iXtti-s^MaiMff iif iiiiliiiiii x:ie8- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf _-U2uS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. HOW TO MANAGE Agricultural Fairs, Industrial Insti- tutes, and Similar Exhibitions. A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR DIRECTORS, SECRETARIES, AND OFFICERS, CONTAINING Directions for their organization, applicable to every kind oi society and Joint stock association ; rules for the selection and laying out of grounds, build- ing tracks, the ornamentation of build- ings, halls, etc., and choice plans of administration, SELECTED FROM A STUDY Over 2oo Societies, [ • i ^f^ ^ LOCATED IN DIFFERENT STATES. J. F. XA.YI^G, Experentia Bocuit, ^Q,..S./.O..h..f\^' NEV¥ LONDON, O, THE FAIR PKINTING COMPANV, 1881, 7^ Kntcrcd acconling to Act of Congress in tlie year 1881, )>y J. F. LANINCr, in office i»f Librarian of CongresB, at Wn^binirton. I>. C dv, PREFACE, It is needless to say that the author in examining the workings of different societies has found a great amount of crudeness among them. How to manage a Fair suc-= cessfully is a desirable attainment. Their management may be said to be the measure of their success and will account for the fact that some are live, attractive, and prosperous, and others feeble, uninviting, and inactive. The fact is often overlooked that a Fair is a business institution requiring capacity to manage it, as do other institutions, and that it is one of magnitude, dealing in different relations with many people, where experi- ence, skill, attention, and regularly defined methods are highly essential to harmony and success. There has been too little progression in our Fairs. The idea that most anyone could manage a Fair has put them in the hands of incompetent men, who have neither abili- ty or energy enough to originate or adopt new ideas, and hence many of our societies present a picture of sameness at their Fairs every year instead of giving them a bright, fresh, and attractive look that will make them inviting. The key that will unlock the mystery of the decay of some Fairs will be found in the fact that they have been run too much for the present and too little for the future. The American people love recreation, and our Fairs are l>opular with them, but they are both sensative and sensible, and to hold tlieir patronage anywhere they must be well treated. The author of this w^ork has been for years connected with one of the most successful Fairs in Ohio. To gain the knowledge for this work he has visited and had cor- respondence with several hundred societies, and in drawing conclusions from their workings has made a number of important discoveries, and has been able to make many suggestions of a practical nature. The work is intended to supply all, and especially the inexperienced, with a correct knowledge and a clear un- derstanding of the rules by wiiich the business of agri- cultural societies and other similar associations should be administered. It treats of the subject from every pomt of view, and enters largely into details. It will aid officers, managers, superintendents, and coramittees in discharging their duties, and it is hoped will build up a uniformly high standard of integrity and success among these institutions. But few societies exist whose management is not sus- ceptible of improvement in some particular. The work is therefore commended to all, feeling that to each it will be important, and to many valuable, both in learn- ing what others are doing and promoting their own welfare. CHAPTER I. CREATION AND OllGANIZATIOX OF CORPORATIONS, JOINT STOCK ASSOCIATIONS, SOCIETIES, ETC. Section 1. Statutory Regulations.— In most States statutes exist regulating the creation of Corporations, Associations, and Societies, sucli as of vvliich we treat, and defining tne powers, privileges and ininumities conferred upon ttiem. These are easily accessible to all inter, ested parties, and are beyond the scope of our work, which is intended to deal with methods of conducting them, i-ather than their legal fights and obligations. These statutes are, however, the constitutional law by which authority is conferred upon them, and to secure the rights and immunities they grant, as to the prescsibed methods of organization, should be complied with, lest they otherwise be lost. Sec. 2. Organization and Constitution.— When an organizatioa is determined upon, it is usual to have, and the laws of some States require, a meeting at some previ- ously appointed time and place, to adopt plans and detine the limits within which the business is to be conducted. This, when made out and reduced to writing, is called ti)e Constitution of the society, as we shall use the word to designate all bodies of this character, and subject to statutory limitations with which it must not conflict, it G CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. becomes its fiin(l;imont;\l law. It, is usually divided into sections, and, unless given by statute, provides or defines the f »ll()\vinj: thnrj;-s: Ananiefor tlie society: the object lor which it is org:inized; the place wiiore it will ti'ansact business; the aniounc ot its capital stock, if it hMve one, and how dividesi; tlie 'lua'.itioitions of its members; its nuinauement; how ils amendment or alteration may be made, and such other matters as the objects of the society require. Tliese we shall notice in turn. Sec. 3. Naiiie of Society. — Names are various, de- pendini;' iii)oii thP business t!-ansacted and the tastes of the memt)ers. They ;5^enerally refer to the location of the Rocietv and define its character. Tiiat class more par_ ticularly treated herein are known as A^-ricultural, Hoi'ti. cuitura!, Industrial, itc, societies; or Fair, Union Fair, or Independent Fair Associations, Exi)ositions, itc. Sec. 4. Objects.— Of course the statement ot objects depend upon what tiiey are. In this class of societies thev are generally to encoura<;e or promote at^riculture, mechanical arts and kindred subjects and the mutual gain of the members. Sometimes the statutes define the ob' jects, in which case thej* should be substantially followed- Sec. 5. JLocatioii.— This should be defined so as to avoid any uncertainty. Sec. 6. Capital Stock. — When a company has a capi- t il stock, the amount should be stated, and the number and size of the shares given. Sec. T. 31cinbership.— This will dei)end upon the plan upon which an organization is to be effected. Should it be a joint-stock company each stockholder will be a member, and it will be necessary to provide for the issue of cer- tificates and their transfer trom one person to another. They are usually required to be signed by some of the officers, as the President and Secretary, and their transfer required to be in writing, upon the back thereof, and not to be valid until entered upon the books of the company. CliEATION AND ORGANIZATION. 7 Sboiikl the societv h;ive no capital stock, the memberslup is (lelinerl to consist of ihosc wlio {)uy a certain sum into its treasury, sometimes the party l)ecomin.i,' a life members and sometimes only one for a certain ])eriot1, as one year their continuance as members bein^i,^ dependent upon an annual contribution ; and it is often tliat both chisses < f members are found in the same society, the amount of the tee being diflercnt. In some instances tiie socitty is a county or district one, so that the electors contiibuting in a ceitain legion are membei"s. Sec. 8. Mnnagcment.— As a society is usually com- posed of many ptMsons, a meeting of all ot them lor tlie purpose of expressing its will, in the management of its lousiness atiYurs, \v(tuld l)e inconvenient and impracticable. Hence it is vested in a select few of its members, called a Hoard of Managers, Directors, or Trustees. To guard against inc!imi)etency or abuse of powei", they are se- lected, >vholiy*or partially, each year', and it is usu-il tn I)rovide that they shall serve for a certain period, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Caro should be taken not to make this body too laige, as its action will often be retarded and a quorum often found wanting when business is to be' transacted. When the affairs of a society are peculiar to a certain district or territory, often a representation is provided for different parts of it, as each township in a county. When the man- agers are not located so as to render it impossible, it is tound conveniMit to have their number some multiple of thsir term of office, so that an equal number ot them shall retire each year. In general it may be said that, unless restricted, this Board will possess all the powers which the society would have if they liad no managers, and such powers as are necessary for an economical and successful prosecution of the purposes ot the society. It is tiie agent of ihe members, and its acts, within the scope of the ob- jects of the society, will be binding. It is usual, however^ lO define the number of the managers that shall constitute a quorum (usually a majority ), and provide that it shall have power to appoint such agents and committees as H CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. are deemed proper to carry on the business of the society, and to pass the by-laws necessary to carry out in detail Uie nowers conferred upon it. Sec. 9. Maiiagemenl, continued — Officers. — The usual officers are a President, Vice Pi-esident, Secretary, and Treasurer, and their term of office one year and until J heir successoi's are elected and qualified. Sec. 10, Election of Directors and Officers. — A time is usually set upon which annually a meeting of the mem- bers of the society shall be held at its place of business, for the election ot managers and the transaction of such other business as may come betore it, at which, if it is a joint-stock association, each member may cast as many votes as he may have shares of stock in person or by l»roxy; if otherwise, each member may cast one vote, and a majority of the votes cast shall be necessary to elect. Vacancies in the Board of Managers arising from any cause, are usually left to the remaining members to till until the next annual election, though sometimes they are required to be filled by a called meeting ot the stock- liolders. When competition occurs elections are by bal- lot. The selection ot officers is sometimes made by the stockholders, and are outside of the board; but it is usual to require the board to meet within a short period after the annual meeting, and elect from their number a Presi- dent and Vice President, and a Secretary and Treasurer, from any persons having the requisite qualifications. Sec. 11. Duties of Officers,-— The executive office ot the society is the Presidency. The President is required to preside at the meetings of the board; has general super- vision and custody of the att'airs of the society, and sees that its laws are enforced; is required to sign all money orders on the treasury, and call meetiuj^s ot the stock- holders, when business arises which is necessary to bo submitted to them. The Vice President acts in the absence ot the President, and assists him in the prosecution ot his duties- CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 9 The Secretary is the clerical officer ot the society, con- ducting its correspondence: keeping a record of the pro- ceedings of the society and Board of Managers; drawing orders on the Treasurer for money; making annual re- ports of the society's condition and doings, and generally performing the work ot the society of a clerical nature. He is sometimes required to receive all money of the so- ciety, and pay the same over to tlie Treasurer, keeping an account of the sources from which received, instead of having it paid directly to the Treasurer. For a discussion of this matter see Chapter ix., on accounts. The Treasurer receives the money of the society and pays it out on the proper order, and reports annually the amount received and disbursed by him. 'Ihe amount ot official bonds is sometimes prescribed, though more often left to the Board. The Secretary and Treasurer are usu- ally given a salary for their labors, to be provided in the by-laws. Sec. 12. Amendments and Alterations.