered. He must also file his "affidavit," 
 to be taken before the Register or Receiver, setting forth the facts which 
 bring him within the requirements of the law, and adding that the 
 "application is made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that 
 the said entry is made for the purpose of actual settlement and culti- 
 vation, and not, either directly or indirectly, for the use or benefit of 
 any other person or persons whomsoever." 
 
 The applicant will then be allowed to enter the tract applied for, 
 by paying to the Receiver the $10 fee st pulated in the act ; and the 
 
176 PUBLIC LANDS. — THE HOMESTEAD LAW. 
 
 further payment, as commissions of Register and Receiver, of one per 
 cent, to each upon the cash value of the quantity of land applied for. 
 
 The fourth section declares lands acquired under this act not liable 
 for debts contracted prior to the issuing of the patent. 
 
 The five-year settlement is an absolute, unconditional requirement, 
 in regard to all persons, except soldiers and sailors in active U. S. 
 service, who only for the period in which after entry they are in such 
 service are relieved, but with the positive requirement that after dis- 
 charge they must go on the land and reside upon and cultivate it as 
 theii home until the expiration of the five years. A change of resi- 
 dence for more than six months at a time, works a forfeiture, and the 
 land reverts to the government. 
 
 Agricultural College Scrip (issued under an act approved July 
 2, 1862) entitles the assignee of the State to which it was issued (or 
 the holder of the scrip) to one quarter section (160 acres) of any of 
 the unappropriated lands of the United States, subject to entry at 
 $1-25 per acre. This must be located upon a legal subdivision ac- 
 cording to the U. S. Survey, and any fraction less than any quarter 
 section, if located with this scrip, must be charged for the same as if 
 the whole 160 acres had been selected, — in a word, the holder of the 
 scrip may locate 160 acres, 120, 80, or 40, but it must be in the same 
 "quarter," and will cost him the face of the scrip. 
 
 The State is divided into three Land Districts. The Ironton Dis- 
 trict, bounded on the north by the township line between Townships 
 3*7 and 38, starting from the Mississippi River just south of Ste. 
 Genevieve, extending due west to the line between Ranges 10 and 11 
 West, thence due south to the State line. Office at Ironton. The 
 Springfield Land District embraces all between the last-named north 
 and south line and the western boundary of the State ; bounded on the 
 north by the line between Townships 34 and 35. Office at Springfield. 
 The Boonville Land District embraces all the land in the State not 
 within the above named districts. Office at Boonville. 
 
 There are now (186t) about three million acres of government 
 land in this State, subject to entry at $1.25 and $2.50 per acre — the 
 latter within railroad reservations — which can be located with cash, 
 land warrants. Agricultural College scrip, or under the Homestead 
 Law. These lands are situated in the following named counties: 
 Barry, Benton, Bollinger, Butler, Camden, Carter, Cedar, Christian, 
 Dade, Dallas, Dent, Douglas, Dunklin, Franklin, Gasconade, Greene, 
 Henry, Hickory, Howell, Iron, Jefl'erson, Laclede, Lawrence, Linn, 
 Macon, Maries, McDonald, Miller, Newton, Ozark, Pemiscot, Phelps, 
 Polk, Pulaski, Reynolds, Ripley, St. Clair, St. Fran9ois, Shannon, 
 Stone, Taney, Texas, Webster, Wright. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 ADAIR COUNTY. 
 
 Thts county is situated in the northeastern portion of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Knox, on the south by Macon, on the west 
 by Sullivan, and on the north is separated from the Iowa State line 
 by Schuyler and Putnam Counties. Area about 630 square miles. 
 
 It was first settled in 1831-32 by a few families from Kentucky. 
 In 1850 its population numbered 2351, and in 1856, 6535; present 
 population (by U. S. Census, I860,) 1991. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county embraces a desirable division of 
 prairie and timber land. The prairies extend through the county in 
 a north and south direction, upon the divide between Chariton and 
 Salt Rivers, which streams, with their tributaries, are well timbered. 
 Bituminous coal, and limestone and sandstone for building purposes, 
 are abundant. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soils are very fertile, and well adapted 
 to all purposes of the farmer or stock-grower. Some farms yield per 
 acre, of corn, sixty bushels ; wheat, forty ; oats, forty ; rye, twenty- 
 five ; buckwheat, twenty ; potatoes, three hundred ; timothy, two 
 tons; Hungarian grass, three tons, and an abundant yield of fruit of 
 all kinds. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — Of church organizations, we are informed 
 there are 0. S. Presbyterians, Cumberland do., Methodist Episcopal 
 South, Baptists, and Reformers or Christians, with upwards of 500 
 members. There are forty-seven common- school districts in the 
 county, and twenty-six school-houses. The amount raised in 1858 to 
 build and repair school-houses was $344. A select school was estab- 
 lished at Kirksville, in the fall of 1857, which promises to be instru- 
 mental in doing great good in the hands of the two teachers in charge. 
 Two other select schools are taught at the county-seat, by ladies, and 
 supported in part by the public funds. The amount of school money 
 apportioned to Adair County, for 1859, is $2011 25. 
 
 12 (ITT) 
 
178 AKDREW COUNTY. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in this county one newspaper, 
 eight lawyers, eighteen physicians, twelve merchants, five grocers, two 
 liquor shops, one druggist, two silversmiths, two tinners, six black- 
 smiths, one gunsmith, five wagon-makers, one saddler, two tailors, 
 three shoemakers, two cabinetmakers, twenty-five carpenters, thirteen 
 steam and water power saw-mills, two coopers, four flouring-mills, 
 (steam and water power,) and five hotels, which are generally very 
 well kept. 
 
 KIRKSVILLE, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated on the 
 western margin of a beautiful prairie called the "Grand Divide," on 
 the located line of the North Missouri Railroad, due north of Hud- 
 son, the present terminus, and the center from which radiate five stage 
 routes — to Canton, sixty-five ; Macon City, thirty-five ; Trenton, sixty- 
 one ; Shelby ville, forty-five ; and Lancaster, twenty-five miles. It is 
 now an important town, and has bright prospects for the future. 
 Population 1000. 
 
 The other towns in the county are "Wilson, Nineveh, Shelby's Point, 
 and Wilmotsville. When the North Missouri Railroad is completed 
 through this county, (and it is now being vigorously pushed forward,) 
 it will give the farmers and manufacturers a ready market at their 
 very doors, and we shall look for a rapid growth in wealth and im- 
 portance in every county along its line. 
 
 ANDREW COUNTY. 
 
 This county was first settled in 18.37, by Joseph Walker, Esq., 
 and in 1850 contained 94.34 inhabitants, and it now, 1860, con- 
 tains a population of 12,082. Is bounded on the west by the 
 Missouri and Nodaway Rivers, on the south by Buchanan, and 
 separated from the Iowa line by Nodaway County. The land is fer- 
 tile and rolling; more timber than prairie. The average product of 
 farms, is of hemp, 500 to 600 pounds per acre; corn, 100 bushels; 
 wheat, 40; oats, 30; buckwheat, 50; potatoes, onions, and beets, 
 immense crops; 600 to 800 gallons of wine to the acre; also good 
 yields of all kinds of grasses and most varieties of fruit ; unimproved 
 land is held at from $1 25 to $5, and improved from $12 to $50. 
 Water power has been improved and is in use on the One-Huudred- 
 and-Two, the Platte, and Nodaway. 
 
 There are in the county 6 churches, 3 private schools, 1 news- 
 paper, 6 hotels; 1 bank, (Branch of Southern Bank of Missouri, 
 
ATCHISON COUNTY. 179 
 
 located at Savannah;) lawyers, 7; physicians, 7; merchants, 16; 
 grocers, 4; druggists, 3; silversmiths, 2; tinner, 1; blacksmiths, 4; 
 wagon-makers, 4; saddler, 1; tailors, 4; shoemakers, 4; cabinet- 
 makers, 3 ; carpenters, 6 ; saw-mill, 1 ; steam flouring-mill, 1 ; 
 mason, 1. Emigrants will here find good fanning land, well sup- 
 plied with timber and water, and a good market. 
 
 SAVANNAH, the county-seat and principal town, twelve miles 
 from St. Joseph, and five miles from the Missouri River, on the pro- 
 jected line of the Platte County Railroad. The situation is elevated, 
 and the view afforded of the surrounding country is extensive. The 
 first house was built here in 1842, and there is now a town of 1000 
 population, with four churches, a Masonic Lodge and Chapter, Odd 
 Fellow's Lodge and Encampment, a bank, and full supply of business 
 bouses of all classes. Surrounded by intelligent farmers and peo- 
 pled by industrious citizens, the prospects of the town and county are 
 very fair. An excellent court-house has recently been erected, which 
 speaks well for the enterprise and liberality of the citizens. Popula- 
 tion of Fillmore, 400 ; Rochester, 300 ; Amazonia and Boston united, 
 250; WhitesviUe, 150. 
 
 ATCHISON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the extreme northwestern part of the 
 State, bounded on the west by the Missouri River, which separates it 
 from Nebraska, and on the north by the Iowa State line. This is a 
 new county, but was settled in 1840, and in 1850 contained a popu- 
 lation of 1618; in 1856, 3304; and in 1860, 4663. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil, etc. — About one-half of the county is 
 level and undulating, and the other half somewhat broken. About 
 one-third is timber land, the remainder prairie. The soil is generally 
 very fertile, and well adapted to farming and grazing purposes. 
 Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, and tobacco are the principal products. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Farmers and mechanics are much 
 needed. There is a large amount of fertile land vacant, and 1460 
 acres of school lands unsold. Good water power unimproved upon 
 the Nishnabotana, Tarkeo, and Rock Creek. Facilities for reaching 
 market are offered by the Missouri River, which washes the western 
 border of the county, and the Council Bluffs and St. Joseph Rail- 
 road is being built through the county. 
 
 ROCKPORT, the county-seat, is a brisk town of 800 population; 
 Linden, 200; and Sonoro, 300 population. The seat of justice was 
 
180 AUDRAIN COUNTY. 
 
 moved from Linden to Rockport, in 1856. There is one newspaper 
 in the county, "Rockport Weekly Herald." The county contains a 
 number of churches, eighteen school-houses, a high school, Odd Fel- 
 low's Lodge, etc., and a good representation of business houses. 
 
 AUDRAIN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated north from the center of the State, bounded 
 on the east by Pike and Montgomery, on the west by Randolph and 
 Boone, on the north by Monroe and Ralls, and on the south by 
 Boone, Callaway, and Montgomery Counties, and embraces an area 
 of 680 square miles. 
 
 Population of Audrain County, in 1840, was 1949; in 1850, 3508; 
 in 1856, 6130; and in 1860, 1920. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is generally rich, 
 undulating prairie, interspersed with timber — about three-fourths 
 being prairie. Being on the high lands or "divide" between the Mis- 
 sissippi and the Missouri, the climate is healthy, and the numerous 
 streams running north, south, and east furnish a good supply of 
 water. 
 
 The Soil is well adapted to the growth of grasses of all kinds, oats, 
 and corn, hence favorable for stock growing. All kinds of grain, 
 grasses, fruit and vegetables produce well here, and farmers will find 
 excellent land, favorably located, at low prices, and a good demand 
 for all kinds of produce. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Of lawyers in the county, there are 1 ; mer- 
 chants, 12; newspaper, (Missouri Ledger,) 1; physicians, 4; hotels, 
 2; groceries, 2; tailors, 3; harnessmaker, 1; silversmiths, 2; cabi- 
 netmakers, 2 ; carpenters, 8 ; drug store, 1 ; tin and stove stores, 2 ; 
 boot and shoe shops, 2 ; blacksmiths, 2 ; and mechanics of various 
 kinds much needed. The county is traversed by the North Missouri 
 Railroad, affording good facilities for reaching market, and the intro- 
 duction of railroad communication has given the county a new impe- 
 tus which will doubtless add greatly to its development and import- 
 ance the present year. 
 
 MEXICO, the county-seat, on the North Missouri Railroad, is a 
 promising village of about 1500 inhabitants, with a good country 
 trade extending twenty-five miles in every direction. Manufactories 
 of woolen goods, fanning utensils, carriages, etc. could be established 
 here profitably. Mexico was incorporated as a city, February 7, 1857. 
 
BARRY COUNTY. 181 
 
 BARRY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwest corner of the State, and 
 originally embraced all the territory from which the counties of Law- 
 rence, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Newton, McDonald, (and in part Cedar) 
 have been formed. The land of this county is generally undulating 
 and fertile, with a good division of each prairie and timber. The 
 county offers great inducements to those wishing to engage in min- 
 ing, farming, manufacturing, or stock raising. The average yield 
 from farms are as follows: wheat, 30 bushels; corn, 60; rye, 25; 
 oats, 40; potatoes, 100 ; onions, 100; tobacco, 1200 pounds; turnips, 
 200 bushels; timothy and clover, each 2 tons; Hungarian grass, 2^ 
 tons; beets and carrots grow finely. Of fruit, apples, pears, peaches, 
 plums, and most kinds of berries are abundant. The present market 
 for the county is at Linn Creek, 135 miles distant. The great draw- 
 back to this section is the want of an outlet to better markets. The 
 distance from the county-seat to Jefferson City is 215 ; to St. Louis, 
 310; and to nearest point on railroad, (Syracuse,) 135 miles. The 
 price usually asked for lands here is from $3 to $5 for unimproved, 
 and from $8 to $12 for improved lands. The Southwest Branch of 
 the Pacific Railroad, now being constructed, will pass through or 
 along the north line of this county for six or eight miles. 
 
 There are five streams running through the eastern, western, and 
 central portion of the county, which have good water power, that can 
 be improved to advantage. In the county are one steam flouring- 
 mill, and six water-power grist and saw mills. 
 
 Population, in 1860, 8008. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — Of Cumberland Presbyterians there are 
 200; Methodists, 250; Baptists, 400; Christians or " Campbellites," 
 150. There are thirty free-school districts in the county, with 1095 
 pupils, and one select school, at Keetsville, will be well supported. 
 
 Of business houses, there are in the county — hotels, 3 ; merchants, 
 11; druggists, 3; lawyers, 3; doctors, 13; silversmith, 1; black- 
 smiths, 22 ; wagon-makers, 5 ; saddler, 1 ; tailors, 2 ; cabinetmaker, 
 1 ; carpenters, 20. No tinners, shoemakers, or tobacco manufacturers. 
 
 The northern part of Barry is well supplied with good building 
 material, and lead has been found in considerable quantities in vari- 
 ous parts of the county. Shafts have been sunk on the northeast 
 quarter of section 19, township 25, range 25, with success. 
 
182 BARTON COUNTY. 
 
 CASSVILLE, the county-seat, has a population of about 400, and 
 is pleasantly situated in the valley of Fat Creek — a valley containing 
 fine arable lands. The appearance of Cassville was much injured by 
 fire last spring, which swept oif nearly all the principal business 
 houses of the place. A new court-house, forty by sixty feet, nearly 
 completed ; is a handsome building, adding much to the appear- 
 ance of the town. Various improvements are going on, among 
 which a fine steam mill is being erected in the vicinity by Mr. Logan. 
 It runs three pairs of burrs, and is enabled to supply the country with 
 flour and meal. In addition to this, two fine steam saw-mills are in 
 full blast within a short distance of town, able to supply a large sec- 
 tion of country with any quantity and quality of lumber desired. 
 
 BARTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county, situated in the west-southwest portion of the State, is 
 bounded on the north by Vernon, on the south by Jasper, on the 
 west by Kansas Territory, and on the east by Cedar and Dade Coun- 
 ties, and contains an area of 600 square miles. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil, etc. — This county is generally high table- 
 lands, sufficiently undulating to be well drained, yet level enough for 
 all agricultural purposes. The county is principally prairie, inter- 
 spersed with extensive groves of timber, consisting of linn, hickory, 
 oak, locust, walnut, sycamore, cedar, cottonwood, and elm, of which, 
 if properly husbanded, there will be sufficient for all practical pur- 
 poses. The county is drained by the head branches of Dogwood, 
 Clear, and Horse Creeks on the north, and by the Coon, Muddy, and 
 other tributaries of the Neosho, on the south. Comparatively, the 
 soil is very good ; the gravelly ridges are well adapted to fruit 
 culture. 
 
 Coal is abundant in many parts of the county, and beds have been 
 opened, and are worked, from three to four miles east from the county- 
 seat. Limestone and sandstone for building materials, clays and sands 
 for brick-work, and gravels and pebbles for walks and roads are 
 abundant. 
 
 Barton County was formed from the north half of Jasper County, 
 and organized Deceml)er 12, 1855. It now, 18G0, contains a popu- 
 lation of 1837. 
 
BATES COUNTY. 183 
 
 LAMAR, the county-seat, was located March 15, 1856, and is situ- 
 ated near tlie center of the county, upon the east bank of Muddy 
 Creek, which enters the southeast corner of the county, runs in a 
 northwest course to theN3enter, then bears almost due south to its 
 southern boundary. This stream is skirted with groves of oak, elm, 
 and walnut, and Lamar is almost surrounded by an extensive grove 
 of timber. 
 
 Nashville is a new town in the southwest corner of the county. 
 The principal settlements are near the county-seat, and in the eastern 
 part of the county. 
 
 A new court-house, and several large business houses, are in course 
 of erection in Lamar, and the county throughout seems to be in a 
 prosperous condition. 
 
 BATES COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the western border of the State, and its 
 northern boundary is very near the middle of the State, on a north and 
 south line. The county is bounded on the north by Cass, south by 
 Yernon, and east by Henry and Sullivan, with an area of 1380 square 
 miles. It was named in honor of Frederick Bates, a former Gover- 
 nor of the State. Population in 1850 was 3069 ; in 1856 it was 
 6702; and in 1860, 7250. 
 
 History. — The territory now embraced within this county was first 
 settled by missionaries sent out by the American Board of Foreign 
 Missions in 1818. They met with a band of the Big and Little Osage 
 Indians, and told them they had come to do no harm, but to teach 
 them many new things that they did not know, and that they wanted 
 a piece of land to establish a school upon, where they would educate 
 the Indian children. Much pleased with the proposition, the Indians 
 soon called a council of their whole nation, numbering some 8500. 
 They met upon the banks of the Marias des Cigne. White-hair, the 
 old chief, made a great speech expressing his gratification that good- 
 hearted pale-faces had come among them ; and, assuring them peace 
 and protection, he pointed out a piece of land embracing about ten 
 miles square where they might make them a home. The missionaries 
 told them they did not want so much — that they would be satisfied 
 with much less. The treaty was ratified at St. Louis in 1821, secur- 
 ing to them two sections on the Marias des Cigne. They called the 
 place "Harmony Mission," established a school, and set out 1300 
 
184 BATES COUNTY. 
 
 fruit trees, (which, however, the woodman's axe and the prairie fires 
 have reduced to 400.) Great good resulted from the establishment 
 of this mission, and one secret of the peace and tranquillity of the 
 Osages for a number of years may be attributed to the fact that 
 wherever a band of Osages were met by whites, afterward, one of 
 their number was a mission pupil who could interpret between the 
 whites and the Osages, and thus prevent misunderstanding and col- 
 lision. The mission was afterward removed into the Osage nation. 
 
 The Harmony Mission* was projected in the latter part of the year 
 1820. It was established August 2, 1821. The whole number of 
 souls, including adults and children, was forty — twenty-two adults 
 and eighteen children. 
 
 It required, by the mode of conveyance then available, near six 
 months for the missionaries to reach their station, now in Bates 
 County. The school was opened about the beginning of the year 
 1822. It was continued in operation near fifteen years. Some 400 
 children and youth were, during that time, received under a course 
 of instruction, and boarded in the mission family. 
 
 The largest proportion of the pupils were from the Osage tribe, 
 and made vei-y commendable progress in the rudiments of an English 
 education. Some few became quite advanced. The most of them 
 are now dead. The adults seemed to profit but little from any of 
 the efforts made for their improvement. 
 
 At the time the mission was established, twenty-five miles on the 
 western border of the State had not been purchased by the Govern- 
 ment. In 1828 this strip of country was treated for, and the Indians 
 removed farther west. In this treaty a reserve of two sections was 
 made for the use of the Mission. This still remains unsold. 
 
 The Mission was given up and the missionaries disbanded in 1837. 
 
 But few of the first missionaries remain in this part of the country ; 
 they are either dead or removed elsewhere. In 1821, when the Mis- 
 sion was first established, the nearest white settlements were in Lafay- 
 ette County, near Lexington, about eighty-four miles. In 1825 the 
 United States Government established a supply trading-post about 
 two miles below the Mission, where Papinsville now stands, which was 
 kept by a man named Gero. In 1835, the Osages having moved 
 south, the missionary station was abandoned, and the school which 
 had been in a flourishing condition for fifteen years, was broken up. 
 They sold the property to the Government for $8500, which sum is 
 
 * We are indebted to A. Jones, Esq., of Bates County, for a history of this 
 Mission. 
 
BATES COUNTY. 185 
 
 now subject to the ordei* of the American Board of Foreign Missions, 
 for the benefit of the Osage Indians. Another section of land has 
 been added by Congress, and the whole transferred to the War De- 
 partment. The place is now held, we are informed, and governed by 
 "squatter sovereignty." 
 
 Physical Features. — Bates County is situated upon the dividing 
 ground between the waters of Grand River on the north, and Marias 
 des eigne on the south. The prairies are high, rich, and rollino. 
 The only poor land in the county is that upon the high limestone 
 ridges, which are covered with timber. In the northwest part of the 
 county the prairies are large. The bottoms along the larger streams 
 are very well timbered with the different varieties of oak, black wal- 
 nut, hickory, maple, cottonwood, pecan, sycamore, elm, and mulberry. 
 The Marias des Cigne is the same stream known in Kansas as the 
 "Weeping Water, and after it is joiued by other tributaries in the next 
 county south it takes the name of Osage River. This is a beautiful 
 stream, and has a natural channel of from three to five feet deep. In 
 spring seasons steamboats run up to Papinsville. During high water 
 the low bottoms on each side of the stream are overflowed. There 
 are several thousand acres of swamp land in the county of a good 
 quality. Limestone and freestone are abundant, and indications of 
 lead and iron ore are said to exist in some localities. Springs are 
 abundant in many portions of the county. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is very fertile, producing a gpod 
 yield of nearly all kinds of grain products. Corn is the staple pro- 
 duct, and is a certain crop. Wheat is but little raised. Nothing 
 produced in the county for market except stock. Sheep have proved 
 the most healthy and profitable kind of stock to deal in, in this county. 
 All the grasses grow well. As to the adaptation of the soil and 
 climate to fruit culture, we need only state that the trees planted by 
 the missionaries in 1820 have never been known to fail in their yield 
 a single year since they commenced bearing. This county is remark- 
 ably healthy. 
 
 The Osage Valley and Southern Kansas Railroad is being built, 
 and bids fair to be pushed forward rapidly to completion ; and as it 
 will be a direct line from Southern Kansas, passing through Bates 
 County, it will be of great advantage to the citizens. 
 
 Business Statistics. — There are in the county-seat six lawyers, one 
 newspaper, five physicians, five merchants, four grocers, one druggist, 
 one silversmith, two tinners, two blacksmiths, two wagon-makers, one 
 saddler, one tailor, one shoemaker, two cabinetmakers, twelve carpen- 
 ters, one saw-mill, (steam,) one cooper, two hotels, three churches, 
 
186 BATES COUNTY. 
 
 (one each, Baptist, K S. Presbyterian, and Methodist,) and one pub- 
 lic school. The other towns have a fair average of business houses. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — Besides what has already been said of the 
 county and its productions, we may add that labor is in good demand, 
 and that this is an excellent location for stock growing. Uncultivated 
 land is worth from $3 to $5 per acre; cultivated, from $5 to $20 per 
 acre. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are but two church edifices in the 
 county — one Baptist, and one Presbyterian. The school-houses are 
 all used for religious meetings. 
 
 There are, in Bates County, twenty-five school townships, forty-five 
 district schools, a majority of which have school-houses, (principally 
 cabins,) 2500 school children, with an annual school fund of $8000. 
 
 BUTLER, the county-seat, is located near the Miami Creek, one of 
 the head branches of the Osage, and twelve miles from the Kansas 
 line. The location is elevated, commanding, and the surrounding 
 country beautiful. The hill upon which the town is located occupies 
 an area of about one and a half by two and a half miles, and the site 
 possesses many attractions and natural advantages. Butler was first 
 settled by John E. Morgan in 1851, and now contains about 500 
 inhabitants, a Christian Church, Odd Fellows and Masonic Lodges, 
 academy, newspaper office, etc. 
 
 Papinsville, two miles below old Harmony Mission, has about 200 
 inhabitants. The road passing through it is a great thoroughfare. 
 The river is bridged at this place, and all the streams on this road, 
 both north and south, are also bridged, M'hich speaks well for the 
 enterprise of the citizens. 
 
 Johnstown, fifteen miles from Butler, on the Tipton road, contains 
 150 population, and was incorporated March 12, 1859. 
 
 West Point, 100 population. 
 
 Prairie City is a temperance town, three miles from Papinsville 
 on the Oseola road. No spirituous liquors are sold as a beverage. 
 Population 150. 
 
 Umontown changed to Crescent Hill, March 12, 1859. 
 
BENTON COUNTY. 187 
 
 BENTON COUNTY. 
 
 Tliis county is situated in the west central part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Morgan and Camden, on the west by Henry 
 and St. Clair, on the north by Pettis, and on the south by Hickory 
 County. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general character of the county is broken ; 
 about one-fourth being undulating prairie, the remainder rough tim- 
 ber land. The northern portion is principally prairie, and the center, 
 along the Osage River, (upon which is situated Warsaw,) the county 
 is broken and hilly, with excellent timber, and some extensive bot- 
 toms under a good state of cultivation. The county is drained by 
 the Osage, Grand River, Thibeau, Cole Camp Creek, Pomme de 
 Terre, and Turkey Creek. The streams are clear, cold, rapid, and 
 generally gravel bottomed, and in many places the towering cliffs 
 that overhang the streams, crowned by cedars hanging from the fis- 
 sures in the rocks, render the scenery truly grand. There are some 
 excellent mill sites upon the streams in this county, and milling or 
 manufacturing would prove very remunerative. There are several 
 saw and grist mills in the county. 
 
 The Osage River is navigable as high as Manoa, a new and thriv- 
 ing town just laid out twenty miles from the western boundary line 
 of the State, (now in St. Clair County,) and a distance of 270 miles 
 from its confluence with the Missouri River. During the year 
 (1859) no less than 8000 tons of freight have been shipped from St. 
 Louis to the various points on the Osage ; the greater part of 
 which was delivered at the mouth of the Osage by the Pacific Rail- 
 road, and taken thence by small steamers to the different trading 
 points above — Linn Creek, Warsaw, Oseola, Manoa, and minor 
 points. 
 
 In Benton County, improved lands sell at from $5 to $30 per 
 acre; unimproved, at from $2 to $10. The crops usually raised are 
 corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, etc. The principal produce for ship- 
 ment consists of wheat, pork, beef, and tobacco. There is annually 
 driven to the Southern markets mules and horses to the amount of 
 some $.50,000. 
 
 Minerals. — Lead ore has been found in paying quantities in various 
 parts of the county, and mining promises to become an extensive and 
 lucrative business. A number of years ago, Mr. H. II. White erected 
 
188 BENTON COUNTY. 
 
 an ash furnace and manufactured a considerable quantity of pig lead, 
 about eight miles southeast from Warsaw, on Turkey Creek. At 
 several localities, on the south side of the Osage River, rich veins 
 have been discovered, and some two or three of them are now being 
 profitably worked. Near Duren's Creek, on the north side, an old 
 man, assisted by a boy, has taken out, while prospecting, within the 
 last year, over 70,000 pounds of ore, which will yield from seventy- 
 five to eighty per cent. A furnace for smelting is being erected. Now 
 that the Osage is navigated by steamboats, and a railroad being built 
 to traverse the county, the obstacles to working the mines are re- 
 moved, (there being better facilities for reaching market,) and it is 
 hoped that the mineral resources of the county will soon be fully 
 developed. Gold, it is said, was found in this county by Mrs. Ann 
 Walters in 1852; and that in 1856, she found several pieces more; 
 and in June, 1859, she visited the same place again and collected 
 fully a "tablespoonful of pure gold." She has not made known the 
 locality of "the precious ore," though besieged by hundreds who 
 gathered around her and "prospected" in her neighborhood in the 
 summer of 1859. We place but little confidence in the reports, how- 
 ever, but give them for what they are worth. 
 
 History. — The first settlements in the section of country now 
 embraced by this county were made by Bledsoe, Kinkead, and Howard 
 in 1834. Warsaw was first settled by D. C. Ballon, and a post-office 
 established there in 1836 or 1837. Bledsoe's ferry, on the Osage, was 
 in early days a noted crossing, as the road from Palmyra, through 
 Boonville, to Fort Smith and the Cherokee Nation crossed here. 
 In 1836 there were two stores at this point, and the courts were held 
 at a dwelling-house in the vicinity. Near to Bledsoe's, and on the 
 right bank of the Osage, was the site of a once important and 
 populous Shawnee village. Bledsoe's ferry was one of the first set- 
 tlements in this part of the State ; Osage was the former county-seat, 
 established about 1838,' and some years after the name was changed 
 to Warsaw. 
 
 Advantages. — This county offers to immigrants good land at low 
 prices, an abundance of timber, building stone, sand, or clay for 
 brick, good prices and a ready market, water power, and a demand 
 for farmers and mechanics of all kinds. Population of county in 
 1856, 6786; in 1860, 9142; unsold school lands in county, 5290 
 acres. 
 
 The productiveness of the soil of this county, together with the 
 prospect of rich mineral deposits, and a climate not excelled in the 
 State for health, and river navigation for half the year, and con- 
 
BOLLINGER COUNTY. 189 
 
 venience to railroads, make this a desirable location for "industrious 
 77? en." 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The proprietors of Osage (when the 
 county-seat) made arrangements for establishing a seminary there in 
 1838. There is now one male and female academy, and two common 
 schools in Warsaw, and forty-nine school-houses, (and 5290 acres of 
 unsold school land) in the county. There are several churches — N. S. 
 Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, and Reformers — in the county. 
 
 WARSAW, the county-seat, occupies an elevated site, overlooking 
 the Osage River and an extensive area of surrounding country. It 
 is a thrifty business point, about eighty miles from Lexington on tlie 
 Missouri River, eighty from Boonville, eighty from Jefferson City, 
 and forty from Syracuse on Pacific Railroad. Distance to nearest 
 railroad, about thirty-five miles from Georgetown station on Pacific 
 Railroad. There are in Warsaw, 1 bank, (Branch of the Mechanics' 
 Bank of St. Louis,) United States Land Office, 1 newspaper, (the 
 "Southwest Democrat,''^ by Murray & Leach,) 4 lawyers, 8 mer- 
 chants, 1 druggist, 1 silvcrsmitli, 2 tinware and stove stores, 3 black- 
 smiths, 2 wagon-makers, 2 saddlers, 1 tailor, 2 boot and shoe shops, 
 2 cabinetmakers, 6 carpenters, 1 tobacco manufactory, 2 steam saw- 
 mills, 1 cooper shop, 2 hotels, etc. Also, Lodges of Masons and 
 L 0. 0. P., etc. Population of Warsaw, 1000. 
 
 Cole Camp is twelve miles from Warsaw, in a well settled portion 
 of the county. The town was laid out by Blakey and Brother in 1857, 
 and now contains a population of 400. Being on the line of the Osage 
 Valley and Southern Kansas Railroad, the citizens very reasonably 
 anticipate a rapid growth of the town upon the completion of the 
 road. 
 
 Durock has 250 inhabitants ; and Fairfield, 100 inhabitants. 
 
 BOLLINGER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast corner of the State, and 
 was created in 1850, principally from Cape Girardeau. The first 
 settlement made in the territory now composing this county was in 
 1800 by North Carolinians. The general surface of the county is 
 broken, but the land is fertile and well timbered. The usual yield 
 per acre is as follows: Corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 30 bushels; rye, 25; 
 barley, 30; oats, 30; buckwheat, 20; potatoes, 300; onions, 100 
 
190 BOLLINGER COUNTY. 
 
 beets, 50; carrots, 40; turnips, 200 bushels; timothy, 2 tons; clover, 
 1 ton ; Hungarian grass, 1 ton ; and peaches, pears, and apples in 
 abundance. The principal market is at Cape Girardeau, on the river, 
 thirty miles distant, to which point a gravel road is being constructed. 
 
 Beds of iron ore exist in the county, but have never been worked. 
 There are 6010 acres of unsold school lands in the county. 
 
 Population of Bollinger in 1860, 6196. 
 
 Mr. F. Woolford, at Patton Post-office, has discovered in Bollin- 
 ger County immense quantities of kaolin, which is so highly prized 
 in Europe for the manufacture of porcelain vrare ; also, cornish stone 
 for the manufacture of iron-stone china ware. He has also discovered 
 pipe or ball clay of a good quality, and extensive deposits of the 
 best quality of fire clay, which he infers is well adapted to the manu- 
 facture of fire bricks or good "glass pots," as it has been subjected 
 to 140 degrees of Fahrenheit without affecting it in the least. Also 
 an abundance of pure quartzose sand, well adapted as a source of 
 silex in the brazing and glazing of china and porcelains, and which 
 would make the finest description of glass. Mr. Woolford concludes 
 his communication thus: "Now I would just ask, how long shall we 
 be dependent upon Europe for our ware which spreads or furnishes 
 the tables of our elegant and magnificent hotels, and every private 
 house, even to the humblest cottage in the land ? Bristol would be a 
 good point or location for the establishment of a regular factory for 
 the manufacture of such wares as would be wanted in this western 
 country. We have cheap building lots, cheap fuel, cheap labor, 
 cheap materials, in a healthy place, and in another year we will have 
 a good gravel road to the river." 
 
 DALLAS, the county-seat, contains 300 inhabitants, of whom there 
 are lawyers, 3; physicians, 2; merchants, 5; grocers, 2; druggist, 1 ; 
 blacksmiths, 2 ; saddler, 1 ; hotel, 1 ; carpenters, 3. There is one 
 steam flouring-mill; also one Missionary Baptist Church, with some 
 30 members, of which Rev. Geo. W. Coke is pastor. Dallas was 
 incorporated December 6, 1855. 
 
BOONE COUNTY. 191 
 
 BOONE COUNTY. 
 
 This county, situated near the center of the State, is bounded on 
 the north by Audrain and Randolph, on the west by Howard, on the 
 east by Callaway, and on the southwest by the Missouri River, which 
 meanders along its southwestern border, a distance of some thirty- 
 four miles, separating this from Cooper, Moniteau, and Cole Counties. 
 The population of Boone County, in 1840, was 13,5(31; in 1850 it 
 was 14,981; in 1856, 17,248; and in 1860, 19,598. 
 
 History. — Boone County was formed from Howard. The first set- 
 tlements made in the territory now embraced by the boundaries of 
 Boone, were in 1815. (For particulars in regard to "Early History" 
 of this section, see chapter devoted to the subjects, in Book II. of this 
 volume.) 
 
 Physical Features. — The northern portion of the county is gener- 
 ally undulating, and the southern principally broken. About three- 
 fourths of the county is timber land, affording an abundant supply 
 for all practical purposes. The principal streams in Boone are Cedar 
 Creek, which forms its eastern boundary, Roche Percee, (Pierced 
 Rock,) Little Bonne Femme, and their tributaries. Moniteau Creek 
 forms the boundary between Boone and Howard. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of Boone is, much of it, of the 
 bluff formation, and from an analysis made by Dr. Litton for the 
 State Geological Report, is shown to be "the very best soil for wheat 
 and rye in the State," and "well adapted to corn, tobacco, oats, and 
 grasses." As the analysis proves the richest portions to be from ten 
 to twelve inches below the surface, deep cultivation would be very 
 advantageous. The adaptation of the soil to the production of vari- 
 ous crops is shown by the following statistics of the yield of certain 
 farms in the county: of wheat, 35 bushels to the acre ; hemp, 1000 
 pounds; tobacco, 1000; corn, 100 bushels; rye, 20; oats, 40; buck- 
 wheat, 30 ; potatoes, 100 ; onions, 200 ; beets, 200 ; carrots, 200 ; 
 turnips, 200 ; also, good yield of all kinds of fruit; timothy, clover, 
 and Hungarian grasses. What are now considered as the poorest 
 portions of the county, may ere long become the most productive, as 
 the soils in those sections are well adapted to grape culture, which, 
 with proper management, there is no more profitable or pleasant 
 branch of husbandry. 
 
192 BOONE COUNTY. 
 
 Tax List of Boone County— 1860. 
 
 NUMBEK. VALUATION. STATE TAX. 
 
 Polls V 2,475 $428 12 
 
 Acres of land 422,542 $2,760,874 5,521 74 
 
 Town lots 1,966 267,820 535 64 
 
 Slaves 4,338 1,697,610 3,395 22 
 
 Other personal property 679,236 1,358 47 
 
 Money 658,887 1,317 77 
 
 Total valuation $6,064,427 
 
 Total amount of State tax $13,056 96 
 
 State interest fund tax 6,528 47 
 
 State lunatic asylum tax 1,088 05 
 
 County tax 13,056 96 
 
 Railroad tax 26,113 92 
 
 Total amount of taxes $59,844 36 
 
 Business Statistics. — There are in Boone County of newspapers, 
 three ; banks, two ; lawyers, ten ; physicians, twelve ; merchants, 
 thirty-six ; druggists, five ; silversmiths, three ; tinners, four ; black- 
 smiths, twenty ; wagon-makers, five ; coopers, three ; flouring-mills, 
 nine; saw-mills, ten ; tobacco manufacturers, four ; carpenter shops, 
 twelve; cabinet shops, three ; shoe shops, six ; tailors, 10; saddlers, 
 four, etc. 
 
 Educational Institutions. — The "University of Missouri" is lo- 
 cated in Columbia — has an endowment fund of $123,000, a library of 
 2000 volumes, a cabinet containing 120,000 specimens, and an edifice 
 erected by private subscription of Boone, costing $85,000, under the 
 management of a board of curators and a competent corps of teachers. 
 The Baptist Female College and the Christian College are each well 
 conducted and liberally patronized, and have the reputation of being 
 very good schools. A college is about being established at Sturgeon 
 with favorable prospects. Professor John Johnson has established 
 a good school at Ashland, for males and females. There is also 
 another fine school near Rocheport in a flourishing condition, under 
 the supervision of Professor J. Newton Searcy. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Boone County contains a good 
 variety of soil, adapted to various agricultural purposes, an abund- 
 ance of timber, inexhaustible beds of stone coal, the best schools in 
 the State, and a moral, refined, and intelligent population. All 
 practical, energetic men, of whatever trade or calling, who will assist 
 in developing the resources of the county, will find in Boone locations 
 and advantages worthy of their attention. 
 
 Natural Curiosities. — About seven miles from Columbia is " Con- 
 nor's Cave," the entrance of which is twenty feet wide and eight feet 
 
BUCHANAN COUNTY. 193 
 
 high, which is said to have been penetrated several miles. Above 
 Rocheport, a short distance, are high cliffs of rocks containing Indian 
 hieroglyphics, and numerous caves and springs. 
 
 COLUMBIA, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the 
 county, upon a high and beautifully-undulating site, with wide streets 
 laid off at right angles, well shaded by forest trees and shrubbery, 
 and graced by some excellent public buildings and residences. This 
 place, in point of educational advantages, excels any other in the 
 State, and lias very appropriately been called the " Athens of Mis- 
 souri." The State University, the Baptist College, and the Christian 
 College are all located here, and each in a flourishing condition. In 
 185G Columbia contained 1542 inhabitants — now estimated at 1*150. 
 
 Rocheport is situated upon the Missouri River, and is the princi- 
 pal commercial town of the county. It is in the extreme southwestern 
 corner of the county, and in 1852 was considered one of the most 
 thrifty towns on the river for a number of miles. The citizens mani- 
 fested much energy and public spirit by grading and Macadamizing 
 the streets, paving sidewalks, etc. In 1856 this town contained a 
 population of 507 — now estimated at 550. The annual shipment of 
 produce from this point is very large. 
 
 Sturgeon, a brisk new town on the North Missouri Railroad, 
 incorporated March 14, 1859, contains 500 population. Providence, 
 100 ; Centralia, 25 ; Ashland, 50 ; Middletown, 30. 
 
 BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the west-northwest part of the State, 
 is bounded on the east by Clinton and De Kalb, on the north by 
 Andrew, on the west by the Missouri River, which separates it from 
 Kansas, and on the south by Platte County, and lias an area of 415 
 square miles. Population in 1860, 23,675. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county is principally made up of undu- 
 lating prairie land, and its appearance by Eastern travelers has been 
 compared to a "rough sea," so gentle are the slopes and undulations. 
 There is a good growth of timber along the margins of the streams, 
 and here and there fine groves upon the prairies. 
 
 The Soil is generally deep and remarkably fertile, producing all 
 kinds of grains, grasses, fruit, and vegetables found in this latitude. 
 
 13 
 
194 BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 Some farmers have produced as high as 1500 pounds of hemp to the 
 acre, 125 buslicls of corn, and 30 bushels of wheat, 50 rye, 60 oats, 
 etc., and fruit and root crops yield abundantly. The " Platte Coun- 
 try " has a world-wide fame for its fertility, and the deep soil but 
 needs more farmers, and a thorough and systematic cultivation, to 
 render it the best farming region of the State, if not in the Union. 
 
 Climate. — Situated in latitude 39° 30' north, the climate at St. 
 Joseph is healthy, salubrious, and free from miasmatic influences. 
 The statistics show this to have been an exceedingly healthy country 
 up to the present time. 
 
 Educational Institutions. — There are twenty schools of different 
 grades in St. Joseph. Besides those supported by the common 
 school fund, are the following private institutions : Convent of the 
 Sacred Heart, St. Joseph College, Female Seminary, Male and 
 Female Seminary, Male Academy, German and English School, and 
 "Third Ward School." In 1858 there were in the county 542T 
 pupils, of whom 2119 were taught during the year at a cost of 
 $7896 10, and the sum of $1133 50 raised to build and repair 
 school-houses. School money apportioned for 1859, $4533 30. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — The following list embraces the church 
 organizations in St. Joseph: Episcopal, Presbyterian 0. S., Pres- 
 byterian N. S., Presbyterian Cumberland, Methodist Episcopal, Eng- 
 lish and German, Christian, Baptist, and Roman Catholic. 
 
 Benevolent Societies. — The Free and Accepted Masons, 1. 0. 0. F., 
 and Sons of Malta, have each one or more lodges in St. Joseph. The 
 "Young Men's Literary Association" and the "St. Joseph Institute" 
 are each in a prosperous condition. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Farmers will find in this county 
 prairie or timber, bottom or table-land very fertile, adapted t6 the 
 growth of as great a variety of productions as any other part of the 
 Union, In the varying qualities of the rich soil, and the equal tem- 
 perature of the climate, they have all the desirable elements of agri- 
 cultural wealth. For the production of cereals or grasses, root 
 crops, fruit, or grape culture, the soil and climate will be found 
 admirably adapted. Manufacturers will here find a wide field for 
 the employment of their capital and energy. The extensive and 
 increasing home demand for all articles of manufacture, together 
 with the abundance of raw materials, point to St. Joseph as the 
 natural location for a large manufacturing city. Now nearly every 
 article in use bears the mark of foreign workshops : the farming im- 
 plements, mill machinery, household furniture, woolen, and cotton 
 fabrics, boots and shoes, and scores of other articles could be manu- 
 
BUCHANAN COUNTY. 195 
 
 factured here to advantage, and thus support a large population, and 
 add greatly to the revenue of the county and the State. Mechanics 
 will see in the rapid growth of the city and country unmistakable 
 evidences of the prosperity and success of every branch of their 
 business ; while capitalists will find rare opportunities for profit- 
 able investment, from which they can realize a handsome return, and 
 at the same time contribute toward the development of the resources 
 of this portion of our noble State. 
 
 Early Settlement of St. Joseph. — The first settlement made in the 
 section of country now embraced in Buchanan County was by 
 Joseph Rubidoux, senior, who first visited the spot now occupied 
 by St. Joseph, during the year 1799. His connection with the 
 American Fur Company induced him to locate here permanently, 
 which he did in 1803, and for thirty-three years he remained as a 
 trader among the Indians, upon their own soil. His lone cabin was 
 located upon the most lovely spot of the beautiful "plain" upon 
 which the City of St. Joseph now stands. In the selection of his 
 building spot, he evinced the same shrewdness and good taste which 
 has characterized the location of all the more intelligent and refined 
 settlers throughout the West. The " plain " upon which St. Joseph 
 is situated embraces an area of several miles in extent, surrounded 
 by mound-shaped bluff's, so artistically arranged and so beautifully 
 diversified in shape and size as to resemble more the work of art than 
 that of nature. The most prominent of these bluff's is "King Hill," 
 which has indications of having formerly been used as a place of 
 burial by the Indians. Mr. Rubidoux's keen perception, and his 
 knowledge of the character of the surrounding country, convinced 
 him that this was a choice location, and as he viewed the adjacent 
 territory and considered its central locality, and looked forward to 
 what he deemed the future demands of the country, he was more and 
 more pleased with the location he had selected. Eventually others 
 came and settled thereabouts, but the immigration was limited until 
 after the land was transferred to the United States Government, by 
 the Iowa, Sac, and Fox Indians in 1836, by the articles of the "Platte 
 Purchase." Soon the fame of the "Platte Country" spread far and 
 wide, and scarce a day passed without the arrival of new-comers to 
 make their homes upon the newly -acquired territory. In 1843, Mr. 
 Rubidoux became the proprietor of the present site of the city — land 
 which he had occupied for years ; and to supply the imperative and 
 increasing demands of the rapidly growing community, he proceeded 
 to lay out a village, which is now shown on the large city map as the 
 "Original Town." The new place increased rapidly in population 
 
196 BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 and importance, and in 1845 the town was chartered by the legis- 
 lature. In 1846, the seat of justice was located at St. Joseph, and 
 in 1853 the legislature granted her a city charter. 
 
 At the election for Clerk of Circuit Court, held the first Monday 
 in August, 1840, there were 9T9 votes polled. William Fowler was 
 elected Clerk and Recorder, and Samuel M. Gilmore, Sheriif. Hon- 
 orable Austin A. King, had, in March, 1839, appointed Edwin A. 
 Toole, Clerk of Circuit Court, and William Fowler, Clerk of County 
 Court. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, the county-seat and commercial emporium, contains 
 about 13,000 inhabitants; Easton, 400; De Kalb, 500; Columbus, 
 150. The increase in voters from 1857 to 1858, in the City of St. 
 Joseph, was nearly 50 per cent., and from 1858 to 1859, nearly 75 
 per cent. None are voters in St. Joseph until they have resided in 
 the State a year and in the city six months ; hence the growth may 
 be considered as healthy and permanent. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — The following statistics were compiled with 
 great care, by the publishers of the St. Joseph Daily Gazette, in 
 January, 1860, and may be relied upon as correct. There are in St. 
 Joseph — 
 
 NUMBER OF HOUSES AMOUNT OF BUSINESS IN 1S59. 
 
 Grocery Stores 68 gl, 348, 900 
 
 Dry Goods 80 1,011,000 
 
 Hardware (exclusively) 3 16-5,000 
 
 Banking Houses 6 
 
 Tin and Sheet-Iron Ware 6 88,000 
 
 Iron Store, (exclusively) 2 41,000 
 
 Drug Stores 6 186,000 
 
 Hatters 2 40,000 
 
 Leather Store, (exclusively) 1 40,000 
 
 Furniture Stores 5 40,000 
 
 Cabinetmakers 6 6,300 
 
 Saddlery 4 61,000 
 
 Upholsterers 2 5,000 
 
 Tobacconists 4 35,000 
 
 Boot and Shoe (exclusively) 11 67,000 
 
 Jewelry 8 84.000 
 
 Wagoa and Carriage Manufactories... 7 54,200 
 
 Match Factory 1 1,000 
 
 Marble Manufactories 2 9,000 
 
 Plow " 2 18,000 
 
 Auction Houses 6 
 
 Liquor Stores (exclusively) 2 36,000 
 
 Soap Factory 1 20,000 
 
 Soda Water Factory 1 4,600 
 
 Livery Stables 9 Capital, $80,000 54,000 
 
BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 197 
 
 Foundery. 1 Using 60 tons iron. 
 
 Woolen Factory 1 Manfactured and fulled 40,000 yards 
 
 cloth last season. 
 
 Brick Yards 12 Manufactured 11,800,000. 
 
 Pork Packers 3 Head packed, 18,700. 
 
 Flouring-inills (arn't invested $90,000) 3 Flour manufactured, 20,000 bbls. 
 
 Hemp Houses 5 Purchased and shipped 2,400 tons. 
 
 Saw-mills 4 Turning out 4,100,000 feet. 
 
 Breweries, (Capital, $40,000.) 6 Beer manufactured, 7,820 bbls. 
 
 Newspapers 5 Daily three. 
 
 Besides the above, there are — 
 
 Medical .lournal 1 
 
 Churches 9 
 
 Schools 9 
 
 Convent 1 
 
 Queensware Store 1 
 
 Hotels and Taverns 22 
 
 Saloons 78 
 
 Daguerreian Galleries 5 
 
 Steamboats arrived last season 410 
 
 News and Paper Stores 2 
 
 Hands in the various manufact's...347 
 
 Billiard Saloons 5 
 
 Blacksmith Shops 14 
 
 Steam Planing-raill 1 
 
 Job Printing Offices 6 
 
 Lumber Yards 9 
 
 Lawyers in City 41 
 
 Tailors 8 
 
 Millinery Establishments 10 
 
 Restaurants 7 
 
 Bakeries 15 
 
 The aggregate wealth of 200 citizens (owning $10,000 worth and 
 upward) amounts to $4,896,945. Of these, the following own over 
 $100,000 worth each:— 
 
 Powel & Levy $109,000 
 
 John Patee 250,000 
 
 A. Beanie & Co 122,000 
 
 Tootles & Farleigh 100,000 
 
 John Corby $250,000 
 
 W. M. Carter 100,700 
 
 F. W. Smith 250,000 
 
 Of Hotels, there are ten in St. Joseph, and a creditable number in 
 the other towns of the county. The Patee House, situated near the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad depot, contains 265 rooms, with all 
 the modern improvements and conveniences, hot and cold baths, gas- 
 lights, etc. The dimensions of the house are 140 by 148 feet, four 
 stories high, with a court-yard 60 by 104. Everything in and about 
 the house is complete, elegant, and well arranged. The building and 
 furnishing cost about $140,000, and is a substantial monument to the 
 energy and public spirited enterprise of John Patee, Esq., the builder 
 and owner. It was formally opened to the public in November, 1859. 
 The St. Joseph Hotel is being built by a stock company, and will be 
 completed and opened during the summer of 1860. It is a large, 
 well-built brick building, five stories high — a commodious and elegant 
 structure. Besides these, are Allen's Hotel, Blakemore House, 
 
108 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 Planter's, City, and Missouri Hotels, all of which are good places for 
 the traveler to sojourn. 
 
 Trade and Commerce. — The commercial position of St. Joseph is 
 peculiarly advantageous : being the western terminus of the most 
 northerly, direct, through railroad route to the Eastern cities, makes 
 her the entrepot for the shipment of produce, peltries, and furs, 
 from a section of country traversed by the navigable Missouri for 
 2000 miles to the northwest ; of the immense trade of the fertile 
 region of Northern Kansas and Southern Nebraska, that reaches the 
 river at the thrifty and pleasant new town of Bellemont, (five miles 
 west,) thence to St. Joseph by a steam ferry-boat ; of the trade of 
 the Platte country, and of Southern Iowa, that shall center here via 
 the St. Joseph and Atchison Railroad, just completed, and the 
 Platte Country Pvailroad now building, together with the receipt and 
 shipment of supplies for all the region of country above named, that 
 will reach St. Joseph by river and railroad from the East and South, 
 contribute to render this one of the most important commercial cities 
 on the Missouri. 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast portion of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Stoddard and Dunklin, west by Ripley and 
 Carter, north by Wayne, and south by the Arkansas State line. This 
 county was organized February 27, 1849, and when the census of 1850 
 was taken, contained but 1616 population, and only 143 farms were at 
 that time occupied. The largest crop produced from the 5000 acres 
 then under cultivation was Indian corn, of which 55,800 bushels were 
 returned. Although a portion of this county is the best of meadow 
 land, but seven tons of hay were produced in 1850. It now, 18G0, 
 contains 2148 inhabitants. 
 
 This county embraces about 350,000 acres of land, of which 
 100,000 are free from inundation and very fertile — 250,000 having 
 been returned as swamp lands, but can be principally reclaimed by 
 drains and levees. 
 
 By an act of Legislature, session of 1852-53, these lands were 
 granted to the county for the purpose of their reclamation, with pro- 
 vision for the ai)propriation of a portion of their proceeds to the ad- 
 vancement of education. These 250,000 acres, at an average value of 
 $2 50, will bring $625,000, which would enable this county to con- 
 
BUTLER COUNTY. 199 
 
 tribute liberally toward the construction of the railroads projected 
 through that region, and also to provide for the education of present 
 and future generations on a liberal scale. Unsold school lands in 
 the county, 12,000 acres. 
 
 The south half of Butler County is frequently overflowed, which, 
 until drained, renders it unfit for permanent improvement, unless it 
 be for cranberry culture, in which, if properly managed, any farmer 
 could realize a handsome fortune, provided the climate is suitable, 
 which has by some been a matter of doubt. The cranberry is a hardy 
 plant, and the fruit is always in demand at a fair price, and the cheap 
 and otherwise worthless lands in the southeast corner of the State are 
 said to be the proper soil for them, and it would cost but a trifle to 
 test the matter, which, if successful, would prove a great source of 
 profit to hundreds of individuals, and add very materially to the reve- 
 nue of the State. 
 
 It may be proper here to correct an erroneous impression in regard 
 to the location of Chalk Bluffs, generally spoken of as in this State. 
 They are on the bank of the St. Fran9ois, in Greene County, Arkan- 
 sas, on the extreme northeast boundary of Crowley's Ridge, and very 
 near the State line. The name is derived from the pure white appear- 
 ance of the potter's clay, of which the banks are composed; which, 
 however, in some strata are beautifully variegated with flesh tints, 
 and others cream colored. Professor Owen, State Geologist of Ar- 
 kansas, says he has manufactured small crucibles from this clay, and 
 that it produces an excellent and strong article, and will resist sudden 
 changes of temperature without breaking. 
 
 Of timber, the growth of the high ground is principally black and 
 white oak ; in the bottoms a mixed growth. Groves of cypress tim- 
 ber flourish in the bottoms of the St. Francois, a short distance above 
 Chalk Bluffs. 
 
 A little south of the State line, one mile south of "the Pine," and 
 between the Gainesville and the Pocahontas Roads, about township 21 
 north, range 8 east, near the bottom of a hollow where a spring 
 branch takes its rise, on the north side of the ridge, and about four 
 miles from Levi Boyd's farm, is a large bed of yellow ochre, which 
 has been used successfully by the inhabitants to color woolen goods, 
 and is said to have a better body and clearer color than French sju-uce 
 yellow for brick work, and outside work on buildings. 
 
 Mr. F. R. Brunot, a heavy iron manufacturer in Pittsburg, has 
 purchased large tracts of iron and timber land in the northeast cor- 
 ner of this county, at Indian Ford, on the St. Fran9ois River, for 
 the purpose of establishing extensive iron works, when the comple- 
 
200 CALDWELL COUNTY. 
 
 tion of the railroads now in course of construction shall afford him 
 an outlet. This bank of ore is on the last bluff before entering the 
 swamp region going east. 
 
 POPLAR BLUFFS, the county-seat, is located on section 3, town- 
 ship 24, range 6 east, and contains about 200 population, with a' fair 
 number and variety of business houses. Miller's steam flouring and 
 saw-mill does an extensive business, and is the most important manu- 
 factory in this section. A new court-house, costing $10,000, is being 
 erected. This town has about 200 inhabitants, is situated upon the 
 last high lands on the west side of Black River, and obtained its name 
 from the fact that a large cabin, built of poplar poles and covered with 
 poplar bark, occupied this site for more than thirty years, and had 
 become a general rendezvous and store-house for the large numbers 
 of hunters who annually visit the bottom lands adjacent. It is loca- 
 ted at the head of navigation on Big Black River, and considerable 
 lumber is shipped from this point. An $80,000 contract has been let 
 for improving the navigation of the river, and a boat built at Pitts- 
 burg to run in the trade, which, besides the usual machinery, has an 
 extra engine and apparatus for removing snags and other obstructions. 
 
 A large colony of Danes are settling near Poplar Bluffs, upon two 
 townships of land in a body, and upwards of one hundred families 
 are expected to arrive this season. The immigration into the county 
 is very great, and the next census will show a very favorable con- 
 dition, both as respects the population and products of the county. 
 
 At no distant day the Iron Mountain Railroad must be carried 
 through to Memphis; and as it will then be the great north and south 
 thoroughfare. Poplar Bluffs will become a place of considerable com- 
 mercial importance. 
 
 CALDWELL COUNTY. 
 
 This county is about the center of the northwest quarter of the 
 State, and embraces twelve townships. It was first settled by the 
 Mormons in 1835, and in 1840 contained a population of 1458; in 
 1850, 2317 ; and in 1860, 5166. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is undulating, prin- 
 cipally prairie, with an abundance of timber in groves and along the 
 water-courses. The soil is very fertile and well adapted to farming 
 or grazing ; embracing extensive natural meadows, an abundance of 
 good stock water, and a deep lasting soil that produces all kinds of 
 
CALDWELL COUNTY. 201 
 
 grain and fruit that grow in this climate, with but very little waste 
 land in the county. The average yield of farm products are : wheat, 
 42 bushels; rye, 25; corn, 100; oats, 60; buckwheat, 50; potatoes, 
 200; turnips, 300 bushels; onions, beets, and carrots do well; hemp, 
 1000 pounds; tobacco, 1200; timothy, 4 tons; Hungarian grass, 4 
 tons; and all kinds of fruit and berries yield well. The timber 
 usually found in this and adjoining counties consist of the oaks, wal- 
 nut, maples, cottonwood, hickory, elm, hackberry, ash, lime, mul- 
 berry, locust, etc. Unimproved lands can be had at from $2 50 to 
 $20 an acre, and improved at from $5 to $30 — generally from $8 
 to $15 — depending upon location and improvements. For manu- 
 facturing purposes, there is good water power on Shoal, Log, and 
 Brush Creeks, and Crooked Run ; unimproved, excepting on Shoal 
 Creek. 
 
 Business Statistics. — There are in the county, 8 merchants, 6 hotels, 
 1 grocer, 4 lawyers, 9 physicians, 1 druggist, 1 silversmith,- 1 tinner, 
 8 blacksmiths, 4 wagon-makers, 2 saddlers, 1 tailor, 3 shoemakers, 
 1 cabinetmaker, 30 carpenters ; no newspapers or banks. Of manu- 
 factories, there are 5 flouring-mills ; 3 by steam and 2 by water 
 power. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — Of churches there are in the county : 2 
 0. S. Presbyterian, 1 N. S. Presbyterian, 2 Methodist, 3 Baptist, 
 and 2 Christian. There are 27 district schools, which are kept open 
 during most of the year. No colleges, academies, or schools of a 
 high order. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Our informant, C. J. Hughes, Esq., 
 represents the character of the people as of "a highly moral and 
 intelligent caste, and the moral tone of society of the purest kind, 
 while the body of the people are industrious and enterprising." The 
 inducements offered are, "for mechanics and laborers, high wages and 
 ready pay, and good demand for labor; for merchants, ready sales, 
 fair prices, and prompt payment; for capitalists, fine investments in 
 property and fair rates of interest, and debts surely and promptly 
 met; for farmers, a rich soil, healthy climate, ready market, high 
 prices, and good facilities for marketing." 
 
 The principal towns are KINGSTON, the county-seat ; population 
 200. 
 
 Breckenridge, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, IG miles 
 northeast from county-seat; population 175. 
 
 Hamilton, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 8 miles from 
 county-seat; population 120. 
 
 Mirabile, 6 miles west from Kingston; population IGO. Kingston 
 
202 CALLAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 is 165 miles from Jeffersou City, 260 by railroad from St. Louis, 
 and 50 from St. Joseph. It was incorporated November 21, 1857. 
 An opening for a good hotel will be found at Hamilton, which is 
 a brisk new town with fair prospects. 
 
 CALLAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east central part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Montgomery, (from which it was formed,) on 
 the north by Audrain, on the west by Boone County, and on the south 
 by the Missouri River, which separates it from Osage and Cole 
 Counties; was organized in 1820, and in 1824 contained 2455 in- 
 habitants; in 1830, 6159; in 1840, it had increased to 11,765; in 
 1850, to 13,828; in 1856, to 15,906, it being at that time the fifth 
 county in the State in point of population ; and in 1860, to 17,773. 
 
 History. — This county was settled by Captain Samuel Boone, 
 (nephew of Daniel Boone, of Kentucky,) in 1818. At that time it 
 was " Montgomery," which was a territorial county and reached 
 from St. Charles County to Howard County, and in 1820 Callaway 
 County was formed; but its limits have since been reduced by the 
 formation of adjoining counties, partly from its original territory. 
 When Captain Boone first settled here, his nearest neighbor was 
 Isaac Vanbibber, who lived eight miles distant. Mrs. Yanbibber 
 was a granddaughter of Colonel Daniel Boone, and was the first 
 white child born in Kentucky — her parents at the time resided at 
 Boonsborough, (in 1776.) Colonel Boone and Mr. Yanbibber came 
 from Kentucky with their families in 1799, and in the fall of 1820 
 Colonel Daniel Boone died without ever having returned to Ken- 
 tucky. This fact is mentioned (says our informant, Captain Samuel 
 Boone,) because there has been some dispute among historians about 
 his return to Kentucky ; but Captain Boone says he is certain he did 
 not leave Missouri after he came here in 1799. This county was 
 named in honor of Captain James Callaway, who commanded a com- 
 pany of Bangers, and who perished in defending the country of his 
 adoption from the outrages and depredations of the numerous tribes 
 of savages which at that day inhabited this region. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of this county along the river is 
 level and fertile, the northern portion being broken and hilly, extend- 
 ing out upon the ridge which divides the waters of the Mississippi 
 from those of the Missouri. The county is drained by Cedar Creek, 
 
CALLAWAY COUNTY. 203 
 
 the Muddy, and the sources and small tributaries of Loutrc Creek. 
 About one-third of the county is prairie. 
 
 Minerals. — Beds of bituminous coal underlie the county, estimated 
 to be twenty-four feet thick in some places ; iron ore, marble, fine lime- 
 stone, potter's clay, and extensive banks of cannel coal are found in 
 the county — all in working quantities. In 1848 a bank or extensive 
 strata of marble was found, which was at the time pronounced 
 superior to any elsewhere found in the United States, and inferior to 
 none but Italian. "It is compact, fine grained, and exhibits a 
 very minute crystalline structure, with its fracture conchoidal. It 
 is of a light cream color and handsomely variegated." This is 
 situated about six miles from Fulton ; and iron ore, hydraulic cement, 
 and stone coal are said to exist upon the same section of land. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — This county .embraces a great variety of 
 soil, from that of the alluvial bottoms to the high gravelly ridges, 
 and is adapted to the various purposes of agriculture, stock grow- 
 ing, and fruit culture. After giving an analysis of a magnesian 
 limestone soil, from the southern bluffs of the county, the State 
 Geologist remarks: "This soil is all that could be desired for the 
 culture of the grape. It contains an abundance of all the mineral 
 substances which enter into the composition of the vine, as shown 
 above by its analysis. While it is warm, light, and dry, it contains 
 large quantities of magnesia and vegetable matter or humus, giving 
 it great capacity for absorbing and retaining a sufficient quantity of 
 moisture, even in the droughts of summer." According to the census 
 of 1850 (the latest data upon the subject) this county produced 
 184,418 of oats, the largest yield produced in the State, excepting 
 that of Greene ; and in the production of hay it was exceeded only 
 by Howard. 
 
 Taxable Property in Callaway County — 1860. 
 
 Polls 2,347 
 
 Acres land, 463,380, valued at $2,307,089 
 
 Town lots, 958 259,480 
 
 Slaves, 4360 1,689,592 
 
 Personal property 655,373 
 
 Money 1,051,417 
 
 Total valuation $5,958,951 
 
 State tax 12,798 02 
 
 County tax 8,531 99 
 
 Mill tax 5,958 9-1 
 
 Asylum tax 893 15 
 
 County-road tax 2,101 73 
 
 Total taxes $30,283 83 
 
204 CALLAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 FULTON, the county-seat, has a pleasant and healthy situation, 
 surrounded by an excellent fanning district well settled by intelligent 
 and industrious citizens. The town was laid out about 1822 or 1823, 
 and in 1836 was considered as one of the most flourishing towns in 
 the interior of the State of its age, as will be inferred from the num- 
 ber and character of the religious and educational institutions located 
 here. The people are refined and hospitable, and the society excellent. 
 
 There are four churches in Fulton : one each of the Presbyterian, 
 Methodist, Baptist, and Christian denominations. The Westminster 
 College, under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church, with an 
 endowment of $100,000; also Fulton Female Seminary, established 
 some years since upon a permanent basis; the Floral Hill Female 
 Seminary, recently commenced, and in a promising condition, and an 
 excellent common school, all ably conducted and liberally patronized. 
 The State Institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, and the 
 State Lunatic Asylum are both located here. The latter is a beau- 
 tiful edifice 210 feet long, five stories high, and contains 112 rooms. 
 The people of the county contributed $12,000 and 460 acres of land 
 toward establishing the institution here. 
 
 Of business houses there are 2 banks, 1 newspaper office, 1 woolen 
 manufactory, 1 earthenware manufactory, 2 steam flouring-mills, 4 
 saw-mills, and a good average of mechanics, merchants, and profes- 
 sional men. Though situated away from river and railroad, Fulton 
 is not isolated, there being six stage routes from the place, viz., to 
 Jefferson City, 24 miles; St. Aubert Station, on Pacific Railroad, 
 15 miles; Florence or Montgomery, on North Missouri Railroad, 
 (daily) 27 miles; Paris, 50 miles; Portland, on Missouri River, 14 
 miles; Columbia, Boone County, 25 miles, Fulton was chartered as 
 a city, March 14, 1859, and contains about 2000 population. 
 
 Portland is situated on the Missouri River, 141 miles above St. 
 Louis, and is a shipping point for a considerable extent of country. 
 This town was first settled about the year 1833 ; population about 300. 
 The manufacture of tobacco is the principal business of the place. 
 
 Concord, 12 miles from Fulton, contains a Presbyterian Church, 
 Masonic Lodge, and several business houses; population 150. 
 
 Williamsburgh, i)opulation 100. 
 
 Cote Sans Dessein, (a hill without a design,) is a small village 
 situated three miles below the mouth of the Osage River. It was first 
 settled by French in 1808, and was once a populous place. Its name 
 is derived from an isolated hill, some 600 yards long and very narrow, 
 filled with limestone, standing in the bottom on the bank of the river; 
 and it is thought by many that some convulsion of nature has separated 
 
CAMDEN COUNTY. 205 
 
 it from the Osage bluffs opposite, and turned the Missouri River be- 
 tween this hill and the base of its kindred bluffs. Cote Sans Desseia 
 was the scene of some hard-fought battles with the Indians, in which 
 were exhibited instances of woman's bravery and determination truly 
 commendable and wonderful. 
 
 CAMDEN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south central part of the State, bounded 
 on the north by Morgan and Miller, south by Dallas and Laclede, east 
 by Miller and Pulaski, and west by Benton and Hickory Counties ; and 
 contains an area of about 680 square miles. The population of the 
 county in 1850 was 2338, and in 1856 was reported at 328Y, the latter 
 being claimed by the citizens to be erroneous; in 1860, 4845. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country rolling, and some 
 portions broken, and well timbered, except in the extreme south- 
 eastern corner. There is but little prairie in the county. It is 
 drained by the Osage, Big and Little Niangua, and Grand Auglaize 
 Kivers, the former of which is navigable for small steamboats. 
 A correspondent of the Missouri Republican says: "Camden is 
 made up of a succession of hills, valleys, and beautiful woodlands. 
 Her soil is rich and productive; and here you might literally see 
 'her cattle feeding upon a thousand hills.' The hills of the Big and 
 Little Niangua are picturesque and sublime, while the water power 
 of these streams, together with their fine forests of oak, walnut, 
 cherry, and a variety of other timber, are objects of great interest to 
 mechanics and machinists. A single spring on Big Niangua furnishes 
 water enough for any amount of machinery; and the scenery that 
 surrounds it is the admiration of all who see it. Many have traveled 
 miles to see nature's wonder ; and, like the queen who visited Sol- 
 omon, involuntarily exclaimed, 'the half had never been told.'" 
 
 The Wet Auglaize, in the southeastern part of the county, mean- 
 ders through it for fifteen miles, and the two Niangua Rivers, con- 
 jointly, forty miles. These streams afford good water power, which 
 has been partially improved. Good flouring and saw mills, carding 
 machines, etc., would pay well upon the capital invested. Lower 
 Big Spring, and the Big Cave, in township 73, range 17, are points 
 of considerable interest. There are a number of large springs of 
 pure cool water throughout the county. As prairie grass of natural 
 
206 CAMDEN COUNTY. 
 
 growth is abundant from April to November, stock growing would 
 also prove profitable. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — Some parts of the county are very fertile, 
 and better suited to agriculture, others broken, but well adapted to 
 fruit and stock growing. The principal products are wheat, corn, 
 rye, oats, timothy, and tobacco. 
 
 Minerals, — In 1846, Captain W. D. Murphy discovered lead ore 
 in township 39, range 17, section 36, when he at once erected a fur- 
 nace, and during the year, 100,000 pounds of mineral were taken out; 
 at that time mineral was worth $20 per 1000 pounds, and lead, at St. 
 Louis, sold for $5 per hundred pounds. In 1847, the mine was aban- 
 doned — not on account of any decrease in the mineral product, but 
 because, as Captain Murphy states, he " had too many irons in the 
 fire;" he being at that time in the mercantile business, and the owner 
 of two steamboats, allowed the lead mine to remain unworked, as it 
 is at the present day. No lead mines are now worked in the vicinity 
 of Linn Creek, though the mineral is there, and in paying quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county, newspaper, 1 ; mer- 
 chants, 8 ; lawyers, 5 ; physicians, 7 ; druggists, 2 ; grocers, 2 ; car- 
 penters, 10; blacksmiths, 10; wagon shops, 5; coopers, 4; saddler, 
 1 ; tailors and dealers, 3 ; shoemakers, 2 ; saw-mills, 3 ; flouring- 
 mills, 2 ; teachers, 6 ; hotels, 3 ; stove and tin shops, 2 ; surveyors, 
 2 ; brick-masons, 3 ; distillery. 1 ; brewery, 1 ; hide and leather 
 dealers, 2 ; beef and pork packer, 1 ; and warehouses, 4. 
 
 Of churches, there are 12: Methodist, 5, 200 members; Baptist, 
 5, 80 members ; Campbellites, 2, 80 members. Of district schools 
 there are about 20, principally in southeast part of the county. 
 Recently, the citizens of Auglaize got up a subscription for building 
 a high-school house, and selected a beautiful site, near five never- 
 failing springs of clear water. There will also be a town laid off ad- 
 joining, to be christened " Glaize City," It is a central point, and 
 eighteen miles distant from any town. The selection for the town 
 and school is altogether a good one — no better could be found in the 
 State — on the Osage, about eighteen miles from Linn Creek, 
 
 LINN CREEK, the county-seat, is located in section 36, township 
 39, range 17 west — situated on Linn Creek, about one mile from the 
 Osage Uiver, and is an important center for business, for Southwest 
 Missouri and Northwest Arkansas. The amount of goods annually 
 sold at this point is estimated to be not less than three-quarters of a 
 million of dollars' worth, and the amount imported from other points, 
 shipped to this place, not less than $2,000,000. The house of McClurg, 
 
CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 207 
 
 Murphy & Co. sell, upon an average, half a million dollars' worth of 
 goods annually. The Osage is navigable for steamboats the greater 
 portion of the year — the round trip being made to the mouth of the 
 Osage River in a week or ten days, where the goods and produce are 
 usually reshipped upon the Pacific Railroad to St. Louis. The "Big 
 Niangua Spring," so noted as being the rendezvous of a large band 
 of counterfeiters in 1833-34, is situated about eight miles from Linn 
 Creek. Population of Linn Creek about 300. 
 
 Cave Pump is on the Big Niangua, six miles from the county-seat. 
 
 Toronto, sixteen miles east from Linn Creek, was first settled 
 in 1832. 
 
 CAPE GIRARDExVU COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast portion of the State, bounded 
 on the east by the Mississippi River, on the west by Bollinger, on the 
 north by Perry, and on the south by Scott and Stoddard Counties, 
 and embraces an area of 8t5 square miles. 
 
 History. — The first settlement at Cape Girardeau was made by 
 Louis Lorimer, a Frenchman, in 1794, who erected what Marie Philip 
 Le Due called "large buildings," in 1799. He petitioned the Gover- 
 nor-General of Louisiana, El Baron de Carondelet, (September 1, 
 1795,) to grant him 8000 arpents of land. The Governor-General, 
 under date of New Orleans, October 26, 1795, directed Surveyor- 
 General Soulard to survey said land. In 1810, Surveyor Soulard 
 testified that " Cape Girardeau" was situated upon the land claimed 
 by said Lorimer. Robert Gibany established a blacksmith shop here 
 in the fall of 1797. Randol settled a few miles from the town in 
 1798. His son John (then a boy of fourteen) still resides in the 
 county, and is an active, industrious man. He says the old English 
 mode of plowing was practiced in those days by Lorimer, (above 
 named,) who was very wealthy, and had a large number of negroes : 
 one negro led the horse, while another held the plow. Urban Asher- 
 brauner located here in 1800. Solomon Thorn and Andrew Ramsey 
 each came in 1801, cleared land, cultivated nurseries, and planted 
 orchards and gardens. Thompson Bird, in 1801, cultivated corn, 
 vines, and tobacco. Dennis Sullivan came in 1802, blacksmithed two 
 years, and taught school for some years afterward on Bird's Creek. 
 Joseph Crutchlon settled at Alexander Parish, in 1802, and planted 
 large crops. Geo. F. Bollinger (son of John Bollinger) settled on 
 
208 CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 
 
 White Water in 1803. The government and administration of the 
 laws was altogether in the hands of the Commandante. He settled 
 all disputes as to property, and enforced the collection of debts in a 
 summary mode. 
 
 Probably the first flax raised in the State was by James Boyd, 
 near Cape Girardeau, who raised and worked it in 1804. Some 
 of the descendants of the above named are among the most worthy, 
 able, valuable citizens of this section of country. Missouri 
 Territory was formerly divided into seven districts, namely: The 
 Arkansas, St. Frangois, Cape Girardeau, St. Genevieve, St. Louis, 
 and St. Charles. The Cape Girardeau district extended from Apple 
 Creek to the Tywappaty Bottoms, about thirty miles. (See " Outline 
 History.") 
 
 At the close of the year 1799, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper 
 Louisiana had a census taken, at which time this district contained 
 521 souls. In 1803 the population had increased to 1206 ; in 1804 
 to 1500, and the census of 1810 shows a population of 3888. At this 
 time there were twenty buildings in the town, a saw and grist mill, 
 a few artisans, and several stores. Excepting three or four French 
 families, these were all immigrants from the United States ; and soon 
 after the United States took possession of the Territory, the men 
 were formed into three large military companies. 
 
 The Indian villages — two of Shawnees and one of Delawares — 
 were erected in the year 1794, on Apple Creek, about twenty miles 
 above its mouth, which is eighteen miles above Cape Girardeau. 
 The Indians in these villages were considered the most wealthy in 
 the country, and had built their towns under the sanction of the 
 Spanish, who were very friendly toward them, in hope to secure their 
 protection in case of an attack from other tribes. One of these little 
 towns in 1811 contained eighty houses, principally hewn log cabins, 
 covered with shingles, and comfortably furnished. 
 
 In his "Emigrant's Guide," published 1818, William Darby, Esq., 
 says of this district : " This is one of the most flourishing settlements 
 on the western waters of the United States. The lands are various 
 and good. The staples are cotton, flour, tobacco, hemp, and maple 
 sugar. Maize is raised for home consumption, but is frequently ex- 
 ported to Natchez and New Orleans. Beef, pork, lard, and tallow 
 are also produced for consumption and exportation." At the date 
 the above statement was made, (1818,) settlements were scattered 
 through the district, even as far west as the St. Franpois, sixty miles 
 from the Cape. In September, 1821, the population of this county 
 was 8352, of whom 1432 were slaves, and 44 free blacks. From 1830 
 
CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 209 
 
 to tlie present time the population is given of all the counties, in the 
 table at the close of the Outline History. In 18G0 there were 12,734 
 whites, 66 free colored, and 1533 slaves. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil, etc. — The southern part of the county is 
 mostly level, the other portions present a moderately-uneven surface, 
 very little more than enough to insure good drainage, unless it be in 
 the first range of hills adjacent to the Mississippi River in the north- 
 eastern part of the county, some of which are abrupt. It is a heavily- 
 timbered county, (there is no prairie,) comprising in the different 
 sections, poplar, ash, sugar maple, cherry, elm, beech, and the differ- 
 ent varieties of walnut, hickory, oak, etc., in great abundance. Boat- 
 builders who have examined the fine oak and poplar timber near 
 Cape Girardeau City, say it is the best in the valley of the Mississippi 
 for boat-building purposes. 
 
 The traveler interested in the topography of the country will ob- 
 serve that the bluffs twelve miles below Cape Girardeau are the first 
 that occur on the west side of the river above the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi; hence the left bank of the river, from these bluffs to its 
 mouth, a distance of 1136 miles, has generally a low, alluvial shore. 
 This has been stated by other writers as being the eastern portion of 
 the dividing ridge or high lands between the waters of the Arkansas, 
 White, and St. Francois Rivers, as well as those of the Mississippi 
 and Missouri. That statement is erroneous, for this prominence is 
 little else than an elevated island, and what is known as the East 
 Swamp extends out from the Mississippi three miles below Cape 
 Girardeau, and is about three miles in width, and forms the low lands 
 of White Water, Little River, etc. The dividing line between Cape 
 Girardeau and Scott passes through the center of this low land, which, 
 though called a swamp, is susceptible of cultivation for several miles 
 down the river from its northern limit, and a portion of these alluvial 
 low lands are now very profitably cultivated. 
 
 The soil is very fertile, and produces an abundant yield of corn, 
 wheat, oats, the different grasses, and tobacco. Many years ago 
 flax and cotton were raised for home consumption, and some little 
 flax is still raised; but the culture of cotton has been abandoned. 
 There is no hemp raised in this county. The different varieties of 
 fruits and vegetables are cultivated with profit, and to a largely- 
 increased extent within the last five years. 
 
 The county is well supplied with water, having many clear, pure 
 springs, and is drained by White Water, Apple Creek, and numer- 
 ous other smaller streams. There are many fine mill sites on some of 
 the above-mentioned streams, two or three of which are occupied, on 
 
 14 
 
210 CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 
 
 White Water and Apple Creek, by large grist, flouring, and saw 
 mills, and there are others on the smaller streams. There are some 
 twelve or fourteen saw-mills in the county, most of which are run by 
 steam power. 
 
 Marbles. — Cape Girardeau is called the "Marble City," from the 
 fact that it is built upon a solid bed of marble, so abundant and easily 
 procured that it is used for paving. The State Capitol of Louisiana 
 and some very fine blocks in St. Louis are constructed from it. The 
 light marble is very compact and hard ; does not crack from the action 
 of frost upon it, and is within one per cent, of pure lime. Besides 
 this, there are of variegated marbles, the white and black, the purple, 
 red, and white, and the yellow and white, all susceptible of a fine 
 polish. These marbles are all convenient to the city. Brown sand- 
 stone, beautifully stratified, and easily quarried and dressed, and 
 which hardens upon exposure to the atmosphere, is abundant near 
 the city, and used for building, paving, etc., as well as the marbles. 
 The beautiful white sand found here is shipped to Pittsburg, Phila- 
 delphia, and Boston, for manufacturing the clearest glassware. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — The following list embraces the different 
 classes of business represented in this county, and are principally in 
 the City of Cape Girardeau : newspapers, 2 ; bookstore, 1 ; lawyers, 
 12; physicians, 16; dentist, 1; surveyor, 1; branch of Bank of State 
 of Missouri, 1 ; dry goods merchants, 20 ; family groceries, 5 ; drug- 
 gists, 6 ; hardware stores, 3 ; clothing stores, 2 ; tailors, 8 ; stove and 
 tinware stores, 2 ; rope manufactory, 1 ; woolen manufactory, 1 ; 
 marble, (one extensive steam power,) 2 ; distillery, 1 ; breweries, 2 ; 
 soap and candle manufactory, 1 ; tanneries, 3 ; broom manufactories, 
 2; bakeries, 2; confectioneries, 3; boot and shoe manufactories, 8; 
 saddleries, 3; saw-mills, 3; flouring-mills, 2; carpenter shops, 10; 
 cabinet shops, 3; jeweler shops, 2; cooper shops, 10; blacksmith, 
 13; wagon, 12; tin, 2; painters, 3; hotels, 6; (the Johnson House 
 a first-class hotel, and desirable place to sojourn ;) livery stables, 5 ; 
 brickyards, 3; masons and plasterers, 12, Also, a very extensive 
 lime-kiln, on the most approved plan. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The Catholics have at Cape Girardeau a 
 college, theological seminary, and convent — well conducted and liber- 
 ally patronized — substantial brick edifices located on beautiful, com- 
 manding sites. There are also in the city a Protestant female semi- 
 nary, male academy, and a number of common schools, (of which 
 there are fifty-three in the county.) 
 
 Cape Girardeau, the commercial city, and most important place 
 in the county, is located upon a commanding site, overlooking 
 
CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 211 
 
 the Mississippi River, with a thrifty and intelligent population, good 
 churches and schools, and neat and commodious business houses and 
 residences. The best private residences are in the outskirts of the 
 town, and the few old French buildings, valued by some for their 
 antiquity and past history, add nothing to the beauty of the place. 
 The whole city is underlaid by a solid bed of marble, which extends 
 some distance northwest from the town. This place, in 1850, had a 
 population of only about 800, which has within ten years increased 
 to 3000. It is located 130 miles below St. Louis, and fifty above 
 the mouth of the Ohio. Two newspa])ers are published here : the 
 "Eagle," Ben. F. Herr and M. H. Moore, editors, in its fifteenth 
 volume; and the Southeastern Democrat, Jas. T. Coleman, editor, 
 fourth volume. 
 
 Did our limits permit, we should like to speak of the manufactories 
 of this city — the extensive flouring-mills, steam marble works, the 
 perpetual lime-kiln, where 1200 barrels per week of "Richard's Cape 
 Lime" are manufactured, etc. etc. 
 
 JACKSON, the county-seat, is situated in the central part of the 
 county, and was incorporated March 2, 1859. It is a brisk and 
 flourishing place, surrounded by a beautiful and healthy country, and 
 populated by a refined, intelligent, and hospitable people. 
 
 Within a few years past the people of this county have become 
 aroused to the importance of internal improvements for the proper 
 development of their natural resources. A gravel road has been 
 built from Cape Girardeau to Jackson, and thence to White Water, 
 and will soon be completed to Dallas, in Bollinger County. Another 
 one is begun in the direction of Bloomfield, ten miles of which are 
 nearly completed ; and another one is about being commenced, and 
 will soon be built to Appleton, in the northern part of the county, a 
 distance of twenty-five or thirty miles. There is also a manifest de- 
 termination on the part of the people to have a railroad from the 
 Pilot Knob to Cape Girardeau, thence to Belmont, opposite Colum- 
 bus, Kentucky, and there connect with the Southern system of rail- 
 roads. This county is increasing in population and wealth very 
 rapidly, and a greatly improved mode of agriculture, building, and 
 living is apparent throughout the county within a few years past. 
 
