VY CJS>, Class Book^ Q "B. POSITIOX.-EXTEJ^T. The SUtfs treafed. — Under tbe head of the South Atlantic States we shall consider Virginia and its kindred state, West Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. The Gulf States are Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- ana, and Texas. The peninsula of Florida, witli the Bahamas and Cuba, sets off the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic, on one side bordering the former, on the other the latter. It really, therefore, belongs to both divisions; but, as its gulf coast is the more extensive, we class it with the Gulf States. Lntitado and liOn^itade. — The states in question form an irregular curved strip, with its convex side seaward, extending from latitude 40" 38' North to within a degree of the torrid zone, and from 75° 13' to 106° 40' West longitude. The northern limit extended would reach the Pacific near Cape Mendocino, the southern would cross the southern part of the pen- insula of Lower California. Richmond and San Francisco are in about the same latitude,r— New Orleans and Cairo, the capital of Egypt. The parallel on which Raleigh lies passes just south of the southernmost points of Europe. Galveston is 17° 46' west of Washington ; its time is therefore earlier than that of the Eastern cities. When it is noon at Galveston, it is 19 minutes past 12 at New Orleans, 1 o'clock at Charleston, 11 minutes past 1 at Washing- ton, and 23 minutes past 1 at New York. 81m. — The area and population of these states, according to the federal census of 1870, were as follows : — Area. Pop. Arka. Pop. Virginia 38,852 1,225,163 Florida . . 69,268 187,748 West Virginia . 23,000 442,014 Alabama. . . . .. 60,722 996,992 N. Carolina. . . . 50,704 1,071,361 Mississippi. . .. 47,156 827,922 S. Carolina. . . 34,000 705,606 Louisiana, . . .. 41,346 726,916 Georgia 58,000 1,184,109 Texas ..274,356 818,579 Virginia, according to state authority, contains 4.5,000 square miles. The population of several of these states, particularly Texas, has greatly increased since 1870. In South Carolina and Louisiana a state census was taken in 1875, which showed the popul.ition of the former at that time to be 925,145, that of the latter to be 857,039. Texas is much the largest state of the Union. It is about half as large again as California, which stands next to it in size, and nearly six times as large as New York ; France,- England, and Switzerland, could be placed at once within its limits. South Carolina exceeds eitlier Ireland or Scot- land in size; and West Virginia, the smallest of the group, is nearly three times as largo as Massachusetts. SURFACE.-COASTS.-ISLJ^'DS. General Charaeter of the Sorfaee. — In this wide extent of territory we have every variety of surface, — mountains, valleys, plateaus, and low plains. The mountainous section embraces the eastern part of West Virginia and the western part of Virginia and North Carolina, extending also into the north-western extremity of South Carolina, and into northern Georgia and Alabama. The mountains of this region form a water-shed between the tributaries of the Ohio and the rivers that empty into the Atlantic. They are skirted on either side by table-land — that of West Virginia sloping toward the Ohio and intersected by fertile river-bottoms — that on the eastern side diversified with foot-hills, and gradually losing itself in the lowlands of the Atlantic Plain. Between the parallel mountain- ranges are long and narrow valleys, abounding in the finest scenery. Along the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, we have a belt fifty miles or more in width, level and low. Florida, LojjJMSrna, and~M^sissippi, are destitute of mountains ; the two former h^(^,ikv hills, a5tt''^|bDe of any great height. Most of Louisiana is a lewl~~^rairie ; the southern part, roPTRionr BT D. .VPPLETON .\ND COMPANY, 1?7«. THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES. .A2 elevated no more than ten feet above sea- level, is liable to be overflowed at high wa- ter, and has to be pro- tected from inundation bv lev'ees built along the river-banks. The surface of Tex- as, like that of the South Atlantic States, consists of a succes- sion of terraces rising from the gulf. The low coast-plain aver- ages fifty miles in width ; farther back the country rises into rolling prairies and hills ; then we come to a table-land, includ- ing part of the Llano Estacado; and in the far west, between the River Pecos and the Rio Grande, we have several mountain-ranges belonging to the great Rocky chain. Monntains. — The mountains of the South Atlantic States belong to the Appala'chian system, and include several ranges, in general parallel to each other and to the coast, but receding somewhat from the ocean as they trend to the south-west. The Allegiianies extend along the eastern border of West Virginia. Within forty miles of the main ridge and par- :illcl to it on the west is a series of. outlying and lower ranges, distin- guished by local names as the Great Flat Top, Greenbrier, Cheat, and Rich Mountains. (Find the various mountains mentioned, on the maps that follow.) From thirty to fifty miles east of the Allegiianies, separated from them by minor elevations and in northern Vii'ginia by the Shenandoah Valley, is the Blue Ridge, with its spurs and detached knobs. To this range belong the famous Peaks of Otter, nearly 4,000 feet high. The loftiest peak of Virginia (White Top, 5,700 feel) lies west of the Blue Ridge, near the North Carolina line. It belongs to a range, which, trending to the south-west, under