— The amend- ment or alteration of the Constitution is usually limited to the annual meetings, though it is often provided for being done at called meetings. ^Noticeof the proposed change, by publication or otherwise, is required, however, in order that each member may have time to consider it, and be prepared to aet inlelligently. Two-thirds or three-fourths of the votes cast are otten made necessary tor the purpose. Sec. 13. Enactment of Constitution. — In the enact- ment of a constitution at the first meeting of the associa- tion, it IS usual to appoint a committee to prepare a draft and report at a future meeting, a tew days later; where, upon the meeting adjourns until the day named. Some- times, however, a draft is prepared beforehand, ready to present at the first meeting for adoption. "Whenever it is presented, it should be read from beginning to end, to enable everyone to become familiar with it, and see the bearing and connection oi the different parts and their 10 CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. velation to the whole. Hiiving been thus rend, it is tnkeu up and adopted section by section und ailicle by article. Sec. 14. Model for a ConstitHlion.--The following', though not* complete, will serve as a guide for parties drafting a Constitution : Article 1. This socujty shall be known as . Art. 2. Its objects shall be Art. o. The business ot the society shall be carried on at . Art. 4. Its capital stock shall be $ , divided into shares of $ — each. Art. 5. The members of the society shall l>e such as are the owners of one or more of tiie siiares of its capital stock; or any person may bec(;me a member ot the society lor the period ol one year by paying the sum of .$- - itito its treasury. Art. 6. The conti'ol and management of the society snail be vested in a Board of Directors, whose teim of otlice shall be yeai-s each and until their successors are chosen and (jutlilicd. They shall lun e jxtwer to ap- point such agents and committees and pass such by-la\\s as may become necessary to cany on the business of the society. (Add other desired j)owei's and i estiictioiis.) Art. 7. The otiicers of tiie society sn;.)! consist of Piesi- dent, Vice President. Secretary, and Treasurer, whose teim of office shall be one year and until their successoj-s are chosen and qiutlitied. Art. 8. The Directors imw elected shall serve unti' the day ot next, at which tiir.e, and annually iheie- after, tiie Directors shall be elected to serve for one year; or there shall be Directors elected to serve for o.ie vear, for two years. &c., and annually theiealter Directors shall be' chosen for (the leim 'of their office.) The election shall be conducted by ballot, and a niaj(»rity of all the votes cast shall be necess:M-y to elect. On or i)e- fore the theieafter tlie Board shall convene and choose Irom their number the I'lesident and Vice President, and select a suitable person for Secretary and Treasurer. Art. 9. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board, &c. Art. 10. The Vice President shall perform the duties of the President during Ins absence, &c. CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 11 Art. 11. Tlie Secretnry shall attoiul all meetinj^s of tiie society and Board ot Directors, keep an accurate minute of their procreedinu^, nnd record them in a book provided lor the purpo>;e; conduct the correspondence of the so- ciety, ttc, and receive such compeusatioH as the Ijoard shall provide. Art. 12. Tiie Tieasurer sliall keep an accurate account or the money of the society received and paid (n;t bv him; lie shall liive bond, with <^-ood and sufficient security, in such a sum as may be required by the Uaard of Directors, &c. Art. 12. No alteration, by amendment or otherwise, shall be made to tliis Constitution except at an annual uieetinu; ot the society, oi a called nieetinu: for the pur- pose, at least weeks' notice thereof haviu'.'" been previously jriven by publication in , or by tiling a resolution lor tiie i)roposed chanji^e with the Secretary, and a vote sh ill be required for its adoption, &c. CHAPTEll II. BOARD MEETINGS, BY-LAWS, ETC. Sec. 15. Official Action.— Through the Board of Di- rectors the Society acts, and the only right which is usually enjoyed by the members at large is to annually express their will as to who shall represent them, and as to the policy of the society in electing such as will exe- cute their will. Sec. 16. By-Laws.— Incident to the rights of this body, though usually found in its organic law, is its right of making by-laws for its own government, and providing the details as to tae execution of the powers conferred upon It. Sometimes these will be limited to some extent by the constitution, but they are usually left to the dis- cretion ot the Board under a natural and implied restric- tion that they must not be repugnant to the objects of the society, the laws of the land, nor in excess of its powers. The subjects they usually embrace are as follows: I, 15oard meetings; 2, order ol business; '6, voting; 4, ap. pointments; 5, official bonds; 6, amendments; 7, records and accounts, &c. These we will consider briefly. Sec. 17. Board 3Ieetings.— The meetings of the Board, where business requires it, are set lor regularly recurring dates. Unless so set, they occur on days to which they 13 BOARD MEETINGS. have been formerly adjourned, or upon which they have i)een called, bpecial meetings are usually upon the call of the rresident or two members of the Board; and some- times when reirular meetings are had, for special meetings a notice in writing to each member, stating the object of the meeting, is required, and the provision made that no other business shall be transacted at the meeting, unless all the members are present. Sec. 18. Order ol Business.— The rules for conduct- ing the proceedings of the Board usually provide for an order of business as follows, yiz: 1. Calling the roll of members. 2. Reading the minutes of the previous meeting. 3. Presentation of bills and reference to committees, 4. Reports ot officers and committees. 5. General business. With this it is usual to provide that the deliberations of the Board shall be conducted according to the ordinary rules of parliamentary law. Sec. 19. Voting.— In the election of officers and in se- lecting members of committees, &c., the By-Laws usually require that when more than one candidate appears the vote shall be taken by ballot, and in other cases viva voce. In cases of strong competition an informal ballot is often taken to reveal the strength of the several candidates. Sometimes provision is made for a yea and nay vote, by having the roll called, to which every member responds and his vote is recorded. Sec. 20, Appointmenl of Committees, &c. — When the work will admit of sub-divisions, and olten when spe- cial matters occur, it will be found convenient to commit them to one or more persons to take charge of or investi- gate. Care should be exercised to avoid making commit- tees so large as to be unwieldy, and the fitness of the members for the purposes sought should also be regarded jn selecting them. Committees are of two kinds, standing and special. When not otherwise provided for, the power 14 BOARD MEETINGS. to fippoint them is given lo tiio Tresident, and unless some reason ex.ists iigainst it, tlie mover for a committee is made its chairman. Tlie matters that may Ue commit- ted are various. Tiie principal committees and their duties are usually designated in the By-Laws. Intorma- tion m regard to them may he obtained in the next chap- ter, devoted to committees. Sec. 21. Olficial Bonds.— When the Constitution leaves the amount"ot tiiese to be regulated by the Board, they should tix it with regard to the funds that will come into the officers' hands. Sec. 22. Records and Acconnts.— Sometimes a by- law is made designating what i>ooks and accounts shall be kept and rci)orts required, and by what officers; such as, a register of stockholders or members; a record of the min- utes of the Board; a record of entries received and awai'ds made, a rei)ort of which is often reciuired to be published; a general account of the receipts and expenditures ot the Society, classilied in lunds, according to the nature of each, &Q. Sec. 23. Salaries.— When the Constitution does, not provide otherwise, the salary of officials should be fixed in the By-Laws. Sec. 21. Amendments. — Provisions similar to those in Sec. 12 are usually inserted in the By-Laws. Sec. 25. Model for By-Laws.— The following, though not complete, will serve for a guide for parties dralting By-Laws: Art. 1. The reg^ilar meetings of the Board ot Directors shall occur on the of each , at — o'clock — M, Special meetings may be called at any time. Art. 2. The deliberations of the Board shall be con- ducted according to the ordinary rules of parliamentary law. The following order of proceeding shall be observed, viz: 1. Calling the roll of members. 2. Reading the minutes, itc. BOARD MEETINGS. 15 ART 3 When the nnme ot more thnn one person is presented for any nppointn.pnt or oflico, the vntrsiia he Uken by ballot; all other votes shall b^ taken viva voe;% Art. 4. Unless otherwise provided all committees; shall menVb'erreaoh'' '''' Trosident, and shall consist'of _ Art. 5 The followin- standinjr committees, viz Ex- ecntive Committee, Anditin- Committee. &c shall tfe K^^nniziltion?''' '"' ''" '"''' "^'^^^"° "^ '""^ Bo^ti alt^r Art. 6. The duty of Committee shall be-f d*^scril)- Art. 8. The duty ot the Committee on shall be, chaptLi-!)'^ "■'' "' ''"'^ '^'^ ^'^"'"^ '^^ ^'»^'^^'^' («ee next Art. 9. The bonds of the Treasurer shall be $-. Art. 10 The Secretary shall keep an accurate account show.no- Ml the money, S:e. Me shall have charj^ of" mak- ing be entries at the annual exhibition of the SoHetv n ] le e't irth'^ '" '^" :!';',"-^";; '•^^•'^■•^" "^ »''^ nwards-n/ade uieieat in the , within three weeks thereufler. The Treasurer shall keep, &c. votts&i.^' '''"^*' By-Laws may be altered by a majority C II AFTER III. COMMITTEES. Sec. 26. Necessity of Committers.— When the num- ber ot" persons to whom the execution of any matter is en- trusted is lar^e, the tendency is for each to rely upon its being- attended to by others, and hence it becomes neg- lected. One or a small number of persons will, as a rule, investigate a matter mure closely or attena to it more surely than a large number. Hence, it is usual to entrust those matters that will admit of it to a select few (thiee is the usual number), with authority to investigate or act in the matter, either controlling it fully or reporting their conclusions to the Board, who ratify or reject them. These are termed committees, and they are standing or special acicording to the permanent or transient character of the matter to 'oe entrusted to them. The person first named on a committee acts as its chairman, and calls the committee together and presides at its meetings. The Secretary, upon whom the Board tiirust many duties to escape themselves, will fully appreciate the value of com- mittees. It is often that a few willing ones are obliged to do all the work in such an enterprise, but it should not be allowed, as otherwise, although the success may not be more decisive, yet it may be more harmonious. COMMITTEES. 17 Sec. 27. Standing Committees.— The experience of different societies has shown the necessity of having cer- tain permanent or standing- committees, to which matters that are constanllj' arising can be readily referred. Two of these are the Executive and the Auditing Committee. The Executive Committee is entrusted with arrang- ing the details and carrying out the measures adopted by the Board, it usually consists of the officers ol the So- ciety and one or more directors. Sometimes it is given power to act in the absence of the Board, or when imprac- ticable to convene it, upon all matters which arise de manding immediate attention and their action is made binding upon the Society. To The Auditing Committee is referred all bills and claims against the Society and the reports of its officers, and they are required to examine them and report as to their correctness as soon as practicable. The wants of difterent societies will suggest other stand- ing committees. Sec. 28, Special Committees. — When any enterprise is to be undertaken, several committees whicn the nature of the business wil! prompt will be found convenient. For a Fair each ot the following: topics may be profitably con. lided to separate committees, viz.. Rules and Regnlations, Premiums, Printing and Advertising, Invitation and Re- ception, Supplies, Police, Awards, and Rental Privileges. In constituting these committees it is usually provided that certain officers of the Society shall be members of certain committees, as the President a member of the Committee on Invitation and Reception, the Secretary a member of the (Committee on Rules, &c. They should be required to perform their duties and have their reports ready, so as not to cause any delay. Sec. 29. Unties of Committees.