212 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the north bank of the Missouri River, 
 in the north central part of the State, bounded on the southeast by 
 the Missouri River, on the east by Grand River, on the north by 
 Livingston County, on the west by Ray County, and embraces about 
 800 square miles. 
 
 This county was formed from the territory of Ray County, about 
 thirty years ago. In 1840 it had a population of 2483, and in 1850, 
 5448. The population in 18G0 was 8831. 
 
 The general character of the county is undulating or rolling, not 
 very fertile, with a good supply of timber land for all practical pur- 
 poses. This may be considered partially a prairie county. The 
 prairies are surrounded by timber, consisting of black oak, white oak, 
 black walnut, sugar-tree, maple, linn, elm, hickory, hackberry, Cot- 
 tonwood, etc. The county is well watered by Grand River, which 
 marks its eastern boundary, also by the Waconda, Big Creek, and 
 their tributaries. Waconda empties into the Missouri five miles 
 above the mouth of Grand River. Above Waconda is situated the 
 Yellow Rock Prairie ; noted for its beauty and fertility. Extending 
 along the bank of the Missouri, between Waconda and Crooked 
 Creek, is a sugar-tree bottom, which is remarkably fertile, but the 
 location has been considered unhealthy. It is some thirty miles long, 
 by from five to seven in width. Hemp or corn would produce well 
 here. Almost every variety of location, bluff or valley, timber or 
 prairie, can be found in this county, and many beautiful locations for 
 large stock farms, for which the climate and location render Carroll 
 peculiarly well adapted. The soil is generally favorable to the culti- 
 vation of all kinds of grain, grasses, fruit, and root crops that flourish 
 in this latitude. Cultivated land is worth from $10 to $25, and un- 
 cultivated from $4 to $10 per acre. 
 
 Minerals. — Stone coal is abundant. Lead ore has been found in 
 various localities, also some pieces of iron ore ; but no systematic 
 prospecting done. Extensive quarries of stone exist in the county, 
 which furnish excellent grindstones, and also good rock for building 
 purposes. 
 
 Antiquities. — There are in this county several very high mounds, 
 rising from one hundred to four hundred and fifty feet above the level 
 of the surrounding country. Bogart's is the highest; the next highest 
 
CARROLL COUNTY. 213 
 
 is Stokes's ; then Potato-hill Mound, etc. Out of Bogart's Mound 
 (situated a little way north of the center of the county) there runs 
 a very peculiar kind of spring, the water of which is oily or pitchy — 
 so much so that the people in the vicinity use it for lubrication. 
 These mounds occur repeatedly, and cover an area of some eight or 
 ten miles. The pioneer settlers state that lead was found in consider- 
 able quantities in some of these mounds, but no mines have ever been 
 opened, and none found that would pay for working. Indications of 
 lead are found in the northwest part of the county. De Witt was 
 doubtless inhabited, at one time, by aborigines, and the mounds 
 standing on the elevation above, near Skelly's residence, appear to 
 have been their works for defense ; and about 600 yards above, on 
 the highest ground, is a high mound which was probably their watch- 
 tower, where the wary sentinel stood through the long hours of night, 
 to watch the approach of the enemy. 
 
 Churclies and Schools. — There are but few good church edifices in 
 the county, but the following denominations have meetings: Cumber- 
 land and 0. S. Presbyterians, New School Presbyterians, and Meth- 
 odist Christian. Of free schools there are about fifty in the county — 
 the districts being about three miles square. There will be a school 
 fund of over $300,000 arising from the sale of lands that were given 
 to the county. The amount apportioned by the State for 1859 was 
 $2381 40, and the number of pupils entitled to the advantages of 
 district schools, 3340. 
 
 The following industrial pursuits are represented in this county : 
 Of lawyers there are t; physicians, 16; merchants, 19; grocer, 1; 
 druggist, 1; silversmith, 1; tinner, 1; blacksmiths, 20; wagon- 
 makers, 10; saddlers, 4; tailors, 3; shoemakers, 3; cabinetmakers, 
 2; carpenters, 50; tobacco manufacturers, 1; saw-mills, (steam and 
 water power,) 10; flouring-mills, (six steam, and two water power,) 
 8 ; wind-mill, 1 ; coopers, 3 ; hotels, 4 ; and 1 newspaper. Capital- 
 ists are badly needed. A banker or broker would find this a good 
 point for business. 
 
 CARROLLTON, the county-seat, was named in honor of the last 
 survivor of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. It has 
 an elevated situation, convenient to both prairie and timber, and is 
 one of the best interior business centers in the State. Before the 
 county was thickly settled, and laboring under many disadvantages, 
 the five merchants who were in business in 184*7 imported upwards 
 of $50,000 worth of goods, and exported 357 tons of hemp, 206 
 hogsheads of tobacco, 26,050 bushels of wheat, 11,000 slaughtered 
 hogs, and 2700 barrels of beans. This was twelve years ago. The 
 
214 CARTER COUNTY. 
 
 increase in every department since has been very great. This place 
 was incorporated March 12, 1849, and contains about 1100 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 De "Witt (formerly called Windsor City,) was one of the principal 
 seats of the Mormon war; it is a pleasant town, and contains a 
 population of 300. Miles Point, 200 ; Coloma, 250; San Francisco, 
 30 ; Hill's Landing, 200. Distance from the county-seat to Utica on 
 the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, thirty miles ; to the Missouri 
 River, six miles. 
 
 CARTER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in Southeast Missouri, bounded on the east 
 by Wayne and Butler, west by Shannon and Oregon, north by Shan- 
 non and Reynolds, and south by Ripley County. 
 
 This county was organized March 10, 1859, and is named in honor 
 of one of its earliest and most respectable citizens, Mr. Zimri Carter. 
 In 1860 it contained 1089 inhabitants. 
 
 The surface is quite broken and heavily timbered, with fertile val- 
 leys which produce good farm products, while the slopes and the hill- 
 sides are well adapted to the culture of the vine, and all kinds of 
 fruit. The same minerals so abundant in all the counties surrounding 
 it also exist here — iron and copper especially. (See description of 
 Wayne County for geological and mineralogical features.) 
 
 The principal stream in the county is the Current River, which is 
 rapid and clear — so transparent that a half dime can be seen to a 
 depth of twenty-five feet. Yet, strange as it may seem, there is con- 
 siderable ague along its banks, for which the settlers say they see no 
 good reason. Let them cut down enough of the dense pine forest to 
 admit the sun and air freely, and when thoroughly dry, burn the 
 leaves and decaying wood that create so much miasma, and they will 
 have no more ague. 
 
 The scenery along the Current is truly grand — just such as " poets 
 most do rave about, and artists paint." The steep, rugged cliffs of 
 pure white limestone are overshadowed by pines of every size, from 
 the beautiful little dwarf that clings to the sides and crevices of the 
 projecting rocks to the giant old sentinels that tower up from the 
 summit of the cliff. Here are cascades that rush through perpen- 
 dicular walls, or murmur through the little valleys and natural bowers, 
 tarrying here and there, on the way, in beautiful pebble-bottomed 
 
CASS COUNTY. 215 
 
 ponds, in whose crystal waters the speckled trout are found in abund- 
 ance. This is a favorite section of the State for fishing and sporting 
 parties. 
 
 VAN BUREN is the county-seat, but the name will probably be 
 changed. Population of county about 4000. 
 
 CASS COUNTY. 
 
 Tliis county is situated in the western part of the State, bounded 
 on the north by Jackson, east by Johnson and Henry, south by Bates, 
 and west by Kansas Territory. This was formerly called "Van 
 Buren" County, but the name was changed to Cass, February 19, 
 1849. Area, about 669 square miles. Population in 1860, 9869. 
 
 Physical Features. — Probably three-fourths of this county is 
 prairie, and the remainder good timber, consisting of hickory, oak, 
 linn, hackberry, elm, walnut, and sugar-tree. On Big Creek is a 
 large grove, consisting of post oak, black walnut, and black locust — 
 the latter rarely met with in this section. The surface is undulating, 
 and some portions marshy. The soil is fertile, and adapted to most 
 agricultural purposes. This would be a good section for stock grow- 
 ing. The county is watered by the middle fork of Grand Biver and 
 Big Creek and their numerous tri))utaries, and by many springs, 
 one of which is a petroleum (commonly called tar) spring. This 
 is situated near the middle of the western boundary of the county, 
 five miles west from Cold Water Grove. The petroleum forms upon 
 the top of the water, but at certain seasons of drought the spring 
 yields no water, and the petroleum fills the basin, and has been used 
 for lubrication, and in some instances been burned in lamps. 
 There are several elevations, called "knobs," in the north-central 
 part of the county, from the summit of which a view is afforded of a 
 considerable section of country. There are many conjectures as to 
 the origin of these knobs — some contending they are natural, others 
 that they are the work of the Indians. In some of the knobs in 
 Johnson County, near the top, is a stratum of limestone, which can 
 be seen around the sides, proving conclusively they are not artificial. 
 The county is well represented by merchants and professional men, 
 but good openings for most kinds of mechanics, farmers, and stock 
 growers, who will here find a fertile soil, good water, excellent schools, 
 
216 CEDAR COUNTY. 
 
 numerous churches, and good society. Cultivated land about $16 
 per acre — unimproved from $4 to $6. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, the county-seat, is situated near the center 
 of the county, has an excellent brick Court-house, and the principal 
 business houses of the county. Incorporated March 4, 1851; popu- 
 lation about 900. 
 
 Pleasant Hill is a thriving town, ten miles northeast from the 
 county-seat, on the waters of Big Creek. The location is pleasant 
 and commanding, and the surrounding country well settled by indus- 
 trious farmers. This town was incorporated March 14, 1869 ; popu- 
 lation 900. Austin, population 200 ; and Dayton, population 100. 
 
 CEDAR COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the west-southwestern part of the State, 
 bounded north by St. Clair, east by Polk, south by Dade, and west 
 by Yernon County, which separates it from the Kansas line. It is 
 intersected by Sac River, and also drained by the east fork of Sac 
 River, and by Cedar and Horse Creeks, and has an area of 435 square 
 miles. 
 
 The first settlements were made here in 1832 ; and the county in 1850 
 contained a population of 3360 ; in 1856, 5395 ; and in 1860, 6653. 
 
 The surface of the county is undulating, with about an equal divi- 
 sion of prairie and timber. Stone coal is abundant, and worked only 
 for neighborhood uses. There is unimproved water power upon the 
 Big and Little Sac, and Cedar Creek. 
 
 The soil is fertile, producing as high as 75 bushels of corn to the 
 acre, 35 of wheat, 20 of rye, 50 of oats, 300 of potatoes, 2 tons of 
 wet timothy and Hungarian grass. The soil and climate are well 
 adapted to agricultural purposes, and especially to fruit growing. 
 Stock raising is a very profitable business in this section. 
 
 There are eleven churches in the county : Methodists, Baptists, and 
 Christians are most numerous. Of schools there are 35, including 
 both public and private — no high schools. 
 
 Of business houses in the county, there are 14 merchants, 6 grocers, 
 2 druggists, 1 silversmith, 15 blacksmiths, 4 wagon-makers, 2 saddlers, 
 2 tailors, 2 shoemakers, 5 cabinetmakers, 14 carpenters, 1 cooper, 6 
 saw-mills, 3 flouring-mills, and 2 hotels; also 5 lawyers and 19 phy- 
 sicians. 
 
CHARITON COUNTY. 217 
 
 Farmers, mechanics of all kinds, and millwrights are wanted. 
 
 The principal towns in the county are STOCKTON, the county-seat, 
 300 population ; Clintonville, Whitehair, Centerville, and Mountain 
 Valley City. The name of Lancaster was changed to Fremont, 
 January 2, 184T, and Fremont was changed to Stockton, February 
 8, 1859. 
 
 CHARITON COUNTY.* 
 
 This county is situated in the north central part of the State, 
 bounded on the southwest by the Missouri River, southeast by How- 
 ard County, east by Randolph and Macon, north by Macon and Linn, 
 and west by Carroll County, and contains an area of 800 square 
 miles. Population in 1860, 11,983. 
 
 Chariton County was named after the river which runs through the 
 eastern part of the county, and the river is called after an early 
 French trader who had his fur- trading agency near its mouth. The 
 name is pronounced " Shai^e-e-ton.''^ 
 
 When Lewis and Clark explored the Missouri River in 1803, the 
 Big and Little Chariton Rivers, which now unite about a mile before 
 they empty into the Missouri, had separate outlets ; and the Indians 
 had a tradition of a large lake in the fork of the Charitons, in which 
 they paddled their canoes, and from which they caught many fine fish. 
 The traces of this lake are still apparent. This county has the Mis- 
 souri River for its southern boundary, and is mostly embraced be- 
 tween its tributaries, the Grand and Chariton Rivers; and when 
 organized from Howard County in 1820, extended north to the Iowa 
 line, a territory now comprising several populous counties. 
 
 History. — The earliest American of whom we have any informa- 
 tion, who lived in the county, after Lewis and Clark, in 1803, was 
 George Jackson, who afterward served in the Legislature as its rep- 
 resentative. Mr. Jackson penetrated into Chariton County from 
 Boon's Lick on a hunting expedition, where he met a great many 
 Indians who then had their hunting grounds there, for game was 
 very abundant. There was no permanent settlements made until the 
 year 1816, when John Hutchison, deceased, visited the county from 
 Howard, prospecting, and selected his place on Yellow Creek, about 
 
 * We are indebted to R. H. Musser, Esq., for an elaborate description of this 
 county ; also of the Grand River Country. 
 
218 CHARITON COUNTY. 
 
 twenty miles from Brunswick, where lie lived until his death in 185T, 
 forty years, and died full of years, and the deserved respect of his 
 neighbors. It was perhaps a few years later that Henry Clark, now 
 a venerable old man, revered for his piety and uprightness, settled at 
 his present home on Clark's Branch, in Clark Township, both of which 
 will perpetuate his name. 
 
 In 1817 our squatter had his cabin in a little bottom prairie on 
 the banks of the Missouri River, then about a mile, but now not 
 more than half a mile from the mouth of Grand River, the spot 
 where the City of Brunswick now stands. The late Stephen Dono- 
 hue, who died the owner of near four hundred quarter sections of 
 land some two years since, and who had settled at the then new vil- 
 lage of Chariton, visited the spot, as he informed us, in that year : he 
 found the squatter in a tolerably comfortable wigwam. The effects 
 of the war of 1812 had produced a distress almost unknown since, 
 and hard to be conceived now, even since the panic of 185T. Mr- 
 Donohue saw what he supposed to be the carcasses of several deer 
 lying beside the cabin, with wild bees buzzing around them, and 
 inquired of the squatter what he would do with so much spoiled veni- 
 son, and was informed that they were deer skins filled with honey. 
 It was on this occasion that Mr. D. bought sixty gallons of honey; 
 and as a money payment for anything was never thought of, a silver 
 dollar being a curiosity, he gave in exchange two bull|.dogs. 
 
 Martin Palmer, (who was known as the "Ring-tail Painter,") a 
 singular man, and a recluse in his habits, had, about this time, his 
 cabin on Palmer's Creek, somewhere about the western edge of the 
 Bowling Green Prairie. From him this creek took its name. Palmer 
 was a rough man, but hospitable and intrepid ; he was a man with 
 many eccentricities, but of good native talent. He was the first rep- 
 resentative in the Legislature from Chariton County. An anecdote 
 is told, that while at the seat of government, at Jefferson City, then 
 rather a primitive village itself, a general fight occurred before the 
 mansion of the Governor, and Governor Clark came out to preserve 
 the peace and dignity of the young State. Palmer, who had not left 
 at home his chivalrous notions of free fight and fair play, seeing the 
 Governor about to interfere, threw ofi" his coat and shirt, and stepped 
 in himself, swearing it was a free fight, and a Governor was no 
 bigger than any other man. Palmer was an athletic man ; his 
 native State was Kentucky, and some apparent mystery seems to 
 have hung about him which his compeers could not fathom. What 
 became of him is not known, as the country in a few years became 
 too civilized and luxurious for him, and he removed farther west. 
 
CHARITON COUNTY. 219 
 
 It was about this year, 1810-17, that Chariton was laid out as a 
 town. General DufF Green, now of Washington City, in company 
 with the late John Moore, were the principal proprietors. So flat- 
 tering were the prospects of the young metropolis then laid out at 
 the base of the bluffs near the mouth of the Chariton River, that Mr. 
 Moore exchanged property in the City of St. Louis, then the metrop- 
 olis of a State containing sixty thousand people, for a like amount in 
 Chariton. Chariton is the oldest town in the county. It soon rose 
 to be of some local importance, and among its lawyers it ranked such 
 names as Archibald Gamble, Henry S. Geyer, who afterward found 
 deserved distinction in a more appropriate field. Stephen Donohue 
 built there a brick store-house costing some $4000, which the sheriff 
 sold for him in a short time for about the price of the brick, so sud- 
 den and severe was the revulsion in its fortunes. Such are human 
 vicissitudes — Chariton is now a farm, and St. Louis one of the most 
 opulent and important cities in the Union 1 The times were hard, in 
 consequence of the late war with Great Britain, and it proved an 
 inauspicious time for building cities. But other causes contributed 
 to the decline of Chariton. It proved to be exceedingly unhealthy, 
 the settlers fell sick, and many cases of sickness resulted fatally, so 
 that it subsided, after languishing a few years, into a cross-roads vil- 
 lage. In 1811-18, the Ashby family moved into the county; in the 
 same year the father of Mr. John P. Williams, who had prospected 
 the year before for a place, came into the county. The father of 
 Mr. Duncan Locke moved in about the same time ; likewise Colonel 
 Bell. The late Fulton Turner, Esq., and Judge Jamison, settled in 
 Chariton County, in the bottom a few miles west of Chariton, about 
 this time or perhaps a year later. The remains of these old planta- 
 tions are yet marked by a vigorous growth of young cottonwood trees 
 where their fields were inclosed and in cultivation. 
 
 The years 1818-19 were marked by considerable accessions to the 
 population, most of them valuable and excellent men. It was about 
 this year Thos. Stanley settled on Grand River, near where he still 
 resides, herding cattle and hogs for the winter, during which season 
 he lived in the hollow part of a huge sycamore, keeping his fire out- 
 side. This habitation proved highly convenient, as after he had cut 
 it off to a suitable length, it was light enough for him to roll it 
 around out of the smoke when the wind was in the wrong direction. 
 Here he lived as comfortable as a prince. With such books and 
 newspapers as the settlements afforded he spent his long winter even- 
 ings; a sycamore splinter dipped in raccoon-oil supplied him with 
 light, and the wild game of the forest and prairie furnished his table. 
 
220 CHARITON COUNTY. 
 
 In the year following, the State was admitted into the Union by- 
 act of Congress, and Missouri adopted her State Constitution. By 
 an act of the first Legislature passed in 1821, Chariton, which had 
 formerly been a part of Howard, was erected into an independent 
 county, including in her widest boundaries from the Missouri River 
 to the southern boundary of the territory of Iowa, westward to the 
 territory of Ray County. What are now Linn, Sullivan, Putnam, and 
 parts of Adair and Schuyler Counties were included in these bounds. 
 
 The county was organized in 1821, with Chariton as a temporary 
 county-seat. Colonel Edward B. Cabell, now deceased, was the first 
 County and Circuit Clerk. Colonel Cabell had emigrated from Ken- 
 tucky in 1818, and settled in Chariton. The seat of justice remained 
 at Chariton till 1832, when Keytesville was laid out. Keytes- 
 ville was called after the Rev. James Keyte, who immigrated at an 
 early day to the county. His residence was on part of the town 
 tract, as originally laid, and vestiges of it yet remain, Mr. Keyte 
 was a Methodist clergyman, a native of Lancashire, England. He 
 was a man of great energy and foresight. He laid out the City of 
 Brunswick, and died about the year 1846. 
 
 Chariton continued to be a considerable point for tobacco ship- 
 ments for some years, but the town of Glasgow, in Howard County, 
 was laid out by Mr. Fulton Turner and others, within two miles of it, 
 and partly within the borders of Chariton County, and as Glasgow's 
 prosperous trade grew up, Chariton languished more. It was finally 
 abandoned by all except Mr. John Moore, Sen., father of the present 
 Representative from the county, who continued to reside there till 
 the day of his death, which occurred in 1857, in a most tragic man- 
 ner, he having been murdered in his own house by a madman whom 
 nobody knew. 
 
 At this early day there was a mania for " paper towns," for about 
 this time some shrewd, enterprising man laid out the city of Hamil- 
 ton, on the Missouri River, and sold the lots East, perhaps at specu- 
 lative prices. Hamilton was situated in the Missouri River bottom, 
 about midway between Brunswick and Glasgow, by the river. At 
 present it has no owners, but many claimants under tax titles. It is 
 occupied as a wood-yard by any fortunate man who can get possession 
 of it and hold it. Its only building is a small cabin, which, for want 
 of other owner, is still taxed to the soldier, a man named Beckwith, 
 who served for it. 
 
 The Indians, at the early day in which Chariton was flourishing 
 were numerous, and sometimes troublesome. Skirmishes with thera 
 were not unfrequent, for they made forays occasionally into the settle- 
 
CHARITON COUNTY. 221 
 
 merits, stealing horses, or whatever valuables they could find. These 
 inroads on the settlements were always resented, and in most in- 
 stances the property recovered. 
 
 The early settlers were principally from the tobacco-growing re- 
 gions of Virginia and Kentucky, and finding botli soil and climate 
 here admirably adapted to its growth, entered largely into tobacco 
 culture, with great profit and success, although the price rarely ex- 
 ceeded $2 50 to $3 per 100 pounds. Corn was so extensively pro- 
 duced as to be dull sale at ten and twelve and a half cents per bushel. 
 The spontaneous products of the forests and prairies furnished an 
 abundance of food for stock, so that there was but poor demand for 
 corn at home or abroad. The Missouri was then navigated only by 
 rude keel and flat-boats, which, with return cargoes, were obliged to 
 be cordelled up the stream. As will be seen by reference to the 
 "History of the Introduction of Steam Navigation upon the Western 
 Rivers," in Book II., there was yet no steamboats on this river, and 
 no inducements to raise produce for transportation. 
 
 Other causes than that of the unhealthiness of old Chariton pre- 
 vented the growth of this county. After the late war, Congress 
 passed an act granting pensions to the soldiers of that war, giving 
 160 acres to each one who was honorably discharged, and to the 
 widows and orphans of those who were killed or died in the service. 
 The three Territories of Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas were selected 
 as the proper places to settle these soldiers on their lands. As near 
 as could be judged, the best lands were selected for them in every one 
 of the Territories and distributed among them by lot. About five 
 thousand quarter sections were drawn by soldiers in Missouri, the 
 principal part of them in Chariton County, and portions of the 
 Counties of Carroll, Livingston, Linn, Macon, and Randolph, north 
 of the township line of fifty-two and fifty-three. These lands princi- 
 pally fell into the hands of speculators, who held them, expecting 
 the improvements upon lands around them would greatly enhance 
 their value. The title to a considerable portion of this land has 
 from that date to this been in dispute ; however, nearly all of these 
 titles have been perfected. The titles called " Spanish Floats," being 
 portions of land granted the sufferers by the New Madrid earthquakes 
 in 1811, were in part located in this county, but never caused any 
 litigation. The old town of Chariton was located upon one of these 
 grants. 
 
 In 1844 the high water overflowed the Missouri, Chariton, and 
 Grand River bottoms, so that a very large proportion of Chariton 
 County was inundated. The Charitons are streams which furnish 
 
ZZ'2 CHARITON COUNTY. 
 
 much valuable water power, and the mills established on them were 
 from the first of the greatest convenience to the people and after- 
 ward to the sparse settlements which radiated from Chariton into 
 Linn, Livingston, and the counties north. These streams were all 
 overflowed to the very great damage of the farmers. This overflow 
 had a most disastrous eflFect on the settlements in the county as well 
 as the towns within its border. It ruined many and discouraged all. 
 For years the settlement of the rich lowlands and second bottoms 
 were retarded. These lowlands are not now, however, subject to 
 overflow as formerly. The beautiful meadow and farming land, owned 
 by Major R. P. Price and others near Brunswick, now worth $200 
 an acre, was once covered by a large lake, extending to Lake Creek. 
 
 Tobacco. — The County of Chariton is one of the largest tobacco- 
 growing counties in the State. The crop for 1858 was estimated at 
 5000 hogsheads, or 6,000,000 pounds. It did not probably amount 
 to so much. It is supposed from reliable data that the crop of 1859 
 will exceed the year previous about 1,000,000 pounds. This tobacco 
 is mostly put up for the European markets; the strips and higher 
 grades being shipped to Liverpool and London, the lugs and lower 
 grades to Antwerp. The stems are sold in America. Since 1850, 
 the crop is more than doubled in quantity. Previous to that time 
 tobacco rarely ruled higher than $4 the 100 pounds; in 1855, it rated 
 at $10, and as high as $12; in 1858, from $5 to $6. 
 
 The taxable property of the county in 1858 was about 4^ mil- 
 lions; in 1859, it was between five and six millions. 
 
 In the year 1850 there was in Chariton County 6106 neat cattle, 
 6752 sheep, 15,370 hogs. The crop of that year was— 337,397 
 bushels of corn, 2,667,908 pounds of tobacco, 12,671 bushels of 
 potatoes, 114,056 bushels of oats and rye, 50,890 bushels of wheat, 
 15,212 pounds of wool, and nearly 700 bushels of peas and beans. 
 The culture of hemp was not then fairly begun; about the year 1836 
 the crop of the county was estimated at 300 tons. 
 
 Physical Features and Minerals. — The physical conformation of 
 the county, its coal fields, its streams, and its advantages for com- 
 merce and manufactories. 
 
 Coal is abundant in every region of the county. But only the 
 surface veins have so far been opened by the farmers, except in one 
 or two regions. Underlying these surface veins there are thicker 
 and more valuable veins capable of being profitably worked into 
 shafts and drifts, and in many cases rich enough to warrant the use 
 of machinery. The richness and abundance of the coal measures in 
 Linn, Macon, and Livingston Counties, on the line of the Hannibal 
 
CHARITON COUNTY. 223 
 
 and St. Joseph Railroad, is patent to the workl. Many of the 
 richest veins are on the company's lauds, and these owners are too 
 shrewd not to make them abundantly known. The coal fields of 
 Chariton County are strata lying below them, and crop out on the 
 slopes which drain them to the Missouri River, while they in all 
 probability underlie them at a depth of 200 feet or more. The 
 mines worked by the Messrs. Kirkham, English colliers, with a drift, 
 are about one mile and three-quarters from Brunswick. Four or five 
 veins, in a regular series, conforming to the out-crops in other parts 
 of the county, as well as the formations in Carroll, Saline, and Lafay- 
 ette Counties. The vein at present worked is the fourth from the sur- 
 face, and underlies a thick stratum of shale, being imbedded on about 
 one foot of fire clay, adapted to the manufacture of pottery and fire 
 bricks. This vein has yielded so far a sufficient quantity to pay well 
 for working it ; but beneath it there is a stratum of three feet 
 thickness cropping out on Brush Creek at about high-water mark. 
 The fine veins mentioned furnish about seven and a half feet thick- 
 ness of coal, within the space of some fifty feet. They are conve- 
 nient to Grand River, and can be worked so as to supply steamboats 
 on the Missouri River by means of flats. A similar formation is 
 found on Brinker's addition, occurring in connection with sandstone. 
 A vein of coal of one foot in thickness will yield about 44,000 
 bushels to the acre ; the two veins Messrs. Kirkham propose working, 
 being five feet in thickness, will yield 220,000 bushels to the acre, 
 leaving out the surface veins. The mines of Mr. Samuel Matthews, 
 Mr. Bruce and others in other parts of the county adjacent to Bruns- 
 wick, furnish a good coal for heating and household purposes, and are 
 mostly surface veins without mass of any solid material to render 
 them capable of being worked by drifts or shafts with safety or pro- 
 fit. But they are above the "Kirkham mines," inasmuch as the 
 country rises gradually from the Missouri River; and as you go 
 northward toward the coal measures of the Hannibal and St. 
 Joseph Railroad, successive outcrops of veins, varying in thickness 
 and quality, occurring at regular intervals, indicate that the forma- 
 tion is homogeneous. At an altitude above the level of Kirkham's 
 mines of about 200 feet, a vein occurs of four feet in thickness — 
 probably corresponding with a vein in Macon County of about the 
 same altitude — at Huntsville, in Randolph County. It is opened 
 under the hill, just behind the Baptist College, and furnishes a very 
 good article of coal for smiths; the seams run northwest and south- 
 east, as we believe they do in all the strata. Assuming that these 
 coal measures in Chariton are but a part of the same general system 
 
224 CHARITON COUNTY. 
 
 indicated by the formation, in Linn, Macon, and Randolph, and 
 that the average thickness is the same as indicated within the 
 fifty feet examined at the "Kirkham mines," it would give thirty feet 
 of solid coal for every square foot, or 1,320,000 bushels to the acre. 
 And, to go farther, let us assume that the same formation extends 
 with the same rising series of outcrops to the summit where we find 
 the sources of the Chariton and Grand Rivers ; at Chariton, in 
 Iowa, 1200 feet above the level of the Missouri River, assuming 
 thirty feet of solid coal to every 200, we would have there 180 feet 
 of coal; at the Iowa line, about 800 feet above the Missouri River, 
 we would have 120 feet, or 5,280,000 bushels to the acre. Suppose 
 12,000 square miles thus rich with coal fields, not going below the 
 strata which crop out on the level into the Missouri River at high 
 water, it is not unsafe to assume that the series may extend to a level 
 of the Gulf of Mexico, perhaps 2000 feet below, estimating the 
 average fall of the Missouri River and Mississippi at eight inches to 
 the mile. What untold mines of wealth must this country contain I 
 Each mile square contains 640 acres, which, at the average depth of 
 120 feet found for the Iowa line, would show 348,120,000 bushels to 
 the square mile ; assuming 1000 square miles as the area of the Mis- 
 souri Grand River country, we have on this basis, 2,441,040,000,000 
 bushels. Estimate one mill a bushel for a profit on working these 
 mines— what is their value? $2,441,040, (nearly $2,500,000.) 
 
 It is not our province to descant on the coal measures of North 
 Missouri. But it may be proper here to support our hypothesis by 
 some data. As you ascend the Missouri River from its mouth, suc- 
 cessive veins are known to crop out in regular series. The vast beds 
 of cannel and bituminous coals found in Callaway and Carroll Coun- 
 ties occur. The beds of Boone and Cooper occur above them; again, 
 in Saline and Howard, in Chariton, Carroll, and Lafayette; farther 
 on they occur again in Kansas, at Leavenworth, above St Joseph ; 
 at various points in Nebraska, till you reach Omaha, and even into 
 Dacotah, and on the Iowa and Minnesota sides of the river. As 
 you ascend the tributaries of the Missouri on the north side, the same 
 series successively occur till you reach almost the very sources of the 
 Grand and Chariton Rivers, where they seem to dip in under the 
 summit, and perhaps crop out again, in successive strata on the north- 
 ern slope which supplies the waters of the Des Moines. Again, the 
 smaller tributaries to these great tributaries of the Missouri furnish the 
 same phenomena. Let us suppose that the vast veins of Callaway 
 and Cole Counties, dipping under the bed of the Missouri River as 
 they go westward, underlie all the vast country, of like geology and 
 
CHARITON COUNTY. 225 
 
 of apparently common origin. Estimate the average amount in 
 bushels per acre, to the level of the Gulf of Mexico, and we have a 
 result almost inconceivable. These hypotheses we have been led into 
 from the data before us. 
 
 The coal of Chariton County is bituminous, so near as can be 
 judged — we might say it is conjectured to be identical with the 
 bituminous coals found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It is 
 said to be well adapted to the production of excellent coke for 
 foundery purposes, most of which, used in the various founderies of 
 St. Louis and other parts of the State, is brought from Pittsburg. It 
 is worth while, at least, testing its qualities. 
 
 Schools. — The first fund from which Chariton County receives 
 school revenues, is the proceeds of the sales of the sixteenth section 
 in every township granted by a general act of Congress, made in the 
 year 18 — ; from this source she receives annually about $3000 from 
 the State school fund; for the year 1859 she received (vide Su- 
 perintendent's Report) about $3500. In 1850, an act of Congress 
 granted the swamp and overflowed lands belonging to the United 
 States, for the purposes of public education. In 1852, a gen- 
 tleman in Carroll County selected, as the county domain, fifty- 
 six thousand acres. In 1853, the Legislature passed a general 
 act respecting these lands and directing the manner of their sale 
 by the several counties, a previous act having granted them to the 
 several counties. In 1857, the patents having been duly received, 
 vesting the title in Chariton County to all the swamp lands south 
 of the township line of 55-6, in June of that year the county 
 sold at public auction about 23,000 acres, yielding $111,000. 
 In the mean time, the patents were received for the lands lying in 
 township 56, and these, together with the lands unsold, lying south of 
 that township, leave still a county domain of about 33,000 acres. 
 The income of the county in trust for the school fund is about 
 $18,500. If we estimate the gross fund as $185,000, and add the 
 average value of her unsold lands at the average prices of 1857, $4 84 
 per acre, we have $148,720, and an aggregate of $333,720. 
 
 KEYTESVILIE, the county-seat, is situated upon a beautiful 
 plateau, near the center of the county, on the Muscle Fork of the 
 Chariton River. It was laid out in 1832, and has a population of 
 about 300. It is a place of considerable local commerce, and a heavy 
 business is done in preparing and shipping tobacco for foreign 
 markets. There are a number of extensive business houses here, and 
 the principal trade is in tobacco — the establishment of Messrs. 
 
 15 
 
226 CHARITON COUNTY. 
 
 Garth and Price, at Keytesville Landing, being the heaviest, and 
 doing the most extensive business. 
 
 Brunswick, the commercial town of the county, occupies a 
 charming location on the left bank of the Missouri, just below the 
 mouth of Grand River. It was laid out in 1838, and now contains 
 about 1800 inhabitants. The town and the adjacent country suffered 
 greatly from the overflow of the Missouri, in 1844; however, busi- 
 ness revived and flourished again until 1850, when the greater portion 
 of the business houses in the town were destroyed by fire ; and in 1854 
 another conflagration took place, equally if not more disastrous than 
 the fire of 1850. The principal buildings are now made fire-proof, 
 and built in a more substantial and indestructible manner, and there 
 is not a town on the Missouri River, between Kansas City and St. 
 Louis, that presents more unmistakable evidence of permanent im- 
 provement and advancement than Brunswick, 
 
 In 1847, the western addition to the town was laid out by S. B. 
 Kyler, Esq., as attorney in fact for Richard Pendell, of Lexington, 
 Ky.jWho purchased the quarter section from Honorable Henry Clay. 
 The year following, the northern addition and Woodson and Thomp- 
 son's addition were added ; in 1858, Brinker's addition was laid out; 
 and in 1859, all the additions were brought into the corporate limits 
 of Brunswick, which now contains about 600 acres. In 1859, a steam 
 ferry was put into operation, and a ship-yard established at Brunswick. 
 
 There are two papers at Brunswick : the Brunswick Press, con- 
 ducted by Mr. D. D. Hawkins, a well conducted paper, about two 
 years old, neutral in politics; the Central City and Brunswicker, 
 under the editorial charge of Dr. H. W. Cross, an elegant writer and 
 a pleasant gentleman. The Brunswicker is now in its twelfth year, 
 and was the pioneer newspaper of the county, having been established 
 in 1847, by Dr. Jno. H. Blue, a gentleman who will long be remem- 
 bered as an untiring and skillful editor, whose foresight, tact, and 
 energy contributed much to the rapid progress and development of 
 this county and of the Grand River valley. 
 
 In 1848, Colonel Whistler, of the United States Army, caused to 
 to be laid off, on a quarter section of land lying west of what is now 
 Brinker's addition to Brunswick, a town which he called Grand River 
 City; bjit this city has not grown much, and is now principally vacant 
 lots, or in cultivation as a cornfield, by Dr. Blue. The other towns 
 in the county are small villages. 
 
 Bymmsville, a post village, laid off, we believe, by Mr. Fallestein, 
 now of St. Louis, at his old county residence, in Ber Branch town- 
 ship. 
 
CHRISTIAN COUNTY. 227 
 
 Westville, laid out by Dr. West, in 1854, in Clark township. 
 Elk Spring, laid out in 1859, by Dr. Murray, in Yellow Creek 
 township. 
 
 CHRISTIAN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeastern portion of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Taney and Webster, west by Lawrence and 
 Stone, north by Greene, and south by Stone and Taney Counties, 
 
 This is a new county — having been organized March 8, 1859, 
 In 1860 it contained 5549 inhabitants. The face of the country is 
 undulating — some portions approximating to what may be called 
 broken. Generally heavily timbered, with excellent soil in the val- 
 leys and upon some of the uplands. (See description of Greene 
 County, from which it was formed.) 
 
 Land under cultivation can be had for about $9 ; uncultivated, from 
 $2 to $4. The soil and climate both adapt this county to fruit cul- 
 ture or stock growing. 
 
 Minerals. — Extensive deposits of iron ore have been found in 
 this county, and small quantities of lead and copper, with indications 
 of rich openings. 
 
 When completed, the Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad 
 will afford a cheap and speedy transit to market. 
 
 OZARK, the county-seat, is situated on Finley Creek, fifteen miles 
 from Springfield, Greene County ; contains a high school, two churches, 
 Methodist and Christian, flouring and grist mill, two distilleries, 
 four saw-mills, and a fair representation of stores, mechanics, etc, 
 
 Kenton is five miles from Ozark; has a population of about 100 
 
 one church and school and several business houses. 
 
 The county contains a population of 6000. 
 
228 CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 This county forms the extreme northeast corner of the State, is 
 well watered by the Des Moines and Mississippi Rivers, (which form 
 its eastern and northeastern boundary,) and by the Fox and Wa- 
 conda Rivers, and their tributaries. These streams are all skirted 
 by groves of timber, while the "divides" between them are prairie. 
 It was first settled in 1830, and now, 1860, contains a population of 
 9794. 
 
 This county is very advantageously situated — divided only by the 
 Des Moines from the largest commercial city above St. Louis, on the 
 Mississippi, and being located at the mouth of one of the richest 
 valleys in the great and fertile West. If the north line of this county 
 was continued due east until it reached the Mississippi River, making 
 Clarke a square county, it would give her about a dozen towns in 
 Iowa, including the cities of Keokuk and Fort Madison, all of which 
 she now has for a local market if desirable. 
 
 The soil of this county is rolling and fertile, well calculated for 
 farming purposes. The timber (of which there is a good supply) 
 consists of oak, hickory, elm, etc. There are several banks of good 
 stone coal in the county, and some excellent cannel coal. Unculti- 
 vated land is worth from $7 to $10, and cultivated from $15 to $25. 
 Farmers and mechanics of all kinds will find in this county good 
 business locations. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county 2 banks, 1 news- 
 paper, 13 lawyers, 25 physicians, 50 merchants, 5 grocers, 4 druggists, 
 1 silversmith, 3 tinners, 25 blacksmiths, 10 wagon-makers, 1 saddler, 
 5 tailors, 15 shoemakers, 5 cabinetmakers, 40 carpenters, 10 coopers, 
 15 saw-mills, 5 flouring-mills, (steam and water power.) 
 
 Churches, Schools, etc. — There are two academies and forty-eight 
 district school-houses in the county, and in 1838 there were 4332 
 children between five and twenty years of age. There were $1836 60 
 raised in 1858 to repair and build school-houses. Of churches, the 
 Presbyterian, M. Protestant, M. Episcopal, Christian, Catholic, and 
 Baptist, have each organizations and pastors. The Freemasons, 
 Odd Fellows, and Sons of Temperance have each organizations. 
 
 WATERLOO, the county-seat, has a population of 250; Alexan- 
 dria, 1200; St. Francisville, 700; Athens, 600; Winchester, 350; 
 Fairmount, 350; Luray, 200; and Cahokia, 200. 
 
CLAY COUNTY, 229 
 
 CLAY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the west-northwest part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Clinton, south by the Missouri River, sepa- 
 rating it from Jackson, on the east by Ray, and west by Platte 
 Counties. The first settlements were made in the fall of 1822. 
 When the State was admitted into the Union, in 1821, the territory 
 now embraced by the boundaries of Clay County had not a single 
 white inhabitant; yet the census shows Clay in a very short time to 
 have increased so rapidly that it was the most populous county west 
 of Franklin. Its population in 1860 was 13,161. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is somewhat broken, 
 and generally well timbered, with small prairies in various portions of 
 the county. The soil is remarkably fertile, and the county well 
 watered. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — This county is noted for its fine farms, and 
 wealthy and intelligent farmers and stock growers. The following 
 product of a small farm of 320 acres will give an idea of the fertility 
 of the soil, and the class of farmers who cultivate it: 15 tons of 
 hemp, at $90 per ton ; 5000 pounds bacon, at 8 cents per pound ; 3 
 yoke of cattle, at $60 each ; amounting to the sum of $1930. At the 
 time this estimate was taken there were 75 acres of wheat, at 70 cents, 
 and 30 of corn, at 25, growing, which would swell that year's product 
 to $3730. This was but an average crop, and was the product of 
 1853, since which time many improvements have been made, and 
 prices of many articles advanced. We have returns from farms 
 that have produced per acre, of hemp, 1400 pounds; tobacco, 1100 
 pounds; corn, 100 bushels; wheat, 38 bushels; rye, 30; oats, 50; 
 potatoes, 400; onions, 400; beets, 350; carrots, 300; turnips, 300; 
 timothy, 2 tons ; Hungarian grass, 4 tons, etc. The county is very 
 well adapted to stock raising, which is an important feature in the 
 products of the county. According to the statistics of the census of 
 1850, Clay was one of the most productive agricultural counties in 
 the State; notwithstanding which, there were then 142,661 acres of 
 unimproved land in the county. The Platte County Railroad, which 
 is being built, will furnish an outlet to the western portion of the 
 county, while the southern borders upon the Missouri River will afford 
 cheap transit to the superior markets of either Kansas City or St. 
 Louis. 
 
230 CLAY COUNTY. 
 
 Schools. — The citizens of Clay have taken a deep interest in the 
 cause of education. This was the first county in the State to organ- 
 ize teachers' institutes, and now a majority of the counties through- 
 out the State are reaping the advantages of these associations. The 
 State Superintendent's Report shows the amount of money raised to 
 build school-houses, and also the average monthly wages paid teachers, 
 to be higher than of any other county, except St. Louis. William 
 Jewell College, (situated at Liberty,) Rev. Wm. Thompson, Presi- 
 dent, was organized in 1857, and last year had 125 pupils in regular 
 attendance. This institution is under the auspices of the Baptist 
 denomination. The Clay Female Seminary, also situated in the 
 county-seat, is in a very flourishing condition. Professor James Love 
 is well known as an accomplished and successful teacher. Liberty 
 Female College has just been organized, with fair prospects of suc- 
 cess. Lewis Institute, at Greenville, is under the control of Profes- 
 sor Lewis, of the M. E. Church South, and is well patronized. This 
 county is one of the first in the State as to the number and character 
 of educational institutions. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — Farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, and 
 business men of all classes will here find fertile soil, a healthy climate, 
 abundance of timber and building materials, good prices and a ready 
 market for all products either agricultural or mechanical, and an 
 intelligent, industrious, and hospitable people. 
 
 LIBERTY, the county-seat, contains 1132 inhabitants, and is situ- 
 ated fifteen miles from Kansas City. Of business houses, there are 
 in this town, 3 bankers, 1 newspaper, 5 lawyers, 12 physicians, 10 
 merchants, 3 grocers, 20 carpenters, 2 druggists, 4 silversmiths, t 
 tinners, IT blacksmiths, 6 wagon-makers, 2 coopers, 1 flouring-mill, 
 (steam.) 
 
 Missouri City is situated directly on the river, and is the shipping 
 point for the county ; was formerly Richfield and St. Bernard, which 
 were consolidated under the name of Missouri City, and the new town 
 incorporated March 14, 1859. Besides a full representation of the 
 different business houses, there are here one grist and two saw mills, 
 and a very extensive flouring-mill. Population about 700. 
 
 Of other towns in the county, there are Smithville, population 
 200; Greenville, 300; and Claysville, (changed to Prospect Hill, 
 February 5, 1859,) 300. 
 
CLINTON COUNTY. 231 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the west by Buchanan and Platte, which separate it from 
 the Missouri River — the western State line. Population in 1850, 
 3786; and in 18fi0, 7853. 
 
 Physical Features. — Probably two-thirds of the area of this county 
 is undulating prairie land, fertile and easily tilled ; the remaining one- 
 third is timber land, confined principally to the water-courses and 
 valleys. Blue and gray limestone and sandstone are abundant in 
 some portions of the county, and there are indications of coal in 
 several locations, but no thorough investigations have been made, as 
 fuel is yet plenty. Several of the streams are rapid and have unim- 
 proved mill-seats upon them. Except in the larger prairies, springs 
 are quite numerous. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is fertile, and will produce any 
 kind of grass, grain, fruit, or vegetables grown in this latitude. An 
 average crop is about as follows ; Hemp, 800 pounds to the acre ; 
 tobacco, same; corn, 100 to 125 bushels; wheat, 25 to 30; rye, 
 same ; barley and oats, each 40 bushels ; timothy and clover, about 2 
 tons. Hungarian grass has not given satisfaction here, owing proba- 
 bly to unfavorable seasons since its introduction. The farmers are 
 going largely into fruit culture, and are introducing every variety of 
 fruit grown in this climate. This county is well adapted to stock 
 raising, having an abundance of native and cultivated grasses and 
 stock water. Unimproved lands are worth from $8 to $10 per acre, 
 and improved from $15 to $25. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are sixteen church organizations 
 in the county: 2 N. S. Presbyterian, 5 Methodist, 5 Baptist, 5 Re- 
 formed Churches. Of other denominations we have no particulars. 
 Of schools, there are 41 common school districts, in which schools 
 are supported by the public fund a portion of the year. The amount 
 raised to build and repair school-houses in 1857, was $2826. The 
 amount of school money apportioned to this county for 1859, is 
 $1711 89. There is one college established at the county-seat, under 
 the auspices of the M. E. Church South. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county 9 hotels, 1 news- 
 paper, 6 lawyers, 9 physicians, 13 merchants, 4 druggists, 2 silver- 
 smiths, 2 tinners, 9 blacksmiths, 6 wagon-makers, 3 saddlers, 3 tailors, 
 
232 COLE COUNTY. 
 
 2 shoemakers, 2 cabinetmakers, 12 carpenters, 2 coopers, T steam 
 saw-mills, 2 horse-power mills, 3 steam flouring-mills, 3 steam grist- 
 mills. 
 
 Clinton County was first settled when a part of Clay County, by 
 pioneers from Clay and adjoining counties, but originally from Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Of professional men, (save ministers of the gospel and teachers,) 
 there is here, as in most counties of the State, a full supply; but 
 honest, industrious farmers and mechanics will here find a healthy 
 climate, good soil, and a good market for all kinds of articles they 
 can produce. 
 
 PLATTSBTJRG, the county-seat, contains about 1200 population; 
 Haynesville, about 500 ; Cameron (a brisk new town on the Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph Railroad) has about 300 inhabitants, and is 
 growing rapidly. The distance from Cameron to Hannibal is ITl 
 miles, and to St. Joseph, 35 miles. 
 
 COLE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated near the center of the State, is bounded on 
 the northeast by the Missouri River, on the west by Moniteau, on 
 the south by Miller County, and on the southeast by the Osage River, 
 which enters the Missouri at the eastern extremity of the county. 
 Population in 18C0, 9714. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the county is generally rolling 
 or broken, with thin soil, generally well adapted to the growth of 
 small grain and finiit of all kinds. On the bottoms of the Missouri, 
 Osage, and Moreau, is good alluvial soil, very fertile, embracing, 
 perhaps, one-fourth the area of the county. The soil and climate 
 are favorable to fruit culture ; the peaches seldom fail, and all kinds 
 of fruits, including the grape, yield abundantly. The interior of the 
 county is drained by Moreau Creek, which rises so rapidly and to 
 such a height, that it is upon some maps called a river. Fish are 
 numerous in this stream ; and it is related by a former representative 
 from this county who had a mill upon the Moreau, that the fish were 
 so numerous as to frequently clog the wheels and stop the mill. 
 Then the only alternative was to shut the gate, and beat the water 
 with poles, and drive them away ! 
 
 Building Materials. — The beautiful limestone, called "Cotton- 
 
COLE COUNTY. 233 
 
 rock," of which the Capitol is constructed, is verv abundant in this 
 county, and forms a stratum of upwards of forty feet in thickness, in 
 the bluffs upon which Jefferson City is situated. Sandstone suitable 
 for building ; clays and sands for brick are also abundant and con- 
 venient. Limestone suitable for making hydraulic cement is found 
 in the bluffs above the city. Lumber of every kind is found on the 
 bluffs and valleys in Cole County, or in the Missouri bottoms above 
 and below the city. 
 
 History. — Cole County was formed from Cooper, November IG, 
 1820, and named in honor of Captain Stephen Cole, the intrepid and 
 courageous pioneer. There were settlements within the present 
 limits of the county as early as 1816, but white families were "few 
 and far between" until after 1820. In 1821 the population of the 
 county was about 1300. The county-seat was located at Marion, 
 (fourteen miles above Jefferson,) in 1823, and removed to Jefferson 
 City, in 1828. The first settlers were from Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 The seat of government of the State was removed from St, Louis to 
 St. Charles in 1821, and from thence to J^erson City in 1826, where 
 it is permanently located. At the time of the admission of this 
 State into the Union, Congress granted four sections of land for the 
 location of the seat of government. The constitution fixed the 
 location of the capital upon the Missouri River, to be within forty 
 miles above or below the mouth of the Osage. At the first session 
 of the Legislature, commissioners were appointed, who, after a 
 tedious examination, selected four sections, where Jefferson City has 
 since been built up. Major Elias Barcroft was appointed Surveyor, 
 who laid the ground selected off into lots, under the superintendence 
 of the commissioners in 1822. The first sale of lots took place in 
 May, 1S23, under the supervision of Major Josiah Ramsey, Jr., 
 Captain J. C. Gordon, and Adam Hope, Esq., Trustees on the part 
 of the State. At the same time the building of a brick State-house 
 was let to the lowest bidder, Daniel Colgan, and afterward trans- 
 ferred to James Dunnica, of Kentucky, who built the Capitol at the 
 bid, $25,000. At this time (1823) there were but two families resid- 
 ing in the place, to wit. Major Josiah Ramsey, Jr., and Wm. Jones, 
 both of whom kept houses of entertainment. The State-house was 
 completed at the stipulated time, and the Legislature assembled in 
 the new State Capitol (just completed) on the third Monday in 
 November, 1826. Tp to this date, all the families that resided at 
 the seat of government were as follows: Wm. Jones, brickmasou, 
 and keeper of entertainment; Josiah Ramsey, Jr., postmaster, and 
 tavern keeper; John C. Gordon, carpenter, and keeper of entertain- 
 
234 COLE COUNTY. 
 
 ment; Daniel Colgan, merchant; Jesse F. Roystan, teacher, and 
 justice of the peace; James Dunnica, carpenter, and builder of the 
 State-house; Harden Casey, blacksmith; Robert A. Ewing, sawyer; 
 Alexander Gordon, stonemason; John Dunnica, carpenter; John P. 
 Thomas, carpenter; Reuben Garnett, brickmason; Stephen C. Dor- 
 riss, physician; James R. Fallen, stonemason; Christopher Casey, 
 constable; Henry Buckner, farmer; Hiram H. Baber, Esq., teacher, 
 and justice of the peace; David Scrivner, laborer; Samuel Harrison, 
 laborer; Geo. Woodward, merchant; and Terry Scurlock, carpen- 
 ter. Besides these, were the following named single men: David 
 Slater, carpenter; Granville P. Thomas, carpenter; Robert H. 
 Jones, first merchant in the place; Azariah Kennedy, carpenter; 
 Willis Thornton, carpenter; David Harmon, carpenter; Wm. Hen- 
 derson, carpenter; Mr. Thompson, carpenter; McDaniel Dorriss, 
 distiller; and Mr. Moss, grocery keeper. 
 
 The present State Capitol was commenced in 1838, and first 
 occupied by the Legislature of 1840-41, and cost about $350,000. 
 The stone for the building was taken from the bluffs near by, along 
 the line of the Pacific Railroad in front of the city. The limestone 
 for the pillars was from Callaway County, Mr. S. Hills, the archi- 
 tect, here planned one of the best buildings in the West, either as 
 regards its substantial character, architectural beauty, or the interior 
 arrangement of the legislative halls, and the several State offices. 
 
 Tlie principal public buildings in the city are the Capitol, the 
 State Penitentiary, the Court-house, (all substantial stone structures,) 
 the Female College, and the Male High School. There are a num- 
 ber of commodious and pleasantly situated private residences in the 
 city. The governor's mansion has a commanding location, but is 
 inferior to the other State buildings, and will probably soon give 
 way to a new one, which will be more creditable to the State. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are six churches in the city, 
 namely: Episcopal, 0. S. Presbyterian, 2 Methodist, Baptist, Cath- 
 olic, Lutheran. Of schools, there is an excellent Female College, 
 and a Male High School, well conducted; and about 35 district 
 schools in various parts of the county. 
 
 Business Men needed. — Iron founders, manufacturers of farming 
 implements, wagon and carriage makers, soap and candle manufac- 
 turers, millers, beef and pork packers, machinists, stock growers and 
 grape culturists will all find good openings here. Stone coal is 
 abundant and cheap, timber plenty, excellent building stone every- 
 where, and soil that for small grain, grasses, and fruit is seldom sur- 
 passed. With the Missouri River and Pacific Railroad, this county 
 
COOPER COUNTY. 235 
 
 has an excellent outlet to market, and offers many advantages to the 
 industrious and the energetic. 
 
 There is no town of any importance in the county, except JEF- 
 FERSON CITY, the county-seat, which has a population of 3000. 
 Marion, the former seat of justice, has now less than 50 inhabitants; 
 Russellville, in the western part of the county, 16 miles from Jef- 
 ferson, is a place of perhaps 100 inhabitants. Of business houses in 
 the county, there are of lawyers, 12; physicians, 12; merchants, 15 ; 
 druggists, 3 ; silversmiths, 3 ; tinners, 3 ; blacksmiths, 6 ; wagon- 
 makers, 4; saddlers, 3; tailors, 5; shoemakers, 10; cabinetmakers, 
 3 ; carpenters, 20 ; paint-shops, 3 ; marble manufactories, 2 ; tan- 
 neries, 2; steam saw, planing, and lath mill, 1; steam flouring-mill, 
 1 ; and hotels, 5. The "Jefferson Examiner" and " Inquirer" are the 
 only papers published in the county. The former is published daily 
 during the session of the Legislature, and weekly the remainder of 
 the year. The "Jefferson Inquirer," after having been published 
 21 years, was temporarily discontinued in the fall of 1859. 
 
 COOPER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the central part of the State, on the 
 south side of the Missouri River, which separates it from Howard 
 and Boone, and contains an area of 558 square miles, and in 18G0 
 had a population of n,495. It was first settled by Stephen Cole, 
 Daniel Boone, Robert Wallace, William McMahan, Joseph Stephens, 
 and William Moore. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is gently undulating, 
 and advantageously diversified with timber and prairie. The western 
 part of the county is drained by La Mine Creek and tributaries, the 
 central part by Little Saline Creek, and the southeastern by Moniteau 
 Creek. There are few if any counties in the State possessing a more 
 equal division of prairie and timber. The alluvial soil occupies a 
 large area in the bottoms of the Missouri, the La Mine and the Little 
 Saline, and is generally covered with a heavy growth of cottonwood, 
 sycamore, elms, box-elder, sugar-tree, white maple, red birch, white, 
 black, and blue ash, coffee-tree, honey locust, the various kinds of 
 oaks and hickories, red-bud, hackberry, and numerous varieties of 
 the willow and the grape. 
 
 Soil and Productions.— The soil of Cooper County is exceedingly 
 
236 COOPER COUNTY. 
 
 fertile, and well adapted to all the purposes of agriculture. The 
 bottom lands are light, porous, and deep, and particularly adapted to 
 corn and hemp, of which immense crops have been produced in some 
 parts of the county. The soil on the prairie and in the upland tim- 
 ber is well adapted to corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and the grasses, 
 but is vastly improved by subsoiling. The upland timber consists of 
 hickories, oaks, walnuts, sugar-tree, ash, haw, hackberry, and the 
 summer, fox, and frost grapes. The State Geologist remarks: "The 
 physical properties of the soils, the rocks from which they are de- 
 rived, and the crops produced, all prove the agricultural resources of 
 Cooper County to be very great. Deep and thorough tillage should 
 be her motto." The general character of the soil adapts this county 
 to the growth of all kinds of agricultural products ; and the immense 
 natural pastures, and the facilities for shipment by river or railroad, 
 render it well calculated for stock growing. 
 
 Minerals. — Professor Swallow estimates the amount of good avail- 
 able coal, in Cooper County, to be not less than 60,000,000 tons. 
 Brown hematite iron ore is found in several localities, some of which 
 is convenient to beds of coal, and could be worked to advantage. 
 Lead, manganese, and zinc are also found in several places. Of 
 building materials, there is an abundance of limestone, sandstone, 
 marble, hydraulic cement, firerock, and clays for fire brick. The 
 timber found along the streams is as fine as any in the State. 
 
 Springs, both fresh and mineral, are abundant in this county. The 
 latter may be classed as "brine" and "sulphur;" however, there are 
 none of either class that are entirely free from the characteristics of 
 the others. The mineral springs are principally in township 48, ex- 
 tending from section 16 of range 18, westward along the La Mine, 
 through range 19, to the county line; but some exist in township 49, 
 range 19, on the Blackwater; and in township 48, range 15, near 
 Gooch's Mill, on the Little Saline. The most important of the 
 brine springs are Harriman's, Bailey's, Howard's, Heath's, and 
 Hugh's. At Dr. Harriman's Salt Springs, there are four places 
 where salt water is discharged, which are from forty to forty-five feet 
 apart; and hydro-sulphuric acid escapes from all. 
 
 Chouteau Springs are situated on section 16, township 48, range 
 18, about ten miles from Boonville, and have had a good reputation 
 as a pleasant and healthy watering place. The medicinal properties 
 of the Chouteau water are highly spoken of, and numerous individuals 
 have received great benefit by resorting to its use. The water bursts 
 from the earth in four places, located a short distance from each 
 other, but the most westerly spring is generally used. The amount 
 
COOPER COUNTY. 237 
 
 of water discharged was estimated by Professor Swallow to be 10 
 gallons per minute, or 14,400 gallons per day, and the gas that 
 escapes, at least 2 gallons per minute. 
 
 Manufactures. — The most extensive manufactory in the county is 
 that of the Boonville Wine Company, located on the Missouri 
 River, about one mile above Boonville. This company was incor- 
 porated by the Legislature, in 185.5, with a capital of $50,000, and 
 commenced the cultivation of Catawba wines in 1856. Their vine- 
 yard and orchard embraces 115 acres, only a portion of which is set 
 in vines. The lands are admirably suited to the culture of the grape, 
 being situated on a high bluff, gently sloping to the southeast, and 
 with trifling expense could be terraced and otherwise improved, ren- 
 dering it truly a beautiful spot. The fine stone building, (seen in the 
 engraving of their vineyard,) was erected in 1858, and is well adapted 
 to the manufacture and storage of both wine and beer. The main 
 building, including basement, is 4 stories high, 80 feet square, with a 
 two-story L, 55 by 35 feet, under which are six capacious cellars, one 
 having been constructed for malt, and five large arched cellars for 
 storage. The machinery is propelled by steam power, and the whole 
 establishment is supplied with all the modern improvements and con- 
 veniences. Haas's Catawba has a wide reputation, not only in Mis- 
 souri, but in the Eastern cities ; large quantities having been sold at 
 Philadelphia, where it received the first premium as a "native dry 
 wine," at the National Fair. The lowest price at which it has ever 
 sold is $2 per gallon, and the company was offered $2 50 per gallon 
 for their entire vintage of 1857, consisting of 1600 gallons, produced 
 from less than three acres of bearing vines; which would be $4000 
 for the product of less than three acres, upwards of $1133 per acre 1 
 Mr. Haas, the projector of this enterprise, is an intelligent and ener- 
 getic gentleman, and to his superior judgment and long experience in 
 the business, the company justly attribute their success ; and under 
 the management of such men as Mr. Haas, and his accomplished as- 
 sistant, Mr. Wertheimer, (secretary of the company,) we anticipate a 
 brilliant success for the company. 
 
 An extensive woolen factory and a soap and candle factory are 
 much needed in Boonville, and would prove profitable investments. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — The agricultural resources of Cooper 
 County, for the production of staple crops, are but little if any in- 
 ferior to those of Lafayette and Platte. Within her borders there 
 are at least 30,000 acres of the richest alluvial soil, 200,000 acres of ex- 
 cellent high timber land, " based upon the rich marls of the bluff forma- 
 tion," and about 80,000 acres of fine prairie, resting upon the same 
 
238 COOPER COUNTY. 
 
 marls. "Place but half of this in a good state of cultivation, and it 
 would easily give an annual yield of 5,000,000 bushels of wheat, 
 10,000,000 of corn, or a similar proportion of other crops, while the 
 remaining 50,000 acres of inferior soil is well adapted to the culti- 
 vation of grapes, or grass for grazing."* As we have already shown, 
 there is an abundance of stone coal, timber for charcoal, building ma- 
 terials of various kinds, and several valuable minerals in paying 
 quantities. With her central position in the State, peopled by in- 
 dustrious and intelligent citizens, with the navigable Missouri on the 
 north, and the Pacific Railroad on the south, affording cheap and 
 speedy transit to excellent markets. Cooper County has certainly very 
 superior natural advantages. 
 
 BOONVILLE, the county-seat, is delightfully situated upon an un- 
 dulating hillside, sloping to the north, and sufficiently elevated to 
 afford an extensive view of the broad, beautiful, and well cultivated 
 valley on the opposite side of the river. The streets are broad, run- 
 ning at right angles, and shaded by forest and ornamental trees. 
 The buildings are substantial, and principally of brick, the most 
 prominent of which are the Thespian Hall, a handsome structure, 
 erected at a cost of $22,000, was commenced by a few young men, 
 who constituted the "Boonville Thespian Society;" the Odd Fel- 
 lows and Masons and the city joined them to get each a hall, and the 
 work is the result of their united efforts. The original officers were, 
 Captain E. Stanly, President; S. Houck, H. B. Benedict, Charles 
 Cope, and Captain Joseph L. Stephens, Directors. Union Block, 
 Episcopal Church, Branch Bank of St. Louis, Court-house, etc. 
 Boonville was incorporated as a city, February 8, 1839, and has now 
 a population of about 3500. According to Lippincott's Gazetteer of 
 the World, "for health it is unsurpassed by any city of the Union, 
 both town and country having escaped the ravages of the cholera 
 during the epidemic of 1849-50." There are in Boonville 2 banks, 
 (see table of Banks of Missouri,) 13 lawyers, 9 physicians, 2 dentists, 
 20 merchants, 6 grocers, 3 druggists, 4 silversmiths, 30 carpenters, 80 
 brick and stone masons, 8 blacksmiths, 4 wagon-makers, 4 saddlers, 4 
 tailors, 3 tinners, 3 cabinetmakers, and 5 hotels, and a large tobacco 
 manufactory, Messrs. Spahr & Rich, proprietors, which turns out heavy 
 amounts of first-class brands tobacco. Of churches in Boonville, there 
 are seven, to wit : Methodist Episcopal Church, German Methodist, 
 Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Lutheran, Baptist, and Roman Catholic. 
 
 There are other towns in this county worthy of mention. 
 
 * Geological Reports, p. 203. 
 
CRAWFORD COUNTY. 239 
 
 Otterville, on the Pacific Railroad, in the southern part of the 
 county, is twenty-six miles from Boonville, and fifty miles from Jeffer- 
 son City, contains a Presbyterian Church, Masonic Lodge, Odd Fel- 
 lows' Lodge, 1 newspaper, 4 hotels, 4 carriage and wagon manufac- 
 tories, 5 blacksmith shops, 1 cabinetmaker and furniture dealer, 2 
 butcher establishments, 1 confectionery and bakery, 1 saddle and 
 harness manufactory, 2 grocery stores, 1 clothing store, 1 lumber 
 yard, 2 shoe manufactories, 2 livery stables, 1 jeweler and watch- 
 maker, 1 tin and stove manufactory, 4 saloons, 5 dry good stores, 1 
 printing-office ; and brick and stone masons, plasterers, and carpen- 
 ters, although numerous, scarcely sufficient to supply the demand. 
 The location is very healthy and pleasant, and situated in the center 
 of a good farming region. Population about 600. Incorporated 
 February 15, 1857. 
 
 Bellingsville is on Little Saline Creek, six miles from Boonville. 
 A Baptist church, 2 saw-mills, and several stores and mechanics' 
 shops. Population 15. 
 
 Belle Air, twelve miles from Syracuse, and twelve from Boonville, 
 contains a Southern M. E. Church, district school, etc. Popula- 
 tion 50. 
 
 Palestine, in the central part of county; population 75. Pisgah, 
 100; Round Hill. 100. 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated southeast of the center of the State, is 
 bounded on the north by Gasconade (which reaches to the Missouri 
 River) and by Maries, on the east by Washington, south by Dent, 
 and west by Phelps, which was recently taken from this county. 
 Population in 1860, 5834. 
 
 Early History. — Crawford has been called the " Mother of Coun- 
 ties," from the fact that for many years her borders extended to the 
 western part of the State. County after county has, from time to 
 time, been cut from her western and southern borders, and the finale 
 was accomplished some three years ago in the formation of Phelps 
 County, when Crawford was cut down below her constitutional limits. 
 The territory of which the county is formed was settled about the 
 year 1815 by William Harrison, and others, who constituted a neigh- 
 borhood on the Maramec. Many of the same Harrison family still 
 
240 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 reside in the county, and are honorable and industrious men. Benjamin 
 Harrison (the oldest son of William) is now a hale, hearty old man, 
 has served his country in the Legislature a number of years, and still 
 takes great pleasure in doing whatever he can to advance the interests 
 of his county or State. From the organization of Crawford in 1830 
 to 1835, courts for the county were held at the house of James Har- 
 rison, at the mouth of Little Piney. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — This county embraces a great variety of 
 soil — bottom, valley, table land, prairie, and sandy soils. It is well 
 adapted to corn, wheat, oats, grasses, vegetables, and fruit. Stock 
 growing would pay well here. Grapes and fruits would yield abund- 
 antly. The valleys of the larger streams are frequently heavily tim- 
 bered with oaks, walnut, hickory, maple, papaw, dogwood, etc. On 
 the school section, in township 36, range 4 west, is a grove of large 
 pine-trees. 
 
 Minerals. — The following table shows the locality of iron, lead, 
 copper, and coal, in Crawford County : — 
 
 IRON. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Range 
 
 . Section. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Range 
 
 . Section. 
 
 Townshfp. 
 
 Range. 
 
 Section. 
 
 35 
 
 2 w. 
 
 N.E. 8 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 2 16 
 
 , 33, 34 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 13. 14 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 S.E. 2 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 N.E. 1 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 f5.w. 32 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 N.E. 28 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 N.E. 26 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 4, 2 e<t 6 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 15&36 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 
 f 10, 11 
 1 14, 15 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 36 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 26,27 
 81 
 
 
 COAL.* 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 r 32, 38 
 \ 35, 36 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 S.E. 21 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 s E. 30 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The principal school of the county is the 
 Steelville (male and female) Academy, which was incorporated Febru- 
 ary 3, 1863, and is now under the superintendence of Rev. J. B. Allen; 
 and under the auspices of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. It 
 is ably conducted and well patronized. There were in the county, in 
 
 ■* Coal impregnated with iron pyrites. 
 
DADE COUNTY. 241 
 
 1858, 34 school-houses, 2490 pupils, of whom 931 had been taught 
 during the year. There were then 8980 acres of unsold school land. 
 The amount of school fund apportioned to the county for 1859 was 
 $1369 06. Of churches, the 0. S. Presbyterians, organized in 1842 — 
 no pastor. The M. E. Church number about 125, the M. P. 100. 
 Cumberland Presbyterians most numerous. 'No church edifices yet 
 erected. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county 2 lawyers, 4 phy- 
 sicians, 8 merchants, 8 grocers, 1 druggist, 1 banking house, 2 cabi- 
 netmakers, 8 carpenters, 2 saddlers, 2 tailors, 3 hotels, saw and flouring 
 mills. Tinners, tailors, shoemakers, and wagon-makers wanted. 
 
 STEEL VILLE, the county-seat, was organized in 1856, is situated 
 about the center of the county, and contains some 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Cuba City is situated on the southwest branch of Pacific Eailroad, 
 eight miles from Steelville — was recently laid out, and is improving 
 rapidly. 
 
 DADE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwest part of the State ; was 
 formed in 1841 ; has an area of 498 square miles, and had a popula- 
 tion, in 1856, of 6061. In 1860 it contained T095 inhabitants. 
 
 The face of the country is undulating, and in some portions 
 broken — more prairie than timber — and has a healthy climate. 
 
 It is intersected by Sac River, an affluent of the Osage, and also 
 drained by Horse and Cedar Creeks. 
 
 The soil is generally fertile, and well adapted to the various pur- 
 poses of agriculture, horticulture, and stock raising. 
 
 Water power is abundant, and upon some of the streams unim- 
 proved. 
 
 Copper ore has been found upon sections 23 and 24, in township 
 30, range 25 west, and hematite iron ore on section 23 of the same 
 township. Stone coal has been found in several parts of the county, 
 but is not yet worked to any extent. Timber is abundant along the 
 valleys — enough for all practical purposes. 
 
 The mildness of the climate, abundance of native and cultivated 
 grasses, and of stock water, render this county well adapted to stock 
 growing. Thousands of cattle have been driven from here to Utah 
 and California. 
 
 House-carpenters, masons, cabinetmakers, wagon-makers, coopers, 
 16 
 
242 DALLAS COUNTY. 
 
 and farmers are much needed, and will find good openings for busi- 
 ness. 
 
 There are several district schools in the county, also a college in 
 Greenville, and an academy in Melville, both ably conducted, and 
 promising to do great good. The principal religious denominations 
 are Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Christians. 
 
 GREENFIELD, the county-seat, has a population of about 300, and 
 Dadeville, 100. There is a newspaper published in Greenfield, and 
 a good representation of business houses in the town. 
 
 DALLAS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwest central part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Camden and Hickory, south by Greene, east 
 by Laclede and Webster, and west by Hickory and Polk Counties, 
 and has an area of about 576 square miles. It is one of the new 
 counties, and was formed from a portion of Polk. In 1850 it had a 
 population of 3648; in 1856, 4620; and in 1800, 5914. The section 
 now embraced in the county was first settled by J. H. Ross and 
 others, in 1831. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil, etc. — Both the surface and the soil of this 
 county are diversified. A portion of the county is level or undula- 
 ting, and some parts quite broken. The prairies have generally a 
 basis or " subsoil" of red clay, and upon experiment has proved to be 
 well adapted to farming purposes. The timber-land is more rocky, 
 but the soil is black and fertile, especially in the valleys. The ridges, 
 which by many have been considered as barren and worthless, we find 
 generally covered with wide-spreading arbors of native grape-vines, 
 yielding largely of several varieties of wild grapes, which is con- 
 clusive evidence of their adaptation to grape and fruit culture. 
 The timber consists principally of oaks, hickory, linn, maple, walnut, 
 etc., etc. The county is drained by the Niangua River and its 
 numerous lengthy, rapid tributaries. 
 
 Bryce's Spring, probably the largest in the State, is located near 
 the Niangua, in township 34, range 18 west, near the line between 
 Dallas and Laclede. "It rises in a secluded valley, where it forms a 
 large basin, then flows away — a river." It is stated in the Geological 
 Report that this spring discharges more than 126 cubic feet of water 
 per second, 455,326 per hour, and 10,92t,8t2 cubic feet per day. 
 
DAVIESS COUNTY. 243 
 
 (See description of this spring in Chapter on Natui'al Curiosities.) 
 Lead ore has been found in several localities, and is worked upon 
 township 29, range 19, and when the Pacific Railroad, southwest 
 branch, is completed, affording a market, more attention will be given 
 to mining as well as farming and stock growing. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Of business houses and professions, there 
 are in the county (principally in Buffalo) 1 newspaper, 2 lawyers, 3 
 doctors, 4 merchants, 1 druggist, 2 blacksmiths, 1 wagon-maker, 1 sad- 
 dler, 1 tailor, 1 shoemaker, 1 cabinetmaker, 2 carpenters, and 3 hotels. 
 There is 1 M. E. Church, with 50 members ; and 28 free schools, be- 
 sides the High School of Buffalo. 
 
 BUFFALO, the county-seat, is the principal town in the county. 
 It has a population of about 200, a spicy newspaper, a high school, 
 church, and many other indications of "the march of progress." Of 
 other towns, there are Lewisburgh and Andersonville, with about 50 
 population each. 
 
 DAYIESS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Grundy and Livingston, and on the west by De 
 Kalb and Gentry, north by Harrison, and south by Caldwell County. 
 It was first settled in 1831, and organized in 1835. In 1840, the 
 population of the county was 2736; in 1850, 5295; in 1856, 7970; 
 and in 1860, 9615. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface generally undulating, and some 
 portions nearly level — one-half prairie, the remainder hard-wood tim- 
 ber. Grand River traverses the center of the county, which, with 
 its tributaries. Big Creek, Grindstone Creek, and Muddy Creek, 
 afford excellent water-power. (See description of "Grand River 
 Country.") 
 
 Soil fertile and well adapted to farming, grazing, and fruit grow- 
 ing. Corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staple products. 
 
 Cultivated land is held at from $10 to $20 per acre, and unculti- 
 vated at $3 to $5. At a sale of swamp lands in this county several 
 months since, the competition was so great that considerable of the 
 land sold for $20 per acre, and the lowest price that any was sold for 
 was $2 50 — the average price being about $12 per acre. 
 
 GALLATIN, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated about one mile 
 southwest from the west fork of the Grand River, in the midst of a 
 
244 DE KALB COUNTY. 
 
 wealthy, well-tilled farming district, and contains a population of 
 about 1000. There is in Gallatin 1 ncAvspaper office, 1 church 
 each of the Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist denominations, a 
 Masonic Lodge, Academy, and a good representation of the different 
 industrial pursuits. 
 
 Cravensville is situated on Grand lliver, four miles from Gallatin, 
 contains 3 churches, Methodist, Cumberland Presbyterian, and Bap- 
 tist, 1 woolen factory, 2 distilleries, and a number of stores, ware- 
 houses, hotels, etc. The town was originally settled by Mormons, in 
 1831 or '38, and the post-office established in 1840. Population 
 about 250. 
 
 Pattonsburg is situated on Big Creek, three miles above its junc- 
 tion with Grand lliver, and seventeen miles from Gallatin ; contains 
 1 M. Episcopal church, a Masonic Lodge, and 125 inhabitants. 
 
 Alta Vista, population 100; Jamesport, 80; Salem, 50; Vic- 
 toria, 75. 
 
 DE KALB COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northwest portion of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Gentry, south by Clinton, east by Daviess, 
 and west by Andrew and Buchanan Counties. The county was 
 formed from a portion of Clinton County, in 1841, and the post-office 
 at the county-seat established in 1845. Population of the county in 
 1850, 2075; and in 1860, 5244. 
 
 Soils, Productions, etc. — The soils of this county are fertile and 
 well adapted to the growth of hemp, corn, wheat, tobacco, etc. 
 Hemp is regarded as the most profitable crop — ■yielding from 1000 
 to 1500 pounds to the acre, which cost $16 per acre to raise and pre- 
 pare for market, and is worth $90 per ton ready for shipment. Small 
 grains yield abundantly; horses, mules, cattle, and sheep, do well, and 
 stock raising is profitable. Building stone, clay for bricks, and hard- 
 wood timber, abundant. The general surface is undulating, and 
 diversified by prairies and woodlands. The Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 Railroad passes through the southern border of the county, affording 
 cheap and speedy transit to the best of markets, at St. Joseph, St. 
 Louis, or Chicago. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, the county-seat, is situated east of the center of 
 the county, upon the table-lands, between Livingston Creek, which 
 bears south into the Platte, and Grindstone Creek, which runs north, 
 
DENT COUNTY. 245 
 
 into Grand River. It contains 4 churches, Campbellite, Cumberland 
 Presbyterian, Methodist, and Missionary Baptist — a Masonic Lodge, 
 High School, and 350 inhabitants. 
 
 Stewartsville is a brisk new town, situated on the Hannibal and 
 St. Joseph Railroad, twenty-one miles from St. Joseph ; contains 1 
 newspaper office, 1 Methodist and 1 Presbyterian church, Masonic 
 Lodge, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Third Fork is situated upon a tributary of the Platte, of the same 
 name, fourteen miles from Maysville, and is one of the oldest towns 
 in the county, having been settled in 1837. It is connected by stage 
 with Gentryville, 23 miles; Albany, 30 miles; Tolo, 15 miles, Ro- 
 chester, 7, and St. Joseph, 21 miles. 
 
 DENT COUNTY. 
 
 This county is bounded on the north by Phelps and Crawford, 
 south by Shannon, east by Reynolds, Iron, and Crawford, and west 
 by Phelps and Texas Counties. It was formed out of the northern 
 part of Shannon and southern part of Crawford, and named in honor 
 of Frederick Dent, an early and respected citizen of the State. 
 Reorganized, December 4, 1855, and in 1856 contained 3201 in- 
 habitants, and in 1860, 5698. 
 
 Physical Features. — Thist'ounty is centrally situated on the divid- 
 ing ridge, miscalled the Ozark Mountains; as stated elsewhere, this 
 ridge has few of the characteristics of a mountain. It is here a 
 wide table-land, having an altitude of about 1000 feet above 
 St. Louis. The top of the divide is formed of the 2d sandstone of 
 the Missouri Geological Survey, and under this the 3d magnesian 
 limestone. The stratum of sandstone is from sixty to 100 feet thick, 
 and is covered with a yellow-pine forest. On the south side of the 
 main divide and its branches, between the water-courses, are some 
 extensive white-oak groves. " Pleasant Valley " is at the head of 
 Maramec River — is principally prairie, interspersed with oak open- 
 ings, with a good depth of clay over the sandstone, and soil generally 
 productive. Gadsden valley is in the southern part of the county — 
 is a range of upland country with oak openings and small prairies. 
 Both timber and prairie lands are generally fertile — the former pre- 
 dominating. The timber consists of hickory, oak, black walnut, 
 yellow pine, etc., of full size. 
 
246 DENT COUNTY. 
 
 Minerals. — In the northern part of the county is an extensive 
 specular iron field, and in the southern portion an extensive hema- 
 tite iron bank, where veins are found in east and west crevices. In 
 section 9, township 34, range 3 east, is the noted exposure known as 
 "Copper Hill," in the vicinity of which several copper veins have 
 been discovered; and there is every evidence of its being a rich cop- 
 per mining district. Some of the most valuable iron deposits are 
 owned by John Orchard, C. C. Zeigler, Wm. James, and others. 
 
 Antiquities. — Near the head waters of the Maramec, and in the 
 valley, are hundreds of Indian mounds, stretching up and down the 
 valley and laid off into regular squares. These were probably not 
 erected as places of burial, but as a protection against water, for 
 tent locations. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — In the county there are no newspapers, 4 
 lawyers, 3 physicians, 4 merchants, 2 druggists, 3 carpenter shops, 1 
 cabinet shop, 2 blacksmith shops, 1 wagon -maker, 1 saddler shop, 
 1 tailor shop, 2 shoemaker shops, 1 tin shop, 1 cooper shop, 3 saw- 
 mills, 2 flouring-mills, and 2 hotels. 
 
 Farmers, capitalists, wagon-makers, cabinetmakers, saddlers, and 
 intelligent industrious citizens of whatever avocation can here find 
 good water, water power, timber, building materials, and good mar- 
 kets. 
 
 Churches and school-houses are more numerous than usual in a 
 new country. Christian, Baptist, and Presbyterian have each good 
 edifices — five church organizations. Society very good, people in- 
 telligent and enterprising. 
 
 Advantages. — This county possesses good soil, a healthy climate, 
 abundance of water power, good pine, oak, hickory, and walnut tim- 
 ber, and immense beds of iron, lead, and copper. Good openings 
 are presented for capitalists, miners, mechanics of all kinds, farmers 
 and stock growers. 
 
 The Lake Spring Male and Female Academy is ably conducted 
 and liberally patronized ; has the best building in that region of 
 country. There is also an excellent male and female academy at 
 Salem. 
 
 SALEM, the county-seat, is situated in a high and moderately 
 rolling country; has a brick court-house, churches, five stores, etc., 
 and is destined to be a good business center for this section, espe- 
 cially when the mineral deposits are developed. Population about 
 200. 
 
DOUGLAS COUNTY — DUNKLIN COUNTY. 247 
 
 DOUGLAS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south central part of the State, and 
 was formed from the northern part of Ozark County, by an act 
 approved October 29, 185T. In 1860 it contained 2461 inhabitants. 
 
 This new county embraces about 758 square miles, is gener- 
 ally sterile and broken, and a great portion of the land unfit for 
 cultivation, and valuable only for the excellent pine, oak, and 
 walnut timber that abound throughout the county. The princi- 
 pal streams traversing the county are the Big North Fork and 
 Bryant's fork of White River, and their tributaries, upon which are 
 found very good water power. There are already twelve saw-mills 
 and eight flouring-mills, all by water power, furnishing lumber to a 
 considerable extent for the northern and western counties. The soil 
 and climate is well adapted to fruit and grape culture. Improved 
 land is worth from $4 to $6 per acre ; unimproved, sixty cents to $2. 
 Corn, wheat, potatoes, turnips, rye, tobacco, and the usual varieties 
 of grasses are profitably produced in the valleys. Of business houses 
 in the county, there are (no . lawyers !) 3 doctors, T merchants, 2 
 grocers, 1 tinner, 9 blacksmiths, 3 wagon-makers, 3 saddlers, 4 cabi- 
 netmakers, 8 carpenters, 2 coopers, and 2 tobacco manufacturers. 
 More mechanics are wanted, and persons with energy and capital to 
 engage in grape culture; and, above all, some good school teachers. 
 There are 11,960 acres of school lands unsold in this county. 
 
 VERA CRUZ, the county-seat, is a thriving town, and contains 
 about 60 inhabitants. 
 
 DUNKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeastern part of the State, 
 bounded on the west and south by Arkansas, and on the east by 
 Pemiscot, which separates it from the Mississippi River and from 
 Tennessee. It is traversed by Whitewater River, and watered by 
 Lake Pemiscot, which bounds the lower part of the county on the 
 east; also by the St. Fran9ois River, which forms its western line, 
 and by numerous lakes and ponds in various parts of the county. 
 This county, together with several adjoining, was severely injured 
 
248 DUNKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 by the earthquakes of 1811-12, since which time a great portion 
 of it has been what is termed "swamp land." Many of these 
 swamps can be reclaimed by drainage with but little expense, and 
 will then be the most fertile lands probably in the State. The Legis- 
 lature, in 1849-50, passed a bill, introduced by Hon. J. S. Huston, 
 making an appropriation for the reclamation of the swamp lands of 
 Southeast Missouri, but nothing of importance has been done toward 
 it. There are some very good farms in the county, and the soil is 
 everywhere very fertile. 
 
 According to the Surveyor-General's Report, the swamp land in 
 this county is greatly over-estimated, there being several portions of 
 it laid down in his survey as lakes which are now among the best 
 farms in the county. Whether this has been an error in his report, 
 or that by some natural causes these lakes have become dry land, is a 
 question. 
 
 Grand Prairie and West Prairie are fertile and beautiful. How- 
 ever, the location is not considered a healthy one. 
 
 Dunklin County embraces an area of about TOO square miles; was 
 first settled by Jacob Taylor and others in 1829; had in 1850 a 
 population of 1232, and in 1860, of 4689. 
 
