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COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 
 

 > 
 
 London: 
 
 A. and G. A. Spottiswoode, 
 
 New-Street-Square. 
 
COMPENDIUM 
 
 CHEONOLOGY 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES OF GENERAL HISTORY, 
 
 POLITICAL, ECCLESIASTICAL, AKD LITERARY, 
 
 PEOM THE CHEATION OF THE WOELD TO THE EKD 
 OF THE YEAE 1854. 
 
 BY F. H. JAQUEMET. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 THE REV. JOHN ALCOEN, M.A. 
 
 
 ^CP Cr 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 
 
 1855. 
 
TO 
 
 THE MOST REV. RICHARD WHATELY, D.D, 
 
 LORD ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN, 
 
 IS, BY HIS grace's KIND PERMISSION, MOST RESPECTFULLY 
 DEDICATED 
 
 BT HIS grace's OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Few are aware of the difficulties that lie in the way of 
 obtaining accurate chronological data, for both Ancient 
 and Modern History. The compiler of the following list 
 has spent several years in ascertaining its contents, from a 
 variety of the most trustworthy sources ; and it is hoped 
 it will be found, on examination, to answer a useful pur- 
 pose in furnishing a more portable and accurate Chrono- 
 logical Guide than any that has been hitherto published 
 in the English language. 
 
 The requirements of students of Classical and Eccle- 
 siastical History in the Universities have been specially 
 considered in the preparation of the work. 
 
 The leading events of both Ancient and Modern History 
 have been distinguished from the rest by being printed in 
 the largest type, for the convenience of those who may 
 wish to learn or to teach a selection of the most important 
 dates only. 
 
 Lists of the genealogies of the English and French 
 monarchs, and a synchronical list of the sovereigns of the 
 chief countries of Europe, have been added, to save the 
 trouble of referring to a variety of places in the book. 
 
 The Indices have been designed to contain every name 
 and event mentioned in the body of the work, and thus to 
 facilitate its use as a book of reference. 
 
 In a field so extensive, there cannot but be room for a 
 variety of opinions, as to what ought to be inserted, and 
 what omitted, in a compendium of this nature. While it 
 is hoped the selection here made will be found generally 
 useful, the Editor will feel obliged for any suggestions 
 
VI ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 relative to improvements, either in the matter or form, 
 that might be made in future editions of the work. 
 
 The subjects that are printed in different typographical 
 characters are to be distinguished as follows : — 
 
 Kings of Judah, and afterwards Kings of England, in 
 
 Old English ; as, UtCtOVia, queen of England. 
 Kings of Israel, and afterwards Kings of Scotland, in 
 
 Roman capitals ; as, DAVID II., king of Scotland. 
 Emperors of Germany in Egyptian type ; as, CHABLES 
 
 v., emperor of Germany. 
 Kings of France in Italic capitals ; as, Z O UIS XIV., 
 
 king of France. 
 The Popes in small Italic capitals ; as, pope GJREGOBY 
 
 VII. 
 Illustrious men in small Roman capitals ; as, socrates. 
 The History of the Bible, and afterwards that of the 
 
 British Empire, are printed in Italics. 
 Ecclesiastical History in smaller Italics, 
 The most important events in General History are 
 
 printed in large Egyptian capitals ; as, THE 
 
 DELUGE. 
 Literature, discoveries, inventions, &c., are printed in 
 
 the smallest type. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 The following errata have been discovered while the work was going through the press: — 
 Page 3. line 14. for Cj-cles read Cycle. 
 B.C. 220. for Philip read Philip III. 
 A. c. 331 . „ Tachomius read Pachomius. 
 400. „ Claudius read Claudian. 
 
 915. after 915 insert " Constantine and Romanus, emperors of the Last," under 
 919 ; and omit it in 915. 
 1107./or Alexander VII. read Alexander 1. 
 13.34. „ Benedict VII. read Benedict XII. 
 1440. „ Frederick II. read Frederick IV. 
 1453. „ Constantine XI. re«rf Constantine Xlll. 
 1517. insert Correggio, painter, b. 1494, d. 1534. 
 1570. „ John Fox, martyrologist, b. 1517, d. 1587. 
 16o4./i>r Dutch read Spaniards. 
 1759. „ Frederick IV. read Ferdinand IV. 
 1815. „ Labeydoyere rrad Labedoyere. 
 1845. „ Disturbance is rt-flci Disturbance in. 
 
ERRATA (continued;. vii 
 
 11. c. 1859. The next date to this should be 185G, not l'/i'i<i. 
 522. for Orestes read Oroetes. 
 171. The next date is " 170. Antiochus," &c. 
 4. for Vellius read Vellelus. 
 A.c. 6G. „ Barcas rt'rt<Z Barea, a«d 
 „ 138 read 139. 
 138. „ Telusium read Pelusium. 
 818. „ Bertrand rcarf Bernard. 
 842. omit Lewis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany. 
 913. for Landaaius read Landoniuo. 
 931. „ Geneva r^rtrf Genoa. 
 J 071. omit Andronicus I. 
 1097. " Newcastle on Tyne" sliould be under 1079 or 1080: others ascribe its 
 
 foundation to Robert, son of William the Conqueror, 
 HOG- for Tenchebray read Tinchebray. 
 1250. „ Mansoura read Massoura. 
 1298. " Statute of Edward," &c. should be under 1297. 
 1311. " Gaveston put to death," should be under 1312. 
 1327. The Janissaries are commonly said to have been instituted by the next 
 
 sultan Amurath in 13GI or 13G2. 
 IZU.read 1330. 
 
 14r)3./oy Chatillon read Castillon. 
 1464. „ Paul in. read Paul II. 
 1475. „ Picquigni read Pequigni. 
 1478. „ Piazzirt'«c? Pazzi. 
 
 1504. The date 1505 should have been prefixed to " Vassili IV.," &c. 
 1594. " Bank of England incorporated " should be inserted under 1694. 
 JG43. Archbishop Laud's trial and condemnation should be under 1644 : he 
 
 was executed Jan. 10. 1G45. 
 1G48. for Sens read Lens. 
 16G4. ,, Riguet read Riquet. 
 1685. „ Le Tillier read Le Tellier. 
 1718. „ Utricia read Ulrica ; and so also in 1720. 
 1721. „ Carnelia reai^ Carelia. 
 1757. „ Verdun reai^ Verden. 
 17G0. „ Leignitz read Liegnitz. 
 1821. The cession of Florida should be under 1820. 
 1839. read Aden in Arabia near the entrance of the Red Sea. 
 
 In the Index, for Duris read Duns ; for Thurst read Thurot ; for 
 William of Turc read William of Tyre. 
 
COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Chronology (from the Greek words " chronosP time, and 
 ** logosy'^ word or description) is the science which treats 
 of time. Its object is to arrange and exhibit the various 
 events which have occurred in the history of the world 
 in the order of their succession, and to ascertain the in- 
 tervals of time between them. 
 
 Olympiads. 
 
 The Grecians reckoned time by periods of four years, 
 called Olympiads. The first began 776 B.C. It is material 
 to observe, that as the Olympic years and periods begin 
 with the 1st of July, the first six months of a year of our 
 era belong to one Olympic year, and the last six months 
 to another. Thus, when it is said that the first year of the 
 Incarnation corresponds to the first of the 195th Olympiad, 
 we are to understand that it is only with respect to the last 
 six months of that yeai' that the correspondence takes 
 place ; the first six months belonged to the fourth year 
 of the 194th Olympiad. In referring dates expressed by 
 Olympiads to our era, or the contrary, we must therefore 
 distinguish two cases. 1st. When the event in question 
 happened between the first of January and the first of the 
 following July, the sum of the Olympic year and of the 
 year before Christ is always equal to 776. The year of 
 
2 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 the era, therefore, will be found by subtracting the number 
 of the Olympic year from 776. For example, Yarro 
 refers the foundation of Rome to the 21st of April of the 
 third year of the sixth Olympiad, and it is required to find 
 the year before our era. Since five Olympic periods have 
 elapsed, the third year of the sixth Olympiad is 5 x 4 + 3 =: 
 23; therefore, subtracting 23 from 776 we have 753, 
 which is the year before Christ to which the foundation 
 of Rome is referred by Yarro. 2nd. When the event 
 took place between the summer solstice and the 1st of 
 January following, the sum of the Olympic year and of the 
 year before Christ is equal to 777. The difference, there- 
 fore, between 777 and the year in one of the dates will 
 give the year in the other date. Thus, the moon was 
 eclipsed on the 27th of August, a little before midnight, 
 in the year 413 before our era ; and it is required to find 
 the corresponding year in the Olympic era. Subtract 
 413 from 777, the remainder is 364; and 364 divided by 
 4 gives 91 without a remainder ; consequently, the eclipse 
 happened in the fourth year of the 91st Olympiad, which 
 is the date to which it is referred by Thucydides. — If the 
 year is after Christ, and the event took place in one of 
 the first six months of the Olympic year — that is to say, 
 between July and January — we must subtract 776 from 
 the number of the Olympic year to find the corresponding 
 year of our era ; but if it took place in one of the last six 
 months of the Olympic year, or between January and 
 July, we must deduct 775. The computation by Olym- 
 piads seldom occurs in historical records after the middle 
 of the fifth century of our era, about a.d. 440. 
 
 Era of the Foundation of Rome. 
 
 After the Olympiads, the era most frequently met with 
 in ancient history is that of the foundation of Rome 
 753 B.C. For events in the Roman history after the birth 
 of Christ we have only to add the given year of our 
 Lord to 753 to get the year of Rome ; or subtract 753 
 from the given year of Rome to get the year of our Lord. 
 If the event took place before the birth of Christ, subtract 
 the given year B.C. from 754 in order to find the year of 
 
COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. S 
 
 Rome. If the given year be that of Rome, subtract it in 
 like manner from 754 in order to find the year B.C. 
 
 £Jra of Mahomet 
 
 The Mahometans date their years from the Hegira, or 
 Flight of Mahomet, which occurred 622 A. c. To reduce 
 the year of the Hegira to that of the Christian era, mul- 
 tiply it by the decimal '9692, and add 622 to the product; 
 if there be a fraction in the sum, the year of the Christian 
 era is one more than the integer number. For example, 
 the year of the Hegira 1153, multiplied by -9692, gives 
 1117-4876, which added to 622 makes 1739*4876, there- 
 fore the corresponding year of the Christian era is 1740. 
 
 Cycles, 
 
 Cycles, from "cyclos^' a circle, is a designation of a 
 recurring period of time. The three most considerable 
 cycles are, the solar, the lunar, and the Roman indiction. 
 
 The Solar Cycle is a revolution of 28 years. This 
 includes all the possible combinations of the days of the 
 week with the days of the month. If there were no 
 bissextile, or leap year, it is evident that, after seven 
 years had elapsed, the same days of the week would 
 again answer to the same days of the month. For in- 
 stance, if the dominical letter for 1808 be B, it would 
 become so again in seven years, which would confine the 
 solar cycle to that period. But as every fourth year is 
 bissextile, this consequently deranges by one day this 
 successive return of the days of the week to answer to the 
 days of the month. This adaptation will not, therefore, 
 take place till after four times seven years. In order to 
 find the solar cycle, add 9 to the given year, and divide 
 the sum by 28, the remainder will show the year of the 
 solar cycle. If nothing remains, it will be the 28th year 
 of the cycle. 
 
 The Cycle of the Moon is a period of 19 years, or 6940 
 days, which make 235 lunations ; after which the new and 
 full moons return on the same days of the month, but 1 hour 
 and 28 minutes sooner : so that on whatever days the new 
 
 B 2 
 
4 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 and full moons fall in any given year, they will happen 
 19 years after upon the same days of the month. But 
 if a centesimal common year take place Avithin the cycle, 
 that circumstance will remove the new and full moons to 
 a day later in the calendar than they would otherwise 
 have been. The number of the years of the lunar cycle 
 is called the Prime, from its use in pointing out the first 
 day of the moon ; and it is named, also, the Golden Number, 
 because at Athens that number was written in letters of 
 gold. The golden number marks the new moon, which 
 now happens five days sooner than it should do by the 
 calendar, because nearly 1440 years have elapsed since 
 the adjustment of the golden number at the Council of 
 Nice. In order to find the golden number add 1 to the 
 given year ; divide the sum by 1 9, and the remainder is 
 the golden number for that year. If there be no re- 
 mainder, 19 is the golden number. Meton, an Athenian, 
 in the first year of the 87th Olympiad, observed the sol- 
 stice at Athens, and invented this cycle of 19 years to 
 make the solar and lunar years begin at the same time. 
 
 The Roman Indiction is a period of 1 5 years, which was 
 used by the Romans for indicating the time of certain 
 payments made by the tributary provinces to the state. 
 Authors mention three difl:erent indictions : the indiction 
 of Constantine, which began September 1st, a.d. 312 ; 
 the imperial, or Cesarean indiction, or the indiction of the 
 Western Empire, which began on the 24tli of the same 
 month ; and that of the Church of Rome, Avliich is used 
 in the papal bulls, beginning December 25th, a.d. 312, or 
 January 1st, 313. In order to find the Roman indiction 
 add 3 to the given year, divide the sum by 15, and the 
 remainder will be the Roman indiction. 
 
 Julian Period, 
 
 Although the Julian period is not, properly speaking, 
 a chronological era, yet, on account of its affording con- 
 siderable facilities in the comparison of different eras with 
 one another, and in marking without ambiguity the years 
 before Christ, it is very generally employed by chro- 
 nologers. It consists of 7980 Julian years. The number 
 
COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 5 
 
 7980 is formed by the continued multiplication of the 
 three numbers 28, 19, and 15 — that is, of the cycles of the 
 sun, of the moon, and of the indiction. Hence, when the 
 number of any year in the Julian period is divided by one 
 of these three numbers, the remainder after the division 
 will indicate the number of that year in the corresponding 
 cycle. The first year of the Christian era had 10 for 
 its number in the cycle of the sun, 2 in the cycle of the 
 moon, and 4 in the indiction ; but 4714 is the only number 
 less than 7980 which, on being divided by 28, 19, and 15, 
 gives the respective remainders 10, 2, 4. Hence the 
 first year of the Christian era corresponded with the year 
 4714 of the Julian period. In order, therefore, to find 
 the year of our era corresponding to any other year of the 
 period, or the contrary, we have the following rule : — 
 
 1st. When the given year is anterior to the commence- 
 ment of the Christian era, subtract the number of the year 
 in the Julian period from 4714, and the remainder is the 
 year before Christ ; or subtract the year before Christ 
 from 4714, and the remainder is the corresponding year in 
 the Julian period. 
 
 2nd. When the given year is after Christ, subtract 4713 
 from the year of the period, and the remainder is the year 
 of the Christian era; or add 4713 to the year of Christ, 
 and the sum is the corresponding year of the Julian period. 
 This system was invented by Julius Scaliger. 
 
 B 3 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY, 
 
 B.C. 
 
 4004. THE CREATION OP THE WORLD, accord. 
 
 ing to the Hebrew text of the Scriptures. According to the ver- 
 sion of the Septuagint, 5872. According to the Samaritan version, 
 4700. The Talmudists, 5344 ; Scaliger, 3950 ; Petavius, 3984 ; 
 Dr. Hales, 5411. The celebrated astronomer La Place has observed, 
 that this year was distinguished as a remarkable astronomical epoch ; the 
 greater axis of the earth's orbit then coinciding with the line of the equi- 
 noxes, and consequently the true and mean equinoxes being united. Laier 
 astronomers, however, fix this epoch in the year B.C. 4089. 
 
 4003. The fall of Adam and Eve, and the hirth of Cain. 
 {Adam signifies earthy, taken out of red earth ; Eve, mother of 
 all living, or enlivening ; Cain, gotten or acquired.') 
 
 3875. Cain murders his brother Abel. {Abel signifies vanity.) 
 
 3874. Birth of Seth. {Seth signifies appointed.) 
 
 3317. Birth of Methuselah, EnocKs son ; he lived 969 years. 
 
 3101. Indian era of the Kaliyuga. 
 
 3017. Enoch, son of Jared, is translated to heaven for his 
 piety at the age ofS65. 
 
 2948. Birth of Noah, sonof Lamech. {Noah signifies rest or comfort.) 
 
 2700. Commencement of the Chinese cyclical era of 60 
 years. 
 
 2448. Birth of Japhet. (Japhet signifies enlargement.) Not only 
 Europe, but a large portion of Asia, and probably America, fell 
 to the share of his posterity. 
 
 .2445. Birth of ohem. {Shem signifies name, or renown.) His chief 
 renown consisted in his being destined to be the lineal an- 
 cestor of the promised Seed of the woman : his pos- 
 terity inherited the greater part of Asia. 
 
 2444. Birth of Jiam. (Ham signifies burnt or black.) His posterity 
 inherited the southern regions of Asia, and part of Africa. 
 
 2348. THE DELUGE OF NOAH. It had been 
 announced 120 years before to Noah : he and his 
 B 4 
 
8 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [2247— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 family found a refuge in the ark, which he had 
 built according to God^s command, — Hales, 3155; 
 
 F. Clinton, 2482. 
 
 2247. The huilding of the Tower of Babel : confusion of lan- 
 guages, and dispersion of mankind, 
 
 J2o4. Astronomical observations began at this time to be made at Babylon: Callis- 
 thenes sent Aristotle a register of them for 1903 years, extending back from 
 the taking of that city by Alexander, b.c. 331. 
 
 2221. Mmrod or Belus (Nimrbd signifies a rebel), grand- 
 son of Ham, founds the monarchy of Babylon 
 or Chaldsea, situated between the Tigris and the 
 Euphrates. — Asshur (or, ..according to others, 
 Nimrod) builds Mneveh (see Genesis x. 11.), 
 and founds the monarchy of Assyria. — Founda- 
 tion of the Chinese empire. 
 
 2188. Menes (in Scripture Mizraim), son of Ham, founds 
 the monarchy of Egypt, which continues 1663 
 years, till the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. 
 
 2126. Birth of Terah, son of Nahor and father of 
 
 Abraham. Menu, legislator in India. 
 
 2084. Foundation of Sicyon (first called Agialea, then 
 Mecone),one of the most ancient towns of Greece 
 (according to Usher 2089, Newton 1080); its 
 inhabitants were called Pelasgi. — The Shepherd 
 kings (Auritae or Hyksos) conquer Egypt. — ■ 
 
 Oguz Khan, legislator among the Tartars. 
 
 2069. Ninus and Semiramis his wife commence their con- 
 quests and establish the great empire of Assyria 
 (according to others 1267, others 2182); it ex- 
 tended from the Euphrates to the Indus ; its 
 chief towns were Babylon (taken in 2059) and 
 
 JSlineveh. (The earliest authentic records of Assyrian history are 
 those mentioned in 862 and 772.) 
 
 2040. Moeris, king of Egypt (860, Newton) : he corrected 
 the irregularities of the inundations of the Nile 
 by digging a lake, which was called after his 
 
 name. Hosheng and Jemshid legislate in Persia. 
 
 1998. Noah dies 390 years after the Flood, aged 950. 
 
 1996. Birth of Abram. 
 
 1921. CALL OF ABRAHAM. At God's command he 
 
—1748.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 9 
 
 B.C. 
 
 leaves Haran, and comes to sojourn in Canaan, in 
 his 75th year. The first call was given to Abra- 
 ham while he lived in Ur of the Chaldees: he 
 departed thence to Haran, where his father died, 
 
 1913. Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and his allies subdue 
 the king of Sodom and his confederates, and take 
 Lot captive ; but Abram pursues and defeats them ; 
 he rescues Lot, and is blessed by Melchizedek, to 
 whom he gives a tenth of the spoils. 
 
 1897. Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed by fire from 
 heaven. — Divine Institution of circumcision, as 
 a mark of the chosen people of God. 
 
 1896. Isaac is born, Abraham being 100 years old. 
 
 1892. Abraham serids away Hagar, and Ishmael her son, 
 the progenitor of the Arab tribes. 
 
 1872. God commands Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac. 
 
 1859. Sai'ah, Abraham^ s wife, dies at Hebron, aged 127. 
 
 1836. The kingdom of Argos, in the Peloponnesus, is 
 founded (1 08 0, Newton) by Inachus, an emigrant 
 from Phoenicia, where the science of navigation 
 
 was first discovered. The Phoenicians are said to have in- 
 vented glass, the art of dyeinpr in scarlet and purple, and alphabetical 
 writing. According to some, Memnon the Egyptian invented letters in 
 B.C. 1822. 
 
 1836. Birth of Jacob and Esau. (1993, Haies.) 
 1825. The Shepherd kings abandon Egypt. 
 1821. Death of Abraham, aged 175. 
 1796. Deluge of Ogyges in Attica and Boeotia, 
 
 1760. Jacob having fraudulently obtained the blessing from 
 Isaac, flees into Mesopotamia from the rage of 
 Esau, where, after having served his uncle Laban 
 seven years, he marries Leah and Rachel, Laban! s 
 daughter Si m 1753. 
 
 1752. Birth of Reuben, JacoVs first-born by Leah: their 
 other children were Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, 
 and Zebulon, 
 
 1748. Birth of Dan, son of Jacob and Bilhah, RacheVs 
 handmaid: his younger brother was Naphtali. 
 
10 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l745— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Birth of Gad, son of Zilpah, LealCs handmaid : 
 his younger brother was Asher, 
 
 1745. Birth of Josejyh, son of Rachel. 
 
 1732. Birth of Benjamin : death of Rachel, 
 
 1728. Joseph is sold hy his brethren to the Midianites, who 
 sell him to Potiphar the Egyptian. 
 
 1716. Isaac dies, aged 180. 
 
 1701. The seven years of famine in Egypt are ended, and 
 Joseph returns the Egyptians their land and cattle. 
 
 — This is the first instanre of landed property vested in the monarch, and 
 held from him as suzerain, the. common practice under the feudal system, 
 which prevailed many hundred years later. 
 
 1689. Jacob dies, aged 147, after having predicted the descent 
 of the Messiah from the family of Judah, under 
 the name of Shiloh (^Peace-maker). 
 
 1635. Joseph dies in Egypt, aged 110. 
 
 1619. The Cusliites, from beyond the Indus, settle in 
 
 Egypt. 
 1582. The Chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins 
 
 about this time. They consist of 37 statues, 128 busts, and 250 
 
 inscriptions, and were found in the Isle of Paros, in the reign of James I. 
 They were purchased by Lord Arundel, and given to the University of Ox- 
 ford in 1627. The inscriptions containing the chronology are often called 
 by the name of "the Parian Chronicle."— ATLAS, an astronomer, and 
 PROMETHEUS his brother. 
 
 1577. Rameses Miamun begins to reign in Egypt, and per- 
 secutes the Israelites. 
 
 1571. BIRTH OP MOSES, the chosen deliverer of the 
 Israelites from Egypt. 
 
 1556. Cecrops brings a colony from Egypt, and founds 
 the kingdom of Athens. He establishes the 
 
 Areopagus. The Parian Murbles place this event 26 years earlier ; 
 
 Newton, in 1080. 
 
 1546. Scamander migrates from Crete, and founds the 
 kingdom of Troy. 
 
 1531. Moses, being ^0 years of age, kills an Egyptian, whom 
 he found smiting a Hebrew; in consequence of 
 which he flies to Miclian, and there marries Zip- 
 
 porah, daughter of JethrO. Here, it is supposed, Moses com- 
 posed the book of Job, which would therefore be the oldest writing extant. 
 
 1530. Birth of Caleb, son of Jephunneh. 
 
—1451.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 11 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1529. Deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly. 
 
 1522. Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, establishes the 
 famous council of the Amphictyons, composed 
 of the wisest and most virtuous men from several 
 , cities of Greece. 
 
 1520. Foundation of Corinth by Sisyphus, son of ^olus. 
 
 It received its name from Corinthus, the son of Pelops ; its original name 
 was Ephyre. 
 
 1519. Foundation of Thebes in Boeotia by Cadmus, a 
 Phoenician, who first introduced the use of letters 
 and the Eleusinian Mysteries into Greece. 
 
 1506. Erectheus, or, according to others, Orpheus, in- 
 stitutes the Panathengean Games, in honour of 
 Minerva, the patroness of Athens. The great 
 Panathengea were observed every 5th year. 
 
 1491. Exodus or Departure of the Israelites out of Egypt, 
 Amenophis 11. , the Egyptian king^ is drowned in 
 the Red Sea. (1648, Hales.) The law is given 
 to Moses on Mount Sinai. The moral law contained in 
 the Ten Commandments', the ceremonial or ecclesiastical law 
 relating to Divine worship ; and the civil or state law, appointing 
 the form of government, called a Theocracy, of which Jehovah 
 Himself was the head, 
 
 1490. Foundation of Sparta in the Peloponnesus. — some 
 
 writers suppose Troy to have been built ten years later by Dardanus. 
 
 Construction of the Tabernacle. Nadah and 
 Ahihu are struck dead with fire from heaven for 
 offering strange fire before God. 
 
 1471. Korahy Dathan, and Abiram, rebel against Moses; 
 they are swallowed up by the earth, and 250 of 
 their associates consumed by fire. 14,700 men are 
 destroyed by a plague for murmuring against 
 Moses and Aaron. 
 
 1453. The first Olympic Games celebrated at Elis, in 
 Greece, by the Idsei Dactyli. 
 
 1451. Moses, by striking the rock, brings forth water at 
 Meribah. The Israelites are plagued with fiery 
 serpents. Balak, king of Moab, sends for Balaam 
 to curse the Israelites. The lands of Sihon and 
 Og are divided among the tribes of Reuben and 
 Gad, and the hcdf -tribe of Manasseh. MOSES 
 
12 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l450— 
 
 DIES 071 Mount Nebo, aged 120, AND IS SUC- 
 CEEDED BY JOSHUA. (1608, Hales; 15S5. 
 
 F. Clinton.) Passage of the Jordan, and capture of 
 Jericho. Achans trespass and death. — sanchonia- 
 
 THO, a Phoenician historian ; fragments of his history have been preserved 
 by Eusebius, and are the most ancient monuments of writing alter the books 
 of Moses. 
 
 1450. The Giheonites craftily effect a covenant with Joshua ; 
 in their defence he defeats Jive kings of Canaan, at 
 which time the sun and moon stand still. 
 
 1444. The Tabernacle is set up at Shiloh, and the land is 
 divided. 
 
 1443. Death of Joshua, aged wo. 
 
 1433. Belochus, the last king of " the race of Ninus, 
 makes his daughter Atossa, surnamed Semira- 
 mis II., his associate on the throne. 
 
 1406. Minos I., king and legislator of Crete (1006, New- 
 
 ton). It is said in the Grecian mythology, that for his equity he was 
 
 rewarded after death with the office of supreme judge in the infernal regions. 
 
 1394. Othniel, first judge of the Israelites ; he delivers them 
 from the king of Mesopotamia ; the land has rest 
 forty years. After his death they are delivered 
 into the hands of Eglon, king of Moah, ivhom 
 they serve 18 years. 
 
 1356. The Eleusinian Mysteries are introduced at Athens 
 by Erectheus, or by Eumolpus, in honour of 
 Ceres, in imitation of the Egyptian games of 
 I sis. 
 
 1336. Ehud slays Eglon and delivers Israel. After him 
 Shamgar slays 600 Philistines ivith an ox-goad. 
 
 1326. The Isthmian Games are instituted by Sisyphus, 
 
 king or Corinth. OLEN, the most ancient composer of hymns. 
 
 1312. Birth of Ohed, the son of Boaz by Ruth, from ivhom 
 David descended. 
 
 1304. Pelops, a Phrygian, comes into Peloponnesus, "the 
 island of Pelops." — Minos II., king of Crete, 
 the first who acquired the sovereignty of the 
 
 sea (1006, Newton). D-EDALUS, a most ingenious Athe- 
 nian : he invented the sails of ships, the wedge^ and many other mechanical 
 
—1213.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 13 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1296. DEBORAH AND BARAK DELIVER 
 ISRAEL from the hand of Jahin, king of Ca- 
 naan, whom they had served 20 years : Jael kills 
 Sisera ; the land then has rest 40 years, 
 
 1266. (Edipus reigns in Thebes. 
 
 1263. THE ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION 
 UNDER JASON (937, Newton) : he was foi. 
 
 lowed by ^SCULAPIUS, the physician ; ARGUS, the builder of the ship 
 Argo; the twin brothers CASTOR and POLLUX; DEUCALION, son 
 of Minos ; HERCULES, NESTOR, THESEUS, PIRITHOUS, and 
 
 ORPHEUS, whom some consider the inventor of poetry The first Pythian 
 
 Games are celebrated by Adrastus, king of Argos, in honour of Apollo, near 
 the temple of Delphi. 
 
 1257. Theseus unites the cities of Attica under one go- 
 vernment. 
 
 1252. Tyre or Tsor, the capital of Phoenicia, is founded 
 by the Sidonians. 
 
 1249. GIDEON, or Jeruhhaal, DEFEATS THE 
 MIDIANITES. In his days the Israelites have 
 rest 40 years. Abimelech, Gideon's son, succeeds 
 him, after having destroyed his 69 brethren. 
 
 1239. Latinus begins to reign in Italy. — mus^eus, a poet. 
 
 1226. The Nemean Games are instituted by Adrastus, in 
 honour of Hercules and Jupiter. 
 
 1225. WAR OP THE SEVEN CHIEFS 
 AGAINST THEBES, in which Eteocles 
 its king, and Polynices his brother, sons of 
 GEdipus, kill each other (928, Newton). 
 
 1223. Commencement of the kingdom of the Lydians 
 (or 1221), under Argon, who reigns at Sardis, 
 the first of the dynasty of the Heraclidae. 
 
 1222. Olympic Games celebrated by Hercules, and dedi- 
 cated to Jupiter Olympius. 
 
 1215. Second war of Thebes, or war of the Epigoni : 
 they were the descendants of the Grecian heroes 
 who had been killed ten years before in the first 
 Theban war. 
 
 1213. War of the Amazons: these martial females pene- 
 trate into Greece. — Helen is carried off by 
 Theseus, and 15 years after by Paris, when on 
 a visit to Greece. 
 
14 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [ll84— 
 
 1184. TROY IS TAKEN AND BURNT BY 
 THE GREEKS after a siege of 10 years, 
 undertaken to recover Helen, whom Paris, son 
 of Priam, king of Troy, had carried away from 
 the house of Menelaus, her husband (1209, according 
 
 to the Arundelian Marbles, and 904 according to Newton), LliQ 
 
 most celebrated Grecian princes who distin- 
 guished themselves in this war were, Achilles, 
 Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses, Diomedes, Patroclus, 
 Agamemnon, Nestor, &c. Hector was appointed 
 by Priam, his father, captain of all the Trojan 
 forces, ^neas, son-in-law of Priam, also greatly 
 distinguished himself Two y ears after he landed 
 in Italy, and married Lavinia, the daughter 
 of King Latinus. His son Ascanius built the 
 city of Alba. Antenor, another Trojan prince, 
 founded the city of Padua. 
 
 1173. Teucer builds Salamis, in the island of Cyprus 
 (895, Newton); his descendants continued mas- 
 ters of the town for above 800 years, it was destroyed 
 
 by an earthquake, and rebuilt in the 4th century, and called Constantia. 
 
 1141. The Israelites defeated by the Philistines at Shiloh, 
 and the Ark taken \_or, in 1116]. 
 
 1140. About this time, SAMSON, son of Manoah, 
 begins to deliver Israel from the Philistines. He 
 judged Israel 20 years. Between him and Abime- 
 lech there had been Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Ibzan, 
 Elon, Abdon, and Eli the higJi-priest. 
 
 1124. Migration of the ^olian colonies (844, Newton); 
 they found twelve cities in Asia Minor, of which 
 Smyrna was the most considerable, until it 
 joined the Ionic Confederation about the year 
 700. 
 
 1104. Keturn of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus (825, 
 Newton), which they divide among themselves 
 two years after : whence begins the kingdom of 
 Lacedsemon under Eurysthenes and Procles. 
 
 1096. The Israelites, under SamueVs instructions, solemnly 
 
—1015.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 15 
 
 B.C. 
 
 re'pent at Mizpeh, and are delivered from the 
 Philistines. [Or, in 1120.] 
 
 1095. SAUL IS ANOINTED KING OVER 
 ISRAEL BY SAMUEL. 
 
 1093. War loith the Philistines, in which Saul rashly 
 sacrifices, and is rejected of God. 
 
 1082. Cheops, the builder of the greatest Pyramid in 
 Egypt (825, Newton). 
 
 1070. Codrus, seventeenth and last king of Athens, sacri- 
 fices his life to save his country from the Hera- 
 clidae (or 1068 ; Newton, 804). Medon, his son, 
 elected first perpetual archon. His successors 
 were called from him Medontida3, and the office 
 of archon remained for above 200 years in the 
 family of Codrus, under twelve perpetual ar- 
 chons. 
 
 1063. Samuel is sent to Bethlehem to anoint DAVID, who 
 SLAYS GOLIATH, the champion of the 
 Philistines. 
 
 1060. Death of Samuel: he is buried at Ramah. 
 
 1055. DAVID, KING OP JUDAH : Saul is slain 
 on Mount Gilhoa in a war loith the Philistines ; 
 his son Ishbosheth is made king hy Ahner at 
 Mahanaim. 
 
 1048. Abner forsakes Ishbosheth, and is murdered by Joab. 
 Death of Ishbosheth. — David king of all Israel. 
 
 1047. David takes the fort of Zion from the Jebusites, and 
 calls it the city of David ; and, making Jerusalem 
 the seat of his government, reigns there 33 years. 
 
 1044. Settlement of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor 
 (794, Newton), where they found twelve cities, 
 140 years after the Trojan war. 
 
 1028. QEnotrus, son of Lycaon (or Janus) leads the first co- 
 lony of Greeks into Italy (according to Newton) 
 
 1021. Absalom rebels against his father, and is killed by 
 Joab. 
 
 1015 SOLOMON, KING OP ISRAEL. David 
 dies, aged 70. 
 
16 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1012— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1012. Era of the foundation of the Temple (1027, Hales), 
 
 — LOKMAN or Bidpai, a Hindoo fabulist. 
 
 1004. DEDICATION OP SOLOMON'S TEM- 
 PLE. 
 
 1002. Shishak or Sesostris reigns in Egypt, and dedicates 
 Thebes to his father Ammon, calling it No- 
 Amon. 
 
 975. 3^c5oboatn, son of Solomon, reigns over Judah and 
 Benjamin, and JEEOBOAM over the other 
 tribes, called the kingdom of Israel. 
 
 HOMER, the celebrated Greek poet, author of 
 
 the Iliad and Odyssey. seven illustrious cities disputed the 
 honour of having given hira birth, as is expressed in these lines: — 
 
 " Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae, 
 Orbis de patria certat, Hoinere, tua." 
 
 HE SI CD, also a celebrated Grecian poet, born at Ascra, in Bceotia: his 
 chief poems are, the Works and Days, Theogony, and the Shield of Her- 
 cules. (Newton places Homer and Hesiod about 870; Clinton, Homer 
 from 962 to 927, and Hesiod from 859 to 824.) 
 
 974. Jerohoam corrupts the worship of Jehovah, by setting 
 up the golden calves at Dan and Bethel: he is 
 reproved by a prophet from Judah, who, disobeying 
 God, is slain by a lion, 
 
 971. Shishak, king of Egypt, invades Judea, and plunders 
 Jerusalem and the Temple. He is siam in 956 (Newton). 
 
 958. ^btfa]&, king of Judah: a year after his accession 
 to the throne, he defeats Jeroboam, and kills 
 500,000 of his men. 
 
 955. ^Sa, king of Judah: he reigns 41 years. 
 
 954. NADAB, king of Israel : he is slain by BAASHA, 
 who destroys all the family of Jeroboam, and 
 reigns 24 years. 
 
 952. About this time flourished the prophets Jehu, Hi^.Mni, 
 and Azariah. 
 
 941. Zerah the Ethiopian, is defeated by Asa (946, New- 
 ton.) 
 
 ^ZO. ^JjAK, king of Israel. 
 
 92 9. ZIMRI murders Elah, and reigns seven days, being 
 dethroned by OMK-I, who reigns jointly with 
 
—884.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 17 
 
 B.C. 
 
 TIBNI about 5 years, and alone about 7 years. 
 He built Samaria, and made it the seat of govern- 
 ment, ivhich had hitherto been at Tirzah, 
 
 918. AHAB, king of Israel, reigns 22 years. 
 
 915.. Tiberinus, king of Alba, being drowned in the 
 Albula (from him called the Tiber), is succeeded 
 by Agrippa Sylvius, who reigns 40 years, 
 
 according to the mythic Roman history. 
 
 914. ^J'^ilOSjap^Ht, king of Judah, reigns 25 years. 
 910. ELIJAH foretells to Ahab a dreadful faynine. 
 906. Elijah restores the worship of the true God, and slays 
 the priests of Baal at Mount Carmel. 
 
 800. 
 
 898. Lycurgus begins to govern at Lacedaemon (708, 
 Newton), under the title of preceptor to Cha- 
 rilaus, the posthumous son of his brother Poly- 
 dectes. — Ahab, king of Israel, associates his son 
 AHAZIAH with him in the kingdom; as does 
 Jehoshaphat of Judah, his son 2i^l)0ratll. 
 
 897. Ahab, being joined with Jehoshaphat against the 
 Syrians, is slain at Ramoth Gilead, and is sue- 
 ceeded by his son Ahaziah. 
 
 896. JEHOEAM, king of Israel. — Elijah is taken to 
 heaven in a fiery chariot, 
 
 888. 2JE]&0rnm ascends the throne of Judah in the fifth 
 year of Jehoram, king of Israel, 
 
 885. ^Ja^ta]^, king of Judah, 
 
 884. LYCURGUS REEOHMS THE REPUB- 
 LIC OP LACED^MON, and with Iphitus 
 and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic Games at 
 Elis, about 108 years before the era commonly 
 called the First Olympiad. — JEHU slays Je- 
 horam, king of Israel, with Ahaziah, king of 
 Judah, and reigns over the kingdom of Israel 46 
 years. ^tfialiaf), mother of Ahaziah, murders 
 all the royal family, except Joash, and usurps the 
 throne of Judah 6 years. 
 c 
 
18 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [878— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 878. ^J'^^^S) ^^^^ of Judah. Jehoiada the priest slays 
 Athaliah and her idolatrous priests, 
 
 869. DIDO BUILDS CARTHAGE (883, Newton), 
 
 a Phoenician colony, now in ruins: it is 10 miles east of Tunis — Phido, 
 king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and measures, and first 
 coined silver at JEgina ; but he really belongs to the next century. (See 748.) 
 
 862. About this time the Ninevites repent at the preaching 
 O/THE PROPHET JONAH. {According to 
 others, about 840.) This is the earliest historic record of Nineveh. 
 
 856. JEHOAHAZ, king of Israel, reigns 17 years. 
 
 839. ^maU^fi^ king of Judah, reigns 29 years. JEHO- 
 ASH or Joashi king of Israel. Hazael, king of 
 Syria, dies, and is succeeded by Benhadad. 
 
 825. JEROBOAM II., king of Israel, reigns 41 years. — 
 
 BELESIS, an astronomer and priest of Babylon. 
 
 820. FALL OP THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE : 
 DEATH OF BARDAHAPALUS. The 
 empire of the Medes is founded by Arbaces, 
 who, with Belesis, king of Babylon, had taken 
 
 Nineveh. (A11 this is probably only a different version of what 
 really took place in 606.) 
 
 814. CARANUS FOUNDS THE KINGDOM 
 
 OF MACEDON (others, 750), and reigns 28 
 years. This kingdom continued 646 years, till 
 the battle of Pydna. 
 810. ^^atialj, or Uzziah, king of Judah, reigns 52 
 years, 
 
 800. 
 
 784. Death of Jeroboam II., king of Israel, after a reign 
 of Al years: an interregnum of 11 or 12 years 
 follows. 
 
 779. The monarchical government is abolished at Co- 
 rinth, and the Prytanes (chief magistrates) are 
 elected. 
 
 776. THE FIRST OLYMPIAD. Coroebus obtains 
 a prize at Olympia, in the 28th year from the 
 institution of the games by Iphitus, and 23 
 years before the foundation of Rome. 
 
-743.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 19 
 
 B.C. 
 
 772. SHALLUM murders Zachariah, king of Israel, 
 who had reigned six months, and succeeds him; 
 hut having reigned one month, he is killed by ME- 
 JSTAHEM, ivho reigns 10 years, 
 
 in. PUL, KING OF ASSYRIA, invades Israel, 
 and renders Menahem tributary, 
 
 1^1. V'E:KABlKR,kiMg of Israel, 
 
 760. The Ephori, popular magistrates, are introduced into 
 the government of Laced^mon by Theopompus. 
 
 759. PEKAH, one of PekahiaKs captains, murders and 
 succeeds him, 
 
 758. ISAIAHj Joel, Amos, Micah, Hosea, prophets. 
 
 3J0t1Jaitt, king of Judah, subdues the Ammonites, 
 and compels them to pay tribute. 
 
 753. THE FOUNDATION OF ROME by Romu- 
 
 lUS, on the 20th of April, according to Varro (Cato, 752; Polybius, 751; 
 Fabius Pictor, 747; Usher, 748; Newton, 627.) 
 
 752. Decennial archons appointed at Athens on the 
 death of Alcmaeon, Charops being the first. 
 
 751. Sabacon, the Ethiopian, invades and conquers 
 Egypt. 
 
 750. Rape of the Sabines. — Birth of Hezekiah, son of 
 Ahaz. 
 
 748. Phidon, king of Argos, and the Pisaeans, seize the 
 presidency of the Olympic Games (584, New- 
 ton.) 
 
 747. ERA OF NABONASSAR or Baladan, king of 
 Babylon, supposed by some to be the same as 
 Belesis, — Death of Pul: Tiglath-pileser, king 
 of Assyria (supposed by some to be the same as 
 Arbaces or Ninus Junior) begins to reign at 
 Nineveh. 
 
 743. THE FIRST MESSENIAN WAR begins 
 (652, Newton) ; it continues 20 years, till the 
 taking of Ithome in 723. 
 
20 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [742- 
 
 B.C. 
 
 742. ^l)a^, king of Judah. 
 
 740, Tiglath-pileser carries part of Israel into captivity. — 
 
 Callinus, an orator, who is said to liave first invented elegiac poetry : some 
 of his verses are to be found in Stobseus. 
 
 735. Candaules succeeds Meles on the Lydian throne, 
 and reigns 17 years. 
 
 732. Syracuse is built by a Corinthian colony under 
 Archias. 
 
 730. HO SHEA, king of Israel, reigns 9 years. 
 
 729. Shalmaneser succeeds Tiglath-pileser, king of As- 
 syria, and reigns 14 years. 
 
 727. |j^0^0lkia]&, king of Judah, restores the worship of God, 
 and reigns 29 years. — Sebichus or So (or Se- 
 vecus or Sethon), the Ethiopian, king of Egypt. 
 
 724. Hoshea, king of Israel, relying on So, king of Egypt, 
 refuses to -pay tribute to Shalmaneser, loho takes 
 him captive and lays siege to Samaria. 
 
 721. END OP THE KINGDOM OP ISRAEL, 
 
 in the 6th year of Hezekiah, king of Judah ; 
 Samaria being taken, and the ten tribes carried 
 into captivity by Shalmaneser, or by Sargon his 
 successor, who perhaps began to reign in 723. 
 
 717. Tirhakah the Ethiopian, or Tarachus, king of 
 Egypt, the last of the dynasty. 
 
 716. GYGES, the first of the Mermnadse, kills and 
 succeeds Candaules, the last of the Heraclids, as 
 KING OP LYDIA, reigns 28 years. 
 
 715. NUMA POMPILIUS, second king of Eome, 
 succeeds Romulus after an interregnum of one 
 year, and reigns 43 years. 
 Sennacherib begins to reign in Assyria (accord- 
 ing to Rawlinson, 716, Hincks, 703), and sub- 
 dues Merodach Baladan, king of Babylon. (Or, 
 Sargon succeeded Shalmaneser in 716, and 
 Sennacherib succeeded Sargon in 714.) 
 
 713. Sennacherib, having overrun Syria and Phoenicia, 
 invades Judah, and defeats the Egyptians and 
 Ethiopians, who came to fight with him. 
 
—683.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 21 
 
 SENNACHERIB'S ARMY (185,000 MEN) 
 IS DESTROYED IN ONE NIGHT BY 
 THE ANGEL OP THE LORD at Jeru- 
 salem, in answer to the prayers of Hezekiah and 
 Isaiah. (Confirmed by the inscriptions lately 
 found at Nineveh recounting the successes of 
 Sennacherib in this campaign, including the 
 taking of Lachish, but not speaking of Jerusalem 
 as taken by him). This event is generally 
 placed in 710. 
 
 712. Sennacherib again subdues Merodach Baladan, and 
 makes his own son governor of Babylonia. 
 
 710. Dejoces, governor of theMedes, assumes the title of 
 king, and reigns 53 years. He built Ecbatana, 
 the capital of Media. Soon after this, probably, 
 the Syrians revolt from the Assyrians. 
 
 708. Tarentum is built by the Partheniae (under Pha- 
 lantus), who had been expelled from Sparta 
 (625, Newton). 
 
 706. Sennacherib, being slain by his two eldest sons, is 
 succeeded by his third son, Esarhaddon, who 
 reigns 43 years. 
 
 703. Corcyra is built by the Corinthians. 
 
 700. 
 698. j^^XX^^^t^f king of Judah, reigns 55 gears, 
 688. Death of Tirhakah, king of Egypt, an interregnum 
 
 of 2 years succeeds. — About this time it is probable No- 
 Amon or Thebes was taken by Esarhaddon j or in 671. 
 
 685. THE SECOND MESSENIAN WAR be- 
 gins, and continues 14 years till the taking of 
 Ira, after a siege of 11 years. Tyrtaeus, poet, 
 born in Attica : he inspired the Lacedaemonians 
 with courage to defeat Aristomenes, the Mes- 
 senian general. — Twelve princes seize on the 
 kingdom of Egypt, and govern it by a joint 
 confederacy 15 years (670, Newton). 
 
 683. Annual archons elected at Athens, Creon being 
 
 the first. Archilochus, poet of Faros, inventor of Iambics. 
 
 C 3 
 
22 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [680— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 680. Esarhaddon or Assarhaddinus, king of Assyria, 
 seizes on the kingdom of Babylon, and reigns 
 over both countries 13 years. 
 
 678. Esarhaddon invades Palestine, and plants a colony of 
 foreigners in Samaria. — Ardys succeeds Gyges 
 as king of Lydia, and reigns 49 years. 
 