different local names, as the Stone, Iron, Bald, Smoky, and D'naka Mountains, forms the boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee. In North Carolina the Appalachian system attains its greatest height. The Blue Ridge, entering the state from Virginia, is continued in the Hlaok Mountains, so called from the dark foliage of the balsam firs and other evergreens with which they are covered. Here we have the loftiest summits east of the Rocky Mountains; viz., Clingman's Peak or Mt. Mitchell, 6,701 feet high. Balsam Cone, Sandoz Knob, Hairy Bear, Cat- Tail Peak, Giblie's Peak, and Mitchell's Peak — all having an altitude of more than 6,.500 feet. The highest peak, sometimes called Black Dome, is generally distinguished, as above, by the name either of Prof. Mitchell of the University of North Carolina, or of U. S. Senator Clingman of the same state, both of whom measured its altitude, the former as early as 18.3.5. In a subsequent attempt to explore this locality. Dr. Mitchell, losing his way at night, fell down a precijiice and was killed. In western Texas we have the Apache (a/i-pah'cha>/) and Eagle Moun- tains, the Sierra Blanca, and the Guadalupe range, which enters the state from New Mexico. Their loftiest peaks are below six thousand feet in height. Coasts. — The coast of Virginia and North Carolina is indented with deep b.ays and provided witli commodious harbors. Farther south the indentations are less marked ; Florida on the ocean-side has none of any magnitude, and no safe harbor below St. Augustine. On the gulf coast A MtBSlSSlPFI BATOU. we find a succession of bays from Tampa Bay to the Laguna de la Madre, near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Fine harbors are scat- tered along this coast, afibrding every facil- ity for commerce. Along the Atlan- tic coast, at a distance of seventy-five miles, flows the remarkable ocean - current called the Gulf Stream, which sweeps out of the Gulf of Mexico through the Strait of Florida, in a north-easterly direc- tion, with a velocity of about 2J miles an hour. Its nearest ap- proach to the land is made opposite Cape Ilatteras. The North Carolina coast is dangerous to navigators, as the names of Cape Fear and Cape Lookout indicate ; but the most dreaded point is Cape Hatteras. Islands. — Almost the entire coast, whether on the ocean or the gulf, is lined with long narrow islands, cutting off a series of shallow sounds. These islands are separated by inlets, which are constantly changing. Some of them are mere sand-bars, while others are exceedingly fertile. None of the islands of this section are large, but several of them have an historic interest. Roanoke Island, in the pas.sage between Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, was the site of the unfortunate colonies which Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to plant in 1.585 and 1587; and the birthplace of Virginia Dare, the first child of English parents born in what is now the United States. From St. Simon's Island, near the mouth of the Alta- maha, the Spaniards of Florida, in the midst of a successful foray, were frightened off by a ruse of Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, in 1742. Amelia Isl.and, the north-easterly extremity of Florida, and Galveston Island on the Texas coast, long the rendezvous of buccaneers, though then belonging respectively to Spain and Mexico, were cleared of these trouble- some intruders by U. S. troops during Monroe's administration (1817, 1818) ; they are now important seats of commerce, the former containing the port of Fernandina, the latter the enterprising city of Galveston. The Florida Keys, of coral formation, extend in a crescent of 220 miles from the southern extremity of the peninsula, terminating in the Dry Tortugas. We have also Santa Rosa Island, containing Fort Pickens, which defends the entrance to Pensacola Bay; a series of narrow islets between Mississippi Sound and the gulf ; the Chandeleur Islands, east of southern Louisiana ; Matagorda, St. -Joseph, Mustang, and Padre I'j'ah'- dray) Islands, off the mainland of Texas. RIVERS.-LJKES.-SWAMPS. ' Drainage. — Few parts of the world are so well provided with noble streams as the section we are considering. The slope of the Atlantic Plain is toward the ocean, which receives all its rivers. The streams of West Virginia, on the other hand, following the western slope of the AUeghanies, empty into the Ohio. Some of the rivers of the extreme western part of Virginia and North Carolina also belong to the Ohio system ; as the New and the French Broad, famous for their grand mountain-scenery. Northern xVlabama is part of the same basin, being drained by the Tennessee, a branch of the Ohio. The Yazoo and Big Black of Mississippi, the Red and its various branches in Louisiana, are THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES. tributary to " the Great Father of Waters," whicli, with other large rivers of the Gulf States, empties directly into the Gulf of Mexico. RiverSf — The sand-bars at the mouths of some of the rivers of the Atlantic Plain detract from their value. As a {jeneral thing, they are navigable to the ridge which separates the interior table-land from the lowlands. Here falls and rapids occur; and we may mark this ridge approximately by a curve connecting the points to which the principal rivers are navigable. Such a line would pass through Fredericksburg, at the head of navigation on the Rappahannock, Richmond on the James, Wcldon on the Roanoke, Fayetteville on the Cape Fear, Columbia on the Congaree, Augusta on the