 Business Statistics. — There are in the county, 3 lawyers, 16 doc- 
 tors, 8 merchants, 8 grocers, 12 blacksmiths, 3 wagon-makers, t car- 
 penters, 3 saw-mills, 4 flouring-mills, and 1 hotel. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — 1 New School Presbyterian congregation 
 of t5 members; Methodist, 350; Baptist, 350. Of schools, there 
 are 15, situated in various parts of the county, with about 650 pupils. 
 The amount appropriated as school fund for this year is $928 74. 
 
 KENNETT, the county-seat, has a pleasant situation, fair business 
 prospects, and a population of about 50. It was laid out in the 
 year 1845. 
 
 Hornersville, a thriving town, has 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Four-Mile, a population of 50. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY. 249 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the south side of the Missouri River, 
 which forms its northern boundary. The county is separated from 
 the Mississippi by St. Louis and Jeflferson Counties, which form its 
 eastern boundary. In 1860 it contained a population of 18,124. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of this county is broken, consist- 
 ing chiefly of ranges of hills elevated from 100 to 300 feet above the 
 level of the adjacent streams, and often separated from each other by 
 deep valleys — some of them very narrow, others wide. The general 
 direction of the main ridges are northeast and southwest. In the 
 southern part the county is very uneven. There are numerous rapid- 
 running streams affording an abundance of water, the most important 
 being the Missouri, Maramec, Bourbeuse, St. Johns, Boeus, and Ber- 
 ger. The Maramec meanders through the county, is exceedingly 
 tortuous, and in many places quite rapid. Its bottoms are in some 
 places wide and fertile. Again, the stream is confined between hills 
 having an altitude of 300 feet, which rise almost perpendicular from 
 the water's edge. The characters of the Bourbeuse valleys are very 
 similar to those of the Maramec. 
 
 Franklin is one of the best-timbered counties in the State, and 
 there is but one small prairie in the whole county. 
 
 Mineralogical "Wealth. — This county is far richer in its mineral 
 than agricultural resources. There are about thirty lead mines in the 
 county, and four Scotch hearth lead furnaces. These mines are situ- 
 ated principally in townships 41 and 42, ranges 1 and 2 west. There 
 are five localities in townships 40 and 41, ranges 1 and 2 east, where 
 gray sulphuret and green carbonate of copper are found in considera- 
 ble quantities. Brown hematite iron ore is found in several places in 
 the southeast part of the county, principally in townships 41 and 42, 
 ranges 1 and 2 east. This mineral region is traversed by the south- 
 west branch of the Pacific Railroad, and by the Maramec River, 
 affording superior facilities for taking the mineral to St. Louis. 
 
 At the Virginia and Mount Hope lead mines are both north and 
 south vertical veins. The former has yielded upwards of 10,000,000 
 pounds of ore, the latter about 5,000,000 pounds. This ore has been 
 taken from the top of these veins, and is evidently but a small por- 
 tion of what the mines contain in the rock below the water line. 
 Several other north and south veins have been discovered and worked. 
 
250 FRANKLIN COUNXr. 
 
 Ore is also found in horizontal veins in the rock, and in nnstratified 
 veins in the clay. Fully one-half of this county is a lead field, and 
 ore may be looked for, in workable quantities, in almost every section 
 of land throughout this part of Franklin County. 
 
 History. — The first court held in this county was on the 1st of 
 January, 1819. Frederick Bates, Secretary of the Territory, and 
 exercising the government thereof, appointed Benoni Sappington 
 Sheriff, and Joseph Reeves and James Higgins, Justices of the Peace. 
 The court was held at the residence of Hartley Sappington, a short 
 distance above Washington. On the sixteenth of April, Governor 
 William Clarke resumed the gubernatorial chair. On March 8, 1819, 
 Wm. Laughlin, David Edwards, and Thomas Buckner, who had been 
 appointed by an act of the Legislature to lay off the county and fix 
 the seat of justice, were sworn in. Isaac Murphy was appointed to 
 keep a ferry on the Missouri, and gave $500 bonds to pass horses at 
 fifty cents each, and foot passengers at twenty-five cents. Edward 
 Simon was appointed to keep a ferry over the Gasconade at half the 
 above rates. Thomas Henry was appointed Surveyor, and ordered 
 at this term to run the lines of the county. The county-seat was 
 formerly at New Port, which was situated on the high bluffs, about a 
 mile from the Missouri, near the mouth of the Boeuf River. The 
 seat of justice was removed to Union about the year 1830. 
 
 The Soil, along the bottoms of the larger streams and upon some 
 of the uplands, is susceptible of a high state of cultivation ; and 
 although it has generally been considered a poor farming region, 
 there were, in 1850, in this county, 1096 farms under cultivation. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — The following branches of business are rep- 
 resented in this county to the extent named, principally in Washing- 
 ton and Union : 1 newspaper, (Weekly Advertiser,) 1 academy, 1 
 bookstore, 12 attorneys, 12 physicians, 2 dentists, 3 surveyors, 2 
 bankers, 22 general stores, 5 family groceries, 2 druggists, 1 hard- 
 ware store, 1 crockery store, 2 millinery stores, 3 tin and stove 
 stores, 4 agricultural stores, 7 brick-yards, 1 rope-walk, 3 carding 
 machines, 1 distillery, 2 breweries, 2 potteries, 1 soap and candle 
 manufactory, 2 tanneries, 2 broom manufactories, 8 tailor shops, 2 
 bakeries, 16 shoe shops and stores, 3 saddler shops, Y saw-mills, 4 
 flouring-mills, 12 carpenter shops, 5 cabinet shops, 4 jewelers, 14 
 coopers, 3 nurseries, 12 blacksmiths, 10 wagon shops, 4 tinners, 8 
 painters, 10 hotels, 2 livery stables, 2 warehouses, 4 gunsmiths, 2 
 auctioneers, 6 butchers. 
 
 UNION, the county-seat, is situated on the Bourbeuse River, in the 
 north central part of the county, ten miles from Washington, seventy- 
 
GASCONADE COUNTY. 25l 
 
 five from Jefferson City, and fifty-five from St. Louis. First settled 
 about 1829. Present population, 500. 
 
 Washington, the commercial point and most important town in 
 the county, is situated upon a beautiful site sloping back from the 
 Missouri River and Pacific Railroad, overlooking the valley. It is 
 seventy-one miles from Jefferson City and fifty-four from St. Louis 
 by railroad, and ten from the county-seat by stage. Here are four 
 churches — Catholic, Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Methodist — one 
 Lodge each of Masons and Odd Fellows, one ladies' high school, etc. 
 Population about 1200, 
 
 Pacific (formerly called Franklin) is situated at the junction of 
 the Pacific Railroad and the southwest branch of the same, thirty- 
 seven miles from St. Louis, eighty-eight from Jefferson City, and 
 eighteen from the county-seat. It contains 1 Catholic Church, 1 
 Masonic Lodge. Population 300. 
 
 Warrensville is situated on the southwest branch of the Pacific 
 Railroad, seven miles from Franklin, and fourteen from Union. The 
 town is supplied with water from one of the finest springs in this part 
 of the State, which affords water power sufficient to propel mill ma- 
 chinery. Population 125. 
 
 Boone is situated thirty miles from Union, contains a Baptist Church, 
 two mills, several stores, etc. Population 150. 
 
 Gasconade, on the Gasconade River ; Galls Prairie, Mount Stir- 
 ling, Leander, Owensville, and Canaan, in the central ; Delphi, 
 Bern, Oak Hill, and Jakes Prairie, in the southern portion of the 
 county, are each worthy of note. 
 
 GASCONADE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the right bank of the Missouri River, 
 and next west of Franklin, (last described,) to which, in many re- 
 spects, it is quite similar. 
 
 Physical Features. — The north and east half of this county is 
 hilly and broken, and in some places bald flint-hills or knobs occur, 
 which are entirely destitute of timber, and unfit for cultivation. Lead 
 ore is reported to have been found in some of the "flint ridges." The 
 valleys are very fertile, and a number of superior farms, of bottom 
 land, are under a good state of cultivation. The prairies are small, 
 dry, and fertile. This county is washed on the north by the Missouri 
 
252 GASCONADE COUNTY. 
 
 River; the interior is watered by the Gasconade and its numerous 
 tributaries, together with those of the Maramec, Bceuf River, and 
 several smaller streams. Upon the Gasconade and Bourbeuse are good 
 sites for mills, and excellent water-power improvement. 
 
 Antiquities. — There are a number of saltpeter caves along the 
 banks of the Gasconade, which were profitably worked several years 
 since. Some of the saltpeter was shipped down the river, to St. 
 Louis, but the greater portion was used in the manufacture of gun- 
 powder, of which there were at one time a number of manufactories 
 in the State. Some of these caves are large and interesting, con- 
 sisting frequently of a succession of rooms joined to each other by 
 arched halls of a considerable height, with walls of white limestone, 
 upon which as well as upon the floors the saltpeter is deposited, and 
 is generally so pure as to need but one washing to prepare it for use, 
 or export. 
 
 In his excellent and interesting Gazetteer, published in 1823, Pro- 
 fessor Beck says : When these caves were first discovered, it was 
 not unusual to find in them Indian axes and hammers, which led to 
 the belief that they had formerly been worked for some unknown pur- 
 pose by the savages. It is difficult to decide whether these tools were 
 left here by the present race, or by another and more civilized, which 
 preceded them. Although it is unusual for savages in our day to 
 take up their residence in caves — considering these places to which 
 the Moniteau resorts — although they are not acquainted with any of 
 the uses of the saltpeter, and would rather avoid than collect it, the 
 circumstance of finding these tools in the caves would, of itself, per- 
 haps permit slight evidence that the country of the Gasconade was 
 formerly settled by a race of men who were acquainted with the uses 
 of this mineral, or who exceeded them in civilization, or in the 
 knowledge of the arts. But there are other facts connected with 
 these about which there can be no mistake ; near the old saw-mills, 
 and at a short distance from the road leading from them to St. 
 Louis, are the ruins of an ancient town. It appears to have been 
 regularly laid out, and the dimensions of the squares and streets and 
 some of the houses can yet be discovered. Stone walls are found 
 in different parts of the area, which are frequently covered by huge 
 heaps of earth. Again, a stone work exists, as I am informed by 
 General Ashley, about ten miles below the mills. It is on the west 
 side of the Gasconade, and about twenty-five to thirty feet square ; 
 and although at present in a dilapidated condition, appears to have 
 been originally built with an uncommon degree of regularity. It is 
 situated on a high, bold cliff, which commands a fine and extensive 
 
GASCONADE COUNTY. 253 
 
 view of the country on all sides. From tliis stone-work is a small 
 footpath, running a devious course down the cliff, to the entrance of 
 a cave, in which was found a quantity of ashes. This path, commu- 
 nicating with the sacred cave, shows that the temple may have been 
 erected to some imaginary deity. 
 
 Schools. — The citizens of Hermann contributed about $12,000 for 
 the purpose of establishing a good school in the town, and two good 
 teachers are paid from the interest of this fund. Besides the 2 in 
 Hermann, there are some 40 district schools in various parts of the 
 county. The amount of State school money appropriated for 1859, 
 for this county, is $2331 51. 
 
 Farm Products. — This county is principally settled by Germans, 
 who devote more attention to grape culture than to farming. There 
 are large tracts of land occupied by well-cultivated vineyards, espe- 
 cially in the vicinity of Hermann, and we are assured that grape cul- 
 ture and wine making is more profitable than any other branch of 
 agriculture or horticulture.* Crops are generally good; for instance, 
 farmers raise, per acre, of corn, 100 bushels ; wheat, 25 to 30; tobacco, 
 1500 pounds; oats, 30 bushels; barley, 40 to 60 bushels. Of barley, 
 this county exported about 300,000 bushels in 1858, at an average 
 price of 80 cents per bushel. Buckwheat, hemp, and flax also do well. 
 Those who have tried the Chinese sugar-cane have succeeded very well. 
 One farmer made several barrels of sirup, which he sold at 80 cents per 
 gallon. In the eastern part of the county, stock raising has been 
 profitably pursued. Cultivated farms can be purchased at from $5 
 to $30, according to locality, and unimproved land, at from $1 to 
 $15 per acre. 
 
 History and Business Statistics. — Gasconade was severed from 
 Franklin in 1820, and was first settled by Isaac Perkins, John Fryor, 
 and Owen Shockley. In 1840, the county had a population of 5330, 
 and in 1850, it had decreased to 5000. The population in 1860 was 
 8594. 
 
 HERMANN, the county-seat, occupies a charming site on the Mis- 
 souri River, and the Pacific Railroad, forty-four miles from Jefferson 
 City, and eighty-one from St. Louis. The trains on the Pacific R. R. 
 stop here to dine, and Mr. Leiman's excellent Dining Hotel has rendered 
 this a point of some interest to travelers. The town, as its name in- 
 dicates, is inhabited principally by Germans. It was settled in 1837, 
 
 * There are annually produced from these vineyards from 15,000 to 100,000 
 gallons of wine, (owing to the season,) which sells readily at from $1 25 to $2 00 
 per gallon. (See chapter on Grape Culture.) 
 
25i GENTRY COUNTY. 
 
 by the "German Settlement Society" of Philadelphia The principal 
 business of Hermann and its vicinity is fruit growing, and especial atten- 
 tion is given to the culture of grapes, and a large quantity of wine of 
 the finest quality is manufactured here. Peaches, pears, etc. also claim 
 the attention, and yield well. Messrs. Husmann & Manwaring ex- 
 hibited thirty-four varieties of the grape at the Agricultural Fair, in 
 1860, and ten bunches of the Catawba variety weighed eleven pounds. 
 This place has 1 newspaper — the " Yolksblatt," (German,) a Catholic 
 and Protestant Church, a County Savings Institution, 2 Masonic 
 Lodges, a fanning-mill manufactory, a nursery, 3 hotels, 1 steam 
 flouring-mill, 3 lawyers, 12 physicians, 15 merchants, 12 grocers, 2 
 druggists, 2 silversmiths, 3 tinners, 20 blacksmiths, 5 wagon-makers, 
 2 saddlers, 8 tailors, 18 shoemakers, 8 cabinetmakers, 15 carpenters, 
 6 coopers, etc. Population about 2000. 
 
 Calvy, Moselle, Iron Hill, St. Clair, and Stanton, on the south- 
 west branch of the Pacific R. R. ; Port Royal, St. Albans, South 
 Point, Bassora, and New Port, on the Missouri River ; and Beauford, 
 60 miles west of Union, the county-seat, are all places of some busi- 
 ness and enterprise. 
 
 GENTRY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northwestern portion of the State, 
 bounded by the Iowa State line on the north, and separated from the 
 Missouri River on the west by Nodaway and Atchison Counties. 
 Population of the county, in 1860, was 12,043. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil and Productions. — The face of the country 
 is undulating, diversified with prairie and timber, and well watered 
 by Grand River and its tributaries. Indications of rich beds of cop- 
 per, and of an excellent quality of bituminous coal have been found, 
 but no banks or mines opened yet. The soil is very fertile, and well 
 adapted to the production of all grains and grasses suitable to this 
 climate. The largest yield we have heard of in the county is, of 
 hemp, 1200 pounds per acre; tobacco, 1200 pounds; corn, 120 
 bushels; wheat, 20 bushels; rye, 50; oats, 65; buckwheat, 50; po- 
 tatoes, 300 ; timothy, 2 to 3 tons ; Hungarian grass, 4 tons. Mr. J. 
 Allen, an enterprising farmer produced corn, some ears of which were 
 fifteen inches long and eight inches in circumference. His crop was 
 plowed twice, and received no further cultivation. The quantity and 
 quality of fruit and vegetables produced is very satisfactory to farmers 
 
GENTRY COUNTY. 255 
 
 and fruit growers. The farmers in tlie county set out upwards of 
 15,000 fruit trees, and a vast amount of evergreens and shrubbery, 
 last year, and are adding annually to their orchards. 
 
 History. — This county was first settled in 1840 by persons from 
 Clay and Ray Counties. The county-seat was formerly named Athens, 
 and although the name was changed to Albany by the Legislature, at 
 its next session after the town was incorporated, the county-seat is 
 still called Athens on many of the maps since published. 
 
 Of Business Houses in the county there are 1 lawyers, 1 newspaper, 
 24 stores, 2 groceries, 3 drug stores, 1 silversmith, 1 tin shop, 10 black- 
 smith shops, 6 wagon shops, 2 saddler shops, 2 cabinet shops, 100 
 carpenters, 3 cooper shops, 12 steam and 5 water power saw-mills, 5 
 steam and 5 water power flouring-mills. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are ten churches in the county — 
 Presbyterian, 0. S., 100 members; N. S., 100: Methodist, about 
 500 members; Baptist, 600; Christians, COO members. The school 
 statistics show that since 1856 the number of school-houses and num- 
 ber of teachers employed, and number of children entitled to attend 
 district schools, have more than doubled, while the liberality mani- 
 fested by the erection of good school-houses and churches is truly 
 commendable. A high school is taught in Albany by Rev. J. N. 
 Young, and bids fair to become an institution of importance to 
 that section of country. Within the past two or three years, new 
 schools, with latest arrangements for the studio, have been opened, 
 and school-houses, at an average cost of $600 or $700, have been 
 erected, and the teachers number among their ranks the polished 
 students of Southern and Eastern colleges. 
 
 Number of districts in Gentry County 77 
 
 " male cliildren 2527 
 
 »' female children 22;]9 
 
 " males taught 1380 
 
 " females taught 1105 
 
 " school-houses 57 
 
 " male teachers 53 
 
 " female teachers 14 
 
 Amount paid to teachers in 1859 $4987 42 
 
 " derived from State common school fund 2395 24 
 
 According to the assessor's returns for 1859, there were in the 
 county 407,430 acres of land, subject to taxation, valued at $1,832,500 ; 
 89 slaves, valued at $42,925 ; with the total value of taxable property, 
 $2,397,070. 
 
 The natural advantages possessed by this county are a fertile soil, 
 
256 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 healthy location, plenty of good timber, with prairie and range for 
 cattle, and "mast" for hogs; water power, building stone, stone coal, 
 and prospects of finding rich beds of copper ore. Unimproved lands 
 sell at from $4 to $12 per acre for timber, and $2 to $7 for prairie; 
 and improved lands at from $8 to $20 per acre. Capitalists, mer- 
 chants, farmers, mechanics, and honest, industrious men of all classes 
 can do well in Gentry County. 
 
 ALBANY, the county-seat, is situated about one mile east from 
 Grand River, has a population of about 600 inhabitants, and is grow- 
 ing rapidly. Among the most important institutions may be named 
 1 high school, a Masonic Lodge, 2 churches, 7 general stores, 2 drug 
 stores, 2 steam flouring and saw mills, 2 hotels, 1 newspaper, (Albany 
 Courier,) and a good representation of mechanics, professional men, 
 etc. 
 
 Gentryville is situated upon Grand River, and her location for 
 beauty and eligibility is second to none in the county, being sur- 
 rounded by some of the oldest and best farms and farming lands that 
 Gentry can afford. This town has recently been incorporated, and 
 bids fair to become a place of importance. Population about 300. 
 
 Of other towns, there are Fairview, population 75; West Point, 
 75; Allensville, 100; Smithton, 50; Matthew's Grove, 30; and 
 Havana, 30. 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Polk, east by Webster, south by Christian, 
 and west by Dade and LawTence Counties. This county was first 
 settled by John P. Campbell, Robert Patterson, and William Full- 
 bright, In 1860 it contained a population of 18,247. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county is, topographically speaking, 
 higher than any of the adjacent country, and the streams are all clear 
 and rapid. The general face of the country is undulating, and some 
 portions broken or hilly. The prairies are large, rich, and beautiful, 
 skirted by timber along the streams, and in small groves. Occasional 
 "barrens" intervene, which are stony and sparsely timbered. Timber 
 is not very abundant, but there is sufficient for all practical purposes. 
 The high ridge erroneously named Ozark Mountains extend through 
 this county. (See Topography of Ozark Mountains, in another chap- 
 ter.) The southern part of the county is traversed by important 
 
GREENE COUNTY. 257 
 
 branches of "White River, and the northern portion by the Osage 
 River, while large springs of clear, cold water are abundant, several 
 of which break forth from fissures in the rocks, and are of sufficient 
 capacity to propel machinery for saw or grist mills, and are not affected 
 by wet or dry seasons. 
 
 Soil, Productions, etc. — Although the soil of the county is not as 
 deep and fertile as in some portions of the State, this is considered a 
 good agricultui'al district, and is well adapted to the culture of all 
 kinds of cereals, grasses, and produces an abundant yield of fruit of 
 every variety. There is not perhaps in the State, if anywhere, a 
 region of country better adapted to grape culture than this ; and the 
 gravelly ridges that are now entirely neglected, called "the barrens," 
 contain all the elements to insure success in vine growing, and, with 
 proper management, would yield a greater profit than many of the 
 farms that produce twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. The 
 wild grape that grows here so abundantly is much larger and better 
 flavored than in more northern latitudes, which would indicate that 
 both the soil and climate are favorable to the grape. Peaches grow 
 large, and seldom fail ; while apples, pears, and all other varieties of 
 fruit yield well. Considerable attention has been given to the intro- 
 duction of Chinese sugar-cane, which yields well, but the flavor of 
 the sirup is not considered equal to that of the Southern cane, and 
 but little will be raised. Corn is the staple product, but wheat, oats, 
 tobacco, and some flax and cotton are produced. The crop of to- 
 bacco last year exceeded 250,000 pounds, which was sold at from 
 seven to twelve cents per pound, in the leaf; and as most of it is 
 manufactured at the four tobacco manufactories in the county, (whose 
 sales exceed $50,000 annually,) the profits from both its culture and 
 manufacture remain in the county. 
 
 Springfield Land District. — One of the most important land offices 
 in the State is located at Springfield. 
 
 There yet remains unsold in Springfield land district about 3,000,000 
 of acres of land, a large portion of which is mountainous, but well 
 adapted for pasture and for the cultivation of the grape. 
 
 Stock Growing. — As the following figures will show, this is one of 
 the most important branches of industry pursued in this county. In 
 1858 there were upwards of 1000 yoke of oxen sold from this county, 
 principally to the Santa Fe and Utah freighters, at from $15 to $85 
 per yoke; and of horses and mules nearly 1400, principally to the 
 cotton fields and sugar plantations of Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
 Texas, at an average price of $140, amounting to some $300,000. 
 During the first half of the year 1859 upwards of 7000 head of 
 
 17 
 
258 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 steers were driven to the one point, Independence, and sold at prices 
 making an aggregate of $400,000, and a net profit to the owners of 
 say $220,000 — costing about $30 per head, and selling for $68. Large 
 numbers have been driven to St. Louis besides the above. Of horses, 
 mules, sheep, cows, and calves, the sale is also large, but we have not 
 the statistics. Suffice it to say that this is one of the best grazing 
 counties in the State. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Men of large capital can find here 
 chances for profitable investment, while the honest, industrious me- 
 chanic with small means will find opportunities to increase them. 
 Hundreds and thousands of acres await the farmer's plow, and the 
 demand for sober, energetic mechanics is very good. There is no 
 portion of the State where industry commands a more certain reward. 
 The variety of soil, mild and healthy climate, advantageous natural 
 position, and certain market, at good prices, for all the farm products, 
 and of remunerative wages for all kinds of labor, are inducements 
 which those seeking a permanent home in Missouri should not over- 
 look, 
 
 Churclies and Schools. — The Methodist E. Church, Christians, 
 Baptists, Cumberland Presbyterians, Reformed Methodists, 0. S. 
 and N. S. Presbyterians, each have churches that are well attended in 
 the county. Of high schools there is one for females, and a male and 
 female college where both sexes are taught, with a creditable number 
 of other schools in the county. 
 
 Newspaper History. — The first newspaper in Greene County was 
 published in 1839 by Cyrus Stark and E. D. McKinney, called the 
 Ozark Standard. This was succeeded in 1840 by the Ozark Eagle, 
 published by R. A. Hazzard, now of Jefferson City. In 1844 the 
 Springfield Advertiser was commenced by W. H. Graves. This paper 
 has been continued to this time by W. H. & A. C. Graves. In 1846, 
 the Texas Democrat was started by E. D. McKinney. This was fol- 
 lowed by the Springfield Whig in 184t, published by C. E. Fisher, 
 which was removed to Osceola and there published by C. E. Fisher 
 and E. C. Davis as the Osceola Independent. In 1849, John M. 
 Richardson started the Southwestern Flag, which was published until 
 1852, and then changed to the Democratic Lancet by Joshua Davis. 
 In the spring of 1854, Mr. James W. Boren commenced the publica- 
 tion of the Springfield Mirror, which is still continued by him. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, the county-seat, is pleasantly and advantageously 
 situated near the center of the county, surrounded by a wide expanse 
 of fertile, agricultural land, bounded on the west and south by two 
 large, rich prairies, divided into numerous well-cultivated farms. The 
 
GRUNDY COUNTY. 259 
 
 buildings are neat and substantia], especially some of the public build- 
 ings, among which the Court-house and Methodist Church are two of 
 the finest buildings outside of St. Louis — the latter having been built 
 at a cost of $15,000. The streets are wide, and the numerous shade 
 trees add much to its beauty and healthfulness. Springfield was in- 
 corporated as a city, December 13, 1855, and now contains a popula- 
 tion of about 2000. 
 
 There are in Springfield 2 newspapers, 1 banker, 20 lawyers, 22 
 physicians, 29 merchants, 4 druggists, 3 silversmiths, 2 tinners, 13 
 blacksmiths, 6 wagon-makers, 2 saddlers, 4 tailors, 5 shoemakers, 4 
 cabinetmakers, 25 carpenters, 5 tobacco manufacturers, 1 steam and 
 4 water power saw-mills, 1 steam and 1 water power flouring-mills, 3 
 hotels, etc., besides manufactories of farming implements, and tan- 
 neries. 
 
 Ozark, situated fourteen miles south from county-seat ; 400. 
 
 Linden, fourteen miles southeast ; 300. 
 
 Ebenezer, ten miles west; 150. At Ebenezer there is a fine school. 
 
 Distance from Springfield to Syracuse, on Pacific Railroad, 130 
 miles; to Jefferson City, 130; St. Louis, 230. 
 
 GRUNDY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the north part of the State, about mid- 
 way between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, and separated 
 from the Iowa State line by Mercer County, which bounds Grundy 
 on the north. In 1860 it contained 8202 inhabitants. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general character of this county is un- 
 dulating or rolling. It is very well watered by the tributaries of 
 Grand River. The table-lands and divides are generally prairie, and 
 the streams are skirted with timber, affording sufficient for fencing 
 and fuel. The soil is very good and well adapted to all farming pur- 
 poses. Of this the reader will find a more full description in the 
 chapter on the Grand River Country. Turnips have been raised in 
 this county by Mr. Osborn, which, after being closely trimmed, weighed 
 eleven pounds and three ounces ; and James Wynn has produced corn, 
 one ear of which contained 1383 grains, all well filled; and a radish 
 weighing four pounds and three ounces. Mr. Isaac Froman raised 
 in one season, upon a piece of ground two feet by fifteen, first ten 
 bushels of onions, and afterward eight bushels of turnips. 
 
260 HARRISON COUNTY. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, 
 Christians, and Reformers, each have congregations. The county 
 has good schools supported by the public fund ; also the Grand River 
 College opened September 2, 1850, which is a flourishing and well- 
 supported institution. 
 
 Farmers will find good farming lands at very low figures. Mechan- 
 ics and machinists are wanted to establish in this county. Excellent 
 water power and good localities for saw and grist mills. Capitalists 
 who wish to invest in the best lands at the present low figures, and 
 let them remain uncultivated, are not wanted. Men of energy and 
 industry, from whatever country or clime, will receive a hearty wel- 
 come, and cannot but reap a rich reward for their labor. 
 
 TRENTON, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated upon the upland, 
 on the east side of Grand River, and bids fair to become a town of 
 importance. It was incorporated February 2t, 1857, and contains 
 a population of about 900. 
 
 Edinburgh was first settled in April, 1851, is situated on the west 
 side of Grand River, some seven miles from Trenton, and owes its 
 existence principally to the success of Grand River College. Popu- 
 lation 200. 
 
 Lindlay contains a population of 200. 
 
 Nevada, a population of 75. 
 
 Nearest point to railroad is at Chillicothe, which is twenty-one 
 miles from Trenton. These towns are generally well supplied with 
 business houses. 
 
 HARKISON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the north-northwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by the Iowa State line, south by Daviess 
 County, east by Mercer and Grundy, and west by Gentry County, 
 Area 750 square miles. Population in 1860, 10,646. First settled 
 in 1837 by Wm. Mitchell, Jno. Conditt, and Reuben Macey. 
 
 Physical Features. — The northeast part of the county is traversed 
 by the Crooked Fork of Grand River, and Big Creek, an affluent of 
 Grand River, traverses the middle of the county from north to south. 
 Besides these, the county is traversed by Sugar, Cypress, and Samson 
 Creeks. The surface of the county is principally prairie, but in 
 some instances broken. The timber is mostly confined to the mar- 
 
HARRISON COUNTY. 261 
 
 gins of water-courses, and consists of white, black, pine, and bur 
 oak, walnut, sugar-tree, maple, linn, sycamore, birch, cherry, cotton- 
 wood, hackberry, ash, hickory, etc., which skirt the streams and stand 
 here and there in groves. The soil is generally fertile, and has in 
 some instances produced per acre, of tobacco, 1000 pounds; flax, 
 500 pounds; corn, 85 bushels; wheat, 30 bushels; rye, 40 bushels; 
 oats, 40 bushels; buckwheat, 50 bushels; potatoes, 250 bushels; 
 onions, 100 bushels; beets, 150 bushels; carrots, 100 bushels; tur- 
 nips, 100 bushels; timothy, 2 tons; Hungarian grass, 3 tons; and 
 an abundant yield of fruit and grasses. Chinese sugar-cane thrives 
 well, and large quantities of molasses and sirup are made for home 
 consumption and for exportation. There are 15 saw-mills and 3 
 flouring-mills on Grand River and Big Creek. There is other fine 
 water power on these streams unimproved. There are good State, 
 county, and neighborhood roads through the county. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, 
 Episcopalians, and Christians each have places of worship in this 
 county. There are 80 free schools, besides several fine high schools 
 for both sexes. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Rich soil, good timber, healthy 
 climate, clear rapid streams, and good demand for all articles pro- 
 duced. Fine country for stock growing. 
 
 BETHANY, the county-seat, is a thrifty, healthy town, situated 
 about a mile east of Big Creek, in the center of a beautiful and fer- 
 tile country. The town was first settled by Tennesseeans in 1845, 
 and now contains three churches — Christian, Methodist, and Baptist — 
 a Masonic Lodge, High School, steam saw and grist mill, two hotels, 
 a variety of stores, mechanics, etc., and 600 inhabitants. To the 
 east and north of Bethany there is a vast body of timber sufficient to 
 supply it for coming ages. On the west there is one vast and bound- 
 less prairie, which extends far beyond the reach of the eye, nearly 
 all of which is yet unsettled. From Bethany to Hamilton, on Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 42 miles, to St. Joseph, 65 miles. 
 
 Trail Creek is situated on the upland, between Trail and Panther 
 Creeks; contains a Methodist Church, steam saw and grist mill, 
 several stores, etc. This place is the residence of Hon. J. T, Craig, 
 U. S. Senator, Jas. McFarran, State Senator, and James Nevil, 
 representative. Population about 300. 
 
 Eagleville is a new town, on Shawnee Creek, sixteen miles from 
 Bethany; was first settled in 1842, but the town is of more recent 
 origin. Here are 1 Baptist, 1 Christian, and 2 Methodist Churches, 
 
2G2 HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 2 hotels, 4 steam saw-mills, 2 grist or flouring-mills, broom manufac- 
 tory, several stores and other business houses. Population 150. 
 
 The population of the following towns are stated to be : (?) Cains- 
 ville, 125; Snellsville, 25; Martinsville, 30; Mt. Moriah, 50; 
 Mitchellsville, 30 ; Harrison City, 35 ; Akron, 25. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formerly called Rives, is situated in the western part 
 of the State, bounded on the north by Johnson, east by Benton, 
 south by St. Clair, and west by Bates and Cass, which separates it 
 from the Kansas line. The first settlements in this section were made 
 in 1831. The name was changed from Rives to Henry in 1841. 
 The population of the county in 1850 was 4052; 1856, 6642; and 
 in 1860, 9865. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is undulating ; neither 
 level nor broken. There is about one-third timber and the remainder 
 prairie. The timber consists of oak, hickory, walnut, linn, etc. The 
 early settlers hesitated about settling upon the larger prairies, on 
 account of the lack of timber for fuel; but there have since been 
 found extensive banks of excellent coal, and all objections are re- 
 moved. So in many parts of this State, it will be seen that where a 
 superficial examination indicates the absence of some important native 
 element of wealth, deep research and thorough investigation generally 
 prove the existence of hidden treasures which more than compensate 
 for the seeming deficiency. The county is watered by Grand River 
 and Big Creek, Deepwater in the western and Thibault (pronounced 
 Tebo) and its sixteen tributaries in the eastern part of the county. 
 Nearly all of these streams have very fine mill sites upon them. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is very fertile, and well adapted 
 to all farming purposes. Some farms have yielded of hemp, 800 
 pounds to the acre; tobacco, 1600; flax, 2000 pounds, (in the straw;) 
 corn, 80 bushels; wheat, 35 bushels; rye, 40; barley, 80; oats, 50; 
 buckwheat, 50 ; potatoes, 250; onions, 320 ; beets, 320; carrots, 320; 
 turnips, 500 ; timothy, 8000 pounds ; clover, 2000 pounds ; Hungarian 
 grass, 8000 pounds, etc.; with an abundance of all kinds of fruit. Un- 
 improved lands are worth from $2 50 to $8 ; and improved, from $5 to 
 $25. This county is very well adapted to stock growing, as timothy, 
 blue-grass, clover, and native prairie grass grow finely. Here are 
 good openings for farmers, mechanics, and capitalists. Stone coal 
 
HICKORY COUNTY. 263 
 
 and iron ore are the only minerals of any practical value in the 
 county. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are H churches in the county. 
 Of schools, there are 55 district schools and 2 private. The High 
 School at Clinton, and Male and Female Academy at Calhoun ; the 
 latter was incorporated in 1855. Both these schools are well con- 
 ducted and liberally patronized. 
 
 The Osage Valley and Southern Kansas Yalley Railroad, now in 
 course of construction, will pass directly through the county-seat, 
 and secure to the citizens of the county an outlet to market which 
 they have long needed. 
 
 CLINTON, the county-seat, is situated on Grand River, which 
 flows through the county from the northwest to the southeast corner. 
 It contains one Methodist Church, a newspaper, (the Clinton Journal,) 
 one Masonic Lodge, brickyard, steam flouring-mill, two hotels. High 
 School, several stores, mechanics' shops, etc. Population about 300. 
 
 Calhoun is on Thibault Creek, twelve miles from Clinton, contains a 
 Male and Female Seminary, Masonic and Good Templars' Lodges, 
 one church, carding machine, two hotels, several stores and shops, 
 and about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 Shawnee Mound is on Henry Creek, twelve miles from the county- 
 seat, and first settled in 1850, by A. D. Gillespie and others. Here 
 are four churches: Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, and Christian. 
 Population 50. This is in the center of a rich farming district. 
 
 Of other towns, there are Bellemont, population 100 ; Leesville, 
 100; and Germantown, 30. 
 
 HICKORY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated near the center of the southwest quarter of 
 the State; bounded on the north by Benton, south by Polk and Dal- 
 las, east by Camden and Dallas, and west by St. Clair County. Con- 
 tains an area of nearly 400 square miles; had a population in 1856 
 of 3312; in 18()0, of 4820. 
 
 Physical Features. — The land is generally fertile, undulating, and 
 in some places broken, with about an equal amount of prairie and 
 timber land. In this, as in most other counties in the State, the 
 forests are growing up rapidly since the Indians have been driven 
 away, and the annual fires kept out. But little attention has been 
 paid to the culture of grapes, hemp, flax, or tobacco. An average 
 
264 HOLT COUNTY. 
 
 crop of wheat is about 30 bushels to the acre; corn, 100 bushels; rye, 
 25, (very little raised ;) oats, 30 ; buckwheat, 12 to 15 ; potatoes, 50 to 
 60 ; turnips, 300. Timothy, clover, and Hungarian grass do well. 
 There is water power on the Niangua and Pomme de Terre, but is 
 unimproved. Lead is found in various localities, but no attention 
 paid to mining. Unimproved laud worth about $3 ; improved, $8 
 to $10. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The county contains 3 churches — 1 each 
 of New School Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist. There are 
 28 public schools located in the diiferent townships, and of 1435 
 children, between 5 and 20, there were but 696 taught, in 1857. 
 Amount of school money apportioned to this county in 1859, 
 $1190 65. 
 
 HERMITAGE, the county-seat, is situated near the center of the 
 county, east of the Pomme de Terre River, upon a pleasant and 
 commanding location. The place was first settled in 1843, and now 
 contains a Methodist Church, steam flouring-mill, steam saw-mill, 2 
 hotels, and numerous stores, shops, etc. Population about 125. 
 
 ftuincy is on the Syracuse and Springfield Stage route, about 
 midway between the two points, sixty-seven miles from Syracuse, and 
 eleven miles from the county-seat. It contains a church. Masonic 
 Lodge, woolen factory, flouring-mill, 2 hotels, etc. Population 150. 
 
 Preston, (Black Oak Point Post-Office) is six miles from Her- 
 mitage. Population 75. 
 
 HOLT COUNTY. 
 
 This county is one of the six that compose the Platte Purchase. 
 It is situated near the extreme northwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Nodaway River, which separates it from 
 Andrew and Nodaway Counties, on the north by Atchison, (which 
 extends to the Iowa State line,) and on the west and south by the 
 Missouri River, and contains an area of 470 square miles. 
 
 History. — This county was first settled in 1835, by Joseph Kenzie, 
 James Miller, and Dr. Gr. B. Tharp, from Tennessee, Colonel Kelly, 
 from Virginia, and S. C. Collins, from Indiana. It was named in 
 honor of Dr. Holt, a former member of the Legislature. Population 
 in 1850, 3955; in 1856, 5404; in 1860, 0590. 
 
 Physical Features, Soils, and Productions. — The general surface 
 
HOLT county/' 265 
 
 of the county is undulating — prairie and timber about equal. It is 
 watered by the Nodaway, Big and Little Tarkeo, Mill Creek, Kenzie 
 Creek, Davis Creek, and numerous springs throughout the county. 
 Bank's Big Spring, on section 29, township 16, range 38, two miles 
 west from Oregon, has a capacity sufficient to propel machinery. 
 The Missouri bottom varies in width, from three to ten miles, and is 
 exceedingly fertile, being an alluvial formation, and the soil in some 
 places is twenty-three feet deep. The prairies are also exceedingly 
 fertile. Taking the county at large, it is adapted to the production of 
 all kinds of grain, grasses, fruit, and vegetables, that are cultivated in 
 this latitude. There has been produced, several seasons in succession, 
 of corn, 125 bushels to the acre; hemp, 1500 pounds; oats, 40 bushels, 
 etc. In the season of 1859 there were 1900 bales of hemp shipped 
 from Forest City, Hemp is the most profitable as well as most cer- 
 tain crop, and the farmers seem inclined to devote their farms to the 
 culture of hemp and tobacco, and the raising of stock. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county two newspapers, 
 (Holt County News and Forest City Monitor ;) lawyers, 9; physi- 
 cians, 7; merchants, 44; druggists, 3; carpenter shops, 5; jewelers, 
 2; gunsmiths, 2; blacksmiths, 2; wagon shops, 4; saddler, 1; tailors, 
 4 ; shoemakers, 5 ; tinners, 2 ; cooper, 1 ; carding machine, 1 ; steam 
 saw-mills, 6 ; steam flouring-mill, 1 ; water saw-mills, 7 ; water flour- 
 ing-mills, 5; hotels, 5. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — A correspondent of the Republican 
 writes : "Between the Missouri and Nodaway Rivers is a high rolling 
 prairie, dotted by numerous groves of timber — as healthy, fertile, and 
 beautiful country as is to be found on the globe." The inhabitants 
 are generally intelligent, industrious, and contented. The county is 
 settling up rapidly, and is soon to receive a new impetus by the com- 
 pletion of the Platte County Railroad. Industrious, skillful farmers, 
 coopers, wagon-makers, carpenters, and merchants are needed. Sad- 
 dlers will here find one of the best openings in the State. 
 
 Schools. — Teachers who are well qualified and wish to enter the 
 field in earnest will here find an ample scope for labor, and an abund- 
 ance of capital and willing hands to aid them. This county has a 
 school fund of over $100,000, and last year appropriated more toward 
 the repair and erection of school-houses, in proportion to her popu- 
 lation, than any other county in the State. Only two counties ap- 
 propriated more — St. Louis and Howard, the latter exceeding Holt 
 only $31. There are 2598 children in the county, 33 school-houses, 
 and $6116 appropriated for new school-houses. 
 
 OREGON, the county-seat, has an elevated and handsome situation, 
 
266 HOWARD COUNTY. 
 
 south from the center of the county, and about twenty miles above 
 St. Joseph. It was first settled in 1845, incorporated as a city 
 November 5, 1857, and now contains a population of about 700. 
 
 Forest City, the commercial point of the county, is a thrifty new 
 town, on the Missouri River, about two and a half miles west from 
 the county-seat, and fifty miles above St. Joseph. The principal 
 business done here is pork packing, and the manufacture of hemp. 
 In the season of 1859, one firm packed and shipped $65,000 worth of 
 pork. There are three large hemp warehouses, with hemp presses. 
 Population about 600. 
 
 Lowell is situated on the Missouri River, thirty miles from Oregon. 
 Population 300. 
 
 Mound City is situated on Davis Creek, twelve miles from Oregon, 
 on the St. Joseph and Council Bluffs stage line. The name was 
 changed from North Point to Mound City, by the Legislature, Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1857 — the post-office is still called " North Point." Popu- 
 lation 150. 
 
 HOWARD COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the left bank of the Missouri River, in the 
 north central part of the State, bounded on the east by Boone, north 
 by Randolph, and west by Chariton and Saline Counties — being 
 separated from the latter by the Missouri River, which bears south, 
 at this point, for a distance of some eighteen miles, forming a part of 
 its western, and all of its southern boundary. The county has an area 
 of 432 square miles, and was named in honor of General Benjamin 
 Howard, (at that time Governor of Missouri,) of Kentucky. In 
 1860 it contained 16,077 inhabitants. 
 
 The first settlement made in this section of country was in 1807-8, 
 by Colonel Benjamin Cooper, Daniel Boone, the Hancocks, and 
 Barkleys. 
 
 Boon's Lick, near Boonesborough, was in early times a noted center, 
 and "the Boon's Lick country" was considered as embracing all the 
 county, and in some directions even more. Very few came to the 
 State in that day who had not heard of "Boon's Lick," and it was 
 deemed headquarters for all who wished to settle in the country, to 
 meet there, compare notes, get bearings from the old pioneers, and 
 look about for a location. The early settlement of this part of the 
 State was attended with great hazard as well as severe hardships, 
 
HOWARD COUNTY. 267 
 
 and was effected by individual exertion and intrepidity, on tlie part 
 of small associations in conflict with the uncivilized and savage in- 
 habitants of the forest. The early pioneers were obliged to erect 
 stockade forts, for their own safety, to which they fled, in cases of 
 extreme emergency. Those at Boon's Lick were Fort Hempstead, 
 Cooper's Fort, and Kinkead's Fort. These three forts for a time 
 contained all the white inhabitants of the upper country, on the north 
 side of Missouri River, and, owing to the hostility of the Indians, 
 they did not dare live outside the forts until 1816. The following 
 list embraces the names of those who settled at Boon's Lick, March 10, 
 1810, with their places of nativity: Colonel Benjamin Cooper, Vir- 
 ginia; Francis Cooper, Kentucky; William Cooper, do.; *David 
 Cooper, do.; John Hancock, Virginia; Abbot Hancock, John 
 Busby, William Berry, John Terrell, Henry Ferrell, Peter Popenow, 
 Captain Sarshell Cooper, Virginia; Braxton Cooper, senior, Ken- 
 tucky; *Joseph Cooper, do.; Stephen Cooper, do.; Gray Bynum, 
 North Carolina ; Robert Erwin, Kentucky ; *Robert Brown, do. ; 
 James Cile, Virginia; Joseph Wolfscale, Kentucky; James Ander- 
 son, Middleton Anderson, William Anderson, Steven Jackson, 
 Georgia; Reverend William Thorp, Baptist Minister, Kentucky; 
 Josiah Thorpe, do. ; Job Thorpe, do. ; James Thorpe, do. ; Amos 
 Ashcraft, do. ; Otho Ashcraft, do. ; *Jesse Ashcraft, do, ; Gilliard 
 Rupe, do. ; William Brown, do. ; James Jones, do. ; James Alex- 
 ander, do. ; Braxton Cooper, junior, do. ; Robert Cooper, do. ; 
 John Peak, do. ; and Benjamin Cooper, do. 
 
 The Territorial Legislature, at the session of 1815-16, passed an 
 act creating the settlement at Boon's Lick into a county, by the 
 name of Howard County, allowing them in the Assembly two repre- 
 sentatives and one counselor. This county was from the west part 
 of St. Louis and St. Charles Counties, and included all the settle- 
 ments above the Osage River, on both sides of the Missouri, all of 
 which settlements had been made after the year 1809. The first set- 
 tlement was made south of the Missouri, above the Osage, in the 
 year 1812. Previous to the year 1809, the forests appeared in all 
 their primeval wildness, untouched by the pioneer's axe, and inhabited 
 only by the savage hunters and their prey, the wild beasts. Although 
 the pioneers above named were surrounded by hordes of savages, and 
 were obliged to live in forts, and be constantly armed, whether in the 
 field or the clearing, through their energy and perseverance they soon 
 
 * Those marked with a * are all that were living on the 24th clay of August, 
 1859, of the above list of forty pioneers. 
 
268 nOAVARD COUNTY. 
 
 clianged the wilderness into cultivated farms and civilized homes ; 
 and where they had found the deep, dark gloom of the forest un- 
 broken, in less than eight years villages and towns had sprung up, 
 with churches and schools, and many of the elements of an intelligent 
 and refined society. During the year 1817, between 300 and 400 
 families immigrated to the county, principally from Tennessee, Ken- 
 tucky, North Carolina, and Virginia. In 1818 Cooper was taken 
 from Howard, and in 1820 three others — Chariton, Boone, and Ray — 
 were formed from her limits. More votes were polled in Howard 
 County in 1828 than in any other county in the State, not even ex- 
 cepting St. Louis. 
 
 Franklin had been for some years the county-seat, and was con- 
 sidered the "Metropolis of the Upper Missouri." It was during the 
 year 1721 that the county-seat was moved to its present location — 
 Fayette; and now scarce a vestige remains of old Franklin. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general surface of the county is undula- 
 ting, and some portions are quite broken, principally covered with a 
 good growth of timber, consisting of hickory, black and white walnut, 
 oaks of various kinds, black and blue ash, maple, sugar-tree, syca- 
 more, mulberry, elm, linn, Cottonwood, coffee-bean, hackberry, and 
 honey locust. 
 
 There are but four nafm^al iwairies in the county — Spanish 
 Needle and Foster's on the upland, and Cooper's and the Weedy 
 Prairie on the bottom-land ; but through the industry and enterprise 
 of Uie pioneers, thousands of acres of nature's dense forest have been 
 transformed into cultivated farms, now graced by the commodious 
 farm-house, and yielding abundant crops of all kinds of agricultural 
 products. The western and southern boundaries of the county are 
 washed by the Missouri River, while the interior is traversed by the 
 Bonne Femme, Salt and Moniteau Creeks and their tributaries, running 
 in a southerly direction. 
 
 The Hurricane HiUs (so called from the course of a tornado that 
 swept across their rugged brows and sheltered valleys) are truly 
 beautiful and picturesque; and although years have gone by since 
 the leveling blast passed over them, many of the branchless trunks of 
 the mighty monitors of the forest still stand as monuments to mark 
 the track of the raging tempest. 
 
 Minerals. — Lead has been found upon the surface in several locali- 
 ties, but no prospecting done. Stone coal is abundant throughout 
 the county. Limestone grit and sandstones exist in immense quarries, 
 beautifully stratified, and easily quarried for building purposes. 
 
 Of Saline Springs there are a number in this county, the largest 
 
HOWARD COUNTY. 269 
 
 of wlucli is Boon's Lick. Colonel Nathan Boone, and Daniel Boone, 
 son of "Colonel Daniel Boone, Hunter, of Kentucky," came to 
 Boon's Lick and made salt in 1806, and continued until 1810, when 
 the works were taken by James Morrison and Wm. Beckuell, who 
 made thousands of bushels of salt annually from this spring, from 
 1810 to 1821, when Becknell sold his interest to Morrison, who con- 
 tinued the business till about 1832, when he sold out to Lindsey P. 
 Marshall, who worked the springs three years and then suspended the 
 works for four years, when they were rented to Mr. Ainsley, of Boon- 
 ville, who worked them three years, at the expiration of which time 
 L. P. Marshall sold them to John T. Marshall, the present owner. 
 Nothing has been done at salt making here since Ainsley left the 
 Lick in 1842 — nineteen years ago. 
 
 A few of the choice spirits whose names are enrolled above still 
 survive to relate the particulars of the thrilling events that transpired 
 upon the spot now sacred to them and their children. Tomahawks 
 and scalping-knives, with other instruments of Indian warfare, are 
 still preserved in the families of those hardy pioneers who endured 
 hardships only known to the early settlers of this country ; and their 
 bloody blades and battered edges indicate but too plainly the manner 
 in which they were last used. Each surviving member has some his- 
 tory or bloody incident to relate associated with those sad mementoes 
 of the excitement and dangers that surrounded the pioneers of Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Besides Boon's Lick, there are Burckhardt's saltworks, Buffalo ^ick, 
 near old Fayette, and the Moniteau salt springs, each of which were 
 profitably worked for some years, but are now abandoned. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of this county is exceedingly fer- 
 tile, and produces an abundant yield of all kinds of grain, grasses, 
 fruit, and vegetables that grow in this latitude, farmers having gath- 
 ered as high as 1500 pounds of hemp, 2000 pounds of tobacco, 100 
 bushels of corn, 400 bushels of wheat, 50 of oats, etc., to the acre. 
 
 Tobacco Culture. — As tobacco is one of the staple products of this 
 county, as well as of the State, we deem it not out of place to insert 
 the following article relative to its culture and manufacture, contrib- 
 uted to this work by B. W. Lewis, Esq., of the firm of B. W. Lewis 
 and Bros., the most extensive manufacturers west of the Alleghany 
 Mountains. 
 
 Glasgow, Mo., August 29, 1860. 
 Messrs. Huyett & Parker : — 
 
 Gentlemen — In reply to your letter of this date, making inquiries 
 relative to the growth and culture of tobacco, together with the proper 
 
270 HOWARD COUNTY. 
 
 period for sowing the seed, setting the plants, and the preparation of 
 the land in Missouri, I beg to say, that the seed should be sown broad- 
 cast, in beds situated in a warm location, which should be well burnt 
 to destroy any indigenous seeds that may be in the ground ; then the 
 earth well pulverized and nicely prepared to receive the seed, which 
 should be sown in February or March, and as early as the weather 
 will permit the proper preparation of the beds. The usual and best 
 time for setting the plants in this latitude is between the twentieth of 
 May and the twentieth of June. The land intended for setting should 
 be fresh, (new land lately cleared is preferable,) thoroughly and deeply 
 plowed, evenly laid off in hills, or drilled three feet each way. When 
 thus prepared, the plants may be drawn from the beds immediately 
 after a reasonable rain, and set in the hills in the same manner as 
 cabbage plants. The ground, after being planted and until the ma- 
 turity of the plant, should be well cultivated and kept perfectly clear 
 of weeds and grass. As the plant approaches maturity, it should be 
 topped, leaving from eight to twelve leaves to each plant — the 
 grower being governed in this operation by the size and strength of 
 the plant and the richness of the soil as to the proper time that this 
 should be performed. After topping, with favorable weather the plant 
 rapidly approaches maturity, and ripens usually in September; but in 
 all cases the plant should stand in the field until it fully ripens, when 
 it should be cut and housed. In this process great care should be 
 taken, as the best crops are frequently ruined by neglect and im- 
 proper handling at this time, such as getting sunburnt, bruised and 
 broken. As soon as it can be carried to the tobacco barn, which 
 building should be without floors, and throughout the interior of the 
 house poles some four or five inches in diameter should be placed 
 across in tiers, about four feet apart, horizontally, and the tiers so 
 placed as to leave a space between them of four or five feet ; the 
 plants are now hung on small sticks, four feet long and one inch in 
 diameter, from six to eight on each stick. The sticks so hung are 
 then placed with either end resting on the poles. In this manner the 
 house is now filled, and, should the weather be wet, fires should be kept 
 under the tobacco until cured, but if dry, and the house well ventilated, 
 it will cure without fire. When properly cured, which will require 
 until about the first of November, the tobacco will, after a warm 
 rain, absorb sufficient moisture to permit its being handled ; it may 
 then be taken down ; placed in the house ; the leaves stripped from 
 the stalk ; assorted and tied up in hands of from fifteen to twenty 
 leaves; tied at the stem with a leaf of indifferent quality. When 
 this is completed and the "order" is not too high, that is, the tobacco 
 
HOWARD COUNTY. 271 
 
 does not contain too much water so as to cause mould and damage, 
 it may be nicely put in bulks ready for delivery when sold; but 
 should the order be too high, it should again be hung up until the 
 proper order is obtained. It is now ready to pass into the hands of 
 dealers and manufactures, and if these are not judges of the article 
 and familiar with its growth, and aware of the causes that injure it, 
 may suffer heavy pecuniary loss, as many know by sad experience, 
 for the article of tobacco is subject to injury and damage from mul- 
 titudinous causes, from the period of planting until it is manufactured 
 and ready for market. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 BEN. W. LEWIS. 
 
 P,S. — The average yield of tobacco in the vicinity of Howard 
 County is 1000 pounds per acre — but as high as 2000 pounds have 
 been raised on an acre in several instances. 
 
 B. W. L. 
 
 To give the reader a more correct idea of this celebrated manu- 
 factory, we present to them a view of the works, drawn and engraved 
 expressly for this work ; deeming its magnitude and extensive busi- 
 ness as entitling it to the place it occupies in these pages. 
 
 B. W. Lewis & Brothers, tobacco manufacturers, GJasgow, Mis- 
 souri. Firm composed of Benjamin W. Lewis, James W. Lewis, and 
 Thomas J. Bartholow, in connection with the firm of Lewis, Perry 
 & Co., St. Louis, Missouri, which latter firm is composed of William 
 J. Lewis, John D. Perry, and Benjamin W. Lewis. The Glasgow 
 house handles annually about 1,500,000 pounds of leaf tobacco, 
 which in the main is purchased direct from the planters and de- 
 livered by them loose, in wagons, at the factory, during the months 
 of January, February, March, and April, principally; the price 
 paid to the planters varies, of course, with the relative value 
 of the article in the Eastern and Southern cities, and also in the 
 markets of Europe. The quality also of different planters' produc- 
 tions varies, and is purchased according to quality, and its adapta- 
 tion, whether for export to foreign markets or suited for chewing 
 tobacco for home consumption, the latter article generally being the 
 most valuable ; but the great difference in quality frequently makes a 
 wide range of prices. As an instance, this firm, the present year, has 
 purchased tobacco at prices ranging from three to thirty dollars per 
 100 pounds; the latter, however, is selected leaves, adapted to wrap- 
 ping fine chewing tobacco, and was purchased at the warehouses in 
 St. Louis, prized in hogsheads, where they also purchased at the 
 
272 HOWARD COUNTY. 
 
 premium sales, held in June last, the two premium hogsheads at the 
 extraordinary prices of $102 60, and $125 per 100 pounds — the highest 
 prices ever paid for an equal quantity of tobacco in the United 
 States. This firm manufactures, at the Glasgow factory, into chewing 
 tobacco, annually, about 1,000,000 pounds; the remainder is worked 
 into strips and dry leaf, and exported direct from the factory to 
 Great Britain and the continent of Europe, The chewing tobacco is 
 sold principally to dealers and jobbers, in Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, 
 Kansas, and Arkansas. They employ in the working of this amount 
 of tobacco an average of about 125 hands, principally negroes, and 
 a capital of about $250,000. 
 
 The business was commenced in a small way, by the senior partner, 
 Mr. B. W. Lewis, about twenty-two years ago, with a capital of less 
 than $1000, and has been gradually increased until it is now the 
 largest manufacturing establishment of the kind west of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains. 
 
 The St. Louis house of Lewis, Perry & Co. are exclusively en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of chewing and fine-cut smoking tobacco; 
 they work from 100,000 to 800,000 pounds of leaf tobacco, and em- 
 ploy from 80 to 100 hands, and a capital of $150,000. 
 
 Population and Business Statistics. — For an interesting account 
 of the early settlement of this county from the lips of the participants, 
 see "Incidents in the Early Settlement of Howard County," in Book 
 II. of this work. The population of Howard County in 1860 was 
 10,120 whites, 71 free colored, and 5886 slaves. The taxable property 
 amounts to $16,950,620. 
 
 Of business houses in the county, there are banks, 3 ; newspapers, 
 2; lawyers, 11; physicians, 22; merchants, 20; grocers, 6; druggists, 
 6; silversmiths, 3; tinners, 3; blacksmiths, 15; wagon-makers, 12; 
 saddlers, 3; tailors, 10; shoemakers, 9; cabinet-makers, 2; carpen- 
 ters, 25; tobacco manufacturers, 8; saw-mills, 15, (steam, water, and 
 horse power;) flouring-mills, 6, (5 steam and 1 water power;) hotels, 
 7 ; coopers, 5. 
 
 FAYETTE, the county-seat, is situated upon an elevated site, suffi- 
 ciently undulating to give it a fine appearance. The buildings are 
 principally of wood, and painted white, which contrast handsomely 
 with the green foliage of shade trees that grace and beautify the 
 town. The Court-house and educational edifices are fine buildings, 
 both in architectural beauty and capacity, and reflect much credit upon 
 the taste, judgment, and liberality of the citizens who erected them. 
 The society of B^'ayette is refined and intelligent, and has many of the 
 peculiarities and much of the hospitality of Virginians and Ken- 
 
ipi ' iiiilii'ii'iiili)iiiliiiiiiMiiii^ 
 
HOWELL COUNTY. 273 
 
 tucbians, many of the present inhabitants having emigrated from 
 those States. 
 
 Fayette was incorporated December Y, 1855, and contains about 
 800 inhabitants. Distance from Fayette to Glasgow, on Missouri 
 River, 12 miles; to Renick, on North Missouri Railroad, 22 miles; 
 to Jefferson City, 60 miles; to St. Louis, 160 miles. 
 
 The population of Glasgow is about 1200; Franklin, 200; Boons- 
 borough, 50 ; Bunker's Hill, 50 ; Landmark, 20 ; Roanoak, 350. 
 
 Glasgow, the commercial city of the county, was incorporated P'eb- 
 ruary 27, 1845; is situated on the Missouri River, 70 miles from 
 Jefferson City; 180 by land, and 264 by water, from St. Louis. Of 
 business houses in Glasgow, there are of bankers, 2; newspaper, 1 
 lawyers, 2 ; physicians, 5 ; merchants, 4 ; grocers, 4 ; druggists, 3 
 silversmiths, 2 ; tinners, 2 ; blacksmiths, 3 ; wagon-makers, 2 ; sad 
 dlers, 2; tailors, 2; shoemakers, 3; cabinetmakers, 2; carpenters, 3 : 
 tobacco manufactories, 5; steam saw-mill, 1; steam flouriug-iLi'Ils. 2 
 churches, 3 — Old School Presbyterian, Methodist, and Chri; lui 
 
 HOWELL COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southern part of the State^ bovaided 
 on the south by the Arkansas State line, on the east by Oregon 
 County, (from which it was formed, in 1857,) on the west by Douglas 
 and Ozark, and on the north by Texas County. Area about 660 
 square miles, and is the smallest tax-paying county in the State, 
 except Shannon. Population in 1860, 3251. 
 
 For a general description of this county, the reader is referred to 
 Oregon and Texas Counties. 
 
 Spring River, which rises in this county, was named by Captain 
 John Shaw, now of Wisconsin, who explored the country \n ih'} 
 spring of 1809, and tracing this stream to its source, foun' V." - 
 very large spring, and accordingly named it Spring River. 
 
 The lands in this county are broken and hilly, some porti 'rK-i bc''}!^ 
 high table-land, and well adapted to fruit and grape culture, me 
 valleys are generally very fertile. 
 
 King's Mount is a high central point, or water-shed, from which 
 streams run in every direction. The scenery in some portions of the 
 county is truly grand and picturesque. The streams are clear and 
 rapid, and the narrow, deep, rocky ravines and chasms, shaded by 
 
 18 
 
274 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 heavy forests of pine, render it a place of some attraction to the 
 admirers of wild and romantic scenery. 
 
 WEST PLAINS is the county-seat, and only town of any im- 
 portance in the county. 
 
 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast portion of the State, 
 bounded on the east by St. Fran9ois and Madison, on the west by 
 Reynolds, Dent, and Crawford, on the north by Washington and St, 
 Fran9ois, and on the south by Reynolds and Wayne Counties. 
 Population of the county in 1860, 5123. Total value of taxable prop- 
 erty, as assessed, $10,T56. The increase during the yeai* 1859 was 
 $206,025, on the following items : Increase in value of mills and 
 furnaces, $24,105; lands, $17,829; town lots, $134,308; notes and 
 bonds, $18,463; money on hand, $1428; personal property, $9292; 
 decrease in slaves, 14 ; total value of the 226 slaves in county, 
 $98,350. 
 
 Physical Features. — The principal portion of this county is broken 
 and mountainous, and much of the land unfit for cultivation, but 
 generally heavily timbered with oaks, hickories, elm, ash, black wal- 
 nut, hackberry, locust, red cedar, and yellow pine. The Arcadia 
 Yalley is a beautiful and fertile tract of land, well watered, having a 
 good supply of timber, and soil adapted to all farming purposes. 
 Some of the best farmers and fruit growers in Southeast Missouri 
 have farms that now produce well, although they have been bearing 
 crops for more twenty ['years past. Those wonderful formations. 
 Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, Arcadia Mountain, and Bogy 
 Mountain, each of which contains immense deposits of iron ore, are in 
 this county. (See Geological chapter, also Natural Curiosities.) 
 
 Minerals — Pilot Knob — The Furnaces, etc. — This is emphatically 
 the Iron County of the Union, possessing probably a greater .quantity 
 of iron ores, of purer qualities, than the same area of territory any- 
 where else on the face of the globe. Hence the appropriateness of 
 the name given the county by its projector, Hon. James Lindsay. 
 Pilot Knob is a cone-shaped hill, rising in a valley to a height of 581 
 feet above the bloomery at its base. Owing to its height, isolation, 
 and prominent position, it is seen in some directions for a great dis- 
 tance, and having served as a ^landmark to hunters and travelers, 
 
IRON COUNTY. 'Sib 
 
 was long since named "Pilot Knob." This mountain (wliicli, as he- 
 fore stated, is 581 feet high, or 1118 feet higher than the level of the 
 Mississippi, at St. Louis) covers an area of 3G0 acres, and is princi- 
 pally of iron ore, which yields in working, about 65 per centum. 
 Mr, UlfiFers, who made a survey of this mountain for the Geological 
 Corps, estimates the upper 141 feet of the knob to contain 
 31,299,012,554 pounds, or 13,972,7^2 tons of iron ore, independent of 
 the soil and rock intermixed. Then there is 440 feet of ore below, 
 widening as it descends, upon which he made no estimate. The 
 reader can satisfy himself that the quantity is sufficient to last for 
 ages, and the quality for many purposes is inferior to none. 
 
 Shepherd Mountain is situated 6987 feet (about 1| miles) west 
 of south from Pilot Knob. This formation is 79 feet higher than 
 Pilot Knob — being 660 feet above the valley. It is of an oblong 
 shape, lying northeast and southwest, nearly 2 miles in length, by 
 1 in width, and covers an area of 800 acres. The ores found in this 
 mountain are magnetic and specular oxide, and a mixture of the 
 two. Some specimens have such a polarity that they are taken by 
 visitors to various parts of the world, and are frequently called "load- 
 stone." Some specimens have been found which would attract the 
 needle of a pocket compass at a distance of two feet. The ore from 
 Shepherd Mountain has been worked, and found to be very pure, and 
 by being mixed with that of Pilot Knob, makes superior iron. Be- 
 sides these, are the Buford ore bank, the Big Bogy Mountain, the 
 Bussell ore bank, and the Arcadia Mountain, each of which con- 
 tains large deposits of iron ore; but there being such an abundance 
 in the two first named, so much nearer established works, that nothing 
 is done toward developing the others. Lead ore has been found in 
 several localities, and it is thought immense deposits will be developed 
 at an early day in the western and southern portions of the county. 
 Gold-bearing sand, it is said by many, has been found in some of the 
 streams of the county, and as the same rock formations exist in the 
 hills here as at Pike's Peak, it is more than probable, if that be true, 
 that rich leads of gold-bearing rock or quartz will be discovered by 
 prospecting, for which parties of miners from California and the 
 Rocky Mountain Mines are about forming. We have but little faith, 
 however, in their success. Marble, of a variety of kinds and colors, 
 exists in immense and inexhaustible quantities in this county — one 
 bank being from fourteen to fifteen miles in length, with an average 
 width of one mile. This marble is already attracting the attention of 
 capitalists, and the day is not far distant when it will be used through- 
 
276 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 out the West, to the exclusion of imported marbles for building and 
 ornamental purposes. 
 
 Kaolin, from which "ironstone china" is manufactured, is abundant 
 in this county, and although much of it has been wasted, by the manu- 
 facture of stoneware, jars, jugs, etc., there is an immense bed of it 
 left, and the proper material for glazing is also near at hand. Should 
 some capitalist establish here a manufactory of porcelain ware, it 
 would save to the State and the Western country thousands of dol- 
 lars annually sent to foreign countries for ware no better than can be 
 manufactured here in Iron County. 
 
 History. — The first settlement upon the territory now embraced 
 within this county was made by Ephraim Stout and Robin Sinclair, 
 early in the present century. In 1812, fearing the Indians, who were 
 then so numerous as to "have their own way about everything," Sin- 
 clair removed down to the Creek Nation, now Madison County, but 
 Stout remained, and for a number of years the neighborhood where 
 Ironton, Arcadia, and the " Russell Settlements" now are, was called 
 Stout's Settlement; and the small stream crossing the valley between 
 Ironton and Arcadia still perpetuate Stout's name, and ever will. In 
 1816, iron ore was first found in what is called " Shut-in Mountain," 
 two miles east from Ironton, and taken to St. Genevieve to be tested. 
 A flouring-mill and smelting furnace were soon erected to be propelled 
 by the excellent water power afforded by Stout's Creek, at the Falls. 
 These works were erected by Mr. James Tong, in 1816, and were 
 probably the first in the State. The mechanical work was done by 
 Corbiu Ashabrand, and the castings brought from Pittsburg. In 1818, 
 James Brown settled on the place now owned and occupied by 
 Hon. James Lindsay, and during the same year, Anthony Shoep set- 
 tled where Cyrus Russell now resides. In 1838 or 1839, a man by 
 the name of Powell offered William HuS", now of Ironton, eighty 
 acres of land where the present thriving and important town of Iron- 
 ton now stands, for a horse, and the offer was declined. Now the 
 aggregate valuation of town lots upon "that 80" is probably not less 
 than $50,000. Although not directly connected with the early his- 
 tory of this county, we will mention that Captain John Hall, an old 
 revolutionary soldier, resides here, who is 100 years of age. He was 
 born in North Carolina, in 1760. His wife is still living — they having 
 lived together upwards of seventy years. This old veteran moved to 
 Missouri several years ago, and until he was severely injured by the 
 falling of a tree four years ago, he made it a rule to cut two cords 
 of wood a day, regularly. This he did until he was upwards^of 
 ninety-six years of age. 
 
IRON COUNTY. 277 
 
 Iron County was organized by an act approved February 17, 
 1857. The honor of getting the bill in shape, and securing the 
 formation of the county, is due to Hon. James Lindsay, for a number 
 of years a member of the Legislature, and the editor of the "Ironton 
 Furnace." 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in Iron County 3 newspapers — 
 the Ironton Register and Arcadia Prospect, weekly, and Ironton 
 Baptist Journal, semi-monthly — 15 merchants, 12 grocers, 4 bakers, 
 2 confectioneries, 13 liquor saloons, 3 drug stores, 4 physicians, 1 
 dentist, 6 lawyers, 3 land agencies, 3 tin and stove stores, 4 boot and 
 shoe shops, 2 saddlers, 4 tailors, 1 silversmith, 14 carpenter shops, 2 
 cabinet shops, 3 painters, 9 plasterers, 6 stone and brick masons, 2 
 livery stables, 3 blacksmith and wagon shops, 4 butcher shops, 1 High 
 School, 1 brewery, 6 hotels, 1 Masonic Lodge, 1 Odd Fellows' Lodge, 
 1 Good Templars' Lodge, 7 district schools, and 6 church organi- 
 zations. 
 
 IRONTON, the county-seat, is situated on the southwest half of the 
 southwest quarter of section 32, township 34 north, range 4 east; is 1 
 mile south from Pilot Knob, 7 miles south from Iron Mountain, 87 
 by the Iron Mountain Railroad from St. Louis, and 20 miles from 
 Fredericktown, by the turnpike road. It was incorporated as a 
 city February 1, 1859, and has now a population of about 500. 
 This place is delightfully situated on the eastern slope of the Shep- 
 herd Mountain, and extends into the valley at its base. The town plat 
 is everywhere shaded by a natural growth of large, thrifty forest trees, 
 and watered by springs of pure cold water, some of which are chaly- 
 beate, and others sulphur. Situated in the midst of high hills, and 
 being 550 feet higher than St. Louis, this locality is justly entitled to 
 the wide-spread reputation it bears, of being one of the most healthy 
 locations in the State. 
 
 Soon after the formation of the new county, H. N. Tong, Esq., 
 offered to donate to the county every alternate lot on the town plat, 
 if the seat of justice was permanently located in Ironton. By a vote 
 of the citizens of the county, held in August, 1857, Ironton was 
 selected as the county-seat. The lots were transferred, and sold; and 
 the fine, substantial brick Court-house, recently erected at a cost of 
 some $14,000, was built from the sale of these lots. Messrs. Tong & 
 Carson, the present proprietors, have ever manifested great liberality 
 toward those who wished to locate here, and the rapidity with which 
 the town has grown to its present size, and the sober and industrious 
 class of citizens forming the community, prove not only the correct- 
 ness of their judgment in selecting this as a town site and business 
 
278 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 center, but that their efforts have been rewarded. The buildings are 
 generally of wood. The Ironton House, N. Aubuchon, proprietor, 
 built by H. N. Tong, in 1858-9, is acommodious hotel, can accommodate 
 150 persons, and is generally full, especially in the summer season, 
 when families and individuals from St. Louis and the Southern cities 
 come to Ironton as a summer resort, to escape the heat, dust, and un- 
 healthy atmosphere of cities in warm weather. Attracted by its 
 romantic beauty, (embosomed among the mountains,) and the health- 
 fulness of the locality, as well as its accessibility to St. Louis, many 
 persons have purchased residence sites here, and will soon build upon 
 them. The topography of the country shows this to be the proper 
 location for one of the largest cities between St. Louis and Memphis, 
 and being the commercial center of the richest mineral region in the 
 world, one need not look far into the future to see the hillsides and 
 valleys graced by handsome residences built of the Ozark marbles, 
 and the gold,(?) platina,(?) nickel, lead, and iron, brought here from 
 a thousand mines in the vicinity, to be sent to Memphis or St. Louis 
 by railroad. Then the "gravel ridges" will be productive vineyards, 
 and the "Arcadia valley wine" will become a favorite brand, and 
 the "Ironton ironstone ware" will be sought and used throughout 
 the entire Mississippi valley. Iron County has all the natural ele- 
 ments to cause this result — all that is needed beside is energy and 
 capital, neither of which will be long wanting, when the natural 
 resources and advantages are seen and appreciated. 
 
 Arcadia, situated one mile south from the county-seat, is pleasantly 
 located at the base of a beautiful range of hills to the south of the 
 "Arcadia valley." The town was laid out in 1849, by Josias and 
 Jerome C. Berryraan. In 184G they established the Arcadia High 
 School, which may be considered the nucleus around which the town 
 has grown up. The "Harris House," built and kept by Z. J. Har- 
 ris, Esq.,'is thronged with visitors in the summer season. Upon this 
 town plat are two very large springs of pure cold water, each of which 
 has been estimated to discharge twenty-five barrels of water an hour. 
 
 Pilot Knob. — The first step taken toward developing the iron de- 
 posit at this place was in June, 1847, when the "Madison Iron and 
 Mining Company" was incorporated, with a capital of $500,000. 
 The company erected a furnace that same year, which was put iu 
 operation in 1848, and in 1849 they erected a steam forge. In 1854 
 a second furnace was erected. In November, 1855, the name of the 
 company was changed, by an act of the Legislature, to that of the 
 "Pilot Knob Company," and the capital stock increased to $1,000,000. 
 J. B. Bailey, Esq., has the management of the affairs of the company 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 279 
 
 at the works. This place was settled entirely by persons connected 
 with the iron works, until the completion of the Iron Mountain Rail- 
 road, since which time the population has increased to about 800, 
 including persons of various callings. 
 
 Middlebrook is on the Iron Mountain Railroad, three miles north 
 of Pilot Knob. It was laid out by Benjamin F. Johnson, in 185T, 
 and has now a population of about 250. 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the west-northwest portion of the State, 
 bounded on the north by the Missouri River, which separates it from 
 Clay and Ray, on the east by Lafayette and Johnson, on the south 
 by Cass, and on the west by the Kansas line. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county has an undulating surface, with 
 a desirable division of prairie and timber, underlaid with limestone 
 well adapted to building purposes, and is well watered by the Big 
 Blue, Little Blue, and Big Sniabar, with their numerous tributaries. 
 
 History. — Jackson County was organized in 1827; the territory 
 taken from Lafayette (then Lillard County.) Independence has 
 always been the county-seat, 160 acres having been donated by Con- 
 gress for the site at the organization. After Major Sibley, the first 
 settlers were Abram McClelland, Joel, John, and Joseph Walker, 
 who settled near Sibley; several families named Hitchcock, and 
 Russell, also Isaac Drake, David Daily, Aaron Overton, and several 
 families named Patton, who settled below Blue. L. W. Boggs 
 (afterward governor) and S. C. Owens were first clerks of the cir- 
 cuit and county courts, and Jos. Walker the first sheriff. Henry 
 Burriss, Abram McClelland, and Richard Tristoe were first judges, 
 and Hon. David Todd the first circuit judge. In 1808, Major G. C. 
 Sibley established a military post and government trading-house 
 where the present town of Sibley stands; and it was occupied as 
 such, under Major Sibley, until 1822, when it was abandoned by 
 government, and the town laid out upon the old site was named in 
 honor of the pioneer patriot who for so many years served the 
 government at the most western post on the Missouri River. There 
 are many thrilling incidents connected with Major Sibley's sojourn 
 
280 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 at Fort Osage, some of which are given in Book II. of this volume. 
 See "Incidents in the History of Fort Osage." At the session of 
 1824-25, the Counties of Jackson and Clay were organized, and 
 boundaries defined. The first settlers were principally from Ken- 
 tucky ; hence the name often applied to this section "New Ken- 
 tucky." In 1830 this county had a population of 2823; in 1840, 
 7612; in 1850, 14,001; in 1856, 17,071 ; and in 1860, 23,191. 
 
 The Soil, Productions, etc. — The soil of this county is exceedingly 
 fertile, producing the heaviest yields of all kinds of agricultural pro- 
 ducts. Although the most western county in the State, south of the 
 Missouri River, and being the shipping point of the five fertile Coun- 
 ties of Cass, Bates, Vernon, Johnson, and Henry, this was in 1859 
 the third largest tax-paying county in the State, her tax amounting 
 to $19,032; and only St. Louis and Lafayette paying more tax. By 
 reference to the statistical tables of counties, it will be seen that the 
 agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial resources of Jackson 
 County are second to but one or two in the State, and in some 
 respects it has no equal. The following will indicate its growth, 
 business, wealth, and population : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Acres in 
 farms. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value of 
 
 live stock 
 
 sold. 
 
 Manufac- 
 tories. 
 
 Capital 
 invested. 
 
 Annual 
 product 
 
 Merchandise 
 sold. 
 
 1850 
 
 1859 
 
 129,fiSS 
 295,913 
 
 $1,723,995 
 3,824,082 
 
 $450,364 
 *2,198,2U0 
 
 *i)3 
 
 $107,903 
 
 $270,553 
 
 *3,1S3,502 34 
 
 
 
 
 This county is increasing in wealth and population, probably as 
 rapidly as any county in the State. The amount of taxable property 
 in the county for the year 1859 is as follows : — 
 
 Polls 2752 
 
 Land— acres, 342,023 valuation $3,870,759 
 
 Town lots " 1,997,090 
 
 Negroes, 3042 " 1,481,760 
 
 Insurance companies " 17,000 
 
 Other personal property " 881,755 
 
 Cash notes, etc " 1,181,271 
 
 Steamboat stock «' 20,000 
 
 Bank stock «' 90,000 
 
 Total $9,539,675 
 
 * These estimates apply to Kansas City alone for the year 1857. Some other 
 important statistics will be found under the head of "Kansas City." 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 281 
 
 State fax $19,930 35 
 
 County tax 24,887 18 
 
 Railroad tax 24,887 18 
 
 State Asylum 1,589 94 
 
 State interest fund tax 9,430 28 
 
 Whole amount of taxes paid $80,724 89 
 
 It will be observed that there is no State tax assessed upon the 
 $90,000 bank stock, as the banks pay a bonus to the State. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, the county-seat, has a population of about 
 4030, and is very happily situated upon high rolling land, with a 
 gentle declivity in all directions, connected with the densely popu- 
 lated and well-tilled agricultural district surrounding it, by Mac- 
 adamized streets and roads. The city is bounded on the east, 
 south, and west by natural groves of forest trees, which add much to 
 the beauty and healthfulncss of the location. The project of estab- 
 lishing a town here, as a town, we believe is due the first New Mexico 
 traders ; and the exportation of goods to the Mexican war, first by 
 government, and afterward by Brown, Waldo & Co., added much to 
 the wealth and business of the place. (The last-named firm lost 3000 
 head of stock and a large number of wagons by one of those severe 
 storms which occasionally sweep over the plains.) However, among 
 the earliest permanent settlers may be named Col. John Bustleson, 
 L. W. Boggs, former governor of the State, J. R. Swearingen, 
 Major Robt. Rickman, James and Daniel King, Russell Hicks, J. 
 Aull, S. C. Owens, S. D. Lucas and others. The town was laid out 
 in 1824, but was a trading point for the mountain river and the 
 traders of the plains, Utah, and New Mexico for long years before. 
 In 1827 some Mormons came from Kirtland, Ohio, under " Prophet 
 Joe Smith," and settled around the then village, and eventually 
 selected a site for their Temple, near Independence. About the 
 year 1831 the citizens drove them away on account of the obnoxious 
 character of their creed. They then retired to Grand River, where 
 they were again expelled, and still later to Nauvoo, Illinois, where 
 the ruins of their Temple mark their last resting-place in the States, 
 they having immigrated to Salt Lake City, where they still remain. 
 (See chapter devoted to this subject in Book II.) 
 
 Independence was incorporated March 7, 1849, and under, a new 
 act of incorporation, February 23, 1853, which extends the limits of 
 the town to the Missouri River — a distance of two and a half miles 
 from the public square. The Court-house is a substantial brick 
 building, with porches, supported by Roman-Doric columns on its 
 north and south sides. The public square embraces about three 
 
282 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 acres, and is inclosed by a handsome iron fence. Three hotels and a 
 number of extensive mercantile houses, several large and substantial 
 churches, some possessing much architectural beauty, are situated 
 in various parts of the city. The Independence Female College, 
 established in 1854, has an average of about 100 pupils; Rev. W. H. 
 Lewis, President and Principal. The Male and Female High School 
 is also liberally supported. Several of the finest private residences 
 are surrounded by tall forest trees and handsomely-arranged grounds. 
 The different industrial pursuits are well represented ; and extensive 
 manufactories, warehouses, stores, and trading-houses do a business 
 with the interior, amounting in the aggregate to several millions of 
 dollars. The first railroad in the State was one built and put in 
 operation (at a cost of some $30,000) between Independence and 
 the river before Kansas City was projected. An excellent turnpike 
 road has taken its place. Two weekly newspapers are published 
 here* — (see names of papers and publishers in another chapter.) 
 
 Kansas City is situated on the south side of the Missouri, a short 
 distance below the mouth of Kansas River, from which it derives its 
 name. In early days this stream was called the Kaw River, and the 
 "Kaw's Mouth" was a noted place among the Indian traders and 
 mountain trappers who came here to exchange their furs and pelt- 
 ries for provisions, stores, etc. Kansas City was first regularly 
 laid out by the survey of J. C. McCoy, Esq., in 1846, from which 
 date its first permanent growth may be dated. The original plat 
 embraced 256 acres, but since that time "additions" have been made 
 to the city by Messrs. McGee, Swope, Ross and Scarritt, Holmes, 
 King, Lykins, Coates, Boulton, Ranson, Lawrence, Guinotte, and 
 McDaniel, which have increased the area of the city probably ten- 
 fold. McGee's addition embraces nearly 1300 lots, some of which 
 are among the most beautiful and eligible residence sites in the city. 
 About half the entire number have been sold and improved by the 
 erection of handsome residences, extensive business blocks, and neat 
 cottages. Col. E. M. McGee is one of the most wealthy and enter- 
 prising men in this section of the State, and has done much to ad- 
 vance the wealth and permanent prosperity of the city and the 
 county. The population of McGee's addition, January 1, 1857, was 
 twenty-one. On the 1st of June, 1858, it was 1392, and is steadily 
 increasing. Cost of buildings erected to June 1, 1858, $247,400. 
 
 * We are under special obligations to H. M. McCarty, of the Westport " Border 
 S(ar," and R. T. Van Horn, of the Kansas City "Journal of Commerce," for 
 valuable information. 
 
JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 283 
 
 In 1859 over 250 buildings were erected in Kansas City. As will 
 be seen by the illustration, Kansas City is situated upon broken 
 ground, and but a portion of either the business or residence part of 
 the city can be seen from any one point. It was incorporated Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1853; however, several important amendatory acts have 
 since been passed. The "Chamber of Commerce" was incorporated 
 November 9, 185T. The population of Kansas City, in 1857, was 
 5185; in December, 1859, it was over 8000. 
 
 The following table, prepared by G. M. B. Maughs, M.D., shows 
 the climate of Kansas City, as compared with that of St. Louis and 
 Cincinnati : — 
 
 Cities. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 Mean I 
 
 lEAT or 
 
 ■5 
 
 1 
 
 1-3 
 
 1? 
 
 2 S 
 
 i. 
 II 
 
 ^3 
 
 -s 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 §■< 
 
 r 
 
 Kansas City. 
 
 390 %t 
 
 53-300 
 
 1040 
 
 -28 
 
 1230 
 
 55-360 
 
 75-200 
 
 54-100 
 
 2S-00O 
 
 33 in. 
 
 810 ft. 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 .38 37 
 
 5.5-.57 
 
 109 
 
 -25 
 
 133 
 
 ."iS.^i 
 
 76-10 
 
 54-34 
 
 3400 
 
 42 in. 
 
 450 ft. 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 39 6 
 
 53-36 
 
 lUO 
 
 -17 
 
 117 
 
 73-50 
 
 73-19 
 
 53-15 
 
 33-21 
 
 47 in. 
 
 514 ft. 
 
 Trade of Kansas City— 1857. 
 