 672. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, third king of Eome. 
 671. Esarhaddon invades Egypt (according to Newton). 
 
 670. Psammetichus, one of the twelve confederated 
 princes of Egypt, having overcome the rest, 
 seizes upon the whole kingdom, and reigns 54 
 years. — The Messenians take possession of 
 Zancle, in Sicily, and change its name to 
 
 MeSSana. TERPANDEI^ a lyrlc poet and musician of Lesbos ; he 
 
 added three strings to the lyre, which before his time had only four. 
 
 667. Saosduchinus, supposed to be the same as Nabu- 
 chodonosor, succeeds his father Esarhaddon in 
 the kingdom of Assyria and Babylon. 
 THE COMBAT BETWEEN THE HO- 
 RATII AND CUMATII decides the differ- 
 ences between the Romans and the Albans. — 
 
 QQ5. Death of Mettius Euffetius, the Alban dictator. 
 Immediately after the town of Alba is destroyed, 
 and the inhabitants transferred to Rome. — 
 
 ALCMAN, a poet. 
 
 658. Foundation of Byzantium, afterwards Constanti- 
 nople, by a colony of Athenians, according to Ammianus ; by Milesians, 
 according to Paterculus ; or by Lacedaemonians, according to Justin. — 
 STESICHORUS, poet of Himera.in Sicily. 
 
 657. Phraortes, supposed to be the Arphaxad mentioned 
 in the book of Judith, succeeds Dejoces in the 
 kingdom of Media. 
 
 647. Chiniladon succeeds Saosduchinus, king of Babylon 
 and Assyria, and reigns 22 years. 
 
 643. ^111011, king of Judah ; two years after he is mur- 
 dered hy his servants, and succeeded by ^^%\d!^y 
 his son, only 8 years old. 
 
 640. ANCUS MARTIUB, 4th king of Rome. 
 
 635. Phraortes is killed in battle with the Assyrians. 
 Cyaxares succeeds him in the kingdom of Media 
 
—606.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 23 
 
 B.C. 
 
 (perhaps not till 611). He besieges Nineveh^ 
 but is diverted by an invasion of the Scythians. 
 The Cimmerians (expelled by the Scythians) take 
 Sardis. 
 
 634, The Scythians invade Media, and occupy Upper 
 Asia for 28 years, penetrating even to Egypt. 
 
 625. Nabopolassar rebels against the king of Assyria, 
 and makes himself master of Babylon; reigns 
 2 1 years. Periander, tyrant of Corinth. - Arion, poet 
 
 and musician of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. 
 
 624. Josiah (of JudaK) repairs the temple^ puts down 
 idolatry, completes his reformation, and keeps a 
 solemn passover, 
 
 621. DRACO, archon and legislator of Athens (572, 
 Newton). 
 
 617. Alyattes, the 4th of the family of the Mermnadae, 
 and father of Croesus, succeeds Sadyattes as king 
 of Lydia, and reigns 57 years. He expels the Cim- 
 merians. — Psammetichus, king of Egypt, dies, 
 and is succeeded by Necus or Pharaoh Necho. 
 
 616. TARQUIHIUS PRISCUS, 5th king of Rome. 
 
 612. Cylon seizes the Acropolis at Athens ; he surrenders, 
 and is treacherously put to death by Megacles 
 
 the Alcmaeonid. — Alcceus, poet, and Sappho, poetess, both of 
 Lesbos. 
 
 611. Cyaxares (probably) begins to recover Media from 
 
 the Scythians. 
 610. Josiah is slain in battle by Pharaoh Necho, and is 
 
 succeeded by ^t^^di^^}^ who reigns 3 months. 
 609. Pharaoh Necho carries Jehoahaz captive into Egypt, 
 
 and makes 2Jcf)0iallim, king, who reigns 11 years, 
 
 606. About this time NIHEVEH IS DESTROY- 
 ED by the Medes and Babylonians under Cyax- 
 ares and Nabopolassar. Pharaoh Necho defeated 
 by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish. 
 
 FIRST CAPTIVITY OF THE JEWS AT 
 BABYLOH begins under Nebuchadnezzar, 
 who this year had been associated with his father 
 
 C 4 
 
24 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [604— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 in the kingdom of Babylon. (Probably just after 
 the taking of Nineveh). 
 
 604. Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, dies, and is suc- 
 ceeded by his son Nebuchadnezzar, who reigns 
 43 years. The Phoenicians sail round Africa 
 by order of Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. — 
 
 603. JehoiaMm revolts from Nebuchadnezzar, DANIEL 
 reveals and interprets Nebuchadnezzar'' s dreams, 
 in consequence of which Daniel and his friends 
 
 are greatly advanced. THALES, bom at Miletus in lonia, the 
 
 FOUNDER OF THE IONIC SCHOOL, which lasted above 500 years. 
 He was one of the " SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE ;" the others 
 were: PERIANDER, tyrant of Corinth ; SOLON, born at Salamis, legis- 
 lator of Athens ; PITTACUS, born at Mitylene, in Lesbos ; CHILON, a 
 Spartan philosopher ; CLEOBULUS, born at Lindus in Rhodes, and BIAS, 
 born at Priene, in lonia. 
 
 600. 
 
 600. Death of Pharaoh Nechojking of Egypt; he is suc- 
 ceeded by his son Psammis, who reigns 6 years. 
 
 599. Jehoiahim, king of Judah, is slain, and succeeded by 
 his son %t%^\d^t%V^y Jeconias, Jeconiah, or 
 Coniah, who reigns 3 months and 10 days, 
 
 598. Jeconiah is carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, who makes ^tbclkiaft king in his stead. 
 This is EzekieVs date for the 70 weeks' captivity. 
 
 594. SOLON, ARCHON AND LEGISLATOR 
 OF ATHENS.— Psammis, king of Egypt, 
 is succeeded by his son Apries, or Pharaoh 
 Hophra, who reigns 25 years. — EZEKIEL is 
 called to the prophetical office. — epimenides, an epic 
 
 poet of Crete (quoted by St. Paul, Titus i. 12.) He is said to be the first who 
 built temples in the Grecian communities. — ANACHARSIS, a Scythian 
 philosopher. Some writers attribute to him the invention of anchors and the 
 potter's wheel. 
 
 591. The Pythian Games are established at Delphi in 
 
 honour of Apollo (others, 586) ; they were celebrated at 
 first every ninth year, and afterwards every second year of each Olympiad. 
 
 588. NEBUCHADNEZZAR DESTROYS JE- 
 RUSALEM, burns the temple, and carries 
 Zedekiah and the principal inhabitants to Babylon. 
 Thus terminated the kingdom of Judah, 468 
 years from the accession of David, 388 years 
 
—570.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 25 
 
 B.C. 
 
 from the revolt of the ten tribes, and 134 years 
 from the ruin of the kingdom of Israel, About 
 this time Obadiah prophesied against the insulting 
 Edomites, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had 
 made governor of the remnant of the people, is 
 treacherously slain ; and the Jews carry JERE- 
 MIAH along with them into Egypt. — sacadas, a 
 
 musician and poet of Argos. 
 
 586. Nebuchadnezzar besieges Tyre for 13 years, Itho- 
 bal being then king; during this time he ex- 
 ecutes the Divine judgments on the Philistines, 
 Idumeans, Ammonites, and Moabites. 
 
 585. Battle between the Medes and Lydians put an 
 end to by a solar eclipse : Astyages, the son 
 of Cyaxares, is married to Ariene, the daughter 
 of Alyattes. 
 
 582. The Isthmian Games are restored, and continued 
 every first and third year of the Olympiads. 
 
 580. Nebuchadnezzar erects a golden image, which he re- 
 quires every one to worship ; and Shadrach, Me- 
 shach, and Abednegp, in consequence of refusing 
 to obey, are cast into a fiery furnace, from which 
 they are miraculously delivered, 
 
 578. SERVIUS TULLIUB, 6th king of Eome.— 
 
 ^SOPUS, a Phrygian philosopher and fabulist; he chiefly resided at the 
 court of Crojsus, king of Lydia,— SUSARION andDOLON, Greek poets, 
 inventors of comedy. 
 
 573. Tyre is taken by Nebuchadnezzar, who is promised 
 Egypt for his wages. 
 
 572. Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt, and either slays 
 or takes captive nearly all the miserable remnant 
 of Jews who were there. 
 
 571. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. — Astyages (or 
 " Darius the Mede ") probably succeeds Cyaxares 
 
 at this date. PHERECYDES, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple 
 
 of Pittacus. The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was first supported by 
 him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of his disciples. 
 —ANAXIMANDER, a Milesian philosopher, the companionand disciple of 
 Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres; he asserted that the 
 earth was of a cylindrical form, that it moved, and that the moon received 
 light from the sun. He made the first geographical maps and sun-dials — 
 ANAXIMENES, disciple of Anaximander ; he succeeded his master in his 
 school. 
 
 570. Pharaoh Hophra is slain by -Amasis, who from this 
 
26 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [568— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 period reigns 44 years. — Nebuchadnezzar is 
 warned hy a remarkable dream interpreted by 
 Daniel^ which is fulfilled next year by the hinges 
 insanity y that continues 7 years, 
 
 568. The Nemean Grames are restored, 
 
 562. JSTebucliadnezzar dies, and is succeeded by his son 
 Evil-merodach, who reigns 2 years, — comedies are 
 
 first exhibited at Athens by THESPIS, a poet of Attica, who is also sup- 
 posed by some to be the inventor of tragedy. 
 
 560. Croesus succeeds his father Alyattes in the kingdom 
 of Lydia, and reigns 14 years. 
 Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens (Newton, 550). 
 Evil-merodach is slain by a conspiracy, and is suc- 
 ceeded by Neriglissar, who reigns 4 years. 
 
 65Q. Neriglissar is slain in battle, and is succeeded by 
 his son, Laborosoarchod, who, after a reign of 9 
 months, is slain in a conspiracy on account of 
 his cruelty. 
 
 555, Laborosoarchod is succeeded by Nabonadius or 
 Belshazzar, who reigns 17 years. — Daniel has 
 a vision of four animals as emblematical of the 
 four monarchies, to be succeeded by the kingdom of 
 the Messiah, 
 
 548. The ancient temple of Delphi is burnt by the 
 Pisistratidse. The Alcmoeonids contract to re- 
 build it. PYTHAGORAS, a philosopher, born at Samos ; he founded 
 
 a sect at Crotona, which received the name of " the Italian." Some say he 
 was the first who supported the doctrine of metempsychosis, and taught that 
 the sun is placed in the centre of the universe, and that all the planets move 
 round it. — XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher of Colophon, disciple of 
 Archelaus ; he founded a sect in Sicily called the Eleatic ; he supposed that 
 God and the world were the same, and asserted the eternity of the universe. 
 
 546. CHCESUS IS DEFEATED AT THE 
 HALTS BY CYRUS, AND SAUDIS 
 
 TAKEN. 
 
 X 538. BABYLON IS TAKEN BY CYRUS, AND 
 
 ^^ BELSHAZZAR SL AIN.^ End of the Baby- 
 
 lonian empire. Cyrus constitutes Darius king 
 of Babylon. 
 537. Daniel is cast into the den of lions: about this time 
 he had the vision of the 70 weeks. — ibycus, a lyric poet 
 
 of Bhegium.— ANACREON, a famous lyric poet of Teos, in Ionia.— 
 THEOGNIS, a Grpek poet of Megara— PHOCYLIDES, a Greek poet, and 
 philosopher of Miletus. 
 
—509.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 27 
 
 536. CYRUS THE GHEAT FOUNDS THE 
 
 PERSIAN EMPIRE, having succeeded to 
 the throne of Darius, king of Babylon, and 
 Cambyses, king of Persia. — He puts an end to 
 the Jewish captivity , which had lasted 70 years, 
 
 534. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 7th king of 
 Rome. — The Jews lay the foundation of the 
 second temple, hut are obstructed in their work 
 by the Samaritans. 
 
 530. Death of Cyrus the Great: his son Cambyses or 
 Ahasuerus, succeeds him. — Pisistratus, tyrant 
 of Athens, dies a year or two after. 
 
 525. Psammetichus succeeds his father Amasis on the 
 throne of Egypt ; but is defeated by Cambyses, 
 who conquers the whole kingdom. 
 
 522. Cambyses dies in Syria ; and Smerdis the Magian, 
 called in Scripture Artaxerxes, usurps the throne 
 of Persia ; the following year he is slain, and 
 succeeded by Darius Hystaspes. — Polycrates, 
 the tyrant of Samos, is murdered by Orestes. 
 
 520. Zerubbabel and Jeshua, excited by the prophets 
 Haggai and Zechariah, set forward the building 
 
 of the temple. ZOROASTER, a Persian phUosopher.-CONFU- 
 
 CIUS, a Chinese piiilosopher. 
 
 516. Taking of Babylon by Darius. 
 
 515. THE SECOND TEMPLE IS FINISHED, 
 AND DEDICATED AT JERUSALEM. 
 
 510. The Pisistratidge are expelled from Athens, and the 
 democracy is restored. 
 The city of Sybaris (founded in 721) is destroyed 
 by the people of Crotona. 
 
 509. THE TARQUINS ARE EXPELLED 
 FROM ROME, and the regal government is 
 supplied by two consuls yearly elected (507, Ar 
 nold).— BRUTUS AND COLLATINUS 
 
 CONSULS. DIP^NUS and SCYLLIS,of Crete, statuaries.— 
 
 RHCECUS, of Samos, inventor of casting metals. — PARMENIDES, a 
 Greek philosopher of Elis : he taught that the earth was placed in the centre 
 of the universe. 
 
28 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [504— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 504. The Athenians having entered into a confederacy 
 
 with the Ionian s against Darius, burn Sardis 
 
 (others, 499), which gives rise afterwards to the 
 
 invasion of Greece by the Persians. — mild, a cele- 
 brated wrestler of Crotona, in Italy. 
 
 500. 
 
 499. Lartius the first dictator created at Rome. — 
 
 HERACLITUS, a Greek philosopher of Ephesus, surnamed Scotinus, or 
 the " Gloomy," on account of his constantly weeping at the follies and frailties 
 of men. 
 
 496. Reconquest of Ionia by the Persians completed by 
 the taking of Miletus. 
 
 492. Secession of the Koman people to Mons Sacer, 
 and first institution of tribunes of the commons. 
 
 490. BATTLE OF MARATHON, in which Mil- 
 tiades defeats the Persians, commanded by Datis 
 and Artaphernes, 
 
 488. COmOLANUS BESIEGES ROME, at the 
 head of a Volscian army, but at the entreaties 
 of his mother Yeturia, and his wife Yolumnia, 
 withdraws his forces. — Statues are erected at 
 Athens to Harmodius and Aristogiton, the 
 murderers of Hipparchus, brother of the tyrant 
 Hippias. 
 
 486. Darius, after making great preparations for the 
 invasion of Greece and Egypt, dies, and is suc- 
 ceeded on the Persian throne by his son Xerxes. 
 — Miltiades dies in prison. 
 
 484. An Agrarian law is proposed at Rome by the con- 
 sul Spurius Cassius, and rejected by the senate. 
 
 483. Cassius is put to death at Rome. — Aristides is 
 banished from Athens by the ostracism. 
 
 480. XERXES INVADES GREECE. THE 
 SPARTANS UNDER LEONIDAS ARE 
 CUT TO PIECES AT THERMOPYLiE. 
 NAVAL VICTORY GAINED BY THE- 
 MISTOCLES OVER THE PERSIANS 
 
 AT SAL AMIS. CHARON, an historian of Lampsacus. 
 
 479. Attica is laid waste, and Athens burnt by Mar- 
 
—457.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 29 
 
 B.C. 
 
 donius. Victories over the Persians at PLA- 
 T.^A and MYCALE on the same day. 
 Xerxes leaves Greece. 
 
 475. THE 300 FABII ARE KILLED IN ONE 
 DAY BY THE VEIENTES AT THE 
 
 CREMERA. — ^SCHYLUS, a tragic poet, born at Athens : 
 father of the drama. Of 90 tragedies which he wrote, only 7 are pre- 
 served He was also an excellent soldier, and fought at Marathon, Sa- 
 lamis and Platjea. — SIMON IDES, a poet of Ceos ; he added the four 
 letters, »i, u, t, -J/, to the alphabet of the Greeks. — PINDAR, the prince of 
 lyric poets, born at Thebes: the house in which he lived was spared both by 
 the Spartans and afterwards by Alexander the Great, when they destroyed 
 Thebes — BACCHYLIDES, a lyric poet of Ceos, nephew to Simonides. 
 
 469. Publilius Volero, the Roman tribune, obtains a law 
 (the Publilian) for the election of plebeian ma- 
 gistrates in the comitia held by tribes {Comitia 
 trihuta), 
 Capua is founded by the Tuscans. 
 
 466. CIMON, son of Miltiades, DEFEATS in one 
 day THE PERSIAN FLEET AND 
 ARMY AT THE MOUTH OF THE 
 RIVER^ EURYMEDON, in Pamphylia. — 
 Antium is taken by the Romans from the 
 Volscians. 
 
 465. Xerxes is* treacherously slain by Artabanus. [Or, 
 475.] 
 
 464. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR, occasioned by 
 the revolt of the Helots ; it continues 10 years. 
 — Mycenae is destroyed by the Argives (468, 
 Clinton). 
 Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus), the Ahasuerus of Es- 
 ther, having been led by Artabanus to slay his 
 eldest brother, ascends the Persian throne, and, 
 to secure himself, slays Artabanus. [Or, in 474.] 
 
 463. Artaxerxes conquers his brother Hystaspes. — The 
 Egyptians under Inarus revolt from the Persians. 
 
 461. Cimon is banished from Athens by the ostracism. 
 The powers of the Areopagus are limited by 
 Pericles through the agency of Ephialtes. 
 
 460. The Terentilian law is proposed at Rome, for the ap- 
 pointment of 10 commissioners for written laws. 
 
 457. The Athenians are defeated by the Peloponnesians 
 at Tanagra. — The Yolscians recover Antium. 
 
30 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [456— 
 
 .c. 
 
 456. The Athenians under Myronides defeat the Boeo- 
 tians at CEnophyta. — Cimon is recalled. — Cin- 
 cinnatus dictator at Rome, institution of the Ludi s^- 
 
 culares. 
 LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who 
 invented the famous system of atoms, and of a vacuum. ^ DEMOCRITUS, 
 a philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He laughed at the follies 
 and vanities of mankind, which used to excite the tears of Heraclitus. 
 
 455. End of the third Messenian war. The Messenians 
 settle at Naupactus. — The Persians recover 
 Egypt : Inarus is put to death. — The number 
 of the tribunes of the people at Eome increased 
 from 5 to 10. 
 
 453. HAMAN plots the destruction of the Jews in 
 
 Persia. [Or, in 472.] 
 452. The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. 
 
 449. THE DECEMYIBI are created at Rome : 
 compilation of the Laws of the Twelve Tables. — 
 Appius Claudius. — Sicinius Dentatus. 
 Expedition of Cimon against Cyprus ; he dies while 
 besieging Citium. Victories of his fleet and 
 army. 
 
 448. The FIRST SACRED WAR concerning the 
 temple of Delphi. 
 
 447. Death of Yirginia, and abolition of the decem- 
 virate. — The Athenians are defeated by the 
 Boeotians at Coronea. 
 
 445. Invasion of Attica by the Spartans under Pleisto- 
 anax. — The 30 years' truce begins between 
 the Athenians and the other Grecian powers. — • 
 Ahasuerus sends Nehemiah as governor to Judea, 
 with extensive powers, to rebuild the walls of JerU" 
 salem. [Or, in 455 : see 464.] 
 
 444. AGE OP PERICLES. ASPASIA taught eloquence at 
 
 Athens SOPHOCLES, tragic poet of Athens, and pupil of iESCHYLUS : 
 
 of 120 tragedies which he wrote, only 7 are extant. He distinguished himself 
 not only as a poet, but also as a statesman and a warrior. — EURIPIDES, 
 tragic poet, born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was 
 defeated by the Greeks. He wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are ex- 
 tant.— ARISTOPHANES, comic poet of Athens. He has been called the 
 prince of the ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. — SOCRATES, 
 the most celebrated philosopher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. 
 
 His teaching has been recorded by two of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato 
 he maintained the immortality of the soul — HERODOTUS, of Halicar- 
 nassus (a maritime city of Asia Minor), called the father of history, reads his 
 history at Athens this year. — THUCYDIDES, the historian of the Peio- 
 ponnesian war, born at Athens. — XENOPHON, an Athenian, the historian 
 
—421.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROKOLOGY. 31 
 
 B.C. 
 
 and general of the Anabasis (Retreat of the Ten Thousand, see 400).— 
 HIPPOCRATES, of Cos, physician ; he delivered Athens from a dreadful 
 
 pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war PHIDIAS, statuary, 
 
 native of Athens — POLYCLETUS, sculptor of Sicyon.— POLYGNOTUS, 
 painter of Thasos (a small island on the coast of Thrace). — ZEUXIS, 
 painter, born at Heraclea, in Sicily ; and Parrhasius of Ephesus, his rival.— 
 ICTINUS and CALLICRATES, architects, designers of the Parthenon— 
 GORGIAS of Leontiura, PROTAGORAS of Abdera, and PRODICUS of 
 Ceos, sophists. 
 
 About this time it is supposed that Ezra prepared 
 and set forth a correct edition of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures, 
 
 443. Thurii is colonised by the Athenians and Sybarites. 
 
 442. The law of Canuleius for the intermarriage of the 
 
 patricians and plebeians at Eome. Military 
 
 tribunes are created. 
 
 440. The censorship is instituted at Rome. 
 434. Cornelius Cossus gains the second spolia opima by 
 killing Lar Tolumnius, king of the Veientes. 
 
 432, Meton begins his famous Lunar Cycle of 19 years; 
 also called the Golden Number, from the num- 
 bers being anciently written in golden letters. 
 
 431. COMMENCEMENT OE THE PELOPON- 
 NESIAN WAR; it continues 27 years. 
 430. Great plague at Athens. — MALACHI, the last of 
 
 the prophets of the Old Testament, the history of which ends 
 about this time. 
 
 429. Taking of Potidaea. Death of Pericles. The next 
 year Plato is born. 
 
 427. Plataea is taken by the Lacedaemonians^ in the 93rd 
 year of its alliance with Athens. 
 
 425. The island of Sphacteria is taken by the Athenians ; 
 this was the first time Spartans were known to 
 
 surrender. Eruption of Mount ^tna, the third known, 50 years 
 
 after the second. 
 
 424. Death of Artaxerxes ; he is succeeded by his son 
 
 Xerxes, who is slain by Sogdianus, and he by 
 
 Ochus or Darius (Nothus). 
 422. Battle of Amphipolis. — Death of Cleon and Bra- 
 
 sidas. 
 421. The 50 years' peace made between the Athenians 
 
 and the Lacedaemonians, which was kept but 
 
 6 years and 10 months. 
 
32 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [420— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 420. Capua taken by tlie Samnites from the Tuscans. 
 
 415. ILL-FATED EXPEDITION OF THE 
 
 ATHENIANS AGAINST SYRACUSE, 
 under Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus. — 
 Disturbances at Rome on account of the Agra- 
 rian law. 
 
 413. Surrender of the Athenians to the Sicilians.— 
 Egypt revolts from the Persians^ and Amyrtaeus 
 is appointed king. 
 
 412. Alcibiades, having offered his services to Sparta, 
 is sent into Asia Minor, where he concludes an 
 alliance between the Lacedaemonians and Tissa- 
 phernes, the Persian satrap. — A council of 400 
 governs Athens. 
 
 409. The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy 
 Selinus and Himera, but are repulsed by Her- 
 mocrates. 
 
 406. VICTORY OF CONON, the Athenian general, 
 AT ARGINUS^, over Callicratidas, the 
 Lacedaemonian commander, who is killed in the 
 action. — Dionysius the Elder obtains the sove- 
 reignty of Syracuse on the same day as Euri- 
 pides, the tragic poet, dies. — Sophocles dies the 
 following year. — Plebeians first elected to the 
 quaestorship at Rome. 
 
 405. LYSANDER DEFEATS THE ATHE- 
 NIANS AT .^GOS POT AMOS.— Arta- 
 
 xerxes II. (Mnemon), king of Persia. 
 
 404. LYSANDER TAKES ATHENS, and thus 
 ends the Peloponnesian Avar ; he establishes 30 
 tyrants over the conquered city. — Death of 
 Alcibiades. — Thrasybulus occupies Phyle and 
 the Pirseus. 
 
 403. Archonship of Euclides. — Anxur taken from the 
 Volscians. — Pay first granted to the Roman 
 soldiers. 
 
 402. The Romans make their first attempt to take the 
 city of Veii. 
 
-395.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 33 
 
 B.C. 
 
 401. Cyrus (the Younger), son of Darius Nothus, is 
 defeated and killed at Cunaxa by his brother 
 Artaxerxes. — Expulsion of the 30 tyrants from 
 Athens by Thrasybulus. — Psammetichus king 
 
 of Egypt. 
 
 400. 
 
 400. XENOPHON ACCOMPLISHES HIS 
 GLORIOUS RETREAT WITH THE 
 10,000 GREEKS WHO HAD FOL- 
 LOWED CYRUS. 
 
 SOCRATES IS PUT TO DEATH.— plato. 
 
 a celebrated philosopher of Athens — In his system of philosophy he fol- 
 lowed the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras, 
 and the ethics of Socrates. He is THE FOUNDER OF THE ACA- 
 DEMIC SCHOOL.— AKCFIYTAS, a philosopher, born at Tarentum, who 
 redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of Dionysius. He is therepu'ed 
 inventor of the screw and the pulley. — CEBES, a Theban philosopher, dis- 
 ciple of Socrates — ISOCRATES, a celebrated orator, born at Athens, 
 taught in the schools of Gorgias and Prodicus : about 31 of his orations 
 are extant. — ANTIPHON, ANDOCIDES, and LYSIAS, orators.— 
 
 CALLIMACHUS, an architect, inventor of the Corinthian order 
 
 DAMON and PYTHIAS, Pythagorean philosophers CTESIAS. a Greek 
 
 historian and physician of Cnidos. — ANTISTHENES, a Greek philo- 
 sopher, FOUNDER OF THE CYNIC SCHOOL. The Cynics were 
 » famous for their contempt of most of the received customs of mankind. 
 
 ANTISTHENES taught, the unity of God: from his school the Stoics 
 subsequently sprang — ARISTIPPUS the Elder, of Cyrene, in Lybia, 
 disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He placed the 
 chief good of man in pleasure, which, in his view, included every sensual 
 gratification. — NICETAS, an astronomer, said to have taught the diurnal 
 rotation of the earth instead of that of the heavens. 
 
 399. The Lacedasmonians send an army into Asia Minor 
 under Thimbron, who is succeeded by Dercyl- 
 
 lldaS. A Lectisternium is celebrated at Rome for the first time, on 
 
 account of a pestilence. 
 
 397. Peace of Dercyllidas, securing the independence of 
 the Grecian cities in Asia Minor. — The lake of 
 Alba is drained by the Romans. Plebeians first 
 appointed to be military tribunes at Rome. 
 
 396. Expedition of Age&ilaus into Asia Minor. 
 
 395. Agesilaus defeats Tissaphernes at the Pactolus. — 
 Syracuse is unsuccessfully besieged by the Car- 
 thaginians under Imilcon. 
 Beginning of the Corinthian war by the alliances 
 of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and 
 Argives against the Lacedaemonians. — Death of 
 Lysander. 
 
34 COMPENDIUM OF CHKOXOLOGY. [394- 
 
 B.C. 
 
 394. Conon and Pharnabaziis defeat the Lacedaemonian 
 fleet near Cnidus. A few days after, the allies 
 are defeated at Coronea by Agesilans. The fol- 
 lowing year Conon rebuilds the w^alls of Athens. 
 
 393. VEII IS TAKEN BY CAMILLUS after a 
 siege of 10 years. 
 
 389. Pvrgi, the port of Ctere, is pillaged by the fleet of 
 Dionysins of Sicily. 
 
 388. Camilhis is impeached by the tribunes, and retires 
 from Rome. 
 
 387. BATTLE OF ALLIA : ROME IS TAKEN 
 AND BURNT BY THE GAULS UNDER 
 
 BRENNUS. .Acoorc'., :. X--.hr .vU Ar. .Id, S^" ; other^ 
 place it in 3Sc>, and some ia 3f.O.) — DishonOlirablc pCaCC of 
 
 Antalcidas between the Spartans and Per- 
 sians, by which the Greek cities of Asia Minor 
 are rendered tributary to Persia. — philoxexvs, « 
 
 dichryambic poet of Cjthera, who rayoyed the favour of Dionysias. 
 
 3S2. Ph'cebidas, the Spartan, seizes the citadel of Thebes 
 by treachery. 
 
 379. The Spaiians are expelled from Thebes. — OlynthnS' 
 is conquered by the Spartans after a war oft 
 4 years, 
 
 377. Chabrias defeats the Lacedemonian fleet at Xaxos. 
 
 IS^US, an orator of Cbalcis, in Eubcea, who came to Athens, and became 
 there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. 
 PHILlSTUSof Syracuse, an historian. AKETA, a female philosopher of 
 Cyrene— PHILO'LAVS, a Pychagorean philosopher of Crocona, who 
 maintained that the earth turus" round its axis. 
 
 374. Artaxerxes Mnemon sends an army imder Pharna- 
 bazus, with 20,000 Greeks, commanded by. 
 Iphicrates, agidnst Xectanebis, king of Egypt, 
 who had shaken ofl' ihe Persian yoke. 
 
 371. BATTLE OF LEUCTRA, in which the The- 
 bans under Pelopidas and Epaminondas defeat' 
 the Lacedtemonians, whose king, Cleombrotus, is 
 killed in the action. 
 
 369. The Messenians, assisted by the Thebans, return tct 
 
 the Peloponnesus, $6 years afcer their expulsion.! 
 The citY of Messene is built. 
 
—352.] COMPENDIUM OF CIIIiONOLOGY. 35 
 
 H.<:. 
 
 'M)1, Dionysiufi IL, tyrant of HyrmmM. — Omt of the 
 (yjriHulr: at Rome in (dfiCUA from the plebeian 8. — 
 
 r/i^ foll/mimj ymr Jofi/iwm, hi/jh [rrkat of tlve Jt-im, kiMts hu 
 frroiMr Jonhv/i in litf:. l/irapk, fi/r wlmh tka witi/m vs rfuj^Ai t/j 
 pay o, jlriA fry titjh Pt'/fHi/irui fw 7 ycMrn. 
 
 ?>()4:. Pelopidus defeats Alexander, tyrant of Pherse, in 
 ThcHsaly, hut m killed in battle. — Taebos »uc- 
 ceedr; Xectajjebj- I. 
 
 3G:i the LACEDEMONIANS ARE DE- 
 FEATED BY EPAMINONDAS AT 
 THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA, IN 
 WHICH HE IS KILLED, 
 
 302. In order y> fulfil the i)i(}[Ai('/:y, Ciiniu>: devotes 
 himself by leaping into a gulf in the Forum at 
 Rome. 
 
 3ol. Agecilaus goes intf> Egypt tx> assist Tachos against 
 Artaxerxes, but being seduced by the splendid 
 offers of Nectanebis II., he makes him king 
 instead of Tachos. Agesikus dies on his return. 
 
 .-ifJO. PHILIP IL ASCENDS THE THRONE 
 OF MACEDON, AND DEFEATS THE 
 ATHENIANS AT METHONE. He in- 
 stituUic the Ma^:edonian phaianx. 
 
 3o9. Artaxerxes IL is succeeded by Lis sr>n Ochus 
 TArtaxerxes IILj. 
 
 3o8. Revolt of the Athenian colonies. Philip takes 
 Amphi polls and Pydna. 
 
 3o7. THE SECOND SACRED WAR is occasioned 
 
 by the Phocians alta/:king and plundering the 
 temple of Delphi — Dionysius the Younger is 
 expelled from Syrax^use by Dion, and next year 
 withdraws to Italy. 
 
 356. Alexander the Great, son of Philip, is born at 
 Pelk in Maxiedonia. — The temple of Diana at 
 Ephesus is burnt by Erostratus. — Philip con- 
 f|uers the Thraxiians, Paeonians, and Illyrian«, 
 and takes Potidsea. 
 First plebeian dictat^jr at Rome, C. IMarcius Rutilu». 
 
 352. Philip takes Methone. — The Phocians, under 
 
36 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [351--. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip. 
 
 — DEMOSTHENES delivers his first Philippic. — THEOPOMPUS, a 
 Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrates. — SCOPAS, a distinguished 
 sculptor in marble, statuary in bronze, and architect, native of Paros. 
 
 351. First plebeian censor at Rome, C. Marcius Rutilus. 
 
 350. Ochus invades Egypt, expels Nectanebis, and re- 
 duces the whole country, which has ever since 
 been enslaved by strangers. 
 
 347. Philip takes Olynthus. 
 
 346. Philip puts an end to the Sacred war by taking 
 possession of all the cities of the Phocians, and 
 is admitted a member of the Amphictyonic 
 Council. 
 Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse after 
 10 years' banishment. 
 
 343. WAR BETWEEN THE ROMANS AND 
 THE SAMNITES, which lasts 71 years, and 
 leads to the conquest of all Italy. — Syracuse is 
 taken by Timoleon, and Dionysius the Tyrant 
 finally banished, 
 
 340. P. Decius devotes himself to death for his country 
 in the war with the Samnites. — Philip invades 
 
 Scythia. About this time flourished DEMOSTHENES, the prince 
 
 of orators, born at Athens, and pupil of Issus and Plato. — ^SCHINES, an 
 Athenian orator, rival of Demosthenes.— ARISTOTLE, a famous philo- 
 sopher, born at Stagyra. His disciples were called PERIPATETICS, be- 
 cause they received the philosopher's lectures as they walked about. The 
 Peripatetics placed their " summum bonum " in the due exercise of the 
 moral and intellectual faculties. Aristotle was preceptor to Alexander the 
 Great.— THEOPHRASTUS, a philosopher, native of Eressus in Lesbos : 
 he studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whom he succeeded 
 in the Lyceum. He died aged 107- To his care we are indebted for the 
 works of Aristotle, which the dying philosopher entrusted to him — 
 DIOGENES, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope. — HERMO- 
 GENES, an architect of Alabanda, in Caria, who built the temple of 
 Diana at Magnesia, and the temple of Bacchus at Teos. — MYRON, 
 ALCAMENES, and CTESILAUS, statuaries — DEMOCRATES, an 
 architect of Alexandria. — LYSIPPUS, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He 
 made no less than 1500 statues ; those of the 25 horsemen who were 
 drowned in the Granicus, were so valued that, in the age of Augustus, they 
 were bought for their weight in gold. Alexander the Great would allow- 
 none but Lysippus to make his statues, and none but Apelles to take his 
 
 portrait APELLES, a celebrated painter of Cos, others say of Ephesus. — 
 
 PRAXITELES, one of the most distinguished artists of Greece, was both a 
 statuary in bronze and a sculptor in marble. Praxiteles stands with Scopas, 
 at the head of the " later Attic school," so called in contradistinction to the 
 earlier Attic school of Phidias. — PAUSIAS, a painter of Sicyon, the first 
 who understood how to apply colours to wood and ivory by means of fire. — 
 PROTOGENES, a painter of Rhodes — ARISTOXENUS, a celebrated 
 musician. The three books he wrote upon music are the most ancient on 
 that subject extant.— GRANTOR, a philosopher of Soli, Plato's disciple, 
 
 339. The Carthaginians are defeated by Timoleon near 
 Agrigentum. — Phocion obliges Philip to raise: 
 
—327.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 37 
 
 B.C. 
 
 the sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium. — The 
 laws made by the general assembly of the 
 people, the Comitia tributa, no longer require 
 the confirmation of the Koman senate. 
 
 338. PHILIP DEFEATS THE ATHENIANS 
 AND THEBANS AT CHiEIlONEA.— 
 
 Ochus, king of Persia, is poisoned by Bagoas, 
 who makes Arogus or Arses king. 
 
 337. Philip is chosen generalissimo of the Greeks against 
 the Persians. 
 
 336. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, KING OF 
 MACEDON ; his father Philip having been 
 killed by Pausanias. — Bagoas poisons Arogus, 
 and is put to death by Darius Codomanus, who 
 ascends the throne of Persia. 
 
 335. Alexander destroys Thebes,. 
 
 334. Alexander begins the Persian invasion, and gains a 
 victory over Darius at Granicus. — First plebeian 
 pragtor at Rome. 
 
 333. Alexander reduces all Asia Minor, and gains another 
 great victory at Issus. 
 
 332. Alexander destroys Tyre and Gaza; he visits Jeru- 
 salem, the high priest meets him, and showing 
 him the prophecy of his coming into the Holy 
 Land in Daniel, Alexander spares and protects 
 that city. He conquers Egypt, and there founds 
 Alexandria. — The Samaritan temple on Mount 
 Gerizim huilt hy Manas seh, son of Joiada, ac- 
 cording to Josephus. 
 
 331. BATTLE OP ARBELA. END OP THE 
 PERSIAN, AND COMMENCEMENT 
 OP THE GRECIAN OR MACEDO- 
 NIAN EMPIRE.— Alexander takes posses- 
 sion of Babylon and Susa, and sets fire to the 
 palace of Persepolis. 
 
 330. Darius is slain by the traitor Bessus. 
 
 327. Alexander's expedition against Porus. — He builds 
 on the banks of the Hydaspes the cities of 
 
 D 3 
 
38 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [326— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Nicsea, in honour of his victory, and Bucephala, 
 in memory of his horse Bucephalus. 
 
 326o Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Eu- 
 phrates. 
 
 325. Papirius Cursor, dictator at Rome, triumphs over 
 the Samnites. (See 309.) 
 
 323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT DIES AT 
 BABYLON at the age of 33 ; Philip Arid^us, 
 his brother, succeeds nominally as king, while 
 the commanders of his army divide the empire 
 among themselves. 
 
 321. THE SAMNITES MAKE THE ROMAN 
 ARMY PASS UNDER THE YOKE IN 
 THE CAUDINE PORKS OR PASS. 
 
 320. Polysperchon publishes liberty to all the Grecian 
 cities. — Ptolemy Soter seizes upon Phoenicia, 
 Coelo- Syria, and Judea, takes Jerusalem, and 
 carries 100,000 Jews captives into Egypt, where 
 they form a colony at Alexandria. 
 
 318. Athens and most of Greece conquered by Cas- 
 
 sander. 
 317. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years. 
 
 — Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 316. Cassander obtains the kingdom of Macedon. — 
 Eumenes is delivered to Antigonus by his army. 
 
 3 1 2. Seleucus Nicator takes Babylon.— COMMENCE- 
 MENT OP THE ERA OF THE SELEU- 
 CID^. 
 
 311. Cassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, conclude a 
 peace with Antigonus. The following year 
 Cassander murders Alexander ^gus, with 
 Roxana his mother. 
 
 309. Conquests of Agathocles in Africa. — Papirius 
 Cursor in his second dictatorship gains a signal 
 victory over the Samnites. 
 
 307. Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Athens, and re- 
 establishes democracy. (Poliorcetes signifies Be- 
 sieger of Towns). 
 
—300.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 39 
 
 B.C. 
 
 306. Alexander's successors first assume the title of 
 kings. — Pyrrhus, at the age of 12, is placed on 
 the throne of Epirus by Glaucias. 
 
 304. Demetrius besieges Rhodes. The Rhodians form 
 an alliance with the Romans. The following 
 year Demetrius wrests all southern Greece from 
 Cassander. 
 
 301. BATTLE OP IPSUS, IN WHICH AN- 
 TIGONUS IS DEFEATED AND 
 KILLED BY PTOLEMY, SELEUCUS, 
 LYSIMACHUS, AND CASSANDER.— 
 
 The dominions of Alexander are formed into 
 four kingdoms : Egypt, with Judea, Phoenicia 
 and Coelo-Syria, under Ptolemy Soter ; Macedon 
 and Greece, under Cassander ; Thrace, Bithynia, 
 &c., under Lysimachus ; and Syria, with all the 
 East, under Seleucus. 
 
 300. 
 
 300. About this time Seleucus Nicator founded about 
 40 cities in Asia Minor, among which were 
 Antioch, Edessa, and Laodicea. — First Plebeian 
 Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) at Rome. — 
 About this time flourished menander, comic poet of 
 
 Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He received the appellation of Prince 
 of the New Comedy.— PYRRHO, a philosopher of Elis, disciple of Anax- 
 archus. The manner he had of doubting of everything has been called Pyrrho- 
 nism ; he is the FOUNDER OF THE SCEPTIC SCHOOL— BEROSUS, 
 an historian of Babylon. — EUCLID, a famous mathematician of Alex- 
 andria. He wrote 15 books on the elements of geometry. He established 
 a school at Alexandria, which became so famous that from his age to the 
 time of the Saracen conquest no mathematician was to be found who had 
 not studied at Alexandria. — ARISTARCHUS, an astronomer of Samos, 
 who first found means of determining the distance of the sun, as compared 
 with that of the moon ; his treatise on the magnitude of the sun and its 
 distance is still extant. — ZENO, a distinguished philosopher, native of 
 Citium, in the island of Cyprus, FOUNDER OF THE SECT OF THE 
 STOICS, so called because his followers received his instructions in the 
 portico called " Stoa." He placed happiness in virtue, and recommended 
 resignation, and the diligent study of one's self, and taught that God was 
 the soul of the world. — EPICURUS, a celebrated philosopher, native 
 of Gargetium, in Attica. He taught his followers that happiness con- 
 sisted in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratification, or from 
 vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind and the study of virtue. Accord- 
 ing to Diogenes Laertius he wrote no less than 300 volumes — ARCE- 
 SILAUS, a philosopher of Pitane, in .ffi^olia, disciple of Poleinon. He was 
 the founder of the Middle Academy, as Plato was of the Ancient, and 
 Carneades of the New. He professed to know nothing (Acatalepsy"), and 
 accused others of the same ignorance — CHARES, a statuary, who was 12 
 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. It was a brass 
 statue of Apollo, 70 cubits high, erected at the port of Rhodes in honour of 
 the Sun, and esteemed one of the wonders of the world ; it was built in 290, 
 D 4 
 
40 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [297— 
 
 thrown down by an earthquake in 224. and finally destroyed by the Saracens 
 ton their taking Rhodes in a.d. 672.— THEOCRITUS, a Greek pastoral 
 poet, who flourished at Syracuse. Virgil, in his Eclogues, has imitated and 
 often copied him. — BION, a philosopher and sophist, from the Borysthenes 
 in Scythia.— MOSCHUS, a Greek bucolic poet. — ARATUS, a Greek poet 
 of Cilicia. — MEGASTHENES, a Greek historian. — CRATES, a philo- 
 sopher of Bceotia, disciple of Diogenes — POLEMON, a philosopher, disciple 
 and successor to Xenocrates — ERASISTRATUS, a celebrated physician, 
 grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. 
 
 297. Death of Cassander, king of Macedon ; war among 
 
 his two sons Antipater and Alexander. 
 296. Athens is again taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
 
 295. Pyrrhus sole king of Epirus. — The second Decius 
 devotes himself to death at the battle of Sen- 
 tinum against the Gauls. 
 
 294. Demetrius murders Alexander, and seizes the crown 
 of Macedon. 
 
 289. Death of Agathocles. — Anarchy at Syracuse. 
 
 287. Demetrius is expelled from his kingdom by Pyrrhus, 
 who, the year after, is driven out of it by Lysi- 
 machus, king of Thrace ; he in his turn is 
 defeated and slain by Seleucus (281), and Se- 
 leucus is assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (280), 
 who is defeated and slain the same year by 
 the Gauls, who laid waste the whole country. — 
 Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the 
 people were allowed the same force as those of 
 the senate. 
 
 285. The astronomical era of Dionysius of Alexandria. 
 
 284. Ptolemy Philadelphus succeeds his father Ptolemy 
 Soter on the throne of Egypt. Ceraunus, his 
 elder brother, flies out of Egypt, first to Lysi- 
 machus, and then to Seleucus. Phiiadeiphus signifies one 
 
 who loves his brother; Soter, saviour; and Ceraunus, thunder. —Building 
 of the Pharos at Alexandria (esteemed one of the wonders of the world) by 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus. It was a tower built of white marble, and could be 
 seen at the distance of 100 miles. On the top fires were continually kept to 
 direct sailors. SOSTRATUS was the architect employed in its construc- 
 tion Ptolemy founds the famous library of Alexandria. 
 
 281. The Romans begin the Tarentine war, which lasts 10 
 years. — Commencement of the Achaean league. 
 
 280. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, goes to Italy to assist the 
 Tarentines, and defeats the consul Laevinus. — 
 Antiochus Soter succeeds Seleucus as king of 
 Syria. 
 
—260.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 41 
 
 B.C. 
 
 279. The Gauls under Brennus are cut to pieces near 
 the temple of Delphi. 
 
 277. Antigonus Gonatas ascends the throne of Macedon. 
 
 — About this time the Septiiagint {Greek) Version of the Old 
 Testament is made by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Seventy- two 
 translators were shut up in thirty-six cells to accomplish it. Ptolemy 
 gave the Jews about a million sterling for a copy of the Old Tes- 
 tament, and to the seventy-two translators half a inillion more for 
 the translation. 
 
 276. Manasseh succeeds Onias in the high priesthood. — TIMiEUS, an his- 
 torian of Sicily. 
 
 275. PYRRHUS IS DEFEATED BY THE 
 ROMANS UNDER CURIUS DENTA- 
 TUS, NEAR BENEVENTUM, AND 
 EVACUATES ITALY. 
 
 273. Pyrrhus conquers Macedonia. 
 
 272. Tarentum is taken, and the Samnites are finally 
 subdued by the Romans under L. Pap. Cursor 
 the Younger. — Death of Pyrrhus. 
 
 270. Hiero II. king of Syracuse. 
 
 269. Fabius Pictor coins silver money: tlie Romans had hitherto used only brass 
 money ; gold was coined in 206. 
 
 268. Athens is taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who occu- 
 pies it 12 years. 
 
 265. The citizens of Rome are numbered at 292,224, 
 
 264. THE FIRST PUNIC WAR begins, and con- 
 tinues 23 years. — The chronology of the Arun- 
 delian Marbles, or Chronicle of Pares, is now 
 composed. (See 1582.) — The first combat of 
 gladiators, consisting of two pairs only, exhibited 
 at Kome by the Bruti at the funeral of their 
 father. 
 