— The duties of these comraittces will b'i as follows: 18 COMMITTEES. The Committee on Rules and lleguUitions is perhaps the most important one to be selected. To it will be en- trusted the preparation of plans and drafting of rules and reguhitions, defining the mode ot conducting the exliibi- bition. Its members sliould be men of good perception, wide a waive, and capable of detecting any erroi-s that may exist in the established methods of the Society, and im- proving them as experience and good judgmentjustities. A Society to succeed well must be progressive. Care, however, should be taken to obtain practical rather than theoretical men. The duties ot this coni'.nittee are some- times put in charge of a Committee on Ways and Means. The Committee on Premiums is also an important one. To them the items upon wliich premiums are to be ottered, and the amount to be paid upon them, are cntrustecl. In many departments changes are constantly going on, and, to be progressive, additions to the list will bo required each year. To be attractive an exhibition must be up with tlie times. A few prominent features often are the means of producing an interest that is higlily valuable to the Society. Therefore, the committee should be com- posed of men who are able to designate a list ot articles and contests that will be attractive enough to draw a profitable number of spectators to the Fair, and who will have judgment sutticient to keep the amount of money to be paid as premiums where it will not be ruinous to the Society, from being either too high or too low. To the Committee on Printing and Advertising is given the matter of securing the printing of such matters of the Society as are for print, and of advertising its exhibitions. They usually obtain a list ot what is wanted from the proper sources, and contract with some i)erson, in behal^ of the Society, for furnishing it. "JMiey often have charge of originating the matter and modes of advertising, though the former is usually left to the Secretary or some person employed for the purpose. To the Committee on Invitation and Reception is en- COMMITTEES. 10 trusted the seleetion, reception and care of invited guests. Its members should be selected with regard to their na- tural courtesy, politeness, and ability to entertain. Tiie Committee on Supplies has in charge the matter of providing such articles as are usually needed to supply the wants of parties attending the exhibition, such as food for stock, straw for bedding, &c. The Committee on Fulice employs and has charge of the police force. Tlie Committee on Awards has the selection ot the vari- ous awarding committees. Sometimes they are required also to select the Superintendents of Departments. They should sit during the Pair, so as to till any vacancy that may arise in committees. The Committee on Rental Trivileges has charge of the letting and selling of the respective stands, booths and privileges which are usual upon the grounds. Other committees, such as Transportation, Music, &q.. are sometimes provided for. CHAPTEK IV. GKOUNDS AND BUILDINGS. Sec. so. Gromids.— It is presumed tliat most Societies have grounds; but, if one have not, when an exhibition is determined upon, it will become important to provide a suitable pUice for bolding it. It is not expected that any can be found which will have all the good qualities that can be enumerated, but care should be taken to combine as many of them as possible. The selection should be made with a view to natural convenience and attractive- ness. It should be hiuh enough to be dry; rolling enough to avoid standing water after a shower; with plenty of shade and where an abundance of w^ater can be obtained. Tiie value of shade and water cannot be over-estimated, as mothiug detracts more from the success ol a trip to a Fair (usually planned for a day ot recreation and pleasure) than to be compelled to stand in the unobstructed rays ot the hot sun all day, with no water to quench the thirst which the heat engenders. People so treated once never attend the second time. The site for the grounds, unless special facilities exist for reaching it, should be near enough to'the village where located to be easily accessible, 2 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 21 Tlie size ot the grounds will depend upon the extent of the exhibition. It should, however, be commodious, and enclosed by a tence sufficient to keep out intruders who seek to enter it clandestinely. This is usually from six to seven feet high, sometimes built tight; but the best me- thod, except when a tight fence may be required, is found to be the use ol riickets about four inches wide, leaving a space ot the same width between each. Such a fence will btand storms of wind better and be more durable than a light lenc€. Sec. 31. The King.— Without here discussing the ques- tion ol racing and its morai bearings, we say that it is usual to lay out a ring of some character, to exercise and speed horses upon. Its size depends upon the ground that can be devoted to it, though it is seldom less than one-third of a mile in circumference; as when smaller, horses cannot accomplish the short turns it must possess, at any high rate of speed. Usually it is either a mile or a one-half mile track. It is generally composed of two par- allel straight sides, called stretches, having their ends joined by perfect semi-circles, called the turns. The home stretch is the one where the finish is made. Upon it, lo- cated on the inside, 60 yards before entering the turn, is placed the Judges' stand, and below it are placed, at re- quired points, posts called distance posts, lor determining when horses are distanced. The turns should be gradedi like the track ot a railroad or circus, the outer portion the highest, so that a horse can extend himself at fulj speed as well around the turns as upon the straight sides. The width of tracks vary from 25 feet upwards, and usu- ally the first turn is much the widest. The line of mea- surement for a track is three feet from the inside or pole. A practical engineer with a transit can locate perfectly a track of any required dimensions over any ground, and establish good grades for it; but for those who cannot wel! ohtain an engineer, we give some rules for laying out some ol the simpler tracks. Sec. 32. Laying Out a Track.— First ascertain how long the grounds to be used vt^ill admit the sides of th<^ 22 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. track heing made. If a mile track is to be constructed, eiibtrac^ the sum of the lenj^tiis ot the sides in feet from 6.2S0. Ifa half mile, Irom 2.Gif); divide tlie remainder by 3.141G; subtract 6 from the quotient, and the remainder Avill be tlie width in feet which the sides m;iy be placed apart. Place a stake midway between the ends of the sides; take a wire with a loop at the end loose enou^^h to turn the stake, and measure upon it ono-hall of tlie dist- ance between the ends, and with it describe a semi-cirele, be.ijinninir at the end of one of the sides, puttinj; down a stake to mark the course every ten or fifteen feet. This line will be the inside of the track, and where the tence should be placed. The following are some ot the dimensions required for certain tracks: A mile track, with the sides 1320 feet long, will require them to be 841 feet apart, and contain 40 acies. A half-mile track with the parallel sides each 600 feet long will liave its sides 4r)2 feet 4% inches apart, and re- quire about 12 acres of ground. Halt mile tracks may also be constructed of the follow- ing dimensions; 1. Take a piece of ground 210 yards square; measure off a square of G".»8 feet; cut off the lour corners with a one. fourth circle of 90 leet radius. The stretches will be 600 leet each. Two of the sides may be lengthened without regard to the turns, and the other two diminished accord- ingly. 2. Take a piece of ground 400 yards long and 125 yards wide; measure off two straight sides, 800 feet long, aud make the ends with a radius of 1G2>< teet. This will make a track 25 leet wide. 3. Upon the same ground as the last, a wedge-shaped truck may be laid out, by making the circle at the large GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 23 end with a rndius of 225 feet and at tlie smaller end with one ot 100 feet, joining these with straight sides 800 leet long. Besides this, a small ring is sometimes thrown up for the iniri)ose of exhibiting slock upon, ana is found ver}' uselul. Sec. S3. Buildings.— We cannot here give details and I)latis for erecting buildings, and shall only attempt togivo the ditlerent classes that are used and a few general re- marks concerning them, leaving the details and specifica- tions to be taken care ol by the architects employed iu their c(»nsl ruction. Heretofore, societies iiave generally ** rected independent buildings or halls tor ea(;h of the de- partments represented at their Fair; as a Mechanics Hall, for manufactures and small machinery; a Floral Hall, tor textile tabrics, flowers, jjlants and fine arts, though each ot these i* sometimes separated; an Agricultural ana Horticultural Hall; and sometimes a Merchants* Hall, a Music Hall. tV:c. Of late, however, there is a tendency to confine these departments, except for mechanical inven- tions requiring power to move them, to one building, as- signing a portion of its space to each and it is toiind to heighten the appearance of the exhibition and give better salislaction to exhibitors in the display of their goods. Above all things, whetever buildings are built, let them be commodious, with good height between the floor and roof, and with good openings, so that visitors can readily pass in and out, and plenty of air and light can be ob- tained. They should also be tastily erected, so to orna- ment tiie grounds if possible. The boards for siding should be planed and painted, as without it when they become old they have a dismal appearance. Some so- cieties attempt whitwasliing old buildings; but it rubs off easily, becomes colored and looks so cheap that it is doubted whether anything is gained by it. Good build- ings will readily pay for themselves from the increased attendance they attract to the Fair. 24 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. For live stock accommodations are also provided. They consist of stalls, pens and sheds, covered so as to protect their occupants from sun and storms. They are built from rough boards, and whitewash here adds to their neatness and sweetness. For the more valuable classes of stock, where they are liable to become damaged from rain, the root should be shinj^led, as a common board one can seldom be made tight en«u.arrel on the roof of the building, with a small gas pipe Seadittg from il to the 8oi*»taiB. A cheap foi)otai» ©a» be GROUNDS AND BUILDIKG8. 25 made by putting a small nozzle on a gas pipe, and having an ordinary wooden bowl painted lor a basin, through the bottom Of which the pipe passes. Cut pai>ers answer v.ell for decorations. A fine ar- rangement for flowers and plants is to have them located between aisles, set m clusters or built in pyramids, with mosses and sods of earth between them. They may also be set to one side upon stair-like shelves to advantage. Care should be taken to have them sufficiently protected Irom vandals, whose fingers will ruinously pick and slip them, if they have an opportunity. White wall paper may be used for coverings of posts and wood work that it i» not desired to have exposed, and some patterns make de- oidedly beautiful backo;rouDds, &c. CHAPTER V. PRINTING AND ADVEUTISING. SEC. 35. The Premium List.— In order that it may be Known in wliat uiunner tiie exiiiUition is to be eonductec t and what competition and exhibits are desired, it is usual for the Secretary or some other person having tlie same in charge to make a catalogue of the rules and regulations pertaining to the exhibition, the olKcers of the Society, Superintendents ot Departments, and sometimes the Awarding Committees, and such other information relative to the exhibition as may be deemed important, and have it printed in pamphlet lorm for distribution. Sometimes it contains the Constitution of the Society and a list of its members. When cheapness is aimed at, the list is often printed in newspaper form, saving covers and binding. Sec. 3G. How to Cheapen Advertising.— To chenpen the expense of getting out this catalogue it is usual to ob- tain advertising to be inserteii in it, it being an attractive medium for business men, stock breeders, &c., to noticre their goods, and the profit on the amount that can be ob- tained IS often sufficient to pay the whole cost. It is usual to have either a page of premiums and a page of advertising opposite it, or have the pngcs divided into two columns, one for advertising and one for premiums' A more handsome and i)referable way is thougiit by some to print the advertisements upon colored paper separate jrom the premium pages, and insert tour or eight pages of tUem between each fold of the book. PRINTING AND ADVERTISING. 