Savannah, Milledgeville on the Oconee, Colum- bus on the Chattahoochee, Tuscaloosa on the Black Warrior, and Colum- bus on the Tombigbee. Mississippi and Louisiana have a share in the Mississippi River, the great central highway of our country, which furnishes easy means of transporting the productions of its ricli valley from as far north as St. Paul in Minnesota, to New Orleans, the emporium of the south. Be- low its Junction with the Missouri, the waters of the Mississippi are heavily charged with mud ; and this, deposited for centuries, has formed the great delta at the mouth of the Mississippi, a low alluvial tract front- ing for 150 miles on the gulf and extending to the mouth of the Red River. Tlie delta is traversed by numerous sluggish mouths which con- nect the main channel with the gulf, and are called bayous. A bayou (hi'o) is a stream not fed by springs, but flowing from some other river. The Red River, the southernmost of the great tributaries of the Mis- sissippi, is navigable for 500 miles, to Shreveport, except in very low w.iter. The numerous rivers of Texas, though long, become quite shallow during the heats of summer. In the rainy season the Brazos is navigable 300 miles. The Neches and Sabine can be ascended by steamboats about 200 miles, the Trinity 250 miles, and the Rio Grande 500 miles. The most important river of Florida is the St. John's, a broad, sluggish stream, navigable for large steamers to Lake George, 100 miles from its mouth. Lakes are few in the states under consideration, except in Florida and Louisiana. In the former, besides Lake Okeechobee, forty miles long by thirty in width, we have many fine sheets navigable for steamboats. In Louisiana, the salt marsh which lines the southern coast is dotted with lagoons, and there are many lakes formed by the expansion of rivers. In the south-east. Lake Maurepas (mo-re-pah') communicates with Lake Puntehartrain, and this with Lake Borgne, which is really a bay, and with the Mississippi River by a bayou. Swamps.— The flat coast-region in both the Atlantic and the Gulf States abounds in swamps. Dismal Swamp, extending from south-eastern Virginia into North Carolina, produces from its rich, black, oozy soil a thick growth of cypress, juniper, cedar, and gum trees, from which great quantities of shingles, staves, railroad-ties, ship-timber, and fire-wood, are obtained. Similar in character are about 3,000,000 acres of marsh in North Carolinn, and Okefino'kee Swamp in southern Georgia. Florida, soutli of latitude 28°, is mostly swamp. Here lie the Everglades, im- passable in the rainy season ; the water, several feet deep, is liidden by the rank grass that grows from the vegetable deposit at the bottom, and overshadowed by palmettoes and other trees that rise from thousands of little islands interspersed. CLIMJ TE.-SniL- PROD UCTIOXS. Climatt. — This section includes the more southerly and warmer portions of the United States. The temperature, of course, becomes higher as we approach the torrid zone, but depends on the elevation as well as the latitude. While the coasts are hot and damp, the uplands are distin- guished for their pure air, their genial and healthful climate. The heat is gratefully tempered by winds from the gulf and ocean, which sweep inward to a considerable distance. In the north of Virginia and West Virginia the mean temperature for the year is about 52°, in Florida 73°, and in the intermediate regions it ranges between these extremes. The average temperature of Texas, 60° in the neighborhood of the Red River, rises to 72° near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Agrirnltnral ProdnelSf — The soil, for the most part, especially in the river-bottoms and the Mis8issi|>pi Valley, is of unsurpassed fertility. Along the coast, while sandy districts are occasionally met with, we have reclaimed swamp-lands of great fruitfulness. Tobacco flourishes in the north, Virginia ranking next to Kentucky in its production, and North Carolina yielding over 10,000,000 pounds annually. We next come to the great rice-producing region of the United States, the lowlands of South Carolina and (icorgia. From the Caroliuas to Texas inclusive, we have the famous cotton- belt, equalled by no other portion of the earth's surface in adaptation to the culture of this great staple. The sea-island cotton, the finest and best variety, was originally produced on the islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia, but is also raised with success on the shores of the mainland of those states, as well as of Florida and Texas. Mississippi for some years took the lead in the production of cotton ; but from the fol- lowing Table for the year endmg September 1, 1877, it appears that Texas now stands first in both the quantity of cotton produced and the number of pounds to the acre : — Total BALES. N. Carolina 226,000 S. Carolina 315,000 Georgia 478,000 Florida 66,000 Pounds PEE ACRE. 163 148 133 109 Total BALES. Alabama 660,000 Mississippi 639,000 Louisiana 578,000 Texas 735,000 Poi'NDfl PER ACRE, 130 146 209 246 In all the South Atlantic and Gulf States Indian corn flourishes, Texas taking the first rank, and Alabama the second, in the quantity produced. 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" g .2 tfi fl 3 -^ C3 3 C S I S 1.1 !^ 60 rt a ■— a: ^ S 3 2 -a - rt w I u a 2 s g . a §. <" 53- 03 .- OS < o ■& 2 c t. == < 5 I- O 03 <1 1-4 t> Eh ^ Pi 5. S E a. ^ o O! O rt ^ H >- e K C3 O O ta a ^ '3 '^ -g a. S rt Ci S ^ J; O 0* „ CO Cfi '^ -«-> • NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. NORTH CAROLINA. | Cfneral Fatts.