 263. The first sun-dial is erected at Rome ; it was brought 
 from Catana by Messala. 
 
 262. Antiochus Soter is defeated at Sardis by Eumenes 
 of Pergamus. — Agrigentum is taken by the 
 Romans. 
 
 261. Antiochus Soter is killed in a battle with the 
 
 Gauls, and is succeeded by Antiochus Theos. 
 260. First naval victory (at Mylae) obtained by the 
 
42 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [255— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Romans under the consul Duilius over the Car- 
 thaginians. — Provincial quaestors are instituted 
 at Rome. 
 
 255. REGULUS is defeated by Xanthippus in Africa. 
 
 254. Cn. C. Scipio and A. Atilius Calatinus take 
 Panormus. The following year the Romans, 
 from repeated shipwrecks, renounce the sove- 
 reignty of the seas. 
 
 251. Aratus re-establishes the Ach^an league, and per- 
 suades the people of Sicyon to join it. 
 
 250. Great victory of Metellus over Hasdrubal near 
 Panormus: 130 elephants are captured and sent 
 to Rome. — Arsaces I. founds the kingdom of 
 Parthia after having shaken off the Seleucidan 
 yoke. Theodotus follows his example, and founds 
 the kingdom of Bactria. — The Romans besiege 
 Lilybseum, and are defeated by Hamilcar. — 
 
 About this time flourished CLEANTHES, a Stoic philosopher, successor of 
 Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water 
 for a gardener in the night, and study in the day time. Cicero calls him the 
 Father of the Stoics.— MANETHO, an Egyptian historian.— ZOILUS, a 
 sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, distinguished for his severe criticisms 
 on Homer. —CONON, a Greek astronomer of Samos — LYCOPHRON, a 
 Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis in Eubcea — CALLIMACHUS, 
 an historian and poet of Gyrene. —ERATOSTHENES, a geometer of 
 Gyrene. According to some he first observed the obliquity of the ecliptic, 
 and first found out how to measure accurately the extent and circumference 
 
 of the globe APOLLONIUS, a geometrician of Perga in Pamphylia, 
 
 discoverer of the conic sections ARCHIMEDES, a famous geometrician 
 
 and mechanist of Syracuse, founder of the science of hydrostatics, inventor 
 of the screw called the Archimedean screw, now used as a means of pro- 
 pelling ships.— STRATON, a philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and 
 successor in the school to Theophrastus, and preceptor to Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus ZENODOTUS, a grammarian — PHILO, an architect of Byzan- 
 tium, celebrated for his mechanical inventions.— CTESIBIUS, an historian. 
 — SOSIBIUS, a grammarian of Laconia, who advised Ptolemy Philopator 
 to murder his wife Arsinoe and his brother — HOMER junior, one of the 
 Greek poets called Pleiades, native of Hierapolis. 
 
 249. Sea fight of Drepanum, where Claudius Pulcher is 
 defeated by Adherbal. 
 
 247. Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus : his son Ptolemy 
 Euero-etes succeeds him. 
 
 246. Seleucus Calllnicus succeeds Antiochus Theos, and 
 puts to death his step-mother Berenice. Her 
 brother Ptolemy Euergetes invades and over- 
 runs the w^hole Syrian empire from the Helles- 
 pont to the Tigris. 
 
 244. The citadel of Corinth is taken by Aratus. — Le- 
 
-220.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, 43 
 
 B.C. 
 
 onidas is restored to the throne of Sparta, Cleom- 
 brotus banished, and Agis put to death. 
 
 241. The Carthaginians are defeated by Lutatius Ca- 
 tulus at the Agates. End of the first Punic 
 war. — Attains, king of Pergamus, succeeds Eu- 
 menes, his first cousin. 
 
 240. Comedies are first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus. 
 
 237. Hamilcar Barcas passes into Spain with his son 
 Hannibal, then 9 years old. 
 
 235. The temple of Janus is shut for the first time since 
 the reign of Numa. 
 
 231. The Romans conquer Sardinia and Corsica.- — The 
 
 first divorce known at Rome takes place, that of Sp. Carvilius. 
 
 228. The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens and 
 Corinth. — Hamilcar is killed in Spain. Has- 
 drubal, his father-in-law, succeeds him in the 
 command. The following year he builds New 
 Carthage in Spain (now Carthagena). — Cleo- 
 menes III., king of Sparta, gains a great victory 
 over the Achgeans under Aratus. Two years 
 after Cleomenes restores the ancient constitution 
 of Lycurgus, which Agis had in vain attempted 
 
 to do. — - C. N^VIUS, a Latin poet, who was banished from Rome by 
 Metellus. 
 
 224. The Romans cross the Po for the first time in 
 pursuit of the Gauls, who invaded Italy 226 : 
 the Boii are conquered. — The Colossus of Rhodes 
 is thrown down by an earthquake. 
 
 223. Death of Seleucus Ceraunus, king of Syria ; An- 
 tiochus the Great, his brother, succeeds him. 
 
 222. Battle of Sellasia, followed by the taking of Sparta 
 by Antigonus II. (Doson.) — Marcellus gains the 
 third spolia opima by killing Yiridomarus, king 
 of the Gauls. — Ptolemy Philopator, king of 
 Egypt. 
 
 221. Hasdrubal is assassinated, and Hannibal succeeds 
 to the command of the Carthaginians in Spain. 
 
 220. Social war between the ^tolians and the Achseans 
 
44 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, [219— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 assisted by Philip 11., tlie last Macedonian king 
 of that name. 
 219. HANNIBAL TAKES SAGUNTUM, and 
 subdues all Spain as far as the Iberus (Ebro). 
 
 218. THE SECOND PUNIC WAR begins, and con- 
 tinues 17 years. Hannibal crosses the Pyrenees 
 and the Alps, gains the battle of Ticinus over 
 P. Scipio, and that of Trebia over Sempronius, 
 
 217. Hannibal passes the marshes of Clusium, where 
 he loses an eye, and at the lake of Thrasymenus 
 defeats and kills Flaminius, who had given 
 battle contrary to the advice of his council of 
 war. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator 
 ("Delayer") is made dictator. — Ptolemy gains 
 a great victory over Antiochus at Raphia ; and 
 coming to Jerusalem he attempts to enter the 
 Holy of Holies, but is hindered by the high 
 priest, Onias II. 
 
 216. BATTLE OP CANN.E, in which the Romans 
 under Varro are totally defeated by Hannibal. 
 Paulus ^milius, the other consul, is killed in 
 the action. 
 
 214. The Romans begin the war in Epirus against Philip i 
 of Macedon. 
 
 212. SYRACUSE IS TAKEN BY MARCEL-- 
 
 LUS after a siege of 3 years, and Archimedes i 
 is killed, 
 
 THE TWO SCIPIOS, CORNELIUS AND" 
 
 CNEIUS, ARE KILLED IN SPAIN.. 
 Philip defeats the ^tolians. 
 
 211. Capua surrenders to the Romans. — Antiochus the" 
 Great conquers Judea. 
 
 210. Publius Scipio (having been sent into Spain, 211); 
 takes Carthagena. 
 
 207. HASDRUBAL IS DEFEATED AND I 
 KILLED BY LIVIUS AND CLAUDIUS! 
 NERO AT THE METAURUS, a riverr 
 in Umbria. 
 
-194.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 45 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Battle of Mantinea, where Philopoemen, general of 
 the Achseans, defeats Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, 
 who is killed in the action. Nabis succeeds him. 
 
 204. Ptolemy Y. Epiphanes, only 5 years old, king of 
 
 xLgypt. Worship of Cybele introduced at Rome from Pessinus in 
 
 Phrygia. 
 
 203. The Carthaginians recal Hannibal to Africa. Sopho- 
 nisba (Syphax's wife, Hasdrubal's daughter) is 
 poisoned by Massinissa, king of Numidia. — 
 Antiochus combines with Philip of Macedon to 
 divide the dominions of the young Ptolemy 
 between them, and seizes upon Palestine and 
 Coele- Syria. 
 
 202 BATTLE OP ZAMA in Africa, where HAN- 
 NIBAL IS DEFEATED BY CORNE- 
 LIUS SCIPI9 AFMCANUS I. End of 
 the second Punic war. — Philip is defeated by 
 the Rhodians near the isle of Chios. 
 
 201. The Komans send M. Emilius Lepidus into Egypt to 
 assist the people in defending their infant king. 
 Syphax is led in triumph to Rome by P. Scipio. 
 
 200. 
 
 200. FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR. P. Sul- 
 pitius gains a victory over Philip near Octo- 
 
 lophuS. About this time flourished FABIUS PICTOR, the first 
 
 Roman historian. — C. ALIMENTUS, an historian. — APOLLONIUS 
 RHODIUS, a Greek poet— PLAUTUS, a comic poet, native of Sarsina in 
 Umbria. — CARNEADES, founder of the Third or New Academy.— 
 ENNIUS, an epic poet, native of Rudia» in Calabria. — CCECILIUS STA- 
 TIUS, a comic poet, native of Gaul.— Wealth and luxury begin to appear at 
 Rome. 
 
 197. PHILIP IS DEFEATED BY FLAMI- 
 
 NIUS AT GYNOSCEPHAL^, which puts 
 an end to the first Macedonian war. — Death of 
 
 Attains I., king of PergamUS. six prators now appointed 
 
 at Rome. 
 
 196. Greece is declared free at the Isthmian Games. ■ 
 
 Hannibal joins Antiochus. 
 
 194. Three days' triumph of Flaminius. The orchestra is appro. 
 
 priated to the senators by Scipio. 
 
46 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [l92- 
 
 B.C. 
 
 192. Nabis is defeated by Philopoemen, and slain soon 
 after. — Lacedaemon is added to the Achaean 
 league. 
 
 191. War with Antiochus ; second battle of Thermo- 
 pylae, where Antiochus is defeated by Glabrio. 
 190. The Romans under Lucius Scipio enter Asia Minor. 
 ANTIOCHUS IS DEFEATED AT MAG- 
 NESIA. 
 188. Philopoemen takes Sparta, and abrogates the laws 
 
 of LyCUrgUS. Eumenes II. founds a library at Pergamus. 
 
 187. Antiochus is slain while attempting to rob the 
 temple of Elymais, and is succeeded by his son 
 Seleucus Philopator. 
 
 186. Triumph of Manlius over the Galatians. —The Baccha- 
 nalia forbidden, and contests of athletes first exhibited at Rome. 
 
 184. Cato the Elder censor at Rome. — Death of piauius. 
 
 183. DEATH OP HANNIBAL. Forsaken by his 
 countrymen, he had taken refuge at the court of 
 Prusias, king of Bithynia ; when he saw his 
 house besieged on all sides, he took poison, which 
 he carried in his ring. —DEATH OP PHI- 
 LOPCEMEN5 justly called the last of the 
 Greeks; he was poisoned by order of Dinocrates, 
 the Messenian general — DEATH OP P. 
 COR. SCIPIO APRICANUS Major. 
 
 181. Ptolemy Epiphanes having been poisoned, is suc- 
 ceeded by his son Philometor, then only 6 years 
 old. 
 
 179. Perseus succeeds Philip as king of Macedon. 
 
 176. Heliodorus, by order of Seleucus, attempts to rob the Temple of 
 Jerusalem, but is said to have been prevented by an angel. — 
 
 Seleucus is poisoned by Heliodorus, who attempts 
 to seize the crown. 
 175. Antiochus Epiphanes, the brother of Seleucus, ob- 
 tains the kingdom of Syria " by flatteries," and 
 
 reigns 11 years. Jason buys the high priesthood of him, 
 and supplants his brother Onias. 
 
 171. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR with Per- 
 seus, 26 years from the peace of Plaminius. — 
 
-150.J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 47 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Antiochus gains a great victory over Ptolemy, 
 near Pelusium. 
 
 17 ANTIOCHUS TAKES JERUSALEM, slays 
 40,000 persons, sells as many more for slaves, 
 and plunders and profanes the temple. The 
 Alexandrians make Physcon, brother of Ptolemy 
 Philometor, king of Egypt. 
 
 168. PERSEUS IS DEFEATED BY PAULUS 
 ^MILIUS AT PYDNA; Macedonia is 
 reduced to a Roman province. Illyria is also 
 made a Eoman province, being conquered by 
 Anicius. The history of Polybius ends here. 
 — Antiochus prepares to besiege Alexandria, 
 but is prevented by the Romans. 
 
 167. Violent persecution of the Jews. The seven Jewish 
 brothers and their mother suffer martyrdom. — - 
 
 Polybius, the historian, one of the 1000 Acheeans now sent to Rome as 
 hostages for 16 years. 
 
 166. Era of the Maccabees, under Judas Maccabasus. 
 
 1 64. Death of Antiochus Epiphanes ; his son Antiochus 
 Eupator succeeds him. 
 
 162. Demetrius Soter, son of Seleucus Philopator, 
 escapes from Rome, kills Antiochus Eupator, 
 and succeeds to the throne of Syria. 
 
 161. Nicanor, sent by Demetrius against the ^ Jews, is 
 slain by Judas with all his army ; but Bacchides, 
 sent to avenge this blow, slays Judas, who is 
 succeeded by Jonathan. — Decree at Rome against 
 the Latin rhetoricians and philosophers. 
 
 159. Crates ambassador at Rome from King Attains. — Death of Terence, the celebrated 
 
 comic poet Time is measured at Rome by a water machine (Clepsydra) 
 
 invented by Scipio Nasica, 104 years after the introduction of sun-dials. 
 
 155. The Athenians being fined 1000 talents for plundering Oropus, send Diogenes 
 the Stoic, Carneades the Platonic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, on an 
 embassy to Rome. 
 
 153. War of the Carthaginians against Massinissa, and 
 of the Romans against the Lusitanians. 
 
 150. Demetrius Soter is slain by Alexander Balas, who 
 succeeds him, and reigns 5 years. — About this time 
 
 flourished HIPPARCHUS, an astronomer of Nicaea, who first made a 
 catalogue of the stars to the number of 1022. He first used latitude and 
 
48 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [l49 — 
 
 B.C. 
 
 longitude, and discovered the precession of the equinoxes — Q. ME- 
 TELLUS MACERrONlNUS, architect of Jupiter Stator's temple at 
 Rome.— L. ACCIUS andPACUVIUS. Roman tragic poets.— POLYBIUS, 
 
 the celebrated historian, native of Megalopolis in Peloponnesus >fl- 
 
 CANDER, a Greek poet, grammarian, and physician MELEAGER, 
 
 collector of Greek anthology. 
 
 149. THE THIRD PUNIC WAR begins. — Pru- 
 sias, king of Bitliynia, is put to death by his son 
 Nicomedes. — Cato the Censor, and Massinissa, 
 
 king of Numidia, died. PIso's law of bribery at elections. 
 
 148. Andriscus of Macedon is defeated by Metellus. — 
 Birth of Lucilius. 
 
 146. Metelhis defeats the Achasans. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OP CARTHAGE (737 
 
 years from its foundation) by Scipio Africanus 
 Minor, July 2. 
 
 CAPTURE OP CORINTH, September, by 
 Mummius : Greece is reduced to a Roman pro- 
 vince under the name of Achaia. 
 
 Demetrius Nicator recovers Syria from Balas. 
 
 145. Viriathus, the general of the Lusitanians, defeats 
 the praetors Vitellius and Plautus. 
 
 1 44. Jonathan is put to death, and is succeeded in the high-priesthood hy 
 Simon. 
 
 143. The Salassians conquered by Claudius, and the 2nd 
 Pseudo -Philip by Tremellius the quasstor. 
 The embassy of Scipio, and Panaetius into Egypt, 
 Syria, and Greece. 
 
 141. The JSTumantine war begins and continues 8 years. 
 Pompeius is defeated. — The sovereignty of 
 Judea is confirmed to Simon and to his pos-- 
 terity by a general assembly of the Jews at 
 Jerusalem: he frees them from all tribute to 
 any foreign prince. 
 
 140. Viriathus, general of the Lusitanians, after having 
 been engaged for 8 years in war with the 
 Romans, is assassinated at the instigation of the 
 consul Caspio. 
 
 138. Demetrius Nicator is taken prisoner by the Par- 
 thians : his brother, Antiochus Sidetes, ascends 
 the throne in 137, and reigns 10 years. 
 
-118.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 49 
 
 B.C. 
 
 137. The Romans under Mancinus are shamefully de- 
 feated by the Numantines. 
 
 135. Simon and two of his sons are basely murdered 
 by Ptolemy his son-in-law ; he is succeeded by 
 his son John Hyrcanus. The history of the 
 Apocrypha ends, 
 
 134. Troubles excited in Rome by the tribune TI- 
 BERIUS GRACCHUS, who RENEWS 
 THE AGRARIAN LAW : Scipio Nasica, 
 his kinsman, is of the opposite faction. 
 
 133. JSTumantia is taken and destroyed by the Romans 
 20 years from the beginning of the war with the 
 Lusitanians. — Tiberius Gracchus is killed. — 
 Death of Attains III., king of Pergamus : he 
 bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans. 
 
 132. End of the war of the Romans against the revolted 
 slaves in Sicily under Eunus ; it had lasted 
 2 years. 
 
 130. The consul Crassus is defeated by Aristonicus, and 
 killed. 
 
 129. Aristonicus, son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus, 
 . is defeated after 2 years' war against the Romans. 
 Scipio Africanus Minor is found dead in his bed. 
 — Death of Carneades. 
 
 128. Antiochus Sidetes is slain in war with the Par- 
 thians : Demetrius Nicator returns, and recovers 
 his kingdom. 
 
 '25. The Romans, under M. Fulvius Flaccus, first make 
 war on the Transalpine Gauls. 
 
 123. C. Gracchus, tribune of the commons, passes the 
 Sempronian law. Metellus conquers the Balea- 
 rians. — Carthage is rebuilt by the Romans. 
 
 121. C. Gracchus is killed. — The Allobroges are con- 
 quered by Domitius -^nobarbus and Fabius 
 Maximus. 
 
 118. Narbonensis Gallia (the south of Gaul) becomes a 
 Roman province ; they plant a colony in Narbo 
 
50 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [ll7— ■ 
 
 ;b.c. 
 
 Martins (Narbonne). — Micipsa, son of Massi-- 
 nissa, dies. 
 
 117. Death of Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt; he is 5 
 succeeded by Ptolemy Lathyrus, in conjunction i 
 with his mother Cleopatra. The Roman am- 
 bassadors restore Adherbal to his kingdom ini 
 Numidia. 
 
 115. Plays are banished from Rome by the censors Metellus and Domitius ^no- 
 barbus : the Latin flute-players alone are tolerated. 
 
 113. First great migration of the German nations.— 
 Carbo treacherously attacks the Cimbri, and is^ 
 defeated by them. They retire to Helvetia, and! 
 from thence to Transalpine Gaul. 
 
 112. Jugurtha assassinates Adherbal, king of Numidia.. 
 
 111. THE JUGURTHINE WAR begins, and con- 
 tinues 5 years, during which Metellus, Marius, 
 and Sylla distinguish themselves. — Mithridates^ 
 VI. (surnamed the Great, and Eupator), kingi 
 of Pontus, conquers Scythia, Colchis, and otheri 
 countries. 
 
 109. Aristobulus and Antigonus, sons of Hyrcanus, takei 
 and utterly destroy Samaria. Aulus is defeated! 
 by Jugurtha, and Metellus succeeds to the com- 
 mand of the Roman army. — Silanus is defeated 
 by the Cimbri. 
 
 107. Hyrcanus dies, and is succeeded by his son Aristo- 
 bulus, who first assumes the insignia and title of 
 kingv — Marius is appointed to the command 
 against Jugurtha. — Cassius is defeated by the( 
 Helvetii. 
 
 106. End of the JugUrthine war, Servillus C^piO shares the judida 
 
 between the senate and theequites Aristobulus dies, and is succeeded' 
 
 by his brother Alexander Jannceus, who reigns with great success 
 
 27 years. Birth of Cicero, the statesman, orator/ 
 and philosopher, at Arpinum, a town of the< 
 Yolsci. Birth of Pompey. 
 
 105. The Cimbri defeat 80,000 Eomans under Manliua 
 and Caepio on the banks of the Rhone. 
 
83.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 51 
 
 L02. MARIUS DEFEATS THE TEUTONES 
 
 near Aquas Sextias (Aix) in Provence^ and the 
 Cimbri the next year at Yercellae. 
 
 100. 
 
 LOO. BIRTH OP JULIUS C^SAR. Metellus is 
 
 banished and Saturninus killed. 
 99. Dolabella conquers Lusitania. The second Servile 
 
 war in Sicily is put an end to by Aquillius, in 
 
 the 4th year. 
 
 97, Immolation of human victims forbidden at Rome. 
 96. Cyrene (a country in the north of Africa) is left by 
 Ptolemy Apion to the Romans. 
 
 92. First embassy from the Parthians to the Romans, 
 
 received by Sylla. 
 91. Drusus is killed. 
 
 90, THE SOCIAL WAR is begun by the Piceni 
 at Asculum, and continues 2 years, till terminated 
 by Sylla. — Freedom of Rome granted to all 
 Latium and to the peaceable states. 
 
 88. THE MITHRIDATIC WA^ ^^g^^'^ ^.^^ 
 continues 26 years. The civil wars of Marius 
 and Sylla begin, and continue 6 years. Sylla 
 takes possession of Rome. 
 
 87. Freedom of Rome granted to all Italy, and 10 new 
 tribes added. Rome is attacked by four armies : 
 those of Marius, Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, 
 who enter the city in triumph. 
 
 86. Sylla defeats Mithridates, conquers Athens, and 
 sends its valuable libraries to Rome. — Death of 
 Marius at Arpinum. 
 
 85. Fimbria gains a victory over Mithridates. — Birth 
 of Brutus. 
 
 84. Peace between Mithridates and Sylla; Asia, 
 Bithynia, and Cappadocia are surrendered by 
 Mithridates. 
 
 83. Sylla defeats Norbanus. — The capitol is burned. — > 
 
 E 2 
 
52 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [62— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia, is chosen king by 
 the Syrians. 
 
 82. SYLLA defeats the younger Marius at Praeneste, , 
 and Telesinus, the general of the Samnites ; he is • 
 made perpetual dictator, and enforces his horrible 5 
 proscriptions. 
 
 81. Triumph of Sylla. Triumph of Pompey for his^ 
 victories in Africa, while still an eques, and ini 
 his 25th year. 
 
 80. Julius Caesar serves his first campaign ; he is pre- 
 sent at the siege of Mitylene, the last city ini 
 arms for Mithridates. — Ptolemy Lathyrus, kingj 
 of Egypt, dies, and is succeeded by Alexander. 
 
 79. Sylla abdicates. Jannceus dies, and is succeeded by his wife\ 
 Alexandra, who makes her eldest son Hyrcanus high priest. — 
 Cicero goes to Athens for three years. 
 
 78. Death of Sylla. The war of Sertorius begins, and 
 lasts 8 years. 
 
 75. Servilius Isauricus in the 3rd year of the war sub- 
 dues the pirates. 
 
 74. Bithynia is left by Nicomedes to the Romans. — 
 The Mithridatic war is renewed, 10 years after 
 the peace. 
 
 73. THE SERVILE WAR begins under Spartacuss 
 The following year he defeats the consuls Lenn^ 
 tulus and Gellius, and is himself defeated ancc 
 killed by Pompey and Crassus in 71. 
 
 72. LucuUus defeats Mithridates, who has recourse tc 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia, to. help him. — 
 Sertorius is assassinated in Spain. 
 
 70. Pompey and Crassus are chosen consuls at Romee 
 and restore the power of the tribunes of th« 
 
 commons. Cotta restores the judicia to the equites, 10 years afte< 
 Sylla had deprived them of it— Cicero's oration against Verres.— Birtl 
 
 of Virgil. Alexandra dies, and is succeeded by Hyrcanui 
 
 who is dispossessed by his brother Aristobulus. 
 
 69. Tigrauocerta is taken by Lucullus, — Law of Roscius Otho, giving the knighi 
 seats in 14 rows, next to the senators. 
 
—52.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 53 
 
 B.C. 
 
 67. LucuUus is superseded by Glabrio. War with the 
 pirates of Cilicia. Crete is subdued by Metellus 
 (Creticus). Cilicia and Crete are made pro-^ 
 vinces of the Roman empire. — Terentius Varro 
 conquers the pirates of Adria^ and obtains the 
 first " naval crown." 
 
 66. The command against Mithridates is given to 
 Pompey by the Manilian law. He conquers 
 Mithridates in a night battle. 
 
 65, Pompey conquers Syria, which puts an end to the 
 reign of the Seleucidae. Piso's conspiracy at 
 Home. Birth of Horace. 
 
 63. VICTORIES OP POMPEY: he conquered 
 
 15 kingdoms, and took 400 towns. He takes Jeru- 
 salem and restores Hyrcanus to the government of Judea. — 
 
 Mithridates kills himself in the 26th year of the 
 war: it is said that he conquered 24 nations, 
 whose languages he spoke with the same ease as 
 his own. — Pharnaces his son, king ofBosphorus. 
 — Catiline's conspiracy is detected by Cicero. 
 — Birth of Augustus. 
 
 61. Pompey enters Rome in triumph. 
 
 59. Caesar, having Bibulus for his colleague in the con- 
 sulship, proposes a new agrarian law. 
 
 58. The command in Gaul is given to Caesar by the 
 Clodian law. Cicero is banished, and recalled 
 next year. 
 
 56, FIRST TRIUMVIRATE, consisting of 
 C^SAR, POMPEY, and CRASSUS. 
 
 55, JULIUS C^SAR INVADES BRITAIN. 
 He was the first Roman who crossed the Rhine, 
 which he did earlier in the same year. — The 
 second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. 
 
 53. Crassus is killed, and his army routed in Meso- 
 potamia by Monasses, the surena or general of 
 Orodes, king of Parthia. 
 
 52. The third consulship of Pompey, without a col- 
 league. Milo is defended by Cicero when on his trial for killing Clodius. 
 E 3 
 
54 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [51— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 51. Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt^ dies, and is suc- 
 ceeded by his daughter Cleopatra, and his eldest 
 son Ptolemy XII. — Cicero, proconsul in Cilicia, 
 takes Pindenissum. 
 
 50. Civil war between Cfesar and Pompey. — About this 
 
 time flourished L. AFRANIUS, a Latin comic poet L. C. SISENNiE, 
 
 an historian.— TERENTI US VARRO, a Latin writer, celebrated for his 
 great learning. — HORTENSIUS, an orator. — T. POMPONIUS 
 ATTICUS, a celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote a great 
 
 number of letters which contain the general history of the age J D. 
 
 LABERIUS, a Roman knight, famous for his poetical talents in writing 
 pantomimes. — LUCRETIUS, a poet and epicurean philosopher. — Death 
 of POSIDONTUS a stoic philosopher of Apamea ; Cicero was one of his 
 pupils.— TROGUS POMPEIUS, a Latin historian.— SOSIGENES, an 
 Egyptian mathematician.— AULUS HIRTIUS, a Latin historian.— DIO- 
 DORUS, an historian surnamed SICULUS, because he was born at 
 
 Argyra in Sicily CORNELIUS NEPOS, a celebrated historian, born at 
 
 Hostilia on the Po, an intimate friend of Cicero and Atticus SALLUST, 
 
 a Latin historian, native of Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines — 
 CATULLUS, a poet of Verona ; he was the first Roman who imitated with 
 success the Greek poets, and introduced their metres among the Latins. 
 
 49. Ciesar defeats Afranius and Petreius at Ilerda; 
 passes the Rubicon, marches to Rome, and 
 
 enters on his first dictatorship. commencement of the 
 
 era of Antioch, October, a.c. 49 ; it placed the creation 6492 years B.C. 
 
 48. BATTLE OP PHARSALIA, in which 
 CffiSAR DEFEATS POMPEY, who seeks 
 a refuge in Egypt, but is assassinated by 
 
 Ptolemy's order. The Alexandrian library of 400,000 volumes is , 
 
 burned. 
 
 47. Alexandria is taken by Ctesar. 
 
 46. War against Pharnaces. — War in Africa against 
 Metellus, Scipio, Cato, and Juba, king of Mau- 
 ritania. Battle of Thapsus. — Cato kills himself 
 at Utica. — Julius Ciesar causes the calendar to 
 
 be corrected by Sosigenes, a mathematician of Alexandria: this 
 year is made to consist of 15 months or 445 days. In consequence, this year 
 "is called "the year of confusion." The solar year of 365^ days is intro- ■ 
 duced instead of the lunar, and the first Julian year began January 1st, 45, , 
 
 B.C. 
 
 45. New war in Spain: battle of Mvmda, in which 
 Cfesar defeats the two sons of Pompey the Great : 
 (Cneius and Sextus). Cassar is appointed per- 
 petual dictator and Pontifex IVIaximus. 
 
 44. JULIUS C^SAR IS KILLED in the senate 
 house by Brutus and Cassius, leaders of the con- ■ 
 spiracy against him. — Octavius, grand nephew < 
 and heir of Julius Ciesar, comes to Rome, and 
 is opposed at first by Antony. 
 
—30.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 55 
 
 B.C. 
 
 43. Battle of Mutina, where Antony is defeated by 
 Hirtius and Pansa, the last of the consuls of the 
 Republic. SECOND TRIUMVIRATE, 
 OF OCTAVIUS, MARK ANTONY, and 
 LEPIDUS. Proscriptions and murders in 
 Rome. Cicero is put to death. 
 
 42. BATTLE OP PHILIPPI, in which Brutus 
 and Cassius are defeated by Octavius and An- 
 tony. 
 
 41. Distribution of lands to the soldiers of Octavius. Virgil loses his farm. 
 
 40. Herod the Great, king of the Jevjs, marries Mariamne, 
 daughter of Hyrcanus. He obtained from the Romans the 
 
 government of Judea. — L. Antonius surrenders at 
 Perusia. The Parthians invade Syria. 
 
 39. Pollio triumphs over the Parthini, a people of Dal- 
 
 matia. 
 38. Yentidius defeats Pacorus^ general of the Parthians, 
 
 1 5 years after the death of Crassus, and on the 
 
 same day. — Sosius and Herod take Jerusalem 
 
 from Antigonus. 
 
 36. Pompey the Younger TSextus) is defeated in Sicily 
 by Octavius and Lepidus. Lepidus is banished 
 to Circeii by Octavius. 
 
 35. Phraates, king of Parthia, is deposed, and succeeded 
 by Tiridates. 
 
 34. Antony divides Armenia among Cleopatra's chil- 
 dren. 
 
 33. Mauritania is reduced to a Roman province. 
 
 32. Octavius and Antony prepare for war. 
 
 31. BATTLE OP ACTIUM, AND END OF 
 THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 Octavius emperor of Rome, uniting in himself 
 the dignities of consul, tribune, imperator, and 
 Pontifex Maximus. 
 
 30. Death of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Egypt is 
 reduced to a Roman province. — Expedition of 
 Crassus (the younger j against the Dacians. — 
 Phraates is restored to the throne of Parthia. 
 
 E 4 
 
56 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [29— 
 
 B.C. 
 
 29. Triple triumph of Octavius. Temple of Janus is 
 shut. (See B.C. 235.) 
 
 27. OCTAVIUS RECEIVES THE TITLE OP 
 
 AUGUSTUS. He goes on an expedition 
 against the Cantabrians in Spain, the augustan 
 
 AGE. VIRGIL, the poet, born at Andes, a village near Mantua 
 
 HORACE, a poet, native of Venusia, and follower of Epicurus. — TI- 
 BULLUS, PROPERTIUS, and OVID, Latin poets, friends of Virgil and 
 Horace, and, like them, also patronised by Augustus. — M^CENAS, a 
 celebrated Roman knight, who has rendered himself immortal by his liberal 
 patronage of learned men and of letters. Virgil dedicated to him his Geor- 
 gics, and Horace his Odes.— PHiEDRUS and FALISCUS, poets.— 
 T. LIVIUS, a native of Padua, who has immortalised his name by his 
 history of the Roman empire. He died at Padua, on the same day with 
 Ovid. — DIONYSIUS of Halicarnassus, so called from his native town, a 
 
 famous historian VITRUVIUS, a celebrated architect, native of Formse, 
 
 a maritime town of Campania.— HYGINUS, a mathematician — STRABO, 
 a geographer, native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia. 
 
 24. Expedition of .^lius Gallus into Arabia Felix. 
 Augustus returns : the temple of Janus is closed 
 the second time by him. 
 
 23. Death of Marcellus. — Agrippa in Spain. — Embassy 
 of Phraates to Rome. 
 
 20. Tiberius recovers the Koman standards from the 
 Parthians. — Porus, king of India, sends an em- 
 bassy to Rome. — The Cantabrians are defeated 
 by Agrippa. 
 
 17. Herod the Great begins to repair the temple. — Augustus revives the 
 Secular Games ; this was the fifth celebration. 
 
 16. Defeat of Lollius by the Germans. 
 
 15. The Rhgeti and Vindelici are defeated by Tiberius 
 and Drusus, and the Sicambri by Augustus. 
 
 12. The Pannonians are defeated by Tiberius. 
 
 10. Augustus shuts the temple of Janus for the third 
 time. 
 
 9. Drusus is killed in an expedition against the Catti 
 and Cherusci. 
 
 8. Augustus corrects an error of the Roman calendar. The month Sextilis is now 
 called Augustus or August, in honour of the emperor. Death of Maecenas 
 and of Horace. 
 
 6. Tiberius retires to Rhodes for 7 years. — The angel 
 Gahriel announces the hirth of John the Baptist, 
 
 5. Augustus ordains a census of all the people in the 
 Roman empire. — The angel Gabriel announces to 
 Mary the hirth of the Messiah, 
 
—2.] . COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 57 
 
 .c. 
 
 4. BIRTH OP JESUS CHRIST, 4 years before 
 the commencement of tlie vulgar era^ in the year 
 4709 of the Julian period, 749 A.u.c, and in the 
 4th year of the 193rd Olympiad. — P. Quin- 
 tilius Varus, prefect of Syria. — Herod, hoping to 
 murder the infant Saviour, orders the massacre 
 of all the male infants at Bethlehem. Herod dies 
 soon after, and is succeeded by his eldest son Ar- 
 chelaus in Judea and Samaria, and hy Antipas 
 in Galilee and Percsa. — About this time flourished vellius 
 
 PATERCULUS and VALERIUS MAXIMUS, Latin historians. — CEL- 
 SUS, a physician. — POMPON lUS MELA, a Spanish geographer.— 
 MACER, a Latin poet of Verona. — ASINIUS POLLIO, an orator, poet, 
 andhistorian.-PYLADES, a mimist, excelled in tragic, and BATHYL- 
 
 LUS in comic personiiications VARIUS, a distinguished tragic poet. — 
 
 PLOTIUS TUCCA, a poet.— VERRIUS FLACCUS, a grammarian, tutor 
 to the two grandsons of Augustus. 
 
 2. Joseph and Mary return with Jesus from Egypt, and 
 settle at Nazareth in Galilee* 
 
58 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. . [l— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1. 
 
 1. COMMENCEMENT OP THE CHRIS- 
 TIAN ERA, 4 years after tlie real time of 
 Christ's birth. 
 
 6. Archelaus is deposed, and Judea reduced to a 
 
 Roman province under P. Sulpicius Quirinius 
 (Cyrenius) of Syria. Coponius is appointed pro- 
 curator. — About this time arose Judas of Galilee. 
 
 7. Cyrenius completes the census of Judea. 
 
 8. Jesus, now 12 j/ears of age, disputes with the doctors in the temple. 
 
 9. The Roman legions under Yarns are cut to pieces 
 
 in Germany by Arminius. — Ovid is banishec 
 to Tomos. 
 
 12. Tiberius is admitted to a share of the governmeni 
 with Augustus. 
 
 14. TIBERIUS, 2nd emperor of Rome. — GER 
 MANICUS, grandson of Augustus, a distin- 
 guished general. — SEJANUS, a profligate am 
 cruel man, minister of Tiberius. 
 
 17. Vonones, king of Parthia, is deposed and succeeded 
 by Artabanus, king of Media. — Piso, prefect of 
 
 Syria.— Twelve cities in Asia Minor are destroyed by an earthquake. — 
 
 Caiaphas appointed High Priest by Gratus in 
 the room of Simon. 
 19. Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch. — 
 
 His wife Agrippina accuses the murderer, who kills himself Tiberius 
 
 banishes the Jews from Rome. Saul of Tarsus comes to Jerusalem, to 
 Gamaliel - 
 
 26. Tiberius retires to the island of Capreae. — Pontius 
 
 Pilate is appointed governor (^procurator) of Judea 
 instead of Gratus. — John the Baptist begins his 
 ministry, and next year baptizes our Lord. 
 
 27. JESUS CHRIST enters upon His public ministry, 
 
 being about 30 years of age. [Or, in 29.] 
 
44.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 59 
 
 A.C. 
 
 28. John the Baptist is beheaded by Herod Antipas 
 at Macharus. 
 
 30. OUR LORD IS CRUCIFIED UNDER 
 
 PONTIUS PILATE, April 5. Descent of 
 the Holy Ghost, May 25. Peter and John are 
 imprisoned. [Or, in 33. ] 
 
 31. Ananias and Sapphira are struck dead. 
 
 Sejanus is disgraced, and put to death by Tiberius. 
 
 34. Lucius Vitellius, prefect of Syria. — Death of Herod 
 Philip. Vitellius removes Pilate in 36. 
 
 37. Vitellius removes Caiaphas from the High Priesthood at the Passover. 
 Stephen is stoned, and the Church persecuted. This 
 
 occurs when Vitellius had withdrawn from Jerusalem, after the news of the 
 death of Tiberius. 
 
 Philip preaches to the Samaritans, and baptizes the 
 Ethiopian eunuch. 
 
 The conversion of Saul, afterwards Paul. 
 
 CALIGULA, third emperor of Eome, SON OF 
 GERMANICUS. Macro, a favourite of Ti- 
 berius, is accessory to that emperor's death. 
 
 38. Caligula gives Herod Agrippa Batanaea and Tra- 
 
 chonitis, the tetrachy of Herod Philip. 
 
 39. Petronius Turpilianus prefect of Syria : he is or- 
 
 dered to erect the statue of Caligula in the temple. 
 
 St. Matthew writes his Gospel : according to others about 61. 
 
 40. Herod Agrippa obtains the dominions of Herod 
 
 Antipas, who was banished in 39. 
 Second slaughter of the Jews in Babylon, and 
 flight to Seleucia. The first was in 34. 
 
 41. CLAUDIUS, 4th emperor of Rome. — Saul escapes 
 
 from Damascus, and goes to Jerusalem and thence to Tarsus. 
 Peter at Lydda and Joppa. 
 
 42. Claudius makes Herod Agrippa king of Judea, 
 
 Sanaaria, and Abilene. 
 
 Cornelius the centurion, the first Gentile convert to Christianity^ 
 taught by Peter. 
 
 43. Expedition of Claudius into Britain. — Barnabas brings 
 
 Saul from Tarsus to Antioch. — The name of Christians 
 is first given to the disciples of Christ at Antioch. 
 
 44. Herod puts James, the brother of John, to death, and 
 
60 COMPENDIUM OP CHKONOLOaT. [45— 
 
 imprisons Peter. Soon after he is himself eaten 
 
 up of worms. St. Mark writes his Gospel {according to 
 
 some, 64). The provinces of Macedonia and Achaia are restored 
 to the senate. 
 
 45. Vespasian in Britain. — A dreadful famine in Judea, 
 
 foretold by Ayabus in 43. Saul {with Barnabas) 
 makes his first circuit from Antioch to Derbe by Cyprus, return- 
 ing in 46. 
 
 47. Council of the apostles and elders at Jerusalem respecting the neces- 
 
 sity of circumcision. 
 
 48. Messalina is put to death by Claudius, who marries 
 
 Agrippina, the mother of Nero. — -a census being taken 
 
 by Claudius, the citizens of Rome are found to amount to 6,900,000.— 
 Second circuit of St. Paul from Antioch through Cilicia to Derbe 
 and Troas. 
 
 49. St. Paul preaches in the Areopayus at Athens. 
 
 About this time flourished L. A. SENECA, an Eclectic philosopher and 
 poet, preceptor of Nero. — COLUMELLA, native of Gades, now Cadiz, a 
 naturalist. — APION, a grammarian, wrote a book against the Jews, which 
 Josephus refuted.— ISIDORUS, a geographer. — PHILO JUD^US, a 
 Jewish wrifer of Alexandria ; he has been surnamed the Jewish Plato. — 
 CORNUTUS, a Stoic philosopher.— APOLLONIUS TYANEUS, a Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret art of magic — Q. CURTIUS, 
 an historian—LUCAN, PERSIUS, PETRONIUS, and SYLVIUS ITA- 
 Lie US, Latin poets. 
 
 50. Claudius banishes the Jews from 'Rom.Q.— Paul writes 
 
 Epistles to Thessalonians from Corinth. 
 
 51. Caractacus, the British king, is carried prisoner to 
 
 Rome. Gallio proconsul of Achaia. Paul visits 
 
 Ephesus, Jerusalem {Uh time), and Antioch, and Peter comes to 
 Antioch, 
 
 53. Felix is appointed yovernor of Judea, Paul at Ephesus. 
 
 54. Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina. NEKO, 5th 
 
 emperor of Rome. 
 
 66. Britannicus is poisoned by Nero. Gospd of Luke pub- 
 lished. Paul writes 2 Epistles to Corinthians, and 1 to Gala- 
 tians ; and next year to Romans, from Corinth. Uproar at 
 Ephesus excited by Demetrius. 
 
 6Q, Paul is seized at Jerusalem and sent before Felix, and in 58 before 
 Festu^. 
 
 59. Nero puts to death his mother Agrippina. Paul 
 
 arrives at Rome. Peter writes his 1st Epistle from Babylon. 
 
 60. Suetonius Paulinus defeats the Britons. St Paul 
 
 writes Epistles to Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon, all sent 
 at once by Onesimus. 
 
 61. THE BRITONS UNDER QUEEN BOA- 
 
—70.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOaY. 61 
 
 DICEA DEFEAT THE ROMANS, st 
 
 Paul is liberated and writes the Epistles to the Hebrews. — 
 Timothy is imprisoned at Rome. 
 
 62 PauVs fourth circuit from Antioch through Galatia and Phrygia to 
 Ephesus, 
 
 63. Paul visits Crete, writes 1 Epistle to Timothy and the Epistle to 
 
 Titus from Corinth, and goes to Nicopolis in Epirus. St. Peter 
 probably first arrives in Pome at this time. 
 
 64. Eome is set on fire by Nero. FIRST PER- 
 
 SECUTION OF THE CHRISTIANS. 
 
 65. Conspiracy of Piso. — Seneca and Lucan are put to 
 
 death by Nero. Cestius Gallus prefect of 
 Syria. 
 St. Peter is put to death at Pome, and St. Paul arrested at Ephesus. 
 
 66. St. Paul is put to death at Pome. 
 
 The Jewish war begins. Cestius Gallus is defeated 
 and Vespasian appointed to the command. Barcas 
 Soranus and Thrasea Pastus are put to death by 
 
 Nero. — LINUS, Pope or Bishop of Pome, a martyr. Linus 
 is placed first by Irenceus, Eusebius, Augustine, and Optatus^ 
 But Tertullian, Pufinus Epiphanius, ^c, place Clemens Ro- 
 manus first (^See 91.) The title of Pope was anciently given to 
 all bishops. According to some it was first adopted by Hyginus, 
 A.D. 138. According to Baronius it was applied to all bishops 
 until the year 850, and was first appropriated formally to the 
 bishop of Rome by a decree of GREGORY VIL in 1073. Bar. 
 Mar. Rom. X. Jan. 
 
 67. Massacre of the Jews by Floras at Caesarea, 
 
 Ptolemais, and Alexandria. — Josephus (the 
 Jewish historian, born in 38), governor of Gali- 
 lee, is captured at Jotapata. 
 
 68. Nero kills himself. GALEA 6th emperor. Ves- 
 
 pasian takes Gadara and Jericho. 
 
 69. Galba is murdered, January 15, and succeeded by 
 
 OTHO, 7th emperor of Rome. Otho is defeated, 
 kills himself, April 16, and is succeeded by 
 VITELLIUS, 8th emperor. Vitellius is de- 
 feated, killed December 22, and succeeded by 
 VESPASIAN, 9th emperor of Eome, pro- 
 claimed at Alexandria July 1. 
 
 70. JERUSALEM IS TAKEN AND DE- 
 
 STROYED BY TITUS, son of Vespasian ; 
 
62 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [78— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 about 1,100,000 persons perished in the siege. — 
 Vespasian builds an amphitheatre at Rome. 
 
 78. Era of Salivahana, the years of which are called Saca, much used in the south 
 
 and west of India — Great pestilence at Rome, 10,000 dying in one day.— 
 ANACLETUS, bishop of Rome, a martyr. 
 
 79. TITUS, 10th emperor of Eome. — Herculaneum, 
 
 Pompeii, and Strabise, are destroyed by an erup- 
 tion of Vesuvius, in which Pliny the Elder, 
 the celebrated naturalist, lost his life. 
 
 80. Conquests of Agricola in Britain ; he first discovered 
 
 it to be an island. 
 
 81. DOMITIAN, 11th emperor of Rome. — Age of 
 
 TACITUS, a celebrated Latin historian, intimate friend of Pliny. — JU- 
 VENAL, native of Aquinum, in Italy, who maybe called the last of the 
 
 Roman poets EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher of Hierapolis, in Phrygia. 
 
 Like the Stoics, he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, 
 but declared himself strongly against suicide. — QUINTILIAN, a celebrated 
 rhetorician, native of Spain. His " Institutiones Oratoriae," the most perfect 
 system of oratory extant, were discovered in 1415 in an old tower of a monas- 
 tery at St. Gall, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence PLINY the 
 
 Younger, nephew of Pliny the Elder, distinguished himself at the bar by his 
 eloquence at the age of 19. He refused fees from the richest as well as the 
 poorest of his clients. 
 
 91. CLEMENT, bishop of Rome. {See 66.) 
 
 95. Second persecution of the Christians. St. John is banished to 
 
 Patmos. 
 
 96. Domitian, the last of the twelve Csesars, is killed by 
 
 Stephanus. MERVA, 12th emperor. — St. John 
 
 is liberated from exile, and writes his Revelation and Gospel. 
 
 98. TRAJAN, 13th emperor of Rome. He forbids the 
 
 Christian assemblies. 
 
 100. St. John dies about this time.— Age of FLORUS, SUETONIUS, PLU- 
 TARCH, historians.— DION CHRYSOSTOM,an eminent rhetorician and 
 sophist. — PHILO BYBLIUS and AULUS GELLIUS, grammarians — 
 MARTIALIS, a poet. 
 EVARISTUS, bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 101. 
 