27 From these and otiier advertisements that can be ob- tained, witli the program of the Exhibition and other mat- ters of interest to exhibitors and visitors, a small paper or bulletin is often orinted and distributed gratuitously among those in attendance at the Fair. When it can be done, it is a good plan to have this issued daily, and by adding to it a list of the awards and doings of the previous dc y, it can be sold for one or two cents and made remun" erative. Sec. 37. Posters, Circulars, Etc.— To advertise the Exhibition large posters, calling attention to the date and announcing the most attractive features, are generally put up in conspicuous places. Smaller ones are used as cir- culars, and to take the place of the large ones in stores and biisiness places not having sulHcient room for their display. Small dodgers, making a special annauncement, are sometimes passed about, and are often used to ad- vantage among a crowd that has assembled upon some occasion. A strip from four to six inclies wide, announc. ing the date of the Exhibition, as "Jones County Fair, June 17-20," is often put up upon fences and buildings at the roadside to attract the eye of travelers. In all oui- door advertising it is needless to say that paste should be used to put up the bills, as otherwise they will go down in the first wind or shower. Sec. ""^. Cheap Advertising.— Uettmg too cheap ad- veitising is like ''saving at the spigot when there is a leai< at the bung." It is said that "the apparel oft proclaims the man," and this way of judging is often applied in other respects. A bedaubed and half-printed job, on poor paper^ is often taken as the indication of a worthless, half-way society, and is passed without regard. Wbile one made in good style, clean and neat, will be attractive and draw mans times more to the society than enough to pay the difterence in cost. To let people know what is going to be done, it is necessary to advertise, and to draw them to the Fair it must be well and judiciously done. Great care should be taken in this regard. CHAPTEU Va. INSTRUCTIONS IN PREPARING PREMIUM LIST. Sec. 39. General Remarks.— It luis already been said that the list of premiums is one of the most important thinsrs eonneeted with the Fair, and for that reason its repetition may be excused. It must be properly gotten up, and Jrom year to year must be so changed as to be liept in harmony with the rc'iuirements of the times. Sec. 40. Classification.— The items upon which prem- iums are oftered are usually classitied into Depariments, which are sub-divided into such Classes as they will ad- mit. The items of a kind are thus all brought together. At the head of the Department the special rules ai)pli- cable to it are placed, and so at the head of each Class. This is much preferable to placing them in the general rules, as thus they are readily found in conncctirm with the subject to which they apply. The time ot the examina^ tion in each Class is also placed at its head, though some- times they are all published on one sheet as a program. The Departments are numbered consecutively, first, second, third. &c., as may be desired; though sometimes the Departments are not numbered, the classes being leU( red or numbered consecutively throughout, or num- bered with reference to the books into which the items are to be entered. PREMIUM LIST. 29 Sec. 41. Numbering Premiums.— In order to facili- tate making entries ;see Sec. 60) a number should he given to each item of the premium list. These are called prem- ium numbers, and may run consecutively throughout each Class or each Department. The following will illustrate: Prem. Nos. 1. Stpllion, 4 years old and over. 2. Stallion, 3 years old. 3. Stallion, 2 years old, etc. The method of numbering ])y classes is preferable, as by H the needless practice of repeating the items of a class to form another, when both are the same, can be avoided- In such cases all that is necessary is to make the state- ment that its classification and premiums are the same as Class — , referring to the former o^ie. Sec. 42. Premium Oflerings.— It is usual to offer money as prizes, though diplomas and medals i.i some classes are quite common. Some Societies have found it profitable to ofler certain articles of silverware, &c., agri- cultural journals and like things upon certain classes. Upon most items two or more premiums are offered^ denominated first, second, &c. To specify these it is cus- tomary to needlessly take a line for each, they being set dow n, best so and so, second best, ditto, and so on. It can all be expressed, and space and printing saved, and a neater looking page made, as follows- 1st. 2d. 1. Stallion, 4 years old and over $10 00 ?o 00 Sec. 43. Sweepstakes Purses. — In L.ive Stock Depart, raents, in addition to the general classes, classes denom- inated Sweepstakos are made in w^hich animals of differ- ent breeds, or of different ages of the same breed, are allowed to compete against each other for the purpose of ascertaining their comparative merits. 30 PREMIUM LIST, Siec. 44. Departmenis. — TLe subjects embraced in & Fair may be classitied under tbe general divisions, Do- Bie»tie Animals, Industrial Arts, Fine Arts, and Agricul- tnral and Horticultwra] products. Tbese are general and are usuaOy divided into several more specific divisions, called JDepartaaeDts, though these general divisions may he called Departnaeuts and tbe otisers Classes. Sec. 45. DoHicslic Animals.— The departments of this divisioD are. Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Poultry and Pet Stock. Each will be described m turn. Sec. 46. Horses. — ^This DepartMent is variously classi- led, the only classes found comraon being Draft Horses, Koadsters, aad Horses lor tieneral Use, or as they are oficea called, Geueral Purpose Horses. To these are added TSsorouglibreds, Light Harness Animals, Carriage and Coach Horses, Speed Horses, and sncb other classes as may be prodyced in the country where the Fair is located. Jacks and MMes are Bsually pwt issto this Department. Id tbe geiaeral classes a premium is usiially offered upon ffiiares, geldings and stallions of each age to four years, and lor tho&e of four years asd older. Also, upon brood maies asd colts, and spans of mares and geldings, three y©ars ©Id aind lour years old, though often these show wiilaotJt 3reg:ard to ages. Sometsjaes in Draft Horses, mares aaid gelclaags are made to compete with each other. Car- riage Horses are restricted to single aniasals and teams, wsthout regara to age, aEd Coach Horses to stalJions and teasas. Ira sweepsta&es stallfoos are required to show a certain mumh^T of their colts oS a given age, to test their breeding •qjiialities. Freminnas are also ofiered tor displays oJ 3aorses and geldings, mares and matched teams of auy age or class. iSjEC. 41, Cattle. — ^This departmeut asisally contains a ©lass for Durlaara Ilerefords,, Jersey a or Alderoeys, PREMIUM LIST. 31 Moistens, Grades or Crosses, Fat Cattle, Millch Cows, Oxen, Sweepstakes, and such other breeds as are raised where the Fair is to be held. The usual divisions ot these classes is for bulls, three years old and over, two years old, yearlings and calves; females, tfte same, except that four year olds is added, and they are designated as heifers until three years old. In grades it is common to offer no premium on bulls, the idea being not to encourage breed- ing anything but pure bloods. Fat cattle is divided for steers or oxen and for cows or heifers: and for oxen premiums are offered upon each age to iour years old in- clusive, and often for those that are nearest matched or best broke. In Sweepstakes, bulls are required to show a certain number of their get of any or specified ages; and cows, a certain number of their calves of required ages, and prem- iums are offered upon Exhibitors' herds, consisting ot bull and four cows or heifers owned by exhibitor; Breeder's herds, consisting of bull and four cows or heifers bred and owned by exhibitors; displays of cattle and often pairs of calves, bull calves and heifer calves, and single bulls and cows of any age. Sec. 48. Sheep.— Here two general classes are com- mon, viz., Coarse or Long Wools and Fine Wools, the latter comprehending Merinos and the former the different Wolds and Downs. To these are added Grades, Fat Sheep and Sweepstakes. A better classification will be— Fine Wools or Merinos, Middle Wools, to include Downs, and Coarse Wools, to include Lincolns, Leicesters and Cots- wolds. Some prefer Merinos, Leicesters, Long Wools not Leicesters and and Downs. Where Grade Classes are made, it is usual to have at least two classes, Fine Wools and Coarse Wools. Each class usually contains premiums for bucks and pens of three ewes, two years old and over, one year old, and lambs. In Grades, bucks are omitted. Fat sheep 6'2 PREMIUM LIST. premiums are upon three fat slieep and three fat lambs, and Sweepstakes upon pens of ewes, and bucks to show lambs in each class, coarse, fine, or middle wool. Some- times purses are added for lambs. Sec. 49. Swine, — The usual classification is: Small Breeds— Berkshires, Yorkshires, Leicesters, buttblk, Essex and Short-Faced Lancashire; Large Breeds — Chester- AVhite, Poland-China, MaGee, Xomander, Byfield and Jersey Beds, and Sweepstakes. Other common ways are: l^arge Breeds, Berkshii'es and Small Breeds; Large Dark Breeds, Large White Breeds, Berkshires an'd Small Breeds not Berkshires; or, instead of the last two, Small Dark Breeds and Small White Breeds. The usual premiums are upon boars and sows, one year old and over, six months old and under six months old; brood sows with five or more pigs under six months old, and litter of pigs (five or more) under six months old. Sweepstakes include for each class a herd consisting of a boar and four sows over six months old, owned by ex- hibitor, boars and sows any age, and often pigs under six months. Sec. 50. Poultry and Pet Stock.— This department in- cludes chickens, ducks, geese, tuikeys and othei fowls; ferretts, rabl>its, squirrels, birds, pigeons, fish, etc. Sec. 51. Industrial Arts. — A difliculty arises in mak- ing a proper classification of this division, and it has been usual either not to name the departments at all or call them Mechanics' and Manufacturer's Products, and Tex- tile Fabrics and Domestic Manufactures. The difficulty with this classification arises in the use of the word ]Manufactures, a term which may be used in place of In- dustrial Arts, as it covers everything made by art, hand or machinery, with other words which it includes, to ex- press but a part of itself, and then making other depart- ments that come within its meaning as well, as does Me- clibnics' Productions, Textile Fabrics, &c. A strict classi- PREMIUM LIST. 06 lication, however, is not usually regarded as essential, all that IS sought being to so arrange and express such prem- iums that are offered that exhibitors may readily find them. The difficulty is greatly avoided by classifying with re- ference to the place or manner they are made, rather than their character when made, as Factory and Shop Produc- tions and Household Productions, Sec. 52. Factory and shop Productions.— These may be divided into classes for 31achinery and Imple- ments; Household Furniture, Implements and Utensils; \ ehicles, Cabinet Wares, Cooperage and Carpentry, Leather Work, Iron Work, Glass and Earthen Ware, Worked Metals, Brass Work, Musical Instruments, Merchants' Goods, Manutactured Preparations, Books and Paper, Millers' Productions, and many others. In- stead ot Machinery and Implements, or as their sub- divisions, classes may be had for Alachinery Moved by Steam power, Machines and Implements Moved by Horses, and Machines and Implements Moved by Hand; or En- gines, Siiop Machinery, Agricultural 3Iacliines and Imple- ments, and Household Implements and Utensils. A very good classitication for o'dinary societies is: Agricultural Machinery and Iraplenients, Household Implements and Utensils, and Machinery and Implements for general use, the latter comprehending vehicles, harness, boots a.nd shoes, and similar articles, whose use is not confined to either farm or household. The different classes of these may be set off by sub-heads. Sec. 53. Household Productions.— These are divided somewhat with reference to their nature, as into classes for Plain Xeedle Work. anrl Weaving; Ornamental Needle and Fancy Woik; Fancy Domestic Ornaments, and Culin- ary Pioducts. The first contains bed spreads, comforters, quilts, mats and rugs, knitting, weaving, etc.; the second'; applique work, bead work, cany as work, crocheting, braiding, eml)roidering, tatting, tucking, pufSng, patch work, etc.; the third, wax W'Ork, teather work, ru^ic 34 PKEMIUM LIST. work, hair work, and other articles of this class; the fourth, caunea Iruits, preserves, pickles, jellies, jams, catsup, bread, cake, etc. It is better to set out each of these in their proper class, having those of a kind grouped together and pointed out by a small sub-head, set in full- tace type, as they can thus be more readily distinguished and a repetition will often be avoided; thus: Applique Work: 1. Bracket Lambrequins. 