 Total value of merchandise sold in Kansas City $3,183,502 34 
 
 Number of packages received at warehouses in Kansas City 381,628 00 
 
 Number of wagons " " " " " " 1,172 00 
 
 Pounds of Mexican wool received at warehouses in Kansas City... 805,000 00 
 
 Number of buffalo robes " " " " " " ... 70,400 00 
 
 Bales of furs and skins " '« " " " " ... 2,580 00 
 
 Amount of gold and silver in boxes rec'd " " " " ... 1,139,601 00 
 
 Pounds of silver ore from Gadsden purchase " " " ... 2,000 00 
 
 No. of wagons loaded with goods rec'd " •' *' " ... 9,884 00 
 
 Freight charges and commission paid on goods rec'd at do 545,020 00 
 
 Horses, mules, and oxen sold (average $86 per head) 14,700 00 
 
 Stock caftle sold (averaging $18 per head) 52,000 00 
 
 Total of trade of Kansas City $6,011,300 34 
 
 We have not the statistics of any year since 1857, but the business 
 of the city is increasing very rapidly. In 1859 there were $346,770 
 worth of buildings erected. 
 
 These statistics show Kansas City to be the heaviest commercial 
 point west of St. Louis, and prove the correctness of the statements, 
 as to its advantageous location, made by the explorers, Fremont and 
 Beale, and by Dr. Gregg, in his " Commerce of the Prairies," and 
 the realization of the prediction of its future, made by Hon. Thomas 
 
284 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 H. Benton twenty-five years ago. If such be the trade and commerce 
 of Kansas City now, with not a mile of railroad leading in any direc- 
 tion, what will be her commercial importance when her great iron 
 arms of commerce are extended to the East, Northeast, North, West, 
 Southwest and South I 
 
 Westport has a pleasant and healthy location, four miles from 
 Kansas City, and before the last-named city was projected was an 
 important outfitting point for traders and trains starting to Santa 
 Fe, New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountains. Much of this trade 
 has since been diverted to Kansas City. Around Westport is an 
 excellent agricultural country, well settled by experienced farmers ; 
 and the neat and substantial character of the business blocks, churches, 
 and residences, the tone of society, and the spicy newspaper — ("The 
 Border Star") — so ably conducted and liberally supported, all indi- 
 cate that Westport is a desirable situation, and the citizens intelligent 
 and industrious. This place was incorporated February 12, 185T, 
 and has a population of 2800; Sibley, 800; Lone Jack, 500; New 
 Santa Fe, 500; Pink Hill, 100; Ray, 100. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in this county, of newspapers, T ; 
 banks, 6; lawyers, 44; doctors, 36 ; merchants, 60 ; grocers, 25; drug- 
 gists, 15; silversmiths, 15; tinners, 10; blacksmiths, 12; wagon- 
 makers, 40 ; saddlers, 20 ; tailors, 20 ; shoemakers, 25 ; cabinet- 
 makers, 10; carpenters, 40; tobacco manufacturers, 3; saw-mills, 
 25, (steam power ;) coopers, 10 ; flouriug-mills, (steam,) 20 ; 
 hotels, 10. 
 
 The number of churches, 20, numbering as follows : Episcopal, 200 
 members; 0. S. Presbyterians, 500; Methodists, 1200; Baptists, 
 500 ; Catholics, 500. 
 
 The schools number about 50, and the pupils are estimated 
 at 2000. 
 
 For particulars respecting railroads being constructed to connect 
 with various towns in this county, see chapter on " Railroads." 
 
JASPER COUNTY. 285 
 
 JASPER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwest corner of the State, 
 bounded on the west by the eastern line of Kansas, and separated 
 from the Arkansas line by Newton and McDonald Counties. 
 
 Population in 1850, 4223; and in 1860, 6974. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is gently undulating, 
 with about two-thirds prairie, and the remainder timber land. The 
 prairies are very fertile, interspersed with streams of pure running 
 water, the courses of which are skirted with oak, walnut, ash, hickory, 
 sycamore, etc. The southern part of the county is underlaid with 
 mountain limestone, containing numerous and extensive deposits of 
 lead and zinc. 
 
 As an agricultural region, this stands high. The largest yield 
 named is of corn, 100 bushels to the acre; wheat, 40; oats, 45; 
 potatoes, 125; timothy, 1| tons; Hungarian grass, 6 tons; pears, 
 apples, peaches, etc., abundant. Onions, beets, carrots, etc., not 
 raised to any extent. Prairie grass, blue-grass, and timothy yield 
 heavy crops; this fact, with the abundance of clear, cold, spring 
 branches, and the mild climate, renders this county well adapted to 
 stock raising. Improved lands are worth from $5 to $25 per acre ; 
 unimproved, from $2 to $5. The present market for this county is 
 Southern Kansas and the Indian country. Several thousand dollars' 
 worth of furs and buffalo robes are annually bought at Carthage, 
 and shipped to the East and North. 
 
 History and Business Statistics. — The first settlement made in 
 the county was probably at Sarcoxie, in 1834, by Thacker Vivian, 
 Esq., who laid out a town, and from its central location on Center 
 Creek, called it Centerville. In 1839, at the suggestion of the 
 Hon. Jas. S. Rains, the name was changed to " Sarcoxie," in honor 
 of an old and friendly Indian Chief of the Six Nations. For some 
 time before the town was laid out, the present site was occupied by a 
 farm and a store ; the latter owned and kept by John Jewett, whose 
 trade was principally with the Senecas, Shawnees, and other neigh- 
 boring tribes of Indians. This is noted as being one of the oldest 
 towns in the Southwest, and of having a moral community, excellent 
 schools, and a delightful situation in the very heart of the Spring 
 River valley. The town contains 6 merchants, 2 druggists, 2 wagon 
 3 blacksmiths, 1 cabinet, 1 tin, and 1 saddler shop. And 
 
286 JASPER COUNTY. 
 
 although Sarcoxie is making no effort toward improvements, yet, like 
 an old pioneer, with his gray hairs loaded with honor, is looked up to 
 with a sort of reverential feeling and respect. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — Methodist E. Church South, and Methodist 
 Protestant, Cumberland Presbyterians, and Baptists have each organi- 
 zations. M. E. Church South are most numerous and influential. This 
 denomination has a good edifice at Cave Spring, and there are other 
 commodious meeting houses in other parts of the county, open to all 
 religious societies. There are high schools at Carthage and Sarcoxie. 
 At Carthage is a good brick school-house, thirty by sixty, two stories 
 high, with two acres laid off into pleasure-grounds. This county has 
 a permanent school fund of nearly $150,000, at ten per cent, interest, 
 and about $15,000 annual income for distribution. Both teachers and 
 school-houses, however, are very inferior, we should infer from the 
 State Superintendent's Report of Public Schools. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Farmers will here find a healthy 
 climate, fertile farming lands at a low price, on long credit, and a re- 
 munerative price for all they produce. Stock growers will find large 
 yields of native and cultivated grasses, pure running water ; very im- 
 portant considerations with them. Manufacturers and capitalists will 
 find in Spring River alone at least fifty sites furnishing good water 
 power, unimproved. This stream, for rapidity of current, regularity 
 of water, and adaptation to machinery, has no superior in this part of 
 the State. Its banks, though low, are seldom overflowed, and the 
 beds of the streams are gravel or solid stone, and the current varies 
 but little during the entire year. Woolen factories and flouring-mills 
 could be erected to good advantage. Excellent blue limestone, and 
 a very fine quality of sandstone, admirably adapted for building pur- 
 poses, are abundant. Miners will find inexhaustible beds of lead ore, 
 and carpenters, cabinetmakers, tinners, brick and stone masons, silver- 
 smiths, and shoemakers will find good openings for business. 
 
 CARTHAGE, the county-seat, is on the edge of a large prairie, 
 extending south and east ; while on the north and west are the out- 
 skirts of timber. The court-house and jail are among the best public 
 buildings in the Southwest. 
 
 Carthage has a population of 300 ; Sarcoxie, 250 ; Fidelity, 160 ; 
 Sherwood, 50 ; Avilla, 30. Distance from Carthage to nearest point 
 on P. R. R., Syracuse, 165 miles; to St. Louis, 350; to Jefiferson 
 City, 200 miles. 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY. 287 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east central part of the State ; 
 bounded on the east by the Mississippi River, on the west by Frank- 
 lin and Washington Counties, north by St. Louis, and south by 
 Washington, St. Fran9ois, and St. Genevieve Counties ; and has an 
 area of 654 square miles. 
 
 The population of Jefferson County in 1830 was 2592 ; in 1840, 
 4296; in 1850, 6928; in 1856, 8501; and in 1860, 9365. Acres of 
 land subject to taxation in 1859, 348,895, valued at $1,523,300 ; and 
 451 slaves, valued at $208,585. Total valuation of property, 
 $2,282,197. 
 
 Physical Features. — In the northern and eastern portions of the 
 county the land is generally undulating and fertile ; and in the west- 
 ern and southern, hilly and sterile. A great proportion of the county 
 is heavily timbered, and the land more valuable for mineral than for 
 agricultural purposes. The best farming lands are found along the 
 Maramec and Big Rivers, and Platin, Sandy, and Joaquim Creeks. 
 Big River is the largest stream that traverses the county, which, in 
 ordinary seasons, would be considered a creek; but having its 
 source in a hilly country, rises rapidly till it becomes emphatically a 
 "Big River," but does not retain its maximum height but a few 
 hours — running out very rapidly. The county is drained by the Ma- 
 ramec, which forms part of its northern boundary, and by Platin, 
 Joaquim, and Sandy Creeks. 
 
 The scenery along some of the streams is beautiful, and the lime- 
 stone bluffs of the Mississippi about Selma and Rush Tower have an 
 elevation of from 250 to 300 feet, which, at a distance, bear a remark- 
 able resemblance to artificial towers. Formerly there were shot 
 towers on the perpendicular cliffs at Selma and Herculaneum. Along 
 the line of the Iron Mountain Railroad are solid masses of white lime- 
 stone, deposited in horizontal strata, overhanging the track. The 
 scenery along this route is grand and picturesque, especially interest- 
 ing to the geologist. 
 
 The soil in the northern and eastern portions of the county is 
 adapted to farming purposes, while there is scarcely any of the "gra- 
 velly ridges" but would produce excellent fruit of most kinds, and 
 especially peaches and grapes. More attention is being given to this 
 branch than formerly. Mr. Baker, near the Iron Mountain Railroad, 
 
288 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
 
 has now 9000 peach-trees in one orchard, and we have seldom seen 
 better peaches anywhere than are produced in Jefferson and Wash- 
 ington Counties. 
 
 Minerals. — This county appears to contain an inexhaustible amount 
 of lead ore ; and some extensive deposits of brown hematite iron ore, 
 which in township 39, range 4 E., projects in large masses above the 
 surface of the ground. There have been upwards of 50 lead mines 
 or " diggings" opened in the county, where more or less galena has 
 been taken out, and about half the number of mines (say 27) are' 
 now being worked. There are three extensive steam lead furnaces — 
 Sandy, Mammoth, and Valle's — but we are unable to give the amount 
 of lead smelted at each for any given time. The principal mines are 
 in township 38, ranges 4 and 5 E. ; township 39, ranges 3, 4, and 5; 
 township 40, range 3 ; township 41, ranges 4, 5, and 6 E. ; and the 
 ores are of the sulphuret variety. 
 
 There is on the Platin Creek, extending from its mouth several 
 miles up that stream, a bluff, 30 to 100 feet high, of white sand, (pure 
 silex,) which has within the last year attracted the attention of flint- 
 glass manufacturers of Pittsburg and Wheeling. In 1859 there was 
 2000 tons sold to Pittsburg, and in 1860 a still greater amount was 
 contracted for by the same parties. The sale this season will doubt- 
 less double that quantity. 
 
 This sand has navigation from the bluffs most of the year by 
 barges, which renders it so easy of access as to defy competition. 
 
 There are no large towns in this county. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, the seat of justice, is situated south from the cen- 
 ter of the county, upon the high lands between the Mississippi and Big 
 River, about 4^ miles from Victoria, on the Iron Mountain Railroad, 
 and 30 miles from St. Louis. The town was first settled by John 
 Carver and others, in the spring of 1828, and contains one church, a 
 Masonic Lodge, school-house, hotel, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 De Soto is a promising new town, on the Iron Mountain Railroad, 
 42 miles from St. Louis, and 6 from the county-seat. It has grown 
 to its present size as rapidly as any other town in the State. It now 
 contains Methodist church, 3 stores, steam saw and grist mill, 2 
 hotels, and a large female seminary is in course of erection. Popu- 
 lation about 275. 
 
 Selma is situated on the Mississippi River, 35 miles below St. 
 Louis, and 5 miles east from the Iron Mountain Railroad, and ren- 
 dered noted by " Selma Hall," the residence of Col. Ferd. Kennet, 
 which is the finest residence in the State. 
 
JOHNSON COUNTY. 289 
 
 Victoria, 39 miles from St. Louis, is a new town. T. M. Espy has 
 here an excellent hotel, and the only railroad eating-house on this 
 road. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 This county, situated in the western part of the State, is bounded 
 on the north by Lafayette, which separates it from the Missouri River, 
 and on the west by Cass, a county bordering on the Kansas line. 
 Population in 1860, 14,985. 
 
 Physical Features. — A great proportion of this county is fertile 
 prairie land, level or slightly undulating, interspersed here and there 
 with forest trees ; while in the valley of Clearfork Creek, and of some 
 other streams, is found most excellent timber, consisting of hickory, 
 oak, and walnut, principally. In the early settlement of this county, 
 the extent of the prairies was considered an objection by persons 
 from densely-timbered countries; but since the prairie fires have been 
 kept out, groves are growing up rapidly; besides, immense beds of 
 stone-coal have been found convenient, which remove all those objec- 
 tions. The county is well watered by the Blackwater and its trib- 
 utaries, many of which originate in never -failing springs. The saline 
 springs in this county are highly prized by stock growers. On the 
 south half of section 6, township 44, range 24 W., is found a stratum 
 or vein of plumbago, or black oxyde of manganese, which is suscep- 
 tible of a fine polish, makes a clear black mark, and is used by the 
 citizens for pencils. On the same section is excellent hydraulic lime- 
 stone; and some of the best bituminous coal in the State exists in 
 this region, some strata being nearly five feet thick. The limestone 
 through the county embraces several varieties, some of which contain 
 numerous fossils. Several specimens of petrifactions have been found 
 in the southeast corner of the county — principally of wood. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — A very great proportion of the soil is 
 rich and well adapted to agriculture, producing a large yield of all 
 kinds of grain, grasses, fruits, and vegetables. Stock growing would 
 be a profitable business in this county, and the early completion of the 
 Pacific Railroad through the county will afford a cheap and speedy 
 transit to market. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — Johnson County is an exceedingly fertile 
 body of land, well watered with springs and streams, with an abund- 
 ant supply of limestone and timber, and immense beds of stone coal. 
 
 19 
 
290 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 Most kinds of mechanics are in demand, especially "house-builders," 
 carpenters, masons, and plasterers. Unimproved land is worth from 
 $10 to $40, and improved, from $12 to $50 per acre. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and 
 Christian denominations all have organizations, and there are many 
 excellent schools, both public and private, in the county. 
 
 WARRENSBURG, the county-seat, is near the center of the 
 county, has a pleasant site, watered by clear, cool springs, and sur- 
 rounded by an excellent and well-settled farming country. The town 
 was incorporated November 23, 1855, and now contains 2 newspapers, 
 (Weekly Union and Western Missourian,) a branch of the " Union 
 Bank of Missouri," an excellent male and female institute, several 
 good common schools, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist and Christian 
 organizations, with 2 churches, several saw-mills, 2 steam flouring- 
 mills, and all kinds of mechanics, professional men, etc. Population 
 1500. 
 
 Knobnoster is situated in the east central part of the county, 10 
 miles from the county-seat, upon the Pacific Railroad. The town 
 derives its name from a prominent mound or knob that stands isolated 
 in the plain. Knobnoster was first settled in 1854, and now contains 
 a church. Masonic Lodge, seminary, flouring-mill, and about 300 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Kingsville is situated upon a high table-land, from which the 
 streams to the north empty into the Missouri, and the tributaries to 
 the Osage bear to the south. The town is on the Pacific Railroad, 
 and connected by stage with the following points : Warrensburg, 20 
 miles; Georgetown, 50; Otterville, 63; Pleasant Hill, 12. The 
 town is surrounded by a high, fertile prairie, interspersed with groves 
 of timber, with coal banks open in the town, and limestone and clay 
 for brick near at hand. The town was laid out by General William 
 M. King & Sons, in 1858, and now contains a church, academy, news- 
 paper office, and numerous business houses. Population 200. 
 
 Of other towns, there are Columbus, population 250 ; Fayetteville, 
 250; Rose Hill, 150; and Cornelia, 150. 
 
 Holden is a thrifty new town on the Pacific Railroad, 10 miles from 
 the county-seat, surrounded by a good farming country, prairie and 
 timber, and a very superior quality of stone coal convenient. Popu- 
 lation 150. 
 
KNOX COUNTY — LACLEDE COUNTY. 291 
 
 KNOX COUNTY. 
 
 This county is in the northeastern part of the State, separated from 
 the Mississippi River by Lewis County, from the Iowa line by Scot- 
 land County, and bounded on the west by Clarke and Macon, and ou 
 the south by Shelby County, and contains an area of 504 square miles. 
 Population in 1850, 2895; in 1856, 5484; in 1860, 7761. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is undulating, with a 
 desirable division of prairie and timber land. It is intersected by 
 North, Middle, and South Fabius, and by the north fork of Salt 
 River, and several of their tributary creeks and branches. 
 
 EDINA, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of the 
 county, on the South Fabius River, and contains about 300 inhabit- 
 ants. It was incorporated February 16, 185t. 
 
 Newark is situated in the southeast corner of the county, near the 
 South Fabius, and 18 miles from the county-seat. It was first located 
 and settled in 1835, and a post-office established in 1841. It is con- 
 nected by stage-lines with Paris, 36 miles ; Lagrange, 27 ; Palmyra, 
 31 ; and Monticello, 18 miles. It contains 4 churches — Methodist, 
 Baptist, Christian, and Presbyterian — 1 Lodge each of Masons and 
 Odd Fellows, a good representation of business houses, and 300 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The name of Prairie City was changed to Jeddo, March 10, 1859; 
 and that of Centreville changed to Colony, February 14, 1857. 
 
 LACLEDE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south central part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Camden, south by Wright and Webster, 
 east by Pulaski and Texas, and west by Dallas County ; was formed 
 in 1849, from a portion of Pulaski, and named in honor of Pierre 
 Laclede Liguest, the founder of St. Louis, and was organized Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1849. Population in 1860, 5200. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county is situated upon the high table- 
 lands of the Ozark range, and presents a great variety of surface. 
 
292 LACLEDE COUNTY. 
 
 from the level or moderately undulating prairie, to rugged hills and 
 miniature mountains. In the vicinity of Big Niangua Gasconade, and 
 Osage Fork, the hills range from 155 to 500 feet in height, separated 
 from each other by deep and narrow valleys. From this elevation to 
 the west three streams— Spring Hollow, the Mountains, and Sweet 
 Hollow — flow into the Niangua. Goodwin Hollow extends north to 
 the Auglaize, a tributary of the Osage; the eastern and southern 
 parts of the county are drained by the Osage Fork, Gasconade, Bear, 
 Brush, Cobbs, and several smaller creeks and tributaries. An erro- 
 neous impression is generally formed of these elevated table-lands, from 
 the manner in which they are represented upon many of the maps. 
 An article is devoted to the correction of these errors. (See "Topo- 
 graphy of Ozark Mountains.") 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of the upland is various; the 
 light and gravelly portions are well adapted to fruit culture, and par- 
 ticularly favorable for grapes; while in the post-oak flats, the subsoil 
 of clay comes nearer the surface. For many purposes this soil is 
 superior to that of the alluvial, and has produced as high as 55 
 bushels of wheat to the acre, from 800 to 1200 pounds of tobacco, and 
 most excellent timothy and other grasses. There is in the county 
 probably 100,000 acres of rich, alluvial bottom-land, much of which 
 is under a good state of cultivation. Farmers have realized of hemp, 
 1500 pounds to the acre ; tobacco, 1200 pounds ; corn, 100 bushels ; 
 wheat, 50 ; rye, 30 ; barley, 30 ; oats, 40 ; buckwheat, 20 ; potatoes, 
 200; onions, 100; beets, 150; carrots, 150 ; turnips, 300 ; timothy, 
 4 tons ; clover, 3 ; Hungarian grass, 3 ; also, of apples, peaches, and 
 cherries, an abundant yield. These figures are above the average 
 product. One farmer had a few acres in cotton, and reports favor- 
 ably of the experiment. 
 
 Minerals. — Brown hematite and specular iron ores were reported 
 by the State Geologist to exist in township 36, ranges 14 and 16 W., 
 and sulphuret lead ore in the last-named locality. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county, of newspapers, 1 ; 
 lawyers, 5; physicians, 10; merchants, 11; grocers, 3; druggist, 1 ; 
 silversmith, 1; tinner, 1; blacksmiths, 10; wagon-makers, 4; sad- 
 dler, 1 ; tailors, 2 ; shoemakers, 2 ; cabinetmakers, 2 ; carpenters, 10 ; 
 tobacco manufacturer, 1; saw-mills, 6, (1 water, 5 steam power;) 
 flouring-raills, 7, (1 steam and 6 water power.) 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are 2 churches — 1 Union and 1 
 Free, where the several denominations worship. Of schools, there is 
 a high school, located at Lebanon, and 34 district school-houses. 
 
 The soil and climate adapt it to agricultural or manufacturing pur- 
 
LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 203 
 
 poses, stock raising, or vine growing. The southwest branch of the 
 Pacific Kailroad will soon be completed, traversing the county, and 
 affording speedy and cheap transit to St. Louis, there connecting with 
 water and rail communication to all parts of the Union. 
 
 The following table exhibits the growth of the county since 1857 : 
 
 1857. 1S59. 
 
 Land assessed acres 48,625 122,0',)2 
 
 Valuation $194,223 $449,000 
 
 Polls 707 796 
 
 Slaves 223 250 
 
 And this, notwithstanding the fact that there are over 1.30,000 
 acres of railroad lands in this county that are not in market, and the 
 same amount has been raised to double the usual government price. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — Laclede County has within her borders 
 many of the elements of agricultural and mineral wealth : a great 
 variety of soil adapted to the various purposes of the farmer, nur- 
 seryman, or stock grower; an abundance of timber ; a profusion of 
 clear, rapid streams, and strong crystal springs ; fine water power for 
 manufacturing purposes upon the Osage Fork, Gasconade, and other 
 streams ; iron and lead in several parts of the county, which may be 
 found in paying quantities ; a good demand for farmers, mechanics, 
 and manufacturers, with the prospect of an early completion of the 
 southwest branch of the Pacific Railroad, which will pass through 
 the center of the county, affording a cheap and speedy transit with 
 the best market in the West, and to St. Louis, thus securing railroad 
 and water communication with all parts of the world. 
 
 LESANOH', the county-seat, has a beautiful situation upon the 
 table-lands, near the center of the county, and is surrounded by a fine 
 agricultural region. It is the only town of note in the county, and 
 has a population of 400, and a fair representation of business houses. 
 
 LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the right bank of the Missouri River, 
 and separated from the Kansas line by Jackson County, which bounds 
 it on the west. Population in 1860, 20,440. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The general character of the land in this 
 county is level or gently undulating; however, some portions are 
 broken and rough. Passing over the country between Marshall and 
 
294 LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 Lexington, the traveler sees some as fine country as there is in Mis- 
 souri. The landscape is beautiful and imposing. In summer, the prai- 
 ries resemble a vast carpet of green spread out before him, dotted here 
 and there with herds of cattle, that crop the luxuriant native grasses, 
 amid flowers of every hue and color of the rainbow, which perfume 
 the atmosphere while they dazzle the eye of the beholder, and he can 
 hardly dismiss the idea that the cattle are trespassers upon this arti- 
 ficial parterre, which seems to have been cultivated and carefully 
 dressed, and set in groves and skirted along the streams with beauti- 
 ful parks. Some of the finest prairies in the county are east of Dover. 
 This town was settled a number of years ago, and is situated in a 
 grove named Terre Beau, (beautiful land.) Terre Beau Creek and 
 Big Sniabar furnish water power. The county contains a number of 
 fine springs and rapid streams. Oak, hickory, mulberry, ash, wal- 
 nut, and Cottonwood timbers are abundant along the streams, and 
 appear in groves throughout the county. In the southern part of the 
 county are several elevations, called Wagon Knob, Buck Knob, etc. 
 The former is on the head of Big Sniabar Creek, and has an elevation 
 of about 150 feet above the level of the prairie, affording an exten- 
 sive view of the surrounding country, of the towns of Chapel Hill in 
 Lafayette, Columbus in Johnson, etc. 
 
 History. — The following list of county officers, compiled by Morris 
 E. II. Locke, Esq., may be relied upon as correct: — 
 
 List of Circuit Judges. 
 
 Hon. David Todd from 1820 to 1831 
 
 Hon. John F. Ryland " 1831 " 1849 
 
 Hon. Henderson Young " 1849 until his death, 
 
 which took place in the year 1854. 
 
 Hon. William T. Wood from 1854 to 1856 
 
 Hon. Russell Hicks " 1856 Sept. 26, 1859 
 
 Hon. Roberta. Smart " 1850 to fill the va- 
 cancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. Russell Hicks. 
 
 List of Circuit Clerks. 
 
 Young Ewing from 1821 to 1836 
 
 William Spratt '« 1836 " 1848 
 
 Lewis W. Smallwood " 1848 " 1860 
 
 John P. Bowman " I860 " 1866 
 
 List of Sheriffs. 
 
 William R. Cole from 1821 to 1824 
 
 Markham Fristoe '» 1824 " 1826 
 
 James Bounds " 1826 " 1830 
 
 James Fletcher " 1830 " 1834 
 
LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 295 
 
 Daniel McDowell from 1833 to 1836 
 
 James Bounds " 1836 " 1837 
 
 Daniel McDowell " 1837 " 1842 
 
 William Anderson " 1842 " 1846 
 
 Thomas G. Smith " 1846 " 1848 
 
 James Clowdsly " 1848 " 1850 
 
 Alfred Nichols " 1850 " 1852 
 
 M. W. Withers " 1852 " 1856 
 
 John P. Bowman " 1856 «' 1860 
 
 Oliver Anderson, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation 
 of John P. Bowman. 
 
 Hamilton R. Gamble, first circuit court attoruey for this district. 
 
 The first grand jury for this county (then Lillard) was composed of 
 the following persons : William Lillard, (foreman,) William F. Sim- 
 mons, John J. Heard, John Lillard, Thomas Linwell, David Gen- 
 nings, Jesse Coxe, James Bounds, Jr., Isaac Clark, William Wallace, 
 Christopher Mulkey, Jacob Catron, John Bowman, George Parker- 
 son, Thomas Hopper, Jacob Lowrie, John Robison, Thomas Fristoe, 
 William Fox, and Samuel Weston. 
 
 The first indictment was against John Salady, for trespass, assault 
 and battery. 
 
 The following are the names of the first attorneys admitted to prac- 
 tice in this county : Hamilton R. Gamble, Payton R. Hayden, and 
 John J. McKinney. 
 
 Judge John F. Ryland, who is still practicing at the bar, was 
 admitted in 1823. 
 
 Edward Stratton, the present county clerk, was the first county 
 court clerk, as also the first probate judge. Walter M. Smallwood 
 is the present probate judge. 
 
 Lexington was incorporated as a city March 8, 1845. 
 
 Soil, Productions, etc. — The soil in this county is generally very 
 productive, and well adapted to all the purposes of the farmer or 
 stock-grower. We have statistics from farms which have produced, 
 to the acre, of hemp, 2200 pounds; tobacco, 800 pounds; corn, 100 
 bushels ; wheat, 25 bushels ; barley, 80 bushels ; timothy, 2 tons ; 
 Hungarian grass, 3 tons ; and fruit and vegetables in proportion. 
 The average price of improved lands is from $15 to $50 per acre ; 
 of unimproved, $8 per acre. As will be seen, by reference to the 
 table showing the full statistics of each county, in another chapter, 
 Lafayette is the largest tax-paying county in the State, excepting 
 St. Louis. The wealth of the county, however, as shown by the 
 tax-books, exhibits a falling off from the estimate of 1858 of $800,310. 
 In 1858 it was $10,265,818. This decrease is in land and slave prop- 
 erty ; there having been a decrease of some 200 slaves in one year. 
 
296 LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — Of merchants and professional 
 men, this county has a full supply for the present. The class of 
 people most needed are qualified school teachers, practical farmers 
 and mechanics, who have capital, to improve land or establish manu- 
 factories ; also carpenters, plasterers, and masons. They will find 
 here good schools and churches, good society, fertile farming land, 
 healthy climate, wood and stone coal abundant, springs and rapid 
 streams of water, etc. 
 
 LEXINGTON, the county-seat, has a beautiful, high, and healthy 
 situation upon the river, and is the shipping point for a large and 
 fertile agricultural district. This was formerly an outfitting point for 
 the Santa Fe and New Mexico trade, and the land office having been 
 located here for a number of years, has also added to the importance 
 of the city as a business point. Lexington now contains 2 ably-con- 
 ducted newspapers, 2 banks, 15 lawyers, 9 physicians, 22 merchants, 
 7 grocers, 4 druggists, 3 silversmiths, 2 tinners, 8 blacksmiths, 2 
 wagon-makers, 3 saddlers, 6 tailors, 4 shoemakers, 5 cabinetmakers, 9 
 carpenters, 3 tobacco manufacturers, 1 saw-mill, and 3 flouring-raills, 
 (steam power,) 2 hotels, etc. (We are unable to give full statistics 
 of Lexington.) 
 
 It appears, by an assessment and census recently taken of Lexing- 
 ton, that the total number of inhabitants is 5200. The value of tax- 
 able property in the town is $2,882,410, of which $947,219 is real 
 estate, $308,657 slaves, and $1,573,544 money and notes. The value 
 of buildings erected in 1859, and completed, was $140,300; those not 
 completed, $14,100. Value of public institutions, etc. not taxable, 
 $224,000. The number of slaves is 5737, valued at $2,191,451. 
 Slaves have decreased 171 since the last assessment, at which time 
 5966 were reported, valued at $2,433,015. 
 
 The total amount of manufactures and produce shipped from 
 "Waverly and St. Thomas, in 1859, was $256,615; total imports for 
 same time, $102,000. Bricks made and sold, 1,136,000. Value of 
 improvements, $71,000. There are of business houses in Waverly 
 and St. Thomas the following : attorneys, 3 ; physicians, 5 ; Lodge 
 Good Templars, 1 ; Lodge Masons, 1 ; Lodge Odd Fellows, 2 ; 
 Young Men's Lyceum, 1 ; post-office, 1 ; printing-office, 1 ; dry-goods 
 houses, 6 ; grocery stores, 3 ; drug stores, 2 ; tin and stove store, 1 ; 
 cabinet wareroom, 1 ; commission merchants, 3 ; watch and clock, 1 ; 
 hotel, 1 ; schools, 2 ; churches, 3 ; flouring-mill, 1 ; livery stable, 1 ; 
 blacksmith shops, 2 ; plow factories, 2 ; wagon shops, 2 ; hemp brake 
 shops, 2 ; steam rope factory, 1 ; cabinet shop, 1 ; saw-mills in vicinity, 
 2 ; warehouses, 5 ; carpenters, 20 ; painters, 2 ; milliners, 2 ; saddler 
 
LAWRENCE COUNTY. 297 
 
 and harness maker, 1 ; tailors, 2 ; boot and shoe shops, 2 ; brick ma- 
 sons, 6 ; plasterers, 3 ; coal yard, 1 ; pork house, 1 ; brick yards, 6 ; 
 and United States express office. 
 
 The population of the principal towns in the county is as follows : 
 Lexington, the county-seat, 5200 ; Waverly, (name changed from 
 Middletown, March 2, 1849,) 2000; Wellington, 400; Dover, 200; 
 Chapel Hill, 200 ; Napoleon, (incorporated November 21, 185T,) 
 300. 
 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Dade, east by Greene and Christian, south 
 by Barry, and west by Jasper and Newton, which separate it from 
 the Kansas line, and contained, in 1850, a population of 4851 inhab- 
 itants; in 1850, 7G13; and in 1860, 9062. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is undulating, and in 
 some sections broken, with prairie and timber well diversified. The 
 principal streams are Spring River, Turnback-Sac, Honey Creek, 
 Clear Creek, and Stahl's Creek. These streams have their sources 
 at large springs, and are peculiarly clear, and flow over gravel and 
 rocky beds. The valleys are fertile, well timbered, and susceptible 
 of the highest degree of cultivation, while the high prairies, with 
 their broad acres of grass, are unsurpassed for grazing. The mild- 
 ness of the climate, bountiful supply of living water, etc., render this 
 a desirable portion of the State for stock growing and fruit culture, 
 especially the grape. The natural advantages of the county are very 
 great, but there is a deplorable lack of energy manifest among many 
 of the leading men ; consequently the various industrial pursuits are 
 not represented in a manner corresponding with their advantageous 
 location and natural resources. 
 
 History. — Lawrence County was formed from Dade and Barry, 
 and organized in 1844-5. The organization of the county was 
 celebrated by a "Bran Dance," on the 4th of July, 1845, which we 
 will speak of more particularly to "show how the people do up such 
 matters out West." In preparing for this celebration and sale of 
 lots, invitations were sent to neighboring counties, and promptly 
 responded to by hundreds who came to celebrate the national anni- 
 versary, and the birth of a new county. Where the court-house now 
 stands was a dense piece of woodland, and an arbor was made from 
 
298 LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 the black jacks, and other forest trees, beneath which the sale was 
 held, and afterward a grand barbecue served up, speeches made, and 
 a spirited time was enjoyed by all. After the business and the bar- 
 becue had received proper attention, the arbor was cleared away, and 
 bran strewn over the ground to prepare it for dancing. We are 
 assured by Major Wear, that this was one of the most pleasant cele- 
 brations, and most heartily enjoyed, by old, middle aged, and young, 
 that had ever been held in this section of country. All joined in the 
 dance, and everything passed off harmoniously. 
 
 Minerals. — Lead and iron ore have been discovered — the former 
 in several localities near Mount Vernon, the latter four miles from 
 Mount Yernon, on the place of William Davis, on Honey Creek. 
 Copper ore was found by the State Geologist on section 2, township 
 29, range 25 W. 
 
 The water power is an important feature in Lawrence, and springs 
 abound in various parts of the county. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, the county-seat, was laid out in 1845, by the 
 county, as a seat of justice, and the first court was held in October of 
 the same year, at the house of George White, Esq., and presided over 
 by Hon. Chas. S. Yancy; Thomas Ash was the first clerk; Washing 
 ton Smith,* first sheriff; Jno. Williams, one of the oldest settlers 
 was foreman of the first grand jury held in this county. Mount Ver 
 non occupies an elevated site near the center of the county, on a clear, 
 bold stream, a tributary of the Neosho or Grand River of the South 
 Mount Yernon was incorporated as a city, November 4, 184Y, and 
 now contains 350 inhabitants. 
 
 * A good fighting story is told of Smith. It appears that in 1838 Smith had 
 a sharp fight with an Osage Indian about a trap. The Indian had set the trap 
 for a wolf, and the wolf broke the chain and ran away with it. The Indian 
 accused Smith of stealing the trap; a fight ensued, which lasted about two hours, 
 as the story goes, neither proving to be victor, when they made a draw game of 
 it and both went together to hunt the trap; they found it where the wolf had 
 released himself from it, and returned home mutual friends. 
 
LEWIS COUNTY. 299 
 
 LEWIS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northeast corner of the State, bounded 
 on the east by the Mississippi River, and on the north by Clarke 
 County, which reaches the Iowa line. The first settlement made here 
 was by John Bogarth in 1824, and the number of inhabitants in 1860 
 was 11,681. 
 
 This county is watered by the Waconda, North, South, and Middle 
 Fabius, furnishing numerous good mill sites. There are also numerous 
 springs of pure water, which are invaluable to farmers. The surface 
 is undulating and diversified, about half of the county being well 
 timbered with forests or groves distributed along the water-courses, 
 and separated by beautiful upland meadows or prairies, the soil of 
 which is deep, fertile, and easily cultivated. The largest yields, per 
 acre, that we have note of, are wheat, 25 bushels ; corn, 80 ; rye, 12; 
 barley, 20; oats, 50; buckwheat, 40; potatoes, 150; onions, 200; 
 beets, 200 ; turnips, 500 ; timothy, 3 tons ; clover, 2 tons ; Hunga- 
 rian grass, 5 tons; tobacco, 1200 pounds. Unimproved lands sell at 
 from $3 to $15 per acre, and improved at from $6 to $75, depending 
 upon location. Coal has been discovered near Monticello, and in 
 some other portions of the county. Limestone abounds in various 
 localities in the county. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The principal denominations represented 
 are Protestant Episcopal, organized in 1830, Methodist Episcopal, 
 Baptist, and Catholic. Of Schools, there are 4 academies, 1 college, 
 and 36 public schools in the county. The Canton Female Seminary 
 and the Christian University (College) are represented as being well 
 conducted, and in prosperous circumstances. The number of scholars 
 taught in 1851, in the 36 schools, by the 72 teachers, (who received 
 $7145 93,) was 1672. Amount raised same year to build and repair 
 school-houses, $1661 53. Amount apportioned to the county for 
 school purposes in 1859, from the State School Fund, $2441 91. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Of business houses in the county there are 
 lawyers, 14; physicians, 20; merchants, 30; grocers, 7; druggists, 
 5; silversmiths, 3; tinners, 3; blacksmiths, 17; wagon-makers, 6; 
 saddlers, 7 ; tailors, 8; shoemakers, 11; cabinetmakers, 2; carpen- 
 ters, 30 ; tobacco manufacturers, 2 ; saw-mills, 8 ; coopers, 9 ; and 
 flouring-mills, 6. 
 
 MONTICELLO, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of 
 
300 LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 the county, on North Fabiiis River, contains 2 churches, a Masonic 
 Lodge, high school, 2 hotels, a variety of business houses, and 250 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Canton, the shipping point for the county, is on the Mississippi, 
 lt5 miles above St. Louis, and 11 miles from the county-seat. It 
 was first settled in 1827 by Messrs. Sinclair, Hawkins, Pritchard, 
 Bogarth, and Myers, The town contains churches of the Methodist, 
 Presbyterian, Lutheran, German Methodist, and Christian denomin- 
 ations; a female seminary, (Methodist;) a Christian university, with 
 an endowment of $150,000 ; 2 Lodges of Masons, and 1 of Odd 
 Fellows ; a branch of the Bank of Missouri, and a full representation 
 of business houses. Population about 2500. 
 
 La Grange is situated on the Mississippi River, 12 miles from 
 the county-seat, and contains Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Chris- 
 tian, and Lutheran Churches ; a Lodge of each, Masons and Odd 
 Fellows; branch of Union Bank; a weekly newspaper; Baptist 
 Female Seminary; an academy; several saw-mills and grist-mills; 
 manufactories, stores, shops, etc.; and about 2000 population. 
 
 LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the eastern part of the State, bounded on 
 the east by the Mississippi River, north by Pike Count^^, west by Pike, 
 Montgomery, and Warren, and south by Warren and St. Charles 
 Counties. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county possesses both prairie and timber, 
 level bottom-land, and undulating and broken upland. It is drained 
 by Cuivre (or Copper) River and its lengthy branches, and by several 
 small creeks which empty into the Mississippi. A wide bottom extends 
 along the river, which is exceedingly fertile; and in seasons of very 
 high water, portions of it are subject to overflow. Hard-wood timber 
 and good building stone are abundant throughout the county. 
 
 History. — After the massacre in the Gilbert's Lick Settlement, (now 
 in Marion County,) by the Upper Mississippi Indians, in 1812, the 
 settlers in St. Charles District erected some seven or eight forts, to 
 which a portion of the inhabitants resorted ; while others held them- 
 selves ready to flee there, in case it should be thought necessary. 
 Four of these forts were in what is now Lincoln County, namely. 
 Stout's Fort, Wood's Fort, Fort Howard, and Fort Cape au Gris. 
 
LINCOLN COUNTY. 801 
 
 Troy, the county-seat, now occupies the former site of Wood's Fort, 
 and Monroe that of Fort Howard, which was a large and commodious 
 fort, requiring three weeks' labor of seventy men to erect it. Fort 
 Cape au Gris derived its name from a promontory or cape of fine grit 
 sandstone directly opposite, on the eastern bank of the river. The 
 present village and shipping point, some ten miles above the mouth of 
 Cuivre River, occupies the site of the old fort. The two last named 
 were the most important forts or stockades in this county, and the last 
 ones in use. Lincoln County was formed from a part of St. Charles 
 County in 1818, and a portion of it was at an early day covered with 
 Spanish grants, which retarded its settlement. Monroe and Alex- 
 andria were formerly seats of justice, but have now ceased to exist. 
 The former was situated on the north bank of Riviere au Cuivre, 18 
 miles from St. Charles, and 5 miles west from the Mississippi River. 
 In 1823 the Cuivre was considered navigable to this place. Alexan- 
 dria was the county-seat in 1823, situated in the northern part of town- 
 ship 49, range 1 W., 12 miles from the Mississippi, and 1| west from 
 the Cuivre. It was laid off in the autumn of 1821, and was once a 
 populous village. Near Fort Howard, at the chain of rocks on the 
 Cuivre, a battle was fought between some of Black Hawk's warriors 
 and the rangers. The first American settlers were from Kentucky 
 and Virginia. In September, 1821, Lincoln County contained 1674 
 inhabitants; in 1830, 4059 ; in 1840, 1449; in 1850, 9422; in 1856, 
 11,630; and in 1860, 14,251. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county, of merchants, 20 ; 
 printing-office, 1; lawyers, 11 ; physicians, 17; grocers, 6; druggists, 
 2; carpenter shops, 9; cabinet, 2; jeweler, 1 ; blacksmith shops, 10; 
 wagon shops, 3 ; saddler shops, 3 ; tailor shops, 4 ; shoe shops, 4 ; 
 painters, 6 ; architects, 3 ; brickmakers and masons, 8 ; hotels, 4 ; 
 school teachers, 8 ; flouring-mills, T ; saw-mills, 3. 
 
 TROY, the county-seat, is 2 miles north from Cuivre River, 14 miles 
 from the Mississippi, and is surrounded by an excellent farming dis- 
 trict, well settled by planters and stock-growers. It was located and 
 settled in 1816, by Deacon Cottle and Zadock Woods, and occupies 
 the former site of Wood's Fort. It contains 4 churches, (Presby- 
 terian, Baptist, Methodist, and Christian,) a Masonic Lodge, news- 
 paper printing-office, good school-houses, brick court-house, and about 
 600 population. 
 
 Louisville is in the northwestern part of the county, 24 miles from 
 Troy. It is said to have been settled by M. Cox and others as early 
 as 1819. Population 200. 
 
 New Hope is in the north central part of the county, contains a 
 
302 LINN COUNTY. 
 
 Baptist Church, high school, and a good representation of business 
 men. Population 175. 
 
 Cape au Gris is situated on the Mississippi River, and the princi- 
 pal shipping point of the county. Population 100. 
 
 Auburn is in the north central part of the county, on the Cuivre 
 River, 12 miles from Troy, and 20 from Bowling Green, Pike County. 
 This town contains Methodist and Cumberland Presbyterian Churches, 
 a Masonic Lodge, an academy, etc. Population 250. 
 
 Milwood is a post village in the western part of the county. 
 
 LINN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northwest portion of the State, north of 
 Chariton, which is on the north shore of the Missouri River. The 
 county has an area of 650 square miles, has a large proportion of roll- 
 ing prairie, interspersed with woodland. It is watered by upwards 
 of twelve streams, traversing the county from north to south, and 
 emptying into Grand River, The larger streams are Locust Creek, 
 West Fork Locust Creek, Elk, Turkey, Yellow, and Little Yellow 
 Creeks, some of which afford excellent water power. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of the county is generally very 
 fertile — principally prairie, with a good supply of woodland well dis- 
 tributed. All kinds of grain, grasses, and fruit of this latitude pro- 
 duce well here. Unimproved lands are worth from $5 to $15 per acre, 
 and improved from $10 to $20. 
 
 Timber. — The following embraces the kinds of timber most abund- 
 ant in this county : walnut, elm, hackberry, oaks, ash, cherry, hickory, 
 mulberry, sycamore, linn, maple, birch, and cottonwood. 
 
 This county was first settled in 1832 by William Boyer and others. 
 In 1840 it contained a population of 2245; in 1850, 4060; and in 
 1860, 9152. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are 5 private schools and 60 free 
 schools, well conducted and liberally patronized. In 1857 there were 
 48 school-houses, and $3131 raised to build and repair school-houses. 
 The amount of State school money apportioned to the county for 1859 
 was $2085 78. Of church members, there are 100 N. S. Presby- 
 terians, 500 Methodists, 500 Baptists, and 150 Reformers. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in this county 1 newspaper, 10 
 
jiiiiii^' ?' * 
 
 i-r ■. 
 
 '; ! 
 
 2 '''^ \ ^ 
 
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 303 
 
 lawyers, 12 physicians, 16 merchants, 6 grocers, 5 druggists, 1 sil- 
 versmith, 1 tinner, 1 1 blacksmiths, 3 wagon-makers, 2 coopers, 5 
 flouring-mills, (2 water, and 3 steam power,) 20 saw-mills, (6 water, 
 and 14 steam power,) and 8 hotels. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — The principal inducements to settlement 
 here are fertile soil, an abundance of timber, water, and good building 
 stone, inexhaustible beds of stone coal throughout the county, good 
 society, and rapid and easy communication to all points east and west, 
 by the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, which traverses the county. 
 
 LINNEUS, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated near the center of 
 the county, 6 miles north from the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 
 in the midst of a fertile and well-settled farming district. The town 
 was first settled in 1856, incorporated March 2d, 1859, and has now 
 about 1000 inhabitants; and more energetic, wide-awake business men 
 than those of Linneus are seldom found. This place contains 8 
 churches — Methodist, Presbyterian, and Christian — 1 Lodge of Ma- 
 sons and 1 of Odd Fellows, a weekly newspaper, high school, and a 
 variety of stores, shops, etc. 
 
 Laclede is a brisk new town on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Rail- 
 road, 97 miles from St. Joseph, 109 from Hannibal, about 1 from the 
 county-seat. The town possesses many natural advantages, which the 
 citizens will not fail to make the most of. 
 
 Wyandotte, on the railroad, 18 miles from the county-seat, first 
 settled in 1856, has a population of 200. 
 
 Of other towns, there are Brookfield, Franklin, St. Catherine, 
 Thayer, Buckland, North Salem, and Enterprise. 
 
 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the north-northwestern part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Linn and Chariton, west by Daviess and Cald- 
 well, north by Grundy, and south by Carroll County, and contains an 
 area of 530 square miles. Named in honor of Edward Livingston, 
 Secretary of State under President Jackson. The population of this 
 county in 1840 was 4325; in 1850, 4229, (76 decrease;) in 1856 it 
 was 6495 ; and in 1860, 7462. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is generally level 
 or slightly undulating, and principally prairie. (See illustrations, 
 "Prairie Farms in Missouri," and "View in Grand River Yalley," 
 
304 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 
 
 also the chapter devoted to a description of the "Grand River Coun- 
 try.") The county is vrell watered by Grand River, which traverses 
 the center of the county, and several of its important tributaries, 
 which pass through the northern part of the county. 
 
 The Soils of this county are very rich, and well adapted to all pur- 
 poses of the farmer or stock grower. This may be considered as an 
 excellent agricultural section. 
 
 Coal has been found in several localities, and banks are already 
 opened near Utica, and at other points in the county, which will in 
 some measure compensate for the scarcity of timber. 
 
 CHILLICOTHE, the county-seat, was first settled in ISST, by John 
 Graves and others, and is one of the most important places on the 
 line of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. Being on the high 
 lands, or divide, which extends north into Iowa, accessible by good 
 roads from all directions, its advantageous locality and the liberality 
 and enterprise of its business men have made it a wholesale point for 
 an extensive region of country, reaching to the second and third tiers 
 of counties in Iowa. The Blue Mounds, or dividing lands between 
 the waters of Grand River and the Missouri, lie off some 10 miles to 
 the southwest; and the landscape view from the town is extensive and 
 beautiful. This place contains 5 churches — Methodist, Baptist, Epis- 
 copal, and 2 Presbyterian — a Baptist college, female seminary. Ma- 
 sonic and Odd Fellows' Lodges, 1 newspaper, etc. Population 3000. 
 
 Utica is a brisk new town, 5 miles west from Chillicothe, on the 
 railroad, and, like Chillicothe, is surrounded by a beautiful and fertile 
 region of country. The town is on the west side of Grand River, 
 "at the head of navigation," and occupies a site elevated and healthy. 
 The view in Grand River Valley was taken from Utica. This place 
 contains 1 newspaper, (see list of newspapers,) 4 churches — Baptist, 
 Episcopal, Methodist, and Presbyterian — a high school, Masonic 
 Lodge, Lodge of Good Templars, and several stores and mechanics' 
 shops. Population about 1000. 
 
 Bedford is situated on the right bank of Grand River, 18 miles 
 from the county-seat, and 6 miles south from the railroad, and is in 
 township 56, range 22 W. Small steamboats can navigate Grand 
 River to Bedford from four to six months of the year. Bedford was first 
 settled in 1857, by A. Alexander, Dr. John Wolfskill, George Monroe, 
 and others, and now contains a Methodist church, several business 
 houses, and 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Dawn, a post village, is situated in Blue Mound Township, 11 miles 
 from Chillicothe, and 4 from the railroad. Population, 50. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in Livingston County 2 newspa- 
 
MACON COUNTY. 305 
 
 pers, 25 merchants, 11 lawyers, 9 physicians, 10 school teachers, 3 book 
 and stationery stores, 1 architect, 25 carpenters and builders, 4 cabinet 
 shops, 3 druggists, 3 dentists, 1 occulist, 6 family groceries, 3 jewelers, 
 3 bakers, 4 hotels, 10 blacksmiths, 1 wagon shops, 3 plow and agricul- 
 tural implement makers, 3 coopers, 3 shingle manufactories, 7 saw- 
 mills, 4 flouring-mills, 3 saddlers, 6 tailors and clothiers, 6 shoemakers 
 and dealers, 2 tin and stove dealers, 4 hotels, 3 painters, 5 brick- 
 makers, and 3 tobacco manufactories. 
 
 MACON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northern part of the State, about 
 equidistant from the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and the Iowa 
 State line, and has an area of 830 square miles. This county was 
 first settled in 1832 by James Cawhon, Thomas Williams, James 
 Low, and William Huckaby. In 1860 it contained a population of 
 14,375. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of this county is undulating, and 
 in many places what is termed "broken." There are some singularly 
 formed knobs, thus described in the Preliminary Survey Report of 
 the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Company: — 
 
 " The peculiar features of this section consist of short conical ridges 
 formed by irregular ravines, several of which head in a point common 
 to each, and, after running in opposite directions, curve abruptly and 
 unite, thus forming what is generally termed the 'Knobs,' some of 
 which are so regular in contour that they resemble more the works of 
 art than those of nature. The summit of the Knobs seems to have 
 been a common level, in some instances 200 feet above the general 
 surface. A tendency to this conformation is first observed in town- 
 sliip 60, and extends down into township 56; but they are seen in all 
 their prominent characteristics in townships 58 and 59. They are 
 drained by the Muscle Fork. The causes operating in producing 
 these distinctive features must have acted differently upon the surface 
 on either side of this particular locality ; for while the ' Knobs' exhibit 
 the effect of the action of subsiding waters, the former indicate that 
 of a violent current, producing extensive, well-defined valleys and 
 ravines. Indeed the whole surface, from ' Elk Knobs' west to Grand 
 River, seems to have undergone the process of what is termed by 
 
 20 
 
306 MACON COUNTY. 
 
 geologists denudation, by which all the superior, and a portion of the 
 inferior strata have been carried off. The effect of this denudation 
 has been to expose and render available an immense bed of bitumin- 
 ous coal, with which a greater portion of the country is underlaid ; it 
 extends a distance of 10 miles, probably terminating in the dividing 
 ridge a few miles east of Bloomington." 
 
 From the base of the delta, between the junction of the Mississippi 
 and Missouri Rivers, rises a table-land or water-shed, narrow at first, 
 but gradually widening out until it loses itself in the rich table-lands 
 of Minnesota. The " land of Hiawatha" gathers a large amount of 
 its marvelous and far-famed beauty from the same great "water-shed" 
 that constitutes much of the agricultural wealth of Macon County. 
 
 Geolog-y, Minerals, etc. — This county, or a great portion of it, is 
 underlaid by a stratum of bituminous coal, which is exposed in the 
 banks of eight different streams along the line of the Hannibal and 
 St. Joseph Railroad, (going West from Bloomington,) namely, Mid- 
 dle Fork, Chariton River, Muscle Creek, Little Yellow Creek, Yel- 
 low Creek, Locust Creek, Medicine Creek, and Grand River. This 
 bed of coal varies in thickness from one to nine feet, the maximum 
 occurring near Bloomington, the county-seat On Grand River it 
 appears at a depression of ninety feet below the Missouri River at St. 
 Joseph, (as shown by the Hannibal and St, Joseph Railroad Surveys ;) 
 in the valley of Locust Creek, at a depression of seventy feet ; in the 
 Muscle Fork, at a depression of thirty feet ; and on the Middle Fork 
 of the Chariton, near Bloomington, at an elevation of five feet above 
 the Missouri River at St. Joseph, showing a uniform rise to the north- 
 east of about one foot per mile. Galena or lead ore has been found 
 in the vicinity of Grand River, but no thorough investigations ever 
 made as to its extent. Crude copperas (sulphate of iron) is found 
 on one of the tributaries of Muscle Fork, and hydraulic limestone in 
 several localities. 
 
 Elvers and Streams. — The principal streams traversing this county 
 are the Chariton River and its tributaries. The county is very well 
 watered. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — This county seems to possess most of the 
 elements of native wealth and prosperity. It embraces a variety of 
 soil, which produces abundantly all kinds of grain, grass, fruit, and 
 vegetables grown in this latitude, and is well adapted to stock grow- 
 ing. For instance, the following figures have been furnished as a 
 yield of one farm in the county : wheat, 25 bushels to the acre ; corn, 
 100 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; potatoes, 150 bushels; onions, 200 
 bushels; beets, 200 bushels; carrots, 200 bushels; turnips, 350 
 
MACON COUNTY. 307 
 
 bushels; timothy, 2 tons; clover, 2 tons; Hungarian grass, 2 tons; 
 apples and peaches a good yield. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — This is the only county in the State 
 traversed by both the North Missouri and the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 Railroads. The latter is completed, and running between Hannibal 
 and St. Joseph, and doing a heavier business than any other railroad 
 west of the Mississippi. The North Missouri connects with the Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph at Hudson, where it will cross, and is now under 
 contract to the Iowa State line, then to connect with other roads 
 extending north into Minnesota. The Keokuk and Kansas City 
 Railroad is projected to pass through this county. 
 
 Education. — McGee College, at College Mound, a post village, 9 
 miles south of Bevier station, Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, and 
 5 miles west from Jacksonville on the North Missouri Railroad, was 
 incorporated February 23, 1853, is under the auspices of the Cum- 
 berland Presbyterians, with J. Dysart, President of Board of Trustees. 
 Macon High School was incorporated November 21, 1857; and an 
 academy in Bloomington, all in a prosperous condition, well patron- 
 ized, and each conducted by an able corps of teachers. There are 85 
 free schools in the county, and 5019 pupils. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of churches in this county, there are 
 20, but we have the particulars of only 11, as follows: Methodist, 4; 
 Baptist, 5; Presbyterian 0. S., 1, and N. S., 1. We understand a 
 Presbyterian or Congregational minister, who wishes to build up a 
 school and church, would receive encouragement at Hunnewell, in this 
 county, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, a new town of con- 
 siderable promise, in a good agricultural country, which is well set- 
 tled by intelligent people. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, the seat of justice, is situated near the center of 
 the county, on the middle fork of the Chariton River, 3 miles from 
 Bevier station, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, is the busi- 
 ness center for a very fertile and well-settled country; has good 
 society, 2 newspapers, a good representation of business houses, and 
 about 1000 population. Incorporated November 21, 1857. 
 
 Macon City and Hudson were separate and distinct towns until 
 November 28, 1859, when, by a vote of the citizens of the two towns, 
 the two were united in one under the name of Macon City. This 
 place is very pleasantly situated at the crossing of the Hannibal and 
 St. Joseph and the North Missouri Railroads, contains Presbyterian, 
 Christian, and Methodist organizations, a Masonic Lodge, newspaper 
 office, 3 schools, 4 hotels, (of which the Harris House is the principal 
 railroad house,) a full representation of energetic business men, and 
 1500 inhabitants. 
 
808 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 There are several new towns in the county, which are all growing 
 so rapidly we hardly dare estimate their population, among which are 
 Carbon, population about 100; Bevier, 15; Calleo, 100; New Bos- 
 ton, 200; La Plata, 200; Newbury, t5; Vienna, 100; La Porte, 
 75; College Mound, 175; Centreville, 75; McCleansville, 75; 
 Hunnewell, 100. 
 
 The following was the number of business houses in November, 
 1859: newspapers, 2; bank, 1; lawyers, 17; physicians, 20; mer- 
 chants, 35; grocers, 20; druggists, 5 ; silversmiths, 2; tinners, 2; 
 blacksmiths, 40; wagon-makers, 4; saddlers, 3; tailors, 5; shoe- 
 makers, 5; cabinetmakers, 4; carpenters, 75; tobacco manufacturers, 
 4; nursery, 1; and hotels, 11. There are several saw and flouring 
 mills in the county. 
 
 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast part of the State, is 
 bounded on the east by Bollinger, west by Iron, north by St. Fran9ois, 
 and south by Wayne County, and embraces an area of about 500 square 
 miles. Population in 1860, 5794. 
 
 It was erected from the Counties of St. Genevieve and Cape Girar- 
 deau in 1818, but has since been much reduced in size by the organi- 
 zation of other counties. 
 
 History. — The first settlement made in this section of the country 
 was at Mine La Motte, in 1722 or 1723. These mines, situated about 
 4 miles north from Fredericktown, were discovered in 1719 or 1720, 
 by a Frenchman, whose name they bear. They were worked as early 
 as 17G5 or 1770, by the Indians and Spaniards; but we have been un- 
 able to find authentic data respecting their early history, as the records 
 have been returned to Spain ; this country at that time being under 
 Spanish government. However, we find recorded in the American 
 State papers, the claim of John Baptiste Francis Menard and Emily 
 Josefa Renard, of the Empire of France, claiming two leagues of 
 land at Mine La Motte, on account of settlement and improvement. 
 They presented a certified copy of a grant from Boisbriant and Desur- 
 sins, dated June 14, 1723. In consideration of the wealth of these 
 mines, and to aid in their development and the colonization of the 
 country, the Spanish government, in the year 1800, granted 5000 ar- 
 pents of land to fifteen French families, " for settlement and cultiva- 
 tion." This grant laid between Saline Creek (which enters the 
 
MADISON COUNTY. 309 
 
 St. Fraii9ois a mile below) and another creek running parallel to 
 Saline, one mile north. At that time the Osage and Kickapoo Indians 
 were so numerous and troublesome, that these new-comers could not 
 till the soil to any extent, and were obliged to concentrate, and live 
 in close proximity, for mutual protection and safety. Hence they 
 established the village of St. Michael, about the year 1800 or 1801, 
 on the north bank of Saline Creek, directly opposite where Frederick- 
 town has since been built up. In 1822 St. Michael contained 50 
 dwellings and several stores; now scarce a vestige remains to show 
 the location of this once important center. For several years pre- 
 vious to 1817, an Indian family named Musco lived on the south bank 
 of the creek where Fredericktown now stands. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general face of the country is very un- 
 even, and in some portions approximates what may be termed '-moun- 
 tainous ridges." The higher hills are generally composed of immense 
 masses of porphyritic stone, some of which contain more or less iron 
 ore. A large portion of the county is not susceptible of cultivation, 
 the surface generally being rocky and the soil thin. Some of the val- 
 leys produce well, and near Fredericktown there is a considerable 
 body of fertile land. 
 
 Mineralog-y. — There is probably not in the world, besides this, a 
 section of country of the same area possessing a greater variety of 
 minerals, and in greater quantities, than are found in Madison County. 
 Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, platiua (?), nickel, cobalt, and manganese 
 are known to exist; and all, except silver, (and possibly gold,) are 
 found in quantities that pay a good profit for working them. 
 
 The Mine La Motte Lead Mines were until recently considered 
 the most extensive in the State, Though other mines have been 
 worked more systematically and regularly during the past ten years, 
 these mines have been worked for more than a century, and by hun- 
 dreds of men ; yet new leads are frequently discovered, and the average 
 annual shipment of 1,000,000 pounds of lead seems not to have 
 decreased their mineral deposits perceptibly. The amount of mineral 
 in these mines is inconceivably great, and the facilities for raising and 
 smelting the ore very good. Fleming's furnace consists of 2 Scotch 
 hearths, or blue mineral, and one dry-bone stack, or furnace. In the 
 former they have smelted as high as 40 pigs of 70 pounds each 
 in 8 hours, and can average 5000 pounds of fair mineral every 8 
 hours. The dry-bone furnace has turned out as high as 100 pigs of 
 70 pounds each in a tour, (12 hours.) The average is from GO to 100, 
 as to quality of the ore. The amount of lead shipped from Mine La 
 Motte by the Messrs. Fleming during 6 years, ending in September, 
 
310 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 1852, was 7,000,000 pounds — upwards of 1,000,000 pounds per annum. 
 Joseph D. Yillars, Esq., former agent of the proprietors, certified, in 
 December, 1837, that the amount smelted annually for the four years 
 preceding that time was 1,350,820 pounds, giving to the proprietors 
 103,582 pounds annually as rents ; and that the number of hands en- 
 gaged in the various operations, from the digging to the smelting of 
 the mineral inclusive, would average about 150 persons annually for 
 said 4 years. This shows the annual product of the labor of each 
 operator to be 69,009 pounds. 
 
 It may not be generally known that the nickel used in the new 
 cent was principally from these mines. The idea of introducing this 
 metal into the lesser coin was suggested by Professor Booth, of the 
 United States Mint, Philadelphia, who established works at Mine La 
 Motte, in connection with a Mr. Coffin, for the separation of nickel 
 from the other metals, and large quantities were shipped to the Mint 
 for refinement and use. Much of the german-silver, or white ware 
 used in forks, spoons, etc. is manufactured from nickel procured at 
 these mines. 
 
 The Mine La Motte Copper Mines are some 4 miles due west from 
 Fleming's smelting furnace. These deposits of copper were discov- 
 ered in December, 1838, by H. N. Tong,Esq., nowof Ironton, Missouri. 
 But little systematic mining was done until the year 1845, when a 
 practical miner named Marie, from England, purchased an interest in 
 the mines, and a company was formed who erected a large smelting 
 furnace, and worked the mines extensively. In three years, ending 
 with 1848, the profits of these copper mines amounted to upwards of 
 $150,000, exclusive of the outlay for machinery. Notwithstanding 
 the immense profit received from working these mines, all work in 
 them has for some years been abandoned, they being subject to the 
 same influences that have so long prostrated all operations on the La 
 Motte claim. 
 
 The Mine La Motte property comprises about 24,000 acres, and 
 was confirmed by act of Congress, in 1827, to four French families, 
 namely, the Valles, Pratt, St. James, and Beauvis. On the 6th of 
 November, 1837, this domain was sold by commissioners (William M. 
 Newberry, Josiah Ferryman, Theodore F. Tong, Caleb Cox, and 
 Henry Janis) appointed by the Circuit Court of Madison County, "on 
 petition for partition of lauds and tenements." This property is now 
 owned by the Messrs. Fleming,* who have some $300,000 invested. 
 
 * We are specially indebted to Dr. R. F. Fleming for valuable contributions of 
 minerals, embracing most varielies found in that locality. 
 
MADISON COUNTY. 311 
 
 The Buckeye Copper Mine is situated one mile south from Frecl- 
 ericktown, and is in the same belt of rock as those above described. 
 This mine was discovered in 1846, and first worked by Pomeroy and 
 Dille, who raised between 300 and 400 tons of ore (principally yellow 
 sulphuret) in one year, by sinking a shaft 100 feet and drifting east 
 100 feet. The vein is nearly vertical, running east and west. This 
 mine was abandoned in 1848, not on account of any decrease in the 
 amount of ore found, but from the prodigality and inexperience of 
 those who first worked it. A New York company, consisting of men 
 of practical experience and abundant capital, have recently purchased 
 this mine of Dr. Albert C. Koch, of St. Louis, and are preparing to 
 work it upon a very extensive scale. Situated but one mile from the 
 county-seat, and surrounded by a rich farming district, connected with 
 the railroad at Pilot Knob by a good turnpike road, the location of 
 the mine is considered as being very advantageous. 
 
 The Carmack and Dillon Copper Mines are situated in the next 
 township south, and have been worked to sufficient extent to give 
 evidence of their being immensely valuable. Marshall's copper mine 
 is situated in township 33, range 1 east ; was worked to some extent 
 in 183C), and pronounced to be very rich, but nothing done with it for 
 some years. 
 
 Gold and Platina. — Extensive deposits of these metals are said to 
 have been found in this county, near Fredericktown, and the state- 
 ments corroborated by some St. Louis assayers. The " gold ores" 
 are found in a vein mixed with magnetic iron, rhodium, etc. Inas- 
 much as doubts exist in the minds of some practical geologists 
 respecting the richness of these mines of gold, or the existence of 
 platina here, we would refer the reader to the geological article of 
 Professor Swallow, he being the highest authority on this subject, and 
 to the following affidavit from Dr. Theodore Weiss, a practical chemist 
 and a scientific man : — 
 
 I, Dr. Theodore Weiss, practical chemist, hereby certify, that I have examined 
 carefully the deposits of syenit in Madison County, Missouri, which, to analyze, 
 I was called upon by Dr. Albert Koch, and others; and having made more than 
 fifty analyses, I found by each trial more or less gold, averaging four to five 
 ounces per ton. The expenses for extracting this precious metal from the above 
 mineral are $20 to $25 per ton. The deposits of this ore are almost inexhaust- 
 ible, and may be estimated the least at 1,000,000 tons. 
 
 DR. THEODORE WEISS. 
 Sworn and subscribed to before me, the 25th day of June, 18(iO. 
 
 LIBERTY WAITE, 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 
 To men of capital and others this matter is worthy of attention. 
 
312 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 Of Iron Ore there are immense deposits in several of the larger 
 hills of this county, some of which promise fair to rival in riches and 
 extent the famous Iron Mountain. Some of the larger and richest of 
 these iron deposits are owned by Hiram N, Tong, Esq., of Ironton. 
 No works have been established here as yet, but negotiations were 
 being made to that end when this work was put to press, which will 
 probably result in the erection of extensive iron and copper furnaces 
 in the vicinity of these mines. Little or nothing has been done at 
 these works for five years past, owing to some litigation as to title, 
 instituted by heirs of the former owners, growing out of some inform- 
 ality in the court's proceedings in the case. Until this suit is settled, 
 matters must remain in status quo, as neither the proprietors nor 
 miners can feel much interest in mining upon a property which is in 
 dispute. It is to be hoped that the questions will soon be settled, the 
 agitation of which have so palsied every avenue of trade and every 
 branch of mining operations, prostrated the prospects of hundreds of 
 famihes, reduced the population from 500 to less than a score, render- 
 ing this once populous and thrifty business center comparatively a 
 deserted waste. When work shall have been resumed upon the La 
 Motte domain, employing, thousands of hands, and when the iron, 
 copper, nickel, gold (?), and platina (?) mines are being developed, 
 as they one day must be, this will become the center of the wealthiest 
 and most populous county (except St. Louis) in the whole State. 
 
 The greater portion of the older settlers at Fredericktown, and 
 many of those who have located there more recently, are Catholics. 
 About the year 1849, when their new brick church was completed, it 
 was consecrated according to the usages of the Church. The offi- 
 ciating priest had employed a Frenchman to cut upon the capstone, 
 over the door, a portion of the thirteenth verse of the twenty-first 
 chapter of Matthew, as follows : " My house shall be called the house 
 of prayer," and had carefully marked the words he wished to be 
 copied, leaving out the remainder of the verse. A very large number 
 of persons were in attendance, and after the bishop had concluded his 
 portion of the dedicatory ceremony, the priest delivered a short ser- 
 mon to the congregation, and quoting the portion of the verse, called 
 the attention of the Church to it ; when, looking up, he discovered, 
 to his utter astonishment, that the stonecutter had copied the remain- 
 der of the verse, which, in connection with the above, read — "but ye 
 have made it a den of thieves." The effect upon all present can be 
 better imagined than described. The priest immediately ordered the 
 superfluous portion of the verse to be "puttied up," as the stone still 
 shows. 
 
MARIES COUNTY. 313 
 
 FEEDEHICKTOWN, the county-seat, is pleasantly situated, and 
 surrounded by an excellent farming district ; but large tracts of these 
 lands have been held by descendants of the fifteen French families, 
 who neither properly improve them, nor would they sell to others, 
 which greatly retards the growth and prosperity of this community. 
 This town was named in honor of Frederick Bollinger, a former 
 member of the State Legislature. The land for the town site was 
 donated by Nathaniel Cook, formerly from Kentucky. The princi- 
 pal edifices and business consist of 1 brick Catholic church, 1 brick 
 Methodist E. church, 1 Christian Baptist church, 1 newspaper print- 
 ing-office, 5 lawyers, 4 physicians, 5 stores, 2 liquor saloons, 1 cabi- 
 netmaker, 1 carpenter, 1 saddler, 2 blacksmiths, 2 wagon shops, 3 
 hotels, 1 jeweler, 1 tailor, and 1 real estate and land office agency. 
 Population about 450. 
 
 The mail last year to this place averaged 6000 letters, and about 
 350 regular newspaper subscribers. Simon A. Guignon has been 
 postmaster for a number of years. 
 
 Simmstown, one mile north from Mine La Motte post-office, is a 
 German village, of probably 150 inhabitants, who appear to be frugal 
 and industrious. They usually work in the mines when they are in 
 operation, and till the soil when they are not mining. 
 
 MARIES COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from the north part of Pulaski and the 
 southern portion of Osage Counties, by an act, approved March 2d, 
 1855, and had a population, in 1860, of 4946. Portions of this county 
 have been settled for twenty-five or thirty years. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general surface of the county is broken 
 timber land ; however, very good soil is found in the valleys of Spring 
 Creek, along the Maries, on the Dry Fork of the Bourbeuse, in Lane's 
 prairie and the adjacent timber lands. Stock growing and fruit and 
 grape culture could be profitably prosecuted in this county. 
 
 Minerals. — The State Geologist reports deposits of lead, iron, and 
 copper ores, in various localities in this county ; but little attention 
 has been paid to mining. The Central Missourian, published at 
 Vienna, dated October 29, 1859, says: "The lead mines recently 
 opened by Wiley Williams, in the northwestern part of this county, 
 bear favorable indications of being one of the richest deposits of lead 
 
314 MARIES COUNTY. 
 
 in the State; Mr. Williams took out 1300 pounds of pure lead ore, 
 in two hours and a half, on Monday last. The copper mines, which 
 eleven years ago were abandoned by Mr. John Crismon, having since 
 been reopened by Dr. Latham, have already yielded a large amount 
 of rough ore which when smelted yields a large per cent, of blister 
 copper, and as the work goes deeper, the virgin copper appears in 
 greater quantities, with unmistakable indications, apparently, of find- 
 ing a rich lead of the pure ore. Tons, we are told, of this composi- 
 tion ore were thrown out which had been condemned as worthless by 
 the miners, is now considered as being valuable for smelting. We 
 are not sufficiently advised in mineral prospects to speak positive of 
 the indications here, but basing our judgment upon the opinions of 
 those who are best informed, we have no hesitation in expressing the 
 belief that not only lead, but copper mining, in this county, will form 
 no inconsiderable part of the future wealth of Maries County." 
 
 The particular location of the minerals already discovered are 
 given in the Geological Report of the southwest branch of the Pacific 
 Railroad, pages 34, 46, 62, and *72. The county is watered by the 
 Gasconade River, Maries Creek, and their tributaries. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are church organizations of the 
 Baptist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Christian, Methodist, and Roman 
 Catholic denominations ; but as yet no buildings have been erected 
 for their meetings. There are 34 school districts, but about 12 
 schools taught in the county. The State appropriated $1223 37 for 
 school purposes in 1859. An effort will soon be made for the erec- 
 tion of good school-houses and churches, and to secure the proper 
 education of the youth of the county. 
 
 VIENNA, the county-seat, is agreeably situated, and is the only 
 town of importance in the county; population 250. It has several 
 stores, 2 groceries, 4 carpenters, 1 newspaper, 1 blacksmith, 1 wagon- 
 maker, 1 hotel, 1 water-power flouring-mill, 1 steam saw-mill, 2 law- 
 yers, and 3 doctors. 
 
MARION COUNTY. 315 
 
 MARION COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east-northeast portion of the State, 
 bounded on the east by the Mississippi River, west by Shelby County, 
 north by Lewis, and south by Ralls and Monroe Counties, and con- 
 tains an area of 432 square miles. 
 
 Marion County, in 1830, contained 4837 inhabitants ; in 1836, 
 •7612; in 1840, 9623; in 1850, 12,241 ; in 1856, 13,144 ; and in 1860, 
 16,700. The population and business of the towns, and the settle- 
 ment of the county, have received a new impetus by the completion of 
 the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. 
 
 Physical Features. — There are few if any counties in the State 
 possessing a more desirable division of prairie and timber, better 
 soil and building materials, or that is better supplied with water. 
 
 The North and South Fabius, North and South Two Rivers, Trou- 
 blesome, Grassy, Lick, and See's Creeks, with their numerous branches, 
 afford an abundance of water to every township in the county. Besides 
 these, there are bold springs of pure, clear water, in all parts of the 
 county, and some sulphur and chalybeate springs. Probably two- 
 thirds of the surface is undulating prairie; the woodland is in thin 
 groves along the margins of streams, extending here and there out into 
 the prairies, and embraces hickories, oaks, black walnut, sugar-tree, ash, 
 sassafras, (some sassafras-trees are two feet in diameter, and used for 
 rails,) hackberry, haws, elms, mulberry, honey locust, and papaw. 
 
 Minerals, Soils, etc. — Lead, zinc, and iron ores have been found 
 in small quantities, but not sufficient to pay for working, or even to 
 justify prospecting. Bituminous coal has been taken out of some 
 banks in the southwestern and central parts of the county. Silicious 
 marl, so valuable to the soil, is everywhere found, except on the allu- 
 vial bottoms. The State Geologist suggests that if the farmers will 
 work their soils to a depth of twenty inches instead of five, as here- 
 tofore, "the increased profits in farming in this county alone would 
 more than pay the annual expenses of the Geological Survey." Pipe- 
 clay, of a pure white variety, is found in some localities, and is fre- 
 quently used instead of lime for whitening walls, etc. Fire clay, 
 gritstone, limestones, freestone, clay and sand for brick, and lime- 
 stone for making hydraulic cement, are all abundant. The prairie 
 soil is generally underlaid by a thick layer of silicious marl, which 
 contains all the elements necessary to render it exceedingly fertile, 
 
316 MARION COUNTY. 
 
 and adapted to most purposes of farming, either in wet or dry sea- 
 sons. North and east from Palmyra are considerable bodies of land 
 which sustain a heavy growth of American elms. The soil of these 
 elm lands is, perhaps, second to none in the State in point of fertility. 
 Marbles, suitable for building and ornamental purposes, are found in 
 several localities in the county. 
 
 PALMYRA, the county-seat, is very pleasantly situated upon a 
 commanding elevation between North and South Rivers, about one 
 mile from each. The business houses are principally of brick, 
 and the residences, churches, and educational institutions gener- 
 ally surrounded by extensive grounds, ornamented with shrubbery 
 and shaded by forest trees. This is considered one of the most 
 beautiful and pleasant places in the State. The principal educational 
 institutions in the city are St. Paul's College, Bethel College, Bap- 
 tist Male and Female Seminary, Presbyterian Female Institute, and 
 the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, and Reformers' 
 churches. The schools are all in a flourishing condition, ably con- 
 ducted and liberally patronized ; the people intelligent and hospitable, 
 and society very good. Palmyra is situated upon the Hannibal and 
 St. Joseph Railroad, 14 miles from Hannibal, was incorporated as a 
 city, November 23, 1855, contains a good representation of business 
 houses, and a population of about 3000. 
 
 Hannibal, the eastern terminus of the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 Railroad, and the commercial point for an extensive region of coun- 
 try, is situated on the Mississippi River, 153 miles above St. Louis, 
 15 below Quincy, Illinois, and 288 miles west from Chicago. The 
 town was laid out in 1819, incorporated as a town in 1839, and since 
 then as a city. Its population in 1840 numbered 600; in 1850, 
 255T; and in 1860 was 6451. The city is neatly and compactly 
 built, has an industrious and intelligent class of business men, and 
 commercial facilities surpassed by no point in the State except St. 
 Louis. Among the most elegant and substantial structures in the 
 city may be named Brittingham's Hall, the Hannibal City Institute, 
 and several fine churches. Of the latter, there are 3 Presbyterian, 
 (0. S. and N. S.,) 2 Methodist Episcopal (North and South,) Baptist, 
 Christian, Congregational, and Catholic churches. (For a complete 
 list of offices, business men, etc., see page 102 of Sutherland & 
 McEvoy's State Business Directory for 1860.) There are 2 excel- 
 lent daily and weekly newspapers published in Hannibal, (see list in 
 another chapter,) 2 banks, and 4 literary societies. When the Han- 
 nibal and Peoria Railroad (now in course of construction) is com- 
 pleted, this will be the terminus of three railroad lines : the Han- 
 
Mcdonald county. 317 
 
 nibal and St. Joseph Railroad, the Pike County Raih'oad, and the 
 Hannibal and Peoria. This place is rapidly increasing in population 
 and importance. 
 
 Marion City is situated twelve miles above Hannibal, and seven 
 miles east from Palmyra. The town has an excellent steamboat 
 landing, and is bordered on the west by a range of high bluffs, 
 (some three miles distant,) while the land in the vicinity of the town 
 is level and very fertile. This place was laid out in 1835, and in 
 1837 contained a population of 300. In 1859 the population was 
 about 1000. 
 
 Philadelphia is situated fifteen miles west-northwest from Han- 
 nibal. It was first settled in 1830, by William Muldrow and others, 
 and in 1836 was "the site of the department of arts and sciences of 
 Marion College," which institution had been founded on the manual- 
 labor plan, by Dr. David Nelson, William Muldrow, and Dr. David 
 Clark. Improvements were erected previous to 1837, which cost 
 upwards of $70,000, and Marion College then had seven teachers and 
 116 pupils, and was incorporated by the Legislature in 1831. There 
 are in the town Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches, and 
 a population of about 300. 
 
 Mcdonald county. 
 
 This county is situated in the extreme southwestern corner of the 
 State, bounded on the north by Newton County, on the east by Barry, 
 on the south by Arkansas, and on the west by the Indian Territory, 
 and contains an area of 648 square miles. 
 
 History. — The first settlements made here were in 1830, by Augus- 
 tus J. Friend, P. Williams, R. Lauderdale, Tiner, Mathews, Elevens, 
 and Holcomb, whose families at that time numbered about forty souls. 
 The county-seat was formerly at Rutledge, but is now at Pineville, 
 which was once called Marysville, under which name it was first 
 settled and located by J. B. King. In 1850 the population of the 
 county was 2236; in 1856 it had increased to 3533; and in 1860, to 
 4061. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is broken, and much 
 of the upland sterile and unproductive for some crops, but good for 
 fruit. The valleys are fertile, and well adapted to farming or stock- 
 growing purposes. The county is drained by Elk River, a tributary 
 of the Arkansas, and by its tributaries, severally named Buffalo, Pat- 
 
318 Mcdonald county. 
 
 tersoii's, Indian, Sugar, North Sugar, Battle, and Honey Creeks. 
 Most of these streams are rapid, and afford excellent water power for 
 mills or manufactories, which, when erected, would prove of great ad- 
 vantage to the community, and profitable to the proprietors. The 
 timber consists of oak, walnut, pine, cedar, wild cherry, etc. Proba- 
 bly four-fifths of the county is timber land. 
 
 The Soil in the valleys and along the riv6r bottoms is fertile, while 
 on the uplands it is thin and gravelly — finely adapted to the culture 
 of the grape. The productions are wheat, corn, oats, barley, tobacco, 
 and the ordinary root crops. Wheat produces 25 bushels per acre ; 
 corn, 65 bushels; potatoes, 150 bushels; onions, 150 bushels; tur- 
 nips, 200 bushels; tobacco 1000 pounds per acre. The principal 
 fruits are apples, pears, peaches, and cherries. Farmers and stock 
 growers with capital, and capitalists to improve the excellent water 
 power, are much needed. A heavy trade is done here with the Seneca, 
 Cherokee, and Creek Indians, which generally makes a good market 
 for all kinds of goods and produce. A good portion of the year the 
 Elk River is navigable, by which produce is flat-boated down into the 
 Arkansas to Fort Gibson and Van Buren, Arkansas, and after dispos- 
 ing of the produce or goods, the boats are eagerly sought for by the 
 Indians, who buy them at good prices. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are 15 churches in the county — 5 
 Methodist Episcopal, 5 Baptist, and 2 New School Presbyterian, 
 Christian, and Campbellite Presbyterian. Of public schools there 
 are 33 in the county, having 1693 pupils, and 6795 acres of school 
 land unsold. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — This county possesses an abundance of good 
 water })0wer, plenty of timber, and building stone, and is believed to 
 have extensive mineral deposits in its northern townships. Manufac- 
 turers, stock growers or horticulturists will find good opportunities 
 for investment and business here. The southwest branch of the 
 Pacific Railroad, when completed, will pass through the adjoining 
 county of Newton. 
 
 PINEVILLE, the present seat of justice, is built on Elk River, 6 
 miles from Rutledge, the former county-seat, 17 miles from Enter- 
 prise, 15 from Looniesville, 12 from Bethpage, 10 from Erie, and 100 
 from Van Buren, Arkansas. Pineville contains an academy, Masonic 
 Lodge, 4 churches — Methodist, Protestant Methodist, C. Presbyte- 
 rian, and Mis. Baptist — a flouring and 4 saw mills, several manufac- 
 tories and stores, and about 400 population. A commodious brick 
 court-house, and several new business houses are in course of erection. 
 This brisk new town is the residence of Hon. John S. Phelps, M. C, 
 
MERCER COUNTY. 319 
 
 Hon. J. C. Gullett, State Senator, and Hon. Win. C. Duval, State 
 Representative, 
 
 Enterprise, 20 miles southwest from Pineville, was laid out in 
 1835, by Rev. A. D. Smith, Rev. D. B. Gumming, and Hon. A. Hol- 
 comb, and now contains a church, public school, saw-mill, several 
 stores and mechanics' shops, and about 100 population. 
 
 Elk Mills is 18 miles from Pineville, and 24 from Neosho. Popu- 
 lation 15. 
 
 White Rock Prairie, 1 miles from the county-seat, is the center 
 for a fertile section of country, contains a number of business houses, 
 and a population of about 100. 
 
 Each of the towns above named is well supplied with business 
 houses, but the county is settling rapidly, and there will soon be good 
 openings for all kinds of mechanics and tradesmen. 
 
 MERCER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the Iowa State line, about midway be- 
 tween the two great rivers that wash either shore of the northern 
 part of the State, and is bounded on the east by Dodge and Sullivan, 
 south by Grundy, and on the west by Harrison. 
 