— " The Old Xorth State " has a coast-line of nt-ariy 400 miles. Its extreme length, from east to west, is 490 miles; greatest l)readth, 18.5 miles. Counties, 94. Inhabitants to the square mile, 21. Electoral votes, 10. Miles of railroad lino, 1,597. The Dismal Swamp Canal opens communication between Albemarle Sound and Chesapeake Bay. The Weldon Canal, 12 miles long, enables boats to go around the falls on the Roanoke and ascend to Danville, Virginia. : Soil, Productions, etf. — The state consists of three sections: — I 1. The coast-belt, extending about 90 miles inland, level and swampy near the ocean, with a warm and moist climate. This section produces Indian corn, tobacco, and in the southern part rice and cotton. It em- braces the great turpentine-region ; and, besides pines, contains cedars, cypresses, maples, oaks, poplars, etc. Grapes and figs abound; the scup- pernong, an excellent wine-grape, is a native of North Carolina. 2. The middle section, undulating and gradually increasing in eleva- tion to the base of the mountains. This section enjoys a genial and healthy climate, is adapted to the culture of grain, tobacco, and cotton, and equally to manufacturing, the streams affording excellent water- power. Choice peaches, grapes, strawberries, and other fruits, are abun- dant. The woods contain the oak, hickory, ash, walnut, and lime. 8. The mountain-region, cool and dry, well suited for grazing. Corun- dum, mica, and other minerals occur, and ancient mines of unknown origin are found in different parts. The scenery is unsurpassed. Among the noted natural curiosities of this region are the picturesque Catawba Falls ; Gingerbread Rock, a pile of stone 30 feet high in the form of an inverted pyramid, surmounted by a great stone slab ; and the Hawk's Bill, rising from a water-course at its bottom to an elevation of 1,500 feet. Mineral Deposits. — The middle ^ction is rich in minerals. Gold-mines , are worked to some extent; there ai'e also deposits of silver, zinc, cop- per, iron, and lead. Bituminous coal is mined on the Deep River. Soap- stone is quarried, and in the west of the state limestone abounds. IndnstriaP Pnrsnits. — Agriculture is the chief branch of industry. In 1876, North Carolina produced 23,000,000 bushels of Indian corn, 3,000,- ' 000 bushels of wheat, 3,530,000 bushels of oats, and 16,225,000 pounds of tobacco. In the production of sweet-potatoes this state in some years takes precedence of every other. (For the yield of cotton, see p. iii.) The manufacturing interest is also large ; flouring and grist-mill prod- ucts, tar and turpentine, sawed lumber, and cotton goods, are the most important articles produced. The fisheries of shad and herring, with which as well as other fish the coast-waters teem, give employment to many at certain seasons. An extensive domestic commerce is carried on, with cotton, tobacco, lumber, flour, and naval stores, as the principal exports; turpentine, tar, pitch, and rosin, are shipped to foreign ports, chiefly from Wilmington. Covrrnmrnt^ — The executive power is vested in a Governor, Lieutenant- Govei'nor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney-General, each elected for four years. The legislative power is exercised by the General Assembly, which meets in the even years (1878, 1880, etc."). It consists of a Senate of 50 members, and a House of 120 representatives elected for two years. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, a superior court with twelve judges, one for each district of the state, and courts of justices of the peace. Judges are elected by the people for eight years. Edocation. — Free schools, white and colored, are maintained at the public expense, the school age extending from six to twenty-one years. Tbey are under the control of the State Superintendent, a state board of education, county commissioners, and township committees. Normal departments are in operation at Raleigh. The principal institutions for higher instruction, besides several for women, are the University of North Carolina, organized in 1795 at Cliapel Hill, 28 miles from Raleigh, — Wake Forest, Davidson, Trinity, Wilson, North Carolina, and Rutherford College. Historieal ItemSt — This region, first called Carolina by the French in honor of their king Charles IX. (1562), was afterward included in the extensive tract named Virginia after the Virgin Queen. Permanent settlements were first made by English emigrants from the Virginia and Plymouth colonies, near Albemarle Sound and on the Cape Fear River. In 1663 it was granted by Charles II. to several noblemen. In 1729 the Carolinas became royal governments and distinct provinces. The popula- tion of the North State was increased by emigrants from Ireland who set- tled in the north-west, Moravians who found a home between the Yadkin and the Dan, and Highlanders who established themselves near Fayetteville. The people of North Carolina were the first to declare themselves independent of the mother-country (at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, May 31, 1775). In the Revolutionary War they did their part bravely. The famous retreat of Morgan and Greene, from the Cowpens to the fords of the Dan, was made across this state, and the battle of Guilford Court- House was fought (near the present Greensborough) March 15, 1781. The Federal Constitution was adopted November 21, 1789. Cities and Towns. — There are five cities, named first below :^ Kaleigh. — State capital. State institutions ; fine granite state-house. Trade in cotton and dry-goods ; railroad-shops. Wilmington. — Extensive