 102. Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, writes his famous 
 
 letter to Trajan, giving an account of the 
 Christians. 
 
 103. Trajan reduces Dacia to a Roman province. 
 
 107. Trajan's victories in Asia. — Third persecution of the 
 
 Christians. 
 
 108. Ignatius is devoured by wild beasts at Rome. 
 
-145.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 63 
 
 A.C. 
 
 109. ALEXANDER /., bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 1 14. Trajan's column is erected at Rome. 
 
 115. The Jews in Cyrene murder 200,000 Greeks and Romans. 
 
 117. Trajan is repulsed in his assault of Atra, the 
 
 capital of the Hagarenes^ and dies in Cilicia. — 
 ADRIAN, 14th emperor of Kome. 
 
 118. Fourth persecution of the Christians. 
 
 119. SIXTUS L, bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 121. Adrian builds his wall in Britain to prevent the 
 incursions of the Picts and Scots. 
 
 128. TELESPHORUS, bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 130. Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem by the name of ^lia 
 
 Capitolina, and erects a temple there to Jupiter. 
 
 131. The Jews rebel, having at their head the impostor 
 
 Barchochebas, who pretended to be the Christ ; 
 they are defeated by Julius Severus. 
 
 lo2. Adrian, after his return from Eg}'pt and Syria, publishes his perpetual edict or 
 
 code of laws. 
 
 135. The Romans destroy 580,000 Jews in Judea, and banish the rest. 
 
 138. ANTONINUS PIUS, 15th emperor of Rome. 
 
 — Rise of the Gnostic sects in Syria and Egypt ; they held two first 
 principles, a good and an evil one. SIMON, who had been rebuked 
 by Peter in Samaria, was the reputed originator of the Gnostics, 
 one part of whom (the Syrians) were called ^^ Docetce" or " Ap- 
 paritionists." These held that the Son of God has no proper 
 humanity, and that he died only in appearance on the cross. The 
 Ebionites denied the Divinity of Christ. MAECION was one of 
 the Docetce. He rejected the Old Testament, and mutilated the 
 New. — ADRIANUS, a rhetorician. — A RRI AN US, an historian, and 
 philosopher of Nicomedia, disciple of Epictetus. — JUSTIN MARTYR, a 
 native of Palestine, formerly a Platonic philosopher. He wrote two 
 apologies for the Christians. PTOLEMY, a celebrated geographer, native 
 of Alexandria, or according to some of Telusium. In his system of the 
 world he places the earth in the centre of the universe, a doctrine universally 
 received till the 16th century, when it was confuted and rejected by Coper- 
 nicus. 
 
 139. Lollius Urbicus, Roman governor of Britain, pushes 
 
 his conquests to the Murray Frith. The wall of 
 Antoninus is built between the Forth and Clyde. — 
 HYGINUS, bishop of Rome. 
 
 142. PIUS I., bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 145. Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and 
 Dacians. 
 
64 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [146— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 146. The worship of Serapis is brought to Rome. 
 
 157. ANICETUS, bishop of Rome.— ^^S^ of APPIAN, an historian, native 
 of Alexandria.— ATTICUS, a Platonic philosopher.— PA US AN IAS, the 
 topographer of Greece.— LUCIAN, a celebrated writer of satires. 
 
 161. MARCUS AURELIUS, 16th emperor of 
 
 Rome ; lie associates with him on the throne 
 L. VERUS. 
 
 162. War with the Parthians under Yologesus; it con- 
 
 tinues 5 years, and is brought to an end by 
 Cassius, the lieutenant of Verus, in 167. 
 
 167. Poly carp, disciple of St. John, a bishop of Smyrna, is burned alive in 
 that city SO TEE, bishop of Rome, martyr (or 168). 
 
 169. War against theMarcomanni; it continues 5 years. 
 
 171. Death of Yerus. Marcus Aurelius remains sole 
 emperor. 
 
 176. ELEUTHEEIUS, bishop of Rome; he opposed with great zeal the 
 
 doctrine of the- Valentinians. 
 
 177. Persecution of the Christians at Lyons, 
 
 180. COMMODUS, 17th emperor of Rome. About 
 
 this time flourished MAXIMUS TYRIUS, a Platonic philosopher. 
 MONT ANUS, a heretic of Pepuza in Phrygia, who pretended 
 to prophesy, and said he was himself the promised Paraclete or 
 Comforter. The austerity of the Montanists was extreme. — > 
 TERTULLIAN, a celebrated Christian ivriter of Carthage, who 
 became deceived by the imposture ofMontanus. — Irenceus preaches 
 the Gospel at Lyons and obtains great reputation by his work 
 " Against Heresies." Foundation of a Christian school at Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 189. The Saracens (now first mentioned in history) de- 
 feat the Romans. 
 
 192. Commodus is killed by Martia and Lsetus, and s^ic- 
 
 ceeded by PERTINAX, 18th emperor of 
 
 Rome. VICTOR, bishop of Rome; he excommunicated the 
 
 Asiatic Christians, and was opposed by Polycrates and Irenceus. 
 
 193. Pertinax is killed by the Praetorian guards, wLo 
 
 sell the empire to DIDIUS JULIANUB, 
 19 th emperor of Rome. Didius Julianus is 
 killed by the Praetorian guards, and succeeded 
 by SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 20th emperor 
 of Rome. 
 
 194. Severus defeats and kills his rival Niger at Issus. 
 
-222.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 65 
 
 A.C. 
 
 195. Byzantium is besieged, and surrenders to Severus 
 
 next year. 
 
 196. Albinus is proclaimed emperor in Britain. 
 
 197. Severus defeats his rival Albinus at Lyons, who 
 
 kills himself. 
 
 198. Severus crosses the Euphrates to repel the Par- 
 
 thians. 
 
 200. Severus conquers the Parthians, and is repulsed by 
 
 the HagareneS at Atra.= About this time flourished OPPIAN, 
 
 a Greek poet of Cilicia. Caracalla was so pleased with his poetry, that he 
 gave him a piece of gold for every verse of his " Cynegeticon " (a poem on 
 hunting). — PHILOSTRATUS, a famous sophist, native of Lesbos, or, 
 
 according to others, of Athens MINUCIUS FELIX, a Roman lawyer, 
 
 ".ho wrote in defence of the Christian religion. — PAPINIANUS, Cara- 
 i \lla's preceptor, killed afterwards by his royal pupil. From his school the 
 Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called " Papinianists." — 
 DIOGENES LAERTiUS, an historian and Epicurean philosopher, ncUive 
 of Cilicia. — CLEMENT of Alexandria, master of the catechetical school 
 there. 
 
 201. 
 
 201. Zephyrinus, bishop of Kome (or 202). Severus 
 
 visits Palestine and Egypt. 
 
 202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, principally in Egypt. 
 
 203. The Scots are converted to Christianity by the preaching 
 
 of Marcus and Dionysius. 
 
 208. Severus visits Britain with his sons Caracalla and 
 Geta ; the following year he builds a wall there 
 from the Tyne to the Solway Frith. 
 
 211. Severus dies at York. CARACALLA, 21st em- 
 
 peror of Eome, and GETA. 
 
 212. Caracalla murders Geta. 
 
 2\o. Caracalla confers the right of citizenship upon all Roman subjects. 
 
 217. Caracalla is murdered by MACRINUS, who 
 becomes the 22nd emperor of Rome. 
 
 D. Macrinus is killed by the Prgetorian guards^ and 
 succeeded by HELIOGABALUS, 23rd em- 
 peror of Rome. 
 
 9. CALIXTUS I., bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 2. Heliogabalus is killed by the Praetorian guards, and 
 succeeded by ALEXANDER SEVERUS 
 
66 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [223— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 24tli emperor of Rome. A tribute is paid by 
 
 the Romans to the Goths. — About this time flourished 
 DION CASSIUS, iELIANUS, and HERODIAN, historians. — ULPI- 
 ANUS, a lawyer ; he was secretary and prime minister to Alexander Seve- 
 rus. He raised a persecution against the Christians, and was at last 
 murdered by the Praetorian band. — AMMONIUS SACCAS, a 
 Christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy 
 at Alexandria ; he reduced the opinions of the Eclectics to a 
 system, and fancied that all religions meant the same thing, though 
 expressed in different forms : Origen and Plotinus were among 
 his pupils. — ORIGEN, a learned defender of Christianity and 
 Biblical critic, surnamed Adamantius for his assiduity ; he suf- 
 fered martyrdom in his 69th year, 254. 
 
 223. URBAN!., bishop ofBome. 
 
 226. The Parthians are conquered by Artaxerxes^ king 
 of Media, and their empire destroyed. He: 
 founds the dynasty of the Sassanidse. 
 
 230. PONTIANUS, bishop of Borne, afterwards banished by Maximin. 
 
 232. Alexander Severus defeats the Persians under Ar- ■ 
 taxerxes. 
 
 235. MAXIMIN assassinates Alexander Severus, and I 
 is proclaimed (25th) emperor of Rome. — The sixth, 
 
 persecution of the Christians. — ANTER US, bishop of Borne, 
 martyr, succeeded next year by FABIANUS. 
 
 238. The GORDIANS I. and IL are elected 26thi 
 and 27 th emperors of Rome. They are suc- 
 ceeded by PUPIENUS and BALBINUS,,, 
 
 28th and 29th emperors of Rome. — Maximin is 
 killed by his own soldiers. — Pupienus and Bal- 
 binus are killed by the soldiers, and succeeded! 
 by GORDIAN III., 30th emperor of Rome. 
 
 242. Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor. 
 
 244. Gordian is killed and succeeded by PHILIP thee 
 Arabian, 31st emperor of Rome, who makes? 
 peace with Sapor. 
 
 248. The Secular Games are celebrated at Rome. — Pompey's theatre is burnt. 
 CYPRIAN is elected bishop at Carthage; he died a martyr in 258. 
 
 249. Philip is killed by the soldiers, and succeeded byy 
 
 DEOIUS, 32nd emperor of Rome. 
 
 250. TTie seventh persecution of the Christians Age of PLOTINUS, ai 
 
 Platonic philosopher of Lycopolis, in Egypt ; he was a favourite with all thei 
 Romans, who considered him a superior being. — PORPHYRY, a Pla4 
 tonic philosopher of Tyre, was a man of universal informatiom 
 and a formidable enemy to Christianity. He collected the writings 
 
-269. J COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 67 
 
 A.C. 
 
 of his master Plotinus. — MANES, a Persian, founder of the 
 sect of the Manichees, whose principles were nearly those of the 
 Syrian Gnostics {see 138), while he also resembled Montanus 
 (see 180) in pretending to be himself the Paraclete. — S ABEL- 
 LI US, who, like Praxeas and Noetus, affirmed that the Father, 
 Son, and Holy Ghost are but One Person. — PAUL of Thebais, 
 said to have been the first hermit. — ARNOBIUS of Sicca, in 
 Numidia, a rhetorician and philosopher, who became a convert to 
 Christianity, and an apologist for it. 
 
 251. Decius is killed in battle against the Goths, and 
 
 succeeded by GALLUS, 33rd emperor of 
 Kome. — CORNELIUS, bishop of Rome: NOV ATI- 
 ANUS, rival bishop. 
 
 252. LUCIUS /., bishop of Rome, martyred the following year. 
 
 253. The Goths, Burgundians, &c,, make an irruption 
 
 into Moesia and Pannonia. ^ — STEPHEN I., bishop 
 
 of Rome. 
 
 254. GaUus is killed, and succeeded by ^MILIANUS, 
 
 34th emperor of Rome ; he is soon killed by his 
 soldiers, and succeeded by VALERIANUS, 
 35th emperor of Rome. 
 
 257. The eighth persecution of the Christians. SIXTUS 11. , bishop of 
 Rome, martyred three days before his faithful disciple Laurence. 
 
 259. The Persians ravage Syria. Valerian is taken in 
 
 Edessa by Sapor, king of Persia (or in 260), by 
 whom he is kept prisoner, and at length flayed 
 
 alive. — DIONYSIUS, bishop of Rome : he opposed the 
 heresy of Sabellius. 
 
 260. GALLIENUS, 36th emperor of Rome. The 
 
 Thirty Pretenders to the empire, called the 
 Thirty Tyrants. — The temple of Diana at Ephe- 
 sus is burned. 
 
 261. Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, and Caesarea in Cap- 
 
 padocia. 
 
 264. Successes of Odenatus of Palmyra against the Per- 
 sians; he is killed in 266. 
 
 267. The Heruli invade and ravage Greece. 
 
 268. Gallienus is killed by his soldiers, and succeeded by 
 
 CLAUDIUS II., 37th emperor of Rome. 
 
 269. The Goths and Heruli, to the number of 320,000, 
 
 F 2 
 
68 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [270— 
 
 A.C, 
 
 are defeated by Claudius. — FELIX L, bishop of 
 
 Home, martyr. 
 
 270. AUIIELIAN, 38tli emperor of Eome. 
 
 271. The Alemanni and Marcomanni ravage the empire. 
 
 272. The ninth persecution of the Christians. 
 
 273. ZENOBIA, queen of Palmyra, widow of Ode- 
 
 natus, IS DEFEATED BY AURELIAN 
 at Emesa, and afterwards captured at the Eu- 
 phrates, and carried to Rome, where she adorned 
 the triumph of her conqueror. 
 LONGINUS, her minister, and the greatest phi- 
 losopher of his age, is put to death by the 
 emperor. — Death of Sapor I. 
 
 275. TACITUS, 39th emperor of 'B.omQ.—EUTYCHI. 
 
 ANUS, bishop of Rome, martyr. 
 
 276. PROBUS, 40th emperor of Eome, successful 
 
 against the Goths and Persians. 
 
 282. CAHUS, 41st emperor of Rome, defeats the Quadi 
 
 and Sarmatians. — Carinus and Numerianus, 
 Caesars. 
 
 283. Death of Fingal, king of Morven, and father of 
 
 Ossian. — CAIUS, bishov of Rome, a relative of the Emperor 
 Diocletian. 
 
 Carus defeats the Persians. 
 
 284. Carus is killed by lightning, and succeeded by 
 
 Diocletian, 42nd emperor of Rome. EUA OF 
 DIOCLETIAN. 
 286. Diocletian takes MAXIMIAN, 43rd emperor of 
 Rome, as his partner in the empire. The em- 
 pire is attacked by the northern nations. — 
 Carausius usurps the government of Britain, and 
 reigns 7 years ; he is assassinated by Alectus, who 
 succeeds him. 
 
 290. The Gregorian and Hermogenian Codes are published. 
 
 292. Partition of the empire by Diocletian between two 
 emperors and two Caesars as co-rulers. — Galerius 
 and Constantius, Caesars. 
 
 295. Alexandria in Egypt is taken by Diocletian. 
 
-314.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 69 
 
 A.C. 
 
 296. MARCELLINUS, bishop of Rome, distinguished by his courage 
 
 under severe persecution. 
 
 297. Galerius is defeated, but next year is successful in 
 
 the war against Narses, king of Persia. 
 
 3 00. The Gospel is preached in Switzerland. — Age of ^ELIUS SPARTIANUS, 
 JULIUS CAriTOLlNUS, FL. VOPISCUS, historians. 
 
 301. 
 
 303. The tenth persecution of the Christians, which continues 10 years. 
 
 304. Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the throne, and 
 
 are succeeded by GALERIUS and CON- 
 STANTIUS CHLORUS, 44th and 45th 
 emperors of Rome. Constantius obtains the 
 West, and Galerius Italy, Africa, and the East. 
 
 305. Galerius appoints two Caesars, Severus and Max- 
 
 imm. — Antony founds the monastic order in Egypt — Council 
 of Eliberis in Spain. 
 
 306. Constantius dies at York, and is succeeded by 
 
 CONSTANTINE THE GHEAT, 46th 
 emperor of Kome. 
 
 308. MARCELLUS bishop of Rome. 
 
 310. Birth of Sapor II., king of Persia. — EUSEBIUS, 
 
 bishop of Rome. 
 
 311. Death of Galerius : there remain Constantino, Lici- 
 
 nius, Maximin, and Maxentius. — MELCHIADES, 
 
 bishp of Rome. Rise of the Donatist controversy. 
 
 312. Division of the empire between Constantino and 
 
 Licinius. Constantino defeats Maxentius, who 
 is drowned in the Tiber. After that victory 
 Constantino becomes a Christian. 
 
 313. Battle of Adrianople. Licinius defeats Maximin, 
 
 who kills himself. Edict of Milan, published by Con- 
 
 stantine, giving toleration to the Christians throughout the empire. 
 
 314. Pope SYLVESTER. Council of the Western bishops at Aries 
 
 in France, to suppress the Donatists. This sect was so called 
 from DONATUS, bishop of CascB Nigrce, or another Donatus, 
 bishop of Carthage. Their characteristic was a pretension to ex- 
 clusive sanctity of church communion ; they re-baptized their pro- 
 selytes from other Christian communities. 
 F 3 
 
70 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [323- 
 
 A.C. 
 
 323. Licinius is defeated by Constantine at Chrysopolis, 
 now Scutari, in Bitliynia, and afterwards is put 
 
 to death. The following year Constantine restores to the 
 persecuted Christians their liberty and property, and rebuilds their 
 churches, 
 
 325. THE FIRST OP THE COUNCILS, COM- 
 
 MONLY CALLED CECUMENICAL OR 
 GENERAL, HELD AT NICE in Bithynia, 
 
 at which the doctrines of Arius are condemned, and the Christian 
 faith declared in the first part of the NICENE CREED. 
 — - ATHANASIXJS, bishop of Alexandria, introduces 
 monachism into the Roman empire ; he is famous for the opposition 
 he rnaititained against ARIXJS, who denied the Divinity of 
 Christ, making Him only the highest of created beings. 
 
 326. Constantine puts to death his son Crispus, his wife 
 
 Fausta, and the son of the emperor Licinius. 
 
 328. CONSTANTINE REMOVES THE SEAT 
 OP THE EMPIRE PROM ROME TO 
 CONSTANTINOPLE (formerly Byzan- 
 tium). 
 
 330. Solemn dedication of Constantinople. 
 
 331. Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed. LAC- 
 
 TANTIUS and EUSEBIUS, Christian writers : the former is 
 called the Christian Cicero. — J AMBLICUS, a philosopher. — 
 TACHOMIUS institutes in Egypt the order of the Coenobites. — 
 HILARY, bishop of Poitiers. 
 
 336. Pope MARCUS. 
 
 337. Death of Constantine the Great, and succession of 
 
 his three sons, CONSTANTINE IL, CON- 
 STANS, and CONSTANTIUS, 47th, 48th, 
 and 49th emperors of Rome. — Pope JULIUS I., 
 
 of great piety and learning ; he maintained the cause of the 
 Athanasians. 
 
 340. Constantine II. is defeated and killed by Constans 
 at Aquileia ; this latter remains sole emperor of 
 
 the West. 
 
 348. Constantius is defeated by the Persians at Singara. 
 
 350. Constans is killed in Spain by Magnentius, who 
 assumes the purple. Constantius remains sole 
 master of the empire ; he twice defeats Mag- 
 nentius, who kills himself at Lyons. — Famous 
 
—379.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 71 
 
 A.C. 
 
 defence of Nisibis by Lucilianus against Sapor, 
 who raises the siege. 
 
 352. Pope LIBERIUS. 
 
 356. FELIX. II., pope during the exile of Liherius, who was banished by 
 
 Constantius. 
 
 357. The Germans are defeated by Julian at Strasburgh. 
 
 358. Liberius is restored to the papal chair after having subscribed to the 
 
 Arian creed. 
 
 359. Council of Ariminum (^Rimini) sanctions the Arian doctrine. 
 
 361. JULIAN, 50th emperor of Rome, called THE 
 
 APOSTATE, for abjuring Christianity after 
 having been educated for the Christian ministry. 
 He is elected Pontifex Maximus. He fruitlessly 
 attempts to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. 
 
 362. Expedition of Julian against the Persians : he is 
 
 killed in battle the next year. 
 
 363. JOVIAN, 51st emperor of Eome, chosen by the 
 
 army in the East. He makes peace with the 
 Persians. 
 
 364. VALENTINIAN I., emperor over the West; 
 
 MAKES MILAN HIS PLACE OP 
 RESIDENCE, and appoints his brother VA- 
 LENS emperor over the East. 
 
 366. Pope DAMASUS succeeds to the office in opposition to his rival 
 
 Ursicinus : he ojyposed the Arians ; Jerome was his secretary. 
 
 367. Gratian is taken as partner in the Western empire 
 
 by his father Yalentinian I. 
 
 375. VALENTINIAN II., emperor of the West.— 
 
 BASIL THE GEE AT and GREGORY NAZIANZEN, 
 
 Christian writers. — AUSONIUS, a poet and statesman ; he was Gratian's 
 preceptor. 
 
 376. The Huns, of Tartar origin, cross the Volga and 
 
 the Don, and drive out the Goths, who obtain 
 from Valens permission to settle in Thrace. 
 
 378. Valens, emperor of the East, is defeated and killed 
 
 near Adrianople in a battle against the Goths. 
 They advance to the gates of Constantinople. 
 
 379. Gratian places on the throne of the East THEO- 
 
 F 4 
 
72 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [381— 
 
 DOSIUS THE GREAT, who expels the 
 Goths from Thrace. 
 
 381. SECOND GENERAL COUNCIL, mj a^ Con- 
 
 stantinople, in which the doctrine of 'MAC'EDO'NIVS, who denied 
 the Divinity/ of the Holy Ghost, is condemned, and the Nicene Creed 
 enlarged in order to express the Divinity of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 383. Gratian is defeated and killed by Andragathius. — 
 
 The Huns overrun Mesopotamia, and are de- 
 feated by the Goths. 
 
 384. Symmachus pleads the cause of paganism in the 
 
 senate at Jilome. He wrote against the Christians, and 
 was refuted hy Ambrose, bishop of Milan, and by Prudentius, the 
 Christian poet. Jerome, at the desire of Hamasus, begins the 
 compilation of the Latin translation of the Scriptures, called the 
 Vulgate. Pope SYRICIUS. 
 
 388. The tyrant Maximus is defeated and put to death 
 by Theodosius. Valentinian II. reigns over all 
 
 the West. 
 
 390. Massacre of the inhabitants of Thessalonica by 
 Theodosius the Great— JOHN CHRYSOS- 
 
 TOiyE, " t^^^ golden-mouthed," appoirited bishop of Constanti- 
 nople in 398, an eloquent Christian writer. — Paulinus, bishop of 
 Nola in Campania, inventor of bells, " Campance." — THEON of 
 Alexandria, and TAPPUS, mathematicians. 
 
 392. Valentinian II. is strangled at Vienna in Dauphiny, 
 by Arbogastes, who places on the throne of the 
 West Eugenius : 2 years after, that emperor 
 is defeated and killed at Aquileia by Theo- 
 dosius the Great. 
 
 394. Theodosius the Great sole emperor. 
 
 395. Final division of the Roman empire between the 
 
 sons of Theodosius the Great: ARCADIUS 
 EMPEROR OF THE EAST, AND HO- 
 NORIUS EMPEROR OF THE WEST. 
 
 — The Huns invade the Eastern provinces. 
 
 397. Gildo revolts against Honorius in Africa ; the fol- 
 
 lowing year he is defeated by his own brother, 
 and kills himself. 
 
 398. Pope ANASTASIUS: he caused the works of Origen to be pro- 
 
 scribed. 
 
—417.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 73 
 
 A.C. 
 
 400. COMMENCEMENT OP THE GREAT 
 IRRUPTIONS OP THE BARBA- 
 RIANS INTO THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 — The Yisigoths (Goths of the West), iinder Ala- 
 
 ric, invade Italy. CLAUDIUS, a poet and favourite of StUicho — 
 
 HYPATIA, a celebrated woman, teaches geometry at Alexandria MA- 
 
 CROBIUS, a Latin critic and antiquarian. — JEROME AND AUGUS- 
 TINE, two of the most illustrious and learned Christian writers. 
 DIOPHANTUS, the only Greek writer on Algebra, supposed to be the inventor 
 of it. The Saracens brought it into Spain in 900. Leonardo of Pisa into Italy 
 in 1202. 
 
 401. 
 
 402. Pope INNOCENT I. 
 
 403. Stilicho, general of Honorius, defeats Alaric near 
 
 Pollentia. THE SEAT OP THE EM- 
 PIRE IS REMOVED by Honorius PROM 
 MILAN TO RAVENNA. 
 
 404. Fergus I., king of Scotland, is supposed to have 
 
 begun his reign. Death of the Empress Eudoxia, 
 wife of Arcadius. 
 
 405. Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths under Rada- 
 
 gaisus at Fsesulae. 
 
 406. The Vandals, Suevi, and Alans, settle in Gaul. 
 408. Theodosius II., emperor of the East. 
 
 410. ROME IS SACKED AND BURNED BY 
 
 ALARIC. — PELAGIUS, a native of Britain, founded the 
 sect of the Pelagians. He denied " Original Sin" and main- 
 tained that man does not require the assistance of Divine grace to 
 perform good works. He was strenuously opposed by Augustine^ 
 bishop of Hippo in Africa, and Jerome. — OROSIUS, an his- 
 torian.— SOCRATES, SOZOMEN, and SULPITIUS SEVE- 
 RUS, ecclesiastical historians. 
 
 412. The Vandals settle in Spain; their name is pre- 
 
 served in " Andal "-usia. 
 
 413. The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 414. The kingdom of the Visigoths is established, with 
 
 Toulouse for its capital. 
 
 417. The Alans are defeated and extirpated by the 
 Goths. — Pope ZOSIMUS. 
 
74 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY, [419— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 419. Pope BONIFACE I. : he is maintained in his office by the Emperor 
 
 Honorius against his rival EULALIUS. 
 
 420. Pharamond, first king of the Franks on the Lower 
 
 Rhine. 
 
 421. Theodosius II. marries Athenais, daughter of an 
 
 Athenian philosopher; she takes the name of 
 Eudocia. 
 
 422. Pope CELESTINE I. 
 
 425. Yalentinian III., grandson of Theodosius the Great, 
 
 emperor of the West, 2 years after the death of 
 Honorius. 
 Theodosius establishes public schools at Constanti- 
 nople, and attempts the restoration of learning. 
 
 426. The Romans imthdr aw finally from Britain {accord- 
 
 ing to some, 448). 
 
 428. The Franks and Goths are defeated by -/Etius. 
 
 429. Genseric, king of the Vandals, crosses from Spain 
 
 to Africa with 80,000 men at the invitation of 
 Count Boniface. 
 
 430. Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II., receives the 
 
 title of Augusta, and reigns 40 years over the 
 
 East. 
 
 431. THE THIRD GENERAL COUNCIL, held at 
 
 Ephesus, in which Nestorius is condemned by the hifluence of Cyril, 
 bishop of Alexandria. The adherents of Nestorius, being banished 
 from the Roman empire, obtained an establishment from the king of 
 Persia, and have continued to exist as a distinct sect to the present 
 day. 
 
 432. Pope SIXTUS III. : he opposed the doctrines of Nestorius and 
 
 Pelagius in the West. Count Bonifacc slain in a battle 
 with JEtius. 
 
 435. The Theodosian Code is published. 
 
 439. Genseric invades and plunders Italy ; he takes 
 
 Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the Van- 
 dals in Africa. — The Empress Eudocia retires to 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 440. Pope LEO I., surnamed the Great, was most zealous in his en- 
 
 deavours to extend his authority, and permitted the public con- 
 fessions, hitherto j)ractised in the church, to be changed into 
 
—456.] COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. 75 
 
 A.C. 
 
 private ones to the /jriesfo.— Computation by Olympiads 
 ceases. 
 
 442. Theodosius is compelled to make a disgraceful 
 peace with ATTILA, king of the Huns, sur- 
 named the " Scourge of God." 
 
 445. Attila overruns Illyricum, Thrace, Dacia, Moesia, 
 and Scythia. — The Britons in vain solicit the 
 Romans to assist them against the Picts and the 
 Scots. 
 
 448. Death of Clodion, king of France ; Merovee suc- 
 
 ceeds him, and gives his name to the first line 
 of French kings, called " Merovingian." 
 
 449. The Britons invite the Saxons and Angles to their 
 
 assistance. 
 
 450. Death of Theodosius II. His sister Pulcheria 
 
 marries Marcian, emperor of the East. That 
 reign is called the Golden Age. 
 
 451. Attila is entirely defeated near Chalons-sur-Marne 
 
 by ^tius, Merovee, and Theodoric, king of the 
 Visigoths, who is killed in the battle. — The 
 Saxons arrive in Britain under Hengist andHorsa. 
 Hengist founds the kingdom of Kent, the 1st of 
 the Ileptarchg ; the 7th kingdom, Mercia, is not 
 founded till 586. — The Fourth General Council, 
 
 held at Chalcedon against Dioscorus and Eutyches. They taught 
 that there was but one nature in Jesus Christ, compounded of the 
 Divine and human natures. Their adherents, called Monophysites 
 (i.e. Maintainers of the ^^ One Nature^^^ or Jacobites, were nume- 
 rous in Egypt and Syria, and their sect has survived in those 
 countries until the present day. 
 
 452. Foundation of Venice. — Attila again invades Italy. 
 
 453. Death of Attila. 
 
 455. Valentinian III. is assassinated, and succeeded by 
 
 Maximus, who seeks to marry Eudoxia, widow 
 of the murdered prince. She calls to her 
 assistance Genseric, who, coming from Africa 
 with his Vandals, takes and plunders Rome. 
 Avitus, successor of Maximus, is dethroned by 
 Count Ricimer. 
 
 456. Childeric, king of the Franks. 
 
76 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [457— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 457. Leo I., the Greats emperor of the East. — Majori- 
 anus, emperor of the West. 
 
 461. Majorianus is put to death by Ricimer, who places 
 Severus on the throne of the West : 4 years 
 after he is poisoned by Ricimer. — Pope HILARIUS. 
 
 467. Anthemius, emperor of the West. — Pope SIM- 
 
 PLICIUS. 
 
 468. Euric, king of the Visigoths, drives the Romans 
 
 out of Spain. 
 
 470. j^lla the Saxon takes possession of the kingdom of 
 Sussex, and the year after he defeats all the 
 British princes. 
 
 472. Anthemius is killed, on the taking of Rome, by 
 
 Ricimer, his son-in-law ; he is succeeded by 
 
 OlyblUS. Great eruption of Mount Vesuvius, seen from Constanti- 
 nople. —aS'^. Pa^r^cA /oMMC?5 the archbishopric of Armagh. — SIDO- 
 NIUS APOLLINARIS, bishop of Clermont, a poet and Chris- 
 tian writer. — GENNADIUS of Marseilles, an ecclesiastical 
 writer. — PROCLUS, a Grecian philosopher. — PRISCIANUS, a gram- 
 marian. 
 
 473. Griycerius, emperor of the West. 
 
 474. Julius Nepos dethrones and succeeds Glycerins. — - 
 
 Leo II., Junior, son of Ariadne, though an in- 
 fant, succeeds his grandfather Leo I. in the 
 Eastern empire, and some months after he is 
 succeeded by his father Zeno. 
 
 475. Augustulus Romulus, emperor of the West, is raised 
 
 to the throne by his father Orestes, general to 
 Nepos, and abdicates the following year. 
 
 476. Orestes is put to death by ODOACEIl, king of 
 
 the Heruli, who TAKES ROME, and assumes 
 the title of king of Italy. — EXTINCTION 
 OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE, 507 years 
 from the battle of Actium, and 1229 years from 
 the building of Rome. 
 
—498.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 77 
 
 THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 481. CLOVIS L, real founder of the French monarchy. 
 
 ZENO makes Theodoric the Ostrogoth his ge- 
 neral, and creates him consul. (Ostrogoths, or Goths of 
 the East.) 
 
 482. The Henoticon, or Formula of Concord, promul- 
 
 gated by the Emperor Zeno. 
 
 483. Pope FELIX. III. : he had a violent dispute with the Emperor Zeno 
 
 respecting the Western Church. — Litanies and bells were first 
 used in churches. 
 
 486. BATTLE OP SOISSONB, gained by Clovis, 
 then 19 years old, over Syagrius, the Roman 
 general, who died of a broken heart in con- 
 sequence of his defeat. End of the Koman 
 dominion in Gaul. 
 
 488. Theodoric entirely defeats Odoacer, and is acknow- 
 ledged king of Italy by the Emperor Zeno. 
 
 490. The Burgundians under Gondebald ravage Italy. — 
 
 Ireland is now famous for its schools of learning 
 and religion, whence it was called the " Insula 
 Sanctorum^'' or Island of Saijits. 
 
 491. Anastasius I., emperor of the East. He marries 
 
 Ariadne, Zeno's widow. Bloody quarrels in 
 the circus at Constantinople between the factions 
 of the Blues and Greens. 
 
 492. Pope GELASIUS L 
 
 493. Odoacer is put to death by Theodoric, who puts an 
 
 end to the kingdom of the Ileruli in Italy, and 
 founds instead the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. 
 496. Clovis defeats the Alemanni at Tolbiac, near 
 Cologne, and embraces Christianity. He was 
 converted by Clotilda his wife, daughter of 
 Chilperic. — Pope ANASTASIUS 11. He endeavoured 
 to bring about a unity between the Eastern and Western Churches. 
 
 498. Pope SYMMACHUS. —LAURENTIUS, antipope. 
 
78 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [500— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 500. Clovis defeats Gondebald, king of Burgundy, and 
 
 renders him tributary. He establishes the Salic 
 law, by which females are excluded from the 
 
 crown of France. silkworms, and paper made of cotton, are in- 
 troduced into France BOETHIUS, a philosopher, is put to death in 526 
 
 by Theodoric, on suspicion of a conspiracy.— CASSIODORUS, an historian. 
 
 501. 
 
 501. The Burgundian laws are published by Gondebald. 
 
 502. Cabades, king of Persia, ravages part of the Eastern 
 
 empire. 
 
 507. Clovis defeats Alaric, king of the Visigoths, at 
 
 Vouille, near Poitiers, and compels him to re- 
 treat to Spain. He adds Aquitaine to the 
 kingdom of France. The French king receives 
 a congratulatory embassy, with a diadem, from 
 Anastasius. 
 
 508. Arthur is chosen Pendragon, or sovereign of the 
 
 Cambrian British kingdom. 
 Theodoric the Great defeats Clovis in the battle of 
 Aries, and then makes peace with him. 
 
 510. Clovis makes Paris the capital of the kingdom of 
 
 the Franks. 
 
 511. Death of Clovis : his dominions are divided among 
 
 his 4 sons. Childebert I. has Neustria, or 
 the western part of France — capital, Paris ; 
 Thierry, the elder son, has Austrasia, or the 
 eastern part of France — capital, Metz ; Clo- 
 taire I. becomes king of Soissons, and Clodomir 
 of Orleans. 
 
 512. The Heruli are allowed by Anastasius to settle in 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 514. Pope HORMISDAS. — LA URENTIUS, antipope. 
 
 515. Arthur, king of the Britons, is supposed hy some to 
 
 have begun his reign, 
 
 516. The computation of time by the Christian Era is 
 
 introduced by Dionysius Exiguus the monk (or 
 perhaps about 530).— Death of Gondebald, king 
 of Burgundy ; Sigisnuuid his son succeeds him. 
 
-537.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 79 
 
 A.C. 
 
 517. The Getae ravage Illyrium, Macedonia, and Epirus. 
 
 518. Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, becomes emperor 
 
 of the East. 
 Abolition of the Henoticon. 
 
 519. Justin restores the orthodox bishops, and condemns the Eutychians. — 
 
 Reunion of the Eastern and Western Churches. — Cabades, 
 
 king of Persia, proposes that Justin should adopt 
 his ^on Chosroes, and on his refusal declares 
 war. 
 
 523. Pope JOHN I. : he was thrown into prison, where he died in 526. 
 
 525. The Arian bishops are deposed by Justin. Antioch 
 
 and many other cities, almost destroyed by an 
 earthquake, are rebuilt by Justin. He adopts 
 his nephew Justinian. 
 
 526. Theodoric puts to death Boethius and Symmachus. 
 
 — Pope FELIX IV. 
 
 527. Justinian I., emperor of the West. 
 
 529. Belisarius, general of Justinian, is defeated by the 
 
 Persians. The Code of the Civil Law is pub- 
 lished by Justinian. 
 
 Benedict founds a monastery on Mount Casino, in the south of Italy. 
 Origin of the Order of Benedictines. 
 
 530. Pope BONIFACE IL — Congal founds the monastery of Bangor in 
 
 Antrim. 
 
 532. Justinian congratulates Chosroes on his succeeding 
 
 to the Persian throne, and concludes a perpetual 
 peace with him. Great insurrection at Con- 
 stantinople quelled with prodigious slaughter by 
 Belisarius. 
 
 Pope JOHN II. — The Count MARCELLINUS, PROCOPIUS, and 
 AGATHIUS, historians. 
 
 533. Death of Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths ; he is 
 
 succeeded by his mother Amalasonta. — The 
 Pandects of Justinian are published. 
 
 534. Theodobert, king of Metz. — Belisarius defeats 
 
 Gelimer and the Vandals in Africa. 
 
 535. Pope AGAPE TUS. 
 
 536. Pope *S'/ZFEi?7f7AS'.— JORN ANDES, a Gothic historian.-SIMPLICIUS, 
 
 a philosopher. 
 
 537. Belisarius subdues the Ostrogoths in Italy, and 
 
80 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [538— 
 
 takes Rome. — Justinian dedicates the church 
 of St. Sophia. 
 538. Pope VIGILIUSL 
 
 540. Belisarius refuses to accept the crown of Italy. 
 
 541. The Roman consulship is suppressed by Justinian. 
 
 542. Arthur, king of the Cambrian Britons, is killed in the 
 
 battle of Camlan. — Chosroes I. takes Antioch. 
 
 543. Totila the Goth recovers Italy from the Romans. 
 
 547. Ida the Saxon lands at Flamborough, subdues the 
 
 country from the Humber to the Forth, and founds 
 the Northumbrian kingdom. 
 Totila takes and plunders Rome. 
 
 548. Theodebald, king of Metz. 
 
 549. Rome is retaken by Belisarius. 
 
 550. Commencement of the kingdom of Poland under 
 
 Lechus. 
 Rome is recovered by Totila. 
 
 551. The manufacture of silk is introduced into Europe. 
 
 552. Totila is defeated by Narses, and killed. 
 
 553. Teias, successor of Totila, is defeated by Narses in 
 
 Campania. — End of the kingdom of the Ostro- 
 goths. Italy is added to the dominions of the 
 emperors of the East, and governed by Narses. 
 The Fifth Greneral Council, called by Justinian, 
 
 held at Constantinople. — It condemned the "Three 
 Chapters" in opposition to the council of Chalcedon, which was 
 supposed to have been too favourable to the Nestorians. — Silkworms 
 are introduced from China, according to some. (See 500.) 
 
 K>65. Pope PELAGIUS L : he is said to have ordered heretics to be put 
 to death. 
 
 558. The Huns, breaking into Thrace, are defeated by 
 
 Belisarius. — CLOT AIRE, sole king of France. 
 
 559. Belisarius is degraded and ungratefully used by 
 
 Justinian (according to some). 
 
 560. Pope JOHN III., a great ornamentor of churches. —"BelisSirmS 
 
 is restored to his honours and command. 
 562. Death of Clotaire I., son of Clovis. France is 
 divided among his 4 sons : Caribert is king 
 
593.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 81 
 
 A.C. 
 
 of Paris, Gontran of Burgundy and Orleans, 
 Sigebert of Austrasia, and Chilperic of Soissons. 
 
 565. The Picts are converted to Christianity by Columba, 
 the Irishman, who founds the celebrated monastery 
 of lona in 563. 
 Justin II., emperor of the East. 
 
 568. Alboin, king of the Lombards, conquers part of 
 Italy. He establishes feudal policy in his do- 
 minions. 
 
 571. Birth of Mahomet, the false prophet. — Bloody 
 quarrels of the two rival queens Brunechilda, 
 wife of Sigebert, and Fredegonda, wife to Chil- 
 peric. 
 
 574. Pope BENEDICT I., surnamed Bonosus. 
 
 578. Tiberius II., emperor of the East. — Pope PELA- 
 
 GIUS II. — Gregory of Tours, a bishop and historian. — Fortu- 
 natus, bishop of Poitiers, a poet. 
 
 579. Death of Chosroes the Great; his son, Hormisdas lY., 
 
 succeeds him. 
 
 580. The Latin tongue ceases to be spoken in Italy 
 
 about this time. 
 
 582. Maurice, emperor of the East, son-in-law to Ti- 
 berius II. 
 
 584. Chilperic I., king of Soissons, is assassinated by 
 his wife Fredegonda. CLOT AIRE IL, his 
 son, succeeds him. 
 
 )85. Leovigild, king of the Visigoths in Spain, being an 
 Arian, puts to death his son Hermenegild, be- 
 cause he had embraced the Catholic faith. He 
 had joined the kingdom of the Suevi to his own. 
 Next year, Recard, his son and successor, ab- 
 jures Arianism. [Or, in 589.] 
 
 8189. Columbanus, Gallus(or St. Gall), and 11 other Irish monks, travel to 
 France, and erect the monastery of Luxeul in Burgundy. 
 
 (90. Pope GREGORY THE Gi2^^ r.—Antioch is again destroyed, with 
 30,000 inhabitants, by an earthquake. 
 
 93. Gontran, king of Burgundy and Orleans, dies 
 without issue, and leaves his dominions to Cliil- 
 debert II., his nephew, king of Austrasia. 
 
 G 
 
82 COMPENDIUM OF CHROlSrOLOGY. [596— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 596. Death of Childebert II. His two sons, Theodebert , 
 and Thierry, succeed him under the regency of 
 
 Brunehaut (orBrunechilda), their grandmother 
 
 Theodebert as king of Austrasia, and Thierry of 
 
 Burgundy and Orleans. — Augustine, the mo7ik, is sent' 
 by Gregory to convert the Saxons to Christianity. 
 
 601. 
 
 602. Phocas, emperor of the East, murders his prede- 
 cessor Maurice, with his six sons and three 
 
 daughters. — Chanting in churches is introduced by Gregory) 
 the Great, who establishes schools of chanters. 
 
 604. Pope SABINIANUS. 
 
 606, Pope BONIFACE III. (or according to others, 607). Phocas is 
 said to have divested the bishop of Constantinople of the title oj , 
 " Universal Bishop" and to have given it to Boniface. He gavei 
 at least priority of rank to the Roman see, in opposition to that 
 previously claimed by the bishops of Constantinople. 
 
 608. Pope BONIFACE IV, The Pantheon at Pome, originally dedi-i 
 
 cated to all the pagan gods, is given to Boniface by Phocas, and' 
 dedicated to the Virgin and all the Saints in 610. 
 
 609. The Jews of Antioch massacre the Christians, 
 
 610. Heraclius, emperor of the East. — Chosroes II. com- 
 
 mences his conquests in the East, and defeats 
 the Eomans at Antioch. 
 
 612. Theodebert, king of Austrasia, is defeated and put 
 
 to death by his brother Thierry, king of Bur-- 
 gundy. 
 
 613. The French Maires du Palais are first introduced 
 
 by Clotaire as regents. This office became 
 hereditary. 
 
 614. Clotaire II., sole king of France. He causes Brunei 
 
 haut to be put to death. — St. Gall founds the monastery 
 at St. Gall in Switzerland, and Columbanus that of Bobio neat 
 Pavia, a year before his death. 
 
 Jerusalem is taken by the Persians under Chos- 
 roes II., who carries off the so-called " true 
 cross." 
 
-642.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 83 
 
 6i5. Pope DEUS DEBIT. 
 
 619. Pope BONIFACE V. : he made churches be considered asylums for 
 criminals. 
 
 621. Glorious campaigns of Heraclius against the Per- 
 
 sians for 6 successive years. 
 
 622. ERA OP THE HEGYRA, OR PLIGHT OF 
 
 MAHOMET from Mecca to Medina, July 16. 
 625. The Persians under Chosroes II., with the Huns, 
 Abari, and Sclavonians, besiege Constantinople. 
 [Or, in 626.] — Pope HONORIUS I. 
 
 628. Dagobert and Charibert, kings of France. — Siroes, 
 king of Persia, makes peace with Heraclius, 
 and restores the " true cross." 
 
 632. Death of Mahomet at Medina, June 8. Abubeker 
 succeeds him as caliph of the Saracens. (Caliph 
 signifies Vicar or Successor.) He gathers together 
 into one book the scattered chapters of the 
 Koran. — Era of Yezdejird, or Persian era. 
 
 634. Abubeker dies, and is succeeded by Omar in the 
 
 caliphate. Dagobert I. founds the abbey of St. Denis. 
 
 636. Jerusalem is taken by Omar and the Saracens, who 
 keep possession of it 463 years. — The -Koran is 
 published. 
 King Rotharis gives a code to the Lombards (ac- 
 cording to some, 643). 
 
 638. Sigebert II. and Clovis II., kings of France. 
 
 640. Battle of Nahavund, in which the Persians under 
 Nooman are completely defeated. Persia passes 
 under the dominion of the Arabian caliphs. — 
 
 The library of Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, is burnt by 
 the Saracens. [Or, 641.] 
 
 The Slavi found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia. 
 
 — Pope SEVERINUS dies soon after his election, and is suc- 
 ceeded by John IV. 
 
 1. Death of Heraclius, emperor of the East: short 
 reigns of Constantine III., Heracleonas, and 
 Tiberius III. 
 
 2. Constans II., son of Constantine, emperor of the 
 East — Pope THEOBORUS I. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [644— 
 
 I.e. 
 
 644. Omar is assassinated : Othman succeeds him. 
 
 648. Cyprus is taken by the Saracens under Moawiyah. 
 
 649. Pope MARTIN I. : he is deposed by the emperor in 653, and dies 
 
 in 655. 
 
 651. Yezdejird III., the last of the Sassanides, is assas- 
 sinated. — The Saracens conquer Persia. 
 
 653. The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus. 
 
 [Or, %55,^ 
 
 Pope EU GENIUS. 
 
 654. Childeric IL, king of Austrasia, 
 
 ^55. Othman is assassinated : Ali succeeds him. — Moa- 
 wiyah, governor of Syria. 
 
 657. Pope VIT ALI ANUS : he sent missionaries into England. 
 
 658. The Saracens obtain peace of the Emperor Constans, 
 
 and agree to pay a yearly tribute. — Organs are 
 
 first used in the Western churches hy Vitalianus. 
 
 661. Ali, son-in-law of Mahomet, is assassinated, Janu- 
 ary 24. Abdication of his son Hassan, 
 DYNASTY OP THE OMMYADES : Moa- 
 wiyah, a descendant of Ommia, takes possession 
 of the whole caliphate. 
 