2. Sofa Pillow, etc. Bead Work: 3. Bead Basket. 4. Toilet Cushion, etc. Embroideiy: 5. Chair Cushions. a. Foot Rest, etc. Sec. 54. Fine Arts. -It ifl not always easy to draw the line as to what should come in this department. Fine Arts usually represent ideas and Mechanical Arts pur- poses. The rule that such things as gratify the aestheti- cal sense are Fine Arts, and such as have a practical use are Mechanical Arts, is a little more moderate, but still difficult to apply. Paintings, engraving, sculpture and architecture are acknowledged Fine Arts, but there can be no objection to classing with them many other works that are closely allied to them, such as decorated wares, etc. Sec. 55. Agricultural and Horticultural Products. — These are divided into classes lor Grain, Grasses, Vege- tables, Fruits and Flowers and Plants, the latter being often divided for professionals and amateurs. Field Crops also come under this head. Sec. 56. Discretionary Department.— A department is often added for articles which are not enumerated in the list, called Discretionary, as the payment of premiums PREMIUM LIST. 3D opon such of these articles as are recommended as being worthy by the Awarding Committees is usually at the option of the Society and the amount fixed by the Board, with regard to the financial success of the Fair. Such a department is otten a source of great perplexity to a So- ciety, as often persons will tafee advantage of it by chang- ing the name of some article they may have, and thus get it entered in the department where they will be sure of a premium, in order to avoid competition in the class where it properly belongs. When such a department is provided committees should be thoroughly instructed to watch and, if possible, detect such frauds. CHAPTER Ylll. ATTRACTIONS. Sec. 57. Success of Jt'airs. — To make a Fair a success two things are necessary— an exhiljition and an attend- ance. The two, however, are closely allied, so that when the former is secured the latter is almost certainly as- sured. A Fair for but one day cannot be made protitable, and as people can ordinarily attend and go through the exhibits in a day or less, and not care to return to see them again the next, it is necessary to devise something to increase the attractions and excite such an interest that people will wani to attend every day while it lasts — as it is usually expressed, "something that will draw." Various measures have been tried for the purpose. Places for resting comfortably, with music from a good band to enliven tne occasion, add to its pleasure, and the latter is especially inviting to some people. A list of attractions will be lound in the ioliowing: Sec. 58. Trials of Speed.— One of the most extensive as well as most protitable inventions to attract visitors to a Fair is contests, exhibiting ihe speed of horses, both running, trotting and pacing. Two or three races in which the horses are classed according to certain rates ot speed are given each day. Often, to court breeders, races between certain stallions in which larmers and 4 ATTRACTIONS. 3i f.meiers are iiUerested, and colt races of certain get, are made up. Sometimes races between horses of local celebrity stir up considerable enthusiasm. Double team races are also interesting. Sec. 59. Other Equestrian Contests.— Many doubt the Dropriety as vvell as the morality of speed contests at Fairs, and in many instances attempts have been made to avoid giving speed the preference over other desirable traits in a horse, and to lead to greater care and effort to improve some ot the other '4U.alities of this noble animal. To take the place of racing they have invented contests between Draft Horses. Fast Walking Horses, Well Broken Horses, Graceful and Easy Riding Horses, etc. Besides these there may l)e mentioned what is known as a GrentJeman's lioad-horse Race and Mule Races, both of which are usually interesting and exciting. The former is a race between horses which have never t»eeu driven iu a race and which are untrained, driven by their owners three miles, the tii-st being walked, the second under the saddle and the third trotted to a road wagon or buggy, the owners being required to change harness without assistance, except to hold the horse. Two kinds of Mule Races, slow and fast, have been adopted. In the former the riders are changed, so that no person rides his own animal, and the purse is given to the lust one in. The exploits of riders to overcome tne well- known aversion a mule has to being ridden fast, often make these races a very comical spectacle. Horseback Riding, by Gents and Ladies, and Lady Driv- ing are amusements that art' attractive and pleasing to a« audience- Riding contests between girls under 16 and boys of like ages are also attractive. In these contests the premium should be awarded to the best and most graceful rider. Sec. 00. Agricultural Contests.— There is a class of contests tending to stimulate honest rivalry among farm laborers that should be encouraged, and premiums for 34 ATTRACTIONS. these come within the legitimate purposes o! Fairs. How to excel in grooming a leorse, liarnessing a teajn; in plowing and mowing: in cradling, binding, shocking and stacking grain; in chopping, sawing and splitting wood; iu busking corn, building fence, laying tile, etc.. are surely important accomplishments to this class of peo- ple, and the well known conceit that many of them have ought to make such contests well patronized. Plowing Matches, Husking and Wheat Binding contests have been tried by many Societies with good success. Sec. ()1. Athletic Contests and Sports.— Occasions are often given for young men to display their strength, activity and skill in athletic sports and contests. Frizes are often given for walking, running, jumping, wresting, tossing the caber, sledge throwing, putting the shot, tug of war, etc. Contests between Hook and Ladder Com- panies, Fire Companies, Hose Companies, etc., often draw large crowds. The rules governing these may be found in any work devoted to such sports. Sec. 02. JUiscellaneous Attractions.— At some Fairs a premium is oti'ered for young ladies who can get up the best meal of victuals in the shortest time. We suggest that a cook who can get up a wholesome breakfast, promptly, on time every morning, deserves the most hand, some of medals, and that the art ought to be encouraged. Butter making and other similar contests might also be suggested. Band contests have proven attractive and profitable, as they save the employment of music on ihe day on which they take place. Baby shows, with premiums for the most handsome, most intelligent, the leanest and (attest baby, and prem- iums for the oldest percons in attendance are often given. Sometimes a Pioneer Department, where premiums are oflfered for ancient, curious and treasured ai tides of skill and handicraft, ancient household furniture, kitchen utensils, implements of husbandry or warfare, foreign and domestic curiosities, etc., and an Educational De- partment where premiums are oflered for the most ap- 1 ATTRBCTIONS, 3^ proved courses of study, plans ot insfruction. examina- tion papers of pupils, essays on different topics, tlrawin«:, penmanship, and work in other branches; school furni- ture aiid apparatus, r>ooks, maps, globes, charts, etc., are considered attractions and are added. Special premiums are sometimes offered lor essays upon practical suojects connected with farmino;, as man- ai^mg farms, planting certain crops, road making, etc. WJiere rats and other pests are namero«s, to encourage their extermination, a premium is often given to the dis- trict that shall ^ill the greatest number within a certain lime: the tails ot the rats or some similar part ot other animals being required to ?>e put up in bundles for ex- hibition and tor evidence for making tne award. Th»r officers of a Society will often be able to add other attrac- tions which the UmQ and circumstances of their Fair will suggest. CHArTEK IX. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. Sec. 63. AdoptioB of Plans,— Upon the management of a Fair its success more or less depends. To secnre prompt and liarmonious action, it is essential that some time previous to us commencement those having its man- agement sbowk! lay out plans for conducting it, and as it approaches take Pleasures to have them carried '^nt, by selecting the necessary officers and agenf^?, and instruct- ing tbeni as to bovi' they should act. So far as these plans affect exhibitors, tbev should be printed as rules and TogulatJons in the pjemium list for their enlightenment. In this chapter we shall discuss such plans as pertain to the private atfairs of tbe Society, leaving those of a gen- eral or public nature tor tlie next chapter, though some of tlie latter are treated incidentally toereisj. GENEKAL MANAGEMENT, SrT Sec. 64. Officers and Commitlees.— Some Societies hiive a General Superintenilent, to whom is assigned the iHanag:ement of the Fair, but more often iJie President, assisted i>y the Vice President, has its supervision in- trusted to him. To avoid confusion and secure general harmony and good order, each employe should be in- structed precisely as to what labor he is to perform. Each oflicer should be supplied with a badges, so that he may be readily identified. In order to secure proper management, each department is put in charge of one or more persons called Superin- tenrtents or Managers. Sometimes these i)Osition8 are parcelled out among the members of the Board of Direc- tors, who are designated as Attending Members. They should be men of good judgment and who will treat ex- hibitors honestly, impartially and courieously, as the best interests of the Society always require. To decide upon the relative meriis of the dirterent exhibits is usually lelt to a comiuittee of three persons, called the A>Yarding Committee. Sec. 65. Selection of Superintendents and Com- mittees. — In well regulated Societies, in order to secure competent, impartial and disinterested persons, the selec- tion of Awarding Committees and Superintendents is left to the Committee on Awards (Sec. 29), which makes arrangements to have the members on hand when they are to be needed. The Superintendents are sometimes called upon to suggest names of persons for the com- mittees in their departments, and oiten have the choosing of them. Some Societies wait and select them during the Fair from those in attendance; but this is an inferior method, as it is sometimes impossible at such times to obtain satisfactory committees. Care should be exer- cised to obtain persons having qualitications which tit them to act in the class where they are assigned. Filling of vacancies in committees is usually left to the Superin- tendent or Committee on Awards, which is in session upon the grounds during the Fair foi the purpose. Com- as GENERAL MANAGEMENT. uiittees often receive pay tor their time, and jj^enerally are supulied with their dinner by the Society, as u compli- ment for their hibor. Sec. 66. Admission of the Pnblic— One of the first things to be developed will be the method ot admitting the public to the Exhibition. It is usually done with tickets, each ]>arty entering being required to provide liimselt with one before so doing. They are generally of two kinds, one for a single admission, which is taken up as the party enters, and the other a season ticket, which cannot be taken up, as the holder is allowed to pass out and in upon it. The Secretary usually sells the exhibitor's and season tickets, though otten it is done by the Treasurer. Parties are employed for the purpose of selling tickets at tne ^ates, grand stand and other places requiring it. Enough tickets should l)e provided belore the Fair to last through it, and be put up in packages of one hundred each. Some person should be appointed to deliver tickets to the sellers each day and required to keep an account ol them. Tick- ets numbered consecutively, like railroad tickets, are be- coming very common, as they are very valuable in ascer- taining at any time just bow many have been sold. Each ticket agent should act independently of the others and be required to account in the return of tickets and monev for all the tickets that have been delivered to bim. The mombprsbip and coupon tickets may be numbered and de- livered likewise. At the gates parties are employed to take tickets and provided with large tin boxes in which to deposit them. They should be locked securely, having o.ily an opening to put the tickets into them, so that they may uot be opened until the close of the Eair, when the tickets should be counted, with a view of comparing their number with the number reported as heing sold. Some- times turnstiles are used, provided with registering ma- chines, so that no mistake can be made or Jra?id perpe- trated on the Society. Each niijht, when the gates close, tbe day's receipts, shwild be t^arnetl ?