commeicc, coastwise and with foreign countries. Lead- ing; maiket of the world for naval stores ; mills and turpentine-distilleries. Charlotte. — Railroad centre ; depot of gold-mining district ; U. S. assay-office. New Berne. — Large coast-trade in cotton, lumber, naval stores, and fish. Fayetteville. — Shipping-point for lumber, tar, turpentine, etc. ; cotton mfts. Salisbury, Greensboroug-h. — Centres of fertile districts ; active trade. Beaufort. — Excf llent harlior ; trade in pine products. Winston. — Tohacco-raising ; manufacturing. Durham. — lifts, of tobacco. Goldsborough. — Iiiqjortant trade-centre ; market of a productive cottou-rcgion. Wilson. — Centre of a sheep-raising country. Asheville. — Active trade. Edenton — Coast-trade. Tarboroug-h. — Trade in pine products, cotton, and corn. VX~^ CAROLINA. General Facts. — ''The Palmetto State " has the form of an irregular triangle, of which the coast-line, 210 miles in length, is the base. The extreme length of the state, from north-west to south-east, is about 275 miles. The coast contains several excellent har- bors. It is lined with small flat islands, not sandy and desert like those along the North Carolina coast, but extremely fertile, producing the long- stapled sea-island cotton, rice, tropical fruits — the live-oak, and palmetto. Counties, 33. Inhabitants to the square mile, 27. Electoral votes, 7. SOUTH CAROLINA. — GEORGIA. Miles of lailrnail line, 1,394. Miles of canal, 52; of which, 22 belong to the Santee Canal, connecting the river of that name with Charleston. Natnral CnriosltifSi — These are principally in the mountainous regions of the north-west. The Falls of the Sahul.a, in the midst of picturesque scenery, have a descent of ahont 350 feet. Near Greenville are Table Mountain, the highest summit of the state (4,000 feet), which on one side towers up perpendicularly 1,10U feet above the adjacent country; and Caesar's Head, a rooky projection shaped like a human skull. GlennV Spring, in Spartanburg County, is a favorite summer resort. Jlinfral Prodnrtions. — Gold is obtained in several of the western coun- ties. Thoi'e arc coal-beds of limited extent, and de|iosits of copper, iron, and lead. Beautiful granites and marbles, fine soapstone, kaolin (in .\iken County), limestones convertible into fertilizers, and rich rock phos- phates near Charleston, are among the most valuable mineral products. Indastrial Pnrsoits. — Agriculture is the leading branch of industry. Most of the state has a clayey soil, and there i.s very little waste land. The north-west is adapted to wheat, corn, oats, and barley — apples, pears, pe.iches, grapes, etc. Cotton, corn, and sweet-potatoes, are the staples of the central districts; and these, with rice, flourish in the lower part of the state. The wheat cro]> in 1876 amounted to 850,000 bu,shels ; the Indian-corn crop, to 9,700,000 bushels; the crop of oats, to 1,100,000 bushels. Half the rice used in the whole country is raised in this state. Tliere are about 6,000,000 acres of pine-land. E.\cellent water-power is supplied in almost all parts of the state. It is utilized to some extent for manufactures; chief among which are flour- ing .and grist-mill products, cotton goods, and sawed lumber. There is some foreign and considerable domestic commerce, of which ( harleston is the principal seat. Onvernment.— The executive department consists of a Governor, Lieu- tenaiit-tHivernor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Superintendent of Education, and Adjutant and In- spector General — all elected by the people for two years. The General .Assembly, which exercises the legislative power, consists of a Senate of 34 members, who hold office for four years, and a House of 124 representatives, elected every second year. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, pro- bate courts, and courts of justices of the pe.ace. The probate judges are elected by the people, the justices of the peace are appointed by the gov- ernor, the other judges ace elected by the General Assembly. Ednration. — A thorough free-school system is maintained, under the direction of the State Superintendent, a state board of examiners, county school commissioners, county boards of examiner.s, .and district trustees. In 1 877, the number of free i)ublio schools was 2,483 ; tlie school attend- ance for the year was 102,396 — 46,444 white, and 55,952 colored. The principal institutions fur higher instruction are the University of South Carolina, at Columbia, organized in 1805, to which a law school is attached; the College of Charleston (1789); Erskiiie College, at Due West ; Furman University, at Greenville ; Wofford College, Spartan- burg ; Newberry College, Walhalla ; and Claflin University, Orangeburg. Uistorkal Items. — First attempt at colonization made by the French near Be.aufort, in 1562. First permanent settlement made by English colonists on the Ashley River, in 1670. Charleston founded, 1680. French Huguenots came over in 1685, and there was a subseijuent influx of Swiss, Irish, and German immigrants. During the Kevohition, the British held most of the colony in 1780 and 1781 ; but a gallant partisan warfare was maintained under Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and others, and tlie country was gradually redeemed. Rocky Mount, Hanging Rock, Camden, Fishing Creek, King's Mountain, Cowpens, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw, were scenes of important engagements. Charleston, taken by the British, May 12, 1780, was finally evacuated in December, 1782. A state Constitution was first adopted March 