 668. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), emperor of the East. 
 
 — Constantinople is besieged by the Arabs. 
 
 669. Sicily is ravaged by the Saracens. 
 
 672. The Saracens ineffectually besiege Constantinople : 
 their fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire in- 
 vented by the mathematician CaUinicus. 
 Pope ADEODATUS. 
 
 675. The Saracens attempt to land in Spain, but are 3 
 
 repulsed by Wamba, king of the Visigoths. 
 
 676. Pope BONUS: succeeded in 678 by AGATHO. 
 
 679. Dagobert II. is assassinated. THIERRY III., limgi 
 
 of all France : he is the first of the seven kings? 
 
 called Sluo^o-ards. 
 Yezid I. succeeds his father Moawiyah in thei 
 
 caliphate. 
 681. THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (^or Sixth Ge^ 
 
 neral), at which the Monothelite heresy is condemned ; it was at 
 
—706.] CfOMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 85 
 
 A.C. 
 
 branch of the Eutychian heresy, its followers were so called from 
 allowing of one will only in our Lord. 
 
 682. Pope LEO IL : succeeded in 684 by BENEDICT II. 
 
 683. Moawlyah II., son of Yezid, is proclaimed caliph 
 
 at Damascus : on his abdication, Merwan is pro- 
 claimed caliph in Syria, and Abdallah in Arabia. 
 Abdalmelek succeeds his father Merwan in the 
 government of Syria and Egypt. 
 
 685. The Britons are totally subdued hy the Saxons, and 
 
 retreat into Wales and Cornwall, Egfrid, the 
 Saxon, penetrates northward to Angus, hut is slain 
 by Bredei, the Pictish king. 
 
 Justinian II. , emperor of the East. 
 
 Pope JOHN V. 
 
 686. Ceadwalla, king of Wessex, subdues Sussex and Kent, 
 Pope CONON: THEODORE and PASCAL, antipopes. 
 
 687. Thierry III. is defeated near Testry by Pepin 
 
 d'Heristal, who takes the title of Duke and 
 Prince of the Franks. 
 Pope SERGIUS L 
 
 692. CLO VIS III,, king of France. 
 
 695. Justinian II. is dethroned, mutilated, and banished 
 by Leontius, who succeeds him. 
 CHILDEBERT IIL, king of France. 
 
 698. Leontius is dethroned and mutilated by Tiberius 
 
 Absimarus, who succeeds him. — Carthage is 
 destroyed by the Saracens. 
 
 699. The Saracens are defeated by John the Patrician. 
 
 700. The Saracens are defeated with great slaughter by 
 
 Heraclius, brother of Tiberius. 
 
 701. 
 
 701. Pope JOHN VL 
 
 705. Justinian II. escapes from prison, defeats and puts 
 
 to death Tiberius and Leontius, and is restored 
 to the throne. 
 Pope JOHN VIL 
 
 706. Walid succeeds Abdalmelek in the caliphate. 
 
 G 3 
 
86 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [707-^ 
 
 A.C. 
 
 707. Justinian II. is defeated by the Bulgarians. 
 
 708. Pope SISINNIUS : he dies 20 days after his election, and is suc- 
 
 ceeded by CONSTANTINE.—At this time the custom of 
 kissing the Pope's toe is introduced. 
 
 709. Africa is finally conquered by the Saracens. 
 
 Silver plates and vessels are first used in England by "Wilfred, a Northum- • 
 berland bishop. 
 
 711. Philippicus Bardanes, emperor of the East. — The i 
 Saracens of Mauritania, under the name of 
 Moors, make their first descent upon Spain. 
 DAGO BERT III, king of France. 
 
 713. Anastasius II., emperor of the East. 
 
 BATTLE OP XERES de la Frontera, gained I 
 by the Moors under Tarik over Roderic, the last t 
 king of the Visigoths, who is drowned in the flight: : 
 the conquest of all Spain by Musa, general of t| 
 the caliph Walid, followed this victory. Gibraltar r 
 
 (Gibel-al- Tarik, or, the Hill of Tarik) is so called in commemoration of the c 
 Arabian general ; the ancients called it Calpe. 
 
 715. CHILDURIC II.,kmg of France. Charles Martel, , 
 
 maire du palais, governs all France for 26 years. 
 Pope GEEGOBY 11. 
 
 716. Theodosius III., emperor of the East. — Constanti- 
 
 nople is a second time besieged by the Arabs. 
 
 717. Pelagius, the last descendant of the Visigoth kings, 
 
 retires into the mountains of Asturias, and there 
 founds a little Christian kingdom. 
 
 718. Leo the Isaurian, emperor of the East. — The smaii poxi 
 
 ravages Europe. — BEDE, an English monk, the most celebrated historiaai 
 and learned writer of his time ; he died in 735, aged 63. — JOHN DAMASni 
 CENUS, a theologian FREDIGAIRE, a chronicler. 
 
 719. The Arabs besiege Constantinople for the third 
 
 time, and are destroyed by Greek fire. 
 
 720. THIERRY IV,, king of France. 
 
 726. Leo forbids the worship of images, which leads tG( 
 the loss of nearly all the Greek possessions im 
 Italy. 
 
 728. Leo orders Pope Gregory to be seized and sent td)' 
 Constantinople ; but the order is frustrated, and 
 Leo confiscates the episcopal domains in Sicily 
 Calabria, and Apulia. 
 
-752.] COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. 87 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Capture of Ravenna by Luitprand, king of the 
 Lombards. 
 
 729. The Saracens ravage Gallia Narbonensis. 
 
 732. CHARLES MARTEL DEFEATS THE 
 
 MOORS between Poitiers and Tours ; Abdal- 
 
 rahman the Moorish general, and 300,000 of his 
 
 men, are killed. 
 
 Fope GREGORY IIL, the first who sent nuncios to foreign powers. 
 
 736. The Frisons are defeated by Charles Martel. 
 
 Leo persecutes the monks. — Boniface or Winfrid, a native 
 of England, made archbishop of Mayence in 746, preaches 
 Christianity in Germany. 
 
 737. Death of Pelagius, who preserved the Christian 
 
 monarchy in Asturias. 
 Charles Martel again defeats the Moors at Nar- 
 bonne. — Death of Thierry IV. Interregnum of 
 5 years, during which Charles Martel strengthens 
 his authority. 
 
 740. The duchy of Spoleto is seized by the Normans, 
 
 and recovered by the pope. 
 The race of Odin in Sweden is dethroned by 
 Sigurd. 
 
 741. Constantine V. (Copronymus), emperor of the East. 
 
 Pope ZACHARIAS. 
 
 742. CHILDERIC III., king of France. 
 
 743. Constantine defeats and puts to death Artacazdus, 
 
 who had seized Constantinople. 
 
 745. Constantine destroys the Saracen fleet. 
 
 749. The dynasty of the Ommyades is subverted, and 
 
 that of the Abassides acknowledged. [Or, 752.] 
 
 750. Alphonso I., the Catholic, founds the kingdom of 
 
 Leon in Spain. 
 
 751. PEPIN LE BEEF (the Short), king of France, 
 
 founder of the second or CARL O VINGIANvsice, 
 
 752. Astulphus, king of the Lombards, seizes on Ra- 
 
 venna. Eutychius, the exarch, takes shelter in 
 Naples. 
 Pope STEPHEN JI. 
 
 G 4 
 
88 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [753— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 753. Astulphus declares war on Stephen, and threatens 
 
 Rome. 
 
 754. Stephen requests the assistance of Pepin against 
 
 the Lombards. The French king invades Italy, 
 and obliges Astulphus to promise to restore his 
 conquests there. 
 
 Almanzor, caliph of the Saracens, a great encourager 
 of learning. 
 
 COUNCIL AT CONSTANTINOPLE of 338 bishops, assembled 
 by Constantine, which condemns image-worship. The modern 
 Greeks reckon this the 7 th and last General Council. 
 
 ^55. Offa, king of Mercia, pays to tlie pope a tribute com- 
 monly called " Peter'' s pence,^'' 
 Astulphus violates his promise and besieges Rome. 
 
 756. Desiderius, or Didier, is proclaimed king of the 
 
 Lombards. 
 Abderrahman L, the only descendant of the Om- 
 myades that is not put to death, takes the title 
 of king of Cordova, and founds the dynasty of 
 the Ommyades in Spain, which country becomes 
 lost to the caliphate. 
 
 Pepin le Bref founds the temporal power of the popes by bestowing on 
 the see of Rome a considerable territory in Italy, rescued from 
 the Lombards. 
 
 757. Pope PAUL L: he renews the alliance with Desiderius. 
 
 762. Almanzor builds Bagdad on the Tigris, and makes 
 it the seat of the empire of the caliphs. 
 
 767. The Turks ravage Asia Minor. 
 
 768. Death of Pepin le Bref: his two sons Charles (the 
 
 Great) and Carloman succeed him. 
 Pope STEPHEN in. 
 770. Constantine dissolves the monasteries in the East. 
 
 772. CHARLEMAGNE, sole monarch of France : he 
 sustained a long war of 33 years against the 
 Saxons commanded by Witikind. 
 Pope ADRIAN! 
 
 774. Charlemagne, at the invitation of Adrian, defeats i 
 
 Desiderius, and puts an end to the kingdom of : 
 the Lombards, which had subsisted 206 years. 
 
 775. Leo lY., emperor of the East; Irene his wife. 
 
-800.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 89 
 
 778. CHARLEMAGNE DEFEATS THE 
 
 MOORS, and carries his victorious arms to the 
 banks of the Ebro ; on his return his rear-guard 
 is defeated at Roncesvalles, where his gallant 
 nephew Koland is killed. 
 
 779. Charlemagne first institutes tithes for the maintenance of the church, 
 
 of schools, and of the poor. 
 
 780. Death of Leo IV., a zealous Iconoclast (image- 
 
 breaker). His son Constantine VI. (Porphyro- 
 genitus), in his minority, succeeds him under the 
 regency of Irene his mother, who keeps him in 
 
 entire subjection. — Pope Adrian I. causes money to be 
 coined with his name. 
 
 781. Pepin, son of Charlemagne, is anointed king of Italy, 
 
 and Louis his brother king of Aquitaine. 
 
 785. The Saxons are subdued by Charlemagne. 
 Haroun-al-Raschid (Aaron the Sage, the celebrated 
 
 hero of the Arabian Nights), caliph of the Sara- 
 cens, invades part of the empire. — syncellus, a 
 
 chronicler. Flourishing state of the arts and sciences among the Arabs. 
 
 786. Constantine assumes the government of the empire, 
 
 and imprisons his mother. 
 
 787. The Danes first land in England. 
 
 THE SECOND (OR DEUTERO-) NICENE COUNCIL, as- 
 sembled atNiccea by Irene, condemns the council of Constantinople, 
 and commands the worship of images ; this is called by Romanists 
 the Seventh General Council. Charlemagne was so much in- 
 censed at this, that he published the " Caroline Books " against 
 this abuse. 
 
 788. Irene puts to death her son Constantine, and is 
 
 proclaimed sole empress. — paul warefridus dia- 
 
 CONUS, an historian.— EGINHARD, an historian, secretary to Charle- 
 magne — ALCUIN, a learned Englishman, the companion and favourite of 
 Charlemagne, is supposed to have assisted in the compilation of the 
 Caroline Books, which were sent to Pope Adrian in 790. 
 
 794. Charlemagne utterly extirpates the Huns. 
 
 THE COUNCIL OF FRANKFORT, assembled under Charle- 
 magne, foi'bids the worship of images. 
 
 795. Pope LEO III. 
 
 '797. The Saracens ravage Cappadocia, Cyprus, Rhodes, 
 
 &c. 
 
 800. NEW EMPIRE OP THE WEST.— 
 
 CHARLEMAGNE is crowned emperor at 
 
 Rome. Capitularies, a code of laws given by Charlemagne. 
 
90 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [801— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The Danes, known hy the name of Ostmen or Easter- 
 lings, invade Ireland, and huild the cities of 
 Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford, 
 Dynasty of the Aglabites founded at Kairwan and 
 Tunis. 
 
 801. 
 
 801. Irene proposes to marry Charlemagne, but the plan 
 
 being disapproved of by her subjects, she is 
 dethroned, and confined to a monastery. 
 
 802. Mcephorus, emperor of the East. Here begins the i 
 
 Lower or Greek empire. 
 
 803. Peace of Saltz (on the Saal) between Charlemagne • 
 
 and the Saxons: they are completely subdued I 
 
 and compelled to embrace Christianity. 
 
 807. Haroun-al-Easchid courts the alliance of Charle 
 
 magne. 
 
 808. Dynasty of the Edrisites founded at Fez. 
 
 810. Death of Pepin, king of Italy; his son Bernard I 
 
 succeeds him. 
 
 811. Nicephorus, after having associated his son Stau-- 
 
 racius in the empire, is slain by the Bulgarians. . 
 Michael I. (Curopalates), emperor of the East. 
 
 813. Leo V. the Armenian, a zealous Iconoclast, 
 
 emperor of the East. 
 Almamun (son of Haroun-al-Easchid), caliph ofl 
 the Saracens, a great encourager of learning. 
 
 814. LOUIS LE DEBOHHAIRE succeeds his father 
 
 Charlemagne. His empire comprehended France, 
 Germany, and the Netherlands ; part of Hun- 
 gary ; Italy as far as the duchy of Benevento;; 
 and the north of Spain. 
 A council at Constantinople under Leo condemns image-worship. 
 
 816. The Eastern empire is devastated by earthquakes,! 
 
 famine, and conflagrations. 
 Pope STEPHEN IV. 
 
 817. Louis le Debonnaire divides the empire among hkj 
 
 sons. 
 
 Pope PASCAL I. 
 
 
-842.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 91 
 
 A.O. 
 
 818. Louis suppresses a rebellion in Italy, headed by 
 his nephew Bertrand, whom he punishes with 
 the loss of his eyes. 
 
 820. Dynasty of the Taherites founded in Khorassau. 
 
 821. Michael II. (Balbus or the Stammerer), emperor of 
 
 the East. 
 Abderrahman II. succeeds Alhakem as king of 
 Cordova. 
 
 824. Pope EUGENIUS II. — A council at Paris condemns image' 
 worship. 
 
 826. Harald, king of Jutland, visits the Emperor Louis at Ingelheim, and 
 
 receives baptism. 
 
 827. ^[BQhCtt unites the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy, 
 
 and is the first monarch of all England, 
 The Saracens make themselves masters of Sicily, 
 
 Apulia, and Calabria. 
 The feudal system is established in Sweden. 
 Pope VALENTINUS. 
 
 828. Boniface, marquis of Tuscany. 
 Pope GREGORY IV. 
 
 829. Theophilus, emperor of the East. 
 
 Anschaire or Angarius, preaches Christianity/ in Denmark and Sweden* 
 
 832. The Danes invade England and are expelled by 
 
 Egbert, 
 
 833. The Caliph Almamun dies, and is succeeded by his 
 
 son Motassem. 
 
 837. ^tjelfeolf, son of Egbert, king of England, During 
 the reign of this weak prince, the Danes return and 
 ravage the kingdom for a long time unmolested, 
 
 840. LOTHARIUS, emperor of Germany. 
 
 CHARLES THE BALD, king of France. 
 
 ^41. Lotharius is defeated by his two brothers Charles 
 and Lewis in the battle of Fontenay, and de- 
 posed. 
 The Caliph Motassem forms a body guard from 
 among the Turks. 
 842. LEWIS (of Bavaria), emperor of Germany. 
 
 Michael III., emperor of the East. — ■ The Empress 
 
 Theodora {widow of Leo') re-establishes image-worship. 
 
92 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGT. [843— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 843. Kenneth M^Alpin, king of the Scots, subdues the 
 
 Pictish Mngdom, and unites it to the Scottish, 
 Treaty of Yerdim between tlie tliree sons- of Louis 
 
 le Debonnaire. 
 The Xormans plunder tlie city of Eouen. — rabanus 
 
 MAURUS, RADBERT, and RATRAMNE, theologians. 
 
 844. Pope SEBGIUSII. ; according to some he icas the Jirst person who 
 
 changed his name on his election. {See 956.) 
 
 845. The Normans plunder Hamburgh, and penetrate 
 
 into Germany. 
 
 847. Al-Motawakel, caKph, a persecutor of the Jews 
 
 and Christians. 
 Pope LEO IV. : between this pojitiff and Benedict III. the see was 
 occupied hy Pope Joan, according to the mediceval story. 
 
 848. The Venetian fleet is destroyed by the Saracens, 
 
 who besiege E-ome. 
 
 851. Basilius is associated as emperor of the East. 
 
 855. LEWIS II., emperor of Germany. 
 
 Pope BENEDICT in. : ANASTASIUS, antipape. 
 
 858. OBtStlbaltr M., king of England. 
 
 Garcias Ximenes assumes the title of king of 
 
 Navarre. 
 Pope NICHOLAS L 
 
 861. (Bi^^tVotXi, king of England, 
 
 The Turkish guards kill the Caliph Motawakel, and 
 place his son Mostanser on the throne. 
 
 Bogoris, king of the Bidgarians, is converted to Christianity. 
 
 862. Rurik, the first sovereign of Russia; he was of 
 
 Norman origin. 
 
 866. ^tjclrctl, king of England. — Photius, patriarch of Constan- ^ 
 
 tinopJe, excommunicates Pope NICHOLAS. 
 
 867. The Danes ravage England. 
 
 Basilius, sole emperor of the East. — Pope ADRIAN II. 
 
 869. THE FOUETH COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE icaUed 
 by the Latins the Eighth General) : Photius is deposed, and 
 Ignatius recalled, 
 
 872. ^Ifrttr t!)£ CSreat, king of England. 
 
 The Taherites are overthrown, and the Saffarian 
 
^887.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 93 
 
 A.C. 
 
 dynasty is founded in Persia by Yakub Ebn 
 Seis. 
 
 Pope JOHN VIII. — JOHN ERIGENA SCOTUS, the Irishman, a learned 
 theologian — ADO, NICETAS, ASSER, historians. 
 
 875. CHARLES THE BALD, emperor of Germany. — 
 Harold Harfager unites the provinces of Norway, 
 conquers Orkney, Shetland, and the Hebrides, 
 and appoints earls to govern them. 
 
 877. LEWIS THE STAMMERER, emperor of Germany 
 and king of France. 
 
 879. LOUIS III. and CARLO MAN, kings of France. 
 
 — Boson, duke of Provence, makes himself in- 
 dependent of the kings of France, and founds 
 the kingdom of Aries, which comprehended 
 Provence, Dauphiny, and part of Savoy. 
 THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE {called by the 
 Greeks the Eighth General) held under Photius, who was restored 
 the year before, re-establishes the decrees of the Second Nicene 
 Council respecting image-worship. 
 
 880. The Danes under Guthrum are finally defeated hy 
 
 Alfred the Great, who allows them to settle in 
 
 Northumberland on their consenting to embrace Christianity 
 
 CHARLES LE GROS, emperor of Germany. 
 Oleg, regent of Russia : Kiow is the capital of his 
 
 empire. " Basllics," or collection of laws made by the Emperor 
 
 Basil. 
 
 882. The Normans ravage and burn the towns of Treves, 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. — Pope MA- 
 
 RINUS, or Martin 11. 
 
 884. CHARLES LE GROS is made king- of France. 
 
 Pope ADRIAN III. 
 
 885. Pope STEPHEN V. 
 
 886. Leo VI., the philosopher, emperor of the East : 
 
 Zoe, his second wife. Photius is again deposed. 
 
 The university of OXFORD is founded by Alfred. 
 
 '887. ARNULPH or ARNOLD, emperor of Germany. 
 
 The Normans besiege Paris, which is gallantly 
 defended by Bishop Goselin and Count Eudes. 
 
 The Hungarians or Magyars, inhabitants of the 
 country situated between the Volga, the Kama, 
 and the Ural, make themselves masters of the 
 
94 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [888— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 country now called by tlieir name, Hungary ; 
 from thence they extend tlieir ravages over Ger- 
 many. 
 
 888. EUDES or ODO, count of Paris, is made kmg 
 of France on the death of Charles le Gros, to 
 the prejudice of Charles the Simple, son of Louis 
 the Stammerer. — Rodolph founds the second 
 kingdom of Burgundy. 
 Death of Mahommed I., king of Cordova. 
 
 890. Alfred the Great composes his Code of Laws, and 
 divides England into counties, hundreds, and 
 
 Guy, duke of Spoleto, after having defeated Be- 
 renger, duke of Frioul, is crowned emperor. 
 
 891. Pope FOEMOSUS, the first who was translated to Borne from 
 another see. He died detested; his corpse was dug up and 
 thrown into the Tiber. — DeathofPHOTlUS, bishop of Constantinople, 
 author of " Myriobiblon " or Bibliotheca, containing an abstract of 280 
 ancient authors. 
 
 893. Arnulph, emperor of Germany, defeats Guy, duke 
 
 of Spoleto, and is crowned king of Italy at 
 Pavia. 
 
 894. Borziwoy, king of Bohemia, embraces Christianity. 
 
 896. Pope BONIFACE VI.: he obtained the see by open force, and 
 
 died soon after, succeeded by STEPHEN VI. 
 
 897. ROMANUS, antipope. Stephen VI. is strangled in prison. 
 
 898. CHARLES III., the Simple, is acknowledged king 
 
 of France. 
 
 Pope THEODORUS II. holds the see for 20 days, and is suc- 
 ceeded by JOHN IX. 
 
 900. LEWIS IV., emperor of Germany. 
 Pope BENEDICT I V. 
 
 901. 
 
 901. ^bfoatti $., the Elder, king of England on the death 
 
 of his father Alfred the Great. 
 Leo YI., emperor of the East, takes for his 4th 
 wife Zoe, surnamed Carbonopsine. 
 
 902. The Danes are entirely expelled from Ireland accord- 
 
 ing to the ancient annalists. 
 
-923.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 95 
 
 A.C. 
 
 903. Pope LEO V. is driven from his seat a few months after his election, 
 
 and dies in prison. CHRISTOPHER intrudes himself into 
 the see by open violence; he is expelled by SERGIUS III., who 
 was noted for his vices. 
 
 904. Lewis, king of Aries, is taken prisoner by Berenger, 
 
 who causes his eyes to be put out. 
 
 905. Charles the Simple allows the Normans to establish 
 
 themselves in France. 
 
 907. Oleg of Russia, guardian of Igor, attacks Con- 
 
 stantinople. 
 
 908. Mahomet Al-Mahdi, descended from Hosein, the 
 
 son of Ali and Fatima (whence his dynasty is 
 called the Fatimite), claims the caliphate in 
 "Western Africa, and subverts the Aglabite and 
 
 Edrisite dynasties. RHASIS, an Arabian physician. 
 
 910. Establishment of the monastery of Clugni or Cluny, in Burgundy. 
 
 Berno is its first abbot. 
 
 911. RoUo, the leader of the Normans, is made duke of 
 
 Normandy, and converted to Christianity. 
 Pope ANASTASIUS III. 
 
 912. COISTRAD I., emperor of Germany ; his reign is 
 
 one continual scene of trouble. The empire 
 passes from the French to the Germans. 
 
 Constantino VII. (Porphyrogenitus), emperor of 
 the East. 
 
 Abderrahman III., an illustrious caliph of Cordova. 
 
 913. Pope LANDANIUS or LAND O. 
 
 914. Pope JOHN X., the first pope who appeared at the head of an army- 
 
 915. Constantino and Romanus, emperors of the East. 
 
 The university of CAMBRIDGE is founded by Edward the Elder. 
 
 920. HENHY I. (the Fowler), emperor of Germany. 
 
 922. Charles the Simple, king of France, is dethroned. 
 
 R OBER T, brother of King Eudes, usurps the 
 throne, and is killed in battle. 
 
 923. RA OULoxR OD OLPH, king of France. About 
 
 this time the great fiefs are multiplied : the dukes 
 or governors of provinces, and the counts or 
 ^ governors of towns, appropriate to themselves 
 
 what they formerly held from the crown. 
 
96 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [924— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 924. Berengarlus I., king of Italy and emperor of the 
 
 West, is assassinated at Verona. 
 
 925. ^tSdStart, king of England. 
 
 Henry I. (the Fowler) joins the kingdom of Lorraine 
 
 to Germany. 
 Formation of the county of Holland in favour of 
 
 Dirk I., or Thierry. 
 
 926. Constitution of York. Freemasons' Lodges are first 
 
 established in England, and spread over Europe. 
 Hugh of Provence, son of Theobald and Bertha, is 
 crowned king of Italy. 
 
 927. Bamiro IL, king of Leon and the Asturias. — Odo, 
 
 abbot of Cluny, reforms the Benedictines. 
 
 928. Guy, duke of Tuscany, in compliance with the entreaties of his wife 
 
 Morozia, causes Pope John X. to be put to death. 
 
 Pope LEO VI. 
 
 Lambert, duke of Tuscany, Guy's brother. 
 
 Victory of Leopold the Illustrious over the Hun- 
 garians. 
 
 929. Charles the Simple dies in prison. His son Louis 
 
 IV. (d'Outremer) was then in England. 
 Foundation of the margravate of Misnia by Henry I. 
 Pope STEPHEN VII. 
 
 931. Rise of the republic of Pisa. 
 Geneva is overrun by the Saracens. 
 
 Pope JOHN XI. : he is imprisoned in the castle of St. Angela, 
 where he dies. 
 
 932. Battle of Mersburg in Saxony, where the Hun- 
 
 garians are defeated by Henry the Fowler. 
 
 934. Gum, king of Denmark, is compelled by Henry to 
 
 desist from pursuing the Christians, and to give 
 up the province of Schleswig. 
 
 935. Increasing power of the Emirs-al-Omra, or Com- 
 
 manders of Commanders, created by the Caliph 
 Al-Rahdi at the court of Bagdad : the caliphate 
 begins to decline. 
 
 936. OTHO THE GBEAT, emperor of Germany. — 
 
 LOUIS IV. {D'OUTREMER), king of 
 France, succeeds Baoul, the usurper. 
 Pope LEO VII 
 
-955.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 97 
 
 A.C. 
 
 938. Athelstan defeats the Scots, Welsh, and Danes, at 
 
 Brunshury in Northumberland. 
 Ramiro II., king of Leon and Oviedo, defeats the 
 Saracens at Simancas; about 80,000 of them 
 perished. 
 
 939. Louis IV. (D'Outremer) is defeated by Otho the 
 
 Great, and compelled to yield Lorraine to the 
 conqueror. 
 Pope STEPHEN VIII. 
 
 940. (IBtrmuntr 1., king of England. — Howel-Dha, king of 
 
 Wales, an eminent lawgiver. — Otho assembles a 
 diet at Arensberg, which appoints a judicial 
 combat to decide the right of inheritance. 
 
 941. Igor of Russia invades the Greek empire and is 
 
 defeated. 
 
 Harald Blaatand, king of Denmark, favours the spread of Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 942. Pope MARTIN III. (or Marinus III.). 
 
 945. Edmund conquers Cumberland from the ancient 
 
 Britons, and gives it to Malcolm, king of Scotland, 
 on his doing homage for it. 
 Haco, king of Norway, embraces Christianity, and recommends it to 
 his people in a public diet 
 
 The Buyides, becoming Emirs-al-Omra, seize the 
 sovereignty of Bagdad and reduce the caliph to 
 the rank of Grand Imaun, 
 
 946. Pope AGAPE TUS II 
 
 947. ClBtfrClJ, king of England.— LVlTPUA-i^D, bishop of Cremona, an 
 
 historian, 
 
 948. The Danes of Dublin embrace Christianity. 
 
 949. Harald, king of Denmark, is defeated by Otho, 
 
 and, with his wife, receives baptism in presence of the emperor, 
 (According to others, in 972.) 
 
 951. Victories of Otho in Italy, and over the Huns. 
 954. L O THAIRE, king of France. 
 
 ^K>6, (iBbltig, king of England. Dunstan, a learned and 
 ambitious prelate. 
 Hugh the Great, count of Paris, receives from 
 i Lothaire the duchies of Burgundy and Aquitainej 
 
 and the title of duke of France, 
 B 
 
98 COMrENDIUM OF CIIKONOLOGY. [956— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The Hungarians ravage Bavaria and are defeated 
 by Otho on the banks of the Leek. 
 
 Olga or Helena, the first Russian princess who embi-aced Christianity, 
 is baptized at Constantinople. 
 
 956. Pope JOHN XII. ; some say that he is the first pope that changed 
 his name on his appointment {see 844) ; he ivas formerly called 
 Octavian. 
 
 Death of Hugh the Great ; his son Hugh Capet 
 succeeds him as duke of Burgundy. 
 
 959. Q^ti^^Xy king of England, famous for his attempt to > 
 extirpate the wolves. 
 Romanus II., emperor of the East. 
 
 962. Otho, at the request of Pope John, marches into) 
 
 Italy, and deposes King Berengarius II. He iss 
 
 crowned emperor at Borne, and confirms to that see thet 
 donations of Pepin and Charlemagne, '•^saving in all things hiss 
 own authority and that of his successors." 
 
 963. Nicephorus Phocas, emperor of the East. 
 
 Otho assembles a council and deposes Pope John XII. , who had con-i 
 spired against him. LEO VIII. succeeds. The Romans had> 
 previously sworn never to elect a pope without the consent of thin 
 emperor. 
 
 964. Pope BENEDICT V. is elected by the Romans, and deposed bih 
 
 Otho. 
 
 965. Pope JOHNXIIL is elected by the authority of Otho against tU 
 
 popular will, and is driven out soon after, but restored- 
 
 966. Mieczislaus, duke of Poland, embraces Christianity at the solicitation) 
 
 of his wife Dambrowka, sister of Boleslaus II. 
 
 967 . Boleslaus II. {the Pious), duke of Bohemia, spreads Christianiik 
 
 throughout his dominions. 
 
 Antioch is recovered from the Saracens by Mcec 
 phorus. 
 
 968. Discovery of the silver mines of the Hartz. 
 
 969. John Zimisces, emperor of the East. 
 Moez, the Fatimite ruler of Western Africa, gain 
 
 possession of Egypt, builds Cairo, and makes 
 the seat of a new caliphate. 
 
 972. Pope BENEDICT VI. 
 
 973. OTHO II. (the Sanguinary), emperor of Germami 
 
 974. The Bomans attempt to re-establish a republi 
 
 under the Consul Crescentius. 
 
 I 
 
 
-993.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 99 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Pope Benedict VI. is thrown into prison hy Crescentius and strangled 
 thei'e. BONIFACE VII. succeeds, but is driven out after a 
 month by BONUS II. (or Bomnus), who died next year. 
 
 975. ^bfoatlJ tfie iWartgr, km^ of England. — Kenneth 
 HI. annexes the Britons of Strathcluyd to the 
 Scottish kingdom, 
 
 Basilius II. and Constantine IX., emperors of the 
 East. 
 
 Pope BENEBICT VIL 
 
 978. Edward is murdered at the instigation of his step- 
 mother Elfrida. (iBtficlulJ U., king of England, 
 
 980. The Danes of Dublin are defeated with great 
 slaughter at Tara hy Malachy IL, king of Ire- 
 land. 
 
 982. The Danes discover Greenland. 
 
 983. OTHO III. at the age of 12 succeeds his father 
 
 Otho IL, who died at Rome. — Leopold L, of 
 Babenberg, margrave of Austria. 
 
 984. Pope JOHN XIV. ; his original name had been Peter, which he 
 
 changed out of respect for Peter the Apostle on ascending the papal 
 see. Pope JOHN X V. is said by some to have been pope for 
 4 months only, and his successor is called John X VI. 
 A school of medicine, tiie earliest on record, is spoken of as now existing at 
 
 Palermo Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe. (Some say 
 
 they were first introduced in 900, others in 991.) 
 
 985. Sweyn, king of Denmark. 
 
 986. LOUIS V, (the Sluggard), king of France. 
 
 987. THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY, the third race 
 
 of the French kings, now begins. HUGH 
 CAPE T, duke of France and Burgundy, count 
 of Paris and Orleans, is elected to the throne ; 
 Louis y., the last of the Carlo vingian line, 
 having died at Compiegne. 
 
 !988. Wladimir the Great, grand duke of Russia, con- 
 quers Livonia and the Crimea : he embraces Chris- 
 
 I tianity (according to some, in 980), and marries Anne Romanowna, 
 
 I sister of the emperor of Constantinople. 
 
 993. The first canonization of a person as a saint to be invoked by all 
 churches, is now made by a bull of John XV., being that of St. 
 ULRICH (Udalricus), bishop of Augsburg, 20 years after his 
 death. 
 
 H 2 
 
100 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [996— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 996. ROBERT THE WISE, son of Hugh Capet, 
 succeeds him. 
 
 Mahomet Almanzor, general and prime minister of 
 Hissem, king of Cordova, takes the city of Leon 
 by assault, and sacks Compostella. He is said 
 to have vanquished the Christian princes in fifty 
 engagements. 
 
 Otho III. defeats Crescentius, who had again raised 
 a revolution in Rome. 
 
 GREGORY V. is appointed by Otho to the papal chair, but as soon 
 as Otho leaves Rome, Crescentius again revolts, and expelling 
 Gregory, places Philagathus in his stead as John X. VI. 
 
 998. Otho again attacks Rome, and takes it, orders Cres- 
 
 centius to be beheaded, and restores Pope 
 Gregory V. 
 Robert, king of France, is excommunicated by 
 Gregory for persisting in keeping Bertha his 
 queen, and his kingdom put under interdict. 
 
 999. Boleslaus, first king of Poland. 
 
 Pope SYLVESTER 11. {Gerbert) : he is the first Frenchman who 
 attained to that dignity. 
 
 1000. Sancho the Great, king of Navarre, 
 
 1001. 
 
 lOOL Brian Boroimhe, or Boru, becomes king of all Ireland. 
 — King Ethelred marries Emma, sister of Richard 
 II., duke of Normandy. 
 Mahmoud of Ghazna, son of Sabektekin, the first 
 who extended the Turkish sway beyond the 
 limits of Khorassan, and took the title of sultan. 
 
 1002. MASSACRE OP THE DANES throughout 
 
 England hy Ethelred, on the day of St. Brice, 
 
 Nov, 13th. — Sioeyn, king of Denmark, attacks 
 
 England the following year. 
 HENRY II., emperor of Germany. 
 Ardoin, marquis of Ivry, is crowned king of Italy 
 
 at Ivry. 
 The Transylvanians are conquered by the king of 
 
 Hungary, and embrace Christianity. 
 
 1003. Vope JOHN XVL: he dies the same year, and is succeeded by 
 
—1022.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 101 
 
 A.C. 
 
 JOHN XVI L {These two popes are called by some John 
 X VIL and X VIIL, and so on.) 
 
 1004. Pope JOHN XVIII. 
 
 1005. Churches are first built in the Gothic style. 
 
 1008. Death of Bernard of Menton, who founded the hospital for monks 
 
 on the Great St. Bernard. 
 
 1009. Pope SERGIUS IV. 
 
 1012. Pope BENEDICT VIIL : he was driven out by Gregory, his 
 
 competitor, and restored by Henry II. — The church of Notre 
 Dame is built at Paris. The cathedral of Strasburg is begun, 
 
 1013. ^tOCgn of Denmark usurps the throne of England : 
 
 Ethelred seeks refuge in the court of his hrother- 
 in-law, Richard, duke of Normandy, hut returns 
 soon after on the death of Sweyn. 
 
 1014. THE DANES ARE DEFEATED AT 
 
 CLONTARP hy Brian Boru, who is killed in 
 the battle. 
 Canute, son of Sweyn, king of Mercia. 
 
 1015. Death of Wladimir the Great: his dominions are 
 
 divided among his 12 sons. 
 
 The Manichean doctrines are prevalent in France and Italy. 
 
 1016. ^Umuntl IE. {Ironside), king of England. Six battles 
 
 are fought with the Danes under Canute in Eng-^ 
 land : at last the kingdom is divided between both 
 kings. 
 
 1017. €^anut0 \{yz CStCat, in consequence of the murder of 
 
 Edmund Ironside, becomes sole king of England. — 
 
 FULBERT, bishop of Chartres, a theologian. 
 
 1018. The Normans invade Italy, 
 
 The Russians enter Poland, and are expelled from 
 it. The Poles take Kiow. 
 
 1019. Basil II. subdues Bulgaria. 
 
 Jaroslaus or Yaroslav, son of Wladimir, grand 
 
 duke of Russia. He framed a code of laws for the Russians, and 
 established a public school at Novgorod. 
 
 1020. Ferdinand I., count of Castile, takes the title of 
 
 king. 
 
 FERDUSI, the Persian Homer. 
 
 1022. Robert orders 13 of the chief men among the Manichees of France to 
 be burnt. 
 
 H 3 
 
102 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l023 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1023. Foundation of the Camaldulensian Order by Romuald. 
 
 1024. CONRAD II., emperor of Germany ; Eobert of 
 
 France having refused the imperial dignity after 
 the death of the Emperor Henry II., with whom 
 the Saxon dynasty becomes extinct : it is suc- 
 ceeded by that of Franconia, also called the 
 Salic, in the person of Conrad, conrad was sumamed 
 
 the Salic because he was born on the banks of the river Sala. — Ernest, duke 
 of Suabia, who had rebelled against him, is slain: he was the first person 
 put under the BAN (or outlawry) of theempire.— A VICENNA, an Arabian 
 physician — GUIDO ARETINO, a monk, Inventor of the musical scale. 
 
 Pope JOHNXVIIL or XIX. 
 
 1025. Death of Basil II. : his brother Constantine IX. 
 
 reigns alone. 
 Mieczislaus II., son of Boleslaus, king of Poland. 
 Mahmoud of Ghazna conquers the north-western 
 
 portion of India. 
 
 1027. Insurrection at Cordova against the Caliph Has- 
 
 chem : he is dethroned, and the dynasty of the 
 Ommyades in Spain ended. (According to some, 
 1038.) 
 Humbert White Hands, son of Berold, receives 
 Maurienne from Conrad II. : origin of the house 
 of Savoy. 
 
 1028. Canute the Great conquers Norway. 
 
 Romanus III. (Argyrus), emperor of the East. — 
 Sancho the Great unites the kingdom of Castile 
 to that of Navarre. [Or, in 1031.] 
 
 1031. HENRY L, son of Robert, king of France, succeeds 
 
 him. 
 
 1032. Henry I., after having defeated his brother Robert 
 
 the Old, gives him the duchy of Burgundy : 
 Robert is head of the first royal house of Bur- 
 gundy. 
 
 1033. Pope BENEDICT IX. {Theophylact) becomes pope, by purchase, 
 
 at\2 years of age : he is expelled twice by the Romans for his 
 crimes, in 1038 and 1044. 
 
 1034. Romanus III. is killed by his wife Zoe : Michael IV. 
 
 (the Paphlagonian) succeeds him. 
 The Emperor Conrad II. succeeds to the possession 
 of Transjurane Burgundy. 
 
—1044. J COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 103 
 
 AC. 
 
 1035. Death of Sancho the Great, king of Spain; his 
 
 dominions are divided among his 4 sons: Gar- 
 cias is king of Navarre ; Ramirez I. founds the 
 kingdom of Arragon ; Ferdinand the Great is 
 king of Castile and Leon; and Gonzalvo of 
 Sobrarva and Kibargorza. 
 
 1036. J^aroltr 1. {Harefoot), king of England on the death 
 
 of Canute the Great, who gives Norway to his 
 eldest son Sweyn, and Denmark to Hardicanute. 
 
 1037. Leon and Asturias are united to Castile. 
 
 1038. THE EMPIRE OP THE SELJUKIAN 
 
 TURKS IS POUNDED BY TOGRUL 
 BEGr, grandson of Seljuk : this becomes the 
 western division of the Turkish empire. 
 
 1039. Canute M. (or Hardicanute), king of England, 
 MACBETH murders Duncan, and usurps the throne 
 
 of Scotland, 
 HENRY III. (the Black), emperor of Germany. 
 
 1040. Christ Church in Dublin, is founded by the Danes. Sitric, king of 
 
 Dublin, gave the ground, ^c, to Donatus, the first Danish bishop. 
 
 1041. (iBbtuartr Ml. (the Confessor), king of England, re- 
 
 stores the Saxon line on the death of Hardicanute, 
 
 the last of the Danish dynasty, 
 Michael V. (Calaphales), emperor of the East. 
 Casimir L, son of Mieczislaus 11., reascends the 
 
 throne of Poland. 
 The Normans conquer Apulia. 
 
 1042. Constantine X. (Monomachus), emperor of the 
 
 East. 
 
 1043. William Iron- Arm, a Norman chieftain, son of 
 
 Tancred Hauteville, is created by his country- 
 men duke of Apulia. 
 
 The Hungarians yield to Henry III. part of Pan- 
 nonia. 
 
 The Seljukian Turks under Togrul Beg subdue 
 Persia, and embrace Mahometanism. 
 
 CAMPANESof Novaro, an astronomer FRANCO and HERMAN CON- 
 TRACTUS, mathematicians.— MICHAEL PSELLUS, a philosopher. 
 
 1044. The Romans expel Benedict IX., and elect in his place John, bishop 
 
 of Sabina, under the 7iame of SYLVESTER III. Benedict 
 
 H 4 
 
104 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l046— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 recovers his place by force, but soon sells it to John Gratian, who 
 takes the title of GEE GORY VI. 
 
 1046. William establishes his possession of the duchy of 
 Normandy by the battle of Val de Dunes. 
 
 Henry III., in the council of Sutri, causes the 3 rival popes, Bene- 
 dict, Sylvester, and Gregory, to be declared unworthy of the 
 pontificate; and appoints to that office Suidger, bishop of Bam- 
 berg, with the title of CLEMENT II. 
 
 1048. Litervieio between William^ duke of Normandy, and 
 
 Edward, king of England, — Gerard of Alsace, 
 first hereditary duke of Upper Lorraine, and 
 founder of the house of Lorraine. — DAM ASUS 
 
 II. (Poppo) becomes pope after a short usurpation by BENE- 
 DICT IX. 
 
 1049. Dirk IV., count of Holland, defeats the Emperor 
 
 Henry III. and the lords of Lorraine. 
 Death of Zoe, empress of the East. 
 
 Pope LEO IX. (Bruno'), the first who maintained a regular army, 
 and the first who marked in his bulls the year of our Lord instead 
 of the indictions, as formerly. 
 
 1050. The Turks devastate the frontier of the Greek 
 
 empire in Asia. 
 
 BEEENGARIUS, who maintained the doctrine of John Scotus on 
 the Eucharist, and denied the bodily presence, is condemned as a 
 heretic at Rome under Leo IX., and again at Vercelli. This 
 was the first formal decree respecting the doctrine of the bodily 
 presence. {See 1079 and 1215.) 
 
 1053. The Normans, commanded by Eobert Guiscard and 
 
 Humphrey, gain a victory at Civitella over the 
 Germans and Leo IX., who is taken prisoner. 
 
 Leo IX. excommunicates the Greeks on account of the letter of 
 Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, who had ac- 
 cused the Latins of errors. 
 
 1054. Earl Godiuin, father of Harold IL, returning from 
 
 exile, obliges Edward to banish all foreigners from 
 England. — Theodora, Zoe's sister, empress of the 
 
 East at the age of 72. — The legates of Leo IX. ana- 
 thematise Cerularius in the church of St. Sophia : Cerularius, in 
 a council, excommunicates the legates and all their supporters : 
 from this time the Great Schism between the Eastern and 
 Western Churches becomes irremediable. 
 
 1055. Henry III. causes his son to be declared king of 
 
 the Romans, a title thenceforth applied to the 
 heir of the emperor. 
 
—1061.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 105 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Death of Jaroslaus, the Legislator, grand duke of 
 
 Russia. 
 Pope VICTOR II. iGelehard). 
 
 1056. HENRY IV., emperor of Germany, is placed under 
 
 the tuition of Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, and 
 Adelbert, archbishop of Bremen. 
 Death of Togrul Beg : his nephew Alp Arslan 
 succeeds him as sultan of the Seljukian Turks, 
 and crosses the Euphrates to attack Cassarea. 
 
 1057. MALCOLM IIL ( Canmore), king of Scotland, after 
 
 the defeat of the usurper Macbeth by Siward, 
 
 duke of Northumberland. 
 Isaac I. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. 
 Pope STEPHEN IX. 
 
 1058. Boleslaus II. (the Hardy), king of Poland. 
 
 Pope Benedict X. is deposed, and succeeded by NICOLAUS II, 
 
 1059. Constantino XL (Ducas), emperor of the East. 
 Robert Guiscard the Norman, and his brother 
 
 Roger, acknowledge themselves vassals of the 
 papal see. Pope Nicolaus creates Robert duke 
 of Apulia and Calabria, and of Sicily in antici- 
 pation of its conquest by him (see 1090) : hence 
 the pope's claims of superiority over the kingdom 
 of Naples and Sicily. — Robert attacks the Sa- 
 racens in Sicily. — Nicolaus, in a council held at Rome, trans- 
 fers the election of popes from the clergy and people in general to 
 the cardinals, i. e., the 1 cardinal bishops and 28 cardinal priests ; 
 the rest of the clergy and people are left only the right of approving. 
 The cathedral of Westminster Abbey is founded about this time by 
 Edward the Confessor. 
 
 1060. PHILIPPE /., king of France, under the regency 
 
 of Baldwin, earl of Flanders. 
 Origin of the republics of Genoa, Lucca, Pisa, 
 
 Milan, and Pavia. 
 Rodrigo Diaz, a Castilian hero, surnamed the Cid, 
 
 is knighted at the age of 20 by Ferdinand I. 
 
 1061. Aboubeker founds the empire of the Almoravides 
 
 in the north of Africa; a few years after, his 
 successor Yoursoulf builds the town of Morocco. 
 
 Pope ALEXANDER II. (^Anselm Badage) is elected by the in- 
 fluence of the Archdeacon Hildebrand, without consulting the 
 Emperor Henry IV. : he carries the papal power to a height it 
 
106 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l065— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 had not reached before. Cadolaus is appointed in opposition to 
 Alexander by the council of Basle, with the title of HONO- 
 mUS II. — BERENGARIUS, archdeacon of Angers (see 1050), the 
 originator of the scholastic theology ; his example is followed by his adver- 
 sary LANFRANC, prior of Bee in Normandy, and afterwards archbishop 
 of Canterbury, and by ANSELM, Lanfranc's successor. 
 
 1065. Deatli of Ferdinand I. the Great : his three sons suc- 
 
 ceed him ; Sancho II., king of Castile ; Alphonso 
 VI., king of Leon ; and Garcias, king of Gallicia. 
 