 The first settlements were made in 1837, by Allen M. England and 
 Thomas Witten. The county has an area of 500 square miles ; had 
 5603 inhabitants in 1856; and 9310 in 1860. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the country is level and undu- 
 lating, the soil generally fertile, with about an equal division of prai- 
 rie and timber, which consists of white oak, bur oak, walnut, hard 
 maple, white maple, linden, etc. It is drained by Weldon River, 
 crooked fork of Grand River, Medicine and Muddy Creeks. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is generally fertile, and produces 
 an abundant yield of most kinds of agricultural products, to wit : of 
 hemp, 1000 pounds to the acre; tobacco, 1000; flax, 300 pounds; 
 corn, 100 bushels; wheat, 33 bushels; rye, 40; oats, 50; buckwheat, 
 40 ; while the yield of vegetables will compare favorably with almost 
 any section. Of Hungarian grass, as high as 7 tons, and of timothy, 
 5 tons, are said to have been cut per acre. These farm statistics are 
 somewhat above the average yield. Good unimproved land is worth 
 from $3 to $7 per acre; and improved, from $10 to $15. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — This county has an abundance of excellent 
 
320 MILLER COUNTY. 
 
 timber aud building stone, very fertile soils, abundance of water, 
 healthy climate, and good demand for all kinds of produce. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal and iron ore have recently been discovered by Mr. 
 Williams, an old miner, and it is thought both these valuable minerals 
 will be found iu extensive beds. A large deposit of copper is said 
 to have been discovered near Ravenna. Farmers and mechanics will 
 do well to examine this county. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are in Princeton 1 Methodist 
 church, 40 members; Baptist, 60 members; and the Christian church, 
 50. There are 65 district schools in the county. 
 
 PEINCETON, the county-seat, is a thrifty town of 500 inhabitants, 
 with a good newspaper, "Princeton Reporter," Jas. A. Scarbaugh, 
 Editor; also a good representation of business houses. It was first 
 settled by John R. Davis, and incorporated March 4, 1855. 
 
 Ravenna has 200 population; Middleburgh, 100; Somerset, 50; 
 Madisonville, 50. 
 
 MILLER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south central part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Cole and Moniteau, on the south by Pulaski 
 and Camden, on the east by Osage and Maries, and on the west by 
 Morgan and Camden Counties. This county contains an area of 5'70 
 square miles, was first settled in 1830, before the county was formed, 
 and was named in honor of John Miller, former Governor of Mis- 
 souri. The population of the county in 1840 was 22-32; in 1850, 
 3834; in 1856, 4024; and in 1860, 6316. 
 
 Physical Features, etc. — The surface of the county is generally 
 broken timber land, and the land is thin and sterile except along the 
 valleys of the streams. The county is intersected by Osage River, 
 which is navigable from four to six months of the year. Some good 
 mill sites are found on Tavern and Auglaize Creeks, and there is an 
 abundance of excellent walnut, and sugar maple, and oak for lumber. 
 The principal crops are wheat, corn, and oats. The soil and climate 
 are well adapted to fruit culture, and also to stock growing. The 
 yield of tobacco is above the average; corn, 65 bushels to the acre; 
 wheat, 25. The common varieties of fruit are abundant. This county 
 is well adapted to stock raising. Grazing lands occupy a fair pro- 
 portion of the county. Timothy yields 2| tons, Hungarian grass, 3 
 tons, oats, 35 bushels to the acre. 
 
MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 321 
 
 History. — Miller County was first settled in 1815, by Seneca R. Y. 
 Day and others. Present population of the county 4000. 
 
 There is no newspaper in the county, and no bankers ; one lawyer, 
 and no doctor; 2 merchants, 1 grocer, 1 druggist, 2 blacksmiths, no 
 wagon-makers, 1 steam flouring-mill, 1 hotel. The principal denom- 
 inations represented are Methodists and Baptists. There are no 
 private schools ; the public are the only schools. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — This county being situated near the Mis- 
 souri River, and the Osage passing quite through it with its various 
 resources of minerals, both lead and iron, together with its land and 
 water privileges along the rivers and creeks, offers to the capitalists 
 rare opportunities for investment. Land unimproved can be bought 
 at from $2 to $6 per acre; improved, from $5 to $12. 
 
 TUSCUMBIA, the county-seat, and only town of importance in 
 the county, is on the Osage River, 35 miles fi-om Jefferson City, and 
 150 miles from St. Louis. The first settlements here were made in 
 1833, and a post-office was established four years afterward. The 
 town contains one Lodge each of Masons and Odd Fellows, 1 saw 
 and grist mill, 2 stores, 2 blacksmiths, 4 shoemakers, 1 wagon shop, 
 1 tailor shop, and 1 cooper, cabinetmaker, druggist, surveyor, tinner, 
 hotel, 2 school teachers, etc. Population about 200. 
 
 The remaining towns of note are Mount Pleasant, Iberia, Spring 
 Garden, and Rocky Mount. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast corner of the State, is 
 bordered on the north, east, and south by the Mississippi River, 
 which divides it from Illinois and Kentucky. The county contains 
 about 256,000 acres of land, most of which is susceptible of cultiva- 
 tion, and is a rich, alluvial soil, called, in Western parlance, "i-iver 
 bottoms," a soil every way as productive as the delta of ancient 
 Egypt. Owing to the peninsular shape of the county, being nearly 
 surrounded by the river, and the fact that a large water-course (James 
 Bayou) runs through its center almost the entire length, having as 
 much fall in twenty-one miles as the river has in seventy-five, it is 
 susceptible of being drained at a trifling expense. Probably there is 
 not, in all Southeast Missouri, an equal amount of land that can be 
 21 
 
322 MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 
 
 drained and made arable with so little labor. To protect the country 
 from overflow the county built some thirty miles of levee at an ex- 
 pense of near $100,000. 
 
 The census taken in 185G shows a white population of 3390, a 
 slave population of 914, making a total of 4304; in 1860 it con- 
 tained 4708 inhabitants; this is exclusive of the employees of the 
 Cairo and Fulton Railroad, which number several hundreds. 
 
 Products. — The staple crop of the county is corn, yielding from 40 
 to 100 bushels per acre. Wheat does very well in the prairies, the 
 timber lands being yet too new. Hemp and tobacco have been culti- 
 vated only to a limited extent, the objection being that they grow too 
 large. Oats do well, and the coarser grasses, such as timothy, grow 
 very luxuriantly, producing three and four tons to the acre. Garden 
 vegetables attain a size that would be deemed fabulous in the hills, or 
 under a more northern clime. Apples are very fine, but as yet there 
 are few orchards, an evil that a few years will remedy. Peaches are 
 abundant, but little care is taken in selecting the best varieties. The 
 pecan is plentiful, and yields abundantly. Millet grows very large ; and 
 the new Hungarian grass is admirably adapted to this county. Should 
 that new potato, the " discorea," prove successful, this is just the place 
 for it, as the loose, rich, sandy soil will permit it to grow as big as a 
 barrel if it chooses, and will admit of its going toward China, ad 
 infinitum. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The Cairo and Fulton Railroad runs 
 through the northern portion of the county ; the line is nearly direct, 
 deflecting a little to the south to pass through Charleston. The dis- 
 tance through the county is about twenty-one miles, and nearly a 
 "dead level," requiring very little embankment, and not crossing a 
 stream or slough of any importance. The company, under the con- 
 trol of Mason Brayman, President, Sylvester Sexton, Superintendent 
 of Construction, and J. H. Crocker, Chief Engineer, are pushing the 
 work as fast as practicable. 
 
 The total stock subscription of this road is $1,261,115; the total 
 number of acres granted by counties, 570,501, which, at $2 50 per 
 acre, would bring $1,426,212 50. 
 
 The prospects of this company are represented as being very fair, 
 and its means ample to secure the completion of the road. This road 
 Avas opened to Charleston, twelve miles from the Mississippi River, in 
 July, 1859, and is being rapidly constructed. 
 
 This county has a heavy indebtedness to liquidate, and a long levee 
 to keep in repair, but there is no better land in the State than is 
 
MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 323 
 
 found here, nor an}^ county in the State enjoying better market 
 facilities, (except, perhaps, St. Louis,) as the very farthest point in 
 the county from river or railroad is but twelve miles. All kinds of 
 grain, grasses, and fruit that flourish in this latitude yield enormous 
 crops here. The editor of the Courier has samples of timothy, 
 whole fields of which grow six feet high, and millet full eight feet in 
 height. The prospects are fair for a rapid advance of this county, in 
 the point of commercial and agricultural wealth and importance ; 
 especially so when we look forward to the improvement of the im- 
 mense beds of bog iron ore which are found in various parts of the 
 county, and which are rich enough to be worked to advantage where 
 fuel is cheap and limestone available, which is the case here. 
 
 To whom belongs the honor of making the first settlement in this 
 county, we have been unable to ascertain; but learn that Abraham 
 Hunter is considered the pioneer of the country, and, therefore, the 
 first locomotive introduced upon the Cairo and Fulton Railroad bears 
 his name. This road was opened on the 4th of July, 1859, and the 
 old gentleman, who had resided in this county fifty-five years, beheld 
 a locomotive for the first time in his life, and that locomotive bore the 
 name of "Abraham Hunter." This was the happiest day of the 
 old man's life. He greeted the arrival of the iron horse in a short 
 and appropriate speech, and closed with the sentiment, "May this 
 iron horse yet survive to quench his thirst from the waters of the 
 Pacific Ocean." We see by the American State papers that John 
 Johnson settled at Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, on the 26th of 
 August, 1800, by virtue of a grant from Henrie Peyroux, Command- 
 ant, under the Spanish government. 
 
 CHARLESTON, the county-seat, was incorporated February 21, 
 185*7, and is situated on Matthew's Prairie, and surrounded by ex- 
 tensive tracts of fertile land under a good state of cultivation. The 
 principal county buildings are of brick, and the M. E. Church is said 
 to be the finest in the State, south of St. Louis, Rev. T. W. Mitchell, 
 Pastor. The Baptists have also a very neat church, W. K. Young, 
 Pastor. Charleston contains 2 hotels, a printing-office, branch of 
 the Union Bank, large and commodious school-house, six merchants 
 and grocers, drug store, stove and hardware store, livery stable, 2 
 blacksmiths, 2 wagon-makers, 1 painter, 1 tinner, 2 shoemakers, 3 
 saddlers, 8 carpenters, 2 shoe shops, 1 tailor, 8 lawyers, and T phy- 
 sicians. The Free Masons, Odd Fellows, and Good Templars have 
 each an organization here, and a fine hall. The Courier, edited by 
 Geo. Whitcomb, is one of the best county papers in Southeast Mis- 
 
824 MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 
 
 souri, from which we have gathered considerable information respect- 
 ing this fertile county. 
 
 There is a weeping willow growing in the yard of Mr. James 
 Moore, of Charleston, that measures over twelve feet in circumfer- 
 ence, three feet from the ground. Its branches extend longitudinally 
 a distance of thirty-five to forty-five feet from the trunk, in every 
 direction, making a most grateful shade, and giving a commanding 
 and beautiftil appearance. This tree is the product of a riding switch 
 placed in the ground twenty-five years ago, by a person who plucked 
 the twig at Cape Girardeau. 
 
 Bird's Point is directly opposite Cairo, and is the eastern terminus 
 of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, and owing to the rock point here 
 projecting into the Mississippi, this is considered one of the most 
 permanent landings on the river. This site has belonged to the Bird 
 family ever since the territory was ceded to the United States. A 
 town is about being laid off and built here. The first settlement here 
 was in 1800, by John Johnson. 
 
 Ohio City was laid off in 1846 by Colonel Hiram Pearsons, and is 
 situated about a mile above Bird's Point, and is old enough to be a 
 town of larger dimensions and more importance than it is, but the 
 completion of the railroad through it has given this town a new 
 impetus. 
 
 Rodney Landing, two miles above Ohio City, is a shipping point 
 for an extensive district of country, and will ever continue so, having 
 a more extensive levee than Bird's Point. 
 
 Belmont, named after the American partner of the Rothschilds, is 
 opposite the depot of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, at Columbus. 
 This place was selected as the probable terminus of the Iron Mount- 
 ain Railroad, by the engineer, J. H. Morley, and so appears on the 
 map and report of that company to the Legislature in 1853 ; and, 
 also, as the terminus of a branch of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, 
 to connect it with the Mobile and Ohio Road. The State road 
 through the Counties of Cape Girardeau, Scott, and Mississippi term- 
 inates at this point, it being the best crossing place on the river 
 between Cairo and the Balize — long and familiarly known as the 
 "Iron Banks Ferry." The town belongs to the Belmont company 
 under the act of incorporation. Much of the stock is owned in 
 Frankfort and Louisville, Ky., St. Louis, and the City of New York. 
 
 Wolf Island lies immediately below Belmont, and is a fine farming 
 district, and its lands sell higher than other portions of the county. 
 It has two stores, a fine seminary, a Lodge of Free Masons, and is 
 
MONITEAU COUNTY. 325 
 
 one of the best settlements in the county, the people generally being 
 from "the first families" of Virginia and Kentucky. 
 
 St. James is a new town laid out on the Mississippi River, at the 
 mouth of James Bayou. There are two steam saw-mills at the place, 
 both doing a fine business, being as yet unable to supply the demand 
 for lumber for shipment. In addition, there is another saw-mill about 
 three miles above the bayou, making three saw-mills whose depot is 
 St. James. Upon the banks of James Bayou and its tributary — the 
 Black Bayou — there are large brakes or groves of the finest cypress 
 timber in the world ; also, in the surrounding country there is plenty 
 of walnut, gum, oak, and other timber. The town is situated at the 
 main and only good shipping point on the river, for a large portion 
 of this county and the northeastern part of New Madrid. 
 
 Arrangements have been made to lay off a new town at the Big 
 Spring on Sandy Ridge, near the old Spanish survey. This spring 
 is somewhat noted as being a resort of the Indians in olden times, the 
 ridge around it being high and dry, affording a fine camping ground; 
 and, afterward, was selected by Wm. Zane, Esq., under the Spanish 
 Government, as the best point for a station half way between New 
 Madrid and the mouth of the Ohio. There is abundance of the best 
 of cypress, oak, walnut, gum, cherry, locust, and other valuable tim- 
 ber in the county, and we see no reason why this should not be one 
 of the greatest lumber depots in the West. A flouring-mill is much 
 needed at Charleston, as a large amount of wheat is raised annually 
 in Matthew's Prairie and the surrounding country. 
 
 MONITEAU COUNTY. 
 
 This is probably the most central county in the State, and is bounded 
 on the east by Cole County and the Missouri River, on the south by 
 Cole, Miller, and Morgan Counties, and on the north by Cooper 
 County and the Missouri River. It embraces a superficial area of 
 about 400 square miles, and had a population in 1860 of 10,947, 
 including 745 slaves. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county presents every variety of surface, 
 from the low alluvial bottoms of the Missouri to the high prairie 
 lands of the south and west, which rise to an altitude varying from 
 350 to 500 feet above the Missouri River. The general features of 
 
326 MONITEAU COUNTY. 
 
 the couuty may be characterized as broken or hilly, with about an 
 equal division of prairie and timber. There are extensive districts, 
 however, possessing excellent soil with a surface sufficiently undula- 
 ting to secure good drainage. 
 
 Soils. — The richest and deepest soil is found in the alluvial bottoms 
 of the Missouri River, in the northeast portion of the county, and in 
 the valleys of the Moniteau, Moreau, and their tributaries. "The 
 largest bodies of arable lands are found in township 45, ranges 15, 
 16, and 17; and in township 44, ranges 16 and 11, which contain 
 much beautiful prairie; township 43, range 15, and that portion of 
 range 16 in this county, contains much elevated undulating prairie 
 land of fair quality, but not equal to that farther northwest." The 
 other townships are more broken, but in the small valleys and along 
 the gentler slopes good farming land is found which is susceptible of 
 profitable cultivation. In the valleys and along many of the sti'eams 
 good springs are found, but they are seldom met with in the elevated 
 localities. There is an abundance of timber — in the valleys it con- 
 sists of oak, elm, hickory, ash, walnut, maple, hackberry, buttonwood, 
 and poplar, etc., while in the higher lands there is little else than the 
 several varieties of oak and hickor3^ 
 
 A great many "sink holes" are found in the northern and western 
 portions of the couuty, generally near the bluffs along the streams, 
 which terminate in fissures or caverns in the rock beneath. These 
 singular depressions or holes have the form of a broad inverted cone ; 
 or, as an old hunter described them, "like large bowls with the bot- 
 toms knocked out." Near the Missouri bluffs south of Mount Yernon 
 they are quite numerous, and have been mistaken by many persons 
 for ancient mines or old mineral shafts. 
 
 Farm Products. — In the northern portion of the county a consid- 
 erable amount of tobacco is raised, which, with wheat, corn, and 
 grapes, are the principal products of the soil. Some of the best 
 yields are as follows : corn, 75 bushels to the acre; wheat, 40; rye, 40 ; 
 barley, 50; oats, 65; buckwheat, 50; hemp, 1500 pounds; tobacco, 
 1200 pounds; potatoes, 250 bushels; carrots and turnips, 500 each; 
 beets, 200; onions, 500; Hungarian grass, 4 tons; timothy, 3 tons; 
 clover, 2 tons per acre. Cultivated farms are worth from $10 to $40 
 per acre ; uncultivated land, from $5 to $15 per acre. 
 
 Stone Coal. — This mineral is found in sufficient quantities to sup- 
 ply the wants of the inhabitants for many years. Rich beds of both 
 bituminous and cannel coal are found in the county, and heavy veins 
 of the former are opened about three miles north of California, the 
 county-seat; and in the vicinity of High Point, about twelve miles 
 
MONITEAU COUNTY. 327 
 
 south, rich deposits of the latter have been discovered. Some of the 
 best banks are located as follows : about three miles northwest from 
 Jamestown, in section 1, township 46, range 15, near a small branch 
 of Howard Creek ; also, near the head of Upper Brush Creek, in 
 section 6, township 46, range 15 — this vein is about nine feet in thick- 
 ness, and upwards of 30,000 bushels have been taken out of this bank; 
 another bed is situated. in section 26, township 45, range 17, in the 
 Willow Fork of the Moreau; also, in section 24, township 44, range 
 15, on one of the small tributaries of the Moreau a large bed of can- 
 nel coal is found. 
 
 Lead Ore. — Lead has been discovered at numerous localities in all 
 those portions of the county where magnesian limestone forms the 
 surface rock. Several openings have been made and considerable 
 quantities of lead taken out in section 25, township 46, range 15; 
 also, in section 5, township 45, range 14; and in section 17, township 
 45, range 14. From the last-named locality as high as 10,000 pounds 
 of mineral have been taken out in one day by four men. " Perhaps 
 the most valuable discovery of lead yet made in this county is what 
 is known as 'High Point Lead Mine.' This mine was first opened in 
 1841, and worked without much capital or skill until about 1845, at 
 which time operations were suspended. During the period this mine 
 was worked, upwards of two millions of pounds of lead were raised 
 and smelted." It has since been purchased by another company, and 
 is now being successfully and profitably worked. Building stone, 
 limestone, mill-stones, clays for brick, etc., are found in this county 
 in abundance. For full particulars in regard to the geology of this 
 county we refer the reader to the able report of Professor Meek, in 
 the State Geological Survey. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are in this county twenty-five church 
 organizations, embracing Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Chris- 
 tians, Catholics, etc. There are forty-two free school-houses in the 
 county, in which over 2000 children are taught. The amount raised 
 to build and repair school-houses in 1857, $2420 41 ; amount appor- 
 tioned to the county by the State for 1859 was $2546 79. There is 
 a seminary at California, also an excellent male and female academy 
 at Tipton, both in a flourishing condition and well supported. 
 
 CALIFOENIA, the county-seat, is situated on the Pacific llailroad, 
 twenty-five nules from Jefferson City, and contains a population of 
 900. There are in the town 8 merchants, 5 lawyers, 4 physicians, a 
 large steam flouring-mill, tobacco manufactory, a weekly newspaper, 
 (the California Neivs,) with a circulation of 800 copies, 3 churches, 
 a seminary, and a number of private schools. 
 
328 MONROE COUNTY. 
 
 Tipton is a flourishing town on the Pacific Railroad, twelve miles 
 west of California, and has a population of 600. This is an extensive 
 business point and is growing rapidly. It is surrounded by one of 
 the richest farming regions in the county. 
 
 Mount Vernon and Jamestown are thriving towns in the north- 
 western part of the county. 
 
 MONROE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east-northeastern part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Ralls, west by Randolph and Shelby, north 
 by Shelby and Marion, and south by Audrain County, and contains 
 an area of about 620 square miles. The population of Monroe 
 County in 1840 was 9505; in 1850, 10,543; in 1856, 11,353; and in 
 1860, 14,933. 
 
 Physical Features. — About two-thirds of this county is timber 
 land. The prairies are small and fertile. The largest body of prai- 
 rie land in the county is an arm of Grand Prairie, in the southern 
 part of the county, which is exceedingly fertile and well settled. The 
 general character of the county is undulating, and the timber consists 
 of oaks, hickories, ash, elm, hackberry, walnut, buckeye, sugar maple, 
 sycamore, linn, and birch. The timber is well distributed throughout 
 the county. The principal streams in the county are Salt River and 
 its branches. Middle Fork, Elk Fork, South Fork, and Long Branch, 
 and also Crooked, Indian, and Otter Creeks. Williams's Spring, at 
 Paris, is one of considerable note. (See analysis of the water, page 
 238, Appendix Geological Report.) 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is generally fertile and well 
 adapted to all purposes of the farmer or stock grower. The higher 
 rolling lands are well adapted to the growth of fine tobacco, which is 
 one of the principal staples of the county. Corn is raised extensively. 
 This has been a good stock-growing region since its first settlement, 
 and as early as in 1830 (six years after it was organized) the farmers 
 raised for sale horses, mules, horned cattle, sheep, and hogs ; and in 
 1836 there were about 500 mules sold from this county. 
 
 History. — The portion of Ralls County now forming Monroe was 
 first settled in 1820, 1821, by Daniel and Jacob Whittenburg, Tyra 
 Harris, Pleasant Ford, Ezra Fox, Hugh and James Wills, John Gee, 
 James and Matthew Mappin, and John C. Milligan, with their sev- 
 eral families. The county was formed from Ralls in 1830, and organ- 
 
MONROE COUNTY. 329 
 
 ized in 1831, at whicli time it contained the families before named ; 
 and sucli was the increase of business and population, that the asses- 
 sor's returns for 1836 estimated the amount of goods imported into the 
 county that year to be upwards of $200,000 worth. In 1830 there were 
 less than 300 voters, and in 1836 the number had increased to nearly 
 1500. Wetmore's Gazetteer, 1837, says: "Ou a stream called Sweet 
 Lick there is a battle-field so thickly covered with the bones of com- 
 batants slain there, as to deserve a high place in the annals of blood- 
 letting. The conflict was between the Sac and Fox Indians and the 
 Sioux. Tradition does not particularize the battle, nor are we able 
 to determine to which nation of these red warriors victory was 
 awarded by the Great Spirit. The same powerful incentive, the love 
 of glory, that strewed the field of Waterloo, governed the whirlwind 
 of passion on this field of savage slaughter; and a like cause of war, 
 the ambition of rival chiefs, governed in both instances." 
 
 The Churches and Schools are named in the towns in which they 
 are located. There are 35 in the county : Christian, 1 ; Baptist, 8 ; 
 Catholic, 2 ; Presbyterian, 10 ; M. E., 8. The school buildings are 
 good, and the educational institutions, both select and public, liberally 
 patronized, and generally under the control of competent and expe- 
 rienced teachers. This county has a school fund, arising in part from 
 the sale of swamp lands, which we see by the Paris Mercury sold as 
 high as $20 an acre, and that during the sale $28,000 worth were sold 
 in one day. There are 58 school-houses in the county, and 3 acade- 
 mies. In 1858 there was $12,390 paid to the teachers of public schools, 
 and only four counties in the State that expended more for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Minerals, Building Materials, etc.— There are good coal banks 
 opened near Paris, and a good portion of the county is underlaid 
 with coal of sufficient thickness to justify working. Limestone, free- 
 stone, and sandstone are abundant in various localities, and good clay 
 for stoneware or for brick making. 
 
 Both farmers and mechanics are wanted in this county, and will 
 find good openings for business. Steam mills are needed at several 
 localities, and several good water-power sites are unimproved. At 
 Paris (the center of a good agricultural region) a steam flouring and 
 grist mill is much needed, and would prove a paying investment. 
 Brick and stone masons are also wanted. 
 
 PARIS, the county-seat, is situated on the south bank of the Mid- 
 dle Fork of Salt River, very near the center of the county. Six years 
 before the county was formed, this town was laid out by Messrs. 
 James II. Abernathy, James C. Fox, and E. W. McBride; and in 
 
330 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1837 contained seven stores and a number of families. It was incor- 
 porated as a city November 19, 1855, and has now a population of 
 1000; with 5 churches — Presbyterian, Methodist, Christian, Baptist, 
 and Calvinist — a Masonic and an Odd Fellows' Lodge, a branch 
 bank, newspaper office, male and female seminary, and a good repre- 
 sentation of business houses, mechanics, etc. This place was origin- 
 ally located in a forest of timber, and as it has improved, the forest 
 has given way. The prairies, 2^ miles distant, are thickly settled with 
 industrious farmers. Population 1000. 
 
 Florida is situated on the south bank of Salt River, 12 miles due 
 east from Paris, and 6 miles south from Monroe Station on the Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph Railroad. This is one of the oldest towns in the 
 county, settled about the same time as Paris, and in 1836 contained 4 
 stores. It now has 2 very fine water mills, and a thrifty, energetic 
 population of 250. 
 
 Madison is 12 miles west from the county-seat, population 225, 
 with churches, schools, and business houses in proportion. 
 
 Santa Fe is in the southeast township of the county, on the South 
 Fork of Salt River, 12 miles from Paris, and about 13 miles from 
 Mexico, on the North Missouri Railroad. It was first settled in 
 1830, in the timber, and now contains 3 churches — Baptist, Methodist, 
 and Christian — 1 woolen factory, distillery, and a good representa- 
 tion of business houses. Population 150. 
 
 Somerset and Indian Creek (or Elizabethtown) are villages of 
 some promise. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the eastern part of the State, bounded 
 on the east by Warren and Lincoln, on the west by Callaway and 
 Audrain, on the north by Audrain and Pike Counties, and on the 
 south by Warren County and the Missouri River. Montgomery 
 contains an area of 504 square miles. 
 
 History. — This county was erected from St. Charles, in 1818, and 
 some of the most daring battles fought between the pioneers and the 
 savages occurred upon territory now embraced within its limits. In 
 1840 the county contained 43U inhabitants; in 1850, 5489; in 1856, 
 1263; and in 18G0, 9011. 
 
 Physical Features. — The northern portion of the county is level 
 prairie ; the southern, broken timber land. There is considerable 
 prairie in the northern and northeastern portion of the county. Can- 
 
MORGAN COUNTY. 331 
 
 nel coal has been found in considerable quantities near Danville, and 
 bituminous coal, near Wellsville, is very abundant. The county is 
 drained by Loutre River, Oak and Hickory Creeks, and their tribu- 
 taries. There are several fine springs in the county, good building 
 stone, clay for brick, and indications of lead ore. 
 
 Soil and Productions — The soil is generally fertile, and adapted to 
 the production of corn, oats, tobacco, barley, and fruit of various 
 kinds. Improved lands are worth from $10 to $30 per acre ; and 
 unimproved, $5 to $15. Stock growing would be a very profitable 
 and successful business. Having the Missouri River on the south, for 
 shipment, and being traversed by railroad, the county possesses supe- 
 rior commercial facilities. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county 1 newspaper, 8 law- 
 yers, 11 physicians, 20 merchants, 6 grocers, no druggist, no silversmith, 
 2 tinners, 10 blacksmiths, 4 wagon-makers, 4 saddlers, 5 tailors, 6 shoe- 
 makers, no cabinetmaker, 2 carpenters, 1 tobacco manufactory, 6 steam 
 and 2 water saw-mills, 3 steam and 1 water flouring-mills. The 
 classes most needed are farmers, brickmakers, brick-masons, wagon- 
 makers, tinners, and carpenters. 
 
 DANVILLE, the county-seat, pleasantly and advantageously situ- 
 ated in Jjoutre Prairie, was incorporated March 2, 1855, and has a 
 populatic.n of 450. Middletown, 300 ; High Hill, 200 ; Wellsville, 
 150 ; Montgomery City, incorporated February 9, 1859, 250 ; Flor- 
 ence, 50. The four last named are on the North Missouri Railroad, 
 which passes through the county. Distance from county-seat to Jef- 
 ferson City, 50 miles; to St. Louis, by railroad, 84 miles. 
 
 MORGAN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the central part of the State, and is 
 bounded on the north by Cooper, northeast by Moniteau, which sep- 
 arates it from the Missouri, on the east by Miller, on the south by 
 Camden, and on the west by Benton and Pettis Counties; and had a 
 population, in 1860, of 1624 whites, 650 slaves, and 18 free colored. 
 It was first settled about 1819-20, and in 1850 contained 6005 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is undulating, with 
 about an equal division of prairie and timber. It is watered by the 
 Osage River and its tributaries on the south, Gravois Creek in the 
 east, and the head waters of the La Mine on the north. The prairies 
 
332 MORGAN COUNTY. 
 
 and the valleys along the streams are very fertile, and produce large 
 crops of all the fruits, grains, and grasses that grow in this latitude ; 
 while the ridges are well adapted to the grape culture, both in soil 
 and climate. 
 
 Minerals. — Lead ore, bituminous and cannel coal, limestone, and 
 freestone are found in various parts of the county. The coal is 
 represented as being of the best quality. 
 
 The price of improved land in the county is from $1 to $30 per 
 acre ; unimproved, from $3 to $7. Farmers and mechanics of all kinds 
 are needed here, and can do well. 
 
 The principal natural advantages of Morgan County are a healthy 
 climate, fertile soil, good schools, an intelligent community, no county 
 debt, cheap lands, and a good market for produce, and for building 
 purposes good material. There are a number of steam and water 
 power flouring and saw mills, carding machines, and distilleries in the 
 county. 
 
 In Wetmore's Gazetteer, published in 1831, the author says : "There 
 is a cave in this county, near the Gravois, which opens at the base of 
 a hill, and extends through it a distance of two hundred yards ; a 
 person on horseback can ride through it with perfect convenience." 
 This description of its location is very indeiinite ; but, never having 
 seen it, we cannot speak from personal observation. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are 10 churches in the county, prin- 
 cipally of the Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian denominations. 
 Of schools there are 35, attended by about 2000 pupils, and supported 
 by State aid and private subscription. 
 
 VERSAILLES, the county- seat, is situated near the center of the 
 county, on the " divide" between the waters of the Osage and the La 
 Mine Rivers, on a beautiful prairie, with an abundance of timber on 
 the south, and fine farming land all around it. Population about 500. 
 A large bed of cannel coal has been opened at Yersailles, and about 
 H miles distant bituminous coal is found in large quantities. Ten miles 
 from Yersailles is a large spring, which affords sufficient water power 
 to propel a grist and saw mill, and a carding machine. 
 
 The Osage Valley and Southern Kansas Railroad, projected to run 
 from Tipton, on the Pacific Railroad, to the Kansas line in Bates 
 County, passes through Versailles ; and from Tipton to Versailles it 
 is under contract and rapidly being made. Of business houses in Ver- 
 sailles, there are 3 hotels, 5 stores, 1 furniture store, 1 drug store, 2 
 saddlers, 1 shoe shop, 2 groceries, 2 blacksmiths ; and several carpen- 
 ters, cabinetmakers, physicians, lawyers, etc. Distant from St. Louis, 
 165 miles; Jefferson City, 40; Syracuse, 17; Tipton, 16; and Boon- 
 ville, 40 miles. 
 
NEW MADRID COUNTY. 333 
 
 Syracuse is pleasantly and advantageously situated on the Pacific 
 Railroad, in the northern part of the county. This being the shipping 
 point for a large section of country, the town has grown very rapidly, 
 and now has a population of 600. There are many extensive busi- 
 ness houses here, and a heavy trade carried on with Southwest Mis- 
 souri and the surrounding country. The great overland mail for 
 California leaves the Pacific Railroad at this point, and the Missouri 
 Stage Company's first-class Concord coaches leave Syracuse daily for 
 the North, South, and West. All the coaches leave the " Brayton 
 House," including the overland mail, where their general office is 
 kept. Milo June, Esq., is the agent for the company. Much credit 
 is due to the energy of Thomas R. Brayton, Esq., and a few other 
 enterprising men, whose energy and public spirit have done much 
 toward the improvement of the town. 
 
 Tuckerville, in the southwestern corner of the county, on the 
 Osage ; Mining Point, in the southeastern, on the Osage, at the 
 mouth of Gravois Creek ; Stone House, in the eastern ; Minerva, in 
 the western ; and Wheatland, in the northeastern portion of the 
 county, are all places of some note and enterprise, and bid fair to 
 become populous towns. 
 
 NEW MADRID COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated near the southeastern extremity of the 
 State, bounded on the northeast by Mississippi County, on the east 
 by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Tennessee and Ken- 
 tucky, on the west by Stoddard and Dunklin, north by Scott, and 
 south by Pemiscot County. It contained, in 1840, 4554 inhabitants ; 
 in 1850, 4270; in 1856, 4317; and in 1860, 4759. The county-seat 
 (same name) contained, in 1859, a population of about 900. 
 
 Physical Features. — This and adjoining counties embrace most of 
 what is termed in the government surveys as "the Swamp Region." 
 The general surface of the county is a level plain, watered by lakes 
 and sluggish streams, and some portions are heavily timbered with 
 oaks, ash, hickory, walnut, hackberry, boxwood, coffee-bean, black 
 locust, black and sweet gum, and cypress. 
 
 The Soil is exceedingly fertile, and produces enormous yields of 
 coru, wheat, oats, hemp, cotton, and all the root crops. Corn and 
 stock are the staple products ; and it is estimated that there is more 
 
334 NEW MADRID COUNTY. 
 
 corn raised in this county, taking one jeai' with another, than in any 
 other county in the State, and that those engaged in farming here 
 receive a better income from their labors than the same number any- 
 where else in Missouri. 
 
 History. — Settlements were made at New Madrid by a few Spanish 
 families as early as 1780. About that date, an attempt was made by 
 the Spanish Government to monopolize the navigation of the Mis- 
 sissippi River ; and to carry out their plans, a revenue oflQcer, with a 
 strong, well-armed guard, and military post was established at New 
 Madrid and other points below, (in 1786,) at which all boats from the 
 Ohio River region were required to land, and comply with their rev- 
 enue laws, which were rigorously enforced by military officers, even 
 to the seizure and confiscation of the boats and cargo ; and, in some 
 instances, the owners and officers of them were fined, imprisoned, and 
 sent penniless away. The settlements along the valley of the Ohio, 
 and in the district then claimed by Georgia, had become populous 
 and important, and the citizens regarded the duties levied upon their 
 produce and goods as exorbitant, and claimed that they were unjustly 
 and cruelly imposed upon, naturally having a right to the free naviga- 
 tion of the Mississippi. The Americans were as earnest in resisting 
 these unjust exactions as the Spanish were in enforcing them; and to 
 such an extent had this oppression been enforced, from 1785 to 1787, 
 that the. Western people became greatly incensed, and a general feel- 
 ing of revenge pervaded the entire Ohio region, from the sources of 
 the Monongahela to those of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, 
 and a military invasion of Louisiana was planned, as the only efficient 
 means of securing to them their rights, and redressing the wrongs 
 they had received. With a view of the impending conflict between 
 the Spanish and Federal powers, and the disastrous consequences 
 that must follow. Colonel James Wilkinson, an intelligent merchant 
 and prominent citizen of Kentucky, went to New Orleans with several 
 boats loaded with produce, in 1787, and represented to Governor 
 Miro a true condition of affairs, stating at length what he considered 
 the political interest of Spain to be, and of the Americans located 
 upon the Western waters. The Governor was pleased with his sug- 
 gestions ; but alarmed by the statements of the impending danger of 
 invasion, and requested Colonel Wilkinson to put his views and sug- 
 gestions in writing, that they might be dispatched to the King of 
 Spain. In this paper, of some twenty pages, he set forth the natural 
 advantages and resources of the Northwest, the strength and uncom- 
 promising character of the people, and their determination to engage 
 in a hostile invasion of Louisiana, and a seizure of the port of New 
 
NEW MADRID COUNTY. 335 
 
 Orleans, provided tlie Federal Government failed to oljtain from 
 Spain, by negotiation, such commercial privileges in Louisiana as 
 were indispensable to the prosperity of the Western people. Gover- 
 nor Miro transmitted this document to Spain, to be laid before the 
 king, and the views and suggestions of Colonel Wilkinson were un- 
 hesitatingly adopted ; and an entire change in the government and 
 policy of Louisiana was the result. The rivers were at once thrown 
 open to the free use of the Americans, and grants of lands and other 
 privileges (heretofore granted only to the most favored nations) were 
 offered to Americans from Kentucky and the Cumberland River, to 
 induce them to emigrate to West Florida, and establish themselves 
 under the protection of Spain. The formation of American settle- 
 ments in Upper Louisiana, as well as in the Florida District of Lower 
 Louisiana, was considered by the Governor as the most important 
 step toward accomplishing a political union between the Western 
 people and the Province of Louisiana, Accordingly, in 1188, a large 
 American settlement was planned to be made on the west side of the 
 Mississippi, between the mouth of the Ohio and the St. Fran9ois 
 Rivers. General Morgan, from New Jersey, received from the Span- 
 ish Government an extensive grant of land, "seventy miles below the 
 mouth of the Ohio," upon the ancient alluvions, (which extend west- 
 ward to Whitewater Creek,) upon the condition that he would there 
 establish himself and an American colony. He soon arrived with his 
 colony, and upon the beautiful rolling plains laid off the plot of a 
 magnificent city, which, in honor of the Spanish capital, he called 
 "New Madrid." The extent and plan of the new city was but little 
 if any inferior to the old capital, which it was to commemorate. Spa- 
 cious streets, extensive public squares, avenues, and promenades were 
 tastefully laid off to magnify and adorn the future city. In less than 
 twelve months it had assumed the appearance of a regularly built 
 town, with numerous temporary houses distributed over a high and 
 beautiful undulating plain. In the center of the site, and about one 
 mile from the Mississippi, was a pretty lake, to be inclosed by the 
 future streets of the city.* The early French settlers state that the 
 town originally extended forty acres in length along the river, and the 
 back part was contracted to twenty acres, on account of some swamps ; 
 while its depth was sixteen acres. It contained ten streets running par- 
 allel to the river, and eighteen others crossing at right angles ; the 
 former sixty, and the latter forty feet wide. Six squares, of two acres 
 each, were laid out and reserved for town parks, and a street one hun- 
 
 * Monette's Mississippi Valley. 
 
336 NEW MADRID COUNTY. 
 
 dred and twenty feet wide reserved on the bank of the river. This 
 scheme of colonization and its objects failed, and, after building a small 
 number of houses, the inhabitants became very sickly, and no further 
 progress was made in the settlement. Morgan, in consequence of some 
 obstacles to his designs, created by the Spanish Government, aban- 
 doned his pursuits and left the country; and many who joined the 
 colony returned to their former homes, while others removed farther 
 westward [ and but a few of the old settlers or their descendants re- 
 mained at the time of the earthquakes, in 1811-12. Early historians 
 have not spoken in very favorable terms of New Madrid and its loca- 
 tion. Professor William Darby, in his Emigrants' Guide, in 1818, 
 says : "N^ew Madrid has received a celebrity that must astonish those 
 who ever visited the place in open day. The ground upon which the 
 town stands is something higher than the ordinary bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi, but is exposed to the ravages of that stream, to whose encroach- 
 ments it has, in a great measure, yielded. The town is environed, 
 both above and below, with stagnant, muddy creeks. When to these 
 natural impediments were superadded the usual policy of the Span- 
 ish Government, no wonder need be excited at the little progress of 
 this town from 1187, the epoch of its foundation, until 1803, when it 
 was taken possession of by the United States. Since the latter period, 
 the advance of this place has been retarded by the natural inconve- 
 niences of its local position." 
 
 Mr. Thomas Nuttall, in his "Travels in the Arkansas Territory," 
 1821, says: "New Madrid is an insignificant French hamlet, contain- 
 ing little more than twenty log houses and stores, miserably supplied, 
 the goods of which are retailed at exorbitant prices." 
 
 New Madrid is now a handsome town, and surrounded by many 
 neat and commodious suburban residences. The planters of this 
 county are noted for their hospitality, refinement, and intelligence. 
 Such have been the encroachments of the river at this point, we are 
 informed, that where the original town was laid off is now one and a 
 half miles on the other side of the Mississippi, in Kentucky. (See 
 description of "Earthquakes of 1811-12," in Book II.) 
 
 Antiquities. — La Vaga, the historian of De Soto, states that when 
 he visited New Madrid it bore unequivocal marks of having been an 
 aboriginal station, still presenting the remains of mounds, which 
 abounded with fragments of earthenware. One of these mounds, situ- 
 ated about four miles below New Madrid, was 1200 feet in circumfer- 
 ence, and 40 feet in height, level upon the top, surrounded by a ditch 
 several feet in depth. It is situated on the margin of a beautiful lake, 
 (Brackenridge.) Numerous large grinders and mammoth bones have 
 been found in the edges of swamps and ponds in this region. 
 
NEWTON COUNTY. 337 
 
 NEWTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwestern corner of the State, 
 bounded on the north by Jasper, on the south by McDonald, which 
 separates it from the Arkansas line, and on the west by Kansas State 
 line. Population in 18G0, 9488. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is generally undula- 
 ting, with about an equal division of timber and prairie land. This 
 county embraces some of the finest agricultural lands in Southern 
 Missouri, both valley and upland. Of the latter, some of the most 
 fertile are Oliver's Prairie, Pool's Prairie, and Sarcoxie Prairie. The 
 valleys of nearly all the streams are rich and well timbered with oak, 
 hickory, walnut, elm, hackberry, mulberry, and a great abundance of 
 wild grape vines ; those of Indian, Hickory, Shoal, and Buffalo Creeks 
 have fine large timber in abundance. The three first named, together 
 with Copp's Creek and Lost Creek, afford water power probably 
 unsurpassed in the State. 
 
 Mineralogical Character. — In his report of the survey along 
 the line of the southwest branch of the Pacific Railroad, which 
 passes through the center of this county. Professor Swallow says: 
 " Some years ago, I reported this one of the best lead regions 
 in the world. All the subsequent developments have proved the 
 accuracy of that estimate of the mineral treasures of Jasper and 
 Newton Counties." The same writer says: "Mining at Granby 
 has been most successful, as is evinced by the great number of 
 miners and smelters and merchants who have there congregated in 
 so short a time, and so far from the great thoroughfares of travel, and 
 by their contentment and satisfaction with the result of their labors." 
 In the fall of 1854 there was not a cabin on the site where Granby 
 now stands, and only one shaft had been sunk below the surface. 
 Now there is a town of 2500 inhabitants, and hundreds of shafts have 
 been sunk, and are being worked to great profit. "The statistics of 
 one shaft will give an idea of the quantity of ore raised and the 
 profits of mining at this place. Mr. Frazier's shaft, as I am informed, 
 yields 100,000 pounds of galena per month. In one week alone it 
 yielded 50,000, which, at $20 per thousand, would amount to $1000; 
 deduct $150 for expenses, and the profits of this shaft alone were 
 $850 for that week; they average about $1400 per month."* 
 
 * ♦'The Geological Report of the Country along the line of the southwest 
 branch of the Pacific Railroad" gives the location of the most important lead 
 
 22 
 
338 NEWTON COUNTY. 
 
 The Neosho Herald of September eighth states that the furnace of 
 Blow & Keunett, at Granby, had lost but two days from the first of 
 March to that date, and that an average of near 20,000 pounds of 
 mineral per day had been smelted, which would net at the end of the 
 year over 6,000,000 pounds smelted by that establishment. The same 
 number of the Herald (an excellent paper, by the way) announces 
 that eight new shafts are being sunk by enterprising parties, and that 
 Blow & Kennett are erecting two " eyes" for smelting slag. 
 
 There are now in operation, in the county, three large steam fur- 
 naces, and others propelled by water and horse power. The amount 
 of mineral smelted within the last year was about 10,000,000 pounds, 
 which produced about 1,000,000 pounds of lead, which is taken by 
 wagons to the Pacific Railroad, also to the mouth of Lynn Creek, on 
 the Osage, for shipment to St. Louis. 
 
 We could give the statistics of yield from a number of the shafts, 
 but will insert but one. The mines of Price, Bray & Company are 
 among the best managed in that region. They have sunk fully a score 
 of shafts, from one of which, only ten feet deep, 20,000 pounds of 
 galena was taken. 
 
 Sulphuret of zinc has been found in a number of the mines of this 
 county, but will probably not be worked to any extent until better 
 facilities are offered for getting the products to market. (See chap- 
 ter devoted to "Lead Mines of Southwestern Missouri," in Book II.) 
 
 Soil, Climate, and Productioiis. — The soil in this county is diver- 
 sified in character, but generally fertile, and well adapted to the growth 
 of all kinds of grain, fruit, and vegetables suitable to this latitude. 
 Lead forms the principal staple of Newton County, yet the agricul- 
 tural pursuits will prove very remunerative when a good market is 
 secured for the produce. 
 
 The following yield has been realized, but it is rather above an 
 average: wheat, 40 bushels ; corn, 15; rye, 30; oats, 50; potatoes, 
 400; turnips, TOO; timothy, 2 tons; Hungarian grass, 4 tons ; hemp, 
 800 pounds ; tobacco, 1000 pounds to the acre. Apples, pears, and 
 cherries yield abundantly. 
 
 The soil is admirably adapted to grape culture. Native grapes 
 are abundant and large, some of them measuring three-fourths of an 
 inch in diameter. But very little attention has been paid to fruit or 
 grape culture. Improved lands are worth from $T to $12 per acre; 
 unimproved, $4 00. 
 
 mines and furnaces, also a minute description of the geology of the country tra- 
 versed by said road. Copies can probably be procured from the Pacific Railroad 
 Company, Chestnut Street, St. Louis. 
 
NEWTON COUNTY. 339 
 
 Of the climate of Southern Missouri, the State Geologist says: "It 
 is the most agreeable and salubrious ; the summers are long, temper- 
 ate, and dry ; the winters short and mild. No climate, in short, is 
 better fitted to secure health and a luxurious growth of the staple 
 products of the temperate zone. The census report of 1850 shows 
 this (Southern Missouri) to be one of the most healthy regions of the 
 "United States." 
 
 History. — Newton County was first settled by L. Oliver, in 1829, 
 who was the only white man in the county. It was then a part of 
 Crawford County, which at that time embraced territory that has since 
 been divided into some thirty counties. At an early day this county 
 was designated by the particular name of " Six Bulls," a name given 
 it by hunters, from the fact that six water-courses run very near together, 
 varying in length from twenty-five to seventy-five miles. These streams 
 with their tributaries water the southwest corner of Missouri, are fed 
 by never-failing springs, and are the same throughout the year. 
 Those who settled here at an early day had no mills; but at nearly 
 every door, as in all the pioneer settlements, stood a mortar, in which 
 corn was made into meal or hominy, and groceries and "store goods" 
 were brought from the river on horseback, over the long and tedious 
 Indian trails. The old settlers of Southwest Missouri who live to see 
 the locomotive rush past their doors, and who have fought to do away 
 with the Indian's war-whoop, and labored to introduce the locomo- 
 tive's shrill whistle instead, have much to be proud of, and deserve 
 the respect and gratitude of every citizen. They have done for us 
 what we can never do for them. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in this county 1 newspaper, (the 
 Neosho Herald,) 11 lawyers, 16 doctors, 23 merchants, 11 grocers, 3 
 druggists, 1 silversmith, 2 tinners, 15 blacksmiths, 4 wagon-makers, 
 1 saddler, 1 tailor, 2 shoemaker shops, 3 cabinetmakers, 10 carpen- 
 ter^, 6 saw-mills, (5 of which are by water power,) 5 water-power 
 flouring-mills, and 2 hotels — the Neosho House and Union Hotel. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — No county offers greater induce- 
 ments to intelligent farmers or stock growers. The southwest branch 
 of the Pacific Railroad will soon open up this country, so long ne- 
 glected, and afford a speedy transit to one of the best markets in the 
 world. Besides, the rapid increase of the mining and manufacturing 
 population demands a comparative increase in the number of pro- 
 ducers. This county is well adapted to stock growing and to grape 
 culture, as well as all other branches of agriculture. Manufacturers 
 of all kinds are needed ; woolen and cotton, boots and shoes, and 
 agricultural implement manufactories could be erected in this county 
 
340 NLAVTON COUNTS. 
 
 to advantage, and would find all the raw materials and the water 
 power, at hand, as well as a good home market for all their wares. 
 Carpenters, brickmakers, blacksmiths, coopers, millwrights, stone- 
 masons, and shoemakers would find good openings. Grand Falls of 
 Shoal Creek have a perpendicular fall of fourteen and a half feet, and 
 sufficient water to run four or five pair of burrs, or other heavy ma- 
 chinery. James B. Scott has a merchant-mill upon it, with two runs 
 of burrs; but it is only partially improved. These falls are seventeen 
 miles from Neosho, in the northwest corner of the county. 
 
 Clmrches and Schools. — There is hardly a church edifice in the 
 county deserving the name. The religious denominations in the 
 county are Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Reformers, or 
 Campbellites. Of school districts there are 44, but the number of 
 school-houses we were unable to ascertain. Twenty-two district 
 schools are reported as being supported by State and county fund. 
 The amount apportioned to this county for 1859 was $2307 36. 
 Newton College, situated on Oliver's Prairie, commenced its seventh 
 session in September last, with very flattering prospects. The col- 
 lege edifice is a large two-story brick, and is the best arranged, the most 
 commodious and comfortable school building in Southern Missouri. 
 The community surrounding the college is distinguished for good 
 wealth, morality, and industry. By a special act of the Legislature, 
 spirituous liquors cannot be sold near the institution. The college is 
 free from any particular denominational control. In respect to its 
 educational position, it is intended that it shall stand in the very first 
 rank. At a meeting (January 21, 1859) of the boards of trustees of 
 the college and of the school district in which it was situated, it was 
 
 Resolved, That the trustees are determined that Newton College shall afford 
 facilities for acquiring education second to no school in the Southwest; and that 
 their best efforts shall be employed to make scholars of, and to cultivate habits 
 of refinement and taste in those intrusted to their care. 
 
 E. H. Grabill, A.M., is president of the institution, at Newtonia, 
 Newton County, to whom communications can be addressed. 
 
 A female academy has recently been established in Newton, which, 
 though in its infancy, promises to become a permanent institution, 
 and will add greatly to the culture and education of the daughters of 
 the Southwest. 
 
 NEOSHO, the county-scat, is near the center of the county, 8 miles 
 from Granby, and 175 from Syracuse, on the southwest branch of the 
 Pacific Railroad. It is situated in the valley of Hickory Creek, 2 
 miles above its confluence with Shoal Creek, surrounded on the east 
 
NEWTON COUNTY. 841 
 
 and west by gentle hills, covered with groves of oak and hickory. 
 The town was first settled in 1840, and the Indian name Ne-o-sho 
 given it as a compromise between Thomas Moseley, Esq., and Hon, 
 J. S. Rains, then residing there. The name signifies "clear, cold 
 water," springs of which ai'e very abundant in this region, and two 
 large ones are within the town limits. This place was incorporated 
 February 27, 1855, and now contains a population of about 600. An 
 excellent newspaper, (the official paper for Newton, McDonald, and 
 Barry Counties,) a good brick court-house and jail, 1 dry goods 
 stores, 3 groceries, 5 blacksmiths, 2 wagon shops, 2 hotels, 1 tailor, 
 etc. 
 
 Granby, the city of the mines, is situated Y miles northeast from 
 Neosho, is a flourishing place and important business center. The 
 first permanent settlements made here were in 1856, and it was named 
 by the Post-office Department at Washington City. (For a full de- 
 scription of the furnaces, etc. at this place, see " Lead Mines and 
 Furnaces of Southwest Missouri," Book II.) 
 
 Newtonia is pleasantly situated on Oliver's Prairie, 11 miles from 
 Neosho, 4 from Granby, and 15 from Sarcoxie. Oliver's Prairie 
 takes its name from Lunsford Oliver, who came here and settled, 
 "solitary and alone," in 1829, when his nearest white neighbor was 
 forty miles distant. In the fall of 1831 a few other families came 
 into this section, and in 1832 the county generally began to be set- 
 tled. Oliver came from Arkansas, but \yas a Tennesseean by birth, 
 lie lived on his farm on Shoal Creek until 1836, when he died. 
 This town was laid out by M. H. Ritchey, in 185T. The "New- 
 ton College" is situated near this place, and is the most pros- 
 perous and ably-conducted school in Southwest Missouri. It was 
 chartered by the Legislature in 1856. Mr. Ritchey, the enterprising 
 proprietor of the town, has the best farm we saw in this part of the 
 State. He has 530 acres inclosed and under cultivation, besides his 
 extensive pasture. The average yield of corn per acre is 65 bushels ; 
 wheat, 30 ; oats, 60. Timothy, hemp, and Hungarian grass grow very 
 well. He devotes his attention principally to stock growing, and 
 always finds a ready market and good prices. Newtonia has 3 stores, 
 2 blacksmith shops, 2 carpenter shops, and a stone-cutting establish- 
 ment, etc , and a population of about 200. 
 
342 
 
 NODAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 NODAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 This is one of the new counties, situated in what was known as the 
 Platte Country, in the northwest part of the State. It is bounded 
 on the north by the Iowa line, and on the west by Atchison and Holt 
 Counties, which separate it from the Missouri River. The first set- 
 tlements made here were in 1841, by Missourians and Tennesseeans. 
 In 1860 it had a population of 5264. 
 
 This county embraces both prairie and timber; the soil is fertile, 
 undulating, and in some portions broken. Below we give the amount 
 of taxes collected in the course of eight years, commencing with 
 1852, which will show the increased value of property in this county. 
 The percentage, we presume, was about the same, or nearly so : — 
 
 1852 taxes collected $1695 80 
 
 1853 " " 1844 31 
 
 1854 " " 2650 00 
 
 1855 ♦' " 3477 40 
 
 1856 taxes collected. $4034 70 
 
 1857 " " 7613 92 
 
 1858 " " 15,600 70 
 
 1859 " " 16,210 50 
 
 Taking the per centum to be the same — the increase in property 
 subject to taxation being added — the increase in wealth has been 
 very great. 
 
 The amount of taxes now collected is almost ten times as 
 much as in 1852, when it was only $1695; now it is $16,210. The 
 whole property of the county was assessed in 1859 at $1,800,000; 
 the double of which would be $3,600,000, and would be nearer its 
 real value. We give below the property assessed for 1859 and its 
 valuation as we find it on the assessor's book. 
 
 Acres of land, 467,396; valued at $1,712,543. Polls, 1287. 
 Money and notes, $199,812, Slaves, 161; valued at $62,000, 
 
 This, when we take into consideration the newness of the county, 
 is a decided increase. There are but few counties that can say this 
 much, and show the figures in support of it. 
 
 Another important feature in Nodaway County is the school fund. 
 The swamp land fund is $69,000; the township fund is $23,000; 
 total, $92,000 — the interest of which is all that can be used. This 
 fund is on interest at ten per cent., which, with a State school fund 
 of $1729 83, will make in all nearly $11,000, Between $7000 and 
 $8000 are yearly appropriated to common schools, which is almost 
 sufficient of itself to school every child in the county. Much has 
 
OREGON COUNTY. 343 
 
 been done to establish schools, and in this respect this is not behind 
 most of the older counties. 
 
 It would be useless to speak at any length concerning the soil, 
 which cannot be surpassed in fertility. This county is also well 
 watered. Three large streams, the Platte, Hundred-and-Two, and 
 Nodaway, all run through the county, affording the very best privi- 
 leges for machinery of every description. 
 
 We have statistics of farms that have produced of corn, 120 
 bushels to the acre; wheat, 40 : rye, 35 ; barley, 30; oats, 35; buck- 
 wheat, 50 ; potatoes, 250 ; onions, 300 ; beets, 250 ; carrots, 200 ; 
 and turnips, 400 bushels to the acre. Of timothy and clover, 3 tons 
 each; and Hungarian grass, 4 tons to the acre. Unimproved lands 
 are worth from $5 to $10 per acre; and improved, from $20 to $50, 
 according to quality, location, and improvements. Farmers are much 
 needed, and will find good soil, good water, and a healthy country. 
 
 Manufacturers will here find good water power on the Nodaway, 
 One-Hundred-and-Two, and Platte Rivers, which traverse the county 
 from north to south, and the surrounding country furnishes the raw 
 materials, as well as a home market for mills and manufactories. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are in the county 2 churches, 30 
 district schools, 6 lawyers, 14 physicians, 12 merchants, 5 grocers, 1 
 druggist, 1 tinner, 4 blacksmiths, 2 wagon-makers, 1 saddler, 1 tailor, 
 2 shoemakers, 4 cabinetmakers, 6 carpenters, 12 saw-mills, and t 
 flouring-mills. 
 
 MARYS VILLE, the county-seat, is 75 miles from St. Joseph, and 
 has a population of 400; Jacksonville, 150; Xenia, 150; Guilford, 
 125; auitman City, 100; Littlesville, 100. 
 
 OREGON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the southern line of the State, was, until 
 recently, one of the largest counties, as shown on old maps. It now 
 contains but about eighteen townships. Population in 1860, 3448, 
 Howell having been formed from the western part of it. A great 
 proportion of the land is too rough and sterile for profitable cultiva- 
 tion — probably not over one-fifth being what can really be called fer- 
 tile farming land. It was all naturally timber land, principally oaks, 
 hickory, ash, and walnut ; but the north part of the county embraces 
 
344 OSAGE COUNTY. 
 
 some fine large pine timber, which, to render available, must be sawed 
 by steam-mills, there being no water power convenient. 
 
 The first settlement was made in 1803 by Charles Hatcher. The 
 first settlers for a number of years were obliged to take their furs, 
 peltries, and wild honey to Cape Girardeau, 135 miles distant, on 
 horseback, and bring in return their goods by the same conveyance. 
 Their nearest point to a river outlet now is Pocahontas, Arkansas, 
 55 miles, and to railroad, at Ironton, 110 miles. 
 
 This county is well adapted to fruit growing and grazing, as both 
 soil and climate are favorable. Lead and copper ore has been found 
 in the county, but no mines have been opened. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are 15 places of meeting in the 
 county by the Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian denominations. 
 Of schools, 16 free schools and 6 private are taught. Good teachers 
 are much needed. 
 
 ALTON, the county- seat, is near the center of the county, and has 
 fair prospects of becoming an important business point. Thomas- 
 ville, on the head waters of the Eleven Point River; Lowassie, in 
 the northeast corner; Engleside, in the east; Webster, in the south- 
 ern ; Warm Fork, in the southwest ; and Jobe, in the southeast cor- 
 ner of the county, are all new towns. 
 
 OSAGE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated near the center of the State, and is bounded 
 on the north by the Missouri River, and on the west by the Osage, 
 and four townships in its southeast corner are traversed by the Gas- 
 conade. Population in 1860, 1996. The first settlements made here 
 were by persons from the Eastern States and by Germans. The 
 general character of the country is uneven, and some portions broken 
 and sterile. The valleys and much of the table-land is fertile, and 
 what are known as the "breaks of the Osage" have recently been 
 discovered to be rich in lead ore, and the citizens believe iron ore 
 will be found abundant in some parts of the county. Pieces of iron 
 ore have been picked up on the surface of several of the hills; and 
 surface lead ore, yielding eighty per cent, of pure lead, has been 
 found in a number of places near the Gasconade River. Excellent 
 limestone is abundant in several parts of the county, some of which 
 is rich with fossils of various species. This county is well timbered 
 
OZARK COUNTY. 345 
 
 with oak, hickory, black walnut, etc., and saw-mills would do well on 
 the Gasconade, Osage, or Maries ; and the lumber or furniture could 
 easily be transported down these streams to the Pacific Railroad, or 
 to the Missouri River. Several Germans are turning their attention 
 to grape culture, and are confident that the cheap "flint hills" will 
 produce more with less labor than more fertile soil cultivated for 
 other purposes. 
 
 Osage is not strictly an agricultural county, yet the average yield 
 per acre of the farms under cultivation is as follows : corn, T5 
 bushels; wheat, 30; rye, 40; barley, 50; oats, 50; buckwheat, 50; 
 tobacco, 1500 pounds; and the root crop and fruit product is prob- 
 ably a little less than an average with counties in the same latitude. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — Of churches, there are in the county 6 
 Methodist, 4 Catholic, 2 Baptist, and 37 schools, with 2910 pupils ; 
 and $749 were raised to build new school-houses. There are 4416 
 acres of school lands unsold. District schools are taught as long as 
 the school fund will justify; then in some districts private schools 
 are kept the remainder of the year. 
 
 Of Business Houses there are merchants, 28; grocers, 15; drug- 
 gist, 1 ; lawyers, 6 ; physicians, 8 ; blacksmiths, 18 ; wagon-makers, 
 8; saddlers, 5; tailors, 7 ; shoemakers, 25 ; cabinetmakers, 10 ; car- 
 penters, 24 ; coopers, 4 ; steam saw-mills, 6 ; steam and water power 
 flouring-mills, 4. 
 
 Our informant, A. J. Seay, Esq., of Linn, says: "We want tin- 
 ners, tobacco manufacturers, tanners, plow manufacturers, coopers, a 
 druggist, and, above all, an intelligent newspaper editor, and print- 
 ing-office ; also a few enterprising go-ahead farmers, manufacturers, 
 mechanics and capitalists." 
 
 LINN, the county-seat, is a brisk business center, and has a popu- 
 lation of 100; Westphalia, 250; Castle Rock, 75; Chamois, 150; 
 Rich Fountain, 50. 
 
 OZARK COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southern portion of the State, and 
 is bounded on the south by the Arkansas State line. It formerly 
 contained an area of about 1000 square miles, but Douglas County 
 has recently been formed from it, which reduces its area very nearly 
 one-half. Population in 1860, 4921. It is watered by North Fork 
 of White River, Little North Fork, and Bryant's Fork of the last- 
 
346 PEMISCOT COUNTY. 
 
 named stream, affording good water power. The general surface of 
 the county is hilly or mountainous, and covered with forests of tim- 
 ber consisting of oak, hickory, and yellow pine, the latter attaining 
 a great size. Cultivated land is worth from $3 to $8 per acre; 
 uncultivated, from 50 cents to $1 50. The largest yield we have 
 reported in the county is, of corn, 90 bushels to the acre; wheat, 30; 
 and oats, 30. But little attention given to farming, as yet. 
 
 Business Statistics. — There are in the county 8 physicians, 5 mer- 
 chants, 5 grocers, 15 blacksmiths, 2 wagon-makers, 4 water-power 
 saw-mills, 8 water-power flouring-mills. Much of the lumber used 
 for building in several adjoining counties west and northwest is made 
 in Oregon and Douglas, and probably as good yellow pine as there 
 is in the State is found here. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The several denominations, Methodist, 
 Christian, Baptist, and Presbyterian, have congregations here. There 
 are twenty free schools and 1199 pupils in the county. Amount of 
 State school money appropriated in 1859 was $824 55. Good school 
 teachers are much needed, and we are assured would be well sup- 
 ported. 
 
 EOCKBEIDGE, the county-seat, is the only town of note in the 
 county. It has a favorable location on the North Fork of White 
 River, a little south of the center of the county, and bids fair to 
 become a place of importance. 
 
 PEMISCOT COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the 
 State, bordering on the Mississippi River, which separates it from 
 Tennessee, and touching on the Arkansas line on the south. Popu- 
 lation in 1860, 3191. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county is in the district that suffered so 
 much from the effects of the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812, and the 
 numerous lakes spread over the county are left as "landmarks" of 
 that unusual occurrence. The greater part of the county is subject 
 to an annual overflow from the Mississippi River, but the citizens are 
 building a levee which will protect them from this, and reclaim many 
 thousand acres from inundation. The soil is fertile bottom land of 
 an alluvial formation, heavily timbered with oaks, ash, elm, hickory, 
 Cottonwood, sycamore and cypress, and the climate as healthy as any 
 
PEMISCOT COUNTY. 347 
 
 section similarly situated. There are numerous mounds in various 
 parts of the county, and in some instances they appear to have been 
 built of stiff clay or sun-dried brick which have dissolved from the 
 action of the elements, and now form a shapeless mass. From the 
 number and regularity with which they are placed these may have 
 been villages at some period centuries past. 
 
 Natural Resources. — We are indebted to George W. Carleton, 
 Esq., of Gayoso, for the following information: "Iron is the only 
 mineral found in the county. Professor Swallow, State Geologist, 
 says that bog ore is abundant in Little River township, in western 
 part of the county. We need flouring and grist mills. We have as 
 good an agricultural district as can be found in any part of the Union. 
 We have but very little waste land. All kinds of grain are produced 
 here — wheat, oats, corn, rye, millet, etc. produce well. We have the 
 best stock range in the world; our grasses are No. 1, the climate 
 favorable, and the cattle look well, but we have no improved stock. 
 Hogs fatten mostly in the woods. Farmers and stock growers are 
 very much needed ; we have very few if any real scientific, practical 
 farmers, and I know that if our soil was tilled as it should be, it 
 would produce double the quantity it now does. We can offer great 
 inducements to the well-informed farmer or stock grazier. We have 
 a good shipping point, and the produce can be sent to Memphis or 
 New Orleans at trifling cost. We also want carpenters, joiners, 
 brickmakers, brickmasons, blacksmiths, wagon-makers, and coopers. 
 Send us any good, honest, industrious persons, and we guarantee 
 they shall do well. Most of the lands in this county are subject to 
 the annual inundations of the Mississippi River, but the levee will 
 soon be completed, which will entirely remedy this." 
 
 History. — This section of country, it is supposed, was first settled 
 as early as 1700 by Spanish colonies, and in the year 1800 by citizens 
 from various parts of the United States. This country was almost 
 depopulated by the terrible earthquakes of 1811 and 1812, which 
 drove the citizens almost entirely out of it. Of those who were then 
 inhabitants of this vicinity, we can learn of but two residing liei'c 
 now — Colonel John H. Walker and Nicholas Feror. A number of 
 lakes were formed at that time by the settling of the earth's surface. 
 The largest of which in this county is Lake Pemiscot, some five to 
 eight miles wide from east to west, and twelve to fifteen miles long 
 from north to south. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The Methodists and Baptists have each 
 churches in Pemiscot. There are twelve organized school districts, 
 but one school-house in 1859, and one private school. Amount of 
 
348 PERRY COUNTY. 
 
 school lands unsold in 1858 was 4160 acres; amount of school money 
 appropriated in 1859 was $002 31. Number of children entitled to 
 receive education in public schools, 758. 
 
 GAYOSO, the county-seat, is fifty miles from New Madrid, and five 
 miles from Caruthersville, and was first settled by the French and 
 Spaniards early in the present century. It contains a Baptist and 
 a Methodist church, 1 hotel, 2 saw-mills, etc. Population about 250. 
 
 Caruthersville was first settled by Colonel John H. Walker, in 
 1805; is situated five miles from Gayoso, and contains 125 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Cottonwood Point, twenty miles from Gayoso, has 100 population, 
 1 church, several stores and mechanics' shops. Caruthersville and 
 Solitude are villaa-es. 
 
 PERRY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east-southeast part of the State, is 
 bounded on the east by the Mississippi River, on the south by Cape 
 Girardeau and Bollinger Counties, and on the northwest by St. Gene- 
 vieve. Besides being watered on the northeast by the Mississippi, for 
 thirty miles, the county is also watered by Apple, Saline, Cape Cinque 
 Homme, and Bois Brule Creeks. The county was formed from a 
 portion of St. Genevieve, in 1820. Its population at difi'erent times 
 has been as follows: In 1822, 1599; in 1840, 5t60; in 1850, 7220; 
 in 1856, T995; in 1860, 10,017. 
 
 The surface is generally broken, well timbered, and the soil adapted 
 to most agricultural products. Both iron and lead ores have been 
 found in several localities, but are not worked to any extent. An 
 excellent quality of white marble is found also, which when quarried 
 is soft, and variegated with blue ; but after it has undergone the proc- 
 ess of polishing this blue assumes a green tinge, which adds much to 
 its beauty. It hardens upon exposure. An excellent quality of lime- 
 stone also abounds here. The Bois Brule (burnt wood) bottom which 
 extends along the Mississippi, three miles in width and some twenty- 
 five in length, is one of the most fertile alluvions found anywhere. 
 The immense yields of agricultural products from these bottoms are 
 truly surprising. The soil of this county is admirably adapted to the 
 cultivation of the light tobacco which always commands a high figure 
 in the New Orleans market. 
 
PETTIS COUNTY. 349 
 
 History. — Perry County was first settled in 1800 by Aquilla Hig- 
 g-ins, II. McAtlee, Lancton, Moon, and their comrades, from Ken- 
 tucky. In 1811, when Jason Harrison, Esq., of Jefferson City, 
 passed through the county, it was sparsely inhabited, and there were 
 no towns, but several small "settlements" only. St. Mary's Landing 
 was then called "Camp Rowdy," and Colonel Amos Bird had a salt 
 manufactory in successful operation, and supplied an extensive dis- 
 trict of country. The price for salt then was from $3 to $5 per 
 bushel. There was a settlement in "Bois Brule," consisting of about 
 a dozen families; another on a branch of Saline Creek, called the 
 "Long Tucker Settlement;" and one in the barrens, where St. Mary's 
 College now stands, called "Short Tucker Settlement," the latter 
 being almost entirely Roman Catholics ; and except here and there 
 an isolated Protestant family, the above constituted the population of 
 what is now Perry County. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county, of newspapers, 
 none; lawyers, 3; physicians, 9; merchants, 20; druggist, 1; card- 
 ing machines, 1; steam saw-mills, T; steam flouring-mills, 3; water 
 saw-mills, 3; water flouring-mills, 3; hotels, 2, etc. Carpenters, 
 cabinetmakers, brick and stone masons have been scarce. A Catholic 
 College has been estal)lished here about twenty years, and is repre- 
 sented as in a flourishing condition. 
 
 Schools. — Besides the Catholic College, there are forty district 
 schools, in which 735 out of 2914 children are taught by forty-two 
 teachers, at a total salary of $2672. 
 
 PERRY VILLE, the county- seat, is situated near the center of the 
 county, and has fair prospects of becoming a fine business point. It 
 is the only town of importance in the county. 
 
 PETTIS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the west central part of the State, west 
 of Cooper and south of Saline, each of which border upon the Mis- 
 soui-i River. This county is drained by the head streams of La Mine 
 River, namely. Flat Creek, Muddy Creek, and Heath's Fork, which 
 unite near the northeast border. Black River, an affluent of La 
 Mine, flows through the northwest part. The principal timber of 
 the county consist of groves situated along the streams, stretching 
 some distance up their smaller branches, forming a fair proportion of 
 
350 PETTIS COUNTY. 
 
 timber land for the cultivation of the prairie of the county. The 
 surface of the county is principally prairie, and generally very fertile. 
 Large and lasting springs of clear cold water flow from the earth in 
 various locations, and salt springs have been found from which salt 
 was manufactured for the neighborhood. 
 
 Pettis County was first settled about the year 1818, by Nirarod 
 Jenkins, and others. It has an area of 650 square miles, and con- 
 tained a population in 1840, of 2930; in 1850, of 5143; and in 1860, 
 of 9503. 
 
 A. Wetmore, Esq., in his description of this county, in 183Y, said: 
 " The good quality of the soil of this county, together with other 
 numerous advantages, form a combination of attractions which have 
 peopled the county very densely with an excellent class of citizens 
 who are now in easy circumstances, and may, with moderate exer- 
 tion, acquire as great an amount of riches as avarice could pray for, 
 or honest thrift desire." His prediction has been more than verified. 
 The county is now well settled by industrious farmers, and 436,577 
 acres of land subject to taxation, valued at $2,435,635. Of slaves in 
 the county there are 1655, assessed at $765,011. 
 
 Of farm products the most profitable crops are corn, wheat, hemp, 
 and grasses, which yield as follows: grapes, 100 bushels; hemp, 1200 
 pounds; tobacco, 800 pounds; flax, 200 pounds; corn, 100 bushels; 
 wheat, 50 bushels ; rye, 20 bushels ; barley, 40 ; oats, 50 ; buckwheat, 
 20; potatoes, 150; timothy, 1| tons; clover, 2 tons; Hungarian 
 grass, 3 tons per acre. Chinese sugar cane, fruit of all kinds, and 
 vegetables yield well. Unimproved lands are worth from $5 to $25 ; 
 improved, from $15 to $30. The amount of taxable property in this 
 county, in 1858, was $4,036,317, showing an increase over the pre- 
 ceding year of nearly 60 per cent. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal, iron, and lead exist in this county in paying quan- 
 tities, but the latter have never been worked. The banks of coal are 
 inexhaustible, and will soon be traversed by the Pacific Railroad, 
 which is in course of construction through the county. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — These are numerous and varied. 
 Fertile soil, well adapted to all the purposes of the farmer, horticul- 
 turist, or stock grower; an abundance of all kinds of building mate- 
 rials; inexhaustible beds of coal, and prospect of good deposits of 
 lead ore; several unimproved sites for milling or manufacturing, 
 where the water power is unimproved ; good demand for mechanics, 
 and all kinds of producers and laboring men, especially those who 
 wish to open farms, and contribute to the real wealth and prosperity 
 of the county. 
 
PETTIS COUNTY. 351 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The number of members are: of Epis- 
 copalians, 50; N. S. Presbyterians, 200; Methodists, 500; Baptists, 
 500 ; Catholics, 200. There are four private institutions — a male high 
 school, located on Heath's Creek, in the northern part of the county; 
 and a female high school in the same neighborhood ; and one male 
 and one female institution in Georgetown. Georgetown College is 
 ably conducted and well patronized. It has an endowment of 
 $150,000 in bank stocks and cash, yielding froni six to ten per cent. 
 This endowment was made by the Baptists of fifteen counties of Ken- 
 tucky. The College is under the auspices of the Baptist denomina- 
 tion, and an excellent opportunity will be found here for those young 
 men who wish to prepare themselves for the gospel ministry. The 
 theological department is under the instruction of President D. R. 
 Campbell, LL.D. Campbell College was incorporated December 2, 
 1846; Georgetown Female Institute, March 2, 1855; and Elden 
 College, March 3, 1855. Of free schools, there are nearly fifty in the 
 county. In 1857 there were thirty-nine school-houses, and $2517 30 
 raised to build and repair school-houses. There were, in 1859, 2650 
 pupils entitled to the common school fund, of which the State has 
 appropriated $2123 82 for 1859. The schools, both public and pri- 
 vate, are well patronized, 
 
 GEORGETOWN was selected as a site for the county-seat in the 
 spring of 1836, and a compactly-built town of several hundred inhab- 
 itants has sprung up. There were settlements in the vicinity of the 
 town in 1821. The town is pleasantly situated on the eastern border 
 of a prairie, which is about ten miles wide. There is an abundance 
 of timber contiguous to the town, and some of the best coal banks 
 in the county are near the corporate limits. There are in George- 
 town Presbyterian, Methodist, Christian, and Universalist churches, a 
 female seminary, Masonic Lodge, weekly newspaper, steam flouring 
 and grist mill, bookstore, 2 hotels, and all kinds of mechanics, stores, 
 and professional men. Population in 1859, 700. 
 
 Of other towns in the county there are Longwood, Dunksburg, 
 Arator, Farmer's City, Priceville, Eoletta, Lamonta, Fair View, 
 Spring Fork, Fauner City, and Sedalia. 
 
852 PHELPS COUNTY. 
 
 PHELPS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast portion of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Crawford, north by Gasconade and Maries, 
 west by Maries and Pulaski, and south by Texas and Dent Counties ; 
 and contains an areaof 612 square miles. Population in 1860, 5211. 
 
 History. — This county was formed from Crawford, and organized 
 November 13, 185Y. The first and as yet most important settlement 
 made in the county is at the Maramec Iron Works. These pioneer 
 iron works of Missouri are situated in section 1, township 31 north, 
 range 6 west, in Phelps County, and are driven by a large spring, 
 which is the chief source of the Maramec River, and discharges in 
 the dryest seasons ten thousand gallons of water per minute ; and 
 upon a head or fall of twelve feet, turns seven large water-wheels 
 which drive a furnace-blast, forge-blast, ancony forge, chaffery forge, 
 bloom forge, grist-mill, and saw-mill. 
 
 These works were first commenced in 1826, by Thomas James and 
 Samuel Massey, both of Ohio, Mr. Massey moving out with his 
 family to superintend the building. The furnace was completed in 
 the year 1829, since which time, until the last few years, it has been 
 conducted upon rather a small scale ; making only enough iron, as 
 a general thing, to supply the home market and the country lying 
 west. The bar-iron was made upon the old plan of drawing out 
 under a trip-hammer, which, although it is rather old fashioned and 
 slow, has never been improved to make a better quality. The 
 difficulty of transportation hei'etofore has entirely excluded the pig 
 metal made at these works from market, although Mr. Massey has 
 several times sent blooms to the Cincinnati and Pittsburg markets, 
 by taking them down the Maramec River in flats. Also by hauling 
 them to the Gasconade River (twenty-five miles) and boating them down 
 that stream, both of which would have been a losing business had it 
 not been for the ease with which the ore was reduced and the superior 
 quality of the iron, which made it bring a higher price than any 
 blooms ever taken to those markets. The facilities of transportation 
 now offered by the southwest branch of the Pacific Railroad — which 
 is at this time completed to within eight miles, and will be within 
 five miles when it reaches Jamestown (which is the station for the 
 works) — makes these works one of the most advantageous places in 
 the State for the manufacture of pig metal and iron in all its 
 branches. 
 
PHELPS COUNTY. 353 
 
 The water power, considering the convenience and economy with 
 which it is applied, is not equaled in the West. The ore bank, 
 which is a mountain of solid specular ore, is inexhaustible, and 
 situated only one-third of a mile from the furnace ; it being a down 
 grade from the bank to the furnace, four horses are able with ease 
 to bring down five tons of ore at one load. The furnace now in blast 
 is new, having been built in the year 1857, by William James, son of 
 the original proprietor ; is thirty-four feet high, thirty feet base, and 
 nine and a half feet across the bosches, and is built of the best 
 materials and in the most approved manner. The blowing apparatus 
 is also new, and constructed with the latest improvements. It is blown 
 with cold blast, and now making fourteen tons No. 1 metal per 
 diem, and using one hundred and ten bushels of charcoal per ton. 
 There has been one blast made at this furnace where the amount of 
 charcoal used was ninety-seven bushels to the ton, by actual measure- 
 ment. The iron is peculiarly adapted to manufacturing steel, boiler- 
 iron, sheet-iron, rivets, and heavy machinery castings, car wheels, etc. 
 The ancony forge is used for making anconies, which are drawn 
 out into bar iron in the chaffery ; there being two ancony and one 
 chafifery fires, with a large trip-hammer in each forge, which make 
 some 250 tons hammered iron per annum. The bloom forge has 
 five fires, and has for the last few years made from 1000 to 1200 tons 
 of blooms per year. The grist-mill, besides being a great convenience 
 to the place and country generally, is also a source of great profit. 
 There is belonging to the furnace and forges some ten thousand acres 
 of land, which was located at an early day with especial reference to 
 the ore banks, (of which there are a number other banks as good as 
 the one used at the furnace;) also timber and good quality of soil — 
 at least one-half of the land being of the best quality for farming 
 purposes, after it is cleared of the timber. The buildings at the 
 works all belong to the proprietors, are of a good class, and sufficient 
 to accommodate all the hands required in the prosecution of the 
 business ; which, taken together, with forges, furnaces, etc., make 
 quite a picturesque village. The store, at which there is some 
 fifty thousand dollars' worth of dry goods, groceries, and pro- 
 visions (but no whisky) sold per annum, is a great convenience to 
 the surrounding country. We are informed this property is to be 
 sold, in order to close up the affairs of the estate of Thomas James, 
 deceased ; and would suggest to capitalists that there are few if any 
 better chances for investing in iron works anywhere in the West. 
 
 Mineral Resources. — Specular iron ores are found in several 
 localities in townships 37 and 38, range 6 west ; specular and hema- 
 
354 PHELPS COUNTY. 
 
 tite, in township 36, range 7, and township 38, range 8 ; and specu- 
 lar, in townships 37 and 39, range 8 ; and no hematite, in township 
 39, range 8 ; and hematite and sulphuret, in township 37, range 7 
 west. Lead ore (sulphuret) is found in townships 36 and 39, range 
 8 ; township 36, range 9 ; townships 38 and 39, range 7 west. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of this county is rolling, the 
 western portion being most broken, particularly in the vicinity of 
 the streams, where (after leaving the valleys) the soil is thin, and the 
 surface broken into rough ridges, which are succeeded, farther from 
 the streams, by more moderately undulating slopes and better soil. 
 Some of the finest farming lands in the county are in the woodlands 
 and prairies, upon the divide between the Maramec and Borbeuse. 
 Farmers who have made the experiment, are much in favor of sub- 
 soiling on these lands. "The valleys of the Little Piney, Spring, 
 and Dry Fork, of Maramec, and Borbeuse have a width varying from 
 one hundred yards to half a mile ; and their soils are remarkable for 
 their productiveness, throughout nearly the whole extent. The valleys 
 of the smaller streams also contain many very desirable farm sites."* 
 These valleys are generally heavily timbered with white and bur 
 oak, hickory, white and black walnut, maples, dogwood, linden, 
 hackberry, honey locust, cottouwood, and thorn. A variety of grapes 
 are found on the ridges, and will produce well if cultivated. Good 
 water power, principally unimproved, may be found upon Bear Creek, 
 Little Piney, Dry Fork, Maramec, and Borbeuse. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — The principal business point of the county 
 is Maramec, and as yet but few of the mechanical branches are repre- 
 sented. There are now in the county, of lawyers, 5 ; physicians, 8 ; 
 merchants, 15; druggist, 1; blacksmiths, 11; wagon-makers, 10; 
 carpenters, 15 ; steam saw-mills 2 ; water saw-mills, 1 ; steam flour- 
 ing-mills, 2 ; water flouring-mill, 1 ; hotels, 3 ; churches 1 ; and 
 schools, 16. 
 
 ROLLA, the county-seat, is situated near the center of the county, 
 and on the line of the South West Branch Railroad. It is a pleasant 
 and healthy place, with a population of about 200. 
 
 * Geological Report. 
 
PIKE COUNTY. 355 
 
 PIKE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the Mississippi River, between Ralls 
 and Lincoln Counties, and contains an area of 600 square miles. This 
 county is among the oldest in the State, and was first settled by per- 
 sons from the Southern States. It contained, in 1860, a population 
 of 18,338. 
 
 The face of the country is undulating, and in some places near the 
 river quite broken. Originally there was about one-third of the 
 county prairie land; the remainder being well covered with walnut, 
 linn, hackberry, sugar-tree, elm, ash, and black and white oak. There 
 are numerous fresh water and saline springs in the county. Consider- 
 able salt was manufactured for home consumption at Buffalo Lick, 
 about three miles from Louisiana, in early times ; but none has been 
 made for a number of years. Elk Lick, in the northwestern part of 
 the county, has gained some popularity as a watering-place. The 
 county is well watered by Salt River, Cuivre River, and their numer- 
 ous tributaries, also a number of creeks that rise in the county and 
 empty into the Mississippi. The county is underlaid with limestone, 
 sandstone, soapstone; and Missouri buhr-stone is also found in some 
 localities. 
 
 The Soil and Productions are much the same as those of Ralls and 
 Lincoln. On the prairies the soil is a deep-black loam, which is 
 exceedingly fertile. That on the upland, especially on the ridges, is 
 thin, and more particularly adapted to small grain and fruit. Peaches 
 are not a certain crop in this latitude, with the present mode of cul- 
 tivation. Farmers, however, regard this as a very good agricultural 
 county. 
 