>ver to tiie proper GENERAL MANAGEMENT. _3^ officer and an account made of the same. Wlien the So- ciety does not provide a place for depositing ticket boxes, etc., (and it may be well in any case) it is usual to leave them in the custody of the parties having them until the close of the Fair. The gates should be opened as early in the morning as parties will want to begin to pass out and in. The first thing usually necessary to be done is to have the police traverse the grounds and ascertain who among those present ai-e entitled to remain. Those not having tickets should be sent to the office to procure them, and tick- ets where found shoiib] be taken up and returned to the proper officers. Police should not be allowed to take money from parties. Skc. 67. Ticket Fiaiids. — How to construct and manipulate tickets so to avoid beinif defrauded by having them used by different persons, or too often by the same person, has been a matter of considerable study to the managers of different Societies. Wiih single tickets that are taken up at the gate no such trouble exists; but when a party is allowed to retain his ticket it is readily accomplished, by passing the ticket through the fence, or sending it out by a messenger to some friend, who takes it and enters upon it, the gate-keeper in a rush not always being able to observe the deception. To avoid this, some Societies require the gate-keeper to punch such tickets whenever they are used, it being an object of suspicion if the holes in one become numerous. Some limit the number of admissions to two eacli day, issuing a ticket with cou- pons, one of which is torn off upon each admission; or what is known as a-i3ommutation ticket, having a number to be punched out upon each admission, A plan regarded better than either is to issue a ticket havinic a coupon for each day to be torn oft when a person first enters; when he passes out let him show his ticket and get a check; then when he returns require him to show the ticket again and take up the check. As the party who passes his ticket out secretly gets no cheek, no other per- 40 GENERAL MANAGEMENT, son can enter in upon it. When a ticleen once recorded, instead of rewriting it for every differ- ent entry or class of entries he may make, the one will suffice for all, and when the description of anything has been written in entering it once, it need not again be written for all the entries that may be made of the same thing, whether by the same person or different persons. And even more, the method being such that the printed matter in the premium list may be used and the books GENERAL MANAGEME>JT. 47 prepared at leisure of the Stereiary before the Fair, so that the names of the articles need not he written at all, the arrangement being so simple and systematic that the whole can be put into a book containing but few leaves, and any desired part or premium turned to at a glance. As the usnal ratio of the number of entries made to the number of exhibitors is about ten to one — that is, on the average each makes ten entries, and if upon the whole there should >)e live entries for each piemium ottered it Avill be seen readily that such a method will save nine- tenths of the labor otherwise required in writing names and four-tifths of that required In writing the description of the entries. Descriptive circulars will be sent upon ap- lication. See advertisement on last page ol cover. Sec. 72. Non-cnumierated Articles. — A department is usually made lor such articles (see Sec. 50), and it is usiuil to enter them all together in one book. The diffi- culty in tnis lies in their examination, as special commit- tees for the purpose must be chosen and the members changed often on account of the ditterent classes ot art- icles to be judged, often causing considerable trouble and expense. By our plan we avoid this by leaving lines after each class for writing the names of such articles as are entered of the same charscter, so that they will all appear together and be acted upon by the regular committee. Sec. 73. Entry Tags.— For each entry a tag is issued and upon it usually there is written a description of the thing to which it is to be attached, the number of the entry corresponding to the number in the entry book, and the department and class in Avhich it is entered. Another quite simple plan is only to place upon the card the de- partment and class where it belongs, leaving the exhibitor to attach it properly. It has the oltjections, however, (ex- cept in live stock and other, departments where tha ait- icles of a kind can all be grouped together so as to be readily discerned) that it will often be difficult to find what is wanted when the awards are to be made, and also that the names of exhibitors will be required by the com- 48 GENERAL MANAGEMENT. mittee. A Detter plan is to place upon the entry tag the entrj^ number, the department, class and the premium number as tound in the list (see Sec. 41', usiui? it for a de- scription often containing several words. Indeed, all that is necessary to use is the entry number, the committee judi^ing from the looks of the thing whether it is being- ex- amined under the proper class, as in the second method above, and in such departments as the exhibitor is re- «4Uired to be by to show his things one tag will do for all. It is usually better, however, to add the department and class. To avoid getting property mixed a method of having an entry tag divided into parts, perlorated between them so that the lower part may be torn off, making a detachable check, and requiring it to be presented (it being a dupli- cate of the other part) to the Superintendent of the De- partment at the close of the Fair in order to obtain pro- perty, is in use at some of the largest Fairs. Two tags are sometimes used tor the purpose, one to be attached to the exhibit and the other retained to identify the property. Sec. 74. Making Entries. — In this a division of labor will be found very profitable. Let a definite portion of the work be assigned to each employe, one to keep the entry books, one to make the tags, and so on. Have the party who keeps the books and the one who makes the tags sit close enough together to communicate readily, and as the exhibitor announces his entry, the one record it and an- nounce its number and the other place them on the tag. Where the entries are made upon blanks, they should be first passed to the bookkeeper and the number of each noted and then passed to the tag-maker. The work is thus systematized. Each person soon becomes familiar with his work, and mistakes are less liable to occur than otherwise. Sec. To. Committee Books. — In order to place before the committees the information as to what entries have been made, and for them to report the results of their ac- GENERAL MANAGEMENT, 49 tion, it is usuiil to preijare for tliem a small hook, cotitaiii- jjig a list of entries, with proper space for their report. Several methods are in use, depending upon the method of i-ecording- the entries. The author has visited one or two Societies where the Secretary gave the committees the book in blank, expecting them to grope ai)0ut and tiiul wnat has been entered, examine them and report, but it is not thought that tiuit practice is very extensive. It is usual to give with each entry its number, so that the cou.- mittees may know what numbeis to look for upon the tags, and when all tlie entries have been found. To collect these when the entries have been made and set down in order as parties have come in, requires considerable labor, but the convenience arising to the committee in having them all together, and the li;ibility to omit entrif s that is thus avoided will outweigh it. Sometimes the namc> of the exhibitor is given also: but it is not necessary and It IS generally thought to be wroui^, as committees will act more impartially without them. When separate entry books are used, and the entries classilied wheu made, as described in Sec. — , the entry books are oer of the Society (Sec. 1} ©r to pay an entry fee. When the membersfflip is obtained or the iee once paid the person is ailoYfed to make as mtsny entries as hp- may choose, ex- eepi for special premsnms, without extra chaj-ge, ihowgh it is -wa-ani to limit Mm to sMch lyings as belong to himself ^r some immediate memWr of his family. Members and persoTJS payisnj? tSae re^qxjlrcd fee are usisaMy admitted to* ^lue exlhJ?>iti(OB, d^arisug'- the Fair, withost fwrsber charge, sMd often t&eir help are inc-Iiided, Tbo best methoals t© c®iiaiMe tlae at^missioM t& a single person and use the tacJvet -described m Sec, €S, J^'or helpers see Sec. 67. Some S4>©3eties give ©schifetorsi tlae privilege oil tafeingin their wBves wittooisai. extra i»3Barge, Some isaclixde their child rera iffiuder a ©ertasro sjg-©, aia^fi ©ther® ssdmst a whole fasnilj "witli©i0ii. resrsrii to Sfee ®nimljser©r age of its meml>er3. Ssi«Iij RULES AND REGULATIONS. 55 ■A wholesale admittance is not only a decided abuse, but is dangerous to a Society and usually the means ofextensive {rauds being practiced upon it. it may swell an attend, ance, but it will deplete the treasury. Families are un- usually large at such times, and it is a known fact that men otherwise regarded as honest will often in such cases mingle the memners of other faniiliei* with their own, or if their wife happens to be away, or has already been ad- mitted, so that the opportunity occurs, they will take their neighbor's wife and palm her off as their own. It is like riding on the railway train — 'lo one hesitates to beat the conductor. To secure uniformity, some Societies issue a ticket to the exhibitor and in addition give him a certain number of (generally four) admission tickets. But the object is illy secured by this method, as the number is often in excess of what are wanted, and they are sold, so that individuals derive the benefit instead of the Society. Some Societies as an inducement charge exhibitors no entry lee, but require ol those desiring to see the exhibition the same admission as other visitors at the gates. The matter of lurnishing them tickets, spoken of in the next section, by the methods now in use, is so much involved that this practice is becoming quite customary, and it works well, though perhaps it may be improved by re- '[Uiring exhibitors of live stock and such others as remain upon the grounds at night to purchase season tickets. Some Societies charge for admissions and require an entry fee of a certain sum or a certain per cent, of the purse or first premium of the purse to be paid. An entry fee of ten per cent, of the purse is common in Speed Classes. In Sweepstakes It is usual to charge an extra fee, and often to avoid being obliged tu give the premium to some formidable animal without competition and at a small expense to this owner, it is required that in such classes there shall be a certain number of entries in each purse. 56 RULES AND KEGULATIO:S'y. Sec. 84. Admissioa Fees.— The practices in r<-^';!!'U lo iidiDissioMs are as various as there are cliflercul So- cieties. Ordhijiry visitors are iisuaiiy charged by the dny orsmj>-]e jHiinlsslop. Sometimes season tickets aie soul lo parties desirij-ig \bem. Sometimes parties are allov.ed to drive iipoji the grojinds free of charge, and often ndiSiis- sioft fees are charired for vehicles — so much forasn^cle animal and so much for a double team, the latter generaily being about double the former. Seats in the grand sland are usually exlsa. A license lee is often charged to liackroen lor carrying passengers, especially when they are allovvcd to drive npon the grounds, and the matter n:;ade qiiite a source of profit, TVhen the first dav is devoted to arranging exhibits, no admission fee is charged for that day. Sec. 85. Making Entries.— Some Societies rcq-uire en- tries to be made in writing and furnish t)Ianks for the piii'- pose, with appropriate spaces for giving a description of the entry, the department and class, where it is to be en- tered, and the name and address of the exhibitor. This method will be toiind valuable in searching owt the re- sponsibility for mistakes that occur in entries, siicb as inalnng them m the wrong class and tiie Jike, It is usual to set some time upon \yh3ch the entries open and close, and it will be found a great lavor to have the time lor closing fixed as early as possible, so as to give the Secre- tary ample opportunity to jjrepare the coramittee books before the examinations are to begin. In Great Britain and some places in New York a plan has been adopted of having the entries closed, in some in- stances as early as thirty days before the opening of the Fair, and publishing a catalog of the same, witn the post- office address of the exhibitor. When the esbibition opens these catalogs are placed on sale, and their cost often more than paid by the receipts. Tisitors with cata- log in hand, where the exhibits are yarious, can thus KULES AKD llEGULATIONS. 