 1066. I^atoltf, son of Godwin, succeeds Ediaard the Con- 
 
 fessor : he obtains a complete victory near York 
 over his brother Tosti, and Harold Haifager, 
 king of Norway, who are both killed in the battle. 
 Three days after, William, duke of Normandy, 
 invades England, 
 
 BATTLE OF HASTINGS, Oct. 14, in which 
 King Harold is slain. End of the Saxon monarchy 
 in England, which had continued for more than 
 600 years. 
 
 OTilliam tje ©Onperor, king of England, the first 
 
 of the Norman line, Beginning of tournaments. 
 
 1068. Edgar Atheling seeks refuge in Scotland: his sister 
 Margaret is married to Malcolm, king of Scot- 
 land, 
 Death of Constantine XI. (Ducas), emperor of the 
 East. His three sons Michael, Andronicus, and 
 Constantine, are deprived of the throne by their 
 mother Eudocia, who marries Romanus lY. 
 (Diogenes), and causes hmi to be crowned. 
 
 1070. The feudal law is introduced into England by Wil- 
 
 liam, after the suppression of the English insur- 
 rections, 
 
 1071. Welf or Guelf, head of the house of Brunswick, is 
 
 made duke of Bavaria by Henry IV. 
 Romanus Diogenes, the Greek emperor, is defeated 
 and taken prisoner by the Sultan Alp Arslan, 
 successor of Togrul ^Qg, who makes himself 
 master of many provinces in Asia Minor. 
 Michael VII., Andronicus I., and Constantine 
 XII., joint emperors of the East. 
 
 1072. Alphonso VI. becomes king of Castile. 
 
—1080.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 107 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Melek Shah, son of Alp Arslan, succeeds him. [Or 
 in 1074]. 
 
 1073. GREGORY VII. (HILDEBRAND) > elected 
 
 pope hy the Bomans themselves, hut Henry IV. approves his 
 election. He was the first .Roman pontiff that appropriated the 
 title of POPE (Papa), to the exclusion of the other bishops or 
 prelates. 
 
 1074. Gregory VII. forbids the sale of ecclesiastical benefices, and the ex- 
 
 ercise of the secular right of investiture, and enforces clerical celi- 
 bacy. He endeavoured to make the pope supreme head of all king- 
 doms by freeing the clergy from all civil jurisdiction, and making all 
 temporal princes hold their power hy grant from the pope, and 
 submit their differences to his decision. 
 Patrick, the second Danish bishop of Dublin, is sent to be consecrated 
 by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 1075. The Seljuk Turks take Syria and Palestine from 
 
 the Fatimite (Egyptian) caliphs. The Sultan 
 Melek Shah gives to Soliman the provinces in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Gregory VII. decrees excommunication against such as should give 
 or receive lay investiture to bishoprics or abbacies. 
 
 1076. Rebellion of Robert {son of William the Conqueror) 
 
 in Normandy. 
 Melek Shah conquers Turkestan and Tartary to the 
 borders of China. 
 
 The council ofWorms, assembled by Henry IV., deposes Gregory VII., 
 who in return excommunicates the emperor, and absolves his sub- 
 jects from their oath of allegiance to him, 
 
 1077. Henry TV. stands for three days barefooted and 
 
 bareheaded at the castle of Canossa, waiting for 
 the pope's pardon (Jan. 25—27). — Matilda, 
 countess of Tuscany, bequeaths all her estates to 
 the Roman see. 
 RUDOLPH, duke of Suabia, is crowned emperor 
 of Germany at Mentz. 
 
 1078. Nicephorus Boton usurps the throne of the East. 
 
 1079. The Doomsday-book* is begun by William the Con- 
 
 queror. 
 Final trial of Berengarius before Gregory VII. He is obliged to 
 subscribe a confession, that the body of Christ is not merely 
 sacramentally, but really and substantially in the Eucharist. 
 
 1080. Henry IV. is defeated at Fladenheim by Rudolph, 
 
 who receives a crown from Gregory VII. having this inscription, 
 " Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diadema Bodulpho."— The council of 
 
108 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [IO8I— 
 
 A C. 
 
 Meritz, and a little after that of Brixen, depose Gregory VII. 
 and put in his place Guihert, archbishop of Ravenna, who sub' 
 sequently took the name of CLEMENT III. 
 
 1081. Death of Rudolph at the battle of Mersburg, in 
 
 which his troops are defeated by Henry IV. 
 
 Henry besieges Rome, but without success. 
 Alexius I. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. The 
 
 Normans invade the Eastern empire, and 
 
 Alexius is defeated at Durazzo by Robert Guis- 
 
 card, duke of Apulia. 
 Wladislaus, king of Poland. 
 Hermann of Luxemburg, king of the Romans. 
 
 1082. Turlogh, grandson of Brian Boru, becomes supreme 
 
 monarch of Ireland, 
 
 1084. HENRY IV. TAKES ROME, having besieged 
 
 it for the third time, and is crowned emperor 
 there by Clement III., who occupies the city of 
 Rome till the year 1099. Gregory VII., being 
 besieged in his castle of St. Angelo, calls to his 
 assistance Robert Guiscard, who rescues him and 
 carries him to Salerno. 
 Asia Minor is finally conquered by the Turks under 
 SolimaD. 
 
 Bruno institutes the order of the Chartreux (CARTHUSIANS). 
 
 ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury, a scholastic theologian (born in Piedmont 
 about 1033, died in 1109).— ROSCELLINUS, canon of Compiegne, a scho- 
 lastic doctor, founder of the " Nominalists." — LAMBERT, SIGEBERT, 
 and INGULPHUS, historians— WILLIAM of Apulia, BERENGER of 
 Provence, and GUALFREDO of Sienna, poets. 
 
 1085. Death of Gregory VII. at Salerno. — Death of 
 
 Robert Guiscard. 
 Alphonso VI., king of Castile, takes Toledo and 
 Madrid from the Moors. 
 
 1086. Philip I., king of France, divorces his wife Bertha. 
 
 VICTOR III- (Desiderius or Didier) is elected pope in opposition 
 to Clement III. St. Paul's Cathedral is destroyed by a great 
 conflagration and rebuilt by Mauritius, bishop of London. 
 
 1087. OTilltnm IK. {Rufus), receives the kingdom of Eng- 
 
 land on the death of William /., who leaves 
 Normandy and Maine to Robert, his eldest son, 
 and to Henry, surnamed Beauclerc, the pos- 
 sessions of his mother Matilda. 
 
 1088. Pope URBAN II. {Odo, bishop of Ostia) succeeds Victor. He 
 
—1097.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 109 
 
 A.C. 
 
 excommunicated Philip of France for marrying Bertrade, the 
 count of Anjou's wife. 
 
 1089. Matilda of Tuscany marries Guelph, son of Guelph, 
 
 duke of Bavaria. 
 
 1090. Roger, brother of Eobert, completes tlie conquest 
 
 of Sicily, and restores the Christian religion there. 
 
 1092. Death of the Sultan Melek Shah: under his son 
 
 Barkiarok the Seljukian empire is divided into 
 the states of Iran, Kerman, and Roum ; the latter 
 at first under the sultans of Nice, then of 
 Iconium. — Soliman, sultan of Mce. 
 
 1093. DONALD BANE, kin^ of Scotland. 
 
 Conrad, son of Henry IV., at the instigation of 
 Urban, rebels against his father, and assumes 
 the title of king of Italy. 
 
 1094. Henry of Burgundy expels the Moors from Por- 
 
 tugal, and receives the title of count of Por- 
 tugal. 
 Death of Sancho II., king of Arragon and Navarre ; 
 his son Peter I. succeeds him. 
 
 Order of Fontevraud founded by Robert of Arbrissel. 
 
 1095. jy^l^CAl^ 11., king of Scotland. 
 
 THE FIRST CHUSADE is preached by Peter 
 
 the Hermit at the council of Clermont in Auvergne, convoked 
 by Urban II. : here also Urban prohibits bishops and priests 
 from taking oaths of allegiance to temporal sovereigns. — Insti- 
 tution of the order of the Knights of Jerusalem. 
 
 1096. The first Crusaders, under Walter the Pennyless, 
 
 are destroyed at Nice by Soliman. Departure 
 of the second army of Crusaders ; they are 
 headed by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother 
 Baldwin, Hugh of Vermandois, brother to the 
 king of France, Robert of Normandy, Stephen 
 of Blois, Robert, count of Flanders, Ray- 
 mond IV., count of Toulouse, and Tancred, 
 nephew of Robert Guiscard. 
 
 Malchus, the first bishop of Waterford, then a Danish city, con- 
 secrated by Anselm at Canterbury. 
 
 1097. Neivcastle-on-Tyne huilt by Malcolm Canmore, — 
 
 Contests of William Rifus and Anselm, arch- 
 
no COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [l098— 
 
 AC. 
 
 bishop of Canterbury, loJio is obliged to leave Eng- 
 land, and is deprived of Ms temporalities. 
 
 The Crusaders take Nice in Asia Minor (June 20), 
 and defeat the Turks in Bithynia. 
 
 The Almoravides invade the provinces of Spain 
 which belonged to the Arabs. 
 
 1098. EDGAR, king of Scotland. — Magnus Barefoot, king 
 
 of Norway, reduces Orkney, Shetland, and the 
 Hebrides, to complete subjection to his crown. 
 
 Jerusalem and Tyre are taken from the Turks by 
 Mostal, caliph of Egypt. 
 
 The Crusaders take Antioch. 
 
 Pope Urban makes Roger and his successors hereditary legates in 
 
 Sicily. 
 ROBERT, bishop of Molesme, founds the monastery ofCiteaux, and 
 
 the order 0/ CISTERCIANS, in which the Benedictine rules are 
 
 strictly observed. 
 
 1099. JERUSALEM IS TAKEN BY THE 
 
 CRUSADERS, and declared the capital of a 
 new kingdom, the sovereignty of which is be- 
 stowed on Godfrey of Bouillon (July 15). Vic- 
 tory of Godfrey over the Egyptian forces at 
 Ascalon. — Institution of the order of the Knights 
 t)f St. John, afterwards called the Order of 
 IMalta. 
 
 Pope PASCAL 11. {Rainer') succeeds Urban, and by the death of 
 Clement III., in the following year, is left without a competitor. 
 
 1100. l^tnrD 5. {Beauclerc), king of England, on the 
 
 death of his brother William Rufus, whom he 
 succeeds, to the detriment of Robert, duke of 
 Normandy. Henry restores Anselm to Canter- 
 bury. 
 
 Death of Godfrey of Bouillon (July 18) : his brother 
 Baldwin, count of Edessa, succeeds him. 
 
 Conrad, son of Henry IV., dies : Conrad's brother 
 Henry also rebels against his father. — Beginning of 
 
 the age of the TROUBADOURS or poets of Provence, and of the Trou- 
 
 veres or poets of the north of the Loire ALHAZEN, a mathematician — 
 
 RAYMOND, count of Toulouse, LAURENZIO of Verona, and GUN- 
 THER, poets.— ANNA COMNENA and NESTOR, historians. 
 
-1116.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. Ill 
 
 1101. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 o 
 
 1104. Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, takes Ptolemais 
 (Acre). 
 
 1105. Henry IV., dethroned by his son Henry Y., dies 
 
 the following year at Liege. His body remained un- 
 buried, under sentence of excommunication, for a long time, and 
 was at last clandestinely buried in the cathedral of Spire. Pope 
 Pascal had absolved the son from his oath of allegiance to his 
 father. 
 
 1106. Battle of Tenchehray in Normandy : Robert is taken 
 
 prisoner hy his brother Henry, who causes his eyes 
 to be put out, and confines him in the castle of 
 Cardiff, where he dies after 28 years'^ imprisonment, 
 Henry adds Normandy to his dominions, 
 HENRY v., emperor of Germany. 
 
 1107. ALEXANDER VII., king of Scotland. 
 
 1108. LOUIS VL (le Gros), king of France: he estab- 
 
 lishes the Third Estate or Commons. 
 Amadeus III., first count of Savoy, son of Odo, 
 count of Maurienne^ and Adelaide, marchioness 
 
 of Susa. 
 
 1109. The Crusaders take Tripoli in Syria, and give it 
 
 to Raymond, count of Toulouse. 
 Death of Alphonso VI., king of Castile : his sons 
 Urraque, and Alphonso VII. (the Fighter), suc- 
 ceed him. 
 
 1111. Henry V. at Rome : he takes Pascal II. prisoner; 
 
 compels him to concede the right of giving in- 
 vestiture to bishops and abbots, and afterwards is 
 crowned by him. 
 
 1112. Pascal acknowledges his fault in a council at the Later an, which 
 
 rescinds his compact with the emperor. 
 
 1113. Wladimir 11. (Monomachus), grand duke of Russia. 
 
 1115. Death of Matilda, countess of Tuscany. 
 
 Bernard is chosen abbot of Clairvaux ; from him the Cistercian 
 monks took the name of Bernardins. 
 
 1116. War between Henry I., king of England, and 
 
 Louis le Gros, king of France. 
 
112 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1118— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Henry Y. marches into Italy, and the next year 
 occupies Kome, the pope Pascal having fled. — 
 
 PETER ABELARD, a philosopher and theologian ; TOGRAI, HARIRI, 
 and SHARFADDIN, Arabian poets. 
 
 1118. Synod of Rathhreasil in Ireland, presided over hy Gillebert, 
 
 first bishop of Limerick {then a Danish city), and first pope^s 
 legate for Ireland. This synod first settled the limits of dioceses 
 in Irelaiid, and fixed their number at 24, exclusive of Dublin, 
 which was subject to the see of Canterbury. 
 Pope GELASIUS II. {John of Gceta). Henry V, appoints a 
 rival pope with the title of QBE GOBY VI I L 
 
 John I. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. 
 The military and religious order of Knights Tem- 
 plars is instituted at Jerusalem. 
 
 1119. Henry I. of England defeats Louis le Gros at 
 
 Brenneville. — Pope CALIXTUS II. {Guido) succeeds 
 Gelasius : he took and imprisoned Gregory VIII — Origin of the 
 order of the PREMONSTRANTS, instituted by Norbert, who 
 builds his first monastery in the Isle of France, at Premonstre. 
 Tliey were, in the main, followers of the Augustinian rule, and 
 were clothed in white, hence called " White Canons." 
 
 1120. William, son of Henry of England, and all his 
 
 retinue are droivned in returning from France. 
 The empire of the Almoravides in Africa is de- 
 stroyed by the Almohades. 
 
 1122. Concordat of Worms between Calixtus II. and Henry V. End of 
 
 the dispute about investitures : the use of the sceptre is substituted 
 for that of the ring and the crosier when the emperor confers the 
 regalia on a bishop or abbot. 
 
 1123. THE FIRST LATERAN COUNCIL confirms the Concordat. 
 
 1124. DAVID L, king of Scotland. — Pope HONORIUS II 
 
 {Lambert). '-^ OTTO, bishop of Bamberg, preaches Christianity 
 to the Pomeranians, who had been conquered by Boleslaics of 
 Poland ; and VICELIN to the Slavonians. 
 
 1125. LOTHABIUS II., duke of Saxony, succeeds 
 
 Henry V. as emperor of Germany. Conrad, 
 duke of Franconia, contends with him for the 
 empire. 
 
 1130. E-oger II., a Norman prince, takes the title of king 
 of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Death of Pope Honorius II. : quarrels between his successor 
 INNOCENT II. {Gregory ofPapi), and the antipope ANA- 
 CLETUSIL {Peter of Leon). - PETER DE BRUYS is burnt 
 at St. Giles in France. Among other things, he taught that the 
 body arid blood of Christ are not distributed in the sacrament, but 
 
—1141.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 113 
 
 A.C. 
 
 only the signs of them ; and that the oblations, prayers, and good 
 works of the living, do not profit the dead. 
 
 1135. Sbtcpfici^) count of Blois, usurps the throne of Eng- 
 land on the death of Henry L, in opposition to the 
 claim of Matilda, Henry's daughter, 
 
 1137. LOUIS VII. (le Jeune), king of France : married 
 
 to Eleanor of Guienne. 
 Death of the Emperor Lotharius XL, the last of the 
 house of Saxony. 
 
 The Pandects of the Roman law are discovered at Amalfi on its capture by 
 Lotharius. Irnerius, a celebrated civilian, first taught the Roman lawr in 
 Bologna, and recommended its use in the empire. (See 1160.) 
 
 1138. The Scots under David I. are defeated by the JEn^ 
 
 glish in the battle of the Standard. 
 
 CONRAD III., duke of Franconia, son of Fre- 
 derick, duke of Suabia, the first of the house 
 of Hohenstaufen, ascends the imperial throne. 
 
 Henry the Haughty, duke of Saxony, is put under 
 the ban of the empire. The duchy of Saxony 
 is given to Albert the Bear, and Bavaria to 
 Leopold of Austria. 
 
 Anacletus, the antipope, dies. 
 
 1139. Roger 11. defeats Pope Innocent II. 
 Alphonso, duke of Portugal, defeats 5 Mahometan 
 
 kings at Ourique, and receives from his soldiers 
 the title of king. 
 Death of Boleslaus III. : partition of Poland, 
 
 THE SECOND LATERAN COUNCIL, condemning the doctrines 
 
 of Peter de JBruys, and of Arnold of Brescia, a pupil of Abelard. 
 
 MALACHY, bishop of Down, goes to Borne to obtain palls for the 
 
 Irish archbishops, and is appointed pope's legate in the room of 
 
 Gillebert. He dies in France in 1148, ayid is the first Irishman 
 
 canonised by a pope. 
 The name of Ghibelline first applied to the imperial faction in Italy, and that of 
 
 Guelph to the opposing faction, which became that of the popes. 
 
 1140. Battle of Weinsberg in Suabia gained by Conrad 
 
 III. over Guelph, duke of Bavaria. 
 
 The canon law is first introduced into England. 
 
 Death of HUGO of St. Victor, called Augustine the Second. — 
 Controversy respecting the IMMACULATE CONCEPTION 
 of the Virgin Mary, which doctrine was opposed by Bernard of 
 Clairvaux as a novelty. — Building of the church of St. Denis^ 
 near Paris. 
 
 .41. Stephen is taken pjrisoner in the battle of Lincoln 
 by Matilda, who is croicned at Winchester. — 
 I 
 
114 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOaY. [ll42— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Matilda builds at Stratford-le.Bow the first stone bridge that had been seen 
 in England. 
 
 1142. Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. — Brandenburg 
 
 is given to Albert the Bear. 
 
 Cistercian monks introduced into Ireland; they settle at Mellifont, 
 near Drogheda. — Death of Abelard. 
 
 1143. Stephen recovers the kingdom. 
 
 Manuel Comnenus, emperor of the East. 
 
 Pope CELESTINE 11. {Guy, cardinal of St. Mark) : rided 5 
 months. Death of WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, historian.— OTTO 
 of Frisengen, historian. 
 
 1144. Pope LUCIUS II. (Gerard) is killed by accident in a popidar 
 
 commotion. 
 
 1145. Atabeck-Zenghi, emir of Aleppo, takes Edessa 
 
 from the Crusaders. 
 
 Pope Eugenius III. {Bernard^ a disciple of the great Bernard of 
 Clairvaux ; he is frequently driven out of Rome by those opposed 
 to the temporal government of the priests. 
 
 1147. THE SECOND CRUSADE, excited by Ber- 
 nard, abbot of Clairvaux (who promised great 
 victories), and headed by Conrad III. and 
 liouis VII. The Crusaders, after an unsuccessful 
 expedition, return with the remnant of their 
 army in 1149. 
 
 1 150. IRNERIUS revives the study of the civil (Roman) law at Bologna. AILRED 
 
 and CONSTANTINUS MANASSES, historians. 
 
 1151. John Paparo, the first foreigner who is sent as papal legate to Ireland, 
 
 brings ivith him 4 palls for the 4 archbishops, the first time palls 
 were sent to Ireland. 
 The canon law is collected into an epitome (Decretinn) by Gratian, 
 a Benedictine monk at ^oZo^rHa.— PETER LOJMBARD, bishop 
 of Paris, called the Master of the " Sentences," having collected 
 a system of theology from the Fathers, which zcas published in 
 1162. He is the first icriter icho mentions the seven sacraments. 
 
 1152. Louis YII. divorces Eleonora of Guienne, who mar- 
 
 ries Henry Plantagenet, duke of Normandy and 
 count of Maine and Anjou ; she bj^ngs him for 
 dowry Aquitaine and Poitou. Henry invades 
 England. 
 FREDERIC I. (Barbarossa), emperor of Germany. 
 
 The caliphs of Bagdad recover their independence. 
 
 Synod of Kelts, in which Paparo presides, and the palls are 
 given. Tliis synod is said by some to have been held at Drogheda. 
 It ei forced the celibacy of the priesthood, and the payment of 
 tithes, which are noic for the first time mentioned in Irish history. 
 
 Publication of Tribonian's Institutes of Justinian, or code of the Roman law. 
 
 1153. MALCOLM IV., kiiig of Scotland. 
 
—1159.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 115 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Treaty of Winchester. Compromise between Stephen 
 
 and Prince Henry. 
 Dermod Mac Morogh, king of Leinster, carries off 
 
 the icife of O'Ruark, prince of Breffni, ichich 
 
 leads to the invasion of Ireland T)y the English. 
 Prester John, a Nestorian priest, who had become 
 
 king of Tartary, flourishes about this time. 
 Death of the Abbot BERNARD, called by some the last of the 
 
 Fathers: he had founded 160 monasteries. 
 
 1154. f^tnry M.. {Plantagenet\ son of Matilda, succeeds 
 Stephen as king of England : icith him begins the 
 line of the Plantagenets. 
 
 Frederic Barbarossa takes Asti, Tortona, and Milan. 
 
 Foundation of Moscow. 
 
 ARNOLD of Brescia, ivho spoke vehemently against the encroach- 
 ments of the clergy, is given up to the pope by the emperor, and is 
 hanged, his corpse burnt, and his ashes thrown into the Tiber. 
 
 Pope ADRIAN IV. {Nicholas Breakspear), the only Englishman 
 ever made pope. He sends a bull to King Henry the next year., 
 giving him the sovereignty of Ireland, and the right to conquer it 
 on promise of paying " Peter's Pence," or one penny for each 
 house in it to the pope. 
 
 The fleur de lis is used lor thie first time in the royal insignia of France. 
 
 1156. The marquisate of Austria, detached from Bavaria, 
 
 is erected into a duchy by Frederic Barbarossa. 
 Henry the Lion obtains the duchy of Bavaria. 
 The Palatinate of the Phine is given to the 
 house of Hohenstaufen. 
 
 1157. Yaldemar the Great, king of Denmark. 
 
 Andrea the Politic, grand duke of Russia, fixes his 
 residence at Wladimir. 
 
 Eric X., king of Sweden, the conqueror of Fin- 
 land : he obliges the Finris to embrace Christianity. 
 
 The bank of Venice is instituted. 
 
 1158. Interview between Henry 11. and Malcolm IV. at 
 
 Carlisle. 
 The military order of Calatrava is instituted in 
 
 Castile. 
 The patrimony of Matilda, duchess of Tuscany, 
 
 passes to Guelph VI. 
 Frederic I. conquers Poland. 
 
 59. Pope ALEXANDER III {Roland of Bandinelli). Cardinal 
 Octavian is elected anfipope, and supported by the emperor and 
 the council of Pavia as Victor IV. 
 I 2 
 
116 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1160— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1160. PETER VALDUS or WALDO, a rich merchant of Lyons {from 
 
 whom the sect of the Waldenses is supposed by some to have 
 
 derived its name), causes the Gospel to be translated into French, 
 
 JOHN OF HEXHAM, historian. — Bills of exchange invented by the Jews, as a 
 
 means of removing their property from countries where they were persecuted. 
 
 1162. Pope Alexander III. retires into France. — Milan 
 
 is taken, for the second time, and razed by Fre- 
 deric Barbarossa. 
 
 1163. Almeric I., brother of Baldwin, king of Jerusalem. 
 
 1164. THE CONSTITUTIONS OF CLAREN- 
 
 IDON, limiting the rights of bishops and priests, 
 and defining the regal power over them, are passed 
 at the council of Clarendon, by which Thomas a 
 Bechet is condemned. 
 
 Sardinia is erected into a kingdom by Frederic 
 Barbarossa. 
 
 Institution of the order of Teutonic Knights in 
 Germany. 
 
 PASCAL IIL {Cardinal Guido) is elected pope by order of the em- 
 peror on the death of Octavian {Victor JV.). 
 
 1165. WILLIAM THE LION, king of Scotland.— 
 
 John of Salisbury, a learned man, pupil of Abelard. 
 
 1166. William II. (the Good), king of Naples and Sicily. 
 
 1167. Frederic Barbarossa takes Rome: flight of Alex- 
 
 ander III., who had excommunicated and de- 
 posed Frederic. The Lombard league is formed 
 against Frederic Barbarossa. 
 
 1168. Dermod, king of Leinster, is expelled, and takes 
 
 refuge with Henry of England. 
 The city of Milan is rebuilt, and Alexandria in 
 Piedmont founded in honour of Alexander IIL — 
 
 CALIX.TUS III. (John of Struma) is elected pope at Home 
 on the death of Pascal the antipope. 
 
 1169. Robert Fitz Stephen lands ivith an English force in 
 
 rVeXjOl^d. —lo,000 persons in Catania destroyed by an eruption of Mount 
 Etna. 
 
 1171. T. a Becket is murdered at Canterbury, and in 1173 
 is canonised and enrolled among the martyrs. — 
 Henry lands in Ireland. 
 Shiracush, lieutenant of Norradin or Noureddin, 
 sultan of Aleppo, defeats Amaury or Almeric, 
 king of Jerusalem, in Egypt. Death of Adhed 
 
—1179. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 117 
 
 A.C. 
 
 the caliph of Egypt, and end of the dynasty of the 
 Fatmiites : Mosthadi of Bagdad is acknowledged 
 the only lawful caliph, and the true Imaun of 
 the Church 
 
 1172. ANNEXATION OP IRELAND TO ENG- 
 
 LAND : Henry II. receives the submission of the 
 Irish princes. 
 SYNOD OF CASHEL, in which the Irish Church adopts the 
 Romish ritual in conformity with the English. 
 
 Alphonso I., king of Portugal, takes the town of 
 Murcia from the Moors. 
 
 1173. Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem. — Death of Nor- 
 
 radin, sultan of Aleppo. 
 
 1174. Saladin is made by the caliph and people sultan of 
 
 Egypt and Damascus. 
 
 1175. Roderic, king of Connaught, makes submission to 
 
 Henry II. by his delegates at the council of 
 Windsor, 
 
 1176. Battle of Lignano near Como, in which Frederic 
 
 Barbarossa is defeated by the Lombard league. 
 His fleet is also defeated by the Venetians, on 
 occasion of which the ceremony called " Wedding 
 the Adriatic " is first performed by Pope Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Migration of Waldenses into Bohemia, 
 
 1177. Justices of assize in England are first appointed 
 
 about this time. 
 Treaty of Venice, between the pope, the emperor, 
 
 the Lombard league, and the Normans. — Venice 
 
 has now the sovereignty of the sea : Ziano, doge. 
 Saladin's forces are defeated by the Latins near 
 
 Ascalon. 
 
 1178. Freyburg in Switzerland is built by Berthold IV., 
 
 duke of Zaehringen. 
 
 1179. The THIED LATEEAN COUNCIL, at which it is determined 
 
 that the pope should be elected by the votes of the cardinals alone 
 (the votes of two-thirds of them to be sufficient to elect hini), thus 
 excluding the Roman people and clergy from the negative voice 
 left them in 1059 ; the FIRST CRUSADE AGAINST HERE- 
 TICS is sanctioned : schools are also commanded to be established 
 or revived in monasteries and cathedrals. Pope Alexander III. 
 I ^ 
 
118 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [II8O— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 confirms the title of king to Alphonso /., duke of Portugal. He 
 
 also makes canonization one of the '■^greater causes" reserved 
 
 for the pope's decision. — Foundation of the university of Padua. 
 
 1180. Philip Augustus, king of France. 
 
 Alexius II. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. 
 
 Fall of the powerful house of the Guelphs by the 
 proscription of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony 
 and Bavaria : the Emperor Frederic gives the 
 duchy of Bavaria to Otho of Wittelsbach, and 
 that of Saxony to Bernard of Aschersleben. 
 
 Parma and Placentia adopt a republican form of 
 government. 
 
 1181. JOHN CUMIN, the first English archbishop of Dublin : he founds 
 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1190. 
 Pope LUCIUS III. {Hubald Allucingolo), the first pope elected by 
 the cardinals only. 
 
 1183. Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of the East: he 
 puts to death the young Alexius II. 
 Canute YI., king of Denmark, reduces Pomerania, 
 Mecklenburg, and Schwerin. 
 
 1185. Andronicus, the last of the Comneni, is assassinated. 
 
 Isaac II., emperor of the East. 
 
 Philip Augustus banishes the Jews from his king- 
 dom, causes the streets of Paris to be paved, and 
 surrounds that town with walls. 
 
 Death of Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem. 
 
 Pope URBAN in. {Hubert Crivelli.) 
 
 EUSTATHIUS, bishop of Thessalonica, celebrated for his commentary on 
 Homer.—WILLIAM OF TYRE, historian. 
 
 1186. Bulgaria shakes off the yoke of the Grecian em- 
 
 perors. 
 Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem. 
 
 1187. SALADIN TAKES JEIIUSA.LEM, after 
 
 having defeated Lusignan at Tiberias, and taken 
 him prisoner. Urban III. dies of grief when he 
 hears this news. — Pope GEE GOBY VIII., Oct. 25.— 
 Pope CLEMENT III {Paul Scolaro), Dec. 19. 
 
 1189. Death of Henry 11. , king of England. — He had 5 sons and 
 
 2 daughters. Henry, who married Marguerite of France, and died in 1182 ; 
 Richard, surnamed Coeur do Lion (Lion's Heart) ; Geoffrey, who married 
 Constance of Bretagne, died in 1186, and left a son named Arthur; John, 
 surnamed Lackland ; Maud, who married Alphonso of Castile ; and Joan, 
 married William, king of Sicily. 
 
 l^icSartr ©ceur Ue UtOn, king of England. 
 
—1197.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 119 
 
 THIRD CRUSADE, undertaken by the em- 
 peror. 
 
 William II. (the Good), king of Sicily^ dies without 
 issue : his aunt Constance tries to succeed him, 
 but Tancred, natural son of Roger, duke of 
 Apulia, usurps the throne. 
 
 1190. HETTRY VI., emperor of Germany, on the death of 
 
 Frederic I. (Barbarossa) in Asia. 
 Richard of England and Philip of France set out 
 
 for the Crusades. this is called by some the Fourth Crusade. 
 
 1191. Siege and capture of Ptolemais or Acre by the 
 
 Crusaders. Return of Philip Augustus to 
 France. 
 The order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary 
 of Jerusalem is instituted in Palestine for the 
 relief of the sick and wounded Germans in that 
 country : Henry Walpott, first grand master of 
 
 the order. — Pope CELESTINE III. ^Hyacinth Bobo.) 
 
 1192. RICHARD I. DEFEATS SALADIN AT 
 
 ASCALON. On his return from Palestine 
 Richard is arrested by Leopold of Austria, and 
 detained in prison 14 months. — Pope Celestine lays 
 Henry VI. and Leopold under an interdict in consequence. 
 
 1193. Death of Saladin: his dominions are divided among 
 
 his 17 sons. He was the founder of the dynasty 
 of the Ajoubites or Jobites, so called from his 
 father Ajoub or Job. 
 
 1 1 94. The Emperor Henry VI. takes the kingdom of the 
 
 Two Sicilies from William III., son of Tancred. 
 Fourth Crusade, undertaken by the emperor at the 
 desire of Celestine III. 
 
 1195. Alexis III. (Angelus), the Tyrant, emperor of the 
 
 East : he usurped the throne, after having caused 
 the eyes of his brother Isaac to be put out. 
 
 1196. Joannice, duke of Bulgaria, succeeds Peter. 
 
 1197. Henry VI. dies at Messina: his brother Philip, 
 
 duke of Suabia (guardian of the minor Frederic, 
 son of Henry), and Otho IV., duke of Saxony, 
 contend for the empire. 
 1 4 
 
120 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [1198— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1198. PHILIP is crowned king of the Romans, and is 
 virtually emperor. 
 
 Pope INNOCENT III. {Lothario Conti). This pope increased 
 the pontifical power, and established the Mendicant Orders. ( See 
 1209.) He conferred the title of king on Primislaus Ottocare I., 
 duke of Bohemia, and on Johannicus, duke of the Bulgarians and 
 Walachians, in 1204, and crowned as king Peter II. of Arragon^ 
 who had made his dominions tributary to the pope. 
 
 The order of Knights Sword-bearers is instituted by Bishop Albert 
 of Bremen, hy authority of the pope, to compel the Livonians to 
 submit to baptism. 
 
 1199. 3i^{)n {Lackland), king of England, on the death of 
 
 his brother Richard \Coeur de Lion), icho had 
 married Berengaria of Navarre, and had no chil- 
 dren. John succeeds him, to the prejudice of his 
 nepheiv Arthur. — Robin Hood and Little John, 
 celebrated outlaws. 
 
 1200. Innocent IIL lays England under an interdict. — 
 
 ROGER OF HO VEDEN,GYRALDUSCAMBRENSIS, PETER OF BLOIS, 
 SAXO GRAMMATICUS, WILLIAM PARVUS, GUALTER VINE- 
 SAUF, GERVASE, and RALPH DE DICETO, historians. 
 The invention of the mariner's compass, is by some placed at this date, and 
 ascribed either to the English or French; by others to Flavio Gioia, of Amalfi. 
 in Naples, a famous mathematician, who lived in 1300. It is also said that 
 Marco Polo, a Venetian, on his return from China brought back the in- 
 vention with him in 1260 or 1295. 
 
 1201. 
 
 1201. Albert of Bremen builds the town of Riga. 
 Melek-Adel (Saladin's brother) takes Egypt and 
 
 Damascus from his nephews. 
 
 1202. King John puts to death his nepheio Arthur. — 
 
 The pope for the first time appoints to the archbishopric of Armagh. 
 
 The Fifth Crusade (called by others the fourth) sets 
 out from Venice. It was preached by Foulques, 
 and commanded by Boniface, marquis of Mont- 
 ferrat, and Baldwin, count of Flanders. The 
 Venetians furnish a fleet commanded by their 
 doge Dandolo. 
 
 Valdemar II. (the Victorious), king of Denmark. 
 
 Jemmgin or Yesoncay conquers Unkhan, the fourth 
 in succession from Prester John, and assumes 
 the name of Genghis Khan, or the Great Em- 
 peror. 
 
 1203. THE CRUSADERS TAKE CONSTANTI- 
 
—1209.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, 121 
 
 A.C. 
 
 NOPLE, and re-establish on the throne Isaac 
 Angelus, and his son Alexius lY. (the Young) ; 
 they are both, soon after, put to death by- 
 Alexius Ducas or Murzuphlus, who usurps the 
 throne. 
 
 1204. Constantinople is taken a second time by the Cru- 
 saders; Murzuphlus is slain, and Baldwin, count 
 of Flanders, proclaimed emperor. The Cru- 
 saders divide among themselves the provinces of 
 the Greek empire. — Baldwin is defeated by the 
 Bulgarians. 
 Andrew II., king of Bohemia. 
 THE INQUISITION IS ESTABLISHED 
 
 BY POPE INNOCENT III., who sends 2 in- 
 quisitors into Languedoc : in 1206, DOMINIC, /ownc/er of the 
 Dominicans, is joined with them. 
 
 1206. Henry, Baldwin's brother, emperor of Constan- 
 tinople. 
 Origin of the Greek empire of Nice under Theo- 
 dore I. (Lascaris), son-in-law to the emperor 
 Alexius III. ; and that of Trebizond, under 
 Alexius and David Comnenus, grandsons of 
 Andronicus I. 
 
 1208. London incorporated ; it obtains a charter for electing 
 
 its mayor and magistrates. 
 OTHO IV. crowned by the pope emperor of 
 Germany on the death of Philip. He restores 
 the dominions of Matilda to the pope, but after- 
 wards revokes the grant. 
 
 1209. INNOCENT III. SENDS A CRUSADE 
 
 AGAINST THE ALBIGENSES of Lan- 
 guedoc: Simon, count of Montfort, commands 
 the Crusaders; and Eaymond, count of Tou- 
 louse, at first joins him, and afterwards, in 1211, 
 turns against him. The name Albigenses was given to all 
 the sects then residing in Languedoc, called in that age Albi- 
 gesium.— The order of the FRANCISCAN FRIARS is founded 
 in Italy by Francis of Assisi (in Umbrid), who added the vow of 
 poverty to the monastic vows of chastity and obedience, and insti- 
 tuted the rule of Mendicant Friars. — Albert, patriarch of Jeru- 
 salem, prescribes a rule for the CARMELITES, the originator of 
 whom was Berthold, 
 
122 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. £l212— 
 
 AC. 
 
 The council of Sens forbids the teaching of ARISTOTLE'S philosophy. 
 WALTER DE MAPE S, poet. GUNTHE R, poet and historian. 
 
 1212. Innocent III. ^having the year before excommunicated 
 John, king of England, absolves his subjects from 
 the oath of allegiance, and transfers his sovereignty 
 to Philip of France. — John becomes tributary to 
 the pope. 
 
 FREDEmC II., son of Henry VL, is proclaimed 
 emperor of Germany at the diet of Coblentz, in- 
 stead of Otho IV., wlio contends for the 
 empire. Establishment of the electoral college 
 by Frederic II. 
 
 The Moors are defeated at the battle of Ubeda, or 
 Tolosa, by the kings Alphonso IX. of Castile, 
 Peter II. of Arragon, and Sancho of Navarre. 
 
 Crusade of children from France to recover the 
 Holy Land. 
 
 1214. ALEXANDER IL, king of Scotland. 
 
 Battle of Bouvines in Flanders, won by Philip 
 Augustus over Otho IV. and the count of Flan- 
 ders; 50,000 French fought against 150,000 
 allies. Otho abandons his claims to the empire. 
 
 1215. THE MAGNA CHART A, which limits the 
 
 royal authority, and is the bulwark of English free- 
 dom, is extorted from King John by the barons at 
 Runnymede. The pope annuls the Magna Charta, 
 and absolves John from his oath to observe it. 
 
 Genghis-Khan conquers the northern provinces of 
 China. 
 
 The FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL, at which Innocent III., 
 without asking the opinion of any one, publishes 70 decrees. 
 With respect to the manner of Christ's presence in the Eucharist, 
 he pronounced that opinion to be the only true one which is now 
 universal in the church of Rome, and applied to it the name of 
 TRANSUBSTANTIAf ION. He also made AURICULAR 
 CONFESSION binding on all, which had hitherto been only 
 voluntary. 
 
 Aristotle's Logic is again admitted into tiie university of Paris. (See 1209.; 
 
 1216. Death of John Lackland. He had 2 sons and 3 daughters by 
 
 his second wife Isabella, daughter of the earl of Angouleme : Henry, who 
 succeeded him, and Richard; Jane, married to Alexander, king of Scotland; 
 Eleanor, married first to the earl of Pembroke, and afterwards to the earl of 
 Leicester ; Isabella, married to Frederic II. , emperor of Germany. 
 
 f^tnrg Jfi* is placed on the throne by the barons, 
 to the exclusion of Louis, the son of Philip 
 
—1227.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 123 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Augustus, to whom the pope had granted the in- 
 vestiture of the kingdom of England. 
 Peter of Courtenay, emperor of the East. 
 
 Pope HONORIUS III. ( Centius Savelli) : he sanctioned the order 
 o/* DOMINICANS, or Preaching Friars, or Jacobins, founded 
 hy Dominic de Guzman, born in Arragon, 1170, and died at 
 Bologna in Italy, 1221. 
 
 1217. Sixth Crusade (fifth according to others), conducted 
 
 by Andrew, king of Hungary, 
 Ferdinand III. (the Saint), king of Castile. 
 
 1218. Frederic II. renews the war in Italy. 
 
 Death of Berthold Y., last duke of Zaehringen: 
 Helvetia becomes an unmediate province of the 
 Germanic empire. 
 
 Honorius III. publishes a crusade against the pagans of Prussia. 
 
 1219. Damietta is taken by the Crusaders. 
 
 1221. GENGHIS-KHAN CONQUERS PEHSIA, 
 
 and soon after Afghanistan and part of India. 
 (See 1202.) 
 Robert de Courtenay, emperor of the East. 
 
 1222. John Ducas or Vataces, emperor of Nice. 
 
 The Golden Bull, or Constitution of Hungary, is 
 settled in a diet summoned by Andrew II. 
 
 1223. LOUIS VIIL (the Lion), king of France. 
 
 Eric XII. (the Stammerer), the last of the house of 
 Swerker, ascends the throne of Sweden. 
 
 Toushi, son of Genghis-Khan, defeats the princes of 
 Kiow. — The Tartars found the kingdom of 
 Kiptshak, between the Don and Volga. 
 
 1226. New crusade against the Albigenses. 
 
 LOUIS IX., or St. Louis, then 11 years old, 
 succeeds his father Louis VIIL under the 
 regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile. 
 
 New Lombardian league against Frederic II. 
 
 1227. Pope GREGORY IX. (Ugolino): he excommunicates the Emperor 
 
 Frederic II., with whom, henceforth, he has continual war. 
 
 Defeat of Valdemar IL, king of Denmark, at Born- 
 h^ved, in Holstein ; he loses aU his conquests in 
 Germany. 
 
 Death of Genghis-Khan : his 4 sons divide among 
 themselves his vast empire. They achieve the 
 
124 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1228— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 conquest of China, overturn the caliphate of 
 Bagdad, and render the sultans of Iconium their 
 tributaries. Octal, grand khan. 
 1228. Seventh (or Sixth) Crusade, led by the Emperor 
 Frederic II. : he regains Jerusalem. 
 Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople ; he takes 
 
 John of Brienne for his associate in the empire. 
 Death o/STEPHEN LANGTON, archbishop of Canterbury, who 
 is said to have divided the Bible into chapters. 
 
 1230. Beunion of the kingdoms of Castile and Leon by 
 Ferdinand III. 
 The Knights of the Teutonic Order of St. Mary 
 establish themselves in Prussia. 
 
 1234. Kayi of Khorassan settles atErzingan; hence the 
 
 origin of the Osmanli Turks. 
 Thibaut, count of Champagne, inherits the kingdom 
 of Navarre. 
 
 THE INQUISITION in France is placed by Gregory IX. in the 
 hands of the Dominican monks, who erect their first permanent 
 court in Toulouse. 
 
 1235. Creation of the duchy of Brunswlck-Luneburg, in 
 
 favour of the house of Guelph. End of the 
 quarrels between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 
 (See 1139). 
 
 1236. Ferdinand III. of Castile takes Cordova from the 
 
 Mahometans, and by degrees deprives them of 
 all but the kingdom of Granada. 
 
 1237. James I. of Arragon conquers Valencia. 
 
 The Mogul Tartars, under Baton, grandson of 
 Genghis-Khan, invade Russia, and settle them- 
 selves there for more than 2 centuries. (See 
 1479.) 
 
 Union of the order of Sword-bearers with the 
 Teutonic Knights. 
 1239. Eighth Crusade, under Thibald V., who is followed 
 next year by Richard, duke of Cornwall. 
 
 Gregory IX. again excommunicates Frederic II. — 
 St. Louis refuses the imperial crown. 
 
 The study of Aristotle's philosophy is promoted by Frederic II. 
 
 Foundation of the university of Salamanca. 
 
 WILLIAM OF BRITTANY, NICHOLAS DE BRAY, THIBAUT OF 
 CHAMPAGNE, poets.— MATTHEW PARIS, historian.—ALEXANDER 
 HALES, the " Irrefragable Doctor," expounder of Aristotle. 
 
—1254.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 125 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1240. St. Alexander Newsky, grand duke of Russia, 
 
 1241. THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE (a commercial 
 
 union) is formed by Lubeck, Hamburg, Bremen, 
 and other towns of Germany. 
 Pope CELESTINE IV. (^Godfrey Castigliare) : he dies the same 
 year. 
 
 1243. Pope INNOCENT IV. (Fiesho). 
 
 1244. The Korasmins, expelled by the Mogul Tartars, 
 
 take Jerusalem. 
 
 1245. The FIRST COUNCIL OF LYONS, at which Innocent IV. 
 
 deposes Frederic II., and grants the use of red hats to cardinals, 
 declaring than to be princes of the church — The Crusade is 
 ordered to be preached. — The pope sends legates to treat with the 
 Tartars. 
 
 Andrew of Hungary, king of Naples, is assassi- 
 nated. 
 
 1248. The Ninth (commonly called the Seventh) Crusade, 
 
 under St. Louis of France. 
 
 1249. ALEXANDER IIL, kin^ of Scotland. 
 St. Louis takes Damietta from the Turks. 
 Raymond VII. dies, the last of the counts of Tou- 
 louse. 
 
 1250. BATTLE^ OP MANSOURA IN EGYPT. 
 
 St. Louis and 2 of his brothers are taken 
 prisoners : his brother Robert dies there. The 
 king is ransomed for 800,000 gold bezants, and 
 returns in 1254. 
 
 CONEAD IV. succeeds Frederic II. as emperor 
 and king of Sicily, but the pope gives the empire 
 to William, count of Holland. 
 
 Yaldemar I., king of Sweden. 
 
 1252. Alphonso X. (the Wise), king of Castile. 
 
 Astronomical tables, called ALPHONSINES, composed by Alphonso X., king 
 of Castile— College of the Sorbonne at Paris founded by ROBERT DE 
 SORBONNE, confessor of St. Louis.— ROGER BACON discovers the use 
 of convex lenses. 
 
 1254. Interregnum in the empire of Germany from the 
 death of Conrad IV. in 1254, to the election of 
 Rodolph in 1273. During this period Denmark, 
 Holland, and Hungary, become independent of 
 the empire. 
 Portugal attains its present limits by the conquest 
 of Algarva. 
 
126 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1255— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Ottocare 11., king of Bohemia. 
 Pope ALEXANDER IV. {Raynald). 
 
 1255. Theodore II. (Lascaris), emperor of Nice. 
 
 Domination of the Mamelukes in Egypt and Syria. 
 The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary build the city of 
 Konigsberg on the Kegel. 
 
 1258. The Provisions of Oxford extorted from Henry III, at 
 
 the parliament at Oxford. The 24 barons, under 
 Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, seize, and 
 administer the government of England {June 11, 
 
 Mainfroi, tutor of the young Conradin (Conrad V, 
 usurps the crown of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Holagu, a Mongol chief, grandson of Genghis- 
 Khan, usurps the throne of Bagdad, and puts 
 the caliph Mostasem to death. 
 