 Among the Natural Advantages of the county may be named 
 good soil for all kinds of grain, grasses, fruit, and vegetables, healthy 
 climate, good water, plenty of timber, and also stone coal in the 
 western part of the county; easy access by river to good markets. 
 Stock growers, farmers, mechanics, and manufacturers are much 
 needed. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — There are about 25 churches in the 
 county, principally Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Episcopal. 
 There are a number of district schools in the county, supported by 
 the State school fund, and several excellent private schools, taught 
 by experienced teachers. 
 
 BOWLING GEEEN, the seat of justice, is situated near the cen- 
 
356 PIKE COUNTY. 
 
 ter of the county, 11 miles from Louisiana, on the Mississippi River. 
 The place was first settled in 1819, and in 1837 "The Salt River 
 Journal," an interesting paper, was published here. The town was 
 incorporated February 12, 1857, and now contains 2 churches, a Ma- 
 sonic Lodge, 3 hotels, steam saw and grist mill, 2 manufactories, with 
 other business houses, and 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Louisiana, the largest town in the county, and the principal ship- 
 ping point, is pleasantly situated on the Mississippi, 114 miles above 
 St. Louis, and contains, of churches, 1 each, Presbyterian, Christian, 
 Baptist, Methodist, Cumberland Presbyterian, and Catholic, 2 news- 
 papers, (Democratic Herald and The Louisiana Journal,) a branch 
 of the State Bank, some 35 stores, and other business houses in pro- 
 portion. It was incorporated March 1, 1855. Population about 3000. 
 
 Clarksville is situated upon the Mississippi, 12 miles below Louis- 
 iana, and is a place of some commercial importance, containing 2 
 churches, a Masonic Lodge, 2 schools, 2 carding machines, 2 flouring 
 and 3 saw mills, 2 hotels, and a fair representation of business houses 
 of all kinds. Incorporated February 24, 1853 ; population about 
 1000. Clarksville is situated upon the site of an old stockade fort. 
 Colonel William Shaw, now of Marquette County, Wisconsin, 
 states that, "in 1812, while he was engaged with a party of twenty 
 men in building a temporary stockade where Clarksville now stands, 
 a band of Indians surprised and killed the entire family of one 
 O'Neal, about three miles above Clarksville. In company with Mr. 
 O'Neal," continues Colonel Shaw, " I hastened to the scene of the 
 murder, and found all killed, scalped, and horribly mangled. One of 
 the children, about a year and a half old, was found literally baked 
 in a large pot-metal bake-kettle, or 'dutch oven,' with a cover on; 
 and as there were no marks of the knife or tomahawk on the body, 
 the child must have been put in alive to suffer this horrible death ; 
 the fat in the bottom of the kettle was nearly two inches deep." 
 
 Spencerburg is situated 2 miles east from Spencer Creek, and 15 
 miles from Bowling Green, contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, and 
 2 Baptist churches, 1 flouring-mill, 2 hotels, steam saw and grist 
 mill, and a fair representation of tradesmen, and 125 inhabitants. 
 
 Prairieville, 12 miles from the county-seat, contains 1 Episcopal 
 and 1 Methodist Church, a Masonic Lodge, 2 hotels, an academy, a 
 creditable number of business houses, and a population of about 100. 
 
 Frankfort was incorporated March 7, 1859, and contains 400 in- 
 habitants ; Harmony, 50. 
 
PLATTE COUNTY. _ 357 
 
 PLATTE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the great bend where the Missouri River 
 changes from its southern to an easterly course. The county is 
 bounded on the west and south by the Missouri River, on the north 
 by Buchanan, and on the east by Clay and Clinton Counties. The 
 population of Platte County in 1840 was 8913; in 1850, 16,929; in 
 1856, 18,482; and in 1860, 18,495. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil, and Productions. — This county forms 
 the southern point of the "Platte Purchase." The surface of the 
 county is diversified with forests of valuable timber and undulating 
 prairies, the soil of which is unsurpassed in fertility, and is generally 
 well cultivated. It is well watered by Platte River, from which it 
 derives its name, and which is navigable for small boats a distance of 
 forty miles, from three to four months in the year. The county is 
 also drained by Brush Creek, Rush Creek, Bee Creek, and their 
 numerous tributaries. 
 
 In 1850 this county produced more hemp than any other county 
 in the Union, more wheat and butter than any other in Missouri, and 
 was surpassed in the amount of corn raised by but one county — 
 Buchanan. The return of 1850, as shown by the census, was, of 
 corn, 1,814,287 bushels ; of wheat, 129,067 ; and of hemp, 4355 tons. 
 The value of the product of manufacturing establishments for that year 
 was $789,484 — much larger than any agricultural county in the State, 
 except St. Louis. In point of intelligence, industry, or genuine hos- 
 pitality, the people of Platte are second to none in the State. 
 
 The following in regard to the culture of hemp will be read with 
 interest: — 
 
 THE HEMP CULTURE. 
 
 Messrs. Huyett and Parker. 
 
 Gentlemen — You requested me to give you my experience in 
 raising hemp. I have resided in this county for some twelve years, 
 and have been raising hemp every year, and my experience in the cul- 
 ture is not as flattering as some, until I commenced raising the Chi- 
 nese variety. 
 
 I think on good land the Chinese hemp will yield, on an average, 
 1120 pounds per acre; 1500 pounds bas been raised per acre on a 
 crop of thirty-five acres ; that I consider an extraordinary yield. 
 
358 PLATTE COUNTY. 
 
 My usual time for sowing is as early in April as the ground will 
 suit to receive the seed ; from that time until the first of August there 
 is nothing to do with the hemp. I then have about one month of 
 heavy work to get my crop cut and put into shocks ; the spreading 
 and raising after it is rotten is light work, and the process of cleaning 
 now is light in comparison to the old hand brake. 
 
 I am now using one of Little's hemp machines, and have broken 
 from 2200 to 3000 pounds per day, and the hemp poorly watered. I 
 have this season, taking up the hemp, hauling, attending to the ma- 
 chines, and cleaning, in all thirteen hands. I learn the patentee now 
 has a cleaner attached to his machine, which will dispense with several 
 hands. I can raise on my land hemp for twelve or fifteen years in 
 succession, without manure or rest. 
 
 In regard to wheat, I think our soil is not so well adapted to that 
 product as it will be after it has been cultivated for some years. 
 Owing to our light soil, rye does better than wheat. 
 
 Corn succeeds as well as any farmer could wish. Our land is well 
 adapted to blue-grass ; but, owing to the loose soil, does not afford 
 the same amount of grazing as the blue-grass lands of Kentucky. 
 This will be obviated when our lands become more closed. 
 
 Take this county, for soil, fine water, and good timber, and I am 
 
 of the opinion that there is not its equal in the State. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 E. BARBEE. 
 
 Amount of hemp shipped from Weston, the principal point of 
 shipment: about 11,000 bales, 3000 tons, was shipped in 1859. 
 About 20,000 bales, or 5000 tons, are annually raised and exported 
 from this county. Eight hundred pounds are estimated an average 
 yield per acre of the "old Kentucky seed;" but a new seed, known 
 as the China seed, is being generally introduced, and is very popular 
 among the hemp growers, and increases the yield to 1000 pounds per 
 acre, or two bales, the average weight of which is 500 pounds per 
 bale. 
 
 Educational Institutions. — The "Platte City Female Academy" 
 was established in 1857, and the second catalogue shows an attend- 
 ance of 181 pupils and 10 graduates. Professor II. B. Todd, Prin- 
 cipal; John W. Vawter, professor of mathematics and languages; 
 Mrs. Mary L. Woods, primary department ; Mrs. II. J. M. Creal and 
 Mrs. Laura D. Todd, teachers of music; and J. W. Orr, vocalist. 
 This school is very pleasantly situated, ably conducted, and liberally 
 patronized. "Pleasant Ridge Male and Female Academy," situated 
 three miles from Weston, on the Plattsburg Road, and six miles from 
 
PLATTE COUNTY. 
 
 359 
 
 Platte City, is also a most excellent institution. Brice W. Yiueyard, 
 A.B., President; Professor Jas. F. Brnner, M.D., English litera- 
 ture and natural sciences ; assisted by D. F. Moody, Mrs. Mary W. 
 Bruner, and Miss Kate S. Thompson, in other branches. The " Cam- 
 den Point College" and the "Ridgely Academy" are each good 
 schools, with fine buildings, and pleasant, healthy locations. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — The following list embraces the principal 
 business houses in the county in the spring of 1860 : — 
 
 Newspapers 
 
 Academies 
 
 Bookstores 
 
 Lawyers 
 
 Physicians 
 
 Dentists 
 
 Daguerreian s 
 
 Arciiitects 
 
 Surveyors 
 
 Land agents 
 
 General stores , 
 
 Family groceries 
 
 Wholesale groceries., 
 Agricultural stores.., 
 
 Hardware stores 
 
 Druggists , 
 
 Milliners , 
 
 Tin and stove stores 
 
 Brick yards 
 
 Rope works , 
 
 Distilleries , 
 
 
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 11 
 
 Wine stores 
 
 Breweries 
 
 Coopers 
 
 Clothiers 
 
 Bakeries 
 
 Boot and shoe dealers 
 
 Saddle and harness 
 
 Saw-mills 
 
 Flouring- mills 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 Cabinetmakers 
 
 Jewelers 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 Wagon-makers 
 
 Painters 
 
 I Hotels 
 
 Livery stables 
 
 I Warehouses 
 
 Packing liouses 
 
 jl Tobacco manufacturers... 
 
 Butchers 
 
 8 
 
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 6 
 
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 PLATTE CITY, the county-seat, is situated on the eastern bank 
 of the Platte River, about forty miles above its mouth, upon an ele- 
 vated and picturesque location. In 1833 Zebulon Martin established 
 a ferry across the Platte, for the accommodation of government 
 troops, and this was then known as "Martinsville," and the "Falls of 
 the Platte." In 1839 Platte City was laid out upon a quarter section, 
 adjoining Martinsville, and was soon after adopted as the county-seat 
 The first settlements were made by L. D. Johnson, Z. Martin, Gr. P. 
 Dorris, and their associates. There are in this city four churches — 
 Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, and Christian — a male academy, 
 (Professor F. G. Gaylord, principal,) and a female seminary, under 
 the charge of Professor H. B. Todd — both ably conducted and liber- 
 ally patronized. The Platte City Atlas (N. D. Short and Brother, 
 
360 PLATTE COUNTY. 
 
 editors and publishers) is an excellent paper, and an able exponent of 
 the advantages of the county. The several branches of mercantile, 
 mechanical, and professional business are well represented. Platte 
 City was incorporated February 3, 1853, and contains a population 
 of about 1000. 
 
 Weston, the commercial city of the county, is pleasantly situated 
 on the Missouri River, about 500 miles by .water and 325 by land 
 from St. Louis, and about 25 miles from St. Joseph by the Atchison 
 and St. Joseph Railroad, now nearly completed. Population 3500. 
 This is an important commercial and shipping point, surrounded by 
 an excellent agricultural region, under a good state of cultivation. 
 There are here 5 churches — Methodist, Baptist, Christian, Episcopal, 
 and Catholic — a branch of the Mechanics' Bank of St. Louis, 2 insur- 
 ance companies, an excellent newspaper, ("Platte Argus," by 
 William F. Wiseley,) a high school, select school, and seminary. 
 Population about 3500. The first cabin erected in Weston was in 
 August, 1837, by John B. Wells, Esq., for Joseph Moore. The follow- 
 ing fall and winter, Madame Lucy Boone, Robert Bates, S. C. Fugett, 
 and others settled here. Messrs. Murphy & Ferguson had the first 
 grocery store, and Thornley & Lucas and T. F. Warner were the 
 pioneer merchants, commencing in 1839, The town was laid out in 
 1831, by Joseph Moore, surveyed by Thomas E. Jordan. 
 
 Parkville is situated on the Missouri River, (in the southern part 
 of the county,) near the mouth of the Platte River, about 15 miles 
 south-southeast from Platte City. This town owes its origin and 
 rapid growth to George S. Park, Esq., the first settler and projector. 
 The city is well supplied with mercantile, forwarding, and business 
 houses. The "Parkville Courier," published by F. M. McDonald, is 
 ably conducted. The Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist denomin- 
 ations have churches here. There are also Lodges of each Masons 
 and Odd Fellows, and an Encampment of the latter. Parkville was 
 incorporated March 3, 1855, and contains 1000 inhabitants. The 
 completion of the Parkville and Grand River Railroad will add 
 greatly to the commercial importance of this place. (See "Railroad" 
 chapter for particulars.) 
 
 Other towns in the county are New Market, population 300 ; 
 Camden Point, 150; Ridgely, 250; Rialto, Farley, latan, and 
 Hampton. 
 
POLK COUNTY. 361 
 
 POLK COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southwestern portion of the State, 
 and bounded on the north by Hickory, on the east by Dallas, on the 
 south by Greene, and on the west by Dade and Cedar Counties, and 
 has an area of 624 square miles. Population in 1860, 10,030; slaves 
 528, valued at $316,800, and 12 free colored. 
 
 Polk County was first settled in 1810 by immigrants from Tennes- 
 see; and at the present time a large portion of the population is 
 from that State. The county was organized in 1834, and named in 
 honor of Tennessee's favorite statesman, James K. Polk. 
 
 Physical Features. — The topography of this county is agreeably 
 diversified with rolling prairies, picturesque hills, and wooded valleys. 
 The surface is generally undulating, except along the streams, where 
 it is broken in many places by rugged cliff's and rocky hills. 
 
 Prairies. — The Twenty-five Mile Prairie covers an area of twenty 
 square miles in the northern portion of the county, and is separated 
 on the east by the Pomme de Terre from Sentinel and Flint Prairies, 
 which lie in the midst of the oak woodlands of the northeast. On 
 the east Buffalo Head Prairie extends for several miles, and near the 
 center of the county is Three Mound Prairie ; so called from three 
 mounds of vermicular sandrock that rise above the surface. There 
 also are Pleasant Prairie in the southern, and Crisp Prairie on the 
 western borders, and Valley Prairie, which extends from the north- 
 west corner of the county to within nine miles of the center. It is 
 so named from its resemblance to a valley through which a stream 
 appears to have found its way many years ago. It commences at a 
 point nine miles west of the center of the county, and continues in a 
 northwest course to the Osage River, near Oseola, in St. Clair County. 
 The soil is very productive, and many fine farms with their fields of 
 grain and herds of cattle dot the surface. About two-fifths of the 
 county is prairie, which afi"ords excellent facilities for stock raising. 
 
 Streams. — This county is well supplied with water: creeks and 
 fine springs are abundant. The principal streams are the Little Sac 
 and Pomrae de Terre, which are sometimes dignified by the title of 
 rivers, and traverse the county from south to north. The largest 
 tributaries of the Sac are the Slagle ; Bear and Walnut Creeks on 
 the east, and Turkey Creek on the west. The Pomme de Terre is a 
 wild, beautiful stream, and dashes along its rocky bed beneath high 
 
362 POLK COUNTY. 
 
 hills and cedar-capped bluffs of siliirian rocks. Its tributaries are 
 Polk and Piper Creeks, and Dry Fork on the west, and Hominy and 
 Lindley on the east. 
 
 Geology. — Polk County rests upon a formation of magnesian lime- 
 stone, which is easily quarried, and furnishes excellent building rock. 
 In many parts of the county this formation is superlaid with a coarse 
 brown sandstone, contemporaneous with Hugh Miller's "Old Red" 
 series, destitute of fossils and not valuable for building purposes; 
 and under this deposit lies that singular argillaceous sandrock, known 
 as the vermicular or worm-eaten rock ; an estuary deposit containing 
 fresh and salt water shells, and, above this formation, mountain or 
 encrinital limestone is found, which is a fine carbonate, and when 
 burned makes good lime. The bluffs of the Pomme de Terre are 
 magnesian limestone capped with ferruginous sandstone ; and in the 
 eastern portion of the county but little of any other formation is 
 found. Sac River cuts through ledges of shelly limestone and 
 through the vermicular rock into the magnesian series. In portions 
 of the county red sandstone is the prevailing rock. In the bottoms 
 of the Pomme de Terre the remains of the mastodon and mammoth, 
 with other species now extinct, have been found imbeded, with the 
 bones of the bear, buffalo, elk, wolf, etc. 
 
 Minerals. — Xo beds or leads of mineral have as yet been dis- 
 covered in this county ; but lead in small quantities is found in the 
 crevices of the magnesian limestone. In the ferruginous sandstone 
 and in the debris of the vermicular formation, pyrites of iron and 
 sulphuret of zinc is abundant. On the border of Flint Prairie are the 
 traces of " old diggings," which have led many to believe that some 
 valuable mineral has been found and still exists there; but we pre- 
 sume they were made by the aborigines to obtain flint for their 
 arrow-points. 
 
 Soils. — The most productive soil of the uplands is on the lime- 
 stone hills of the Sac and its tributaries, while the bottom lands or 
 valleys of the same streams are unsurpassed in fertility. The bot- 
 toms of the Pomme de Terre are not so extensive or productive as 
 those of the Sac. The former has a basis of silurian rock; while 
 the latter is formed from the disintegrated carbonate of lime. The 
 soil of the prairies is thin and sandy, but productive. In many parts 
 of the county the land is poor, and the timbered ridges are too rocky 
 and sterile for cultivation. 
 
 Springs. — There are many fine springs of pure, clear water in this 
 county. Those at Bolivar, Humansville, on Colonel Acock's plant- 
 ation, and several others are impregnated with sulphate of iron and 
 
POLK COUNTY. 363 
 
 other minerals. On the western slope of the Sac River, near the 
 village of Orleans, and ten miles southwest from Bolivar, are the 
 celebrated Wallula chalybeate springs, noted for their medicinal 
 properties and for the beauty of their environs. These springs issue 
 from the rocks high up among the wild, romantic hills of the river, 
 into which they pour their health-restoring water. The surrounding 
 of the spring is exceedingly beautiful. High natural terraces and 
 escarpments of a brown color tower high above the narrow valleys 
 and terminate in isolated, grotesque cliffs. Far below, the waters of 
 the Sac are seen gleaming amid the foliage that fringe its banks; 
 while beyond is Pleasant Prairie, with its broad farms and well-culti- 
 vated fields ; and in the distance the Ozark hills form an indistinct, 
 irregular outline against the horizon. Wallula is fast becoming a 
 " watering-place " of note, and is rapidly growing in public favor and 
 distinction. 
 
 Timber, — The timber of this county is generally of an inferior 
 quality. On the uplands, post-oak and "black-jack" are the only 
 growth; in the bottoms, walnut, sycamore, hickory, and bur oaks 
 attain a large size. The principal portion of the timber used for 
 building in this county is from the pine hills on White River, about 
 ninety miles distant. 
 
 Productions, — No hemp is raised here, but tobacco is found to be 
 a sure and profitable crop, and many farmers are turning their atten- 
 tion to its culture. The soil is well adapted to the cereals, roots, and 
 grasses that flourish in this latitude ; corn, oats, wheat, and timothy 
 are considered as certain crops; wheat seldom fails, and yields an 
 average of thirty bushels to the acre. The creek and river bottoms 
 produce immense crops of corn, etc. There are many fine orchards 
 here, and apples, pears, peaches, and plums yield plentifully. The 
 soil is well adapted to the growth of the grape; but as yet no atten- 
 tion has been given to this branch of industry. Indigenous varieties 
 grow in abundance. For the want of facilities for transportation of 
 produce to market, stock growing is considered the most profitable 
 business for farmers. Annually about 2000 horses and mules are taken 
 to the cotton States, and a much larger amount of cattle to St. Louis 
 and other markets. Sheep thrive well and increase rapidly here, the 
 climate being most favorable for their growth. There are four steam 
 and five water power mills; two distilleries, and four carding ma- 
 chines in the county. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The Baptist, Christian, and Methodist 
 are the principal religious denominations, and are about equal in 
 point of numbers. There are 56 places of worship in the county, 
 
364 PULASKI COUNTY. 
 
 and 14 ministers of the gospel. Of schools there are 63 in the county, 
 at which 3433 children are taught, and the amount paid teachers in 
 1860 was $7275, Besides the district schools, three well-conducted 
 academies are supported by private subscription. The educational 
 interests are not well regulated, and the school fund is only sufficient 
 to maintain the schools about one-half the time. 
 
 BOLIVAR, the county-seat, and principal town in the county, has 
 a population of 700. It is pleasantly situated near the center of the 
 county, and is surrounded by a heavy body of timber, and is 30 miles 
 north of Springfield, and 50 miles southwest of Warsaw, on the great 
 emigrant road leading from the Missouri River to Texas. A tele- 
 graph line and daily coaches of the best class connect Bolivar with 
 the east, north, and south. The public buildings are a large, well- 
 built court-house in the public square, and two brick churches be- 
 longing to the Methodist and Baptist denominations. Of business 
 houses in Bolivar, there are 7 dry goods stores, 1 clothing store, 
 
 1 drug store, 2 saddler shops, 2 blacksmith shops, 2 carding machines, 
 
 2 newspapers, 4 doctors, 4 lawyers, and 2 hotels. 
 
 Of other towns in the county there are Humansville in the north- 
 west corner, population 200 ; Pleasant Hope in the southeast corner, 
 population 60 ; Orleans in the southwest, population 50 — fine water 
 power here ; Brighton in the southern, population 50 ; and Fair 
 Play in the western portion of the county, with a population of 40. 
 
 PULASKI COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south central part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by the new County of Phelps, on the north by 
 Maries and Miller, on the south by Texas and Laclede, and on the 
 west by Laclede and Camden. The population of the county in 1836 
 was 3234; in 1840, 6529; in 1850, (reduced by formation of new 
 counties,) only 410; in 1856, 3034; and in I860, 3892. The south- 
 west branch of the Pacific Railroad, in course of construction, will 
 pass through this county, and doubtless do much toward developing 
 its resources and increasing its population. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county is generally broken, some of the 
 hills and ridges attaining an elevation of from sixty to five hundred 
 feet above the water-courses. The so-called post-oak flats are less 
 rough, and some portions only gently undulating, and others too low 
 
PULASKI COUNTY. 365 
 
 and flat for cultivation in certain seasons of the year. The most 
 extensive flats lie between the Gasconade River, Robidoux, and Big 
 Piney Creek, east of the latter, and also upon the ridges in the 
 northern part of the county. When this soil is broken up by the 
 plow, it becomes more dry and makes very good farming land. The 
 valleys of the streams though narrow are exceedingly fertile, espe- 
 cially the most extensive, which are here called "Prairie Hollows." 
 The county is drained by Gasconade River, Big Piney River, and 
 Robidoux Creek, the valleys of which are heavily timbered with 
 oaks, black walnut, hickory, maple, elm, cottonwood, dogwood, and 
 basswood. Some of the hills near the streams are also heavily tim- 
 bered. 
 
 History. — There were a few settlements made in this county about 
 1832; and it was here that the notorious "Bank of Niangua" had 
 its center of secret operations. There were some superior engravers 
 connected with it and sharp financiers at St. Louis and through the 
 country, who placed a large amount of it in circulation. We have 
 seen specimens of the money, and the engraving and general execu- 
 tion of the bills compare favorably with much of the paper money 
 in circulation at this time. 
 
 Minerals. — From the State Geologist we learn that a large deposit 
 of specular iron ore is found in section 31, township 3T, range 12, and 
 brown hematite ore in section 30, township 36, range 1 1 ; also on the 
 hills of Bee Branch, in township 31, range 10. Sulphuret of iron is 
 found in a cave in section 19, township 36, range 8; and sulphuret 
 and brown hematite iron ores exist in section 9, township 38, range 
 13. There are several caves in this county, in some of which large 
 quantities of saltpeter have been found. All kinds of building mate- 
 rials are abundant. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, the county-seat, is situated near the center of 
 the county, on the right bank of Robidoux Creek, one mile above its 
 mouth. There is no other town of importance in the county. 
 
 Humboldt and Le Bruin are small villages. 
 
366 PUTNAM COUNTY. 
 
 PUTNAM COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the north central part of the State, 
 bounded on the north by the Iowa State line, on the east by Schuyler, 
 on the south by Adair and Sullivan, and on the west by Mercer 
 County, Putnam County was formed from Linn and Adair, and 
 organized in 1845. By the session of 1848-49, Dodge County was 
 formed, and in 1852-53 was dissolved and divided between two 
 adjoining counties. Population in 1856, 5603; and in 1860, 9240. 
 A State line railroad has been projected, which, if built, will be of 
 great advantage to all the counties in this range. 
 
 Physical Features. — The eastern portion of the county is prin- 
 cipally timber, while the central and western is prairie and timber 
 diversified. The county is drained by Medicine, Locust, the two 
 Blackbirds, Muscle Pork, and Spring Creek. Stone coal of good 
 quality is very abundant. Soil is fertile and well adapted to all farm- 
 ing purposes. Corn is the staple product, and stock growing is 
 receiving considerable attention ; cattle, horses, and hogs are princi- 
 pally raised. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in this county, 1 newspaper, 4 
 lawyers, 19 physicians, 17 merchants, 2 grocers, 2 druggists, 2 tin- 
 ners, 12 blacksmiths, 3 wagon-makers, 2 saddlers, 1 tailor, 5 shoe- 
 makers, 3 cabinetmakers, 40 carpenters, 18 saw-mills, (5 water and 
 13 steam,) 3 steam flouring-mills, 2 hotels, and 2 coopers. 
 
 Schools. — Putnam County has 42 school-houses, and raised $1292 
 to build more. There are 3725 children in the county, of whom 1841 
 were taught by 69 teachers, at salaries amounting to $4579 23. There 
 are 1080 acres of school lands unsold. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, the county-seat, has a population of 450; incor- 
 porated 1856-7; Eureka, 175; St. John, 150; Hartford, 100; Cen- 
 tral City, 75 ; and Terre Haute, West Liberty, Medicineville, Gales- 
 burgh, and Martinstown, each from 50 to 75 inhabitants ; Wyroka, 
 Locustville, Williamsburg, Scotland Ridge, Putnamville, Shawnee- 
 town, Omaha, and Livonia are all thriving places. 
 
KALLS COUNTY. 367 
 
 RALLS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northeast part of the State, bounded 
 on the east by the Mississippi River, (which separates it from 
 Illinois,) on the north by Marion, and on the South by Pike and 
 Audrain, is traversed by Salt River, and also drained by Lick Creek 
 and Spencer's Creek, upon each of which are several good mill sites. 
 The eastern portion of the county is also well watered by good 
 durable springs, which furnish an abundance of clear limestone water. 
 The present area of the county is about 480 square miles. The 
 population of the county in 1856 was 6594 ; and in 1860, 7879. 
 
 Physical Features, Soil, Crops, etc. — The general surface of the 
 county is broken and undulating — about five-eighths timber land and 
 three-eighths prairie. The timber consists of black and white oak, 
 hickory, elm, walnut, hackberry, sugar-tree, ash, etc. As to fertility, 
 the soil may be set down as above the average. It produces, per acre, 
 100 bushels of corn, 66 of wheat, (premium on Mr. McCormick,) 30 of 
 rye, 70 of oats, 200 of potatoes, 300 of onions, and other similar crops 
 in proportion. Timothy and Hungarian grass yield very well, while 
 native prairie grass grows luxuriantly, affording pasturage from the 
 middle of April to the middle of October. Probably stock raising is 
 carried on more extensively than any other branch of husbandry in 
 this county. The statistics of the county show that large numbers of 
 mules are raised and exported at very good prices. Sheep raising 
 would also pay well on the prairies. Improved land is worth from 
 $12 to $50 ; and unimproved, from $10 to $30. 
 
 The county and citizens have built two plank and Macadamized 
 roads — one leading from Hannibal (the main shipping point) in the 
 direction of Paris, Monroe County, twenty miles of which is in Ralls 
 County, reaching to the county line. The other from Hannibal to 
 New London, with one of the best bridges in the State, over Salt 
 River, on this road. 
 
 History. — The first settlements made in the territory now embraced 
 by the boundaries of Ralls County were previous to 1800, by 
 citizens from older States. The county was erected from Pike 
 County in 1820, and in 1823 the boundaries were thus given in 
 Beck's Gazetteer : " Bounded on the north by the State line, east by 
 the Mississippi and Ues Moines Rivers, south by the counties of 
 Pike, Montgomery, Callaway, and Boone, and west by Chariton." 
 
368 RALLS COUNTY. 
 
 At that time its length was ninety-three miles, with an average 
 width of fifty miles, and contained an area of 4600 square miles, with 
 a population of 1684. In 1849, a cannon, loaded with powder and 
 ball, was exhumed upon the bank of Salt River, directly beneath a 
 large elm-tree, which was two feet in diameter ; this locality was 
 about ten miles northwest from New London. When and how this 
 magazine came there, we leave others to decide. The cannon is now 
 in McDowell's museum, St. Louis. 
 
 Saline Springs. — Of these there are several in the county. Free- 
 more's Spring, about four miles from ISTew London, was worked 
 early in the present century, but in 1812, during the Indian troubles, 
 work was stopped ; and tradition says that the Indians made an 
 attack upon a number of whites at work here, murdered them, and 
 threw their bodies into the spring. Another spring, more extensively 
 worked than the former, is situated five miles west from the above 
 mentioned, and was worked as late as 1832, by Hon. Charles Trabue, 
 ex-mayor of Nashville, Tennessee. We are informed, and we give 
 the story as related, that in 1836, William Muldrow, in boring for 
 salt near the old salt lick in this county, sunk his auger 300 feet, and 
 produced a stream of salt water which rose in a jet fifty feet above 
 the surface. In boring this well the auger passed through sixty 
 feet of solid rock-salt, which, upon trial, Mr. Muldrow found fit for 
 table use; and although never developed, it is probable this salt 
 could be quarried and profitably sold for less than that now brought 
 from other States. At Saverton, on the bank of the Mississippi; 
 seven miles below Hannibal, is a mineral spring, the medicinal 
 qualities of which are attracting considerable attention. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county, T lawyers, 13 
 physicians, 13 merchants, 12 blacksmiths, 3 wagon-makers, 3 saddlers, 
 1 tailor, 3 shoemakers, 12 carpenters, 8 steam and 4 water power 
 saw-raills, 1 cooper, and 1 hotel. The following classes are not 
 represented in this county, editors, bankers, grocers, silversmiths, 
 tinners, cabinetmakers, and tobacco manufacturers. 
 
 Inducements to Immigration. — The farmer will find good unim- 
 proved land at fair prices, well watered, either timber or prairie, an 
 abundance of coal for fuel in the western part of the county, excellent 
 pasture for stock growing, facilities for reaching market by river or 
 railroad, and a hospitable and intelligent people. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The character of the inhabitants of this 
 county may be inferred from the fact that their schools are well 
 sustained, and that in 1850, when the total population of the county 
 was only 4715, they had church accommodation for 3150 — a much 
 
RANDOLPH COUNTY. 369 
 
 more liberal provision in this respect than most of the counties 
 can boast of. There are of Presbyterians in the county, 150 ; 
 Methodists, 400; Baptists, 600; and Catholics, 180, and 18 church 
 edifices. There are 52 schools supported by the school fund, 
 located in different parts of the county, and taught the greater por- 
 tion of the year. The amount of school money apportioned for this 
 year was $1110 54. 
 
 NEW LONDON, the county-seat, was first settled about 1820, 
 but the town was laid out more recently ; the post-office was estab- 
 lished there in 1825. The town contains 2 churches, a Masonic 
 Lodge, high school, common school, 1 hotel, and 300 inhabitants, 
 with a general supply of stores, shops, etc. Madisonville, Saverton, 
 Hydesburgh, Sidney, Lick Creek, and Cincinnati have each 50 to 80 
 inhabitants. 
 
 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated north of the center of the State, bounded 
 on the east by Monroe and Audrain, on the west by Chariton, on 
 the north by Macon, and on the south by Howard and Boone 
 Counties, which separate it from the Missouri River. Randolph 
 County was organized in 1829. William Goggins, Daniel and 
 Nathan Hunt were the first settlers, and located where the county- 
 seat now stands. There are 316,245 acres of land subject to taxation 
 in the county, valued at $1,602,301. Total valuation of taxable 
 property, $3,541,004. Increase in property since 1858, $734,770. 
 Population of the county in 1860, 11,452. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is generally level or 
 undulating, and about one-fifth prairie, with timber abundant and 
 convenient to most parts of the county. The county is drained by 
 the East and Middle Forks of the Chariton River and tributaries, also 
 by several creeks tributary to Salt River. Limestone, clay for brick, 
 and building materials are abundant. The soil is generally fertile, 
 and produces bountifully of all the grains, grasses, fruits, and vege- 
 tables of this latitude. The East Fork of Chariton runs through 
 the county, nearly to the center, its course being west of south, and 
 affords some valuable mill sites. The Middle Fork of Chariton 
 traverses the southern part of the county, parallel to the East 
 Fork. On the divide between these streams is a beautiful body of 
 fertile table-land — a prairie from half a mile to one mile in width 
 
 24 
 
370 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 
 
 and fourteen miles in length — well adapted to all farming purposes. 
 Stock growing is an important branch of the business of many of the 
 farmers, and stock is becoming one of the staple products. Coal is 
 abundant in nearly every portion of the county. Cultivated land is 
 worth $8 to $20 per acre ; and uncultivated, about $4. The North 
 Missouri Railroad passes through the county, about six miles east of 
 the county-seat. A plank-road connects the county-seat with the 
 river, at Glasgow, twenty-five miles distant, and there is a fair pros- 
 pect of a railroad from Randolph to Brunswick. Thus, it will be 
 seen, the facilities for reaching market are good. 
 
 Early History. — Randolph County was first settled in 1820, prin- 
 cipally by Kentuckians and North Carolinians. Then its limits 
 extended from the Howard County line to the State of Iowa, includ- 
 ing all the territory now embraced in the Counties of Macon, Adair, 
 Schuyler, and other counties north and west. In the year 1829, the 
 news was spread through the settlements that Big Neck, Flying Cloud, 
 Big Thunder, and some others of the Iowa tribe of Indians had declared 
 war and were making a fearful massacre of whites on the borders of the 
 State. In those days the patriotism of the people was easily aroused, 
 and they held themselves in readiness for any emergency. No time 
 was lost in raising a company to go forward and avenge the death of 
 their comrades. The preparations were as extensive then for that 
 war as the Mexican war, twenty years afterward. It was true 
 patriotism and love of country which at that day induced the pioneer 
 fathers and husbands to leave their families unprotected, in a frontier 
 country, subject any moment to fall victims to the red man's rifle or 
 tomahawk. Believing that the names of those who risked their lives 
 in defense of their fellow-countrymen, and fought the early battles of 
 the West, should be handed down to posterity, we insert those of the 
 company that volunteered on this occasion, but are unable to gather 
 sufficient matter for a detailed account of the fight. 
 
 Robert Butcher, Captain. Joseph Holman, Private. 
 
 Wm. S. Cochrane, Lieut. Isham Embrel, " 
 
 Thomas T. Burke, Ensign. Wright Hill, " 
 
 Thorrett Rose, Sergeant, Nelson Johnston, " 
 
 John Dysart, " Nathan Decker, 
 
 John Dunn, " Aaron Wilkinson, " 
 
 Thomas Prather, " Tilraan Belt, " 
 
 George Green, Corporal. John Midley, " 
 
 James Holman, " William Elliott, 
 
 John Cooley, " Josiah Davis, 
 
 Josiah Rogers, " Benjamin Hardin, " 
 
RANDOLPH COUNTY. 371 
 
 Samuel Gooding, Private. John Kimbrongli, Private. 
 
 Joseph Hannitt, " James Barnes, " 
 
 Silas Shirley, " William Lockridge, " 
 
 Wra. Tompkins, " Joseph Oliver, " 
 
 John Peeler, " L. B. Giddins, " 
 
 Fielding Cockrill, " Thomas I. Samuel, " 
 
 Lewis Bradley, " Powell Ormsby, " 
 
 William Holman, " Joseph Gooding, " 
 
 George Dockins, " Elijah Burton, " 
 
 Edwin T. Hickman, " Ignatius Noble, " 
 
 Robert Dysart, " Samuel C. Davis, " 
 
 Greenup Wilcox, " Jeremiah Biswell, " 
 
 Esquire Holman, " James Wells, " 
 
 In 1832, during the Black Hawk war, a company was formed in 
 this county, commanded by Captain A. Goodrig, but we have been 
 unable to procure the names of the company in full. And although 
 the war was settled before they reached the scene of action, this 
 company deserve great credit for the bravery and public spirit they 
 manifested, by enlisting and marching forward to protect their country 
 from the depredations of hostile tribes ; and they really deserve as 
 much consideration as if they had fought. 
 
 "In those early days in Randolph County," justly remarks our 
 informant, a worthy old pioneer, " the people were all upon an equality 
 — no aristocratic distinctions prevailed. The man with the buckskin 
 hunting-skirt, and the woman with a calico dress, were as much re- 
 spected and esteemed as though dressed in the garbs of kings and 
 queens. Distinctions in dress are a scandal to the nation, and should 
 by all means be banished ; and every good man should pray for a 
 return of the good old days of primitive simplicity." 
 
 Churches and Schools. — Thirteen church organizations are all we 
 could learn of in this county, and are principally of the Methodist, 
 Baptist, Christian, Presbyterian, and Episcopal denominations. Mt. 
 Pleasant male and female College, located at Huntsville, was 
 Organized about one year ago, and is under the control and patron- 
 age of the United Baptists, and has a reputation of being well con- 
 ducted and liberally patronized. In 1858, there were 41 school- 
 houses, and 3239 school children in the county. The amount of 
 money apportioned for 1859 was $227T. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, the county-seat, is located near the center of 
 the county, about six miles west from the North Missouri Rail- 
 road. It now contains an ably-conducted college, (Mt. Pleasant 
 College ;) 4 churches — Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, and Christian; 
 
372 RAY COUNTY. 
 
 Masonic and Odd Fellows' Lodges; 2 newspapers, the "Citizen" 
 and "American ;" a book-store ; 2 flouring and 3 saw-mills ; and a 
 full complement of enterprising business men, representing every 
 branch. The other towns are all growing rapidly, and are good 
 business points, surrounded generally by a well-settled country, peopled 
 by industrious and intelligent citizens. 
 
 Roanoke, population, 300 ; Renick, 200; Milton, 100; Jackson- 
 ville, 100; Thomasville, 150; Allen, 15; Smithland, 50. 
 
 EAY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the left bank of the Missouri River, 
 bounded on the east by Carroll, north by Caldwell, and west by Clay 
 County, and contains about 556 square miles. In 1860 there were 
 106,742 acres of land in cultivation, divided into 1600 farms, which 
 possessed the following live stock of one year old and upward : — 
 
 Horses 8,324 
 
 Mules 1,580 
 
 Work Oxen 2,968 
 
 . Cows 6,950 
 
 Other Cattle 18,565 
 
 Sheep 16,412 
 
 Hogs (all sizes) 45,500 
 
 This county was named in honor of John Ray, a member of the 
 Convention to form the State Constitution. In 1821 it had a popu- 
 lation of 1789; in 1830, 2657; in 1840, 6553; in 1850, 10,000; and 
 in 1860, 14,076. 
 
 Physical Features. — There is a desirable division of prairie and 
 timber in this county. The bottom lands of the Missouri are exceed- 
 ingly fertile, but a portion of them are subject to inundation, in times 
 of the highest freshets. They are well adapted to the culture of many 
 agricultural products, and especially favorable for stock growing. 
 The timber consists of the same varieties as the adjoining counties, 
 except blue ash, white walnut, and sassafras, which we have not seen 
 higher up the river than the eastern boundary of this county. The 
 county is drained by Fishing River, Crooked River, and the "Wah- 
 kan-dah," all of which have an abundance of fish. Two miles east 
 from Millville is a sulphur spring, considered valuable for its medic- 
 inal properties. Stone coal is abundant in many parts of the county, 
 
KAY COUNTY. 373 
 
 also excellent limestone for building purposes or manufacturing lime. 
 Both saline and fresh water springs are numerous. 
 
 History. — The first settlements upon the territory now embraced 
 in Ray County were made in 1816, by Isaac Martin, Abraham Lin- 
 ville, Isaac Wilson, John Turner, William Turnage, and others, on 
 Crooked River, near the present site of "Buffalo City." At first 
 these new settlors subsisted almost entirely upon game, but after they 
 had raised crops they added roasted corn. When the corn became 
 hard enough to grind, they made wooden mortars and pestles to 
 "grind" it with. Their sieves were made by stretching a perforated 
 deer -skin over a hoop. An improvement was made upon the mortar 
 by the introduction of hand-mills, and in 1818 Isaac Martin erected 
 one to run by horse power, the posts of which are still standing. In 
 those days the Iowa and Sac Indians were numerous and friendly. 
 Bears were plenty, and very troublesome in destroying corn and pump- 
 kins. Deer, elk, turkeys, and smaller game were also very abundant. 
 The first school taught in this region was by Meadow Yanderpool, in 
 1819, and the first goods were "cordelled" up the Missouri River by 
 John Shields, and sold at Old Bluffton, near Camden. In 1819 the 
 first steamboat navigated the Missouri River, and came up as high as 
 Camden, and was a great curiosity to the natives, many of whom 
 could not for a time be induced to approach within several hundred 
 yards of it. (See Chapter on "Early Navigation of Western 
 Rivers.") 
 
 The county business was formerly transacted at Old Bluffton, where 
 the first court was held in April, 1821, by John Thornton, Isaac Mar- 
 tin, and Elisha Cameron as county-court justices ; Wm. L. Smith, 
 clerk ; and John Harris, sheriff. The first court held at Richmond, 
 the present seat of justice, was on the 5th of May, 1828, of which 
 AVm. P. Thompson, Scbron J. Miller, and Isaac Martin were judges; 
 George Woodward, clerk; and Larkin Stanley, sheriff. In 1827, 
 John Wallard had a corn-field upon the ground now occupied by the 
 present public square of Richmond. The courts continued to be held 
 at Bluffton until 1828, when the county-seat was removed to Rich- 
 mond. The only memorial that remains of this once important 
 pioneer seat of justice is upon the county records, and in the memo- 
 ries of the early settlers of the State. The illustrious names that 
 are interwoven with its seven years of judicial history sufficiently 
 attest the importance of the former position of Bluffton ; and 
 although, as a town it has ceased to exist, the memory of its former 
 history will be lasting. Hon. Hamilton R. Gamble was first circuit 
 attorney, who, upon his resignation, was succeeded by Abiel Leonard 
 
374 RAY COUNTY. 
 
 and Charles French. George Tompkins, Peyton R. Hayden, Cyrus 
 Edwards, Gen. Duff Green, Jno. F. Ryland, and Amos Rees were 
 acting attorneys at Bluffton at the above-mentioned date. For many 
 of the foregoing items of early history we are indebted to Holland 
 Vanderpool, Esq., a very worthy citizen of Ray County, whose father 
 established the first school, and whose family have done much to bring 
 the county to its present prosperous condition. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Ray County is supplied with 22 merchants, 
 
 1 branch of Union Bank, 1 newspaper, 8 lawyers, 20 physicians, 3 
 druggists, 13 grocers, 1 silversmith, 2 tinners, 25 blacksmiths, 30 
 wagon-makers, 4 saddlers, 5 tailors, 8 shoemakers, 10 carpenters' shops, 
 
 2 tobacco manufacturers, 19 saw-mills, 12 flouring-mills, 6 coopers, etc. 
 
 Of Churches there are 18, embracing Methodist, Presbyterian, 
 Reformers, Baptist, and Catholic. There are 6*1 school districts in 
 the county, and 60 school-houses, with 4T43 pupils and 17 teachers. 
 
 RICHMOND, the county-seat, was established about 1827. It is 
 pleasantly situated south from the center of the county, about seven 
 miles from the Missouri River, on high, undulating land, surrounded 
 by an excellent and well-settled farming region, and has for many 
 years been a place of considerable business, having had, in 1836, seven 
 stores, and a number of mechanics' shops, etc., and now contains a 
 bank, newspaper, several churches, and schools, and a population of 
 about 1000. 
 
 Camden, the principal shipping point of the county, is on the Mis- 
 souri River, seven miles from Richmond, and 125 above Jefferson City. 
 It was first settled about 1833, and has taken the place of Old Bluff- 
 ton, which was a short distance above, on the river, and whose glory 
 has long since departed. Population about 500. 
 
 Millville is situated about twelve miles northeast from the county- 
 seat, and contains 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Knoxville, in the north central part of the county, has a population 
 of 200. Of other towns in the county there are Albany, Elkhorn, 
 Morton, and Tinney's Grove. For post-offices, see full list in another 
 chapter. 
 
REYNOLDS COUNTY. 375 
 
 REYNOLDS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeastern part of the State, is 
 bounded on the north by Iron and Dent, on the south by Carter and 
 Shannon, on the east by Iron and Wayne, and on the west by Dent, 
 Shannon, and Carter Counties. 
 
 Reynolds County was named in honor of Thomas Reynolds, a 
 former Governor of the State, and in 1850 contained a population of 
 1849; in 1856, 2399; and in 1860, 3320. 
 
 The face of the country is rough and broken, and in some portions 
 the scenery is wild and beautiful. The county is heavily timbered 
 with forests of yellow pine, oak, hickory, etc. Some of the high 
 table-lands are susceptible of cultivation, and the valleys and bottom 
 lands are very productive. Many of the ridges, usually looked upon 
 as worthless, would make very productive orchards or vineyards. The 
 county is drained by Big Black River and its tributaries. East Fork, 
 "West Fork, Spring Creek, and Big Creek, some of which afford 
 excellent water power for mills or iron manufactories. 
 
 Minerals. — Extensive deposits of hematite iron ore lie in a north- 
 east and southwest course through townships 29, 30, and 31 of range 
 
 1 west, and 1 and 2 east, and lead ore has been found in several 
 localities through the county. Limestone, clay for brick , or stone- 
 ware, and some beds of granite are found in the county. 
 
 Churches and Schools. — The religious denominations in the county 
 are principally Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are a 
 full share of district schools in the county, and several select schools 
 of high standing. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, the county-seat, is in section 8, township 32, range 
 
 2 east, east of Middle Fork of Black River, and contains about 250 
 inhabitants, a Baptist church, a high school, 2 stores, 1 hotel, etc. The 
 town was first settled in 1847, and the post-office established in 1852. 
 
 Lesterville, situated on the east side of Black River, has about 50 
 population. 
 
 Edge Hill, on the Middle Fork of Black River, 12 miles from Cen- 
 treville, contains 2 Baptist churches, 1 blacksmith, 3 carpenters, 2 
 shoemakers, 1 tailor, 1 cabinetmaker, 2 stores, 1 sash and blind factory, 
 and 1 flouring-mill. Population about 100. 
 
 Alamode, 10 miles from Centreville, contains about 50 inhabitants; 
 and Barnesville, Glen Dale, Thomasville, and Mungar's Hill are all 
 post villages. 
 
376 RIPLEY COUNTY. 
 
 RIPLEY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the soutli-soutbeast part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Butler, west by Oregon, north by Carter, (a 
 new county,) and south by the Arkansas State line. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general surface of this county is undula- 
 ting, and in some portions quite rough. It is traversed from north to 
 south by the Current River, and also drained by Fourche and Mill 
 Creeks, and other tributaries of the Current and Big Black Rivers. 
 The uplands and ridges are timbered principally with yellow pine and 
 red cedar, the former growing to an immense size. The bluffs along 
 the Current are beautiful, and well adapted to fruit and grape culture. 
 The best farming land lies in the valleys of the streams, but small 
 grain and grasses will flourish upon many of the uplands. Besides 
 pine and cedar above named, the county is timbered with oaks, elms, 
 walnut, and hickory. Of minerals, there is an abundance of iron and 
 lead ores, and indications of copper. It has rich mineral deposits 
 waiting to be developed. 
 
 DONIPHAN is the county-seat, and the shipping point for the county. 
 It is located on the Current River, twenty-four miles south and about 
 twelve miles east from where J. H. Colton has it on his Township 
 Map of Missouri. Population about 150. 
 
 The streams in the county are clear and rapid, and upon some of 
 them there are excellent mill sites. Clear, cold springs are numerous 
 in this county and in Carter. 
 
 Ripley County was first settled by Mr. Lemuel Kittrell, in 1819, 
 who still resides here, and when he first came, his only associates were 
 the Indians and wild beasts ; but he hopes ere long, to see extens- 
 ive iron and lead manufactories located upon the fine water power, 
 and yet to greet the introduction of the locomotive by the continua- 
 tion of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, which is projected through the 
 county. Fopulation in 1840, 2856; in 1850, 2830; in 185G, 3834; 
 and in 18G0, 3T00. 
 
SALINE COUNTY. 377 
 
 SALINE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is bounded on the southeast by Cooper, on the south 
 by Pettis, west by Lafayette, and on the northwest, northeast, and 
 east by the Missouri River, separating it from Chariton, Carroll, and 
 Howard Counties. The distance from where the river strikes this 
 county to where it leaves it at Arrow Rock is about ninety miles, and 
 by an air-line between the two points, but thirty-two miles. The 
 county, in 1840, contained 5258 inhabitants; in 1850, 8843; in 1856, 
 8214; and in 1860, 15,032. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is undulating, and 
 is about two-thirds prairie. The deficiency of timber is more than 
 compensated by the extensive bed of cannel and bituminous coal that 
 underlies most of the county, and is generally near the surface. Black 
 River traverses the southern, and Salt Fork, one of its principal trib- 
 utaries, the central portions of the county. Springs, both saline and 
 fresh, are numerous, affording excellent water for all purposes, agricul- 
 tural and mechanical. Limestone, sandstone, and lead ore are found 
 throughout the county. No systematic mining done yet. 
 
 History. — Settlements were made upon the territory of this county 
 as early as 1816, by persons from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 
 One of the most important products of the county in its earlier years 
 was salt, large quantities of which were manufactured annually for a 
 number of years, till at length it was imported at lower prices than 
 it could be manufactured here ; hence the works were entirely aban- 
 doned. As the name indicates, there are a number of very large salt 
 springs in the county, with many of fresh water, which afford an 
 abundance of stock water. 
 
 The Soil is exceedingly fertile, especially on the bottoms and the 
 upland prairies. That portion known as the " Tetesaw Plains," is a 
 tract of table-land, the elevation of which is between that of the bot- 
 toms and the highlands, and is one of the richest bodies of land in 
 the State. It extends from "the pass" to the falls of Muddy Creek, 
 a length of some nine miles, in one unbroken level. The soil is well 
 adapted to the culture of hemp and tobacco, hence for most other 
 products. Some farms yield per acre, of hemp, 1300 pounds; to- 
 bacco, 1200; corn, 100 bushels; wheat, 40 bushels; rye, 50 bushels; 
 barley, 60; oats, 50; buckwheat, 40; potatoes, 300; turnips, 400; 
 clover, 4 tons; timothy, 3 tons; Hungarian grass, 5 tons; with a 
 
378 SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 good return of apples, peaches, pears, etc. Unimproved lands are 
 worth from $5 to $10. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — Nature seems to have been lavish with her 
 gifts in the creation of this section of the State. The manufacturer 
 and miner may each find here inducements such as they seldom meet 
 with. While the farmer admires it for the fertility of the soil and 
 the valuable springs, the miner and manufacturer will find beneath the 
 same soil immense beds of stone coal, and rich veins of lead ore. 
 There are also fine quarries of freestone and limestone convenient to 
 most portions of the county. The timber is generally oak, hickory, 
 and black walnut, which in some instances grow very large, affording 
 from seventy to eighty feet of timber suitable for lumber or fencing 
 rails. This county has an area of 750 square miles, and ninety miles 
 of river border, affording an outlet to most of the county. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — There are in the county 2 newspapers, 1 
 bank, 1 lawyers, 25 doctors, 18 merchants, 8 grocers, 4 druggists, 2 
 silversmiths, 3 tinners, 20 blacksmiths, 6 wagon-makers, 6 saddlers, 8 
 tailors, 10 shoemakers, 2 cabinetmakers, 60 carpenters, 1 tobacconist, 
 4 coopers, 8 saw-mills, and 5 flouring-mills. 
 
 There are 28 church organizations, of various denominations, and 
 about 50 district schools. 
 
 Capitalists, manufacturers, farmers, and mechanics will here find very 
 superior natural advantages, and good openings for business. 
 
 MARSHALL, the county-seat, was laid off in 1838 — is named in 
 honor of Chief Justice Marshall, and has now a population of about 
 2T5. The location of the town is high and healthy, commanding an 
 extensive view of the surrounding country. 
 
 Arrow Rock has a population of 100; Cambridge, 350; Miami, 
 600; Brownsville, 200; Frankfort, 250; and Saline City about 50. 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is bounded on the north by the Iowa State line, and 
 lies west of Scotland and Clarke Counties, which separate it from the 
 Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers. This county was first settled 
 in 1836 by David Floyd, Judge Samuel Eason, Jefferson Fulcher, 
 John Davis, and Joseph Bradburn. Population in 1860, 6721. 
 The surface of the country is generally undulating, and about one- 
 third of it broken. It is all fertile, and susceptible of cultivation: 
 
SCHUYLER COUNTY. 379 
 
 about two-thirds prairie, and the remainder timber land. The west- 
 ern border of the county is washed by Chariton River, upon which 
 is some good water power, unimproved. Besides the smaller tribu- 
 taries of the Chariton, the county is traversed by the three forks of 
 the Fabius R.iver and the north fork of Salt Kiver. Most of the 
 county is believed to be underlaid by a rich bed of coal ; but only one 
 or two banks have been opened yet. 
 
 The soil and climate are well adapted to the culture of most 
 kinds of grains and grasses, yielding as follows : wheat, 20 bushels ; 
 corn, 80 bushels ; rye, 25 ; oats, 40 ; buckwheat, 25 ; potatoes, 
 200 ; onions, 400 ; beets, 500 ; turnips, 200 bushels ; hemp, 600 
 pounds; tobacco, 1000 pounds; timothy, 2 tons; and Ilungarian 
 grass, 3 tons per acre. Market is not very near now, and prices of 
 produce are comparatively low; but the North Missouri Railroad, 
 when completed, will pass through this county about the center, and 
 the "State Line Railroad," now projected from Keokuk west to the 
 Missouri, would pass along the northern border of the county, thus 
 affording the farmer a good market at his very door. Unimproved 
 lands are now worth from $2 to $4; improved, $6 to $10. 
 
 Church History. — The first Baptist church organized in this 
 county was in the year 1838, at the house of David Floyd, in the 
 southwest corner of the county, by the Rev. Mr. Hite. There are at 
 present 9 Baptist churches, with a membership of 541. The present 
 pastors of the church are Wm. Seamster, Lyons, and Simmons. The 
 "Christian Order," organized their first church at the house of Daley 
 Ruddles, one mile northeast from Lancaster, in 1845; Elder Turner, 
 of Lewis County, was their first pastor. This denomination is now 
 known as the "Lancaster Christian Church." They have a house of 
 worship in Lancaster, costing $2000, and a membership of 160; entire 
 membership in the county, 600. Present pastors. Elders Wm. Hart- 
 ley, Isaac Foster, and Sanders. The M. E. Church, organized 
 
 in 1838, which was before the division between the church North and 
 South. This organization was effected under the preaching of Rev. 
 Dr. Still and William Rush; number of communicants, 350. The 
 M. E. Church South, has 240 members. Their organization took 
 place after their division in 1845; preacher in charge J. R. Alder- 
 man. Old Side Baptists, 2 congregations and 100 members; Mora- 
 vians or United Brethern, 2 congregations and 100 members; South- 
 ern Church, 1 congregation and 50 members; Catholics, about 10; 
 Uuiversalists, 50 — no churches. We are indebted for the foregoing 
 facts, and many others in regard to this county, to John McG old- 
 rick, Esq., of Lancaster. 
 
380 SCOTLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Schools. — The county is divided into 52 districts, and, according 
 to the last report, there were 40 school-houses, and 3549 children 
 between 5 and 20, of whom 1626 were taught during the year. The 
 public schools are kept open from 3 to 9 months annually, depending 
 upon the amount of public funds. The apportionment for 1859 was 
 $2205 24. A female seminary was established in 1857, and is under 
 the charge of Mrs. A. P. Baird; has about 100 pupils. Lancaster 
 Seminary, incorporated in 1859, Messrs. J. W. Minor, Reuben Whit- 
 well, E. M. Bradley, R. Caywood, Wm. Buford, Dr. R. J. Christie, 
 J. B. Arlverson, Wm. S. Thatcher, and Wm. V. Rippey, corpo- 
 rators. 
 
 There is in the county 1 newspaper, 6 lawyers, 9 physicians, 8 mer- 
 chants, 2 grocers, 1 druggist, 1 silversmith, 3 tinners, 15 blacksmiths, 
 3 wagon-makers, 1 tailor, 7 shoemakers, 3 cabinetmakers, 20 carpen- 
 ters, 1 tobacco manufactory, (doing a good business,) 9 steam and 1 
 water saw-mills, 6 steam flouring-mills, 4 coopers, and 3 hotels. 
 
 LANCASTER, the county-seat, has a population of 800; and 
 Greentop, 125. Distance from Lancaster to Canton, on the Missis- 
 sippi River, 70 miles; to Alexandria, 67 miles; to Hudson, on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 55 miles; to Jefferson City, 180 
 miles. 
 
 Ikerman, Cherry Grove, Pedee, and Tippecanoe are flourishing 
 villages. 
 
 SCOTLAND COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the north-northeast part of the State, 
 bordering on the Iowa line, separated from the Mississippi and Des 
 Moines Rivers by Clarke County on the east, and bounded on the 
 west by Schuyler, and on the south by Knox Counties. Scotland 
 County in 1850 contained 3785 inhabitants; in 1856, 7535; and in 
 1860, 9351. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is undulating, and 
 consists principally of prairies. It is drained by the Waconda, 
 North Fabius, and Middle Fabius Rivers, and several smaller streams 
 tri))utary to them. The timber is mostly oak, hickory, walnut, elm, etc. 
 
 The Soil is generally fertile, and well adapted to farming or graz- 
 ing purposes. Cultivated land is worth from $10 to $20 ; and un- 
 cultivated, $3 to $8. 
 
 MEMPHIS, the county-seat, is situated on the North Fabius, near 
 the center of the county, and was first settled in 1838. It contains 
 
SCOTT COUNTY. 381 
 
 1 liigli school, 1 Christian, and 1 Presbyterian Church, a Masonic 
 and an Odd Fellows' Lodge, a newspaper printing-office, 2 flouring- 
 mills, 8 stores, 3 hotels, 1 saw-mill, a manufactory for each, shingles, 
 sash, blinds, and rope, etc., with a full representation of other kinds 
 of business houses. Population about 400. 
 
 Middle Fabius (sometimes called " Greasy") is situated on the 
 Middle Fabius River, nine miles from the county-seat, contains 1 
 seminary, 1 Baptist, and 1 Presbyterian church, 2 flouring-mills, 1 
 foundery and machine shop, 1 steam saw-mill, 1 sash, blind, and door 
 manufactory, 2 hotels, etc. Other industrial pursuits are well repre- 
 sented. Population 125. 
 
 Etna is a new town, laid out in 1855 by A, Hunt, situated eleven 
 miles from Memphis, and contains a population of 120. 
 
 Sand Hill and Arabella are small villages. 
 
 Upton is a new town on the projected line of the Iowa and Mis- 
 souri State Line Railroad, and thirteen miles from Memphis. It 
 contains a Methodist and a Christian church, flouring-raill, 2 hotels, 
 and a variety of other business houses. Population about 450. 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeast part of the State, bounded 
 on the east by the Mississippi River, west by Stoddard, north by 
 Cape Girardeau, and south by New Madrid and Mississippi Counties. 
 Scott County was erected from New Madrid in 1822, and named in 
 honor of General Winfield Scott. Its population in 1830 was 2136; 
 in 1840, 5974; in 1850, 3182, (decrease of 2792;) and in 1856, 2792. 
 [It is remarkable that the total population in 1856 should be pre- 
 cisely the same as the decrease from 1840 to 1850 ; but it is so given 
 by the State census returns.] Its population in 1860, was 5247. 
 
 Physical Features. — In the northern and western parts of the 
 county the surface is broken and uneven, and many of the highlands 
 are ridges underlaid with the same limestone that is so abundant at 
 Cape Girardeau. The soil on the uplands is generally inclined to be 
 sterile, while that of the valleys, prairies, and bottoms are exceed- 
 ingly fertile. The southern portion is covered with extensive cypress 
 swamps, and where susceptible of cultivation is very rich, and pro- 
 duces bountiful crops of corn, oats, tobacco, and vegetables and 
 grass. Some as fine vegetables as are grown in the State were pro- 
 duced in this county. 
 
382 SHANNON COUNTY. 
 
 BENTON, the county-seat, is situated about three miles north from 
 the center of the county, and six miles west of the Mississippi. 
 
 Commerce, the principal town in the county, is on the Mississippi 
 River, eight miles from the county-seat, was incorporated January 
 15, 1857, and contains 1 M. E. Church, 1 flouring-mill, 1 tannery, 1 
 hotel, 1 pottery, 6 stores, and several mechanic's shops. Population 
 about 350. 
 
 Pleasant Plains is a village situated upon the point of the divid- 
 ing ridge that separates Lakes St. John and St. Mary. The same 
 character of land extends between these bodies of water, south to 
 the town of New Madrid. 
 
 SHANNON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south-southeast part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Reynolds and Carter, on the west by Texas, 
 on the north by Dent and Reynolds, and on the south by Oregon and 
 Carter Counties. The first settlements were made here in 1819; yet 
 there are now (1860) but 1978 inhabitants. 
 
 The Physical Features of the county are similar to those of 
 Reynolds County — generally broken and well timbered. The greater 
 portion of the soil is well adapted to fruit and grape culture, and 
 also to the production of grasses and cereals. The valleys are gen- 
 erally fertile. The county is traversed in a southeasterly direction 
 by Current River, (an affluent of Black River,) and by their numer- 
 ous tributaries. The Current is a rapid stream, affording an abund- 
 ance of water power which could be improved to good advantage. 
 
 Most of the land was entered in 1858-59, at 12^ cents per acre; 
 previous to which time but few entries were made except of the cop- 
 per lands. Seven townships were reserved by government as "copper 
 lands," and of these 140,000 acres are still (January, 18G0) subject to 
 entry at $1 25 per acre. But few farms are opened yet; corn, wheat, 
 rye, and oats are the most profitable crops. Some portions of this 
 county have generally been looked upon as unproductive, yet some 
 farms opened have produced per acre : wheat, 30 bushels ; rye, 30 ; 
 oats, 30; potatoes, 150; turnips, 200; tobacco, 1000 pounds; and an 
 abundant crop of apples and peaches ; and some of the old settlers 
 in this and other portions of the State seem disposed to complain 
 because they have lived in certain localities so long, endured so many 
 
SHELBY COUNTY. 383 
 
 privations, and met with such ill success. In this county there are 
 settlements 25 to 30 years old, that have not a fruit tree nor a grape 
 vine on the whole place ; while there is no better soil or climate for 
 fruit or grapes in the Union probably, and no more certain or pro- 
 fitable crop ; and ten dollars' worth of fruit trees and vines planted 
 20 years ago and properly cultivated, would now be worth as many 
 hundreds. 
 
 Minerals. — This county is very rich in minerals ; containing im- 
 mense deposits of hematite iron ore, lead ore, and very extensive beds 
 of copper of a superior quality, in townships 28 and 29, ranges 34 and 
 35 west. Some of these mines will be opened and worked to great 
 profit at an early day. Some gold has been discovered in this county 
 in hornblende and quartz rock, associated with magnetic iron ores ; 
 as yet it is entirely undeveloped. 
 
 EMINENCE, the seat of justice, is a brisk town, situated a little 
 above the center of the county on Current River, and is surrounded 
 by a good agricultural country. 
 
 SHELBY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east-northeast part of the State, and 
 is drained by Salt River, South Fabius, and North Rivers, affluents 
 of the Mississippi. Population in 1860, 1718. The first settlement 
 made here was by Major 0. Dickerson (who was also the first settler 
 in Palmyra, Marion County). This county was organized in 1836, 
 from territory taken off" from Marion County. The county-seat was 
 for a time at Oakdale. The general surface of the country is rolling 
 or undulating, with about an equal division of prairie and timber 
 land, which is generally very fertile, producing large crops of all the 
 grasses, grains, vegetables, and fruits adapted to this latitude. Stone 
 coal and building stone are abundant ; but only taken out for local 
 purposes. 
 
 There are in the county, lawyers, 7 ; physicians, 20 ; merchants, 20; 
 grocers, 9 ; druggists, 3 ; silversmith, 1 ; tinner, 1 ; blacksmiths, 9 ; 
 wagon-makers, 3 ; saddlers, 2 ; tailors, 4 ; shoemakers, 6 j cabinet- 
 makers, 2 ; carpenters, 10 ; coopers, 2 ; saw-mills, 6 ; flouring- mills, 4. 
 
 Churches. — There are 5 churches in the county : O. S. Presby- 
 terian, organized 1859, Rev. Mr. Cochran, pastor, 14 members; 
 M. E., organized 1836, Rev. J. Dries and Rev. Mr. Hudson, pas- 
 
384 ST. CHARLES COUNTY. 
 
 tors, 700 members; Baptist, organized 1845, Rev. J. Tilford, pastor, 
 50 members; O. S. Baptist, organized 1840, Rev. H. Louthan, pas- 
 tor, 30 members ; Christian Church, organized 1838, Rev. Elder 
 Hatchett, pastor, 290 members. 
 
 Schools. — There are 3 high schools in the county : Shelbyville 
 Academy, M. E. Institution, under charge of Rev. Mr. Dries, and 
 the Shelby Male and Female Seminary in charge of H. Ellis ; also a 
 private school near Clarence Station, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 Railroad, taught by Rev. Mr. Corbin. There are some 30 district 
 schools, with a total average attendance of 1200 scholars. 
 
 Good farming lands can be had, with some improvements, at from 
 $8 to $25 per acre ; and unimproved lands, at from $5 to $10. Farm- 
 ers will here find a good location, and a sure reward for their enter- 
 prise and industry. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat, is 7 miles from the railroad and 
 110 from Jefferson City, very pleasantly situated in the center of a 
 rich agricultural district. It has a population of some 800. 
 
 Bethel, situated on North River, 5 miles from the county-seat, eon- 
 tains about 400 inhabitants ; Shelbina, 150 ; Hunnewell, 100 ; Lake- 
 nan, 50 ; Clarence, 50. The last-named four are stations on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. 
 
 ST. CHARLES COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the eastern part of the State, occupying 
 a narrow neck of land lying between the Mississippi and Missouri 
 Rivers opposite the mouth of the Illinois. It is bounded on the 
 north by the Missouri River and Lincoln County, on the west by 
 Warren County, and on the south by the Missouri River, which sepa- 
 rates it from St. Louis and Franklin Counties. Population in 1860, 
 14,3*70 whites and 2186 slaves. 
 
 Physical Features. — Two of the largest streams in America wash 
 the shores of this county — the Mississippi on the north and east, and 
 the Missouri on the southward : by the former stream, products are 
 borne on steamers from the extreme northern part of the United 
 States to the southward ; by the latter, furs are brought down from 
 the e.xtreme northwest, and regular steamboat navigation is estab- 
 lished to points on the Upper Missouri, 3526 miles from St. Louis. 
 
 The dividing land between the two rivers is rolling, and in some 
 
ST. CHARLES COUNTY. 385 
 
 places broken into ridges. The long point or tongue of land, for 
 twenty miles above the mouth of the Missouri, is entirely alluvial, and 
 varies from two to ten miles in width. The highlands terminate at a 
 point three miles below the City of St. Charles, in a most beautiful and 
 romantic pile, called the "Mamelles."* Here the line of bluffs on the 
 Mississippi meets the line of bluffs on the Missouri, and it is evident 
 that at this point these two mighty rivers once united their waters ; but 
 by the long-continued deposits of alluvial soil, a rich peninsula has been 
 formed, and each river has been driven to the opposite bluff; the Missouri 
 to the " Charbonnier " blutf in St. Louis County, and the Mississippi to 
 the base of the lofty bluffs in Illinois ; and one of the richest portions of 
 bottom-lands to be found anywhere exists between them. This peninsula 
 is partly prairie and partly heavily timbered, and through the center of 
 it runs the former bed of tlie two rivers, now forming a long crooked 
 marsh, called the Marias Creche. From the "Mamelles" a line of 
 rugged bluffs extends up the Missouri through the county, sometimes 
 approaching near the river, but generally leaving a very fertile heavily 
 timbered bottom of from one to four miles in width. A similar range 
 of bluffs extend up the Mississippi, leaving a wide, fertile bottom, prin- 
 cipally prairie, portions of which are occasionally overflown by high 
 water. The central part of the county lies between these bluffs, and 
 is alternately hilly, rolling, and level, having about equal portions of 
 timbered land and prairie, intersected with creeks, and containing 
 numerous fine clear springs, which, with the five important creeks trav- 
 ersing this county, afford abundance of water for stock, and a few mill- 
 sites. There will be no lack of timber in this county for many years 
 to come. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The land is in many places first rate, in 
 others second rate, and in some places poor ridges are to be found 
 extending some distance. The soil in the point and upon the river bot- 
 toms is of the richest possible description, and the uplands are of 
 good quality, embracing a large proportion of soil admirably adapted 
 to the cultivation of wheat, corn, hemp, and tobacco, and the vegeta- 
 bles, fruit, and most other crops that flourish in this latitude. (Also 
 see Warren County.) 
 
 Good water power is afforded by the Perugue, Dardenne, and 
 
 * " The prospect fi-om the Mamelles (the breasts) is believed by many to be 
 the most romantic and beautiful in the United States. It presents an imposing 
 view of the course of the Missouri and the Mississippi Rivers — with their bluffs 
 and towering clitfs; their ancient meandering beds; the Marias Croche lake; 
 the mouth of the Illinois River; and of the vast prairie with farms and farm- 
 scenes interspersed." — Flint. 
 
 25 
 
386 ST. CHARLES COUNTY. 
 
 Femme Osag-e Creeks, but at present there is but one on each — all 
 grist-mills. There are twenty mills in the county — five water and 
 fifteen steam power. Of these, five are in the city, one on Big Creek, 
 three on Perugue, three on Dardenne, one on the Mississippi, two in 
 Augusta, and others through the country. Two large brick woolen 
 factories, valued at $90,000, running 1300 spindles, are in successful 
 operation. 
 
 Minerals. — Limestone for building purposes is abundant throughout 
 the county; and near the City of St. Charles, and in some other por- 
 tions, sandstone, easily quarried, has been found in large quantities, 
 and advantageously worked. Numerous beds of bituminous coal have 
 been opened and worked to some extent, but no systematic mining 
 done, further than for present consumption. Potter's clay of a good 
 quality exists in the county, but has never been worked, except to a 
 very limited extent. It is reported that a fiue-grained marble also 
 exists in the county, and in former years a considerable quantity of 
 good " Spanish I>rown" was prepared from a deposit in this county. 
 
 ST. CHARLES, the county-seat, has a high, commanding, healthy 
 location, eligible for commercial or manufacturing purposes. It is 
 upon the first point of firm, elevated land, above the mouth of the 
 Missouri River, and has a beautiful rocky shore. It is now, and must 
 continue to be the principal crossing-place of the Missouri River, for 
 all trade and travel passing between St. Louis and the northern and 
 northeastern parts of the State. Hence the wisdom shown by the 
 North Missouri Railroad Company, and the people of St. Charles 
 County, in deciding to erect a bridge at this point of the most sub- 
 stantial and enduring character — which shall serve for the railroad 
 trains, for teams, and for foot-passengers. This will be the first bridge 
 across the Missouri River, and having a draw, will in nowise interfere 
 with steamboat navigation. The prospects for the City of St. Charles 
 are very promising. Situated so near to the great commercial metro- 
 polis of the west, when this bridge is completed, many citizens of St. 
 Louis will here build fine residences, and being upon the great North 
 and South line of Railroad, at no distant day to connect with the net- 
 work of Railroads in Iowa and Minnesota, with a main line extend- 
 ing to St. Paul, this must ever be an important business point, and 
 presents rare inducements to manufacturers particularly. 
 
 History. — St. Charles County formerly embraced all the country 
 between the Mississippi and the Missouri — stretching to an indefinite 
 extent to the north and west ; but by the formation of new counties, 
 one after another, it has been reduced to its present moderate limits. 
 Nearly all the events of the early settlement of the State are inti- 
 mately connected with the history of this county. The Indian wars, 
 
ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 387 
 
 massacres, and adventures that attended the early settlement of the 
 State, and accompanied the late war, happened principally in St. 
 Charles County. Here the rangers were raised, the forts built, severe 
 battles fought, and here it was that Black Hawk made his first war 
 against the white population. The first settlement in what is now St. 
 Charles County — indeed in the northern part of Missouri — was at 
 "Village du Cote," now St. Charles, in 1162 — two years before St. 
 Louis was founded by Laclede. 
 
 ^T. CLAIR COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the west-southwest part of the State, sep- 
 arated from the Kansas State line by Vernon and Bates Counties. In 
 1850 — the first census taken — showed a population of 3556, which had 
 increased to 6256 in 1860. 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is undulating — neither 
 level nor broken. There is from one-quarter to one-third timber — the 
 remainder prairie. The timber consists of hickory, oaks, walnut, linn, 
 etc. The prairies lie principally in the northern part of the county, 
 while the southern — south of the Osage River — is timbered, and more 
 broken. The southern portion is also well watered, by the numerous 
 tributaries of the Osage River, some of which afford excellent water- 
 power. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is generally very fertile, and well 
 adapted to all farming purposes. Some farms have yielded of hemp 
 700 pounds to the acre; tobacco 1600; flax 2000 in the straw; wheat 
 35 bushels; corn 75 bushels; rye 40; oats 45; barley 80; potatoes 
 250; onions, beets, and carrots, each 300; timothy 8000; clover 2000 
 lbs.; Hungarian grass 8000 lbs. to the acre, etc. This county is well 
 adapted to stock growing, as all kinds of grasses grow finely. Woolen 
 manufactories, tanneries, saw and grist mills, will do well here. This 
 is one of the counties that was almost depopulated by the war, and 
 it is now "open for settlement." Farms can be purchased at reason- 
 able figures, and there is room for all classes of business. 
 
 Minerals. — Both iron and coal have been found in this county, but 
 neither worked to any extent. There is without doubt a thick strata 
 of coal underlying most of the county, suQicient to supply all demands 
 for fuel, for centuries to come. 
 
 In the spring of 1865 there were 10,000 acres of land subject to 
 entry, at $1.25 per acre, or to settlement under the Homestead law. 
 
388 ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. 
 
 Since the close of the war this and adjoining counties have received 
 an immense influx of population — principally energetic intelligent 
 people from the Eastern and Northern States, and many towns, almost 
 destroyed during the war, are now in better condition than ever before. 
 
 ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east-southeast part of the State, has 
 an area of about 350 square miles, and is separated from the Mis- 
 sissippi River by Ste. Genevieve County. 
 
 Physical Features The face of the country is broken and hilly — 
 
 less than one-tenth being bottom land, and about four-fifths tillable. 
 It is drained by Big River, Terre Beau, Flat Creek, and the small 
 tributaries or sources of the St. Francois River, some of which are 
 beautiful, clear cold streams, and afford numerous sites for water 
 power. The timber consists of the various kinds found in the adjoin- 
 ing counties, with the addition of some considerable forests of pine. 
 
 The Soil is moderately fertile, however, there is a good proportion 
 of excellent farming laud, principally in the valleys, and some fine old 
 farms have been cultivated forty or fifty years. This being princi- 
 pally a mining region, whatever the farmer may produce will find a 
 ready market, at good prices, at his very door. This remark will ap- 
 ply to all counties where mining is prosecuted with system and regu- 
 larity. The soil and climate is well adapted for orchards and vineyards, 
 and if properly used for these purposes, the now vacant so-called 
 "flint ridges" may prove more valuable, and return a greater profit 
 upon the money and labor expended than the best farms in the county. 
 Sheep raising should be extensively engaged in, and woolen factories 
 established upon some of the many excellent water-power sites in the 
 county. 
 
 Minerals. — A considerable part of that wonder in the mineral 
 wealth of Missouri, the Iron Mountain, lies in this county. (See de- 
 scription, page 141.) There are several extensive lead mines in the 
 county — the principal ones thus far developed being in T. 38 N., R. 
 5 E. Here are ihe "mines of Bisch, of Perry, and of Valle, the last 
 two of which are more generally known than any other lead mines in 
 Missouri ; not only on account of the length of time during which 
 mining has been carried on, but also by the large amount of ore which 
 has been obtained." Some of these mines were worked with consider- 
 
STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. 389 
 
 able system and regularity from 1824 till the beginning of the war, 
 but the only data we have, shows the amount of lead produced from 
 1839 to 1854 inclusive, during which period the yield of lead from 
 these three mines amounted to 40,803,000 lbs. Copper, cobalt, nickel, 
 and some other minerals are reported to have been discovered, but no 
 explorations have been made. 
 
 A railroad is projected to run from Tunnel Station, on Iron Mount- 
 ain Railroad, through Farmiugton, the county-seat, tlience to mine 
 La Motte, and to the river at Cape Girardeau. The completion of 
 this road will furnish an outlet from these mines, and this whole county, 
 either direct to St. Louis or to the Mississippi, by railroad — hence 
 the sooner it is built, the sooner will the resources of the county be 
 developed. 
 
 The "Cook Settlement" is one of the best neighborhoods, and 
 located upon the most extensive and most thoroughly cultivated tracts 
 of land in Southeast Missouri. Capital and enterprise are needed to 
 establish manufactories, and to develop the mineral, and other re- 
 sources. 
 
 STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the Mississippi River, in the E. S. E. 
 part of the State, and has an area of about 400 square miles. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface is hilly and broken, except some 
 extensive tracts of bottom land along the Mississippi, which are well 
 timbered, principally ash, maple, walnut, sycamore, cotton, and hack- 
 berry. The timber of the uplands is generally hickory and oaks. 
 
 Early History. — The first settlements in this county were made 
 about 1755. M. Laclede arrived at Ste. Genevieve and FortChartres, 
 Nov. 3, 1763. Manuel Perez was Lieut.-Governor, and Henry Pey- 
 roux commandant of the district in 1788. Francis Yalle, Senior, set- 
 tled and erected a number of buildings on the Saline River in 1797. 
 Francis Yalle, Jr., built a water-mill and a cabin on the River Aux 
 Vases in the fall of 1802; built dwellings in 1796. James Maxwell 
 was vicar-general of the late province of Louisiana, over the English 
 and American settlers, and was by letter from Bishop of Orleans, dated 
 May 1, 1799, notified that he, the Bishop, had recommended him to 
 the King, and requesting him to give his attention to the whole clergy 
 of the province, to convert all immigrants to the Roman Catholic reli- 
 gion. Anthony and Joseph Vallars (minors) settled on Big River, 
 
390 STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve District, under concession dated Oct. 11, 1192. Tlieir 
 father was captain in the Spanish service for thirty years, and also 
 civil commandant at Ste. Genevieve and Arkansas for several years. 
 Settlements were made by John Baptiste Yalle, Jr., in 1799, by Marie 
 Louisa Yalle Villars, on the River Saline, 18th February, 1T98, by 
 John Baptiste Valle, on River Establishment, July 4, 1796. In 1810 
 the town contained twenty large stores, "from which the jjeojyle of 
 St. Louis laid in their stocks.^' It required four months to go to 
 Philadelphia and return, and freights to Pittsburg were $10 per 100 
 lbs. Goods were then wagoned to Pittsburg, and brought in flat or 
 keel boats down the Ohio and up the Mississippi River. 
 
 Minerals. — The principal source of wealth in this county are its 
 minerals, copper, lead, iron, salt, zinc, marble, sand, etc. Until re- 
 cently, but little has been done toward the development of these min- 
 eral resources. But it is reported that the extensive quarry of excel- 
 lent variegated marble is soon to be worked; that companies are 
 already preparing to manufacture salt; that smelting furnaces for 
 copper and lead are being erected, new mines being discovered, and 
 old ones worked deeper than ever, and paying very well. The white 
 sand so abundant here is second to none, probably, anywhere — almost 
 pure silex — and large quantities have been regularly shipped to Pitts- 
 burg, Wheeling, and even to Boston, for the manufacture of flint 
 glass. Situated opposite an exhaustless supply of excellent coal, cap- 
 italists and manufacturers will not be very slow to see the propriety 
 and j^'f'oft of establishing manufactories of various kinds at Ste. Gen- 
 evieve. As early as 1834-35, A. Yalle wrote as follows: "I re- 
 ceived 10,000 lbs. red copper, which I sold in New York, and have 
 been informed it was of an excellent quality ; the copper ore is abund- 
 ant, and yields a good per cent. Our lead mines are pronounced by 
 English and German miners richer, easier worked, and at less expense, 
 than the famed mines of Galena. I ship annually from this place 
 three million pounds of lead. The iron ore is the most abundant of 
 our minerals. The first French settlers made salt four miles from this 
 place (Ste. Genevieve), in considerable quantities. The water is 
 strong, and good for the manufacture of salt." The quarry or ridge 
 of white and variegated marble is represented as being as handsome 
 as the Italian, and the ridge or quarry has been traced for miles. 
 
 Soil and Products. — Tlie uplands are well adapted to wheat and all 
 kinds of fruit, and of late years considerable attention is being devoted 
 to the latter. Over 250,000 bearing grapevines now in vineyards 
 here. Tlie land along the Mississippi, and in the valleys along the 
 
STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. 391 
 
 interior water-courses, is very rich, and well adapted for all fanning 
 purposes. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — The people of this county are now (186T) 
 urging the importance of building a railroad from their county-seat to 
 the Iron Mountain. The chairman of the committee on organization 
 thus sums up the advantages of the county : 
 
 "As if the people of Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri, were designed 
 to be the favorites of fortune, we have on the west side of the Missis- 
 sippi, varying in distance from five to thirty-five miles from the river, 
 inexhaustible deposits of the best iron ore in the world. A wide belt 
 of the best glass sand, near the river, extending across Ste. Genevieve 
 County, from north to south. 'The best salt springs in the Union,' on 
 the banks of the Mississippi River and the Saline Creek, in Ste. Gen- 
 evieve County, the best white lime in the State, best grindstones, 
 superior building materials, marble, freestone, etc., etc., while farther 
 west, the great mineral belt, from north to south, passes through the 
 entire county, described by a line from Valle's mines to Mine La 
 Motte, the intermediate space being dotted along by well-known dis- 
 coveries of lead ore, such as the McCormac mines, Lincoln mines, 
 and Mine Avon. Mine La Motte, with its untold wealth of copper, 
 lead, cobalt, and nickel, must always find its most convenient access to 
 market through Ste. Genevieve County. 
 
 " On the east side of the Mississippi River, in Randolph County, 
 Illinois, is located an immense field of superior stone coal, penetrated 
 by the Kaskaskia River, and capable of furnishing a supply, equiva- 
 lent to any demand, for ages to come. There is no portion of the 
 Union where natural resources are more abundant than in this portion 
 of Missouri and Illinois, and where all the elements of greatness and 
 power are aggregated on so small an area. But let us not forget the 
 superior wheat of Ste. Genevieve County, the adaptability of our soil 
 for clover, timothy meadows, and our delightful evergreen blue grass, 
 indigenous to our soil; our fine country for every description of fruit, 
 in a climate where it never perishes on account of the severity of the 
 weather; our natural springs of pure water; our salubrious climate ; 
 our delightful rural districts, diversified by meadows, waving grain, 
 green grass plats, and rippling rills, all added together, make up an 
 aggregate of the good things of this world unsurpassed by any other 
 portion of the United States." 
 
392 ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 
 
 ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 
 
 This county occupies a point of land formed by the confluence of the 
 Missouri with the Mississippi River— the former washing its northern 
 and the latter its eastern border. The county is drained by the Mara- 
 mec River, which traverses the southern portion and enters the Missis- 
 sippi on the county boundary; also by the River Des Peres, and by 
 Bonhomme and Gravois Creeks. The surface is pleasantly diversified, 
 the soil generally productive, underlaid by limestone, extensively used 
 for building purposes. A considerable portion of the county is un- 
 derlaid by coal, but a few banks have been opened. A fine quality of 
 building-stone, by some called "marble," is abundant and extensively 
 used. 
 