26, 1776. The Federal Consti- tution was ratified May 23, 1788. South Carolina's great statesman, .John C. Calhoun, was vice-pres'dent of the United States from 1826 to 1832. Cities and Towns. — The most important cities and towns are as follows : Columbia. — State capital ; imposing State-house, penitentiary, lun.itic asylum, and post-otlico; r.Tilroad centre ; car-shops; ironworks. Charleston. — Third cotton and first rice market in the U. S. ; large trade in fertihzers made from ])liof pliatc rocks ; ricc-eleaning mills ; manufactures. Greenville. — Literary centre; summer resort; mills and factories. Newberry. — Trade centre and seat of granitc-qunrrics, Abbeville. — Market for a fine cotton-region. Georgetown. — Commerce; rice-market; turpentine-distilleries; saw-mills. Graniteville. — Extensive cotton manufactures. Siunter. — Local trade. Anderson. — Cotton market for the north-west. Beaufort. — Good harbor ; commerce ; yellow ]iine and cypress exported. Aiken. — Dry, c; ; 'SO *X o 5 /Q I- ; 0.-5 NJ fsi>: ® -^^' ^^t^ , »: «€iM "?S^"V' ^°*rT<-M 5->y -5 '^^1 -a-S-| 1>! J x,^^^ h^~ X^^ '■ ^^ ^l^4l>^ ^2 r^i s ^ '5xiL " ~ '1 \\S ^i<|in. k '•^if^ Wrl i A ^JE^ -uaojo o„»i;ir; ziata tf. %^ :w ""VV « So * !■&= 5N-a« fl ! -J=l.. 1^^*^^ .^ Z.a 53 1/ --N^ ' m o c ,-3 u i fci-'*v^>i':^:; tf- ?i^: ^^ ^/ H ri^ ;/ :yt^ ^ir.^ »cl^ /■^ j^ • S A °i'r -^ S0.-5 is «r^ z a J i ^•'.,^. S* u ».,^ ~i>r-^]^> _. 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J.-.- I \L,» J; V «X \ 4 ° !f K 7 M/ ■ IV- 1 .J ,i coVngton I LiNfoLN; A^^°Aill,.W8l.<- ;^ -4- \ ; ^ lI-i''W, I In, I _7"i— tV-'-'"' ■■■ V ^ \ '■— 'X -iN \ s ■ '^ : M A \R I o ForJsvmc ; \0 Poiult I-(<™(»Vi^^- / ^ EAST E A^R L v,ArfRlsbN/ J » c l\s Nl S A 1 J<\ T A\ ftfliingioii' H E (J. J '-..Air', 1^0^ Y X ""AV V>,"=-'' J^''^°"\living^onW \? { i "^WC-'vlnCl ^,v,.i\.^* ■■/"New J .'lb.'!inj5 "75 <*>^ {Jffl^nSVsr. MARY'S V oRfc^ANs; ^ •Chaiidelcur pv.au la.t Jl.« 1 ^ ^ V * ^Islands ■ • \vV FP- <^l.auJlreton *^ "^It ^i.Sl.Plilllp Sl^' ,/lt Longitude West 16 from Wiulliugtou 3/ . ^ 1^ ^o> *M«jr>gj, goull. ^"fi,.>" " MISSISSIPPI. — LOUISIANA. SKAL OF MISSISSIPPI. MISSISSIPPI. General Facts. — Mississippi, " the Bavou State," borders the Gulf of Mexioii t'ur 88 miles. Greatest length, from north to south, 332 miles ; greatest width (on parallel 31°), 189 miles. Counties, V3. In- habitants to the .square mile, 18. Electoral votes, 8. Miles of rail- road line, 1,044. In the Mississippi bottom (that is, the lowlands along the river, formed by alluvial depos- its), the soil is especially fertile. The coast region is generally sandy, but is interspersed with valuable growths of pine. There is little or no mineral wealth in Mississippi. Indnstrlai Pnrsnits. — Agricul- ture is the chief occupation. Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. The yield of the latter in 1876 amounted to 20,000,000 Ijushels ; of wheat, raised principally in the north, 325,000 bushels were produced, and of oats 780,000 bushels. Sugar-cane, rice, and the orange, flourish in the south. All the fruits of temperate climates, together with figs, abound in great perfection. Mississippi is not a manufacturing state ; sawed lumber is the princi- pal article manufactured. Cotton and lumber are the leading exports. There is a large river and coasting trade. The foreign commerce is car- ried on mostly through Mobile and New Orleans. Government. — The executive power is vested in a Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Education, elected by the people— and a Com- missioner of Immigration and Agriculture, appointed by the governor — all of whom hold office for four years. The legislature consists of a Senate of 37 members, and a House of 115 representatives, elected re- spectively for terms of four and two years. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court (with three judges), circuit courts, chancery courts, and justices of the peace. Judges are appointed by the governor ; justices of the peace are elected by the people. EdDcation. — Free common schools, high, and normal schools, are lib- erally provided for. The public schools are controlled by the State Superintendent, a state board of education, county superintendents ap- pointed by this board, and school-directors. The principal institutions for superior instruction are the University of Mississippi, with its law department and College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, at Oxford; Mississippi College, at Clinton; Pass Chris- tian College ; Shaw University, at Holly Springs ; Tougaloo University ; and Alcorn University, at Rodney, which has an agricultural department. There are also many female colleges. Historical Items. — De Soto was the first to explore what is non- Missis- sippi, in 1540. The first settlement was made by the French at Biloxi, on the gulf, in 1699. In 1716 Fort Rosalie was erected where Natchez now stands. Included in the French colony of Louisiana, this region was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. After the Revolution, it for a time formed part of Georgia. On Georgia's ceding its western lands to the general government, the Territory of Mississippi, including the greater part of the state now so named and of Alabama, w.as organized. The western part of this territory was admitted into the Union, December 10, 1817, as tlie State of Mississippi. Cities and Towns.