 END OF THE CALIPHATE OP BAG- 
 DAD. 
 
 1259. John Lascaris, emperor of Nice. 
 
 1260. Michael VIII. (Palasologus), emperor of Nice. 
 
 Hospital of the Quinze Vingts at Paris, for the blind — Roger Bacon invents the 
 magic lantern. 
 
 1261. Michael Palasologus recovers Constantinople. 
 END OP THE LATIN EMPIRE OP 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 Pope URBAN IV. {James Pantaleon). 
 
 1263. The Norwegians invade Scotland, and are defeated 
 
 by Alexander III. in the battle of Largs. — Civil 
 wars in England excited by Simon de Montfort, 
 earl of Leicester. 
 Peter of Savoy makes himself master of the Canton 
 de Vaud, which had been given him by the 
 Emperor Richard, duke of Cornwall ; he builds 
 the castle of Chillon on the shores of the Lake 
 Leman. 
 
 Origin of ike societies of Flagellants. 
 
 THOMAS AQUINAS, a Dominican, called the " Angelic Doctor," b. 1224, 
 d. 1274 ALBERTUS MAGNUS, a learned Dominican friar nnd philo- 
 sopher, b. 1205, d. 1280. — BONA VENTURA, a scholastic theologian, 
 b. 1221, d 1274.— ROGER BACON, the "Admirable Doctor," a natural 
 philosopher, b. 1206, d. 1284.— ROBERT OF GLOSTER, the first 
 English writer in rhyme. — ABULPHARAGIUS and ELMAKIN, his- 
 torians. 
 
 1264. Battle of Lewes {May 14.); Leicester at the head of 
 
 the rebels defeats Henry III. 
 
—1273] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 127 
 
 Urban IV, appoints the festival o/" CORPUS CHRISTI " to be 
 
 observed by the whole church. 
 
 1265. THE FIRST HOUSE OF COMMONS as- 
 
 sembled 171 England. Having iisitrped the royal 
 authority, Leicester calls a parliament, and to give 
 his government a more popular form, summons 
 deputies from every borough, as well as 2 knights 
 from every shire. 
 
 Battle of Evesham (Aug. 4.), gained by Edward, 
 Henry IIVs son, over Leicester, who is killed in 
 the action. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT IV. (Guido Fulcodi) : he confers the kingdom of 
 Naples on Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. of France. 
 
 1266. Battle of Benevento, in which Mainfroi is defeated 
 
 and killed by Charles of Anjou, 
 
 1268. Conradin, and Frederic, duke of Austria, after 
 
 having been defeated by Charles of Anjou, are 
 beheaded at Naples : extinction of the house of 
 Hohenstaufen. 
 Ottocare II. invades Austria, Carinthia, Styria, and 
 Carniola. 
 
 1269. St. Louis publishes the PRAGMATIC SANCTION, wherein the 
 
 rights of the Gallican church in the choice of bishops are asserted, 
 against the usurpation of the pope. \^0r, in 1268.] 
 
 1270. THE LAST CHUSADE (the tenth, com- 
 
 monly called the eighth) is undertaken by St. 
 Louis, who is carried off by the plague before 
 Tunis. 
 PHILIP IIL (the Bold), the eldest son of Louis, 
 succeeds him. 
 
 1271. Prince Edward of England takes Nazareth, and is 
 
 stabbed by an assassin. Next year he concludes a 
 truce with the sultan of Egypt y and returns home. 
 
 The county of Toulouse added to the French crown. 
 
 Tope GREGORY X. (Thibald). 
 
 1272. dBtlfoartr ]!., king of England, on the death of Henry 
 
 III, in the 51th year of his reign. 
 Death of the Emperor Richard, duke of Cornwall. 
 
 1273. RODOIiPH I. of Hapsburg, emperor of Germany, 
 
 and first of the Austrian family. 
 
 Mahomet II., king of Granada, builds the palace of Alhambra. 
 
128 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1274— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1274. SECOND COUNCIL OF LYONS, in which Gregory X. reduces 
 the numerous orders of Mendicants to 4 — namely, the Domi- 
 nicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians : he first re- 
 quires the cardinals to elect the pope in conclave. 
 
 Philip the Bold gives the Comtat Venaissin to the 
 
 popes. 
 Death of Henry, king of Navarre. 
 
 1276. Peter III. (the Great), king of Arragon. 
 
 Pope INNOCENT V. {Peter de Tarentaise).—Pope ADRIAN V. 
 \Ottohoni Fieschi). — Pope JOHN XXI. {Peter), bishop of 
 Tusculum. 
 
 1277. Pope NICHOLAS III. {John Cajetan), 
 
 1278. Eodolph of Hapsburg defeats at Marchfeld the 
 
 king of Bohemia, Ottocarus II., who is killed in 
 
 the battle. 
 Vinceslaus II., king of Bohemia and Moravia. 
 Execution of Peter de la Brosse, prime minister to 
 
 Philip the Bold. 
 
 1279. Dionysius the Just, king of Portugal. 
 
 1280. The Moguls or Tartars, under the command of 
 
 Kublai, grandson of Genghis-Khan, complete the 
 conquest of China. 
 The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary build Marien- 
 burg on the Nogat, which became afterwards 
 the capital of the order. 
 
 128 1. Pope MARTIN IV. (Simon de Brie) : he excommunicated Michael 
 
 Palceoloyus, the Greek emperor. 
 
 1282. THE SICILIAM VESPEES: at which all the 
 
 French in Palermo are massacred. — The king- 
 dom of Sicily is separated from the kingdom of 
 Naples, and given by the Palermitans to Peter 
 III., king of Arragon, Mainfroi's son-in-law. 
 The Emperor Rodolph gives the duchy of Austria 
 to his son Albert, who becomes the founder of 
 the Hapsburg dynasty of Austria. 
 
 1283. CONQUEST OF WALES BY ED- 
 
 WAUD I. : its king Llewellyn is slain in battle, 
 and David, his brother and successor, is executed 
 by Edivard's orders. — EDWAB,D I. 
 
—1291.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 129 
 
 CREATES HIS ELDEST SON ED- 
 WARD PRINCE OP WALES; a title 
 which has since been home hy the eldest sons of 
 the sovereigns of England. 
 
 The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary, after a bloody 
 war, complete the conquest of Prussia. 
 
 Andronicus II. (Palaeologus), emperor of the East. 
 
 1284. Reunion of Champagne and Brie to the crown of 
 
 France. 
 Peter III. of Arragon defeats Charles, king of 
 
 Sicily, and takes prisoner his son Charles the 
 
 Lame. 
 Philip III. of France, at the instigation of the pope, 
 
 attempts to conquer Arragon. 
 Death of Alphonso X., king of Castile ; his son 
 
 Sancho the Great succeeds him. 
 
 1285. PHILIP IV. (the Fair), king of France, who in- 
 
 stituted the French parliaments. Cardinal Du- 
 prat. 
 Amadeus V., count of Savoy. 
 
 Pope HONOBIUS IV. {James Savelli). 
 
 Invention of spectacles by Alexander de Spina, a monk of Florence, according to 
 some. (See 1252.) Others attribute the invention to Salvias. 
 
 1286. MARGARET of Norway, queen of Scotland. 
 
 DURANDUS, bishop of Mende, a distinguished jurist and general ; died in 1296. 
 
 1287. The Mongols of Kiptshak invade and pillage Poland. 
 
 1288. Osman or Ottoman succeeds to the dominions of 
 
 his father Ertogrul at Erzingan. 
 
 Pope NICHOLAS IV. {Jerome of Ascoli); next year he sends 
 JOHN DE MONTE COEVINO and others to the Tartars and 
 Nestorians ; they introduced Christianity into China. 
 
 Marco Polo, a Venetian traveller in the East from 1278 to 1295. 
 
 1290. Interregnum in Scotland for 2 years. Competition 
 
 for the crown hetween John Baliol, Robert Bruce, 
 
 and many others. 
 Decline of the republic of Pisa : rise of Genoa. 
 Death of Ladislaus III., king of Hungary ; many 
 
 competitors contend for that kingdom. 
 
 1291. END OP THE LATIN KINGDOM IN 
 
 PALESTINE : capture of Tyre and Ptolemais 
 by the Turks : the Knights Hospitallers, and 
 
 i K 
 
130 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1292— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 their chief John Villiei^, retire to the island of 
 Cyprus. 
 
 1292. JOHN BALIOL appointed king of Scotland hy 
 
 Edward Z of England, 
 ADOLPHUS OF K"ASSAU, emperor of Germany. 
 
 1293. From this year there is a regular succession of En- 
 
 glish parliaments, 
 
 1294. Pope CELESTINE V. {Peter de Murrho), an austere hermit: he 
 
 abdicated in a short time. Pope BONIFACE VIII. {Benedict 
 Cajetan) : he published the celebrated bull called " UN AM 
 SANCTAM," in which he asserted that Christ had committed 
 both the spiritual and temporal swords to his church, and that 
 it was necessary to salvation that every creature should be subject 
 to the Roman pontiff. 
 
 1296. Baliol is defeated, and taken prisoner by Edward I. 
 
 Interregnum in Scotland for \0 years. — Sir Wil- 
 liam Wallace undertakes the deliverance of his 
 country, and is victorious in several encounters 
 with the English. 
 
 Sicily is separated from Arragon. 
 
 Matthew Visconti the Great, lord of Milan. 
 
 Premislaus, duke of Poland, causes himself to be 
 crowned king. 
 
 1297. WALLACE DEFEATS THE ENGLISH 
 
 AT STIRLING, and expels thein from Scot- 
 land, and is chosen regent. — Aristocracy is intro- 
 duced at Venice : " the Golden Book," or register 
 of the nobility. 
 
 1298. BATTLE OP 'FA.'L'KTR'K gained hy Ediuard I. 
 
 over the Scots, July 22. Statute of Edward, ''no 
 taxes loithout consent of parliament.^^ 
 
 Battle of Worms, in which the Emperor Adolphus 
 of Nassau is killed. 
 
 ALBERT I., duke of Austria, emperor of Germany. 
 
 1299. THE MODERN TURKISH EMPIRE 
 
 BEGINS UNDER OTTOMAN or 0th- 
 man, its first sultan, in Bithynia. 
 
 1300. Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia, is elected king of 
 
 Poland. 
 
 THE FIRST JUBILEE is published by Boniface VIIL, and one 
 is appointed to be held every 100 years. Plenary^ indulgence is 
 
1308.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGT. 131 
 
 v.c. 
 
 offered to all tJiose who should make a pilgrimage to Rome during 
 that year. 
 RISE OF ITALIANLITERATURE— DANTE, born at Florence 1265, died 
 in exile at Ravenna 1321.— RAYMOND LULLY of Majorca, a Franciscan 
 doctor and alchymist, who undertook the propagation of Christianity in 
 Africa, and was stoned to death at Bugia in Mauritania, 1315 — DUNS SCO- 
 TUS, the great opponent of Aquinas, b. 1265, d, 1308, — FLAVIO GIOIA 
 improves the mariner's compass. — GIOTTO, a painter, sculptor, and archi- 
 tect of Florence, the pupil of Cimabue. 
 
 1301. 
 
 1301. Quarrel between Philip the Fair and Pope Boni- 
 
 face YIIL 
 
 WILLIAM OF NOGARET, a famous lawyer, afterwards made chancellor of 
 France on account of his determined opposition to the pontiff. 
 
 1302. Corny n and Fraser defeat the English thrice in one 
 
 day. 
 Philip the Fair admits the Tiers Etat (Third Estate) 
 
 to the assembly of the States General. 
 Battle of Courtenaj gained by the Flemish over 
 
 the count of Artois^ who is killed in the action : 
 
 4000 pairs of spurs adorned the triumph of the 
 
 conquerors. 
 
 1303. Ferdinand IV. of Castile takes Gibraltar. 
 
 Nogaret attacks and makes Boniface VIII. prisoner at Anagni : the 
 
 pontiff dies soon after from indignation. 
 Pope BENEDICT XL {Nicholas Bocasini.) 
 
 1304. Wallace is betrayed to Edward L, and executed in 
 
 London. 
 
 1305. Louis, son of Philip the Fair, becomes king of 
 
 Navarre. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT V. (JBertrand de Got), a Frenchman, archbishop 
 of Bordeaux. 
 
 ] 306. ROBERT I. {Bruce), king of Scotland. Douglas 
 and Randolph, distinguished Scottish warriors. 
 
 1307. QBhiXiUXti 11. succeeds his father Edivard I. Gaveston 
 
 was his favourite. — Bills of exchange are first 
 used in England. [Or, in 1381.] 
 WILLIAM TELL, Furst, Stauffacher, and 
 Melchtal, combine to rescue Switzerland from 
 the tyranny of Gesler, the imperial governor. 
 
 John de Monte Corvino is appointed by the pope archbishop of Cam- 
 balu or Pekin, in China ; 7 other bishops are sent thither. 
 
 1308. HENRY VII. of Luxemburg, emperor of Ger- 
 
 K 2 
 
132 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l310— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 many ; Albert being assassinated in Switzerland 
 
 by the Duke John of Suabia. 
 The cantons of Uri, Schweitz, and Unterwalden, 
 
 secure their independence. 
 Donati is killed at Florence. 
 
 The seat of the popes is transferred from Home to AVIGNON for 
 70 years, 
 
 1310. Rhodes is taken by the Knights of St. John of 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 Celebrated reign of Charobert (Charles Eobert), 
 
 king of Hungary. 
 John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia. 
 
 Chimneys used in domestic architecture. 
 
 1311. Civil war in England against Edward II. and Gaves- 
 
 ton ; the king is defeated, and Gaveston put to 
 death hy Lancaster. 
 COUNCIL OF VIENNE in Dauphiny, in which the Templars are 
 ordered to be suppressed, at the instigation of King Philip, who 
 cruelly destroyed them. 
 
 1312. Alphonso XL, king of Castile. 
 
 Joinville, an historian. 
 
 1314. BATTLE OP BANNOCKBURN, in which 
 
 the Scots under Robert Bruce defeat the English 
 
 under Edward II. (June 25.) 
 L O UIS X. (the Hutin) succeeds his father Philip - 
 
 the Fair. 
 LEWIS V. of Bavaria, and Frederic the Fair of 
 
 Austria, are both elected emperors of Germany. 
 
 1315. Expedition of Edward Bruce to Ireland: he is de- 
 
 feated at Dundalk in 1318. 
 BATTLE OP MORGARTEN, wherein 1600 
 Swiss defeat 20,000 Austrians. It established 
 the liberty of Switzerland. Perpetual league of 
 Brunnen formed between the cantons of Uri, 
 Schweitz, and Unterwalden. 
 
 1316. PHILIP V. (the Long), brother of Louis X., as- 
 
 cends the throne of France (John, the posthu- 
 mous son of Louis X., having lived only a few 
 days) ; and the Salique law of succession is 
 established. 
 Pope JOHN XXII. (James de Cusa') : he increased very much the 
 papal exactions. 
 
—1328.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 133 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1319. Lewis V. defeats Frederic the Fair at the battle of 
 
 ISIiihldorf. 
 
 Invention of paper made with rags [or, in 1417] : it was first made of cotton about 
 
 A.D. 500. 
 
 1320. The royal dignity becomes permanent in Poland, 
 
 under Ladislaus Lokieteck. 
 Gedimin^ grand duke of Lithuania, effects the con- 
 quest of Kiow. 
 
 1322. Defeat and execution of Lancaster hy Edward 11. 
 
 CHARLES IV. (the Fair), king of France, brother 
 
 of Philip the Long. 
 Battle of Vechivis, in which Frederic the Fair is 
 
 taken prisoner. Lewis Y. remains sole master 
 
 of the empire, without seeking for the pope's 
 
 sanction. 
 WALTER THE LOLLARD is burnt for heresy at Cologne. 
 WILLIAM OCCAM, an English Franciscan monk, who upheld the philosophy 
 
 of the Nominalists, as did also the celebrated Doctor BURIDAN of Paris 
 
 MUNDINUS, a celebrated anatomist, died in 1326. — ABULFEDA, an 
 
 Arabian geographer and historian. 
 
 1326. Execution of the two Spencers, the favourites of 
 
 Edward IL About this time heretics are first burned in 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Sardinia is incorporated with the kingdom of Arra- 
 gon. 
 
 1327. Edward IL is murdered at Berkeley Castle hy order 
 
 of his wife Isabella and Mortimer her favourite. 
 
 He was called Edivard of Carnarvon, from 
 
 having been born there. 
 eBtltoari) mi., king of England. 
 Death of Ottoman, first Turkish emperor : Orchan 
 
 or Urklan, his son and successor, makes new 
 
 conquests from the Greeks, and institutes the 
 
 order of the Janissaries. 
 
 John XXII. deprives the Emperor Leiuis of his title for the second 
 time, and excommunicates him. 
 
 1328. Andronicus III. (Palaeologus), emperor of the East. 
 PHILIP VL (of Valois), king of France : hence 
 
 the house of Yalois. 
 Death of Castruccio Castracani, sovereign of the 
 
 republics of Lucca and Pisa. 
 Ivan I. (Kalita), grand duke of Russia, fixes his 
 
 residence at Moscov/. 
 
 K 3 
 
134 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l329— 
 
 AC. 
 
 John XXIL is deposed at Rome, and NICHOLAS V. {Peter de 
 Corbierre), antipope, elected by Lewis V.; he abdicates in 1330. 
 
 1329. DAVID II.j king of Scotland: Randolph, earl of 
 Murray, regent. 
 Treaty of Pavia: the house of Wittelsbach is divided 
 into two principal branches — namely, that of the 
 Electors Palatine, and the dukes of Bavaria. 
 
 Nicholas de Lyra, famous for his commentaries on the Bible, completed in 1330 ; 
 
 he died in 1340 DUBANDUS of St. Porcain, the " Most Resolute Doctor," 
 
 a Dominican ; died in 1333.— VILLANI, historian, died 1348. 
 
 1331. Execution of Mortimer, earl of March. 
 
 1332. Edward Baliol, assisted hy Edward III., is crowned 
 
 at Scone king of the Scots, but is soon driven out 
 
 of the kingdom,. 
 James Artevelde, a brewer of Ghent, excites the 
 
 Flemish to rebellion against France. 
 Lucerne joins the Swiss confederation. 
 
 1333. The Scots are defeated hy Edward III. at Halidoun 
 
 Hill, near Berwick, July 19. Douglas is killed, 
 
 and Baliol restored, 
 Casimir III. (the Great), king of Poland. 
 The Turks under Urklan make themselves masters 
 
 of Nice in Bithynia. 
 
 NICEPHORUS GREGORAS and NICEPHORUS CALLISTI, historians. 
 
 1334. Fope BENEDICT VIL (James Fournier) : he confirms the de- 
 
 cision of the Doctors of Paris, condemning the opinions of his 
 predecessor John XXII. 
 1337. Edward III. claims the sovereignty of France, and 
 prepares to invade it. 
 
 1340. Naval battle of Slugs in Flanders, gained by Ed- 
 
 ward III. over the French admirals. 
 Battle of Tarifa gained over the Moors by Al- 
 phonso XL, king of Castile. 
 
 GUNPOWDER is invented by Schwartz, a monk of Cologne. According to the 
 Turks it had been long known in the East, being used at the siege of Alex- 
 andria in 852. It is also said to have been known for ages by the Chinese, 
 but not used.— Oil painting is said to be invented, or at least much improved, 
 by VAN EYK. — ANDREW HORNE, an English lawyer. — ANDREAS, 
 of Bologna, a canonist— SIR JOHN MANDE VILLE, a traveller. 
 
 1341. John V. (Palseologus), emperor of the East. John 
 
 Cantacuzene, his tutor, usurps the throne, 
 
 PETRARCH the poet is crowned with bays at Rome ; b. 1304, d. 1374. 
 
 1342. Louis I. (the Great), king of Hungary, son of 
 
 Charles Robert. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT VI (Peter Roger), born in Limousin. 
 
-1352.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 135 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1345. Joanna I. orders Andrew of Hungary, her first 
 
 husband, to be strangled. 
 Foundation of Amsterdam. 
 
 Madeira is said to have been discovered by Macham an Englishman. 
 
 1346. BATTLE OP CRESSY, icon by Edward IIL 
 
 and the Black Prince over JPTiilip VI., king of 
 
 France {Aug. 25.), the first battle in which cannon 
 
 were used. 
 Battle of Durham, in lohich David II. of Scotland 
 
 is taken prisoner. 
 Pope Clement VI. causes the Germans to elect Charles IV. emperor, 
 
 in opposition to Lewis V. 
 Foundation of the university of Valladolid by Clement VI. 
 
 1347. CAPTURE OP CALAIS BY EDWARD 
 
 III. 
 
 Fitz Balph is appointed primate of Ireland : he was famous for his 
 opposition to the Mendicant Friars. 
 
 CHARLES IV., emperor of Germany on the death 
 
 of Lewis. 
 NICHOLAS RIENZI assumes the government 
 
 of Eome under the ancient title of Tribune. 
 
 University of Prague founded ; according to some, the most ancient in Germany. 
 
 1348. Avignon is sold by Joanna I. of Naples to Clement VI. 
 
 THOMAS BRADWARDINE, a distinguished divine and mathematician, is 
 made archbishop of Canterbury, and dies in the same year. — Death of 
 LAURA, Petrarch's heroine. 
 
 1349. Edward III. institutes the Order of the Garter. 
 Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, succeeds his 
 
 mother Joanna II. 
 Humbert II., last sovereign of Dauphiny, bequeaths 
 his dominions to France, with the condition that 
 the eldest sons of the kings of France should 
 take the name of Dauphin. 
 
 1350. The first great pestilence in En^and, called the 
 
 Black Death, from May ^l. to Sept. 29. It had 
 
 begun in Asia in 1346, and traversed Europe 
 
 westward. 
 JOHN THE GOOD, king of France. 
 Death of Alphonso XL, king of Castile : his son 
 
 Pedro or Peter the Cruel succeeds him. 
 
 Clement VI directs the Jubilee to be celebrated every 50th year instead 
 
 of every \00th. 
 BOCCACCIO, fatherof modern Italian prose, d. 1375.— BARTOLUS and BAL- 
 
 DUS, Italian lawyers. 
 
 1352. The Turks first enter Europe. 
 
 K 4 
 
136 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l355— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The towns of Zurich, Glaris, Zug, and Bern, are 
 admitted into the Swiss Confederation. — Pope 
 
 INNOCENT VI. ^Stephen Aubert.) 
 
 1355. Marino Faliero, doge of Venice, is beheaded. 
 Convocation of the States General of France by 
 
 King John. 
 
 Meistersangers (bards or poets) in Germany. 
 
 1356. BATTLE OF POITIERS, in which John IL, 
 
 king of France, is taken prisoner by the Black 
 Prince, and afterioards brought to London. 
 
 Unsuccessful expedition of Edward III. against 
 Scotland. 
 
 Charles IV. publishes the golden bull, or fun- 
 damental law of the empire ; by it the number 
 of electors must not exceed 7, 3 of them eccle- 
 siastical, and 4 lay ; viz., the archbishops of 
 Mayence, Treves, and Cologne ; the king of 
 Bohemia, the count palatine of the Rhine, the 
 duke of Saxony, and the margrave of Branden- 
 burg. 
 
 1357. Coals first used in London. 
 
 1358. Marcel, provost of the merchants of Paris, heads the 
 
 rebellion against the Dauphin Charles, regent of 
 the kingdom. Beginning of the Jacquerie, or 
 faction of the peasants, against the nobles. 
 Soliman, Orchan's son, crosses the Hellespont, and 
 takes the city of Gallipoli. 
 
 JOHN CANTACUZENUS and RANULPH HIGDEN, historians. 
 
 1359. Amurathl., son and successor of Orchan or Urklan. 
 
 1360. Peace of Bretigni : King John is restored to liberty, 
 
 and gives up to Edward III. Calais, Guienne, 
 and other provinces. 
 Formation of the Free Companies in France, a for- 
 midable association of banditti. 
 
 JOHN WICKLIFFE about this time begins to attack the mendicant 
 
 monks; born 1324, died 1384. 
 LEONTIUS PILATUS, first introduced the study of Greek among the Latins : 
 
 he taught Petrarch and Boccaccio. 
 
 1361. The second great pestilence in England, from August 
 
 15. to May 3. the folloiving year. 
 Death of Philip of Kouvre, last duke of the first 
 
—1369.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 137 
 
 A.C. 
 
 house of Burgundy ; that duchy is reunited to 
 
 the crown of France. 
 War between Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile, and 
 
 Pedro TV., king of Arragon. 
 Amurath I. takes the whole of Thrace, and fixes 
 
 his residence at Adrianople. [Or, in 1360.] 
 
 1362. The law pleadings in England are changed from 
 
 French to English. 
 Dmitri Donskoy, grand duke of Russia. 
 
 Pope URBAN V. ( William Grimoardi) : he transformed the double 
 into the triple crown still worn by the popes. 
 
 1363. John the Good grants the duchy of Burgundy as a 
 
 fief to his son Philip the Hardy : second house 
 of Burgundy, for a long time formidable to 
 France. 
 First European league against the Turks. The 
 king of Hungary and his allies are defeated near 
 Adrianople. 
 
 1364. CHARLES V. (the Wise), king of France. 
 The Tyrol is given up to the house of Austria. 
 
 FROISSART (died 1401) and MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER, historians. 
 
 1365. Bodolph, archduke of Austria. Foundation of the university 
 
 of Genoa. 
 
 1366. Re-establishment of the doctrines of Aristotle in France. 
 
 1367. Statute of Kilkenny passed under Lionel, duke of 
 
 Clarence, condemning the use of the Irish language 
 
 and customs. 
 Battle of Najara, in Old Castile, wherein Dugues- 
 
 clin is defeated and taken prisoner by the Black 
 
 Prince, and Pedro the Cruel replaced on the 
 
 throne. 
 Urban V. removes to Home, but returns to Avignon in 1370. 
 
 1368. Pedro the Cruel is dethroned and put to death by 
 
 Henry Transtamare, his natural brother, helped 
 by Duguesclin. 
 The Genghiskhanide Moguls are exj^elled from 
 China, after having possessed it for 88 years, 
 
 and Christianity is extinguished there, 
 
 1369. The third great pestilence in England, from July 2. 
 
 to Sept. 29. 
 John Palteologus comes into Italy to seek recon- 
 
138 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1370— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 ciliation with the Latin Church, and ask assist- 
 ance against the Turks. 
 Construction of the Bastille. 
 
 Rise of the dramatic art in France in the form of " Mysteries " and " Moralities." 
 
 1370. Duguesclin takes from the English Guienne, Poitou, 
 
 and Saintonge. 
 Flourishing epoch of the Teutonic and Hanseatic 
 
 Leagues ; the latter is composed of 64 towns. 
 Death of Casimir the Great : end of the Piast kings 
 
 of Poland. 
 TAMERLANE the Mongol (Taimur-Lenk, or 
 
 the Lame), having conquered Hosein, the emir of 
 
 Khorassan, and made Samarcand his capital, 
 
 takes Turkistan, and proceeds to extend his 
 
 conquests. 
 Pope GREGORY XL (Peter Beaufort, called by some Roger). 
 
 1371. EOBEKT IL (Stuart), first king of Scotland of the 
 
 family of the Stuarts, 
 
 1377. Death of Edward III., after a glorious reign of 50 
 
 years. He married Philippa of Hainault, and 
 had 12 children, among whom were Edward the 
 Black Prince ; Lionel, duke of Clarence (ivho 
 died in 1368, leaving an only daughter, married 
 to Edmund Mortimer, earl of March) ; and John 
 of Gaunt, 
 
 H^iCjarlJ M., son of the Black Prince, becomes king 
 of England at the age of II under the regency of 
 his uncles Lancaster, York, and Gloucester. 
 
 Population of England 2,092,798. 
 
 Wickliffe is denounced by the pope as a heretic. 
 
 Rome is once more made the permanent residence of a pope upon the 
 removal of Gregory XL to it from Avignon. [Or, in 1376.] 
 
 1378. WEK'CESLAUS, emperor of Germany: he is de- 
 
 posed in 1400. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN SCHIBW of the rival popes 
 at Rome and Avignon begins : Urban VL (Bartholomew Pig- 
 nand) is elected at Rome, and Clement VLL. (Robert of Geneva), 
 elected at Fondi, settles at Avignon. Clement is acknowledged by 
 France, Spain, Scotland, Sicily, and Cyprus. 
 
 Chaucer (died 1400) and Gower (died 1402) poets. 
 
 1380. CHARLES VL, king of France. Death of Du- 
 guesclin. 
 
—1386.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 139 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The Genoese fleet is defeated by that of the Vene- 
 tians at Chioo-o-ia. 
 
 Joanna I., queen of Naples, deposed by Urban VL, 
 adopts for her successor Louis of Anjou, brother 
 
 of Charles the Wise ; on the other hand Urban VI. gives 
 the kingdom of Naples to Charles de Durazzo, son of Charles the 
 Lame. 
 
 Union of Denmark and Norway, under Queen 
 Margaret, called the Semiramis of the North. 
 
 The Tartars of Kiptshak are defeated near the Don 
 by Dmitri Donskoy, grand duke of Russia. 
 
 The translation of the Bible into English is completed by Wickliffe. 
 [Or, in 1383. J 
 
 1381. Insurrection of the English peasantry under Wat 
 
 Tyler and Jack Straiv. 
 Peace between Venice and Genoa. 
 Charles de Durazzo makes himself master of the 
 
 kingdom of Naples, and puts to death Queen 
 
 Joanna I. 
 
 1382. Charles VI., directed by the constable, Oliver of 
 
 Clisson, gains over the revolted Flemings the 
 battle of Eosbach, in which James of Artevelde 
 is killed. 
 
 1383. Cannon first used in defence of toicns hy the English 
 
 at Calais. {See 1346.) 
 
 Sigismund (brother of Wenceslaus), king of Hun- 
 gary. 
 
 John Bastard usurps the throne of Portugal : be- 
 ginning of the golden era of the Portuguese. 
 
 1384. Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, succeeds to the 
 
 earldom of Flanders. 
 
 1386. Tamerlane subdues the north of Persia, Armenia, 
 
 and Georgia. 
 Amurath conquers Karamania. 
 Jagello, grand duke of Lithuania, is baptized, and 
 
 elected king of Poland under the name of Ula- 
 
 dislaus V. 
 Charles de Durazzo, king of Naples, is assassinated 
 
 in Hungary : his son Ladislaus, Otho, duke of 
 
 Brunswick, and Louis II., son of the duke of 
 
140 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1.388— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Anjou, contend among themselves for the throne 
 of Naples. 
 BATTLE OF SEMPACH, gained by the 
 Swiss over Leopold IL, duke of Austria, who 
 is killed in the action : here Arnold Winkel- 
 RIED sacrifices his life for his country. 
 
 University of Heidelberg founded. 
 
 1388. Battle of Otterburn between Percy (^Hotspur), and 
 
 Douglas, 
 Amurath I. is killed after defeating the Hungarians, 
 
 Servians, Poles, &c., at the battle of Cassova. 
 Battle of N^fels, near Glaris, gained by the Swiss 
 
 over the Austrians. 
 
 1389. Battle of Fahlkoeping, in which Albert, king of 
 
 Sweden, is defeated and taken prisoner by Queen 
 
 Margaret. 
 Bajazet I., emperor of the Turks. 
 Pope BONIFACE IX. {Peter Tomacelli) at Pome : he fixes the 
 
 regular Jubilee to be held every 33rd year. 
 
 1390. KOBEKT IIL, king of Scotland, 
 
 1391. Manuel IL (Palseologus), emperor of the East. 
 Amadeus VIII., first king of Savoy. 
 
 1392. Tamerlane finally conquers Persia, and takes Bag- 
 
 dad ; soon after he defeats the khan of Kiptshak, 
 and advances to Moscow. 
 
 1393. Insanity of Charles YI. : John, duke of Berry, and 
 
 Philip the Hardy, duke of Burgundy, com- 
 petitors of the duke of Orleans, take the regency 
 by force. The constable of Armagnac sustains 
 the pretensions of the duke of Orleans, his son- 
 in-law. Cards are said to have been invented to amuse Cliarles VI. 
 
 during his illness. 
 
 1394. The Jews are banished from France by Charles VI. 
 
 BENEDICT XIII. succeeds Clement VII. as pope at Avignon. 
 KNIGHTON, historian. 
 
 1395. Creation of the duchy of Milan in favour of John 
 
 Galeas Visconti. 
 
 1396. Bajazet I. defeats Sigismund of Hungary and John 
 
 the Fearless of Nevers, at Nicopohs. 
 
 1397. UNION OP CALMAR: Margaret unites in 
 
—1404.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 141 
 
 A.C. 
 
 her person the crowns of Sweden, Norway, and 
 Denmark. 
 Siege of Constantinople by Bajazet ; he is diverted 
 from it, being himself attacked by the famous 
 Tamerlane in 1399. 
 
 The French Church withdraws itself from subjection to either of the 
 rival popes ; and next year king Charles VI. imprisons Bene- 
 dict III. 
 
 1398. Tamerlane subdues part of Hindostan, and takes 
 
 Delhi. 
 
 1399. Richard 11. , king of England, is deposed, and soon 
 
 after {according to some) starved to death. 
 f^tntg Yi^.y duke of Lancaster, succeeds Richard 11. , 
 to the prejudice of Edmund Mortimer, earl of 
 March : hence the house of Lancaster. Origin 
 of the faction of the Two Roses ; the Bed was the 
 
 badge of the Lancastrians, and the White that of the Yorkists ■ 
 
 Order of the Bath instituted in England by 
 Henry IV. 
 
 1400. KOBERT, count palatine, emperor of Germany. 
 
 CHRYSOLARAS, a teacher of Greek in Italy.— ALAIN CHARTRIER, poet 
 and chronicler, secretary to Charles VII. 
 
 1401. 
 
 1401. The first law is passed in England for persecuting those who dis- 
 
 sented from the church of Rome, and the first person burnt on a 
 charge of heresy, viz. William Sawtre. 
 
 1402. Battle of Homeldon Hill, gained by the English 
 
 under the earl of Northumberland and his son 
 Henry Hotspur, over the Scots commanded by 
 Earl Douglas, who is taken prisoner. 
 BAJAZET IS TAKEN PRISONER BY 
 TAMERLANE IN THE DECISIVE 
 BATTLE OP ANGORA. Soliman I., em- 
 peror of the Ottoman Turks. The Seljukians 
 recover Karamania. (See 1386.) 
 
 The Canaries are rediscovered by John Bethencourt, a Norman, and are seized 
 by the Spaniards in 1420. 
 
 1403. Battle of Shreivsbury between the earl of Northum- 
 
 berland and the royal forces, in which Hotspur is 
 killed. 
 
 1404. John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy. — Civil 
 
142 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1405— 
 
 A,C. * 
 
 war in France caused by tlie factions of the Biir- 
 gundians and the Orleanais, or Armagnacs. 
 Pope INNOCENT VII. {Cosmato Megliorati), at Borne. 
 
 1405. Death of Tamerlane on his way to conquer China. 
 
 1406. JAMES I., kinff of Scotland, 
 
 Pisa passes under the dominion of the Florentines. 
 
 Pope GEE GORY XII. (^Angela Corario), at Rome. 
 
 1407. The duke of Orleans is assassinated by John the 
 
 Fearless. New troubles in France. 
 
 1408. JOHN HUSS, a disciple of Wickliffe, begins to preach a reformation 
 
 in Bohemia. 
 
 1409. Owen Glendoicer of Wales is expelled hy Henry IV. 
 The Genoese assume their independence and mas- 
 sacre the French. 
 
 COUNCIL OF PISA called for terminating the papal schism. 
 Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. (see 1394) are deposed, and 
 ALEXANDER V. (Peter de Candia) elected. 
 
 University of Leipsic founded by Frederic tiie Warlike, afterwards elector of 
 Saxony. 
 
 1410. SI GrlSMUND, emperor of Germany. 
 
 Death of the Sultan Soliman I. : war of his sons 
 
 Musa and Mahomet I. 
 Pope JOHN XXIII. (^Balthasar Cossa) appointed successor to 
 
 Alexander V. 
 
 1411. The duke of Orleans calls the English to his assist- 
 
 ance against the Burgundians. 
 
 The university of St. Andrew's in Scotland is founded. 
 
 1412. Sicily is reunited to the kingdom of Arragon. 
 Eric (the Pomeranian), king of the united kingdoms 
 
 of the North. 
 
 Algebra taugtit in Europe by the Arabs. 
 
 1413. I^trxvg Yf,f hing of England, succeeds his father 
 
 Henry IV.) who had married Mary of Bohemia. Their other children 
 were, Thomas, duke of Clarence ; John, duke of Bedford ; Humphrey, 
 duke of Gloucester ; Blanche of Castile, duchess of Bavaria ; Philippa, queen 
 
 of Denmark Several Lollards or Wickliffites were in this reign 
 
 condemned to death for their opinions. 
 
 Mahomet I., emperor of the Turks ; he expels the 
 Seljukians from Karamania. (See 1386 and 
 1402.) 
 
 Ladislaus, king of Naples, makes himself master of 
 Rome ; flight of Pope John XXIII. 
 
 1414. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE, which lasts 4 years. This 
 
 council decides that a pope is subject to a general council, and by 
 
—1420.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 143 
 
 A.C. 
 
 it John XXIII. in 1415, and Benedict XIII. in 1417, are de- 
 prived of the pontificate, and Gregory XII. voluntarily resigns. 
 TTius ends the Great Schism, virtually at least, though not form- 
 ally until 1429, when ClementVIII,, successor of Benedict, resigns 
 his claim to Martin V. 
 JOHN GERSON, a theologian, patron of Nominalism. 
 
 1415. BATTLE OP AGINCOUHT, in ichich 
 Henry V. defeats the French under the Constable 
 d'Albret. 
 
 The electorate of Brandenburg is conferred on 
 Frederic of Hohenzollern^ burgrave of Nurem- 
 burg, and ancestor of the royal house of Prussia. 
 
 Capture of Ceuta by the Portuguese. 
 
 JOHN HUSS is condemned by the council of Constance, and burnt 
 alive (July 6), in violation of the safe-conduct granted him by 
 the emperor. On the lUh of June the famous decree is 
 passed, " that the Sacred Supper should be administered to 
 the laity in the element of bread only." 
 
 •1416. JEROME OF V^KG\jB, one of the most zealous partisans of 
 John Huss, is condemned by the council of Constance, and burnt 
 alive, May 30 ; beginning of the religious troubles in Bohemia. 
 
 1417. Lord Cobham is burnt alive in London. 
 
 Civil war of the Cabillauds and Hame^ons in 
 Holland. 
 
 Pope MARTIN F. {Otto Colonna), acknowledged by the council of 
 Constance. 
 
 1418. Alliance of the duke of Burgundy icith Henry V. of 
 
 England. Isabella of Bavaria, wife of Charles V^I., 
 joins the enemies of France, 
 War of the Hussites in Bohemia : John Ziska their 
 leader. 
 
 1419. John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is assassi- 
 
 nated, and succeeded by his son John the Good. 
 Death of Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia ; his brother 
 the Emperor Sigismund, succeeds him. 
 
 1420. Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V. of England 
 
 is made regent of France, and heir to the throne, 
 to the exclusion of the dauphin. There are in 
 France at the same time two kings, two queens, 
 two regents, and two parliaments. 
 The Bohemians revolt from Sigismund. — Schism 
 
 among the Hussites ; they are divided into two factions : the 
 Caliztines, who derived their name from the calix or cup, and 
 
144 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l42l- 
 
 A.C, 
 
 the Tahorites, who derived their name from Mount Tahor, in 
 Bohemia. 
 The island of Madeira is discovered by the Portuguese. (See 1345.) 
 
 1421. The duke of Clarence, Henry V.^s brother, is slain 
 
 in a skirmish icith a body of Scotch troops in the 
 
 pay of the dauphin. 
 John VI. (Palaeologus), joint emperor of the East. 
 Great inundation in Holland : 72 towns or villages 
 
 are overflowed. 
 
 1422. I^enrj) UII. {only son of Henry V., born in 1421) 
 
 is proclaimed king of England and France. His 
 uncle the duke of Gloucester holds the regency of 
 England, and his other uncle, the duke of Bedford, ' 
 that of France. — James L, king of Scotland, is 
 liberated from captivity by the English. 
 
 CHARLES VII., king of France, is crowned at 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Amurath II., emperor of the Turks, besieges Con- 
 stantinople, but is obliged to raise the siege the 
 following year. 
 
 1423. Battle of Cravant in Burgundy, gained by the 
 
 English : Xaintrailles is taken prisoner. 
 Sigismund confers the electorate of Saxony on 
 
 Frederic the Warlike, margrave of Misnia. 
 Joanna II., queen of Naples, adopts Louis III. of 
 
 Anjou. 
 
 1424. The French and Scots are defeated by the English at 
 
 Verneuil. 
 Death of John Ziska. Procopius Easa is chosen 
 for his successor. 
 
 1425. The Court of Session in Scotland is instituted by 
 
 James I. 
 John VII. (Palaeologus), emperor of the East. 
 Vassili Vassiliewitch, grand duke of Russia. 
 
 MONSTRELET, a French historian, d. 1453— LEONARDO ARETINO, an 
 Italian historian, d. 1443. 
 
 1429. JOAN OP ARC {the Maid of Orleans) compels 
 
 the English to raise the siege of that town. 
 Charles VII. is crowned at Bheims. 
 
 1430. Foundation of the order of the Golden Fleece by 
 
 Philip the Good. 
 
—1438.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 145 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1431. Joan of Arc is burned alive in the market place of 
 Rouen by the duke of Bedford. 
 COUNCIL OF BASIL for the reformation of the church assem- 
 bled under Martin V., who dies in February, and is succeeded in 
 March by Pope Eugene IV. ( Gabriel Condolmeri). This council 
 renews the decision of that of Constance respecting the authority 
 of councils over popes. 
 
 Rise of the Medici family in Florence : Cosmo, 
 surnamed the Ancient and the Father of his 
 country, is at the head of that republic for 30 
 
 years : he promotes learning, and especially the Platonic philosophy. 
 The Portuguese discover the Azores. 
 
 1433. Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, adds to his 
 
 dominions Hainault, Holland, and Friesland. 
 
 1434. Military order of the Annunciation, instituted by 
 
 Amadeus VIII. , duke of Savoy. 
 Ladislaus VI. (son of Jagello), king of Poland. 
 
 1435. Treaty of Arras between Charles VII. and Philip 
 
 the Good of Burgundy, who forsakes the cause 
 of the English, and joins Charles VII. ; the duke 
 of Bedford dies of grief in consequence. 
 Death of Joanna II. ; extinction of the house of 
 Anjou at Naples. 
 
 The fishing of herrings is commenced by the Dutch. 
 
 1436. The French recover Paris, after it had been 16 years 
 
 in the hands of the English. 
 Naval victory of the Genoese over the king of 
 Arragon. 
 
 1437. JAMES II., king of Scotland, his father James I. 
 
 being assassinated. 
 Death of Sigismund ; his son-in-law Albert II., of 
 the house of Hapsburg (Austria), is elected 
 king of Bohemia. 
 
 1438. ALBERT II. is elected emperor of Germany and 
 
 king of Hungary. 
 Alphonso V. (the African), king of Portugal, carries 
 
 on war against the Moors. 
 The Second PRAGMATIC SANCTION (see 1269) established 
 
 by Charles VII ; it forms the basis of the liberties and rights 
 
 of the Gallican church. 
 Eugene IV. in person opens the council he had summoned to meet at 
 
 Ferrara, which next year is removed to Florence. 
 L 
 
146 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [1489-- 
 
 A C. 
 
 1439. Schism of Jiasil : dcposUion of Enrjenc IV. hy the council of that 
 
 'place, a,nd election of FELIX V. {Amadeus VIII. of Savoy). 
 —COUNCIL OF FLORENCE under Eugene : the Greek and 
 Latin churches are reunited for a short /me. — GEMISTIUS 
 PLETHO introduces the Platonic philosopliy among the Latins. 
 
 1440. FREDERIC II. (the Peaceful), emperor of Ger- 
 
 many. 
 
 Christopher the Bavarian, king of the united king- 
 doms of tlie North. 
 
 The African Slave Trade commences. 
 
 INVENTION ()!•' I'llINTING. JOHN COSTER, of Haerlom, printed from 
 wooden blocks a ))ook of images and letters in I'l.'iH (14:50 V). JOHN 
 FA UST esl.il)lifihed a printing ofliee at Mcntz, and priiitc-d the " 'LVaetatus 
 Petri llis|)aiii" in 1'1'1'2; h(t is said to havr; invented caHt types in Hr)0. 
 JOHN (iUTTI'^Ninilfc; iiivcnlslorK<'<linetal types al, StrashurK in l'i:{(i(V); 
 Ik' used them in printing the ('ailiftst <;(lilii>n of th(! l',il)le, from H'Hto 
 14t;0. J'E'i'EK S(JllyKl'i''l!;KofStrashurg, first cast tn(;tal types in matrices, 
 and is therefore the inventor of complete printing in 14.'32. 
 
 1443. Alphonso V., king of Arragon, makes himself 
 
 master of the kingdom of Naples. 
 John Castriot (Scandcrbeg) makes himself prince 
 of Albania, having recovered it from Amurath II. 
 
 1444. BATTLE OF VAUNA, gained by the Turks 
 
 over Ladislaus YI., king of Poland, who dies in 
 
 the action. Ladislaus the Posthumous, king of 
 
 Hungary. 
 Battle of Ht. James near Basle: the Swiss defeat 
 
 the army of the Armagnacs. 
 Kc -establishment of a permanent militia in France. 
 
 1446. Great inundation of the sea in ITolland; it bursts 
 
 the sluices near Dortrecht, and 100,000 persons 
 arc drowned. 
 
 1447. Amurath IL besieges Croja with 100,000 men, but 
 
 is compelled by Scandcrbeg to raise the siege. 
 Death of Philip Visconti, duke of Milan, the last of 
 
 the family of the Yiscontis. Rise of the Sforza 
 
 family at Milan. 
 Casimir IV., king of Poland. 
 Eugene IV. is succeeded hy Pope Nicholas V. (Thomas of Surzand), 
 
 who founds the library of the Vatican in 1448. 
 
 1448. Constantino XI. (Palseologus), the last emperor of 
 
 the East. 
 Charles Cnutson is elected king of Sweden under 
 the name of Charles VIII. 
 