 This is naturally one of the best farming counties in the State, con- 
 taining a large proportion of first-rate land; consisting in part of the 
 alluvial lands, extending from St. Louis along the margin of the Mis- 
 sissippi to the mouth of the Missouri, thence up that river to Belle 
 Fontain. The valley of Florisant is also very rich and in a high state 
 of cultivation. The valley of Riviere des Peres, west and southwest 
 of the city, and the undulating tracts westward from the city to the 
 Missouri, are very fertile, and well settled. 
 
 THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS is situated twenty miles below the 
 mouth of the Missouri River ; 174 above the mouth of the Ohio River ; 
 744 below the Falls of St. Anthony; 1194 above New Orleans, and 
 128 miles east from Jefferson City, the State Capital. Lat. 38° 37' 
 28'' N., Ion. 90° 15' 16" W. The length of the city, by the course 
 of the river, is about nine miles, extending four miles back ; but the 
 thickly settled portion is about seven miles in length, by three and a 
 half in breadth; — is regularly laid out, the streets generally being GO 
 feet wide, and crossing each other at right angles. The buildings, 
 both public and private, are generally of the most substantial char- 
 acter, being of stone, marble, and brick. There is probably no city in 
 the Union of its size, that can boast a better class of public buildings. 
 The two leading hotels, in point of size, architectural beauty, magnifi- 
 cence of interior finish, or convenience and completeness of detail, are 
 probably unsurpassed in the United States. The Lindell Hotel, on 
 Washington Avenue, was opened in the fall of 18G4, and the Southern, 
 corner of Fourth and Walnut Streets, in the fall of 1865. That the 
 reader may form some idea of the "Lindell," a few statistics are 
 
ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 393 
 
 given: Total cost of hotel and lot, $l,6t6,400; total floorage, t 
 acres; area of plate glass, 1 acre; length of gas pipe, 3 miles; length 
 of carpeting, 18 miles; area of plastering, 21 acres; length of bell 
 wire, 32 miles; height from sidewalk, 112 feet. The Southern Hotel 
 is not so large as the Lindell, but in some respects more elegant, and 
 cost $1,250,000. Of other hotels, there are the Planter's, Barnura's, 
 St. Nicholas, Olive Street, Everett, Broadway, etc., numbering 34. 
 There are 93 churches (IT of which were erected in 1866), 1 normal 
 school, 1 high school, and 30 public, and 54 private schools, 3 com- 
 mercial colleges, 4 universities, 4 medical colleges, 10 female semina- 
 ries, 4 academies, a mercantile library with upwards of 30,000 
 volumes, a public school library with 12,000 volumes, a polytechnic 
 institute (affording gratuitous instruction to all industrious mechanics, 
 artisans, and apprentices), with a full quota of asylums, benevolent so- 
 cieties, etc. 
 
 Early History. — The history of St. Louis, if given in detail, would 
 fill a good-sized volume. A few notes are given below, furnished by 
 John Reynolds, an early settler. As stated in the " Historical Epochs " 
 in this work, an enterprising and talented merchant, Pierre Auguste 
 Laclede, from New Orleans, on the 15th of February, 1164, laid the 
 foundation for this famous city, and erected some wooden huts near 
 the present old Market Square. St. Louis was founded on commerce, 
 and that branch of industry has been its main support in its unparal- 
 leled growth to the present time. 
 
 The great article of commerce in the early settlement of St. Louis 
 was the Indian trade in their peltries and furs. Lead from the In- 
 dians and also from the whites formed a considerable item in the pio- 
 neer commerce of St. Louis. Some considerable quantity of wild 
 game, deer, buffaloes, and bears, was shipped in the early times from 
 St. Louis to New Orleans. Surplus wheat and flour, raised in the 
 American Bottom, Illinois, added somewhat to the commerce, at that 
 period. 
 
 In early times the Missouri River furnished more furs and peltries 
 to St. Louis than it received from all other sources. Before St. Louis 
 was founded, hunters and trappers visited the Missouri River, far up 
 toward the Rocky Mountains. The Indian trade from St. Louis was 
 also extended to the sources of the Mississippi and far up the St. 
 Peters River. 
 
 The Indian goods received at St. Louis about this time amounted 
 annually to about $35,000. The furs and peltries were generally ship- 
 ped to Canada, thence to Europe, and it required four years to make 
 the returns. Toward the close of the last century, the annual outfits 
 
394 ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 
 
 of Indian goods for the Missouri River increased to about $G1,000. 
 It was not uncommon to ascend tlie Missouri River in those times up- 
 wards of 1000 miles, in the prosecution of the Indian trade. Com- 
 panies were formed to enter fully into this commerce, as individual 
 enterprise could not so well accomplish it. 
 
 An Irish gentleman, Dr. Andrew Todd, was authorized by the Span- 
 ish government to prosecute an exclusive trade on the Missouri River 
 with the Indians, and he located himself in St. Louis, about the year 
 lt90. In 1792 several French and Spanish traders were equipped 
 by Todd to trade high up on the Missouri River. 
 
 For fifteen years previous to 1804, the average value annually of 
 the furs and peltries received in St. Louis was $203,150. The annual 
 average number of deer skins was 150,000 ; beaver furs, 369,000 lbs.; 
 otter, 8000 lbs.; bear skins, 5100, and buffalo robes only 850, 
 
 The French traders from St. Louis had occupied the country east 
 of the Rocky Mountains before the year 1804, when Messrs. Lewis 
 and Clark explored that country in their expedition to the Pacific 
 Ocean. M. Soiziel, sustained by Mr. August Chouteau, established a 
 fort and trading house on an island in the Missouri River, near the 
 Great Bend, and rendered good service to Lewis and Clark in their 
 expedition to the ocean. 
 
 In 1808 the Missouri Fur Company was formed, and was composed 
 of Emanuel Siza, P. Chouteau and others of St. Louis, and Wm. 
 Morrison and Pierre Merald of Kaskaskia, Illinois. The capital was 
 $40,000, and Major Andrew Henry, the father of General James D. 
 Henry, who became so conspicuous in the Black Hawk war in Illinois, 
 in 1832, was the main agent and manager of the Company in their 
 operations toward the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 This company formed the two trading houses on the west side of 
 the Rocky Mountains ; one on the Columbia River, and the other on 
 Lewis River. 
 
 John Jacob Astor & Company in 1809, before and after their expe- 
 dition to the Pacific Ocean, made St. Louis a resting point, which 
 would almost entitle it to the honor of the enterprise. And in 1819 
 he established a commercial house in St. Louis, for the Indian trade 
 of the Missouri River, under the charge of Samuel Abbott. The 
 early great wealth of Mr. Astor rested mainly on the house in St. 
 Louis for its existence. 
 
 In 1812 the Missouri Fur Company was dissolved, and private in- 
 dividuals, such as B. Pratt, P. Chouteau, J. P. Cabanne and E. Siza, 
 entered into the Missouri traffic with the Indians. 
 
 About this time, 1819, another fur company was organized, and 
 
ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 395 
 
 the members were Joshua Pilcher, Emanuel Siza, Thomas Hemp- 
 stead, and Capt. Perkins. This company was intended for the Rocky- 
 Mountain trade, but did not succeed as well as those composed of 
 Frenchmen. 
 
 In 1823 Gen. Ashley entered from St. Louis into the Indian trade 
 of the Rocky Mountains, and continued in it for several years. In a 
 battle with the Cherokee Indians, he lost fourteen men killed and ten 
 wounded. He discovered the famous "South Pass" to the Pacific, 
 and made a large fortune in the trade. To a fort he erected in the 
 mountains. Gen. Ashley conveyed a six-pound cannon, 1200 miles, and 
 afterward several wagons were driven across the plains to the fort in 
 1828. Gen. Ashley sold out his furs for $180,000 and retired from 
 the trade. Messrs. Smith, Jackson and Sublett were the principal 
 purchasers of Gen. Ashley, and entered into a company for the Indian 
 trade and trapping on the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 In the time of Gen. Ashley two-fifths of the men perished in the 
 trade, and I know the French population suffered greatly in this com- 
 merce. The white bears devoured many of the hunters and trappers ; 
 also many were drowned. The energy and ambition of the young 
 men to encounter danger, and even death itself, is surprising. This 
 commerce enriched St. Louis, but it diminished greatly tlie ranks of 
 the hardy and enterprising population of the West. 
 
 The French villages and other settlements around St. Louis fur- 
 nished articles of commerce in early times to it. Carondelet, or Vide 
 Pouche, as it was first called, was settled in 11Q1, but furnished very 
 little for trade, only the invention to arrange a cart load of wood ex- 
 ceedingly narrow with large side surfaces for show. St. Charles and 
 St. Ferdinand villages were established in early times, and added some 
 to the St. Louis commerce. 
 
 In these early times the almost entire language spoken in St. Louis 
 was the French, and not many of the French masses could speak Eng- 
 lish. The leading and conspicuous inhabitants were French, and most 
 of the business was done by them. The farmers and boatmen were 
 generally Frenchmen, and agriculture and navigation were conducted 
 on the French systems. 
 
 The inhabitants of St. Louis in olden times cultivated a large com- 
 mon field west of the village. This field mostly supplied them with 
 wheat and corn for bread. The range was then exceedingly good, and 
 the stock was numerous. The fur and Indian trade was carried on 
 from this town on almost all the western waters, and more support and 
 wealth were realized from this commerce than any other. The lead 
 trade also added to the wealth of St. Louis. 
 
396 ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 
 
 History. — In the year ISOT St. Louis presented the appearance of 
 a French village, as much as if it were located in France. Nothing 
 in or about it wore the aspect or appearance that it was within the 
 limits of the United States. The inhabitants spoke French entirely, 
 and observed all the manners and customs of the mother country, 
 France. The dress of the people, male and female, was foreign to an 
 American. The voyageurs, Gouvieurs du Bois, and the farmers, 
 scarcely ever wore a hat, but tied around their heads a blue cotton 
 handkerchief. The white blanket-coat was the general wear in winter, 
 and in summer, a cotton white shirt, or red woolen one, was about all 
 the garments the masses wore, except pantaloons of buckskin in the 
 winter and colored cotton in the summer. In the cold weather the 
 masses generally wore moccasins on their feet, and in summer, they 
 used the same or their bare feet. It was common for the males to 
 wear a belt around them winter and summer, wherein was fastened a 
 pouch, generally made of seal-skin with the hair on, containing to- 
 bacco, a pipe, flint and steel; so that they could enjoy this genial lux- 
 ury, at any time or place, of smoking. This habit was almost univer- 
 sal in olden times, with the French male population of all the villages. 
 In the belt was also suspended a butcher-knife, and often a small 
 hatchet. Thus equipped, a Frenchman, with a clay pipe in his mouth, 
 was prepared for the Rocky Mountains, or a hunt in the neighbor- 
 hood for raccoons and opossums. 
 
 The merchants and the upper classes dressed genteelly, and deported 
 themselves with the manners and urbanity of polished gentlemen. 
 
 The females of all classes were always dressed with taste and neat- 
 ness. They did not labor in the fields, or much anywhere else to in- 
 jure their personal appearance, and they paid much attention to the 
 display of their beauty, and the charms which nature has bestowed on 
 a lovely and beautiful female. All the gayety and beauty of the female 
 Creoles were sustained and added to, in a tenfold degree, by that inno- 
 cence, virtue, and cliastity which were so signally observed by this class 
 of people in pioneer times. 
 
 The dwellings were French, constructed a la mode a France, and 
 the barns stood thick on the present Third Street, in the City of St. 
 Louis. These barns were thatched with straw, and constructed for 
 the most part with cedar posts planted in the earth ; the intervals be- 
 tween the posts were filled up with puncheons of split Cottonwood. 
 In these barns were stored away the wheat the common field had pro- 
 duced, and at times, hay cut in the prairie was also housed in them. 
 
 Small round towers, constructed of sods, extended quite around the 
 town. These towers were the remains of the ancient fortifications 
 
ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 397 
 
 erected in Spanish times, to defend it ag:ainst the Indian and English 
 depredations. Near the intersection of Walnut and Fourth Streets 
 stood a tower, and a bastion was erected in the northwest section of 
 the ancient town, not far off from an extension of Third Street of the 
 city. 
 
 At that early day a bluff of perpendicular rocks, twenty or thirty 
 feet high, extended from about the foot of Chestnut Street up the 
 river bank for a considerable distance, and remained there for many 
 years. 
 
 The ferry across the river was established by Mr. Piggott in the 
 year 1796; but the crossing was performed in the ancient French 
 manner by canoes, or as the Americans at this day call them, dug outs. 
 When horses and wagons were to be crossed, two large canoes were 
 lashed together and a platform was placed on them. The Macbanan 
 boats were at times used as ferry boats. 
 
 The first newspaper printed west of the Mississippi was the 
 "Louisiana Gazette," commenced in 1808, by Joseph Charless, of St. 
 Louis. That was the beginning of what is now the " Missouri Repub- 
 lican," of which paper Mr. Charless was one of the proprietors at the 
 time of his death. 
 
 The first Methodist church was established here in 1820 — founded 
 by Rev. Jesse Walker. 
 
 In 1818, in St. Louis, a Baptist church was erected on Third and 
 Market Streets, and occupied the site of the National Hotel. The 
 building was never completed. 
 
 In 1820 the first Episcopal church was built in St. Louis, but after- 
 ward it passed into the hands of the Baptists. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Society, from the earliest settlement of the 
 village, sustained a Catholic church. The Catholic church erected on 
 Elm Street was completed in 1818, and many rich presents were be- 
 stowed on it from Paris, through the influence of Bishop Du Bourg. 
 
 Dr. Beck, in his Gazetteer, published in 1823, described St. Louis 
 as " a flourishing post-town.''^ Having grown from a hamlet to a city 
 of nearly a quarter of million of inhabitants, within half a century, it 
 would not appear unreasonable, in view of its unsurpassed natural 
 location, and freedom from the local causes which have heretofore re- 
 tarded its growth, to assume that it will in the next decade double its 
 present population. The increase from 1850 to 1860 was 82,913, 
 equal to 106|^ per centum, while that of New York City during the 
 same period was only 56j, and that of Boston 30 percent. The pop- 
 ulation of St. Louis is now estimated at 220,000. 
 
 Adam Smith, in his Political Economy, says : "A great city must 
 
398 ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 
 
 have for its foundation agriculture, commerce, and manufactures." The 
 three great rivers that make up "el Padre de los aquas'' — the father 
 of waters — furnish upwards of 15,000 miles of river navigation, with 
 railways radiating from this city to the four quarters of this continent, 
 daily increasing in length and importance, should answer the demands 
 of commerce; 900,000 square miles of "the garden of the world" — 
 the Upper Mississippi valley — tributary to the city, would certainly 
 satisfy the demand of the writer as to our agricultural capacity ; and 
 as to manufacturing, St. Louis is singularly favored, being within four 
 hours' time by railroad of a mineral region, which in point of extent, 
 variety, or purity exceeds any other on this continent. Tin has been 
 found in one county ; gold in two ; nickel in two ; kaolin in three ; 
 silver in five ; zinc in six; copper in twenty-three ; lead in thirty -two ; 
 iron in thirty-four, and coal in thirty-six, and new discoveries are con- 
 stantly being made. Many of these deposits are comparatively un- 
 developed. Enterprise and capital are wanted for the development 
 of these latent sources of wealth, and fortunes await all who judici- 
 ously embark in manufacturing in St. Louis — especially of such arti- 
 cles as are now brought from the East, for making which we have the 
 raw materials almost at our very doors. The flouring business is 
 already carried on more extensively than in any city in the West, and 
 St. Louis flour commands the highest price in every market in this 
 country. Besides other encouraging signs of progress in manufac- 
 turing, four blast furnaces, twenty tons each, and a rail mill, with a 
 capacity equal to supplying the present and prospective demand of 
 all railroads west of the Mississippi, are projected. 
 
 As an inland shipping port, St. Louis is without a rival, and her 
 steam tonnage exceeds that of any other inland city. Each stream 
 which contributes to the commerce of this port has its regular packets. 
 [See "Steam Navigation on Western Rivers."] 
 
 Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World says : " The natural advant- 
 ages which St. Louis enjoys, as a commercial emporium, are proba- 
 bly not surpassed by those of any inland port in the world. Situated 
 midway between the two oceans, and near the geographical center of 
 the finest agricultural region on the globe, almost at the very focus 
 toward which converge the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio, and 
 the Illinois Rivers, there can be no doubt that she is destined, at no 
 distant period, to become the great receiving and distributing depot 
 of most of the vast region drained by these streams." 
 
 Besides her natural commercial advantages, as indicated above, 
 which have given St. Louis an enviable reputation among her sister 
 cities, she is stretching her iron arteries north, south, southwest, and 
 
ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 399 
 
 west, intended not only to traverse the great grain-growing districts 
 of all the northwest, the cattle-producing districts of the west and 
 southwest, the mineral treasures of the Mississippi basin, but eventu- 
 ally, and at no very distant day, to span the western portion of this 
 vast domain, passing through the territories so rich in precious metals, 
 on to the shores of the Pacific, the latter crossing at St. Louis, main 
 trunk lines connecting the extreme northern portion of this continent 
 — far beyond St. Paul — with the Gulf at New Orleans, and Galveston 
 by distinct routes, each passing through St. Louis, and upon all of 
 which work is progressing. 
 
 With an inexhaustible supply of the most useful minerals at her 
 very door, in the midst of the most extensive tracts of fertile farming 
 and grazing lands in the world — in area equal to the whole of Europe 
 — with railroad and river communication with the almost boundless 
 cotton fields of the Southern States, there is no good reason why St. 
 Louis shall not ere long become as famous as Sheffield, Birmingham, 
 and Manchester, in the manufacture of metals, of cotton, and of 
 woolens, and at the same time increase her already extensive trade 
 and commerce. 
 
 Suburban Towns. — Yery few cities are favored with more beautiful 
 surroundings than St. Louis. Besides the many private mansions 
 crowning the elevated slopes and groves, there are several thrifty vil- 
 lages rapidly gaining favor, located on the railroads, inhabited prin- 
 cipally by business men of the city. The new suburban town, Mont 
 Cabanne, promises to grow more rapidly than any of its predecessors, 
 judging from the fact that upwards of eighty lots were sold during the 
 first two days after the office was opened, in January last. According 
 to the published programme of the "West-End Improvement Co.," 
 their town will embrace over 1200 building lots, fronting more than 
 six miles on avenues eighty to one hundred and sixty feet in width, — 
 the plot being elevated over 100 feet above the Mississippi River, 
 commanding extensive views of the city and surrounding country. 
 The company grade the avenues, plant from two to six rows of shade 
 trees along the avenues, and lay down drain, water, and gas pipes, 
 without expense to the citizens. At this time. May, 186T, a num- 
 ber of men are engaged in grading streets, erecting tower and engine 
 for water works, and building an independent railroad line, to be 
 completed (and run by steam) this year from the city to "Mont Ca- 
 banne." Liberal provisions are made for the early introduction of 
 churches, univer.^ities, colleges, schools, libraries, and reading-rooms. 
 Being only four miles from the business center of the city, this new 
 enterprise is of great importance, as furnishing an attractive and pleas- 
 
400 SHELBY COUNTY. 
 
 ant home to those who would reside near to business, and still enjoy 
 pure air, pure water, and be free from the smoke and dust of a great 
 commercial city. 
 
 Carondelet was originally six miles below St. Louis, and is an in- 
 corporated city ; but the two cities are growing so rapidly that prop- 
 ositions have been made by the people of the lesser for "annexation," 
 which will probably result in the whole population being governed by 
 one city charter at an early day. There are several extensive manu- 
 factories, a large boat-yard and dry-docks, and numerous public insti- 
 tutions in Carondelet, and the population of the city proper is now 
 about 8000. Between St. Louis and Carondelet is a United States 
 Arsenal. At Jefferson Barracks, 10 miles below the city, is also an 
 extensive cantonment, where troops and munitions of war are held in 
 reserve. 
 
 SHELBY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the east-northeast part of the State, and 
 contains about 500 square miles. It is drained by the South Tabius, 
 North, and Salt Rivers, affluents of the Mississippi. 
 
 The face of the country is undulating, more than half the county 
 being occupied by prairies, the timber embracing oaks, walnut, hick- 
 ory, and elms. About one-tenth of the county is " bottom land," and 
 probably three-fourths tillable upland. The prairies are based on 
 limestone, and the deficiency of timber is compensated by the abund- 
 ance of stone coal, which is found a few feet below the surface, especi- 
 ally along Salt River and Ten Mile Creek. 
 
 The Soil is well adapted to the culture of corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
 barley, sorghum, hemp, tobacco, and all kinds of vegetables and fruit, 
 except peaches, for which the climate is not favorable. From the 
 abundance of native grapevines, the soil is evidently well adapted to 
 grape culture. 
 
 Of mills and manufactories, there are in the county eight saw-mills, 
 five grist-mills, one woolen factory, one distillery, and one tannery. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat, was incorporated in 1866, and 
 has a population of 750, is 8 miles north from Shelbina, a brisk town 
 on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. The latter town has a 
 population of about 1200, and has more than doubled during the past 
 year. There are good openings at Shelbina for manufactories and 
 
STODDARD COUNTY. 401 
 
 thrifty business men. Clarence is also a thrifty, growing business 
 center on the railroad, which traverses the southern tier of town- 
 ships. 
 
 STODDARD COUNTY. 
 
 This county is in the southeastern portion of the State, bounded 
 on the east by Little River, and on the west by St. Fran9ois River. 
 
 Physical Features. — This county, as well as Dunklin, New Madrid, 
 Pemiscot, and Mississippi, suffered considerable change by the earth- 
 quakes of 1811-12, and upon many maps numerous large lakes are 
 represented as covering much of the surface of these counties. This 
 is, in the main, quite erroneous (see " Submerged Lands of Missouri," 
 pp. 30-38). According to the latest estimates, not more than one- 
 fourth of this county is bottom land, and nearly all tillable. All the 
 county is heavily timbered (except where cultivated) with all kinds of 
 oaks, ash, poplar, hickory, black walnut, etc. 
 
 Soil and Products. — Corn, sorghum, tobacco, and all kinds of grain, 
 produce well. The soil is of an alluvial formation in the bottoms, 
 lighter and more sandy on the uplands. All kinds of fruit that have 
 been tried, produce good crops. Native grapevines are abundant, 
 and bear bountifully, but no attention given to grape culture. The 
 most profitable business will be stock growing, as there is a very pro- 
 lific yield of grass, especially upon lands that are too wet for general 
 farming purposes, and the winter range for cattle in the swamps is 
 hardly excelled anywhere. 
 
 Castor River affords excellent water power for mills, woolen facto- 
 ries, etc. Bog iron ore is abundant in the swamps, and may at no 
 distant day be profitably worked. 
 
 Prospects. — The Iron Mountains and Southern Railroad is being 
 extended southeast from Pilot Knob to Belmont, in Mississippi 
 County, passing through Bloomfield, the county-seat of Stoddard. 
 This line will probably be intersected, about the middle of the eastern 
 line of the county, by a line from Memphis and the South, — thus 
 giving two railroad lines entirely across the county, which will de- 
 velop resources in Stoddard now unknown, and increase its wealth 
 and population fourfold. 
 
 26 
 
402 STONE COUNTY. — SULLIVAN COUNTY. 
 
 STONE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is in the southwestern part of the State, borders on the 
 Arkansas line, and is generally broken and billy — better adapted to 
 grazing and fruit growing than for farming. About three-fourths of 
 the county is timber land — ash, hickory, oak, and pine of large size. 
 The tillable land is about equally divided between bottom and upland. 
 Corn, wheat, oats, Hungarian grass, hemp, tobacco, sugar-cane, timo- 
 thy, cotton, and all kinds of fruit yield well. White River and its 
 numerous tributaries furnish fine water power for manufacturing pur- 
 poses. Both iron and lead have been found in various localities, and, 
 though the early settlers named the present county-seat "Galena," an- 
 ticipating the development of an extensive mining region, no system- 
 atic mining has yet been done ; but recent discoveries indicate this as 
 a rich "mineral" county. Grist-mills, saw-mills, tub and pail facto- 
 ries, and carding-machines, could be profitably established upon the 
 excellent water power on the James Fork of White River, Crane 
 Creek, and Flat Creek. Ten to twelve feet fall can be obtained with 
 a dam of five or six feet — level rock bottom and good banks. 
 
 SULLIVAN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the northern part of the State, separated 
 from the Iowa State line by Putnam County, and on the dividing line 
 between the Chariton on the east and Grand River on the west, con- 
 taining an area of 650 square miles. 
 
 Physical Features. — About two-thirds of the county is rolling 
 prairie, and one-third timber, interspersed with streams running al- 
 most due south, and parallel, from two to four miles apart. Some of 
 the streams afibrd water power, but, being fed principally by surface 
 water, are not durable. Water for stock is abundant, and clear, cold 
 soft water readily obtained by digging a few feet. 
 
 Soil and Products. — The surface soil varies from one to four feet 
 in depth upon the ridge, and in the bottoms from four to six feet, and 
 consists of a light, sandy loam. Corn is the principal crop, and yields 
 about 40 bushels to the acre. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley are but 
 little raised of late years, owing to the chinch bug depredations. Hay 
 and tame grasses yield abundant returns, and stock raising pays well. 
 
TANEY COUNTY. 403 
 
 owing to the extensive tracts "open" belonging to non-residents, who 
 own fully one-third of the best lands in the county. 
 
 Comparatively little attention has been given to fruit growing until 
 quite recently. There are many fine groves of crab apple and plum 
 trees, and a great variety of wild fruits, which indicate that the soil 
 and climate are well adapted for fruit. 
 
 Improved lands are worth from $7 to $20 per acre; and unim- 
 proved, from $3 to $15 — timber being considered most valuable. Here 
 are good openings for woolen factories, and for enterprising, intel- 
 ligent farmers. 
 
 TANEY COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the S. S.W. portion of the State, on the 
 Arkansas State line, has an area of about 1000 square miles, and had 
 in 1860 a population of 362*7. The first settlements were made in 1816 
 and 1817, by Jacob Youcheim, Solomon Youcheim, Elijah McAdo, 
 and Mr. Denton. The surface of the county is quite broken and hilly, 
 about one-fourth being good farming land. As a county it is better 
 adapted to raising stock and fruit than for ordinary farming purposes. 
 The principal part is covei'ed with heavy forests of oak, hickory, and 
 large-sized yellow pines. It is well watered by White River and its 
 tributaries, some of which. Little and Big Beaver, Swan, and Bull 
 Creeks, afi'ord good water power for manufacturing purposes. Since 
 the close of the war, extensive surface explorations have settled the 
 question that there are rich deposits of iron, copper, zinc, and lead — 
 the latter paying well from surface diggings. It is stated that two 
 men, with only an axe and wooden fork as tools, took out 1400 lbs. 
 of the best quality of lead in one day, on Swan Creek. Twelve local- 
 ities are given in the Geological Report, where lead was found by the 
 State Geologist, and one of copper: 20,000 pounds were then taken 
 from a shaft but ten feet deep, while a neighboring shaft yielded 
 170,000 lbs. per week. When the Atlantic and Pacific R. R. is com- 
 pleted to Springfield, it will furnish an outlet to this region. In an- 
 ticipation of this, and owing to recent rich discoveries, land has ad- 
 vanced considerably, and companies have been formed for mining in 
 this county upon an extensive scale. 
 
404 TEXAS COUNTY. 
 
 TEXAS COUNTY. 
 
 This county is in the southern part of the State, has an area of 
 about 1250 square miles. The so-called Ozark Mountains extend 
 through this county, and a very considerable portion of it is what 
 may be termed "broken." There are extensive forests of yellow pine, 
 and some of the largest pine-trees in the State are found in this 
 county. The surface is fertile, but the county at large is better 
 adapted for lumbering, stock raising, fruit growing, and mineral pur- 
 poses, than for agriculture. 
 
 The first settlements in the territory now embraced in this county 
 were made in 1820, by Patton, Boone, Truesdale, Baldridge, McDon- 
 ald, Buckhardt, Ormsby, and others, who built saw-mills at an early 
 day on the Piney River, and rafted the lumber to St. Louis, down the 
 Gasconade River. If lumbering business was profitable or practicable 
 30 or 40 years ago, when the State was a wilderness, and St. Louis 
 had less than 9000 population, certainly it should be now, when we 
 have a population of upwards of 200,000, and an unlimited demand 
 for lumber of all kinds, to supply which the lumber is brought several 
 hundred miles by river, lake, and railroad. Capitalists would do well 
 to investigate this matter. There are extensive pineries much nearer, 
 and some of them convenient to or traversed by rivers and railroads. 
 
 Iron and lead ores have been found in this county, but its present 
 remoteness from railroad communication have deterred parties from 
 making thorough investigations as to quantity or quality. Clay suit- 
 able for stone-ware, and lime and sand stone for building purposes are 
 abundant. 
 
 HOUSTON', the county-seat, in common with the greater portion of 
 Missouri, was sadly "demoralized" by the war, and but few of the 
 original 200 population were left ; but immigrants are settling up the 
 county rapidly, and many of the towns, almost or quite depopulated 
 by the war, have a larger, more intelligent, and more energetic popu- 
 lation now than ever before. From Houston to Springfield, 80 miles; 
 to Ironton, 65 ; to nearest point on the Southwest Pacific R. R., 40 
 miles. 
 
VERNON COUNTY. 405 
 
 VERNON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is bounded on the west by the State of Kansas, on the 
 east by St. Clair and Cedar, north by Bates, and south by Barton 
 Counties. This county was formed from Bates and Cass Counties, Feb- 
 ruary nth, 1851, and in 1860 contained a population of 5062. The 
 assessors' returns for 1859 gave the number of acres subject to tax at 
 504,201, being a larger number of acres than any county returned in 
 the State, This county suffered severely during the war of the re- 
 bellion, and was one of those entirely depopulated, but it is now being 
 rapidly filled up by an intelligent and energetic class of citizens, and 
 the next census will show a larger population than ever before. 
 
 The Face of the Country is generally undulating, witli rather more 
 timber than prairie. The prairies are of a rich sandy loam, underlaid 
 by a substratum of clay, except upon the large mounds, which are quite 
 numerous throughout the county, where the yellow limestone soil is 
 found very productive. There is an abundance of timber for all time 
 to come, especially when it is considered that stone coal of good qual- 
 ity is found almost everywhere upon the prairie uplands. The timber 
 is large, and embraces nearly all kinds found in Southwest Missouri 
 except cedar. The county is drained by the Little Osage and Mara- 
 ton Rivers, Big Dry Wood, Little Dry Wood, east and west forks of 
 Clear Creek, and the small tributaries of each. 
 
 The Soil is fertile, and well adapted to agricultural purposes. Stock 
 growing is a very successful and profitable business, for which the 
 native grasses and climate render tliis county peculiarly well adapted. 
 Many persons do not feed their young cattle or stock hogs during the 
 entire year, as the grass in the timbered bottoms and prairie valleys 
 never dies, unless burned down by prairie fires, and the "mast" and 
 roots are generally very abundant for hogs, and they prefer them to corn. 
 
 Ruins of Earthworks and Furnaces probably constructed by Da 
 Soto more than 300 years ago. — There are some antiquities in this 
 county which have caused universal curiosity with all who have ever 
 seen them. They are thus described by K. Q. Pearson, in a commu- 
 nication to the Jefferson Inquirer, in January, 1847 : " Gold and Sil- 
 ver Mines. — On the prairie, between the waters of the lower Dry 
 Woods and Clear Creek, in Bates (now Yernon) County, are to be 
 seen the signs of old mining operations, consisting of four ditches, 
 four or five feet wide, extending about a quarter of a mile in length — 
 in four right parallel lines, terminating at the commencement of three 
 
406 VERNON COUNTY. 
 
 parallel curved ditches of like dimensions — these termiuatiug at the 
 commencement of two others, inversely curved, and about 200 yards 
 in length. In the vicinity of these ditches, in a branch, there have 
 been found very fair specimens of silver ore ; and about 12 miles from 
 this place, in the nearest timber, can be seen the foundations of three 
 furnaces, with quantities of cinder, among which has been found a 
 piece of pure gold, about the size of a common rifle ball. The ruins 
 of these works are readily visible, and arrest the attention of the 
 most indiiferent passer-by. It is probable that men of science have 
 labored here, and with a well-paying success, but history is silent on 
 the subject." 
 
 It is possible that the earthwork above described was a part of the 
 fortification made by De Soto in 1541-42, for his winter quarters, and 
 that during the four months' stay of himself and his company of Span- 
 iards, they may have erected and used the furnaces, for the purposes 
 indicated. There is no question about his having crossed the Ozark 
 Mountains, each way, and it is almost certain that his successor, Mos- 
 coso, also visited the country west of the Ozarks in 1642. In the 
 notes of his expeditions, De Soto mentions a place called " The land 
 of Tula," which historians have located on the divide between the 
 Upper Oucbita River and the Little Missouri, in Arkansas. Wilmer, 
 in his Life of De Soto, states that De Soto and his troupe " passed 
 over a rough mountainous country, interspersed with gloomy and 
 almost impenetrable forests, climbing high mountains, and crossing 
 deep, rapid rivers," and that "after having journeyed more thau 240 
 miles from Tula, they once more came to cultivated lauds and a pop- 
 ulous village, bearing the name of Autiamgue. Here De Soto and 
 his companions fixed their winter quarters, and strongly fortified their 
 village to defend it against any attacks from the Indians. They re- 
 mained here during the winter, and left in April, 1542, for the Missis- 
 sippi River, via Hot Springs of Arkansas." 
 
 Our reasons for concluding that the earthworks and furnaces above 
 described were constructed by De Soto, are, 1st — because the locality 
 is the precise distance named in his notes, from the land of Tula above 
 named ; 2d, the route across the Ozark ridge is well described ; 3d, 
 the earthworks are similar to those found elsewhere, used to aid in 
 fortifying a settlement; 4th, they were in search of precious metals, 
 and the construction of the furnace foundations indicate that they were 
 built by men conversant with the arts and sciences ; 5th, the numer- 
 ous mounds in the vicinity, as well as the tomahawks and arrow-points 
 found hereabouts, indicate this to have once been a populous Indian 
 village. 
 
WARREN COUNTY. 407 
 
 As to the correctness of our conclusions, future investigations must 
 determine ; but we believe this to have been the winter quarters of 
 Ferdinand De Soto and his companions in 1541-1542, the field of 
 their raining and smelting experiments, and the burial place of sev- 
 eral of De Soto's company, one of whom was the talented interpreter 
 Juan Ortiz (whose thrilling narrative is given at length in Wilmer's 
 life of De Soto). 
 
 WARREN COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated on the left bank of the Missouri River, 
 bounded on the east by St. Charles and Lincoln, on the west by Mont- 
 gomery, and ou the north by Lincoln and Montgomery Counties. 
 
 History. — The first settlements upon the territory now embraced in 
 this county were made in 1801 and 1802, by Flanders Calaway, David 
 Bryan, William and Robert Ramsey, and Thomas Kennedy. The 
 last named settled in the northern part of the county. All the others 
 located near the Missouri River. The incidents related of the early 
 settlement of St. Charles County were transacted before either Mont- 
 gomery or Warren were taken from St. Charles County. The original 
 tombs of Col. Daniel Boone and wife are still preserved, near Mar- 
 thasville, in the southern part of the county, marked by a rough l)lock 
 or slab of limestone, which still bears the rude but plain inscription 
 cut upon it by inexperienced but friendly hands. Both Col. Boone 
 and his wife died in St. Charles County, were buried in Warren, and 
 afterward their remains were removed to Frankfort, Ky. 
 
 Physical Features. — The extent of this county along the river is 
 about twenty-six miles, and next the stream lies a rich, heavily tim- 
 bered bottom, varying from one to five miles in width. Parallel to 
 this extends a range of rugged river bluffs, affording valuable building 
 stone, which outcrops, and is easily quarried. These hills and slopes 
 are well timbered, and in many places mineral deposits have been 
 found upon them. They are in some places too broken for cultivation. 
 The northern portion is better adapted to agriculture — the prairies 
 being larger and the soil more fertile. Besides the Missouri, the 
 county is drained by Big, Massie's, Smith's, Charette, and Bear 
 Creeks. There are numerous fine springs in the county. 
 
 The Soil produces paying crops of wheat, barley, corn, oats, 
 sorghum, tobacco, potatoes, hemp, flax, clover, grass, apples, peai's, 
 peaches, grapes, plums, cherries, and all small fruits in abundance. 
 
408 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 Among the advantages possessed by this county may be named her 
 facilities for transporting her products, either by the Missouri, which 
 forms her southern boundary, or by the North Missouri Railroad, 
 which tra^ftajses the county ; and the desirable division of timber land 
 and the rao^ fertile prairie and bottom lands. 
 
 WAREEE'TOE', the county-seat, 57 miles from St. Louis, had in 
 February, 1867, a population of 600; 3 churches; 2 schools ; 8 dry 
 goods stores ; 7 drug stores, grogshops, and groceries; 3 shoemakers ; 
 
 2 tin shops; 3 hotels; 5 lawyei's, and 4 doctors; 3 carpenter shops; 
 
 3 saddle-, harness-, and wagon-makers; one saw- and grist-mill. Here 
 also is the Western Educational Institute and Orphan Asylum. 
 Wright City, population, 200; church burnt down. It has 1 school; 
 6 dry goods and grocery stores; 2 wagon-makers and blacksmith 
 shops; 2 tobacco factories; 1 doctor, and no lawyer. Pendleton, in- 
 habitants 65 ; 2 dry goods stores and groceries ; 2 wagon-makers and 
 blacksmith shops. Marthasville, Pinckney, Pendleton, and Bridge- 
 port, have stores, etc., and are small business centers. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county is bounded on the east by St. Francois, northeast by 
 Jefferson, north by Franklin, west by Crawford, and south by Iron 
 Counties. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface is generally broken and sterile — 
 interspersed with hills, ridges, and knobs, some of which attain an 
 altitude of from 200 to 300 feet above the valleys. Timber abundant, 
 consisting principally of white and black oak, yellow pine, hickory, 
 ash, sugar maple, cedar, etc. Yellow pine is principally confined to 
 the southwestern part of the county. This county is almost an en- 
 tire lead field, with a bed of limestone and sandstone rock, and a soil 
 of clay from one to ten feet in depth. The deepest clay beds are gen- 
 erally uppermost on the ridges. The uplands are really flat ridges, 
 with a good subsoil of red and yellow clay especially well adapted 
 to fruit culture. The alluvial soil is very productive, and yields 
 abundant crops of all kinds of agricultural products. ''Little Pilot 
 Knob," a point of some note, is situated in the south part of T. 38, 
 and is crossed by the 5th principal meridian line, has an altitude of 
 about 1500 feet above the Miss., at St. Louis, and the ridges of this 
 region culminate at this point. These ridges occasionally break into 
 
WASHINGTON COUNTY, 409 
 
 bluffs, presenting strata of sandstone, flint and limestone, some va- 
 rieties of which are excellent for building purposes. 
 
 Minerals. — In some respects this is considered the richest county 
 in minerals in the State. There is scarcely a township i^the whole 
 county in which lead ore cannot be found; but the mi niii^ until re- 
 cently, has been in "surface diggings," extending from 10 to' 40 feet in 
 depth. Notwithstanding some of these mines have been worked 
 almost constantly for more than a century, yielding large products, 
 the deposit seems to increase the farther the veins are followed; and 
 there is every reason to believe that the main bodies of ore lie still 
 below most of the present diggings. Besides lead ore, there are in 
 this county silver, copper, chalk, copperas, black-lead, brimstone, zinc, 
 and even gold is alleged to have been discovered. Only lead, copper, 
 and zinc have been worked to any extent. Some thirty-five years 
 ago Captain Hughes and Elisha Wallen discovered a bed of copper 
 ore some eight miles west from Iron Mountain, which they worked for 
 some time, and smelted in a rude furnace near Big River, on Hughes 
 Creek. This was probably the first copper smelted in the State; and 
 though copper mining at that day, and under all the disadvantages, 
 and with the inexperience of the operators, proved profitable, the 
 mines or diggings have not been worked for several years. Seven miles 
 northwest from this mine is another extensive deposit of copper, and 
 still another northeast, and the indications are that it is very abundant. 
 About two miles west from Irondale is the eastern boundary of a cir- 
 cular-shaped zinc field, which has a circumference of from eight to 
 ten miles. The ore is the carbonate and silicates, and crops out in 
 several localities; masses weighing 700 and 800 lbs. having been mined 
 from a depth of three or four feet below the surface. Small smelting 
 furnaces were erected here some years ago by the Messrs. Anderson, 
 and some pig zinc and oxide made from this ore. Hematite iron ore 
 has been found very abundant, and sulphate of barytes or heavy spar, 
 called by miners "white tiff," is found in various parts of the country, 
 and has become an article of considerable commercial value. 
 
 History. — Prof. Litton, in the State Geological Report, remarks 
 that " it was in this county that the first mining of lead ore, in Mis- 
 souri, was commenced." But explorations were made through the 
 Territory, under Crozat, who relinquished his patent to the king in 
 1717; and Schoolcraft (who is good authority) states that in 1719 
 Sieur de Loehon prospected along the Maramec, and succeeded in 
 raising from two to three thousand pounds of ore, from which he ex- 
 tracted some lead, and two drachms of silver. He abandoned the 
 enterprise, and was succeeded by a Spaniard named Antonio, who met 
 
410 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 with no better success. La Renaudiere and a company of the king's 
 miners next undertook to mine for lead, but having no knowledge of 
 the proper construction of furnaces, soon abandoned the enterprise to 
 a private company, of whom Sieur Renault was one of the directors, 
 and by whom the works were superintended. Renault established 
 himself near Fort Chartres, Illinois, and sent prospecting parties in 
 every direction through portions of Illinois and (the then) Upper 
 Louisiana. " These parties were either headed by Renault, or by M. 
 La Motte, an agent versed in the knowledge of minerals, whom he had 
 brought over with him. In one of the earliest of these excursions La 
 Motte discovered the lead mines on St. Fran9ois, which bear his name; 
 and at a subsequent period Renault made a discovery of those ex- 
 tensive mines north of Potosi, which continue to be called after the 
 discoverer."* Mine a Breton was discovered by Francis Breton, 
 about the year 1763, on what is now known as Breton Creek, near 
 where the present city of Potosi stands. M. Breton obtained a grant 
 of four acres as a compensation for his discovery; and afterward went 
 to Little Rock Ferry, some three or four miles above Ste. Genevieve, 
 where he resided a number of years, and died about thirty years ago 
 at a very advanced age. 
 
 Other mines of lead were also found, but their distinctive appella- 
 tions have not survived. A proof of the diligence with which Renault 
 and others prosecuted their objects is furnished by the number and 
 extent of the old diggings which are now found in various parts of the 
 country. There are reasons to conclude that great quantities of lead 
 were made. It was conveyed to the river on pack-horses, sent to 
 New Orleans in boats, and thence chiefly shipped to France. The 
 first regular shaft sunk in this mining district was by Moses Austin, 
 from Virginia, who received a concession of one league of land, com- 
 prehending what was considered the best part of the mineral land, 
 upon condition that he should erect a smelting furnace, and also manu- 
 facture sheet lead. This grant was made to him in 11(',H, and he com- 
 plied with it by the erection of a log furnace, and manufactured sheet 
 lead by pouring the melted lead upon a flat rock, where it formed in 
 sheets about three feet square. 
 
 "Durham Hall," at Potosi, for several years past the residence of 
 (the late) John Deane, was erected about the year 1794, and at the 
 time of its erection probably the most costly, and in many respects 
 the best dwelling-house in the State. Some important incidents in 
 history are connected with "Durham Hall." It was during his resi- 
 
 * Schoolcraft's View of the Lead Mines of Missouri. 
 
WASHINGTON COUNTY. 411 
 
 deuce here that Moses Austin planned and carried into execution the 
 "Expedition to Texas," which resulted in the settlement of Texas, 
 and subsequently her annexation to the United States, followed by the 
 Mexican war, the acquisition of California, etc. Moses Austin went 
 to Texas in 1819, made a claim, received a grant fi'om Mexico upon 
 condition that he would bring in a certain number of permanent set- 
 tlers. He returned to Missouri in 1820 to form a colony to go with 
 him, but died at Hazel Run without ever returning. His son, Stephen 
 F. Austin, was a member of the Legislature from this county in 1818, 
 moved to Arkansas in 1819, where he was elected Judge of the Court 
 of Common Pleas; and after his father's death went to Texas to fulfill 
 the requirements of the grant made by Mexico. He was for some 
 time imprisoned in Mexico, and after his release induced a number of 
 families from this county, and those adjoining, to move to Texas ; 
 which enabled him to carry out the provision of the grant made to his 
 father. There is not a single member of this important pioneer family 
 now residing in the State. The original grant made by the Spanish 
 Government to Moses Austin (and confirmed by the U. S. ) embraced 
 5408 acres, of what were then deemed the best mineral lands in the 
 country, and a county surveyor stated there could be a paying mine 
 struck on almost any 100 acres of the entire tract. 
 
 The first permanent settlements were made here in 1*721 or 1*122, by 
 miners, who mined to some extent from that time to 1740, under Re- 
 nault and the Company of the West. In 1798 the first regular shaft 
 was sunk by Moses Austin and sons, from Virginia, already alluded to. 
 
 In 1811, when Schoolcraft visited Potosi, he stated it to contain 70 
 voters, and about 200 inhabitants. There were then 45 principal 
 mines or diggings within a circumference of less than 40 miles. l*o- 
 tosi and its vicinity then yielded annually about three millions of 
 pounds of lead, and furnished employment to from 1100 to 1200 hands. 
 Prepared ore delivered at the furnaces was worth $2 per cwt., paid 
 principally in merchandise. Pig lead sold at $4 at the mines, and 
 $4.50 at the river, and at $7 in the Atlantic cities. From 1816 to 
 1820 the quantity of lead made diminished, with the decreasing de- 
 mand, but works revived again in 1821 and '22. In 1817 an academy 
 company was organized upon a liberal scale. In 1822 the town (in- 
 cluding Mine a Burton, then an old settlement) contained 80 build- 
 ings, including a court-house, jail, and academy, several stores, distil- 
 leries, saw-mill, and flour- mills, and several lead furnaces. 
 
 "Old Mines" were opened and wrought by Renault in 1726, when 
 he was in the employ of the Company of the West, and settled by 
 Auguste Valle and about 30 others, under a concession from Governor 
 
412 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 Delassus, dated Feb. 3d, 1804. John T. Smith settled there ia 1800. 
 Mine a Renault was discovered by Renault in 1724, when in search 
 of silver, under the King of France. 
 
 [The particulars respecting the discovery and early working of the 
 lead mines will be found in the American State Papers, vol. i. p. 188; 
 and a list of titles granted in same, vol. iii. p. 293.] 
 
 Philip Cole, Esq., one of the oldest citizens of this county, stated 
 that he had seen 500 windlasses running at one time in the mines 
 about Potosi. Each mine requiring at least 4 hands, would make an 
 aggregate of 2000 persons mining, in 1824-25. He says that three 
 men took out $10,000 worth of mineral in one summer, and sold it for 
 $10 per 1000 lbs. The mineral at that time was carried to Ste. Gene- 
 vieve in French carts with tireless wheels, and instead of yokes, the 
 oxen had each a stick tied across the horns, by which they drew the 
 load. The driver unloaded a portion of the lead at the bottom of the 
 hill, carried it up himself, and reloaded at the top. Mark the change ! 
 Now that there is a railroad running to the very heart of this mining 
 district, and smelting furnaces in operation, the proprietors of which 
 will buy the mineral as fast as dug, and pay for it at the hole (or 
 mine), requiring only one-tenth of the mineral procured for the privi- 
 lege of digging wherever the miner may think best; yet there are 
 now less than 150 miners in the whole county who follow it steadily 
 as a business, and the furnaces would be idle if they depended upon 
 volunteer miners to furnish the mineral. This class work in a hap- 
 hazard manner from 2 to 4 hours per day, and take out enough min- 
 eral to make a good living — to supply their daily wants — which is all 
 they care for. This district, once worked by 2000 miners at a time, 
 has not now — nor has it had during the past 8 years — over 150 miners 
 upon its entire area; and, probably, not a single miner in the county 
 has made a systematic business of it, and worked regularly through 
 the entire year. Allured and dazzled by the prospect of speedily 
 acquiring fortunes in the gold mines, these miners have abandoned the 
 lead mines throughout the State, and gone to California, Nevada, 
 Montana, etc.; and to-day their places remain open to any who will 
 fill them. There are thousands of able-bodied men, waiting about 
 large cities, seeking employment, who could easily make a living here, 
 and, by industry and perseverance, amass fortunes in the mining dis- 
 tricts of this State. The necessary tools are a pick and a shovel — 
 the windlass they can make themselves; the total capital to begin 
 with need not exceed $G ; and the mineral is bought and paid for at 
 the diggings, as fast as dug, and hauled from the mine to the smelting 
 furnace by the smelters. 
 
WASHINGTON COUNTY. 413 
 
 If these facts were generally known by the young men of the United 
 States, there would be less idleness — less penury and want; and, be- 
 sides reaping a rich reward for their labors, they would aid in devel- 
 oping the mineral resources of this great mineral State. 
 
 A "Word to Capitalists. — There is every reason for believing that, 
 although our mines have been worked for more than a hundred years, 
 and millions of pounds of the best of ore taken out annually, the real 
 true leads, lying below, have never been reached. The mining here 
 has been confined to shallow surface diggings, and however rich the 
 vein may be they are at work upon, when they go so low as to be 
 troubled with water, the miners abandon their diggings and commence 
 anew elsewhere. There are hundreds of localities where, by the erec- 
 tion of machinery for keeping out the water, these shafts could be 
 worked with profit ; and as the richest veins in the State lie from 50 
 to no feet below the surface, is it not probable that, by continuing 
 these shafts (now from 15 to 20 feet deep), that these mines could be 
 made more profitable than ever before ? 
 
 Public Improvements. — This county is traversed by the Iron Mount- 
 ain Railroad, for the construction of which the county subscribed lib- 
 erally, and, after its completion, the citizens of Potosi, being four miles 
 from the main line, determined to build a branch to intersect it. Then 
 there were but 300 white inhabitants in the town, yet the road was 
 built at a cost of $34,000, the cash paid on its completion, and the 
 road finished in three months instead of twelve, the contract time. 
 The opening of this branch road was celebrated July 4th, 1859. The 
 junction with the main line is at Mineral Point. 
 
 There are twelve to fifteen steam and water power saw-mills in 
 the county, which, in some seasons, have manufactured upwards of 
 10,000,000 feet of lumber, principally shipped to St. Louis. There 
 is no good reason why much of the lumber now brought from the 
 pineries of Wisconsin and jNlinnesota, through Chicago, should not 
 be manufactured here, and in our other lumbering districts, much 
 cheaper. 
 
 TOWNS. — The seat of justice, Potosi, is situated near the center 
 of the county, surrounded by a beautiful group of hills, covered with 
 a heavy growth of oak and pine trees. Except Ste. Genevieve, this is 
 the oldest town in the State. The location is pleasant and healthy, 
 the people generally intelligent, enterprising, and hospitable. This, 
 in common with most of the towns in the interior, suffered severely 
 during the war. There are good openings for mechanics, manufac- 
 turers, miners, and Northern or Eastern men of capital and enterprise — 
 labor is capital. Irondale is pleasantly situated on the Iron Mountain 
 
414 WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 Railroad, sixty-nine miles from St. Louis, seventeen from Pilot Knob, 
 and ten from Potosi, laid out by John G. Scott, Esq., in the spring 
 of 1859. The town is the center of a very fertile farming region, and 
 surrounded by a rich mineral district. Iron, copper, and lead mines 
 have been successfully worked near the town. Messrs. J. G. Scott & 
 Co. erected at Irondale a large iron smelting furnace, which, in point 
 of capacity and completeness, according to its size, is one of the best 
 in the United States. It is now the property of Edw. Harrison, and 
 is being worked with great success and profit. Caledonia was first 
 settled about 1822, is twelve miles south from Potosi, surrounded by 
 a beautiful range of hills, in Bellevue Yalley, the best body of farming 
 land in the county. Old Mines was settled as early as 1T26 by miners, 
 who worked under Renault for the Company of the West. In 1804 
 it was settled, under Augustus and Basil Yalle, by about thirty miners. 
 The Valles received a concession from Gov. Delassus to the miners 
 at this place. Mineral Point is sixty-one miles from St. Louis — the 
 junction of the Potosi Branch with the Iron Mountain Railroad. 
 Cadet, 57 miles, and Hopewell, 65 miles from St. Louis, are each 
 railroad stations and shipping points for several lead furnaces. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the southeastern part of the State, and 
 the territory now included within its borders was first settled in 1801, 
 but the settlements have been principally confined to the valleys, and 
 being remote from railroad or river navigation, and so little known 
 of the mineral wealth, the county has been but slowly settled ; and 
 in 1800 the population of the whole county was but 5333. 
 
 Physical Features. — The general character of the surface is broken, 
 the valleys fertile and well adapted to farming purposes, while some of 
 the uplands produce satisfactory crops of all kinds of fruit, and some 
 of the so-called "ridges" have produced as high as fifty bushels of 
 corn and twenty to thirty bushels of wheat to the acre. Yellow 
 pine, oaks, hickory, walnut, cherry, etc., grow to a very large size. 
 The St. Fran9ois and its tributaries, together with numerous clear 
 cold springs, afford an abundance of water. Water power for mills 
 and manufactories can be found on Clark Creek and Bear Creek. 
 Some fine agricultural lands in the valleys, and in range 4 east, town- 
 
WAYNE COUNTY. 415 
 
 ship 29 ; in range 5 east, townships 2t, 28, and 29 ; also in ranges 6 
 and 1 east, in townships 27, 28, 29, and 30. 
 
 Minerals. — Wayne County is very rich in minerals, but little has 
 been done toward developing them. Hematite iron has been discov- 
 ered to be very abundant in the central and southeastern parts of the 
 county ; and specimens of the ore have been taken out at the follow- 
 ing localities, some of which are very extensive beds, and of superior 
 qualities : range 4 east, townships 27, 28, and on section 24 of town- 
 ship 30 ; in range 5 east, sections 9 and 16, township 3; in ranges 6 
 and 7 east, townships 28, 29, and 30. The Western Journal and 
 Civilian, one of the most wide-awake, progressive papers ever pub- 
 lished in the West, in 1852 said : " Notwithstanding the vast amount 
 of iron ore found in the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, I am of the 
 opinion Wayne County contains more iron ore than any county in the 
 State, and probably nearly as much water power." Copper ore is also 
 abundant ; an extensive copper region extends from Iron and Madi- 
 son down into the north central part of Wayne. A high jaspery ridge, 
 called Copper Mountain, passes through section 24, township 30, 
 range 4 east, and sections 18 and 19, township 30, range .5 east, etc. 
 Lead veins have been discovered on section 8, township 20, range 4 
 east, and strong indications of good deposits in townships 29 and 
 31, range 4 east. 
 
 Chalybeate springs, the medicinal properties of which are highly 
 spoken of, are in section 24, township 30, range 4 east, and section 
 18, township 30, range 5 east. 
 
 When the mineral wealth, the extent of her agricultural resources, 
 and her valuable timber lands shall be properly represented, and a 
 cheap and speedy transit to reliable markets secured by the extension 
 of the Iron Mountain Railroad through this county to the South, 
 Wayne will rank among the most populous and important counties of 
 Southeast Missouri. 
 
 GEEEMVILLE, the county-scat, is on the north half of section 13, 
 township 28, range 5 east, on the east bank of the St. Francois River, 
 with a good agricultural district above and below in the valleys. This 
 portion of the State suffered greatly during the war, but the popula- 
 tion is now about as in 1860, when it was as follows : population of 
 Greenville about 200 ; Patterson, 30 ; Collier, 30 ; Grangerville, 
 50. Distance from Greenville to the railroad at Pilot Knot), 40 miles ; 
 to the Mississippi River, 65 miles. 
 
416 WEBSTER COUNTY. — WORTH COUNTY. 
 
 WEBSTER COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the eastern part of Southwest Missouri, 
 and has an area of about 550 square miles, and was formed from por- 
 tions of Wright and Green Counties. 
 
 Physical Features. — The principal part of the county is rough, 
 broken, timber laud. The Ozark hills extend through the center of 
 the county, and many of the small tributaries of the Grasconade pass 
 from the center to the northeast, while those of the White River run 
 in a southwestern direction from the Ozark ridge. The timber is 
 principally oak and hickory. 
 
 The Soil in the valleys and on some of the uplands is fertile, and 
 well adapted to farming and grazing, and there are many of the slopes 
 and hillsides that would make excellent vineyards and orchards. 
 More attention has been paid to stock raising than to any other 
 branch of farming, and it has proved very profitable. All kinds of 
 fruit grow to perfection. 
 
 Minerals. — The first discovery of mineral in this county was by 
 Capt. W. D. Murphy, now of Camden County, who found it in several 
 localities in T. 30 R. 11 west, and also upon James' Fork of White 
 River. Some 400,000 lbs. of lead were raised and smelted in a log 
 furnace, up to February, 1846, when Mr. M. removed to Linn Creek. 
 Iron ore has been found, but nothing has been done lately in any kind 
 of mining. 
 
 MAESHFIELD is the county-seat, pleasantly located, and will be 
 on the Atlantic and Pacific R. R., when extended. Dallas and Sand 
 Spring are each good business centers. 
 
 WORTH COUNTY. 
 
 This county is one of the newest (and smallest) counties in the 
 State, formed from the northern part of Gentry County, bordering on 
 the Iowa State line, in the northwestern part of the State. This 
 county embraces only 260 square miles, being 20 miles one way and 13 
 the other, and has 5000 inhabitants. The taxable property, in May, 
 1867, amounted to over $800,000. 
 
WRIGHT COUNTY. 417 
 
 Physical Features. — The face of the country is undulating and 
 rolling, about one-tliird timber land, consisting of oak, hickory, maple, 
 ash, elm, lynn, cottonwood, etc. 
 
 The Soil is generally fertile, and well adapted to the production of 
 all kinds of grain, grasses, vegetables, and fruit, except peaches* 
 which have been unsuccessful. Excellent grazing country, well wa- 
 tered and plenty of "range." 
 
 Flouring mills and manufactories needed, and the citizens offer 
 great inducements to capitalists who will establish woolen factories 
 and flouring mills. Uncultivated land can be had at from $2 to $5 
 per acre, and partly improved farms at from $4 to $10 per acre. 
 
 GRANT CITY is the county-seat and principal town. Smithton 
 is also a flourishing town. 
 
 WRIGHT COUNTY. 
 
 This county is situated in the south central part of the State, 
 bounded on the east by Texas, west by Webster, north by Laclede, 
 and south by Douglas, and contains an area of about 500 square 
 miles. The Qrst settlements were made in 183S, at which time sixteen 
 persons located here. Population in 1860, 4506. 
 
 Physical Features. — The surface of the county is in some portions 
 hilly and broken, others moderately undulating. The Ozark range of 
 hills pass in an east and west direction through the southern portion 
 of the county, and some of the hills attain an elevation of 450 feet 
 above the valleys of the streams. Along the Gasconade the hills are 
 precipitous, and the scenery wild and picturesque. Principally cov- 
 ered with oaks and yellow pine. Good water-power on the Gasconade. 
 
 The Soils of the valleys and of the undulating uplands are fertile, 
 and produce well, wliile those upon the cherty ridges are thin and 
 generally sterile. The proportion of tillable upland is small, except 
 for grapes and other fruits. On account of its high, dry, porous 
 soils, and salubrious and healthy climate, some of the citizens have 
 named it the "American Italy." 
 
 Products. — The most profitable products now marketed are stock, 
 corn, wheat, tobacco, and hay. The present shipping point is Linn 
 Creek. Marshfield will be the nearest railroad depot. Farmers have 
 raised 1200 lbs. of hemp, 1200 lbs. tobacco, 75 bushels of corn to the 
 acre, and grains, grasses, fruits, and vegetables iu proportion. 
 
 27 
 
418 WRIGHT COUNTY. 
 
 Minerals. — Lead ore has been found both on the surface and in 
 the rocks beneath, in sections 1, 2, 10, 11, 23, and 24, in township 29, 
 range 12 west; and when the southwest branch of Pacific Railroad 
 is completed (which passes near the north border of the county), 
 these mines will doubtless be opened and prove profitable. Iron and 
 copper have also been found, but no extensive explorations made. 
 
 HARTVILLE, the county-seat, is on Wood's Fork of the Gascon- 
 ade, and though almost obliterated by the war, is rapidly being re- 
 built by a new population. Mouiitain Grove is also a business center, 
 18 miles from Hartville. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF STEAM NAVIGATION UPON 
 WESTERN RIVERS. 
 
 When we consider the immensity of our ocean, lake, and river steam 
 tonnage, and our present maritime position, it is a matter of some in- 
 terest to reflect that this powerful motor was cradled in the western 
 rivers of the United States. 
 
 In this subject we embrace what is generally termed " The Yalley 
 of the Mississippi," of which St. Louis is the natural metropolis. 
 Strictly speaking, this valley is bounded on the west by the Rocky 
 Mountains, and on the east by the Alleghanies, embracing a drainage 
 of 1,244,000 square miles — more than half the entire area of the United 
 States. The Upper Mississippi Valley is composed of three subordi- 
 nate basins, whose respective dimensions are as follows: 
 
 The Ohio basin 214,000 sqimi-e miles. 
 
 The Upper Mississippi KiO.OOO " 
 
 The Missouri 518,000 " " 
 
 Total 901,000 
 
 The following in the length of the navigable st)-eams, tributary to 
 St. LouU: Missouri, 5300; Mississippi, 2463; Ohio, 975; Arkansas, 
 800; Tennessee, 780; Illinois, 300; Cumberland, 370; White, 500; 
 Kentucky, 117; Wabash, 335; Wisconsin, 350; Red River, 800 ; 
 Fox, 200; Osage, 200; Kansas, 100; Black River to Poplar Bluffs, 
 about 275; Rock River, reported to be 200; Yazoo, 100; St. Fran- 
 cis (?), 100 ; Big Sioux, 75 ; DesMoines (?), 200 ; Yellow Stone, 800 ; 
 Minnesota, 295; St. Croix, GO; Monongahela, 91; Muskingum, 91; 
 Green River, 18G; Kanawha, 100; Salt, 30; Sandy, 30; making the 
 total navigation 16,232 miles. 
 
 The distances given above generally refer to the length of regular 
 steamboat navigation, and several of the streams have been penetrated 
 much farther; yet some of the smaller streams will need improvement, 
 before the-entire length named will be practically used for steam navi- 
 gation. 
 
 In 1712, when La Motte Cadillac was ordered by the Ministry to 
 accompany the agents of Crozat, and assist them in establishing trad- 
 
 (419) 
 
420 APPENDIX. 
 
 ing posts on the Wabash and Illinois Rivers, he became vexed, and 
 replied: "I have seen Crozat's instructions to his agents; I thought 
 they issued from a lunatic asylum ; and there appeared to rae to be no 
 more sense in them than in the Apocalypse. What ! is it expected that 
 for any commercial or profitable purposes boats will ever be able to run 
 up the Mississippi into the Wabash, the Missouri, or the Red River? 
 One might as well try to bite a slice off the moon ! Not only are 
 these rivers as rapid as the Rhone, but, in their crooked course, they 
 imitate to perfection a snake's undulations. Hence, for instance, on 
 every turn of the Mississippi, it would be necessary to wait for a change 
 of wind, if wind could be had, because this river is so lined up with 
 thick wood, that very little wind has access to its bed."* 
 
 The following letter from Robert Fulton will be read with interest 
 in connection with this chapter : 
 
 Letter from Robert Fulton. 
 
 Nkw York, Aug. 2, 1807. 
 Joel Baklow, Philada. 
 
 Mil dear Friend: — My steamboat voyage to Albany and back has turned out 
 rather more favorable than I had calculated. The distance from New York to 
 Albany is 150 miles; I run it up in 32 hours, and down in -30 hours ; the latter 
 being just 5 miles an hour. I had a light breeze against me the whole way 
 going and coming, so that no use was made of my sails, and the voyage has 
 been performed wholly by the power of the engine. I overtook many sloops 
 and schooners boating to windward, and passed them as if they had been at 
 anchor. Tiie power of propelling boats by steam is now fully proved. The 
 morning I left New York tliere was not, perhaps, thirty persons in the city who 
 believed the boat would ever move one mile an hour, or be of the least utility. 
 And while we were putting oif from the wharf, which was crowded with spec- 
 tators, I heard a number of sarcastic remarks; this is the way, you know, in 
 which ignorant men compliment what they call philosophers and projectors. 
 
 Having employed much time, and money, and zeal in accomplishing this 
 work, it gives me, as it will you, great pleasure to see it so fully answer my 
 expectations. It will give a cheap and quick conveyance to merchandise on 
 the Mississippi, Missouri, and great rivers, which are now laying open their 
 treasures to the enterprise of our countrymen; and although the prospect of 
 persOT^ emolument has been some inducement to me, yet 1 feel infinitely more 
 pleasu^in reflecting, with you, on the immense advantage that my country 
 will derive from the invention. Yours trulv, 
 
 ROBERT FULTON. 
 
 The first steamboat that navigated the western waters was the Or- 
 leans, 400 tons, constructed by Nicholas I. Roosevelt, at Pittsburg, 
 from which port she sailed on the 6th of December, 1812, and ar- 
 rived about the 24th of the same month; and run between New Or- 
 leans and Natchez for 2 years, making her voyages generally in 17 
 days. This boat sunk near Baton Rouge. 
 
 The next was the Comet, 2.5 tons, which made a voyage to Louis- 
 ville in 1813, and descended to New Orleans in 1814; made two voy- 
 ages to Natchez, and was sold, and her engine used for driving a cotton 
 gin. The Cornel had a vibrating cylinder, on French's patent, granted 
 in 1809. 
 
 The VesuviuH, 340 tons, built at Pittsburg, by Fulton, and owned 
 
 * Gayarres' Louisiana, p. 137. 
 
STEAM NAVIGATION UPON WESTERN RIVERS. 421 
 
 by a company of gentlemen living in New York and New Orleans, 
 next made its appearance. This was the pioneer boat in the New 
 Orleans and Louisville trade, which she entered in 1815. 
 
 The Buffalo, 300 tons, was built at Pittsburg, by Mr. Latrobe. It 
 was constructed with a wide stern, for the purpose of forming an eddy 
 behind her, in which she might tow another boat (the James Monroe) 
 which had been fitted up for passengers alone, and would be safe in 
 case of an explosion. Having no machinery, and being hitched be- 
 hind the Buffalo, the Monroe was nick-naraed the "Buffalo Calf." 
 The Buffalo was 13 months in making her first (and only) trip, and 
 was afterward sold at sheriff's sale. 
 
 Another boat, the Enmsey, 200 tons, was built at the mouth of 
 Silver Creek, opposite Shippingsport, Ky., to be propelled by a force 
 pump, having a large square box running from bow to stern, through 
 whicli water was forced out by the pump, and this was to do away 
 with the wheel altogether. When completed, she made a trial trip ; 
 went down stream adrairaljly, but when attempting to return, she could 
 not get back, and was obliged to cast anchor and remain in statu quo. 
 
 The Washington, 400 tons, a double-decker, built at Wheeling, con- 
 structed and partly owned by Capt. H. M. Shreve, was then the finest 
 boat on the western rivers. The boilers were upon the upper deck, 
 which the Cincinnati papers say "was Capt. Shreve's improvement, 
 and a very valuable one." Capt. Shreve made several very successful 
 trips, and in March, 1817, made the trip from New Orleans to Louis- 
 ville in 25 days, for accomplishing which the people of Louisville gave 
 him a public dinner. The usual time required by other boats was 40 
 days, and from 2 to 3 months to make a round trip. Then freights 
 were 5^ to 65 cts. per pound up, and 1 ct. down, and the passage up 
 was $150, and $50 down. 
 
 .The first steamboat arrival at St. Louis was the "General Pike,^^ 
 which was built in Louisville, propelled by a low-pressure engine, and 
 readied St. Louis August 2d, 1811, under command of Capt. Jacob 
 Reed. She presented a strange spectacle, and soon the repo.rt was 
 circulated through town, and the principal part of the pojiulation 
 were gazing on with wonder. 
 
 Two years later. May 19, 1819, the "Independence,''^ Capt. Nelson, 
 had stemmed the tide of the Missouri as far as Old Franklin, after a 
 passage of seven days from St. Louis. 
 
 The 2d of June, 1819, witnessed the first steamboat arrival from 
 New Orleans, the passage having been made by Capt. Armitage of 
 the "Harriet,'" in 27 days. 
 
 The steamer Johnson was built at Wheeling in 1818. She was a 
 stern-wheeler of about 150 tons burden, 2 boilers, and had wheels 
 with paddles two feet long, working in 2 wells, or holes built in 
 the stern, one each side of the helm; a large portion of the water was 
 thrown against the stern of the boat, so that she lost much of her 
 power by reaction. She was 31 days making the trip from New Or- 
 leans to liouisville, and 32 times aground. 
 
 In early days the steamboats were very often commanded by sea- 
 captains, old barge-men, and flat-boat-men. The former class usually 
 had their lead and compass. The pilot stood and gave directions to 
 
422 APPENDIX. 
 
 the steersman, thus, "Port," "steady," "starboard," "larboard," etc., 
 as the case required. Our informant relates an incident of an old sea- 
 captain, who, holding conversation with some one on shore, shut off 
 the steam and stood upon the safety-valve, to keep down the noise 
 during conversation. 
 
 In March, 1S19, an Exploring Expedition was fitted out for the 
 Upper Missouri by the government. The boats fitted out for the trip 
 were the Johnson, Capt. Boulin ; the Expedition, a new boat, Capt. 
 S. Craig; the Jefferson, Capt. Oft'utt, and the Calhoun. They were 
 destined for the Yellow Stone. The party of naturalists consisted of 
 Messrs. Say, Jessup, Peale, Seymour, Biddle, and Swift, with Mr. 
 Dougherty, Indian Agent and Interpreter, who left Fort Osage a few 
 days previous to the engineers' departure, with the intention of pro- 
 ceeding to Council BluSs. While encamped on the 18th of August, 
 they were visited by a party of Pawnee and Otoe Indians, who stole 
 their horses, and plundered from them everything but their clothing. 
 After wandering several days in almost a destitute condition, they 
 were relieved by a party of Kansas Indians, and supplied with horses, 
 enabling them to return to Martin Cantonment, where they arrived on 
 the 28th of August. 
 
 The Jefferaon reached Cote Sans Dessain, the Johnson almost to 
 the mouth of the Kansas River, and the Expedition to Cow Island. 
 The boats each drew over six feet of water, and in many places were 
 hardly able to stem the current. In the following spring (1820) the 
 Johnson and the Expedition descended to St. Louis, generally drop- 
 ping down stern foremost. 
 
 A directory of the City of Cincinnati, published in 1819, gives the 
 following account of the early navigation of the Missouri River : 
 
 "The Expedition, 120 tons, and the Independence, 50 tons, built 
 near Pittsburg, are both destined for the same voyage of discovery, the 
 Independence being the first steamboat which has undertaken to stem 
 the powerful current of the Missouri. 
 
 "They both arrived at Franklin (Boon's Lick), Howard County, 
 200 miles up the Missouri from its mouth, in the month of June last. 
 It is now ascertained, beyond a doubt, that this important and exten- 
 sive river, for several hundred miles at least, can be navigated by 
 steamboats with the same ease and facility as the waters of the Ohio 
 or Mississippi. Several keel boats have already descended the Mis- 
 souri, from Franklin, with cargoes destined for New Orleans." 
 
 The Johnson went on to Louisville, and the Expedition to Council 
 Bluffs, after undergoing thorough repairs. On this trip to Council 
 Bluffs, there was a boat called the Westeivi Engine, with an exploring 
 party on board, headed by Major S. H. Long. This boat had a fig- 
 ure-head made to resemble a snake, through which the steam escaped 
 in front, designed to intimidate the Indians. The Western Engine 
 led the way, and reached Council Bluffs ahead of the others. These 
 were the first boats that passed up the Missouri. 
 
 The St. Louis Enquirer of April, 1819, says: 
 
 "Tlie Expedition, on her way to the Council Bluffs, carrying sup- 
 plies to the troops, passed Boon's Lick on the 8th day after leaving 
 St. Louis, and was going on well. 
 
STEAM NAVIGATION UPON AVESTERN RIVERS. 
 
 423 
 
 " The Calhoun, ascending: the Tipper Mississippi, to the Falls of 
 St. Anthony, passed Clarksville (150 miles above St. Louis) on the 
 second day after her departure. |5g^ This is the first steamboat that 
 has ever ran from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony. She was 
 expected to make the voyage up in 12 days, distance 900 to 1000 
 miles. 
 
 "The Comet, on her way from New Orleans to Louisville, in May, 
 ran up the Arkansas to the town of Arkansas. |^r^ She is the first 
 steamboat which has ascended that river." 
 
 In 1819 the St. Louis came out as a regular trader between St. 
 Louis and New Orleans, commanded by Capt. Hughes, rigged with a 
 mast, top-mast, and sails, to be used in case of wind. 
 
 About 1818 the Maid of Orleans was built in New York, and sent 
 round to New Orleans, which place she left for St. Louis in the spring 
 of 1819. She was nearly a year in making the voyage, and of the 
 whole crew who started, but one lived to reach the end of the voyage ; 
 all the others having died of yellow fever. 
 
 In 1822 the Calhoun was put into the St. Louis and Louisville 
 trade — the pioneer boat. 
 
 The first navigation of Grand River was by the steamer Falcon, 
 Capt. W. H. Parkinson, in April, 1849. She was 156 feet long, 300 
 tons, and went up to Utica and Chillicothe. The Lake of the Woods, 
 about the same size, made several trips the same season. 
 
 The first navigation of the Mississippi, above St. Anthony's Falls, 
 was by the Gover-nor Rumsey, which was built there in the winter of 
 1849-50, and left the Falls on her first trip May 25th, 1850, since 
 which time a regular trade is carried on between the Falls and Sauk 
 Rapids. 
 
 The following table exhibits the number of steamers built in the 
 United States, from the introduction of steam navigation to the pres- 
 ent time ; also the number built upon western rivers since 1844 : 
 
 Year. U. S 
 
 ]8:28 15 
 
 1824 26 
 
 1825 35 
 
 1820 45 
 
 1827 38 
 
 1828 33 
 
 1829 43 
 
 1830 37 
 
 1831 34 
 
 1832 100 
 
 1833 65 
 
 1831 68 
 
 1835 30 
 
 1836 124 
 
 1837 135 
 
 1838 no 
 
 1830 125 
 
 1840 64 
 
 1841 78 
 
 1842 137 
 
 1843 70 
 
 1844 163 
 
 
 
 Weatern 
 
 Yenr. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 1845 
 
 163 
 
 132 
 
 1846 
 
 225 
 
 187 
 
 1847 
 
 198 
 
 284 
 
 1818 
 
 175 
 
 211 
 
 1810 
 
 208 
 
 164 
 
 1850 
 
 159 
 
 111 
 
 1851 
 
 238 
 
 181 
 
 1852 
 
 259 
 
 209 
 
 1853 
 
 071 
 
 130 
 
 1854 
 
 281 
 
 168 
 
 1 855 
 
 253 
 
 115 
 
 1856 
 
 221 
 
 116 
 
 1857 
 
 263 
 
 157 
 
 1858 
 
 220 
 
 115 
 
 1859 
 
 172 
 
 87 
 
 1860 
 
 264 
 
 145 
 
 1861 
 
 261 
 
 149 
 
 1862 
 
 183 
 
 44 
 
 1863 
 
 367 
 
 118 
 
 1864 
 
 498 
 
 208 
 
 1865 
 
 
 191 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
424 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 THE EMANCIPATION ORDINANCE. 
 
 The following is the Emancipation Ordinance and the votes taken 
 on its final passage in the State Convention, on Tuesday, the 11th 
 day of January, 1865. It is a noble record, and one that in the future 
 history of our State will be regarded with the profoundest admiration 
 and gratitude. 
 
 An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri. 
 
 Be it ordained by the people of the State of Missouri in Convention assembled: 
 
 That hereafter in this State ther 
 servitude, except in punishment of 
 duly convicted ; and all persons he 
 declared free. 
 
 AYES. 
 
 W. B. Adams, Montgomery. 
 A. M. Bedford, Mississippi. 
 David Bosham, Andrew. 
 Geo. K. Budd, St. Louis. 
 Harvey Bunce, Cooper. 
 IsADOR Bush, St. Louis. 
 R. L. Childress, Webster. 
 Henry A. Clover, St. Louis. 
 
 R. C. ROWDEN, I'olk. 
 Samuel T. Davis, New Madrid. 
 John H. Davis, Nodaway. 
 IsHAM B. BoDsox, Adair. 
 Wm. D. D'Oench, St. Louis. 
 Charles D. Drake, St. Louis. 
 John H. Ellis, Livingston. 
 John Esther, Laclede. 
 Ellis G. Evans, Crawford. 
 Chauncey L Filley, St. Louis. 
 J. W. Fletcher, Jefferson. 
 Wm. H. Folsombee, Davis. 
 F. M. FuLKERSON, Saline. 
 Emory S. Foster, Johnson. 
 John AV. Gamble, Audrain. 
 Archibald Gilbert, Lawrence. 
 Abner L. Gilstrap, Macon. 
 Moses P. Green, Marion. 
 J. M. Grammer, Barry. 
 David Henderson, Dent. 
 E. A. Holcomb, Chariton. 
 John H. Holdsworth, Monroe. 
 W. S. Holland, Calhoun. 
 R. F. Hughes, Pettis. 
 
 e shall be neither slavery nor involuntary 
 crime, whereof the parly shall have been 
 Id to service or labor as slaves, are hereby 
 
 J. F. Hume, Moniteau. 
 
 Geo. Husmann, Gasconade. 
 
 Wyllis King, St. Louis. 
 
 R. Leonard, Howard. 
 
 M. L. Linton, St. Louis. 
 
 U. F. McKernan, Cole. 
 
 R. M. McPherson, Perry. 
 
 John A. Mack, Green. 
 
 A. H. Martin, Lincoln. 
 
 Ferdinand Meyer, St. Louis. 
 
 James P. Mitchell, Lewis. 
 
 A. G. Newgent, Jackson. 
 
 A. P. Nixdorf, Miller. 
 
 James AV. Owens, Franklin. 
 
 D. Peck, Iron. 
 
 J. T. Rankin, Dade. 
 
 Philip Rohrer, Cedar. 
 
 G. St. Gemme, Ste. Genevieve. 
 
 K. G. Smith, Mercer. 
 
 Eli Smith, Worth. 
 
 Geo. p. Strong, St. Louis. 
 
 Joseph Sutton, Wayne. 
 
 John B. Swearinger, Jackson. 
 
 J. C. Thilenius, Cape Girardeau. 
 
 S. W. Weatiierby, Buchanan. 
 
 Jeremiah Williams, Caldwell. 
 
 Eugene Williams, Caldwell. 
 
 Arnold Krekel, St. Charles. 
 
 NAYS. 
 
 Samuel A. Gilbert, Platte. 
 Thomas B. Harris, Callaway. 
 William A. Martin, Clay. 
 William F. Switzler, Boone. 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 STATE OF MISSOURI, 
 
 AS REVISED, AMENDED, AND ADOPTED, IN CONVENTION BEGUN AND 
 
 HELD AT THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS, ON THE SIXTH DAY OF 
 
 JANUARY, 1865. 
 
 We, the people of the State of Missouri, grateful to Almighty God, 
 the Sovereign Ruler of Xations, for our State Government, our liber- 
 ties, and our connection with the American Union, and acknowledging 
 our dependence upon Him for tlie continuance of those blessings to us 
 and our posterity, do, for tlie more certain security thereof, and for the 
 better government of this State, ordain and establish this revised and 
 amended Constitution : 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 DECLARATION OP RIGHTS. 
 
 That the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free 
 government may be recognized and established, and that the relations 
 of this State to the Union and Government of the United States, and 
 those of the people of this State to the rest of the American people, 
 may be defined and aflirmed, we do declare — 
 
 1. That we hold it to be self-evident that all men are endowed by 
 their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, 
 liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit 
 of happiness. 
 
 2. That there cannot be in this State either slavery or involuntary 
 servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have 
 been duly convicted. 
 
 o. That no person can, on account of color, be disqualified as a 
 witness, or be disabled to contract, otherwise than as others are dis- 
 abled; or be prevented from acquiring, holding, and transmitting 
 property; or be liable to any other punishment for any offense than 
 that imposed upon otiiers for a like offense ; or be restricted in the 
 exercise of religious worship ; or be hindered in acquiring education ; 
 or be subjected, in law, to any otiier restraints or disqualifications, in 
 regard to any personal rights, than such as are laid upon others under 
 like circumstances. 
 
 (425) 
 
426 APPENDIX. 
 
 4. That all political power is vested in and derived from the people ; 
 that all government of right originates from the people, is founded 
 upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. 
 
 5. That the people of tliis State have the inherent, sole, and exclu- 
 sive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, 
 and of altering and abolishing their constitution and form of govern- 
 ment, wlienever it may be necessary to their safety and happiness; but 
 every such right should be exercised in pursuance of law, and consist- 
 ently with the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 6. That this State shall ever remain a member of the American 
 Union ; that the people thereof are a part of the American nation ; 
 and that all attempts, from whatever source or upon whatever pretext, 
 to dissolve said Union, or to sever said nation, ought to be resisted 
 with the whole power of the State. 
 
 7. That every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to 
 the Constitution and Government of the United States, and that no 
 law or ordinance of this State in contravention or subversion thereof, 
 can have any binding force. 
 
 8. That the people have the right peaceably to assemble for their 
 common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of gov- 
 ernment for redress of grievances, by petition or remonstrance ; and 
 that their right to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the law- 
 ful authority of the State cannot be questioned. 
 
 9. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship 
 Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences ; 
 that no person can, on account of his religious opinions, be rendered 
 ineligible to any office of trust or profit under this State, nor be dis- 
 qualified from testifying, or from serving as a juror ; that no human 
 authority can control or interfere with the rights of conscience ; and 
 that no person ought, by any law, to be molested in his person or es- 
 tate, on account of his religious persuasion or profession ; but the 
 liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to 
 excuse acts of licentiousness, nor to justify practices inconsistent with 
 the good order, peace or safety of the State, or with the rights of 
 others. 
 
 10. That no person can be compelled to erect, support, or attend 
 any place of worship, or to maintain any minister of the Gospel, or 
 teacher of religion ; but whatever contracts any person may enter into 
 for any such object ought, in law, to be binding and capable of en- 
 forcement as other contracts. 
 
 11. That no preference can ever be given, by law, to any church, 
 sect, or mode of worship. 
 
 12. That no religious corporation can be established in this State, 
 except that by a general law, uniform throughout the State, any church 
 or religious society or congregation may become a body corporate, for 
 the sole purpose of acquiring, holding, using, and disposing of so much 
 land as may be required for a house of public worship, a chapel, a 
 parsonage, and a burial ground, and managing the same, and con- 
 tracting in relation to such land, and the buildings thereon, through 
 a board of trustees, selected by themselves ; but the quantity of land 
 to be held by any such body corporate, in connection with a house of 
 
CONSTITUTION. 427 
 
 worship or a parsonage, shall not exceed five acres in the country, 
 or one acre in a town or city. 
 
 13. That every gift, sale, or devise of land to any minister, public 
 teacher, or preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, 
 order, or denomination ; or to, or for the support, use, or benefit of, or 
 in trust for, any minister, public teacher, or preacher of the Gospel, as 
 such, or any religious sect, order, or denomination ; and every gift or 
 sale of goods or chattels to go in succession, or to take place after the 
 death of the seller or donor, to or for such support, use, or benefit; 
 and also every devise of goods or chattels, to or for the support, use, 
 or benefit of any minister, public teacher, or preacher of the Gospel, 
 as such, or any religious sect, order, or denomination, shall be void ; 
 except always any gift, sale or devise, of land to a church, religious 
 society or congregation, or to any person or persons in trust for the 
 use of a church, religious society or congregation, whether incorpo- 
 rated or not, for the uses and purposes, and within the limitations of 
 the next preceding clause of this article. 
 