— Mississippi has eight cities ; viz., Jackson. — Capital ; public buildings ; shipping-port for cotton. Vicksburgr. — Great cotton-market ; various manufactures ; fine court-liouse. Natchez. — Healthful climate ; river trade ; U. S. marine hospital. Columbus. — Busy cotton-port ; steamboats jjly from this city to Mobile. Meridian. — Growing business-centre ; extensive local trade. Holly Springs. — An educational centre ; largely engaged in the cotton trade. Canton, Grenada. — On the N. 0., St. Louis, and Chicago R. B. ; cotton-marts. Among the largest towns are Aberdeen, in the north-east, and Yazoo City, in the west, important shipping-points for cotton; Bay St. Louis, on the gulf, a popular watering-place, with a large trade in lumber, naval stores, cattle, and cotton ; Brookhaven, the scat of several factories and of Whitworth Female College ; Water Valley, Sardis, and Scmmit, places of active local trade ; Enterprise, Kosch'sko, and Macon, centres of fine agricultural di.^tricts. MAP QUESTIONS AND MAP DRAWING. Map Questions.— Name the chief railroad centres of Texas. What two famous battle-fields near the southern extremity of the state? Name, in order, the rivers that one would cross in going in a straight line from Rio Grande City to Marshall. What two railroads intersect at Dallas ? The Texas and Pacific (from Texarcana to Weatherford) and t!ic Houston and Texas Central (from Houston to Denison). Name some places on the former; name some on the latter. What lakes on the border of Texas? To draw the Ontline.— Draw A B of convenient length, and on it lay off A C equal to one-fourth of A B. At right angles to A B draw C D, equal to ij times A C ; and parallel to C D draw A E, equal to three- fourths of A C. Join D and E, D and B. Prolong EA to F, making A F equal to A E ; and parallel to A B draw FG, a little less than half of A B. At right angles to G F draw G 11 equal to A F. / On B A lay off B I, equal to U times A F. Draw lines at right an- gles to B I and G H, meeting at J. Complete the outline, using G F as a guide for the Red River, FE for the east- em boundary, E D for the coast, and D B for the Rio Grande. LOUISIANA. General Facts. — Louisiana has a coast-line, including indentations of the mainland, of 1,250 miles; or, if we add that of the islands, of 2.250 miles. Extreme length, from east to west, 800 miles ; greatest widtli, 240 miles. Parislies (the counties of other states), 57. Inlmbitnnts to the square mile, 21. Electoral votes, 8. Miles of railroad line, 541. There are several short canals connecting the navigable waters near New Orleans. Indnstrial Pnrsnits, etc. — Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Tlie staples are sugar and rice (raised in the alluvial soil along the Mississippi, the sugar south of latitude 31°), cotton, and corn. The yield of corn for 1876 was 12,000,000 bushels. The orange flourishes as far north as latitude 30°. Fine pasturage is found on the prairies. The alluvial land is generally well timbered and covered with an undergrowth of cane from fifteen to thirty feet in height. The pine, oak, cypress, ash, walnut, hickory, pecan, and Cottonwood, are among the most important forest trees. The principal branch of manufacture is that of sugar and molasses. Coirimerce is extensive, the foreign trade being carried on alLiost entirely through New Orleans. There are no minerals of value, except salt, sul- phur, and gypsum. Government. — The executive oflScers are a Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Education, elected by the people for four years. The legislative power is exercised by the General Assembly, which meets annually, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives; the sen- ators (36 in number) hold office four years, the representatives (107) two. iongitude 10 I I — — '^ — — '. — from 9 6 Gre<'nv.-i<'> _1 I L ! ! TI l' S S O U B, I I i i "~"7i V "orseKead '; !" ■ S^alv of MHej 3 J * ^ >Brixo» 80 Saotlftgu Longitude West 2,1 from ^Vg^luji^rton A'f VTCDJITI OP GALVESTON LOUISIANA. — TEXAS. SEAL OF LOUISIANA. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, district courts, parish courts, and justices of the peace. The supreme-court judges are appoint- ed by the governor ; the others are elected by the people. Edacation. — Free schools are maintained at the public expense. They are under the control of the State Superintendent, a state board of edu- cation, division superintendents, and boards of school directors. Normal training is given in New Orleans, and high schools are open in New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The institutions for superior instruction are, the Centenary College, at Jackson ; St. Charles College, at Grand Coteau ; the Louisiana State University, temporarily at Raton Rouge ; St. Mary Jeft'erson College, at St. James ; Straight University, Leland University, and New Orleans University, at New Orleans. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Lou- isiana was opened at New (Means in 1874. Historical Items. — Louisiana was so called in honor of Louis XIV. of France, by La Salle, who ex- plored it in 1682. New Orleans, the first perm.anent settlement, w.ns laid out in 1718. In 1763 France ceded the part east of the Missis- sippi to Great Britain ; the rest, including the city of New Orleans, passed into the hands of Spain. Napoleon in 1800 compelled Spain to restore Louisiana to France, and three years later sold the vast tract that went by this name (e.xtendiug to the British Possessions on the north) to the United States for $1.5,000,000. From this tract tlie government of Orleans was set otf in 1804, and in 1812 Orleans was admitted into the Union as the State of Louisiana. In the War of 1812 the Briti.sh attempt- ed to wrest Louisiana from the LTnited States, but were signally