57 ;n iko i\ mare iinerii,iOP,t and satisfactory exainination ot Ihem. It is usual to (ievote the tirst day to making en- tiies and arranging exhibits, Some Societies extend the lime until noon the second day, but this is a mistake, as it will be Jound uiuc.h more satisfactory to close them en the eve of the first day, and begin tlie examination })rcni};t!y on the second day. Skc. 86. I'^ntry Tags.— It is usual to provide that the entry tags must be securely attached to the exhibit or '.sept so that thev may be shown to tlie committee iipcn the examination. Sec. 87. Changing Enlries.— in order to do away the contemptible practice some exhibitoj's hare of making tlieir entries, and after they lind what opposition they will have to encounter, seeking, upon some pretext, to get them changed into a class where it will be less formid- able; no change ol entry should be allowed after it has been once made, unless to correct errors, and tiien not unless the .error is decidedly apparent. Some Societies meet the difficulty by charging a fee for changing entries. In order to scrutinize the ob- ject one may have in wishing to (tbange an entry, and that it may not be overlooked after the change is made, it is olten provided that no change of entry shall be made with- out the consent ol the superintendents, both in charge of the department where the entry has been made and where it IS to be changed to. When an error is discovered, if the committee books have been made np, the change should be carried into the proper one at once, so that it w ill not be missed upon examination. Sec. 8S. secrecy of Entries. It is usual to provide that in no case will the owner's name be given or any per- son be allowed to see the entries until after the awards have been made. The reason for this is obvious. Sec. 89, Exiiifeits. Proper space and accommodations are provided by the Societies for exhibitors. Sometimes dissatisfaction grows out of locations, especially of stalls, 58 RULES AND RECJULATIONS. but tbis is difficult to avoid. Some charge for space and fix tlie price according to location. Others make no as- signment until after the entries are opened, and then hav- ing the stalls numbered, assign them consecutively in the order in which they are received. This often secures promptness in making entries, and the assignment can be then made intelligently. Besides it has the advantages of depriving parties ot choosing more stalls than they need, it turning out, when the exhibition opens, that the Society has space to spare, for the supposed want of which other parties have been turned away. It is always provided that exhibits shall be upon ihe grounds by a certain time (usually before the Fair opens for visitors), and shall not be removed before its close without the consent of the Su- perintendent of the department vi-here it belongs, or some oiher specified officer. This, like ether similar rules, is difficult to enforce; all that can usually be done being to at- tach as a penalty the forfeiture ot any premiums that have been awarded to the exhibitor. The enforcement ot ihe rule, however, is highly important, as otherwise the at- tractiveness of the Fair might be greatly lessened near its close. It is usual to provide that no obnoxious or reoul- sive articles will be received upon the grounds, and if en- tered without being known will be removed at once. Sec. SO. Stabling and Forage. It is usual to furnish exhibitors of live stock with stabling and hay and straw, during their stay upon the grounds, tiee of charge, and provide grain upon the grounds to i)e sold at cost. Some- times a ehaage is made for stalls and pens, and quite often lor box-stalls. Exhibitors are required to attend to the care and keeping of . their property. To protect them- selves from imposition by those who enter animals lor the sake of getting them fed during the Fair, the Society gen- erally provides that for all animals entered tor competitio.i and not exhibited, a charge (generally so much per day), will be made for stalls and keeping. Sec. 90. Superintendents. ISotice is generally given that Superintendents of departments will be in attend- KUL'ES AND REGULATIONS. 50 ance at a certain time (one or more days betore the Fair), to receive property to be placed upon exhibition. It i^* made their duty to receive all property entered tor exhi- bition; see thai it is placed and arranged in a suitable and attractive manner, and that the tags are properly and se- curely attached. They are given the entire charge of the property upon exhibition in their respective departments, and required to see that the same is properly protected and cared for. They are usually required to be present and taKe charge ot the exrrainations, direct the commit- tees, and assist them in their labors. They should be fa- miliar with the Society rules so as i& dispose of promptly any questions that may arise. bEC. 01. Awarding Corarailtees. These committees are usually defined and the manner of their selection giV' en, so that exnibitors may feel that they will be fairly and impartially dealt with. The members are urjjed to at- tend ])romptly at the time they are wanted, and it is olten provided that if tbey do not appear their places will be tilled. Their names ai-e sometimes printed in the list, but for aitparent reasons are moie often Ivept secret from exhi- bitors. It ifc usual to provide that no Superintendent or percon related to any competitor will be allowed to act as a niember of an Awarding Committee, Sec. 02. £xani]nati(on and Awards. It is usual to fix some lime when the examination in each class will be- gin. This is announced by a program of the exercises I>rinted in some part of the catalog or at the bead of the class. With the examination of live stock it is quite Sm- possil>le to be just on time, and hence the Marshal is sesit around where the animals wanted are statiohed, to an- nounce the classes publicly as each is ready, so that those jnterested may bear and attend. Some Societies give no- tice by displaying flags from the Judge's stand; differeal colors being bad for different classes. Parties are thus given a certain number of minutes to appear. The exam- iuations should f>egin as early as possible so as to aToid iatei-fereuce by the crowd of spectators. In ^ew York is 63 RULES A>fD REGULATIONS. is eiistoni;\ry to awurd prizes on the first iay, and in Groat Jiritaiu before tlie puUac is admitted to the grounds. The visitors thus have the benetits ot the judj^niicnt of the com- niitteo in making their comparisons. When the time arrives the committee books should be delivered to the Superiiitf ndent or one of the members, who should be tlioroughly instructed how to keep it, anerinteiuient and have another person added to the committee. Then contine the awnrd to one ot the exinibits receiving ballots from the original committee and ballot again. It is important to avoid restraint, that the committee be by themselves as much as possible during their deliberations, and hence it is customary to provide that no person will be allowed in. the arena where live stock is being exhibited while awards are being made. When an agreement ic reached, in order to record it, the Superintendent or other party having the book in charge should be notified. This he may do by placing 1 or 2 or other figure to denote whicli of the premi- ums have been given opposite the articles to which they are awarded. In some Societies committees are required to give reasons for their awards. RULES AND' REGULATIONS. 61 iii the committee books used in the auttior's plan of making entries, a column is provided to mark each premi- um ill, and it is designated by placing in the prooer col- umn the number of the exhit)itor obtaining the premium as found upon the entry tag. These books serve Uw any plan ot making entries, and are provided with ample space i\)V any remarks which the committee may desire to make. When any question arises it should be re'fen-ed to the Su- perinfendent, who, it Ue cannot explain it, should obtain the desired inlormation and instruct the committee before they are allowed to proceed. Should any error be found it should also lie reported, so that it can' be corrected in time to avoid trouble if possible. If any entry is not iound it should also be noted. It is usual tit provide that no award will be made to any animal or article which is not decidedly meritorious, and when only one entry has been made for a premium it will be awarded first or second, as it may deserve; also that in displays the quality of the exhibit will take precedence over quantity. When discretionery premiums are given the committee should be instructed to recommend only such as are worthy of a premium. Committees are also instructed to require proof upon any disputed point arising before tnem, such as ownership, age of animals, and the like. When the awards are finished the committee should sign their names to the list, so that they may be kept for information that may be desired relative to any award. Sec. 93. False Entries, Interference with Commit- tees, Etc. For self.protection and that the committee may be unmolested, it is usual to provide that if any false entry is made, or any disrespect is shown to anv award or the Awarding Committee by any exhibitor or his agent, he shall forfeit all the awards made to him, and the Super- intendent shall give notice ot the same in his report. Also that no person will be allowed to interlere with the com- ralttee during their adjudications, and any person who in 62 KULES A:ND KEGULATIOXS. anywise attempts to influence a comniiltee wrongftjily will be excluded from competition at all exhibitions of the b(j- ciety, and the payment nf all premiums due such person will be withheld. Sec. 94. Protests, Appeals, Etc. A method must be provided lor determining peals which is in session during the Fair to settle questions that arise. Sec. 9"». Fremiwra Cards. Cards are usually issued to be attached to such things as receive premium^. The fol- lowing colors are usually chosen to aesignate the diilerent premiums: First premium, red; second premium, blue; third premium, various colors. "Ribbons of like colors are often used for live stock. A card entitled, "-commended,^' is also prepared to be attached to such non-enumerated arii- cles as are recommendtd by the committees. To guard against mistakes, premium cards are often prepared, so that the Superintendent or other person in charge can en- ter upon them the department, class, and entry to which the award is made and sign the same. Parties are then required topresent the card to obtain their premium mon- ey. When the card is presented, if it agrees with the com-r mittee's report no mistake exists; otherwise the cards go only to point out where awards have been made, and are of no value after the Fair except as Jieepsakes. In such cases the committee's report is relied upon to determine to whom the premium should be paid. Sec. 98. Paying Freminins. la order to allow the Secretary to make out a list of the awards and enable the RULES AND REGULATIONS. 63 Ijoarcl to meet and dispose of 3ny questions that may arise relative to them, it is usual to provide that the premiums will not be paid until some time after the Fair, it is quite usual, however, to pay speed premiums as soon as they are won, and some Societies begin paying the awaids as soon as they are made. In order that the business of the Society may be closed up in a proper time, it is usual to prescril>e some date when the payment of awards' will cease, and that all premiums not drawn by that time shaU be forfeited and revert to the Society. It is customary to provide that the premiums awarded will be paid in full except in cases of bad weather (poor attendance sometimes added', the receipts should be in- adequate, when they will he paid pro rata. Sometimes it IS added that the imount paid will- in no case be less than a certain per cent, of the amount offered. It is a good plan to have the time when premiums will be paid printed upon tJie cards, and that the carils must be presented be- fore the money can be drau'n if such be the case. Societies for their own protection generally reserve the right of withdrawing any premium or withholding its pay- ment in case the award has l^een obtained by fraud or other improper means, and tor such causes as they may uiay deem just. -2. SPECIAL RULES. The special rules pertaining to a Fair, although they may be witii the others are, as has already been mentioned, more properly given in connection with the particular class to which they belong. The most general of tliem will be found m the following : Sf.c. 97. Domestic Animals. Under this head rules covering the tollowing should be placed. Xo award wilf be made to any breeding animal that may be barren, or havino any unsoundness, except that such unsoundness in breed^lg animals will only be regulated as is considered transmissible. Some require all breeding animals to have been bred within two years, and all unsound animals are often excluded. 