 14. That all elections ought to be free and open. 
 
 15. That courts of justice ought to be open to every person, and 
 certain remedy afforded for every injury to person, property, or char- 
 acter ; and that right and justice ought to be administered without 
 sale, denial or delay. 
 
 16. That no private property ought to be taken or applied to public 
 use, without just compensation. 
 
 It. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. 
 
 18. That in all criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to be 
 heard by himself and his counsel ; to demand the nature and cause of 
 accusation ; to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor ; to 
 meet the witnesses against him face to face ; and, in prosecutions on 
 presentment or indictment, to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of 
 the vicinage ; that the accused cannot be compelled to give evidence 
 against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, but by the 
 judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. 
 
 19. That no person, after having been once acquitted by a jury, can, 
 for the same offense, be again put in jeopardy of life or liberty ; but 
 if, in any criminal prosecution, the jury be divided in opinion, the court 
 before which the trial shall be had may, in its discretion, discharge the 
 jury, and commit or bail the accused for trial at the next term of said 
 court. 
 
 20. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except 
 for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption 
 great. 
 
 21. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 22. T"'hat tlie privilege of the writ of habeas corpus cannot be sus- 
 pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety 
 may require it. 
 
 23. That the people ought to be secure in their persons, papers, 
 houses, and eff'-cts, from unreasonable searches and seizures ; and no 
 warrant to search any place, or seize any person or thing, can issue 
 without describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to 
 
428 APPENDIX. 
 
 be seized, as nearly as may be ; nor without probable cause, supported 
 by oath or affirmation. 
 
 24. That no person can, for an indictable oifense, be proceeded 
 against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land 
 or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in the time of 
 war or public danger, or by leave of court, for oppression or misde- 
 meanor in office. 
 
 25. That treason against the State can consist only in levying war 
 against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 26. That no person can be attainted of treason or felony by the 
 General Assembly ; that no conviction can work corruption of blood ; 
 that there can be no forfeiture of estate for any crime except treason ; 
 and that the estates of such persons as may destroy their own lives 
 shall descend or vest, as in cases of natural death. 
 
 27. That the free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of 
 the invaluable rights of man, and that every person may freely speak, 
 write, and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that 
 liberty; that in all prosecutions for libel, the truth thereof may be 
 given in evidence, and the jury may determine the law and the facts, 
 under the direction of the court. 
 
 28. That no ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of 
 contracts, or retrospective in its operation, can be passed. 
 
 29. That imprisonment for debt cannot exist in this State, except 
 for fines or penalties imposed for violation of law. 
 
 30. That all property subject to taxation ought to be taxed in pro- 
 portion to its value. 
 
 31. That no title of nobility, or hereditary emolument, privilege, 
 or distinction, can be granted. 
 
 32. That the military is, and in all cases and at all times ought to 
 be, in strict subordination to the civil power; that no soldier can, in 
 time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the 
 owner ; nor in time of war, but in such manner as may be prescribed 
 by law ; nor can any appropriation for the support of an army be 
 made for a longer period than two years, 
 
 ARTICLE 11. 
 
 RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. 
 
 Section 1. All elections by the people shall be by ballot. No elec- 
 tion shall continue longer tlian one day, except as provided in the 
 twenty- first section of this article. 
 
 Sect. 2. General elections shall be held biennially, on the Tuesday 
 next after the first Monday in November. The first general election 
 under this Constitution shall be held on that day, in the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and sixty-six. Should Congress direct the 
 appointment of electors of President and Vice-President of the United 
 States on any other day than that now established, the General As- 
 sembly may change the time of holding general elections, so as to pro- 
 vide for holding them on the day which may be designated by Congress 
 
CONSTITUTION. 429 
 
 for that purpose, and on the corresponding day two years tliereafter. 
 No special election, State, county, or luunicipal, shall be appointed to 
 be held on a Monday. 
 
 Sect. 3. At any election held by the people under this Constitution, 
 or in pursuance of any law of this State, or under any ordinance or 
 by-law of any municipal corporation, no person shall be deemed a 
 qualified voter who has ever been in armed hostility to the United 
 States, or to the lawful authorities thereof, or to the Government of 
 this State ; or has ever given aid, comfort, countenance, or support to 
 persons engaged in any such hostility ; or has ever, in any manner, 
 adhered to the enemies, foreign or domestic, of the United States, 
 either by contributing to them, or by unlawfully sending within their 
 lines money, goods, letters, or information ; or has ever disloyally held 
 communication with such enemies ; or has ever advised or aided any 
 person to enter the service of such enemies; or has ever, by act or 
 word, manifested his adherence to the cause of such enemies, or his 
 desire for their triumph over the arms of the United States ; or his 
 sympathy with those engaged in exciting or carrying on rebellion 
 against the United States ; or has ever, except under overpowering 
 compulsion, submitted to the authority, or been in the service of the 
 so-called " Confederate States of America ;" or has ever left this State 
 and gone within the lines of the armies of the so-called "Confederate 
 States of America," with tlie purpose of adhering to said States or 
 armies ; or has ever been a member of, or connected with, any order, 
 society or organization, inimical to the Government of the United 
 States, or to the Government of this State ; or has ever been engaged 
 in guerrilla warfare against loyal inhabitants of the United States, or 
 in that description of marauding commonly known as "bushwhack- 
 ing;'' or iias ever knowingly and willingly harbored, aided, or coun- 
 tenanced any person so engaged ; or has ever come into or left this 
 State for the purpose of avoiding enrollment for or draft into the mil- 
 itary service of the United States ; or has ever, with a view to avoid 
 enrollment in the militia of this State, or to escape the performance 
 of duty therein, or for any other purpose, enrolled himself, or author- 
 ized himself to be enrolled, by or before any officer, as disloyal or as 
 a Southern sympathizer ; or in any other terms indicating his disaffec- 
 tion to the Government of the United States in its contest with rebel- 
 lion, or his sympathy with those engagetl in such rebellion ; or, having 
 ever voted at any election by the people in this State, or in any other 
 of the United States, or in any of their Territories, or held office in 
 this State, or in any other of the United States, or in any of their 
 Territories, or under the United States, shall thereafter have sought 
 or received, under claim of alienage, the protection of any foreign 
 government, through any consul or other officer thereof, in order to 
 secure exemption from military duty in the militia of this State, or in 
 the army of the United States ; nor shall any such person be capable 
 of holding in this State any office of honor, trust, or profit under its 
 authority; or of being an officer, councilman, director, trustee, or other 
 manager of any corporation, public or private, now existing or here- 
 after established by its authority ; or of acting as a professor or teacher 
 in any educational institution, or in any common or other school ; or 
 
430 APPENDIX. 
 
 of holding any real estate or other property in trust for the use of any 
 church, religious society or congregation. But the foregoing provi- 
 sions in relation to acts done against the United States shall not apply 
 to any person not a citizen thereof, who shall have committed such acts 
 while in the service of some foreign country at war with the United 
 States, and who has, since such acts, been naturalized, or may hereaf- 
 ter be naturalized, under the laws of the United States ; and the oath 
 of loyalty hereinafter prescribed, when taken by any such person, shall 
 be considered as taken in such sense. 
 
 Sect. 4. The General Assembly shall immediately provide by law 
 for a complete and uniform registration, by election districts, of the 
 names of qualified voters in this State ; which registration shall be 
 evidence of the qualification of all registered voters to vote at any 
 election thereafter held, but no person shall be excluded from voting 
 at any election on account of not being registered until the General 
 Assembly shall have passed an act of registration, and the same shall 
 have been carried into effect; after which no person shall vote unless 
 his name shall have been registered at least ten days before the day of 
 the election; and the fact of such registration shall be no otherwise 
 shown than by the register, or an authentic copy thereof, certified to 
 the judges of election by the registering officer or officers, or other 
 constituted authority. A new registration shall be made within sixty 
 days next preceding the tenth day prior to every biennial general 
 election ; and after it shall have been made, no person shall establish 
 his right to vote by the fact of his name appearing on any previous 
 register. 
 
 Sect. 5. Until such a system of registration shall have been estab- 
 lished, every person shall, at the time of offering to vote, and before 
 his vote shall be received, take an oath in the terms prescribed in the 
 next succeeding section. After such a system shall have been estab- 
 lished, the said oath shall be taken and subscribed by the voter at each 
 time of his registration. Any person declining to take said oath shall 
 not be allowed to vote, or to be registered as a qualified voter. The 
 taking thereof shall not be deemed conclusive evidence of the right of 
 the person to vote, or to be registered as a voter ; but such right may, 
 notwithstanding, be disproved. And after a system of registration 
 shall have been established, all evidence for and against the right of 
 any person as a qualified voter, shall be heard and passed upon by the 
 registering officer or officers, and not by the judges of election. The 
 registering officer or officers shall keep a register of the names of per- 
 sons rejected as voters, and the same shall be certified to the judges 
 of election ; and tiiey shall receive the ballot of any such rejected 
 voter offering to vote, marking the same, and certifying the vote there- 
 by given, as rejected; but no such vote shall be received unless the 
 party offering it take, at the time, the oath of loyalty hereinafter pre- 
 scribed. 
 
 Sect. 6. The oath to be taken as aforesaid shall be known as the 
 Oath of Loyalty, and shall be in the following terms : 
 
 "I, A. B , do solemnly swear that I am well acquainted with the 
 terms of the third section of the second article of the Constitution of 
 the State of Missouri, adopted in the year eighteen hundred and sixty 
 
CONSTITUTION. 431 
 
 five, and have carefully considered the same ; that I have never, di- 
 rectly or indirectly, done any of the acts in said section specified ; 
 that I have always been truly and loyally on the side of the United 
 States against all enemies thereof, foreign and domestic ; that I will 
 bear true faith and allegiance to the United States, and will support 
 the Constitution and laws thereof as the supreme law of the land, any 
 law or ordinance of any State to the contrary notwithstanding ; that 
 I will, to the best of my ability, protect and defend the Union of the 
 United States, and not allow the same to be broken up and dissolved, 
 or the government thereof to be destroyed or overthrown, under any 
 circumstances, if in my power to prevent it; that I will support the 
 Constitution of the State of Missouri ; and that I make this oath 
 without any mental reservation or evasion, and hold it to be binding 
 on me." 
 
 Sect. 7. Within sixty days after this Constitution takes effect, every 
 person in this State holding any office of honor, trust, or profit, under 
 the Constitution or laws thereof, under any municipal corporation, or 
 any of the other offices, positions, or trusts mentioned in the third 
 section of this article, shall take and subscribe the said oath! If any 
 officer or person referred to in this section shall fail to comply with 
 the requirements thereof, his office, position, or trust shall, ipso facto, 
 become vacant, and the vacancy shall be filled according to the law 
 governing the case. 
 
 Sect. 8. No vote in any election by the people shall be cast up for, 
 nor shall any certificate of election be granted to, any person who shall 
 not, within fifteen days next preceding such election, have taken, sub- 
 scribed and filed said oath. 
 
 Sect. 9. No person shall assume the duties of any State, county, 
 city, town, or other office, to which he may be appointed, otherwise 
 than by a vote of the people ; nor shall any person, after the expira- 
 tion of sixty days after this Constitution takes effect, be permitted to 
 practice as an attorney or counselor at law; nor, after that time, shall 
 any person be competent as a bishop, priest, deacon, minister, elder, 
 or other clergyman of any religious persuasion, sect or denomination, 
 to teach or preach or solemnize marriages, unless such person shall 
 have first taken, subscribed and filed said oath. 
 
 Sect. 10. Oaths taken in pursuance of the seventh, eighth, and 
 ninth sections of this article, shall be filed as follows : By a State 
 civil officer, or a candidate for a State civil office, and by members and 
 officers of the present General Assembly, in the office of the Secretary 
 of State ; by a military officer in the office of the Adjutant-General ; 
 by a candidate for either house of the General Assembly in the clerk's 
 office of the county court of the county of his residence, or in that of 
 the county where the vote of the district is required by law to be cast 
 up, and the certificate of election granted; by a city or town officer in 
 the office where the archives of such city or town are kept ; and in all 
 other cases, in the office of the clerk of the county court of the county 
 of the person's residence. 
 
 Sect. 11. Every court in which any person shall be summoned to 
 serve as a grand or petit juror, shall require him, before he is sworn 
 
432 APPENDIX. 
 
 as a juvor, to take said oath, in open court ; and no person refusing to 
 take tlie same shall serve as a juror. 
 
 Seel. 12. If any person shall declare that he has conscientious scru- 
 ples against taking an oath, or swearing in any form, the said oath 
 may be clianged into a solemn affirmation, and be made by him in that 
 form. 
 
 Sect. 13. In addition to the oath of loyalty aforesaid, every person 
 who may be elected or appointed to any office shall, before entering 
 upon its duties, take and subscribe an oath or affirmation that he will, 
 to the best of his skill and ability, diligently and faithfully, without 
 partiality or prejudice, discharge the duties of such office according to 
 the Constitution and laws of this State. 
 
 Sect. 14. Whoever shall, after the times limited in the seventh and 
 ninth sections of this article, hold or exercise any of the offices, posi- 
 tions, trusts, professions or functions therein specified, without having 
 taken, subscribed and filed said oath of loyalty, shall, on conviction 
 thereof, be punished by fine, not less than five hundred dollars, or by 
 imprisonment in the county jail not less than six months, or by both 
 such fine and imprisonment ; and whoever shall take said oath falsely, 
 by swearing or by affirmation, shall, on conviction thereof, be adjudged 
 guilty of perjury, and be punished by imprisonment in the peniten- 
 tiary not less than two years. 
 
 Sect. 15. Whoever shall be convicted of having, directly or indi- 
 rectly, given or offered any bribe, to procure his election or appoint- 
 ment to any office, shall be disqualified for any office of honor, trust, 
 or profit under this State ; and whoever shall give or offer any bribe 
 to procure the election or appointment of any other person to any 
 office, shall, on conviction thereof, be disqualified for a voter, or any 
 office of honor, trust or profit under this State, for ten years after such 
 conviction. 
 
 Sect. 16. No officer, soldier, or marine in the regular army or navy 
 of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this 
 State. 
 
 Sect. n. No person who shall make, or become, directly or indi- 
 rectly, interested in, any bet or wager depending upon the result of 
 any election, shall vote at such election. 
 
 Sect. 18. Every white male citizen of the United States, and every 
 white male person of foreign birth who may have declared his inten- 
 tion to become a citizen of the United States, according to law, not 
 less than one year nor more than five years before he offers to vote, 
 who is over the age of twenty-one years, who is not disqualified by or 
 under any of the provisions of this Constitution, and who shall have 
 complied with its requirements, and have resided in this State one 
 year next preceding any election, or next preceding his registration 
 as a voter, and during the last sixty days of that period shall have 
 resided in tlie county, city, or town where he offers to vote, or seeks 
 registration as a voter, shall be entitled to vote at such election for 
 all officers, State, county, or municipal, made elective by the people ; 
 but he shall not vote elsewhere than in the election district of which 
 he is at the time a resident, or, after a system of registration of votes 
 shall have been established, in the election district where his name is 
 
CONSTITUTION. 433 
 
 re.Eristered ; except as provided in the twenty-first section of this ar- 
 ticle. 
 
 Sect. 19. After the first day of January, one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and seveiity-si.-?, every person who was not a ([ualified voter prior 
 to that time, shall, in addition to the other qualifications required, be 
 able to read and write, in order to become a qualified voter; unless 
 his inability to read or write shall be the result of a physical debility. 
 
 Sect. 20. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to 
 have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence 
 while employed in the service of the United States, nor while en- 
 gaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United 
 States, or of the high seas ; nor while a student in any seminary of 
 learning ; nor while kept at any poor-house, or other asylum, at public 
 expense ; nor while confined in any public prison. 
 
 Sect. 21. Any qualified voter, under the eighteenth section of this 
 article, who may be absent from the place of his residence, by reason 
 of being in the volunteer array of the United States, or in the militia 
 force of this State, in the service thereof, or of the United States, 
 whether within or without the State, shall, without registration, be 
 entitled to vote in any election occurring during such absence. The 
 votes of all such persons, wherever they may be, may be taken on the 
 day fixed by law for such election, or on any day or days within 
 twenty days next prior thereto ; and the General Assembly shall pro- 
 vide by law for the taking, return, and counting of such votes. Every 
 such person shall take the same oath that all other voters may be re- 
 quired to take, in order to vote. 
 
 Sect. 22. Voters shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach 
 of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their continuance at 
 elections, and in going to and returning from the same. 
 
 Sect. 23. Any person who may at any time have done any act which, 
 under the third section of this article, has disqualified or may dis- 
 qualify him, as therein expressed, and who shall, after the coniniission 
 of such act, have voluntarily entered the military service of the United 
 States, and have been honorably discharged therefrom, and after such 
 discharge have demeaned himself in all respects as a loyal and faithful 
 citizen, may be relieved from such disqualification. In order thereto, 
 he shall, in person, present his petition to the circuit court of the 
 county of his residence, stating specifically the act or acts which pro- 
 duced such disqualification, and the grounds upon which he prays to 
 be relieved therefrom ; and the court shall set a day for hearing the 
 cause, not less than five days after the presentation of the petition ; 
 when, if it appear by competent proof that the petitioner is justly en- 
 titled to the relief prayed for, the court shall make a decree removing 
 such disqualification. But any act done by such person after the date 
 of such decree, which would impose a disqualification under said third 
 section of this article, shall make such decree null and void, and remit 
 him to his previous condition of disqualification ; and no such decree 
 shall be granted a second time in his favor. 
 
 Sect. 24. After any person shall have been so relieved by the decree 
 of a circuit court, he shall, in order to vote, or hold anv of the offices, 
 
 28 
 
434 APPENDIX. 
 
 positions, or trusts, or exercise any of the privileges or functions 
 hereinbefore specified, take the oath of loyalty aforesaid, except the 
 part thereof which refers to the third section of this article and to the 
 past acts or loyalty of the person taking the oath. 
 
 Sect. 25. After the first day of January, one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and seventy-one, and until the date hereinafter named, the Gen- 
 eral Assembly shall have power, if a majority of all the members 
 elected to both houses concur therein, to suspend or repeal any part 
 of the third, fifth, and sixth sections of this article, so far as the same 
 relate to the qualifications of voters, but no further. After the first 
 day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, the 
 General Assembly may wholly suspend or repeal the third, fourth, 
 fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth sections of this 
 article, or any part thereof, if a like majority of both houses concur 
 therein. But no such suspension or repeal shall have the effect of 
 dispensing with the taking, by every person elected or appointed to 
 any office in this State, of so much of the oath of loyalty aforesaid as 
 follows the word "domestic." On the passage of any bill suspending 
 or repealing any of said sections, or any part thereof, the votes of 
 both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the jour- 
 nals of the houses, respectively. The General Assembly shall also 
 have power, at any time, to remove any such suspension or repeal, 
 and reinstate the provisions suspended or repealed, in full force and 
 effect as a part of this Constitution. Every suspension or repeal made 
 in pursuance of this section shall be general in its terms, and not in 
 any case in favor of any named person ; but the General Assembly 
 may except from the benefit of such suspension or repeal any person, 
 or class of persons, it may see fit. 
 
 Sect. 26. The General Assembly shall provide for the exclusion 
 from every ofiice of honor, trust, or profit within this State, and from 
 the right of suffrage, of any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or 
 other infamous crime. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION or POWERS. 
 
 The powers of government shall be divided into three distinct de- 
 partments, each of which shall be confided to a separate magistracy ; 
 and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging 
 to one of those departments shall exercise any power properly belong- 
 ing to either of the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly 
 directed or permitted. 
 
 ARTICLE lY. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Section I. The legislative power shall be vested in a General As- 
 sembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Represent- 
 atives. 
 
coNSTITUTIO^^ 435 
 
 Sect. 2. The House of Representatives shall consist of members, to 
 be chosen every second year by the qualified voters of the several 
 counties, and apportioned in the following manner: 
 
 The ratio of representation shall be ascertained at each apportion- 
 ing session of the General Assembly, by dividing the whole number of 
 permanent inhabitants of the State by the number two hundred. Each 
 county having one ratio or less shall be entitled to one Representa- 
 tive ; each county having three times said ratio shall be entitled to 
 two Representatives ; each county having six times said ratio shall be 
 entitled to three Representatives ; and so on above that number, giv- 
 ing one additional member for every three additional ratios. When any 
 county shall be entitled to more than one Representative, the county 
 court shall cause said county to be subdivided into as many compact 
 and convenient districts as such county may be entitled to Represent- 
 atives ; which districts shall be, as near as may be, of equal popula- 
 tion; and the qualified voters of each of such districts shall elect one 
 Representative, who shall be a resident of such district. 
 
 Sect. 3. No person shall be a member of the House of Representa- 
 tives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-four years, who 
 shall not be a white male citizen of the United States, who shall not 
 have been a qualified voter of this State two years, and an inhabitant 
 of the county which he may be chosen to reiiresent one year next before 
 the day of his election, if such county shall have been so long estab- 
 lished ; but if not, then of the county from which the same shall have 
 been taken ; and who shall not have paid a State and county tax. 
 
 Sect. 4. The Senate shall consist of thirty-four members, to be 
 chosen by the qualified voters for four years, for the election of whom 
 the State shall be divided into convenient districts. 
 
 Sect. 5. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 
 the age of thirty years; who shall not be a white male citizen of the 
 United States ; who. shall not have been a qualified voter of this State 
 three years, and an inhabitant of the district which he may be chosen 
 to represent one year next before the day of his election, if such dis- 
 trict shall have been so long estal)lished, but if not, then of the district 
 or districts from which the same shall have been taken ; and who shall 
 not have paid a State and county tax. When any county shall be 
 entitled to more than one Senator, the county court shall cause such 
 county to be subdivided into as many compact and convenient districts 
 as such county may be entitled to Senators ; which districts shall be, 
 as near as may be, of equal population ; and the qualified voters of 
 each of such districts shall elect one Senator, who shall be a resident 
 of such district. 
 
 Sect. 6. Senators shall be apportioned among their respective dis- 
 tricts, as nearly as may be, according to the number of permanent in- 
 habitants in each. 
 
 Sect. 7. Senators and Representatives shall be chosen according 
 to the rule of apportionment established in this Constitution, until 
 the next decennial census taken by the United States shall have been 
 made, and the result thereof as to this State ascertained, when the 
 apportionment shall be revised and adjusted on the basis of that cen- 
 sus. In the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, and 
 
436 APPENDIX. 
 
 every tcntli year thereafter, there shall be taken, under the authority 
 of this State, a census of the inhabitants thereof; and after every such 
 census the apportionment of Senators and Rei)resentatives may bo 
 based thereon, until the next suceeedinj? National census; after which 
 it may be based upon the National census until the next succeeding 
 decennial State census; and so on, from time to time, tlie enumera- 
 tions made by the United States and this State shall be used, as they 
 respectively occur, as the basis of apportionment. 
 
 Sect. 8. Senatorial and Representative districts may be altered, 
 from time to time, as public convenience may require. When any 
 senatorial district shall be composed of tvi^o or more counties, they 
 shall be contiguous. 
 
 Sect. 9. The first election of Senators and Representatives under 
 this Constitution shall be held at the general election in the year one 
 tiiousand eight hundred and sixty-six, when the whole number of Sen- 
 ators and Representatives shall be chosen. 
 
 Sect. 10. At the regular session of the General Assembly chosen at 
 said election, tlie Senators shall be divided into two equal classes. 
 Those elected from districts bearing odd numbers shall compose the 
 first class, and those elected from districts bearing even numbers shall 
 compose the second class. The seats of the first class shall be vacated 
 at the end of the second year after the day of said election, and those 
 of the second class at the end of tiie fourth year after that day, so 
 that one-half of the Senators shall be chosen every second year. In 
 districting any county for the election of Senators, the districts shall 
 be numbered, so as to effectuate the division of Senators into classes, 
 as required in this section. 
 
 Sect. 11. No member of Congress, or person holding any lucrative 
 ofi&ce under the United States or this State (militia oflicers, justices of 
 the peace, and notaries public exce[)ted), shall be eligil)le to either 
 house of the General Assembly, or shall remain a member thereof 
 after having accepted any sucii ollice, or a seat in either house of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Sect. 12. No person who now is, or may hereafter be a collector or 
 holder of i)ublic money, or assistant or deputy of such collector or 
 holder of i)ublic money, shall be eligible to either house of the Gen- 
 eral Assemldy until he shall have accounted for, and paid all sums for 
 which he may l)e accountable. 
 
 Sect. 13. If any Senator or Representative remove his residence 
 from the district or county for which he was elected, his office shall 
 thereby be vacated. 
 
 Sect. 14. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill such 
 vacancies as may occur in either house of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sect. 15. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for 
 whicli he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil oilice 
 under this State, which shall have i)een created, or the emoluments of 
 which shall have been increased, during his continuance in ollice, as a 
 Senator or Representative, except to such ollices as shall be filled by 
 elections of the peojjle. 
 
 Sect. 10. Senators and Uepresentativcs shall, in all cases, except 
 treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, dur- 
 
CONSTITUTION. 487 
 
 iiij? the session of tl>o Gonoral Ass(>ml>ly. mikI ("or (iftoon days iicxl. he- 
 Coro tlic (•oiiiin(Mii'(Miiont. and aWvr llu- Icriuin;!! ion til'cacli session; and 
 for any speoi-h or dcbah^ in oithcr lious(>, llicv sliidl not Ix' (in(\s(ioncd 
 in any otiior itlaoo. 
 
 Seel. 17. The nuMnhcrs of tlu' (((Mieral Asscnihiy slndl scvcniilly re- 
 ceive friHii I lie |)nl)iic Treasnry sneli conipcnsiition for llieir servioes 
 as iniiy, from time to linu\ he |)rovide(l hy law; hul no 1m,\v incrensinfr 
 sncli cotnponsidion siiall take eUVct in fiivor of (he ineniUers of the 
 General Assonihly hy wliieli the same slniU Imvi' ln'cii passed. 
 
 Seel. IS. A nuijority of lh(> whole nuiuliei- of mciiiliei-s of each 
 house shall constitnte a, (pioinm to do husinrss ; hiil a sniidlcr nnmh(U' 
 may adjonrn from day to day. and may eoni|iel llie altendanee of ab- 
 sent mend)ers, in sneh niannei' and nndei- such |ieMallies as each honse 
 may provide. 
 
 !<(■<■/. M.I. Kach honse shall appoint its own ollieers ; shall jnd,tre of 
 the (pialiliealJons, elections, and relnrns of its own mendiers ; may do- 
 teruiine rnles of its proceedings; may arrest, and punish hy line, not 
 exceedinsjc three Imndred dollars, or hy imprisonment in a (■(iniily jail 
 n()t exceedinf>: ten days, or hoth, a,ny p"rson iu)t a, nnnnher, who shuU 
 he irailty of disrespect, to the honse, hy any disorderly or conlemptu- 
 ons hehavior in its presence, during its session; may pnnisli its nnMu- 
 hers for disorderly behavior ; and, with the concnrrem-e of (wo thirds 
 of all the mend)ers elected, may expel a member; bnt no mendier shall 
 be exp(dh'd a second time for the same caiHe. 
 
 Src/. L'O. I<]a(di honse shall, IVom linn> to (im<', pid.lish a. Journal of 
 its procetMlinujs, exeepi, sneii parts tliereof as nniy, in its opinion, re- 
 (piire secrecy; ninl the yea,s ami nays on any (piestioii shall l)e taken, 
 and entered on tlu! journal, at the desii'e of any two inemi)ers. VVhen- 
 (>vei- the yeas and nays are dcnnuided, tlu! whole list of members shall 
 he called, and I he names of absentees shall be noted, and pid)lished 
 with the jonrnal. 
 
 N''(7. 111. The sessions of each house shall he held with open doors, 
 except in cases which may recpure secrecy, 
 
 SfcL 2^. Neither house shall, without' (he consent of the other, ad- 
 jouin for more tlniii two days at any on(! linn-, nor to any other place 
 than (hat, in which the two houses may l)e sittinu:. 
 
 Srii 2:!. r>ills nuiy oriij^inate in eith(>r Inuise, and may he altered, 
 amended, or rejcete.!" i)y (he other; and every bill shall" l)e read on 
 three dill'erent'days in'<-ach lions<', unless tvvo-thirds of the lionse, 
 where the same is pendini-', shall dispense with this rule; and every 
 hill, havin;; passed both hoiises shall l)c sifrrn-d hy the Speaker (.f the 
 House of Iveprescntatives, and by tlu^ I*r(;sident of the Senale. 
 
 Sec/. 24. No l)ill shall l)e passed uidess by the nnijority of all the 
 meml)ers elected to each branch of the (Jeneral Assembly; and the 
 (piestion upon the final passa|>-e shall be taken imnH'diat.ely upon the 
 last readin^% and tin? yeas and nays shall he taken thereon and entered 
 upon the jonrnal. 
 
 .Srr/. 'if). No act, shall he revived or re-enae(ed hy mere refenmee 
 to llu! title thei'cof; nor sliull any act l)e amended by providine; that 
 desi^nnited words thereof shall b(! struck out, ; or that desifjmited words 
 shall bo struck out and others inserted in lieu thereof; but in every 
 
438 APPENDIX. 
 
 such case the act revived or re-enacted, or the act or part of act 
 amended shall be set forth and published at length, as if it were an 
 original act or provision. 
 
 Seci. 2G. The style of the laws of this State shall be—" Be it 
 enacted by the Greneral Assembly of the State of Missouri, as fol- 
 lows :" 
 
 Sect. 2*7. The General Assembly shall not pass special laws divorcing 
 any named parties; or declaring any named person of age ; or author- 
 izing any named minor to sell, lease, or encumber his or her property ; 
 or providing for the sale of the real estate of any named minor or 
 other person, laboring under legal disability, by any executor, admin- 
 istrator, guardian, trustee, or other person ; or changing the name of 
 any person; or establishing, locating, altering the course, or affecting 
 the construction of roads, or the building or repairing of bridges; or 
 establishing, altering, or vacating any street, avenue, or alley, in any 
 city or town; or extending the time for the assessment or collection 
 of taxes, or otherwise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from 
 the due performance of his official duties; or giving effect to informal 
 or invalid wills or deeds; or legalizing, except as against the State, 
 the unauthorized or invalid acts of any officer; or granting to any 
 individual or company the right to lay down railroad tracks in the 
 streets of any city or town ; or exempting any property of any named 
 person or corporation from taxation. The General Assembly shall 
 pass no special law for any case for which provision can be made by 
 a general law; but shall pass general laws providing, so far as it may 
 deem necessary, for the cases enumerated in this section, and for all 
 other cases where a general law can be made applicable. 
 
 Sect. 28. The General Assembly shall never authorize any lottery; 
 nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed ; nor shall any lottery 
 heretofore authorized be permitted to be drawn, or tickets therein to 
 be sold. 
 
 Sect. 29. The General Asseral)ly shall have no power to make com- 
 pensation for emancipated slaves. 
 
 Sect. 30. The General Assembly shall have no power to remove the 
 county-seat of any county, unless two-thirds of the qualified voters of 
 the county, at a general election, shall vote in favor of such removal. 
 No compensation or indemnity for real estate, or the improvements 
 thereon, affected by such removal, shall be allowed. 
 
 Sect. 31. The General Assembly shall have no power to establish 
 any new county with a territory of less than five hundred square miles, 
 or with a population less than the ratio of representation existing at 
 the time; nor to reduce any county now established to less than that 
 area, or to less population than such ratio. 
 
 Sect. 32. No law enacted by the General Assembly shall relate to 
 more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title; but if 
 any subject embraced in an act bo not expressed in the title, such act 
 shall be void only as to so much thereof as is not so expressed. 
 
 Seci. 33. The General Assembly shall direct, by law, in what man- 
 ner, and in what courts, suits may be brought against the State. 
 
 Sect. 34. When any officer, civil or military, shall be appointed by 
 the joint or concurrent vote of both houses, or by the separate vote of 
 
CONSTITUTION. 439 
 
 either house, the votes shall be publicly given viva voce, and entered 
 on the journals. 
 
 Sect. 35. The General Assembly elected in the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and sixty-six, shall meet on the first Wednesday of 
 January, one thousand eiglit hundred and sixty-seven; and thereafter 
 the General Assembly shall meet in regular session once in every two 
 years ; and such meeting shall be on the first Wednesday of January, 
 unless a different day be fixed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE Y. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Section 1. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a Chief 
 Magistrate, who shall be styled " The Governor of the State of Mis- 
 souri." 
 
 Sect. 2. The Governor shall be at least thirty-five years old, a white 
 male citizen of the United States ten years, and a resident of this 
 State seven years next before his election. 
 
 Sect. 3. The Governor elected at the general election in the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and each Governor there- 
 after elected, shall hold his office two years, and until a successor be 
 duly elected and qualified. At the time and place of voting for mem- 
 bers of the House of Representatives, the qualified voters shall vote 
 for a Governor; and when two or more persons have an equal num- 
 ber of votes and a higher number than any other person, the election 
 sliall be decided between them by a joint vote of both houses of the 
 General Assembly, at their next session. 
 
 Sect. 4. The Governor shall not be ineligible to office more than 
 four years in six. 
 
 Sect. 5. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia of 
 this State, except when they shall be called into the service of the 
 United States; but he need not command in person, unless advised to 
 do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sect. 6. The Governor shall have the power to grant reprieves, 
 commutations, and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except 
 treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions, and with such 
 restrictions and limitations, as he may think proper, subject to such 
 regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of ap- 
 plying for pardons. He shall, at each session of the General Assem- 
 bly, communicate to that body each case of reprieve, commutation or 
 pardon granted; stating the name of the convict, the crime of which 
 he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the date of the commuta- 
 tion, pardon, or reprieve, and the reasons for granting the same. He 
 shall take care that the laws be distributed and faithfully executed; 
 and shall be a conservator of the peace throughout the State. 
 
 Sect. T. The Governor shall, from time to time, give to the General 
 Assembly information relative to the state of the Government, and 
 shall recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem 
 necessary and expedient. On extraordinary occasions he may convene 
 
440 APPENDIX. 
 
 the General Assembly by proclamation, wherein he shall state specifi- 
 cally each matter concerning which the action of that body is deemed 
 necessary; and the General Assembly shall have no power, when so 
 convened, to act upon any matter not so stated in the proclamation. 
 
 Sect. 8. When any office shall become vacant, the Governor, unless 
 otherwise provided by law, shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, 
 who shall continue in office until a successor shall be duly elected or 
 appointed, and qualified according to law. 
 
 Seel. 9. Every bill which shall have been passed by both houses of 
 the General Assembly, before it becomes a law shall be presented to 
 the Governor for his approbation. If he approve, he shall sign it; 
 if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it 
 shall have originated ; and the house shall cause the objections to be 
 entered at large on its journals, and shall proceed to reconsider the 
 bill. After such reconsideration, if a majority of all the members 
 elected to that house shall agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, to- 
 gether with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall, in 
 like manner, be reconsidered ; and if approved by a majority of all the 
 members elected to that house, it shall become a law. In all such 
 cases, the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and 
 the names of the members voting, for and against the bill, shall be en- 
 tered on the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
 not be returned by the Governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) 
 after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, 
 in like manner as if the Governor had signed it, unless the General 
 Assembly, by its adjournment, shall prevent its return; in which case 
 it shall not become a law, unless the Governor, after such adjourn- 
 ment, and within ten days after the bill was presented to him (Sun- 
 days excepted), shall sign and deposit the same in the office of the 
 Secretary of State; in which case it shall become a law, in like man- 
 ner as if it had been signed by him during the session of the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Sect. 10. Every resolution, to which the concurrence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives may be necessary, except on questions 
 of adjournment, of going into joint session, and of amending this Con- 
 stitution, shall be presented to the Governor ; and, before the same 
 shall take eilect, shall be proceeded upon in the same manner as in 
 the case of a bill. 
 
 Sect. 11. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his ser- 
 vices an adequate salary, to be fixed by law ; which shall neither be 
 increased nor diminished during his continuance in office. 
 
 Sect. 12. There shall be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall be elected 
 at the same time, in the same manner, for the same term, and shall 
 possess the same qualifications as the Governor. 
 
 Sect. 13. The Lieutenant-Governor, by virtue of his office, shall be 
 President of the Senate. In committee of the whole, he may debate 
 on all questions; and when there is an equal division, shall give the 
 casting vote in the Senate, and also in joint vote of both houses. 
 
 Sect. 14 When the office of Governor shall become vacant, by 
 death, resignation, removal from the State, removal from office, refu- 
 sal to qualify, or otherwise, the Lieutenant-Governor shall perform 
 
CONSTITUTIOK. 441 
 
 the duties, possess the powers, and receive the compensation of the 
 Governor during the remainder of the term for which the Governor 
 was elected. When the Governor is absent from the .State, or is 
 unable, from sickness, to perform ins duties, or is under impeachment, 
 the Lieutenant Governor shall perform said duties, possess said 
 powers, and receive said compensation, until the Governor return to the 
 State, be enabled to resume his duties, or be acquitted. If there be 
 no Lieutenant-Governor, or if he be absent from the State, disabled by 
 sickness, or under impeachment, the President of the Senate pro tem- 
 jjore, or, in case of like absence or disability on his part, or of there 
 being no President of the Senate pro tempore, the Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives shall assume the office of Governor, in the 
 same raannqr, and with the same powers and compensation as are 
 prescribed in the case of the office devolving on the Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 Sect. 15. The Lieutenant-Governor, or the President of the Senate 
 pro tempore, while presiding in tiie Senate, shall receive tlie same 
 compensation as shall be allowed to the Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 Sect. 16. There shall be a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, a 
 State Treasurer, and an Attorney-General, who shall be elected by 
 the qualified voters of the State, at the same time, in the same man- 
 ner, and for the same term of office as the Governor. No person 
 shall be eligible to either of said offices, unless he be a white male cit- 
 izen of the United States, and at least twenty- five years old, and shall 
 have resided in this State five years next before his election. The 
 Secretary of State, the State Auditor, the State Treasurer, and the 
 Attorney-General, shall keep their respective offices at the seat of 
 Government, and shall perform such duties as may be required of them 
 by law. 
 
 Sect. 17. The returns of all elections of Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, and of other State officers, shall be made to the Secretary of 
 State, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sect. 18. Contested elections of Governor and Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor shall be decided by joint vote of both houses of the General 
 Assembly, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sect. 19. Contested elections of Secretary of State, State Auditor, 
 State Treasurer, and Attorney-General, shall be decided before such 
 tribunal, and in such manner as may be by law provided. 
 
 Sect. 20. The Secretary of State shall be the custodian of the seal 
 of State, and shall authenticate therewith all official acts of the Gov- 
 ernor, his approbation of laws excepted. The said seal shall be called 
 the " Great Seal of the State of Missouri ;" and the emblems and 
 devices thereof, heretofore prescribed by law, shall not be subject to 
 change. 
 
 Sect. 21. The Secretary of State shall keep a register of the offi- 
 cial acts of the Governor, and when necessary shall attest them ; and 
 shall lay copies of the same, together with copies of all papers relat- 
 ing thereto, before either house of the General Assembly, whenever 
 required to do so. 
 
 Sect. 22. There shall be elected by the qualified voters in each 
 
442 APPENDIX. 
 
 county, at the time and places of electing Representatives, a sheriff 
 and a coroner. They shall serve for two years, and until a successor 
 be duly elected and qualified, unless sooner removed for malfeasance 
 in office, and shall be ineligible four years in any period of eight years. 
 Before entering on the duties of their office, they shall give security 
 in such amount and in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 Whenever a county shall be liereafter established, the Governor shall 
 appoint a sheriff and a coroner therein, who shall continue in office 
 until the next succeeding general election, and until a successor shall 
 be duly elected and qualified. 
 
 Sect. 23. Whenever a vacancy shall happen in the office of sheriff 
 or coroner, the same shall be filled by the county court. If such va- 
 cancy happen in the office of sheriff more than nine months prior to 
 the time of holding a general election, such county court shall imme- 
 diately order a special election to fill the same, and the person by it 
 appointed shall hold office until the person chosen at such election 
 shall be duly qualified ; otherwise, the person appointed by such 
 county court shall hold office until the person chosen at such general 
 election shall be duly qualified. If a vacancy happen in the office of 
 coroner, the same shall be filled for the remainder of the term by such 
 county court. No person elected or appointed to fill a vacancy in 
 either of said offices, shall thereby be rendered ineligible for the next 
 succeeding term. 
 
 Sect. 24. In all elections for sheriff and coroner, when two or more 
 persons have an equal number of votes, and a higher than any other 
 person, the presiding judge of the county court of the county shall 
 give the casting vote ; and all contested elections for the said offices, 
 shall be decided by the circuit court of the proper county, in such 
 manner as the General Assembly may by law prescribe. 
 
 Sect. 25. The Governor shall commission all officers not otherwise 
 provided by law. All commissions shall run in the name and by the 
 authority of the State of Missouri, be sealed with the State seal, 
 signed by the Governor, and attested by the Secretary of State. 
 
 Sect. 2G. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise directed 
 by this Constitution, shall be made in such manner as may be pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE YI. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT, 
 
 Section 1. The judicial power, as to matters of law and equity, 
 shall be vested in a supreme court, in district courts, in circuit courts, 
 and in such inferior tribunals as the General Assembly may, from time 
 to time, establish. 
 
 Sect. 2. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise directed by 
 this Constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall 
 be coextensive with the State, under the restrictions aud limitations 
 in this Constitution provided. 
 
 Sect. 3. The supreme court shall have a general superintending 
 control over all inferior courts of law. It shall have power to issue 
 
CONSTITUTION. 443 
 
 writs of habeas C07yus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari, and 
 other original remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same. 
 
 Sect. 4. The supreme court sliall consist of three judges, any two 
 of whom shall be a quorum ; and the said judges shall be conservators 
 of the peace throughout the State. 
 
 Sect. 5. The State shall be divided into convenient districts, not to 
 exceed four, in each of which the supreme court shall be held at such 
 time and place as the General Assembly may appoint, and, when sit- 
 ting in either district, it shall exercise jurisdiction over causes origin- 
 ating in that district only; but the General Assembly may direct, by 
 law, that the said court shall be held at one place only. 
 
 Sect. 6. The judges of the supreme court shall hold office for the 
 term of six years, and until their successors shall be duly elected and 
 qualified, except as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sect. 7. At the general election, in the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and sixty-eight, all the judges of the supreme court shall be 
 elected by the qualified voters of the State, and shall enter upon their 
 office on the first Monday of January next ensuing. At the first 
 session of the court thereafter, the judges shall, by lot, determine the 
 duration of their several terms of office, which shall be respectively 
 two, four, and six years; and shall certify the result to the Secretary 
 of State. At the general election, every two years after said first 
 election, one judge of said court shall be elected, to hold office for the 
 period of six years, from the first Monday of January next ensuing. 
 The judge having at any time the shortest term to serve, shall be the 
 presiding judge of the court. 
 
 Sect. 8. If a vacancy shall happen in the office of any judge of the 
 supreme court, by death, resignation, removal out of the State, or 
 other disqualification, the Governor shall appoint a suitable person to 
 fill the vacancy until the next general election occurring more than 
 three months after the happening of such vacancy, when the same 
 shall be filled by election, by the qualified voters of the State, for the 
 residue of the term. 
 
 Sect. 9. In case of a tie, or a contested election between the can- 
 didates, the same shall be determined in the manner prescribed by law. 
 
 Sect. 10. If, in regard to any cause pending in the supreme court, 
 the judges sitting shall be equally divided in opinion, no judgment 
 shall be entered therein based on such division ; but the parties to the 
 cause may agree upon some person, learned in the law, who shall act 
 as special judge in the cause, and who shall therein sit with the court, 
 and give decision in the same manner and with the same effect as one 
 of the judges. If the parties cannot agree upon a special judge, the 
 court shall appoint one. 
 
 Sect. 11. The judges of the supreme court shall give their opinion 
 upon important questions of constitutional law, and upon solemn oc- 
 casions, when required by the Governor, the Senate, o;- the House of 
 Representatives; and all such opinions shall be published in connec- 
 tion with the reported decisions of said court. 
 
 Sect. 12. The State, except the County of St. Louis, shall be di- 
 vided into not less than five districts, each of which shall embrace at 
 least three judicial circuits ; and in each district a court, to be known 
 
444 APPENDIX. 
 
 as the district court, sliall be lield at such times and places as may be 
 provided by law. Each district court shall be held by the judges of 
 the circuit courts embraced in the district, a majority of whom shall 
 be a quorum. The district courts sliall, within their respective dis- 
 tricts, have like original jurisdiction with the supreme court, and ap- 
 pellate jurisdiction from the final judgments of the circuit courts, and 
 of all inferior courts of record within the district, except probate and 
 county courts. After the establishment of such district courts, no 
 appeal or writ of error shall lie from any circuit court, or inferior 
 court of record, to the supreme court, but shall be prosecuted to the 
 district court, from the final judgments of which an appeal or writ of 
 error may be taken to the supreme court, in such cases as may be 
 provided by law. 
 
 Sect. 13. The circuit court shall have jurisdiction over all criminal 
 cases, which shall not be otherwise provided for by law; and exclu- 
 sive original jurisdiction in all civil cases which shall not be cognizable 
 before justices of the peace, until otherwise directed by the General 
 Assembly. It shall hold its terms at such time and place, in each 
 county, as may be by law directed. 
 
 Sect. 14. The State shall be divided into convenient circuits, of 
 which the County of St. Louis shall constitute one, for each of which, 
 except as in the next succeeding section specified, a judge shall be 
 elected by the qualified voters of the respective circuits, and, except 
 as hereinafter provided, shall be elected for the term of six years, but 
 may continue in office until his successor shall be elected and quali- 
 fied ; and the judge of each circuit, after his election or appointment, 
 as hereinafter provided, shall reside in and be a conservator of the 
 peace within the circuit for which he shall be elected or appointed ; 
 and if any vacancy shall happen in the office of any circuit judge, by 
 deatli, resignation, removal out of his circuit, or by any other disqual- 
 ification, the Governor shall, upon being satisfied that a vacancy exists, 
 issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy ; provided that said va- 
 cancy shall happen at least six months before the next general elec- 
 tion for said judge ; but if such vacancy shall happen within six 
 months of the general election aforesaid, the Governor shall appoint 
 a judge for such circuit; but every election or appointment, to fill a 
 vacancy, shall be for the residue of the term only. And the General 
 Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of said judges in their 
 respective circuits; and, in case of a tie or contested election between 
 the candidates, the same shall be determined in the manner to be pre- 
 scribed by law. And the General Assembly shall provide, by law, 
 for the election of said judges, in their respective circuits, to till any 
 vacancy which shall occur at any time at least six months before a 
 general election for said judges. At the general election in the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and at the general elec- 
 tion every sixth year thereafter, except as hereinafter provided, all the 
 circuit judges shall be elected, and shall enter upon their offices on the 
 first Monday of January next ensuing. No judicial circuit shall be 
 altered or changed at any session of the General Assembly next pre- 
 ceding the general election for said judges. 
 
CONSTITUTION. 445 
 
 Sect. 15. From and after the first day of Janiiar}', one thousand 
 eight liundred and sixty-six, the circuit court of the County of St. 
 Louis shall be composed of three judges, each of whom shall try 
 causes separately, and all, or a majority of whom, shall constitute a 
 court in bank, to decide questions of law, and to corect errors occur- 
 ring in trials; and, from and after that day, tliere shall riot be in said 
 county any other court of record having civil jurisdiction, except a 
 probate court and a county court. The additional judges of the cir- 
 cuit court of the County of St. Louis, authorized by this section, shall 
 be appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate, and shall hold their offices until the next general election of judges 
 of circuit courts, when the whole number of the judges of said court 
 shall be elected. At the first session of said court, after the judges 
 thereof who may be elected in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and sixty-eight, shall have assumed office, the said judges shall, by lot, 
 determine the duration of their several terms of office, which shall be, 
 respectively, two, four, and six years; and shall certify the result to 
 the Secretary of State. At the general election every two years, after 
 the election in that year, one judge of said court shall be elected, 
 to hold office for the term of six years from the first Monday of Jan- 
 uary next ensuing. The General Assembly shall have power to in- 
 crease the number of the judges of said court, from time to time, as 
 the public interest may require. Any additional judges authorized 
 shall hold office for the term of six years, and be elected at a general 
 election, and enter upon their office on the first Monday of January 
 next ensuing. 
 
 Sect 16. The provisions contained in this article requiring an elec- 
 tion to be held to fill a vacancy in the office of judges of the supreme 
 and circuit courts, shall have relation to vacancies occurring after the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, up to which time 
 any such vacancy shall be filled by ap{)ointment by the Governor. 
 
 Sect. IT. If there be a vacancy in the office of judge of any circuit, 
 or if he be sick, absent, or from any cause unable to hold any term of 
 court of any county of his circuit, such tei-m of court may be held by 
 a judge of any other circuit; and at the request of the judge of any 
 circuit, any term of court in his circuit may be held by the judge of 
 any other circuit. 
 
 Seel. 18. No person shall be elected or appointed a judge of the 
 supreme court, nor of a circuit court, before he shall have attained to 
 the age of thirty years, and have been a citizen of the United States 
 five years, and a qualified voter of this State three years. 
 
 Sect. 19. Any judge of the supreme court, or the circuit court, may 
 be removed from office, on the address of two-thirds of each house of 
 the General Assembly to the (Jovernor for that purpose; but each 
 house shall state, on its respective journal, the cause for which it shall 
 wish the removal of such judge, and give him notice thereof; and he 
 shall have the right to be heard in his defense, in such manner as the 
 General Assembly shall by law direct ; but no judge sliall be removed 
 in this manner for any cause for which he might have been impeached. 
 
 Sect. 20. The judges of the supreme court and the judges of the 
 circuit courts shall at stated times receive a compensation for their 
 
446 APPENDIX. 
 
 services, to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during the 
 period for which they were elected. 
 
 Sect. 21. The circuit court shall exercise a superintending control 
 over all such inferior tribunals as the General Assembly may estab- 
 lish, and over justices of the peace in each county in their respective 
 circuits. 
 
 Sect. 22. The supreme court and the district courts shall appoint 
 their respective clerks. Clerks of all other courts of record shall be 
 elected by the qualified voters of the county, at a general election, and 
 shall hold office for the term of four years from and after the first 
 Monday of January next ensuing, and until their successors are duly 
 elected and qualified. The first election of such clerks after the adop- 
 tion of this Constitution shall be at the general election, in the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six ; any existing law of this 
 State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 Sect 23. Inferior tribunals, to be known as county courts, shall be 
 established in each county for the transaction of all county business. 
 In such courts, or in such other tribunals, inferior to the circuit courts, 
 as the General Assembly may establish, shall be vested the jurisdic- 
 tion of all matters appertaining to probate business, to granting letters 
 testamentary and of administration, to settling the accounts of execu- 
 tors, administrators, and guardians, and to the appointment of guar- 
 dians, and such other jurisdiction as may be conferred by law. 
 
 Sect. 2i. No clerk of any court established by this Constitution, 
 or by any law of this State, shall apply to his own use from the fees 
 and emoluments of his office, a greater sura than two thousand five 
 hundred dollars for each year of his official term, after paying out of 
 such fees and emoluments such amounts for deputies and assistants in 
 his office as the court may deem necessary and may allow ; but all 
 surplus of such fees and emoluments over that sum, after paying the 
 amounts so allowed, shall be paid into the county treasury for the use 
 of the county. The General Assembly shall pass such laws as may 
 be necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this section. 
 
 Sect. 25. In each county there shall be appointed, or elected, as 
 many justices of the peace as the public good may be thought to re- 
 quire. Their powers and duties, and their duration in office, shall be 
 regulated by law. 
 
 Sect. 2C>. All writs and processes shall run, and all prosecutions 
 shall be conducted, in the name of the " State of Missouri ;" all writs 
 shall be tested by the clerk of the court from which they shall be 
 issued; and all indictments shall conclude "against the peace and 
 dignity of the State." 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 IMPEACHMENTS. 
 
 Section 1. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, 
 State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney-General, and all judges of 
 the courts, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in 
 office ; but judgment, in such case, shall not extend further than re- 
 
CONSTITUTION. 447 
 
 moval from office, and disqnaliScation to liold any office of honor, 
 trust or profit under this State. 
 
 Sect. 2 The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of 
 impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried Ijy the Senate ; and 
 when sitting- for that purpose the Senators shall be on oath or affirma- 
 tion to do justice according; to law and evidence. When the Gov- 
 ernor shall be tried, the presiding judge of the supreme court shall 
 preside. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of 
 two-thirds of the Senators present. 
 
 ARTICLE yill. 
 
 BANKS AND CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Section 1. No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, 
 or extended with the privilege of making, issuing, or putting in circu- 
 lation any notes, bills, or other paper, or the paper of any other bank 
 to circulate as money, and the General Assembly shall prohibit, by 
 law, individuals and corporations from issuing bills, checks, tickets, 
 promissory notes, or other paper to circulate as money. 
 
 Sect. 2. No law shall be passed reviving or re-enacting any act 
 heretofore passed creating any private corporation, where such cor- 
 poration shall not have been organized and commenced the transac- 
 tion of its business within one year from the time such act took effect, 
 or within such other time as may have been prescribed in such act for 
 such organization and commencement of business. 
 
 Sect. 3. The General Assembly shall, at its first session, after this 
 Constitution goes into efiect, enact laws, enabling any of the existing 
 banks of issue to reorganize as national banks under the act of Con- 
 gress, and shall also provide for the sale of the stock owned by this 
 State in the Bank of the State of Missouri, upon such terms and con- 
 ditions as shall be by law established. 
 
 Sect. 4. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall 
 not be created by special acts, except for municipal purposes. All 
 general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section may be 
 altered, amended, or repealed. 
 
 Sect. 5. No municipal corporations, except cities, shall be created 
 by special act; and no city shall be incorporated with less than five 
 thousand p_ermanent inhabitants, nor unless the people thereof, by a 
 direct vote upon the question, shall have decided in favor of such 
 incorporation. 
 
 Sect. 6. Dues from private corporations shall be secured by such 
 means as may be prescribed by law ; but in all cases each stockholder 
 shall be individually liable, over and above the stock by him or her 
 owned, and any amount unpaid thereon, in a further sum, at least 
 equal in amount to such stock. 
 
448 APPENDIX. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Section 1. A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being 
 essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, 
 ihe General Assembly shall establish and maintain free schools, for the 
 gratuitous instruction of all persons in this State between tlie ages of 
 live and twenty-one years. 
 
 Seel. 2. Separate schools may be established for children of African 
 descent. All funds provided for the support of public schools shall 
 be appropriated in proportion to the number of children without re- 
 gard to color. 
 
 Sect. 3. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a 
 "Board of Education," whose powers and duties shall be prescribed 
 by law. A Superintendent of Public Schools, who shall be the Pres- 
 ident of the Board, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the 
 State. He shall possess the qualifications of a State Senator, and 
 hold his office for the term of four years ; and shall perform such du- 
 ties and receive such compensation as may be prescribed by law. The 
 Secretary of State and Attorney-General shall be ex-officio members, 
 and, with the Superintendent, compose the Board of Education. 
 
 Sect. 4. The General Assembly shall also establish and maintain 
 a State university, with departments for instruction in teaching, in 
 agriculture, and in natural science, as soon as the public school fund 
 will permit. 
 
 Sect. 5. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may 
 be, granted by the United States to this State, and not otherwise ap- 
 propriated by this State or the United States ; also, all moneys, 
 stocks, bonds, lands, and other ju'cperty now belonging to any fund for 
 purposes of education ; also, the net proceeds of all sales of land and 
 other property and effects that may accrue to the State by escheat, or 
 from sales of estrays, or from unclaimed dividends, or distributive 
 shares of the estates of deceased persons, or from fines, penalties, and 
 forfeitures ; also, any proceeds of the sales of the public lands which 
 may have been, or hereafter may be, paid over to this State (if Con- 
 gress will consent to such appropriation) ; also, all other grants, gifts, 
 or devises that have been, or hereafter may be, made to this State, 
 and not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the grant, gift, or de- 
 vise, shall be securely invested and sacredly preserved as a " Public 
 School Fund," the annual income of which fund, together with so 
 mucli of tlie ordinary revenue of the State as may be necessary, shall 
 be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining the free 
 schools and the university in this article provided for, and for no other 
 uses or purposes whatsoever. 
 
 Sect. 6. No part of the public school fund shall ever be invested 
 in the stock or bonds, or other obligations of any State, or of any 
 county, city, town, or corporation. The stock of the Bank of the 
 State of Missouri, now held for school purposes, and all other stocks 
 belonging to any school or university fund, shall be sold in such man- 
 
CONSTITUTION. 449 
 
 nerand at such time as the General Assembly shall prescribe ; and the 
 proceeds thereof, and the proceeds of the sales of any lands or other 
 property which now belong, or may hereafter belong, to said school 
 fund, may be invested in the bonds of the United States. All county 
 school funds shall be loaned upon good and sufficient unincumbered 
 real estate security, with personal security in addition thereto. 
 
 Sect. t. No township or school district shall receive any portion of 
 the public school fund, unless a free school shall have been kept therein 
 for not less than three months during the year for which distribution 
 thereof is made. Tlio General Assembly shall have power to require, 
 by law, that every child, of sufficient mental and physical ability, shall 
 attend the public schools during the period between the ages of five 
 and eighteen years, for a term equivalent to sixteen months (unless 
 educated by other means). 
 
 Sect. 8. In case the public school fund shall be insufficient to sustain 
 a free school at least four months in every year in each school district 
 in this State, the General Assembly may provide, by law, for the 
 raising of such deficiency, by levying a tax on all the taxable prop- 
 erty in each county, township, or school district, as they may deem 
 proper. 
 
 Sect. 9. The General Assembly shall, as far as it can be done with- 
 out infringing upon vested rights, reduce all lands, moneys, and other 
 property, used or held for school purposes, in the various counties of 
 this State, into the "Public School Fund" herein provided for; and 
 in making distribution of the annual income of said fund, shall take 
 into consideration the amount of any county or city funds appropri- 
 ated for common school purposes, and make such distribution as will 
 equalize the amount appropriated for common schools throughout the 
 State. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 Section 1. All able-bodied male inhabitants of this State, between 
 the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, who are citizens of the United 
 States, or have declared tlieir intention to become citizens of the 
 United States, shall be liable to military duty in the militia of this 
 State ; and there shall be no exemption from such duty except of such 
 persons as the General Assembly may, by law, exempt. 
 
 Sect. 2. The General Assembly shall, by law, provide for the or- 
 ganization of the militia, and for the paying of the same when called 
 into actual service ; but there shall be no officer above the grade of 
 brigadier-general, nor shall there be more than two officers of that 
 grade. 
 
 Sect. 3. Each company and regiment shall elect its own company 
 and I'egimental officers; but if any company or regiment shall neglect 
 to elect such officers within the time prescribed by law, or by the order 
 of the Governor, they may be appointed by the Governor. 
 29 
 
45 APPENDIX. 
 
 ARTICLE XL 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 Section \. The General Assembly of this State shall never interfere 
 with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States, nor with 
 any regulation which Congress may find necessary for securing the title 
 in such soil to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on 
 lands the property of the United States; nor shall lands belonging to 
 persons residing out of the limits of this State ever be taxed at a higher 
 rate than the lands belonging to persons residing within the State. 
 
 Sect. 2. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on the River 
 Mississippi, and on every other river bordering on the said State, so 
 far as the said river shall form a comuion boundary to this State and 
 any other State which may be bounded thereby ; and the said River 
 Mississippi and the navigable rivers and waters leading into the same, 
 whether bordering on or within this State, shall be common highways, 
 and forever free to the citizens of this State and of the United States, 
 without an}^ tax, duty, impost, or toll therefor imposed by the State. 
 
 Sect. 3. All statute laws of this State, now in force, not inconsist- 
 ent with this Constitution, shall continue in force until they shall 
 expire by their own limitation, or be amended or repealed by the 
 General Assembly; and all writs, prosecutions, actions, and causes of 
 action, except as herein otherwise provided, shall continue ; and all 
 indictments which shall have been found, or may hereafter be found, 
 for any crime or offense committed before this Constitution takes effect, 
 may be proceeded upon as if no change had taken place, except as 
 hereinafter specified. 
 
 Sect. 4. No person shall be prosecuted in any civil action or crim- 
 inal proceeding, for or on account of any act by him done, performed, 
 or executed, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred 
 and sixty-one, by virtue of military authority vested in him by the 
 Government of tlie United States, or that of this State, to do such act, 
 or in pursuance of orders received by him from any person vested with 
 such authority ; and if any action or proceeding shall have heretofore 
 been, or shall hereafter be, instituted against any person for the doing 
 of any such act, the defendant may plead this section in bar thereof. 
 
 Sect. 5. No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in the 
 same as a second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry, a challenge there- 
 for, or agree to go out of this State to fight a duel, shall hold any office 
 in this State. 
 
 Sect. 6. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in conse- 
 quence of appropriations made bylaw; and an accurate account of 
 the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be annually 
 published. 
 
 Sect. 7. No person holding an office of profit, under the United 
 States, shall, during his continuance in such office, hold any office of 
 profit under this State. 
 
 Sect. 8. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers now or 
 hereafter elected or appointed, shall hold office during their official 
 term, and until their successors shall be duly elected, or appointed, and 
 qualified. 
 
CONSTITUTION. 451 
 
 Sect. 9. The General Assembly shall have power to repeal or modify 
 all ordinances adopted by any previous convention. 
 
 Seat. 10. The seat of Government of this State shall remain at the 
 City of Jefferson. 
 
 Sect. 11. No person emancipated by the ''Ordinance abolishing 
 slavery in Missouri,^^ adopted on the eleventh day of January, one 
 thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, shall, by any county court or 
 other authority, be apprenticed, or bound for any service, except in 
 pursuance of laws made specially applicable to the persons so eman- 
 cipated. 
 
 Sect. 12. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the indict- 
 ment and trial of persons charged with the commission of any felony, 
 in any county other than that in which the offense was committed, 
 whenever, owing to prejudice, or any other cause, an impartial grand 
 or petit jury cannot be impanneled in the county in which such offense 
 was committed. 
 
 Sect. 13. The credit of the State shall not be given or loaned in aid 
 of any person, association, or corporation; nor shall the State here- 
 after become a stockholder in any corporation or association, except 
 for the purpose of securing loans heretofore extended to certain rail- 
 road corporations by the State. 
 
 Sect. 1-4. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, city, 
 or town to become a stockholder in or to loan its credit to any com- 
 pany, association, or corporation, unless two-thirds of the qualified 
 voters of such county, city, or town, at a regular or special election to 
 be held therein, shall assent thereto. 
 
 Sect. 15. The General Assembly shall have no power, for any pur- 
 pose whatever, to release the lien held by the State upon any railroad. 
 
 Sect. 16. No property, real or personal, shall be exempt from taxa- 
 tion, except such as may be used exclusively for public schools, and 
 such as may belong to the United States, to this State, to counties or 
 to municipal corporations within this State. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 MODE OF AMENDING AND REVISING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Section 1. This Constitution may be amended and revised in pur- 
 suance of the provisions of this article. 
 
 Sect. 2. The General Assembly, at any time, may propose such 
 amendments to this Constitution as a majority of the members elected 
 to each house shall deem expedient ; and the vote thereon shall be 
 taken by yeas and nays, and entered in full on the journals. And the 
 proposed amendments sliall be published with the laws of that session, 
 and also shall be published weekly in two newspapers, if such there be, 
 within each Congressional district in the State, for four months next 
 preceding the general election then next ensuing. The proposed 
 amendments shall be submitted to a vote of the people, each amend- 
 ment separately, at the next general election thereafter, in such man- 
 ner as the General Assembly may provide. And if a majority of the 
 qualified voters of the State, voting for and against any one of said 
 amendments, shall vote for such amendment, the same shall be deemed 
 
452 APPENDIX. 
 
 and taken to have been ratified by the people, and shall be valid and 
 binding to all intents and purposes as a part of this Constitution. 
 
 Sect. 3. The General Assembly may, at any time, authorize by law, 
 a vote of the people to be taken upon the question whether a Conven- 
 tion shall be held for the purpose of revising and amending the Con- 
 stitution of the State ; and if at such election a majority of the votes 
 on the question be in favor of a Convention, the Governor shall issue 
 writs to the sheriffs of the different counties, ordering the election of 
 delegates to such a Convention, on a day within three months after 
 that on which the said question shall have been voted on. At such elec- 
 tion each Senatorial District shall elect two delegates for each Senator 
 to which it may then be entitled in the General Assembly, and every 
 such delegate shall have the qualifications of a Senator. The election 
 shall be conducted in conformity with the laws regulating the election 
 of Senators. The delegates so selected shall meet at such time and 
 place as may be provided by law, and organize themselves into a Con- 
 vention, and proceed to revise and amend the Constitution ; and the 
 Constitution, when so revised and amended, shall, on a day to be there- 
 in fixed, not less than sixty nor more than ninety days after that on 
 which it shall have been adopted by the Convention, be sui»mitted to 
 a vote of the people for and against it, at an election to be held for 
 that purpose only ; and if a majority of all the votes given be in favor 
 of such Constitution, it shall, at the end of thirty days after such elec- 
 tion, become the Constitution of this State. The result of such elec- 
 tion shall be made known by proclamation by the Governor. The 
 General Assembly shall liave no power, otherwise than as in this sec- 
 tion specified, to authorize a Convention for revising and amending 
 the Constitution, 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 PROVISIONS FOR PUTTING THIS CONSTITUTION INTO FORCE. 
 
 And we do further ordain as follows : 
 
 Section 1. The preceding parts of this instrument sliall not take efi'ect 
 unless this Constitution be adopted by the people, at the election to be 
 held as hereinafter directed ; but the provisions of this article shall be 
 in force from the day of the adoption of this Constitution by the re- 
 presentatives of the people in this Convention assembled. 
 
 Se(-t. 2. For the purpose of ascertaining the sense of the people in 
 regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, the same shall 
 be summitted to the qualified voters of the State, at an election to be 
 held on the sixth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
 five, at the several election precincts in this State, and elsewhere, as 
 hereinafter provided. On that day, or on any day not more than fif- 
 teen days prior th&reto, such qualified voters of this State as shall 
 then be absent from the places of their residence, by reason of their 
 being in the military service of the United States or of this State, 
 whether they then be in or out of this State, shall be entitled to vote 
 on the adoption or rejection of this Constitution. For that purpose 
 a poll shall be opened in each Missouri regiment or company in such 
 service, at the quarters of the commanding officer thereof; and the 
 
CONSTITUTION. 453 
 
 voters of this State belonging to sucli regiment or company, and any 
 others belonging to any other such regiment or company, and who may 
 be present, may vote at such poll. Any one or two commissioned 
 officers of such regiment or company, who may be present at the open- 
 ing of the polls, shall act as judge or judges of the election ; and if 
 no such officer be present, then the voters of such regiment or com- 
 pany present, shall elect two of the voters present to act as such 
 judges. Every such judge shall, before any votes are received, take an 
 oath or affirmation that he will honestly and faithfully perform the 
 duties of judge, and mai<e proper return of the votes given at such 
 election ; and such oath the judges may administer to each other. In 
 any election held in a regiment or company, the polls shall be opened 
 at eight o'clock a.m., and closed at six o'clock p.m. 
 
 Sect. 3. The election provided for in the next preceding section 
 shall be by ballot. Those ballots in favor of the Constitution shall 
 have written or printed thereon the words "New Constitution — Yes;" 
 those against the Constitution shall have written or printed thereon 
 the words "New Constitution — No." 
 
 Sect. 4. The said election shall be conducted, and the returns thereof 
 made to the clerks of the several county courts, and by them immedi- 
 ately certified to the Secretary of State, as provided by law in tlie case 
 of elections of State officers; and where an election shall l»e held in a 
 regiment or company, the returns thereof, with the poll books, shall be 
 certified to the Secretary of State, and may be transmitted by mail, or 
 by any messenger to whom the judges of the election may intrust the 
 same for that purpose. 
 
 Sect. 5. Any qualified voter of this State, within the State, who, on 
 the day of said election, shall be absent from the place of his residence, 
 may vote at any place of voting, upon satisfying the judges tliat he is 
 a qualified voter, and being sworn by them that he has not voted, and 
 will not vote, in said election at any other election precinct. 
 
 Sect. f). At said election, no person shall be allowed to vote who 
 would not be a qualified voter according to the terms of this Consti- 
 tution, if the second article thereof were then in force. The judges 
 of election shall administer to every person offering to vote, in lieu of 
 the oath now required to be taken by voters under the ordinance of 
 June 10th, 18r)2, the following oath, to wit: "I, A. B., do solemnly 
 swear that I am well acquainted with the terms of the third section 
 of the second article of the Constitution of the State of Missouri, 
 adopted by the Convention which assembled in the City of St. Louis 
 on the 6th day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and have 
 carefully considered the same; that I have never directly or indirectly 
 done any of the acts in said section specified ; that I have always been 
 truly and loyally on the side of the United States against all enemies 
 thereof, foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegi- 
 ance to the United States, and will support the Constitution and laws 
 thereof as the supreme law of the land, any law or ordinance of any 
 State to the contrary notwithstanding ; that I will, to the best of my 
 ability, protect and defend the Union of the United States, and not 
 allow the same to be broken up and dissolved, or the government 
 thereof to be destroyed or overthrown under any circumstances, if in 
 
454 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 my power to prevent it; and that I make this oath without any mental 
 reservation or evasion, and hold it to be binding on me ;" and if any 
 such person decline to take said oath, he shall not be permitted to vote 
 at said election ; but the taking thereof shall not be deemed conclu- 
 sive evidence of the right of such person to vote, but such right may 
 be disputed and disproved. Any person who shall falsely take, or, 
 having taken, shall thereafter willfully violate the oath prescribed in 
 this section, shall, upon conviction thereof, by any court of competent 
 jurisdiction, be adjudged guilty of the crime of perjury, and shall be 
 punished therefor in accordance with existing law. 
 
 Sect. 1. On the first day of July next ensuing said election, the 
 Secretary of the State shall, in the presence of the Governor, the At- 
 torney-General, or the State Auditor, proceed to examine and cast up 
 the returns of the votes taken at said election, and certified to him, 
 including those of persons in the military service ; and if it sliall ap- 
 pear that a majority of all the votes cast at such election were in favor 
 of the Constitution, the Governor shall issue his proclamation, stating 
 that fact, and this Constitution shall, on the 4th day of said month of 
 July, be the Constitution of the State of Missouri. 
 
 Sect. 8. The officer now known as the " Auditor of Public Ac- 
 coun^ts," shall hereafter be styled State Auditor. 
 
 Sect. 9. The office of Register of Lands shall continue until the 
 
 General Assembly shall abolish the same. 
 
 Done by the Representatives of the people of the State of Missouri, 
 
 in convention assembled, at the City of St. Louis, on the 8th day of 
 
 April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
 five, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-ninth. 
 
 Arnold Krekel, St. Charles Co., David Henderson, Dent Co. 
 PresH. 
 
 Chas. D. Drake, St. Louis, Vice- 
 FresH. 
 
 Wm. B. Adams, Montgomery Co. 
 
 A. J. Barr, Ray Co. 
 
 A. M. Bedford, Mississippi Co. 
 
 D. BoNHAM, Andrew Co. 
 
 Geo. K. I?udd, St. Louis Co. 
 
 Harvey Bunce, Cooper Co. 
 
 R. L. Childress, Webster Co. 
 
 John H Davis, Nodaway Co. 
 
 I. B. DoDsoN, Adair Co. 
 
 John H. Ellis, Livingston Co. 
 
 John Esther, Laclede Co. 
 
 Ellis G. Evans, Crawford Co. 
 
 Chancery I. Filley, St.Louis Co. 
 
 J. W. Fletcher, Jefferson Co. 
 
 W. H. FoLMSBEE, Daviess Co. 
 
 M. F. Fulkekson, Saline Co. 
 
 John W. Gamble, Audrain Co. 
 
 A. Gilbert, Lawrence Co. 
 
 Attest : 
 
 E. A. HoLCOMB, Chariton Co. 
 J. H. HoLDSWORTH, Mouroc Co. 
 W. S. Holland, Henry Co. 
 J. F. Hume, Moniteau Co. 
 Wyllys King, St. Louis Co. 
 Reeves Leonard, Howard Co. 
 John F. McKernan, Cole Co. 
 Archib'ld McPherson, PerryCo. 
 John A. Mack, Green Co. 
 Ferdinand Meyer, St. Louis Co. 
 DoRASTUS Peck, Iron Co. 
 Jonathan T. Rankin, Dade Co. 
 K. G. Smith, Mercer Co. 
 Geo. p. Strong, St. Louis Co. 
 James T. Sutton, Wayne Co. 
 Jno. R. Swearingen, Jackson Co. 
 Wm. F. Switzler, Boone Co. 
 L. H. Weatherby, DeKalb Co. 
 J. Williams, Caldwell Co. 
 Eugene Williams, Scotland Co. 
 
 Amos P. Foster, Secretary. 
 Tuos. Proctor, AssH. Se&y. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adair County, 177. 
 Agricultural resources, 155. 
 Albany, Gentry County, 25G. 
 Andrew County, 178. 
 Antiquities and mounds, 246, 252. 
 Atcliison County, 179. 
 Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, 59. 
 Audrain County, 180. 
 
 Barry County, 181. 
 
 Barton County, 182. 
 
 Bates County, 183. 
 
 Benton County, 187. 
 
 Bethany, Harrison County, 201. 
 
 Belmont, Mississippi County, 324. 
 
 Bloonifield, Stoddard County, 401. 
 
 Bloomington, Macon County, 307. 
 
 Bolivar, Polk County, 364. 
 
 Bollinger County, 189. 
 
 Boone County, 191. 
 
 Boone County, analysis of soil of, 73. 
 
 Boon's Lick, history of, 266. 
 
 Boonville, Cooper County, 238. 
 
 Brunswick, Chariton County, 226. 
 
 Buchanan County, 193. 
 
 Bufialo, Dallas County, 243. 
 
 Butler County, 198. 
 
 Butler, Bates County, 186. 
 
 Building materials, 149. 
 
 CaldwoU County, 200. 
 California, Moniteau County, 327. 
 Callaway County, 202. 
 Camden County, 205. 
 Cape Girardeau County, 207. 
 Carboniferous (coal), 125, 140. 
 
 Carondelet, St. Louis County, 400. 
 
 Carroll County, 212. 
 
 Carrollton, Carroll County, 213. 
 
 Carter County, 214. 
 
 Cass County, 215. 
 
 Cassville, Barry County, 182. 
 
 Cedar County, 216. 
 
 Centreville, Wayne County, 375. 
 
 Chariton County, 217. 
 
 Charleston, Mississippi County, 323. 
 
 Chillicothe, Livingston County, 304 
 
 Christian County, 227. 
 
 Clarke County, 228. 
 
 Clay County, 229. 
 
 Climate, 62. 
 
 Clinton County, 231. 
 
 Clinton, Henry County, 263. 
 
 Coal, 125, 140, 222. 
 
 Cole County. 232, 
 
 Columbia, Boone County, 193. 
 
 Cooper County, 235. 
 
 Constitution of Missouri, 425. 
 
 Cote Sans Dessain, 204. 
 
 Counties, description of, 177. 
 
 Crawford County, 239. 
 
 Dade County, 241. 
 
 Dallas County, 242. 
 
 Dallas, Bollinger County, 190. 
 
 Danville, Montgomery County, 331 
 
 Daviess County, 243. 
 
 De Kalb County, 244. 
 
 Dent County, 141, 24.5. 
 
 De Soto's fortifications, 405. 
 
 Doniphan, Ripley County, 376. 
 
 Douglas County, 247. 
 
 Dunklin County, 247. 
 
 (455) 
 
456 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Early history of Missouri, 39. 
 Education, 53, 448. 
 Elevations in Missouri, 61. 
 
 Fayette, Howard County, 272. 
 Fortifications, 300 years old, 405. 
 Franklin County, 249. 
 Fredericktown, Madison County, 313. 
 Fulton, Callaway County, 204. 
 
 Gallatin, Daviess County, 243. 
 
 Gasconade County, 251. 
 
 Gentry County, 254. 
 
 Geological view of Missouri, 109. 
 
 Georgetown, Pettis County, 851. 
 
 Glasgow, Howard County, 273. 
 
 Gold and Platina, 311. 
 
 Granby, Newton County, 341. 
 
 Granites of Southeastern Missouri, 101. 
 
 Grand River Country, 103. 
 
 Grant City, 417. 
 
 Grape culture, 64, 77. 
 
 Greene County, 256. 
 
 Greenfield, Dade County, 242. 
 
 Greenville, Wayne County, 415. 
 
 Grundy County, 259. 
 
 Hannibal, Marion County, 316 
 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph's Railroad, 59. 
 
 Harrison County, 260. 
 
 Harrisonville, Cass County, 216. 
 
 Hemp culture, 357. 
 
 Plenry County, 262. 
 
 Hermann, Gasconade County, 253. 
 
 Hermitage, Hickory County, 264. 
 
 Hickory County, 263. 
 
 Hillsborough, Jefferson County, 288. 
 
 Historical Epochs, 17. 
 
 Holt County, 269. 
 
 Homestead Law, 175. 
 
 Howard County, 266. 
 
 Howell County, 273. 
 
 Houston, Texas County, 404. 
 
 Iluntsville, Randolph County, 371. 
 
 Immigration, inducements to, 258, 205, 
 
 286, 339, 368. 
 Independence, Jackson County, 281. 
 Iron County, 274. 
 
 Ironton, Iron County, 277. 
 Iron Mountain Railroad, 59. 
 Iron Mountains of Missouri, 141. 
 Iron ore, varieties of, 14i, 147, 352. 
 
 Jackson County, 279. 
 
 Jackson, Cape Girai'deau County, 211. 
 
 Jasper County, 285. 
 
 Jefferson City, 335. 
 
 Jefferson County, 287. 
 
 Johnson County, 289. 
 
 Kansas City, Jackson County, 282. 
 Kaolins and clays, 101, 190, 276. 
 Keytesville, Chariton County, 225. 
 Kirksville, Adair County, 177. 
 Knox County, 291. 
 
 Laclede County, 291. 
 
 Lafayette County, 293. 
 
 Lamar, Benton County, 183. 
 
 Lawrence County, 297. 
 
 Lead, varieties of, 146. 
 
 Lead in counties, 95, 309, 337. 
 
 Lebanon, Laclede County, 293. 
 
 Lewis County, 299. 
 
 Lexington, Lafayette County, 296. 
 
 Liberty, Clay County, 230. 
 
 Linn County, 302. 
 
 Linn Creek, Camden County, 206. 
 
 Linneus, Linn County, 303. 
 
 Lincoln County, 300. 
 
 Livingston County, 303. 
 
 Louisiana, Pike County, 356. 
 
 Macon County, 305. 
 
 Madison County, 308. 
 
 Making wine, 89. 
 
 Maramec Iron Works, 352. 
 
 Marble, 275. 
 
 Maries County, 313. 
 
 Marion County, 315. 
 
 Marshfield, Webster County, 416. 
 
 Maysville, De Kalb County, 244. 
 
 McDonald County, 317. 
 
 Mercer County, 319. 
 
 Mexico, Audrain County, 180. 
 
 Miller County, 3 JO. 
 
 Mineral resources of Missouri, 109, 140. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 457 
 
 Mineral Point, Washington County, 414. 
 
 Mines La Motte, 310. 
 
 Missouri, general view of, 20. 
 
 Mississippi County, 321. 
 
 Mississippi Valley, hi.storical epochs, 17. 
 
 Moniteau County, 325. 
 
 Monroe County, 328. 
 
 Montgomery County, 330. 
 
 Monticello, Lewis County, 229. 
 
 Morgan County, 331. 
 
 Mt. Vernon, Lawrence County, 298. 
 
 Natural curiosities, 192, 212, 305. 
 Natural terraces, 75. 
 Neosho, Newton County, 340. 
 New London, Halls County, 369. 
 New Madrid County, 333. 
 Newton County, 337. 
 Nodaway County, 342. 
 Northern Missouri, 29. 
 North Missouri Railroad, 60. 
 
 Old Mines, Washington County, 414. 
 
 Oregon County, 243. 
 
 Oregon, Holt County, 205. 
 
 Osage County, 344. 
 
 Osage River, 187. 
 
 Outline history, 39. 
 
 Ozai-k County, 345. 
 
 Ozark Ridge, 21. 
 
 Pacific Railroad distances, 59. 
 
 Palmyra, Marion County, 316. 
 
 Paris, Monroe County, 329. 
 
 Parkville, Platte County, 360. 
 
 Pemiscot County, 346. 
 
 Perry County, 347. 
 
 Perryville, Perry County, 349. 
 
 Pettis County, 349. 
 
 Phelps County, 352. 
 
 Pike County, 355. 
 
 Pilot Knob, 143, 274, 278. 
 
 Pineville, McDonald County, 318. 
 
 Platte County, 357. 
 
 Platte City, Platte County, 359. 
 
 Polk County, 361. 
 
 Political vote of 1866, 54. 
 
 Population of Missouri, 51, 54. 
 
 Poplar Blutfs, Benton County, 200. 
 
 Potosi, Washington County, 413. 
 Public lands, laws respecting, 175. 
 
 " " subject to entry, 169. 
 
 Pulaski County, 264. 
 Putnam County, 366. 
 
 Railways in Missouri. 57. 
 Railways, table of distances, 59. 
 Ralls County, 367. 
 Randolph County, 369. 
 Ray County, 372. 
 Reynolds County, 375. 
 Richmond, Hay County, 374. 
 Road materials, 151. 
 Rockport, Atchison County, 179. 
 Rolla, Phelps County, 354. 
 
 Salem, Dent County, 246. 
 
 Saline County, 379. 
 
 Saltpeter caves, 252. 
 
 Savannah, Andrew County, 179. 
 
 Schuyler County, 378. 
 
 Scotland County, 380. 
 
 Scott County, 381. 
 
 Schools, number and kinds, 54. 
 
 Shannon County, 382. 
 
 Shelby County, 383. 
 
 Shepherd Mountain, 143, 275. 
 
 Springs, 154, 236, 242, 269, 362, 415. 
 
 Springfield, Greene County, 258. 
 
 St. Charles County, 384. 
 
 St. Clair County, 387. 
 
 St. Fran9ois County, 388. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve County, 389. 
 
 St. Louis County, 392. 
 
 St. Louis, commerce of, 419. 
 
 Steamboats built 1823 to 1866, 423. 
 
 St. Joseph, Buchanan County, 196. 
 
 State Capitol, 233. 
 
 Steelville, Crawford County, 421. 
 
 Stoddard County, 401. 
 
 Stock growing, 257. 
 
 Stone County, 402. 
 
 Sullivan County, 402. 
 
 Taney County, 403. 
 Texas County, 404. 
 Timber and trees, 159, 161. 
 Tobacco culture, 259. 
 
458 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Topograpby of Missouri, 22. 
 Trenton, Grundy County, 260. 
 Troy, Lincoln County, 301. 
 Tuscumbia, Miller County, 321. 
 
 Union, Franklin County, 250. 
 Union vote of 1866, 54. 
 
 Versailles, Morgan County, 332. 
 "Vernon County, 405. 
 Vine culture, 65, 89, 94. 
 Vineyards, cost and profit^91. 
 
 Warren County, 407. 
 Warrensburg, Johnson County, 290. 
 
 Warrentou, Warren County, 408. 
 Warsaw, Benton County, 189. 
 Washington County, 408. 
 Washington, Fi-anklin County, 251. 
 Water power in Missouri, 161. 
 Wayne County, 414. 
 Waynesville, Pulaski County, 365. 
 Webster County, 416. 
 Western Rivers, 419. 
 Weston, Platte County, 360. 
 Westport, Jackson County, 289. 
 Wine Company, Boonville, 237. 
 AVine making, 89. 
 Worth County, 416. 
 Wright City, Warren County, 408. 
 Wright County, 417. 
 
 THE END.