defeated in the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 181.5. Cities and Towns. — Louisiana has seven cities ; viz.. New Orleans. — Capital ; second commercial city and chief sugar market in the U. S. ; gi'catest cotton mailcet in the world ; sugar refineries and manufactures. Baton Rouge. — Penitentiary ; Institutions for Deaf and Dumb, and Blind. Shreveport. — Large river-trade in cotton, hides, wool, and tallow. Carrollton, Kenner. — On the Mississippi River, near New Orleans. Monroe. — Depot for the Ouachita country. Natchitoches. — Shipping-point on the Red River, for cotton and corn. The most important towns are Alexandria, in a fertile country producing cotton, corn, and sugar j Donaldsonville, a busy shipping-point on the Missis- sippi ; Plaquejiine, on the same river, a forwarding-point for sugar, molasses, rice, and lumber ; Opelousas, the emporium of a cotton, corn, and stoelc-raising region ; Thibodeaux and New Iberia, the former in a sugar and rice district, the latter interested in sugar and cotton. TEXAS. General Facts. — Texas, " the Lone Star State," borders the Gulf of Mexico for 400 miles. Extreme length, from the north-western extrem- ity to the mouth of the Rio Grande, 82.5 miles ; extreme breadth, 740 miles. Counties, 223 ; some of which are unorganized. Inhabitants to the square mile, 3. Electoral votes, 8. Miles of railroad line, 2,2ii4. The valleys along the streams are well-wooded, as is also the whole region between the Sabine and Trinity Rivers. The pine, live-oak, cypress, pecan, and in the north the Osage orange, are specially valuable. The most important minerals are coal, iron, copper, lead, soapstone, various marbles and building-stones, gypsum, and salt. Climate. — Soil. — Northers, cool, dry winds, which purify the air, are frequent from October to May. The state is of such extent that it com- bines the productions of tropical with those of temperate regions. The apple thrives in the north ; the lig and orange flourish in the south. There is no richer soil than is found in the river-bottoms. In west- ern districts, where rain is scanty, irrigation is practised with success. Indnstrial Pursuits. — Agriculture and stock-raising are tlie principal pursuits. Texas produces more cotton than any other state. In 187G its corn crop amounted to 48,000,000 bushels, its wheat crop to 4,750,000 bushels ; its crop of oats to 3,650,000 bushels. Cattle, sheep, horses, and hogs, are raised in immense numbers. Excellent water-power is afford- ed ; manufactures are important and increasing. Commerce is extensive, particularly witli Mexico. Galveston and Brownsville are the chief seats of foreign commerce. Government. — The executive officers are a Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney-General^all of whom hold office for two years. The legislature consists of a Senate of 31 members (term 4 years) and a House of 93 representatives (term 2 years). The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, a court of appeals, district courts, county courts, and justices of the peace. All judges are elected by the people. Edneatiou. — Provision is made for the free education of children be- tween the ages of 8 and 14. The public schools are under the charge of a state board of education, county boards of examiners, and trustees. The principal institutions for superior instruction, besides female colleges, are, the State Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas near Bry- an, the South-western University at Georgetown, Baylor University at Independence, Austin College at Iluntsville, University of St. Mary at Galveston, Salado College, Waco LTniversity, St. Joseph's College at Brownsville, Trinity University at Tehuacana, Henderson College, Mar- vin College at Waxahachie, and Wiley University (with a normal department) at Marshall. Historical Items. — The first per- manent settlement in Texas was made by the Spanish at San An- tonio, in 1714. After Mexico in 1821 threw off the Spanish yoke, Texas, which was one of its prov- inces, attracted many immigrants from the United States. Op- ])ressed by the Mexican govern- ment, the Texans in 1830 declared their independence, and estab- lished it by the victory of San Jacinto, April 21st of that year. In 1845 Texas was admitted into the Union as the twenty-eighth state. This led to the Mexican War (184(i-'8), during which the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma were fought on Texan soil. Important Places. — The most important cities and towns are, Austin. — Capital ; public buildings ; local trade ; manufactures. Galveston. — Shipping-point for cotton, cattle, bides, and lumber ; manufactures. Houston. — Great railroad and trading centre ; busy manufacturing city. San Antonio. — Trade ; ice-factories, flouring-mills, etc. ; large German population. Dallas. — In a wheat and cotton-growing region ; various manufactures. Marshall, Sherman. — Maikets for fine agricultural districts. Waco. — Engaged in agriculture, stock-raising, and manufacturing. Brownsville. — Extensive trade with Mexico ; stock-raising. Victoria. — Depot for a region that produces cotton, corn, sugar, etc. Jefferson. — Tiade-ccntrc ; shipping-point for produce and live-stock. Corpus Christi. — Good harbor ; extensive commerce. New Braunfels. — Woollen, cotton, and other mfts. ; large German population. Brenbam, Hempstead. ^Manufacturing and agricultural towns. Corsicana, Paris, Weatherford. — Trade-centres for agricultural districts. . ,fe. .tA 4, f^'-if»%'^"^' seal of tf.xas. ^ ^^i FT ->r^> »S;;°r,?~-«^ss "sill/ 014 "^42 251 A