64 KULES AND REGULATIONS. In blooded classes, p«rity of blood, symmetrT, size, early maturity, and .general characteristics of the several breeds ofanimais will be considered and a proper allowance made forage, co^idition, and other circumstances. Committees are especially required not to encourage overfed animals. In all classes for tborotighbreds, exbibitorsmnst provide themselves with antbentie pedigrees to settle any ques- tion of breeding that may arise. Some Societies require exhibitors to deliver a pedigjee to tbe Secretary when the entries are made, and some require duplicates, so as to have one for iiUng and the other for tbe committee. No premium will be awarded when tbe animal has been fatted for the butcher, tbe objects being to compare merits lor breeding purposes. Sec. 98. Horses, In connection with these topics we have the following: A horse^s age will be reckoned from the 1st day uf January of the year in which he was foaled. Horses entered single must be shown single and in har- ness, except stallions and animals three years old and younger. Both animals in a team must be owned by the exhibitor; identity of color not required; when animals or teams oi different ages show together for ihe same premium, it is usual to provide that their relative age will be considered. The rules by which horses are restricted from showing in more than one class or otherwise should be given in this connection. Under the classes named the following rules should be placed. EOADSTKR&— Should hare a size, fine form, extra style , and action and marts of endurance. General Pukpose Horses — Should have good action, walk, size and style, and be useful lor heavy draft pur- poses. KULES ANa REGULATIONS. 65 Draft Horses— Should have extra mnsciilar develop- ment, uood size and style, a good walk, and be useful for heavy draft purposes. Carriage ITokses— Should be good size and in leams, be well matched in size, color, style, temper and action. Sometimes the animals comprising a team are allowed to be of a difierent sex. Coach Horses — Should be tall, rangey, and well formed, and possess good style and action. In Speed Classes— The amount of the entry, fee, the nuini)er of entries and starters required, tne hour at which the horses will be called, the manner the racing will be cond'icted, as according to the rules and regulations of the National Trotting Association, and other essentials should be given. Sec. 09. Cattle. Here the following rules may be given: For Grades— No thoroughbreds can compete as grades. Fat Cattle — Are variously judged, and no general rule can be given. Some adopt as a standard that all other things l)eing equal those cattle are best which have the greatest weight in the smallest superlices. Animals are olten required to be weighed upon the grounds, and exhi- ](itors required to furnish a statement oi the cost and manner of their feeding. For Milch Cows— Statements are required containing the age and breed of the cow, the time of her calving, and the quantity ot milk in weight and pounds of butter made during ten days between certain dates previous to the Fair attested by affidavit. This statement is required to be returned with the report of the committee, and no pre- mium awarded without it. Sometimes it is only required that the cow be milked in the presence ot the committee. For Oxen— They are required to be shown in the yoke and well broken and handy, 66 RUI.KS AND REGULATIOXS. For SWEKP3TAKKS— Sometimes it is provided that ani- mals exhibited in either the exhibitor's or breeder's herd cannot be shown in the othei'. Sec. 100. sheep. All sheep of sufficient age, shorn the past season, nuist nave been ch)sel\' clipped, not earlier than April. Exhibitors are required to turnish the com- mittee a ceititicate ol the lime and njanner of shearing, and also a certitlcate showing the age ot lambs. Some- times rams two years old and over are judged ij\' their get. of which at least two ofeach sex are required on exhibi- tion. Sometimes a rule is ad()i)ted refjuiring (jnality and quantity of wool, and perfection orr.Min aud size to be es- pecially considered. Skc. 101. I'oullry. VrUen premiums are offered upon •■ Fowls and Chicles," the terms; areusuallv defined ''Fowl,"' being a bii'd hatched prior to the year of the exliibitioo, and •'Chick',"' one during the same year. Often such a nicety is not desirable, but when exactness is required the judses are to be governed bv tise American Standard of Ex- cellence, a iirst premium bird beflng required to score a (certain number of points, eiglity-tive or ninety, a second a certain numlKU', and so on. Entries are usually requu-ed in pairs. Skc, 102. industrial Arts. Except in displays and merchants' goods articles competing for premiums musi be entered for or by the maker, improver, or contriver. Sometimes the rule is made to apply to all articles the l)roduct of art or industry, though usually paintings are ex empted. Under Machinery, models cannot compete with full size machines. In Household Productions— }so article purchased in a store, made in a factory, or out ot the tamily of the exhi- bitor, is allowed to compete, and sometimes they are limited to those manufactured within the year of the Fair. In Culinary Products— Prepared fruits are required to haye been put up by the exhibitor for actual use during the season of the Fair. KULES AND REGULATIONS. 67 Sec. 103. Agriculture and Horticulliire. All exhibits ill this dei)artment are usuuliy re(iuired to liave been pro- duced by the exhibitors witiilu the year of the Fair or the one previous. For Field Crops— 3Iany tliiiis^^s are often required. As the object us^ually is to proanote profitable culti\ alion of the soil, ctatements as to the measurement of the laud by sorue disinterested person, the soil, subsoil and lay ot tlie land, and its surroundings, wnat Mie previous crop were, the kind, amount and condition of the manure applied in raising- the crop, the depth and time and manner of plow- ing, time and manner ot sowing seed, its weight, quality, variety, and quantity to the acre, the quantity of grain or straw raised (the entire amount to be weighed or meas- ured, and not a small piece, and the balance guessad at), and the whole cost in money, labor and materials in pro- ducing the crop, are to be lurnished attested by affidavit. For Butter— Statements are required giving the num- ber and breed of cows from wiiich the milk was taken, the number of miikings, whether any food besides grass was used, the treatment of the milk, the method of churning and freezing the butter from the milk, its treatment after- ward, the quantity and kind of salt used, and whether saltpetre, sugar, or other substances have been employed in making or coloring. ForCheese— In addition to the above, whether cream has been used and how extensively, the method of preset v- ing and preparing the rennet and such other matters as information may be desired upon. Fruits— Are required to be a certain number of each va- riety, upon plates furnished by the exhibitor, and each va- riety distinctly labelled. Sec. 104. Fine Arts. Sometimes exhibits in this de- partment are required to be entered by the maker, though Societies in order to obtain a good display of paintings and pictures, confine the rule to others than display, or do not apply it all. 68 RULES AND KEGULATIONS. Sec. 105. Floral. Flowers and Plants are usually re- qaireci to be exhibited in the pots where grown. Sec. lOG. DiScretioKary Department. For this a rule like the following will often be a saving to the Societj'. '^It is intended to enumerate in the premium list ail articles that are thought desirable for exhibition. However such non-enumerated articles as parties have, may be entered in this department, and if decidedly meritorious the com- mittee will rtcommend them for a premium." Sometimes it is left for the committee to determine the amount to be paid upon these arti(tles, but it is thought advisable to add a stipulation like the following: "In determining the amount to be paid upon commended articles, the Board will take into consideration the amount offered upon like articles, their similarity to articles mentioned in the list, and the tinancial success of the Fair." CHAPTER XI. ACCOUNTS, REPORTS, ETC. •Sec. 107. liist of Awards. For the nurpose of de- termining who are entitled to the respe<«tive premiums and ascertaining- the amount required to pay them, it is usual to prepare a list of the successful exhibitors an^i their awards. This list is made up from the committee re- ports either with respect to the classitication of the pre- miums or the names of exhibitors under their initial let- ters. A system combining both i« preferable, as by the tormer to whom aay particular award was made and the latter the awards received by any pers'on, can be found, both of which is often necessary. The books of the auth- or's plan are thus provided and so arranged that the list is made up in the tirst instance, saving the labor ot mak- ing this list. The system of numbering premiums has ah advatage here also, as in making up the list by classes the premium numbers can be used for the premiums they de- signate, and much writing saved. Sec. 108. Keeping Accounts. The matter of keep- ing accounts will come more properly in a treatise on book-keeping, and we shall not enter into it greatly. There are two plans of conducting the ifluancial depart- ments ot a Fair, viz; to make it the duty of the Secretary to receive all moneys of the Society, keeping a proper ac- count thereof, and pay the same over to the Treasurer, and to have the money paid directly to the Treasurer, be keeping the required accounts. We can see sio especial objections to either of the plans, though the former is re- regarded with preference, as tlie Secretary then has a rec- TO RULES AST) REGULATIONS- ord of the receipts he otherwise would not. In order to be accurate a cash book should be kept, and all moneys en- tered into it just as received. To make ibe reports they may be entered in funds aeeording to the source from whicli they were received, as admission tees, exhibitors' tickets, stands and privileges, sweepstakes entries, etc., or the source simply designated, and the account after- ward journalized. A stock book will be necessary in Societies having a capital stock, to record the payments of stockholders,, their dividends, etc. All payments of money should be upon orders drawn by the Secretary (often reqmred to be signed by the President), and showing {or what they are drawn, m order to enable the Treasurer to enter them in Mb accounts properly. The orders should be provided with stubs, show^ing what they are issued for and with re- ceipts to be signed by the parties who receive them. Sometimes, for the payment of premiums, a list is made out upon a blank similar to an ordinary pay roll, having spaces lor the name of the exhibitor, the award, its amoimt, and lor the signiture of the party receiving the pay. This is given to the Treasurer, who pays accord- ingly. The Secretary should also keep an account of the orders given, according to the lunds upon which they are drawn, as Police, Miscellaneous, Emj^loyes, Printing and Advertising, Preparing Grounds, Premiums, Supplies, &c. so that he can make an intelligent report therefrom. Sec. 109. Annua! Reports. When the doings of the Society elose annually, it is usual to prepare a report giving tbe iinancial doings during the fiscal year then ex- plrsng» to be read at the stockholders' meeting and olten printed. In this report the receipts and expenditures sboctid be classified according to their nature, as is sug- gested in keeping the accounts, as it will be interesting to Ssnow in detail what has been done. If the Secretary first s-eeeives the Society's money, he should make the report, and tlie Treasurer only required to report to tne Board, s© tbat Ms account may be compared with the Secretary's. Otherwise the Treasiirer will make the report. UBRARY OF CONGRESS 0Q05777^t,lA ■riimnianiT^ii^r^^-^^-"^^'^'^-^