—1453.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 147 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Accession of the house of Holstein to the throne of 
 Denmark in the person of Christian I. 
 
 1449. End of the schism of Basil: Felix V. resigns his pontificate, and 
 Nicholas V. ratifies the acts of the council of Basil, and remains 
 sole pope. 
 
 1451. Mahomet 11., emperor of the Turks, son and suc- 
 
 cessor of Amurath II. 
 Reunion of the ancient peerages to the crown of 
 France. Decline of the feudal system. — Glasgow 
 
 obtains its charters from James II., and its university is founded. — 
 ALBERTI OF lUMINI, architect of churches.— MAJANO, architect of 
 the palace of St. Mario. 
 
 1452. Creation of the duchies of Modena and Reggio 
 
 (afterwards joined to that of Ferrara), in favour 
 of the Marquis Borsa of Este. 
 
 1453. Battle of Chatillon in Guienne, gained hy Dunois 
 
 over the English, wherein the hrave Talhot and his 
 
 son Lord Lisle are killed. 
 END OF THE ENGLISH DOMINION IN 
 
 FRANCE : they retain only Calais. 
 EXTINCTION OF THE EASTERN OR 
 
 GREEK EMPIRE. Mahomet II. takes 
 
 Constantinople after a long siege in which Con- 
 
 Stantine XI. is killed. — a great number of Grecian literati 
 take refuge in Italy: among them are: JOHN ARGYROPYLUS, an 
 Aristotelian, preceptor to Peter, son of Tosmo di Medici, and GEORGE 
 HERMONYMUS or CHARITON YMUS, who taught Greek at Pari?. 
 — GEORGE CODINUS (Curopalates), historian. — LAURENTIUS 
 VALLA, theologian and classical critic, d. 1465— THOMAS A KEMPIS, 
 theologian, supposed author of the '• Imitation of Christ," which was 
 really written in P'rench hy one John Gerson, d. 1481. — NICOLAUS 
 CUSANUS, theologian and mathematician, b. 1401, d. 1464 — ANTONIU.S 
 DE RUSELLIS, jurist at Pavia, d. 1467. He wrote " Monarchia," a trea- 
 tise to prove that the popes had no higher jurisdiction than any other 
 bishops.— JENEAS SYLVIUS (Pope Pius II.), historian and cosmographer, 
 d. 1464. 
 
 L 2 
 
148 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1454— 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1454. Richard, duke of York, is appointed protector of 
 
 England, 
 Establishment of the Inquisition at Venice. 
 
 1455. Battle of St. Albania gained hy the duke of York : 
 
 Henry VI. is taken prisoner, and Somerset is 
 killed. 
 
 Pope CALIXTUS III. (Alphonso Borgia). — POGGIO, historian and 
 classical critic, d. 1459.— GEORGE OF PURBACH, matliematician, im- 
 prover of trigonometry— GEORGE SCHOLARIUS (otiierwise GENNA- 
 DIUS), a defender of the Greek church against the Latins. 
 
 1456. The Turks besiege Belgrade, and are defeated by 
 
 John Hunniades. 
 
 1457. Christian I., king of Denmark, is acknowledged 
 
 king of the Union of the North. 
 
 The Bohemian or MORAVIAN Brethren form their sect from the 
 tenets of the Tahorites, a branch of the ancient Hussites. 
 
 1458. John II., king of Navarre, becomes king of Arragon 
 
 and Sicily after the death of his brother Al- 
 phonso V. 
 
 Matthias Corvinus, son of Hunniades, is elected 
 king of Hungary. 
 
 George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia. 
 
 Pope PIUS II. (uSHneas Sylvius Piccolomini. ) 
 
 Engraving on copper invented by TOMASO FINIGUERRA, a goldsmith of 
 Florence. [Or, in 14G0.]— DONATELLO, a sculptor of Florence. 
 
 1459. Mahomet II. conquers Servia, Bosnia, Albania, 
 
 Greece, and the whole Peloponnesus or Morea, 
 as well as most of the islands of the Archipelago. 
 
 1460. JAMES III., king of Scotland : his father James II. 
 
 is killed at the siege of Roxburgh Castle. — Battle 
 of Northampton gained by Warivick {July 10.); 
 Henry VI. is again taken prisoner. Battles of 
 Wakefield (in which the duke of York is killed, 
 Dec. 24.) and of St. Albans gained by Margaret 
 of Anjou. 
 
—1468.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 14^ 
 
 Conquest of Thurgau by the Swiss. 
 
 The Portuguese discover the Cape Verde Islands. 
 
 CARDINAL BESSARION, a learned promoter of the Platonic philosophy, 
 d. 1472. — GEORGE PHRANZA, LAONICUS CHALCONDYLAS, and 
 DUCAS, historians. — GEORGE TRAPEZUNTIUS and THEODORE 
 GAZA, translators of Greek authors into Latiu. 
 
 1461. ([BtllnartI JIT. assumes the title of king. He was son 
 
 of Richard duke of Yoi^k, lineally descended from 
 
 Lionel, duke of Clarence, second son of Edward 
 
 III, ; hence the house of York, 
 BATTLE OP TOWTON gained by Edward IV. 
 
 over the Lancastrians. 
 L O UIS XL, king of France. 
 Discovery of Guinea by the Portuguese. 
 
 1462. Ivan III. (the Autocrat), otherwise John Basi- 
 
 lovitz, grand duke of Russia. 
 
 1464. Lord Montacute, brother of the earl of Warwick, 
 
 gains over Margaret of Anjou the battles of Hedgely 
 
 and Hexham. 
 Henry IV. of Castile is deposed. 
 Peter I. of Medici, son of Cosmo I., gonfaloniere 
 
 or chief of Florence. 
 
 Tope PA UL III. {Peter Barbo) : he fixes the Jubilee to be held 
 
 every 25th year. 
 Stages, diligences, and posts, established by Louis XL in France. 
 
 1465. The infamous ''Head Act^^ is passed at Trim in 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 1466. Peace of Thorn : Prussia is divided between Poland 
 
 and the Teutonic Order. 
 The Greek empire of Trebisond is conquered by 
 the Turks ; its last emperor, David Comnenus, 
 is killed. 
 
 1467. Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. 
 
 Order of the Minimi founded by FRANCIS OF PAULO. 
 
 1468. The Orkney and Shetland islands are given to James 
 
 HI. of Scotland as the dowry of the daughter of 
 
 Christian of Denmark. 
 Louis XL is taken prisoner by Charles the Bold 
 
 at their meeting at Peronne. 
 Chastisement of the inhabitants of Liege for their 
 
 revolt from Charles. 
 Henry IV. (the Powerless) is compelled to acknow- 
 
 L 3 
 
150 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, [1469— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 ledge his sister Isabella heiress to the throne of 
 Castile. 
 
 1469. Ferdinand V. (the Catholic), son of the king of 
 
 Arragon, marries Isabella of Castile. 
 Louis XI. receives from the pope the title of " Most 
 Christian " King, retained from that time by the 
 kings of France. The Cardinal John de la 
 Balue^ a favourite of Louis XL, is disgraced and 
 imprisoned. 
 
 1470. Warwick restores Henry VI. to the throne of Eng- 
 
 land. 
 Mahomet II. takes the island of Negropont or Eu- 
 boea from the Venetians. 
 
 Printing at Paris. — JOHN MULLER of Kcenigsberg (otherwise REGIO- 
 MONTANUS), improver of trigonometry, d. 1476— RUDOLPHUS AGRI- 
 COLA, tiieologian and classical critic, d. 1485. — B. PLATINA, author of 
 the lives of the popes, d. 1481. —JOHN WESSELof Groningen, theologian, 
 d. 1489. — PHILELPHUS, historian and moral philosopher, d. 1480. 
 
 1471. BATTLE OF BABMET, in which Wanvick 
 
 the " king-maker " is defeated and killed by the 
 forces of Edward JF". — BATTLE OP 
 TEWKESBURY, in which Margaret is de- 
 feated by Edivard IV. — Prince Ediuard of Lan- 
 caster is murdered by Clarence and Gloucester. — - 
 Death of Henry VI. 
 
 Ladislaus II., king of Bohemia. 
 
 Steno Sture governs Sweden with the title of ad- 
 ministrator. 
 
 Pope SIXTUS IV. {Francis de Albescolo or De la Rover a') -.famous 
 for his nepotism, 
 
 1472. Lorenzo di Medici (the Magnificent), governor-in- 
 
 chief of the republic of Florence. 
 
 1473. Louis XL prohibits Nominalism, but revokes the prohibition in 1481. 
 
 1474. Death of Henry TV., king of Castile : his sister 
 
 Isabella, wife of Ferdinand the Catholic, suc- 
 ceeds him. 
 
 1475. Edward IV. invades France. Peace of Picquigni 
 
 purchased by the French. 
 
 1476. BATTLES OP GBAHSON AHD MORAT 
 
 gained by the Swiss over Charles the Bold. 
 The following year the Swiss defeat him at 
 Nancy, where he is killed. 
 
—1484.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 151 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Alphonso V. of Portugal is defeated at Toro by 
 Ferdinand the Catholic. 
 
 1478. Marriage of Maximilian of Austria with Maria, 
 
 daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold. The 
 duchy of Burgundy and the Netherlands pass 
 under the dominion of the house of Austria. 
 Consj)iracy of the Piazzi and the Salviatti against 
 Julian and Lorenzo di Medici : Julian is killed. 
 
 Cliristian I., king of Denmark, institutes thie Order of tlie Elephant. — Watches 
 are said to be invented at Nuremberg. [Or, in 1497.] 
 
 1479. Ferdinand and Isabella unite the kingdoms of 
 
 Arragon and Castile. 
 Russia is freed from subjection to the Tartars by 
 Ivan Basilovitz, or John III. the Great. (See 
 1237.) 
 
 1480. Otranto is taken by the Turks, and is soon after 
 
 recovered. 
 
 HERMOLAUS BARBARUS, classical critic and translator, d. 1494.— MAR- 
 SILIUS FluINUS, translator of Plato under the auspices of Lorenzo di 
 Medici, d. 1499. 
 
 1481. Bajazet II., emperor of the Turks: Zizim his 
 
 competitor. 
 
 Provence is reunited to France. 
 
 John II., king of Portugal. 
 
 Friburg and Soleure enter into the Swiss Con- 
 federation. 
 
 Ferdhiand and Isabella establish the Inquisition in Spain : Torque- 
 
 mada, grand inquisitor from 1483. 
 Death of Thomas LORD LYTTLETON, the jurist. 
 
 1483. Death of Edward IV., king of England: his two 
 
 sons, ^tltoattf U, and Richard, are murdered in 
 the Tower hy order of their uncle, ^^tcjattf 3I3I]I., 
 duke of Gloucester, the Protector, who ascends 
 the throne, 
 
 Edward IV. had married Elizabeth Wydville : their eldest daughter married the 
 earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VU.— Population of England, 4,689,000. 
 
 CHARLES VIIL, king of France; Anne of 
 Beaujeu regent. — Catherine of Albret, queen 
 of Navarre. 
 
 John, king of Denmark, is elected king of the 
 Union of the North. 
 
 1484. The house of Saxony is divided between the Al- 
 
 bertine and Ernestine branches. 
 Pope INNOCENT VIIL {John Baptist Cibo). 
 
 L 4 
 
152 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [l485— 
 
 1485. BATTLE OP BOSWOHTH {August 22nd\ 
 
 in lohich Richard III. is defeated and killed by 
 Henry, earl of Richmond, loho takes the title of 
 
 l^euru Ftt — l^ouse of '^utror. — TAe loars 
 
 of the Roses, after desolating England for more 
 than 30 years, are ended by the marriage of 
 Henry VII. with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 
 IV. 
 
 1486. Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese, discovers the 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, which he then called 
 the "Stormy Cape." (See 1497.) 
 
 1487. Battle of Stoke, in which the impostor Simnel is 
 
 defeated by Henry VII. 
 
 1488. JAMES IV., king of Scotland: his father James 
 
 III. was killed in a revolt of his subjects at Ban- 
 nockburn. 
 Battle of St. Aubin in Brittany, gained by Louis 
 de la Tremouille over the duke of Orleans. 
 
 1489. The family of the Lusignans cease to reign in 
 
 Cyprus : the island is given up to the Venetians. 
 
 Savonarola begins to preach a reformation at Florence, ' 
 
 1490. Death of Matthias Corvinus : Ladislaus of Poland, 
 
 king of Bohemia, is elected king of Hungary. 
 
 JOHN PICUS of Mirandola, a learned Platonist, d. 1494. — JOHN REUCH- 
 LIN, promoter of the study of Hebrew, d. 1522._PONTANUS, poet and 
 historian.— PHILIP DE COMINES, historian, d. 1509.— ANGELO PO- 
 LITIAN, classical scholar and translator, d. 1493. 
 
 1492. END OP THE KINGDOM OF THE 
 
 MOORS IN SPAIN : Granada is taken by 
 Ferdinand after a siege of 8 months. 
 
 The Jews, to the number of 150,000, are also ex- 
 pelled from Spain. 
 
 DISCOYEHY OP AMERICA BY CHRIS- 
 TOPHER COLUMBUS, a native of Genoa, 
 
 in the service of Spain. He sailed from Spaln Aug. 3., and 
 
 Oct. 12. discovered Guanahani or St. Salvador, one of the "West Indies. 
 
 Peter di Medici succeeds Lorenzo at Florence. 
 Ivan III. (the Autocrat) becomes master of the 
 
 whole of Russia. 
 Pope ALEXANDER VI. (Roderic Borgia) the pontifical Nero. 
 
 1493. MAXIMILIAN I., emperor of Germany. 
 Caesar Borgia receives the cardinal's hat. 
 
—1499.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 153 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Second voyage of Columbus, he discovers the Ca- 
 ribbean islands. 
 
 1494. Expedition of Charles YIII. of France into Naples, 
 
 during which he takes Rome. 
 
 The ALDINE printing-press is established at Venice by Aldo. 
 
 1495. Diet of "Worms wherein the Perpetual Public 
 
 Peace in Germany is drawn up: institution of 
 the Imperial Chamber : creation of the duchy of 
 Wirtemberg. 
 
 Charles VIIL, being opposed by a confederacy of 
 the Italian princes, with the Emperor Maximilian 
 at their head, is obliged to abandon his con- 
 quests : he secures his retreat by his victory 
 over the allies at Foronuovo. 
 
 Ferdinand II., king of Naples. 
 
 Emmanuel, king of Portugal. 
 
 1496. Neicfoundland discovered by Sebastian Cabot, — 
 
 Marriage of Philip, archduke of Austria, with 
 Joanna the Mad, daughter and heiress of Fer- 
 dinand Y. (the Catholic). 
 Frederic of Arragon, king of Naples. 
 
 1497. The Portuguese, under Yasco de Gama, double 
 
 the Cape of Good Hope and sail to the East 
 Indies. (See 1486.) 
 
 1498. LOUIS XIL, king of France, surnamed the 
 
 Father of his people. Cardinal Amboise, his 
 
 prime minister. 
 Ciesar Borgia is created duke of Yalentinois by 
 
 Louis XII. 
 Third voyage of Christopher Columbus, in which 
 
 he discovers the American continent. 
 Yasco di Gama lands in the East Indies at Calicut, 
 
 on the Malabar coast. 
 SAVONAROLA is burned at Ferrara by Pope Alexander VI. for 
 
 preaching against the vices of the clergy. 
 
 1499. Louis XII. marries Anne of Brittany, widow of 
 
 Charles YIII., and invades Italy. 
 
 Peace of Basil : the Swiss are acknowledged in- 
 dependent of the empire. 
 
 Amerigo Yesputio, a Florentine merchant, lands 
 
154 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l500— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 in Soutli America, and gives his own name to 
 tlie New Continent. — demetrius chalcondylas 
 
 publishes at Florence the Greek Lexicon of Suidas. 
 
 1500. The French under Trevulzio take the Milanese 
 from Louis Sforza the Moor. 
 Discovery of Brazil by Alvares Cabral, a Por- 
 tuguese. — Birth of Charles V. at Ghent. His 
 
 father was Philip, archduke of Austria (son of the Emperor Maximilian 1.): 
 his mother Joanna the Mad, the only heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 1501. 
 
 1501. Steno Sture the Elder resumes the administration 
 
 of Sweden, and John, son of Christian L, retires 
 
 to his kingdom of Denmark. 
 Basil and Schaffhausen are admitted into the Swiss 
 
 Confederation. 
 Alexander, king of Poland. 
 ISMAEL SoPHi founds a new empire in Persia, 
 
 and establishes there the Shiite in opposition to the Sonnite form of Islam- 
 ism : hence the enmity of the Persians and Turks. The Shiites admit the 
 Koran alone, and reject tradition. 
 
 1502. Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII, of England, 
 
 marries James IV. of Scotland. 
 Fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus to Ame- 
 rica : he enters the Gulf of Honduras. 
 
 1503. Battle of Seminare in Calabria, lost by the French 
 
 (Friday, April 21.). Battle of Cerignole, in 
 which Gonsalvo of Cordova, the Spanish general, 
 defeats the Chevalier Bayard and the duke of 
 Nemours, who is killed in the action (Friday, 
 April 28.) : the kingdom of Naples, with the 
 exception of the town of Gaeta, falls into the 
 hands of the Spaniards. 
 Alfonso, duke of Albuquerque, viceroy of the 
 Portuguese establishments in the East Indies. 
 
 Pope PIUS III. (Francis Piccolomini). Pope JULIUS II. (Julian 
 della Rover e^'. he was the friend and patron of Michael Angela 
 and Baphael. 
 
 1504. Death of Isabella ; her son-in-law Philip, archduke 
 
 of Austria, inherits Castile. 
 Charles III. (the Good), duke of Savoy. 
 "War between Venice and the Turks. 
 
—1512.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 155 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Vassili IV. (or V.), grand duke of Russia; he 
 obtains the title of emperor from Maximilian I, ; 
 during his reign he takes Smolensko from the 
 Poles, and destroys the republic of Pskof 
 
 Francis Almeida, a Portuguese governor of the 
 East Indies. 
 
 1506. CHURCH OF ST. PETER at Rome is commenced by Pope 
 
 JULIUS II. — Death of Christopher Columbus. — The sugar cane is 
 first planted in Hispaniola, being brought from the Canaries. 
 
 1507. Louis XII. subdues the revolted Genoese. 
 Sigismund I., king of Poland, reigns gloriously for 
 
 41 years. 
 Madagascar is discovered by the Portuguese. - 
 
 1508. LEAGUE OP CAMBRAY formed against the 
 
 Venetians by Pope Julius II., Louis XII., 
 Ferdinand V., Maximilian I., and the duke of 
 Savoy. 
 
 1509. Death of Henry VII. , king of England. He married 
 
 Elizabeth of York. Their children were, Arthur, who married Catherine of 
 Arragon, and died young ; Henry VTII. his successor: Margaret, married, 
 first, James of Scotland, and, secondly, Douglas, earl of Angus; Mary, mar- 
 ried, first, Louis XII. of France, and, secondly, Charles Brandon, duke of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 I^tnrg FIM., Mug of England. 
 
 The Venetians are defeated at Agnadello by 
 Louis XII. and the Chevalier Bayard. — The 
 Florentines take Pisa, after a siege of 4 years. 
 
 Cardinal Ximenes conquers Oran in Africa. 
 
 TRITHEMIUS, ANGLERIUS, and CRANTZ, historians. — GAWIN 
 DOUGLAS,poet.— LEONARDO DA VINCI, founder of modern painting, 
 d. 1519.— RAPHAEL, head of the Roman school of painting, d. 1520 ; and 
 ALBERT DURER, of the Flemish.— GIORGONE, Venetian painter. 
 
 1511. Council assembled at Pisa and Milan against the pope by Louis XII. 
 
 and the emperor. 
 
 HOLY LEAGUE between Henry VIII., the 
 Emperor Maximilian I., the Pope, Venice, 
 Spain, and Switzerland, against Louis XII., 
 king of France. 
 
 Albuquerque conquers Goa, and makes it the 
 capital of the Portuguese settlements in the 
 East Indies. 
 
 Cuba is conquered by the Spaniards. 
 
 1512. Battle of Ravenna gained by the French, under 
 
 Gaston de Foix, over Julius II., Ferdinand, and 
 the Venetians. 
 
156 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [l513— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Maximilian Sforza is reinstated in the duchy of 
 
 Milan. 
 Diet of Cologne ; institution of the Aulic Council ; 
 
 Germany is divided into 10 circles. 
 Selim 1.5 son and murderer of Bajazet, succeeds him. 
 
 1513. BATTLE OP PLODDEN {Sep. U.), fatal to 
 
 the Scots, in ivhick their king, James IV., is 
 killed. — The English defeat the French in the 
 battle of the Spurs : the duke of Longueville and 
 Chevalier Bayard are taken prisoners. — Cardinal 
 Wolsey prime minister of Henry VIII. 
 
 JAMES v., king of Scotland. 
 
 Battle of Novara gained by the Swiss over the 
 French. — Appenzell is joined to the Swiss Con- 
 federation, composed of 13 cantons. 
 
 Christian 11., king of Denmark and Norway. 
 
 Pope LEO X. (John di Medici), patron of the fine arts, employs 
 the illustrious painter and architect Raphael, in finishing the 
 church of St. Peter at Pome. — Nugnez Balboa discovers the Pacific 
 Ocean near Panama. 
 
 1514. Death of Anne of Bretagne, wife of Louis XIL : 
 
 he marries Mary, Henry VIII.'' s sister. 
 Selim I. defeats the Persians, and destroys the 
 town of Tauris (Tabriz). 
 
 1515. Death of Louis XIL, the last of the Yalois 
 
 Orleans. 
 FRANCIS L, count of Angouleme, first of the 
 house of the Valois Angouleme. — Battle of 
 Marignano in which the French, under Tri- 
 vulzio, defeat the Swiss, and take possession of 
 
 the Milanese. Leo X. persuades Francis I. to abolish the 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction given by Charles VII. (in 1438), and to 
 substitute in its place the Concordate. 
 
 1516. Charles I. of Spain (afterwards Emperor Charles 
 
 V.) succeeds Ferdinand the Catholic (his grand- 
 father on his mother's side), who reigned over 
 Spain, the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, the Nether- 
 lands, and Franche Comte. Cardinal Ximenes, 
 
 prime minister ; who caused to be completed at Alcala 
 (Complutum) in 1517, the famous COMPLUTENSIAN 
 POLYGLOT BIBLE. 
 Lewis II., king of Hungary and Bohemia. 
 
—1520.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 157 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Algiers. 
 
 Zwingle, at Einsiedlin, in Switzerland, preaches against the cor- 
 ruptions of the church of Home, especially/ Indulgences. 
 
 1517. THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY 
 
 BEGUN BY LUTHER, an Augustine monk and 
 professor at Wittemberg, who in this year publicly attacks the 
 sale of Indulgences. Frederic the Wise, elector of Saxony, is his 
 protector. 
 
 The Turks put an end to the reign of the Mame- 
 lukes in Egypt. 
 
 Las Casas obtains from Ferdinand permission to 
 import SLAVES from Africa to America. 
 
 ERASMUS, born at Rotterdam, 1467, d. 1536, the chief promoter of learning in 
 thisage.-AVENTINUS, LUDOVICUS VIVES, and Dean COLET of 
 
 London, friends of Erasmus Cardinal CAJETAN (Thomas de Vio of 
 
 Gffita), theologian and commentator, b. 1J69, d. 1534.— MACHIAVELLI, a 
 Florentine historian and author of "The Prince," b. 1469, d. 1527. — 
 ARIOSTO, poet, author of "Orlando Furioso," b. 1474, d, 1533. — TRIS- 
 
 SINO, b. 1478, d. 15.50, the first epic poet who used a modern language 
 
 Henry Cornelius AGRIPPA, mystical philosopher and Plutonist, b. 1486, d. 
 
 1535 William LILY, first master of St. Paul's School, author of the 
 
 "Latin Grammar," b. 1466, d. 1522.— MICHAEL ANGELO, head of the 
 Florentine school of painting, b. 1474, d. 1563. — TITIAN, chief of the 
 Venetian school, b. 1477. d. 1576.— ANDRE DEL S A RTO, painter.— James 
 HOCHSTRATEN, Romish theologian, opponent of Reuchlin and Luther. 
 — PIRCKHEIMER, a learned civilian of Nuremberg, d. 1530.— CAKO- 
 
 LOSTADT (Andrew Bodenstein\ theologian at Wittemberg LATIMER, 
 
 theologian and preacher in England, b. 1470, d. 15.54. 
 
 1518. Luther meets Cajetan at Augsburg. — Melancthon becomes professor 
 
 of Greek at Wittemberg. 
 
 1519. CHARLES V., emperor of Germany on the death 
 
 of Maximilian. 
 Expedition of Ferdinando Cortez against Mexico. 
 — First voyage round the world undertaken by 
 Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain. 
 He discovers and sails through the straits that 
 bear his name, and gives to the new ocean he 
 enters the name of" Pacific Ocean." (See 1513.) 
 
 Discussion between Eck, Carolostadt, and Luther at Leipsic. — Olaus 
 Peterson and his brother Laurent, Luther^s disciples, preach the 
 reformed religion in Sweden and Denmark. — Zwingle procures 
 the expulsion fro7n Zurich of Bernardin Sampson, agent for the 
 sale of indulgences. 
 
 Death of Dean Colet, the founder of St. Paul's school. 
 
 1520. Interview between Henry VIII. and Frauds I. near 
 
 Ardres, called the " Field of the Cloth of Gold:' 
 Insurrection of Castile : John Padilla. 
 Christiern 11., king of the Union of the itsTorth : 
 Massacre of Stockholm by Christiern and Arch- 
 bishop TroUo. Ei'ic Vasa, father of Gustavus 
 Vasa, is among the victims. 
 
158 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l521— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Soliman II. (the Magnificent), emperor of the 
 Turks, creates the Ottoman navy. 
 
 Leo X. condemns the opinions of Luther, who publicly burns the bull 
 of condemnation. 
 
 1521. First war between Charles V. and Francis I. : the 
 
 French under Lautrec are defeated, and lose the 
 Milanese territory. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa, at the head of the Dalecarlians, 
 defeats the troops of Christiern II. 
 
 Ferdinand of Austria, brother of Charles V., mar- 
 ries Anne of Hungary and Bohemia : origin of 
 the two branches of the house of Austria. 
 
 Ferdinando Cortez completes the conquest of 
 Mexico. — The Ladrone and Philippine islands 
 are discovered by Magellan. 
 
 John III., king of Portugal. 
 
 Soliman II. takes Belgrade. 
 
 Luther is excommunicated by Leo X. (Jan. 4.), pleads his cause at 
 the DIET OF WORMS (April 17 and 18.), is carried off to the 
 castle of Wartburg, and proscribed by the diet. — Death of Pope 
 LeoX. 
 
 1522. Soliman II. takes Rhodes from the knights of St. 
 
 John, who retire to Malta. 
 
 Luther returns from Wartburg to Wittemberg (in March'), restrains 
 Carolostadt, and publishes his German Bible. — The diet of 
 Nuremberg publishes the " Centum Gravamina," or Hundred 
 Complaints against the Court of Rome. 
 
 Pope ADRIAN VL (Adrian Boyens). 
 
 1523. GUSTAVUS VASA, KING OF SWEDEN. 
 
 — Christiern IL is deposed. — Frederic I. of 
 Holstein, uncle of Christiern II., ascends the 
 throne . of Denmark : end of the Union of 
 Calmar. 
 Pope CLEMENT VIL (Julius de Medici). 
 
 1524. Coalition against Francis I. : his army is defeated 
 
 at Bebec, near Milan, and Chevalier Bayard 
 (the knight " sans peur et sans reproche ") 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 Reformation at Zurich, under the direction. ofZwingle. 
 
 1525. BATTLE OF PAVIA, in which Francis I. is 
 
 taken prisoner by Charles V. 
 Insurrection of the peasantry in Thuringia, Fran- 
 
-1529.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 159 
 
 A.C. 
 
 conia, and Swabia : Thomas Munzer, their 
 
 prophet and leader, is defeated at Mulhausen 
 
 and beheaded. 
 Teutonic Prussia is erected into a hereditary duchy 
 
 in favour of Albert, margrave of Brandenburg. 
 John the Constant, elector of Saxony. 
 
 Reformation in Prussia and Saxony. 
 
 1526. Treaty of Madrid between Charles V. and Fran- 
 
 cis I., when the latter is set at liberty. 
 
 Soliman II. defeats Lewis II., king of Bohemia 
 and Hungary, near Mohacz ; Lewis is killed in 
 the flight. Ferdinand of Austria succeeds him. 
 John Zapolya, palatine of Transylvania, his com- 
 petitor for the throne of Hungary. 
 
 Foundation of the empire of the Great Moguls in 
 Hindostan by Baber. 
 
 The first diet of Spires calls for a general council, and permits 
 
 reformations in worship. 
 TINDAL publishes the New Testament in English. This is the 
 
 first printed edition of any part of the Bible in English. 
 
 1527. Henry VIII. questions the validity of his marriage 
 
 with Catherine of Arragon, his brother''s icidow, 
 and forms the project of divorcing her in order to 
 marry Anne Boleyn. 
 
 Margaret of Yalois marries Henry d'Albret, king 
 
 of Navarre. 
 Rome is taken and plundered by the general of 
 
 Charles Y., Bourbon, who is killed in the 
 
 attack. 
 The Florentines shake off the yoke of Alexander 
 
 di Medici. 
 The reformed religion is established in Sweden, and tolerated in 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 1527. Pizarro and Almagro invade the empire of Peru. — 
 
 The Bermudas are discovered by John Ber- 
 mudez, a Spaniard. 
 
 1528. Andrew Doria expels the French from Genoa, and 
 
 re-establishes that republic. 
 
 Councils of Bourges and Sens against Luther. — Reformation at 
 Berne. 
 
 1529. Treaty of Cambray, termed the Peace of the Ladies 
 
160 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1530— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 (August 5.). Francis gives up his claims on 
 Milan and N"aples. 
 Soliman II., with 250,000 men, is repulsed before 
 Vienna. 
 
 Second diet of Spires, which forbids changes in public worship 
 until the decision of a council. Six princes and 14 imperial 
 cities protest against it, whence the name o/ PROTESTANTS. 
 CEcolampadius establishes the reformed religion at Basle. 
 
 1530. Diet of Augsburg. Confession of Augsburg, drawn up by 
 
 Melancthon, Luther' s friend and coadjutor. 
 
 Siege and capture of Florence by the imperialists. 
 Fall and death of Wolsey ; Sir Thomas More suc- 
 ceeds him as lord chancellor. 
 
 COPERNICUS, an eminent astronomer of Thorn in Prussia, completps his 
 system of the universe. — PIGHIUS, mathematician, d. 1542. — PARA- 
 CELSUS, a physician, d. 1541. — GUICCIARDINI, historian, d. 1549.— 
 BUD^aiUS and VATABLUS, critics. 
 
 1531. League of Smalcald between the Protestant 
 
 princes. — Religious war in Switzerland : death 
 of Zwingle in the battle of Cappel. 
 Captivity of Bonnivard at Chillon. 
 
 The English convocation assert the king's supremacy. 
 
 1532. Truce of Nuremberg. — John Frederic, elector of 
 
 Saxony. 
 
 1533. Henry VIIL divorces Catherine of Arragon, and 
 
 marries Anne Boleyn. Thomas Cranmer, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. — Birth of the Princess 
 Elizabeth. 
 Appeals to Rome prohibited by parliament. 
 
 Ivan IV., grand duke of Russia. 
 Pizarro completes the conquest of Peru, and orders 
 its inca (emperor) Atahualpa to be strangled. 
 
 1534. Christian III., king of Denmark. 
 Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Tunis. 
 
 The English parliament reject the papers supremacy, and give to 
 Henry VIIL the title of Supreme Head on earth of the Church 
 of England. 
 
 Pope PAUL III. (Alexander Farnese). 
 
 THE ORDER OF THE JESUITS is founded by IGNATIUS 
 LOYOLA, a Spanish knight; FRANCIS XAVIER, the 
 " Apostle of the Indies," and five others, unite with him. They 
 left Paris to meet at Venice in 1537. Their order is sanctioned 
 by Paul III. in 1540. The following year Loyola is chosen 
 general of his order. At his death, in 1556, his society consisted 
 of above 1000 persons. 
 
 1535. Expedition of Charles V. to Africa against Che- 
 
^1542.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 161 
 
 A.C. 
 
 reddin Barbarossa, grand admiral of tlie Turks, 
 and king of Algiers and Tunis. Charles takes 
 Tunis. 
 Renewal of the league of Smalcald. 
 
 The Reformation is established at Geneva by JOHN CALVIN. — 
 Henry VIII. is deposed and cursed by Pope Paul III. — Dis- 
 orders and excesses of the ANABAPTISTS at Munster : John 
 Bockholdt, a tailor of Leyden, is made their king ayid lawgiver. 
 
 1536. Execution of Anne Boleyn : Henry VIII. marries 
 
 Jane Seymour, wlio dies next year after the birth 
 of her son Prince Edward. — Suppression of the 
 lesser monasteries in England. Revolt in the 
 northern counties. 
 The hinges supremacy is established in Ireland by act of parliament. 
 
 The city of Munster is taken by its bishop. Count 
 Waldec, and Bockholdt executed. 
 
 1537. Origin of the Mennonites or reformed Anabaptists, so called from 
 
 Menno Simonis of Friesland, their foimder, who begins to pro- 
 pagate his system. 
 Matthewe's Bible is published in England with the royal license. 
 
 1538. Treaty of Mce between Francis I. and Charles V. 
 
 1539. SIX ARTICLES of Henry VIII. against the Protestants, called 
 
 the Bloody Statute. — The first regularly authorised translation 
 of the Bible into English, called Cranmer's, or the Great Bible, 
 is appointed to be kept and read in the churches. 
 The reformed religion is finally established in Denmark : BUGEN- 
 HAGEN of Wittemberg, chief director of the Reformation there. 
 
 1540. Henry VIII. marries Anne of Cleves, and a few 
 
 months after divorces her to marry Catherine 
 Howard. — Final dissolution of the monasteries in 
 England by Henry VIII. 
 Rebellion and chastisement of the inhabitants of 
 Ghent. 
 
 Variation of the compass noticed by Cabot. — SLEIDAN, historian, d. 1550 
 
 BUCER, theologian, died at Cambridge 1551.— JULIUS CAESAR SCA- 
 LIGER, Latin poet and critic, d. 1558 : his son, Joseph Scaliger, was also a 
 critic and historian. — HOLBEIN, Swiss painter, d. 15.54. — RABELAIS, 
 French writer, d. 1553. — POLYDORE VIRGIL, historian, d. 1555.— 
 PETER MARTYR, theologian, d. 1562. — MELANCTHON, d. 1560; 
 CRANMER, d. 1556 ; and CALVIN, d. 1564, reformers. 
 
 1541. Unsuccessful expedition of Charles Y. agaii^.t Al- 
 
 giers. 
 Diet of Ratisbon. 
 Sigismund I. (the Great) joins Lithuania to Poland. 
 
 1542. Defeat of the Scots at Solway Moss by the English. 
 
 Death of James V. IMARY, daughter of James 
 M 
 
162 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1543-. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 v., only 7 years old, queen of Scotland. Catherine 
 Howard, wife of Henry VI IL, is heheaded ; next 
 year he marries Catherine Parr, his sixth and 
 last wife. — Con OWial submits to Henry VIII. 
 at Greenwich, and receives the title of earl of 
 Tyrone. — Japan visited by Ferdinand Mendez 
 Pinto. 
 
 1543. Copernicus publishes his system of astronomy, and dies immediately after.— 
 
 The exhibition of " Mysteries and Moralities " prohibited by law in England. 
 
 1544. Edinburgh is taken by the English under the earl of 
 
 Hertford. — Henry VIII. takes Boulogne. 
 The French defeat the troops of Charles V. in the 
 battle of Cerizoles. Peace of Crespy between 
 Charles V. and Francis I. 
 
 1545. The Scots defeat the English at Ancram Muir. 
 Peter Louis Farnese, first duke of Parma and 
 
 Placentia. 
 
 THE COUNCIL OF TRENT holds its first session, Dec. 13th: 
 it continues 18 i/ears, under the popes Paid III., Julius III., and 
 Pius IV. 
 
 1546. Cardinal Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew'' s, is 
 
 assassinated. 
 Death of Luther, Feb. 18 th. — War of Smalcald : 
 proscription of the Protestant elector John Fre- 
 derick of Saxony and the landgrave of Hesse by 
 Charles V. 
 
 1547. Death of Henry VIII. He left three children: Mary, by Ca- 
 
 therine of Arragon ; Elizabeth, by Anne Boleyn ; and Edward, by Jane 
 Seymour. 
 
 (IBtlbjartl li^S., king of England. — Somerset, the pro- 
 tector, gains the battle of Pinkey over the Scots. 
 
 HENRY II., son of Francis I., succeeds him. 
 
 Battle of Mlihlberg, in which the Protestants are 
 defeated, and the elector of Saxony taken pri- 
 soner. The landgrave of Hesse surrenders him- 
 self to Charles V. — Diet of Augsburg : Charles 
 Y. confers the electorate of Saxony on Maurice. 
 
 Fiesco's conspiracy at Genoa. 
 
 Orange trees brought from China to Portugal. 
 
 1548. The Interim is granted by Charles V. to the Pro- 
 
 testants : it allowed them the use of the communion in both 
 kinds, and the marriage of their clergy, until the matter should he 
 determined by a council. 
 
— 1555.J COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 163 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Sigismuncl IT. (Augustus), king of Poland. 
 
 The BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER is composed, and read in all 
 the churches of England : a revised edition of it is published in 
 1551. — Sternhold, versifier of the Psalms, d. 1549. 
 
 1 550. Pope JULIUS III. (John Maria del Monte). 
 
 SIR JOHN CHEKE, tutor to King Edward, d. 1 557 ; and ROGER ASCHAM, 
 to Queen Elizabeth, d. 1563 — CONRAD GESNER, naturalist, d. 15G5.— 
 TURNEBUS (d. 1565) and CASTELVETRO (d. 1556), critics, 
 
 1551. The English Liturgy first used in Ireland, and the Book of Common 
 
 Prayer published in Dublin, the first book ever printed in Ire- 
 land. 
 
 1552. TREATY OP PASSAU, between Charles v. and the 
 
 elector of Saxony, by which the free exercise of Protestant wor- 
 ship is secured. 
 
 1553. ilWarg, queen of England, on the death of Edward 
 
 VI. ; she re-establishes the Roman Catholic re- 
 ligion in England. 
 Richard Chancelour, captain of a ship of Sir Hugh 
 
 Willoughby's squadron (sent out by Edward VI. 
 
 to find a north-east passage to China), discovers 
 
 the passage to Archangel by sea. 
 Metz being bravely defended by D'Aumale, duke 
 
 of Guise, Charles Y. is obliged to raise the 
 
 siege. 
 Philibert Emmanuel, surnamed Iron Head, duke of 
 
 Savoy. 
 
 Michael Servetus is burned for heresy at Geneva. 
 
 1554. Mary, queen of England, marries Philip 11. , son of 
 
 Charles V. — Sir Thomas Wyatt is defeated in 
 his attack on London, and executed toith 400 of 
 his followers. — Executions of Lady Jane Grey, 
 Lord Guilford Dudley, her husband, and Nor- 
 thumberland, her father-in-law. 
 
 1555. Persecution of the Protestants by Mary. Rogers, 
 
 the first victim, is burned in Smithfield ; Bishop 
 
 Hooper at Gloucester; Ridley and Latimer in 
 
 Oxford. 
 Achbar the Great, grand mogul of India. 
 The Spaniards colonize the Manillas, and call them 
 
 the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Peace of Augsburgh, which grants to the Protestants of Ger- 
 many full liberty of conscience. 
 
 Pope MARCELLUSIL (Marcellus Cervini).—Pi>pe PAUL IV. 
 (John Peter Caraffa). 
 
 M 2 
 
164 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l556— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1556. Abdication of Charles V. : he retires to the monas- 
 
 tery of St. Just, leaving the empire of Germany 
 to his brother FERDIHATTD, king of the Ro- 
 mans ; and to his son Philip II., Spain, Naples, 
 the Milanese, and the Netherlands. 
 
 LjELIUS SOCINUS, a Tuscan (d. 1562), according to some the 
 founder of the Socinian sect, which, however, was first organised 
 by his nephew, Faustus Socinus, about 1560. 
 
 1557. Battle of St. Quentin gained over the French by 
 
 the Spaniards, commanded by Philibert Emma- 
 nuel of Savoy and the count of Egmont. 
 
 1558. The duke of Guise recovers Calais from the Mnglish 
 
 in 8 days : it had been in their possession for 200 
 
 years. 
 iBli^abet^, queen of England. — Mary, queen of 
 
 Scots, is married to the dauphin, afterwards 
 
 Francis IL 
 The French are defeated at Gravelines by the 
 
 Spaniards and Count Egmont. — Charles V. dies 
 
 at the monastery of St. Just. 
 
 1559. Treaty of Chateau Cambresis between France and 
 
 Spain. 
 FRANCIS IL, king of France. 
 Margaret of Parma, daughter of Charles V., is 
 
 appointed governor of the Netherlands : Philip II. 
 
 establishes the Inquisition there. 
 Pope PIUS IV. (John Angelo de Medici). 
 
 1560. The Reformation is completed in Scotland by KNOX, and the par- 
 
 liament abolishes the papal authority. 
 
 CHARLES IX. (brother of Francis II.), then 10 
 years old, ascends the throne of France under 
 the regency of his mother Catherine of Medici. 
 Conspiracy of Amboise, formed by the party of 
 Conde against that of Guise. Beginning of the 
 civil wars in France. 
 
 Death of Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden ; his son 
 Eric XIV, succeeds him. 
 
 X>ea<Ao/MELANCTHON.— JEROME CARD AN,aphilosopher,d. 1576. 
 — PETER RAMUS, logician, d. 1572. — TELESIUS of Naples, opponent 
 of Aristotle, and natural philosopher, d. 1568. — PATRICIUS. a Platonist. 
 —NIC. TARTAGLIA and FRED. COMMANDINE, mathematicians.— 
 CAMERARIUS, a critic, d. 1574. 
 
 1561. Mary, queen of Scots, widow of Francis II. , arrives 
 
—1570.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 165 
 
 A.C. 
 
 in Scotland from France, and marries Henry 
 Stuart, Lord Darnley. 
 Livonia is given up to Poland. 
 
 1562. Battle of Dreux gained by the duke of Guise ; 
 
 Conde is taken prisoner. 
 The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England are compiled : 
 they are authorized by convocation in Jan. 1563. 
 
 1563. First law for the relief of the poor in England, 
 The duke of Guise is assassinated by Poltrot. 
 The COUNCIL OF TRENT is dissolved, Dec. Ath. 
 
 1564. MAXIMILIAN II., emperor of Germany. 
 The CREED OF POPE PIUS IV. is published. 
 Death of Calvin. 
 
 THEODORE BEZA, a reformer and commentator, d, 1605 Foundation of the 
 
 palace of the Tuileries by Catherine of Medici. 
 
 1565. Soliman II. is obliged to raise the siege of Malta. 
 
 1566. Murder of David Rizzio in Scotland. — The cathe- 
 
 dral and city of Armagh are burned by Shane 
 
 O'Niel 
 Revolt of the Netherlands from Philip II. ; their 
 
 chiefs are, William of Orange, Louis of Nassau, 
 
 and the counts of Egmont and Horn. 
 Selim II., emperor of the Turks. 
 Pope PIUS V. {Michael Ghislieri). 
 
 1567. Darnley is murdered, Feb, 9th; Mary Stuart is 
 
 dethroned : regency of Murray during the minority 
 of her son JAMES VI. king of Scotland, 
 
 The duke of Alva is appointed by Philip II. go- 
 vernor of the Netherlands, and commences his 
 bloody persecutions. 
 
 Battle of St. Denis : Montmorenci defeats the 
 Protestants, and is killed in the action. 
 
 1568. Seminary at Douay founded to educate Roman Catholic priests to 
 
 labour in England. 
 
 1569. The earl of Murray, regent of Scotland, is assas- 
 
 sinated. — The Royal Exchange is built in London 
 by Sir Thomas Gresham, the " royal merchant.'''' 
 Battle of Jarnac, in which the prince of Conde, 
 leader of the Protestants, is taken prisoner, then 
 murdered. Battle of Moncontour lost by Co- 
 ligni. 
 
 1570. Treaty of St. Germain en Laye. The French 
 
 M 3 
 
166 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1571 — 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Protestants obtain an amnesty, liberty of con- 
 science, and other privileges. 
 Po-pe Pius V. issues a bull deposing Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 HENRY BILLINGSLEY of London, publishes the first English translatiou 
 of Euclid's Geometry. — CAMOENS, the Portuguese poet, author of the 
 
 Lusiad, d. 1579. —HANS SACK, founder of the German drama, d. 1576 
 
 RONSARD, French poet, d. 1585. — TALLIS, English musician, d. 1585 
 
 MERCATOR, mathematician, inventor of the projection of the sphere. 
 
 1571. The island of Cyprus is taken by Selim II. from 
 
 the Venetians. 
 Battle of Lepanto, where the Turkish fleet is 
 
 defeated by the Venetians and Germans under 
 
 Don John of Austria, son of Charles V. 
 Moscow is surprised by the Tartars, who slay 30,000 
 
 of the inhabitants. 
 
 1572. MASSACRE OP ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 
 
 in which Coligni is killed, August 24th. 
 
 William, prince of Orange, the count of Nassau, 
 his brother, and William, count de la Marck, 
 attack the Spaniards ; the city of Brille is taken 
 by surprise : assembly of the States at Dort ; 
 William I., prince of Orange, is declared stadt- 
 holder. 
 
 Death of Sigismund II. ; extinction of the Jagellon 
 dynasty : the kingdom of Poland becomes elec- 
 tive. 
 
 Pope GREGORY XIIL (Hugh Buonocompagno). 
 Death o/ JOHN KNOX, the Scottish reformer. 
 
 1573. Haerlem is taken by the Spaniards, who are after- 
 
 wards repulsed at Alcmaer. The duke of Alva is 
 recalled, and Lewis of Requesens succeeds him. 
 
 Henry of Anjou is elected king of Poland : the 
 following year he ascends the thron.e of France. 
 
 Tunis is taken by the Turks. 
 
 1574. HPNEY III., king of France. 
 
 Memorable siege of Leyden, raised by the prince 
 
 of Orange and Admiral Boissot. 
 Don Sebastian, king of Portugal, invades Africa. 
 Amurath III., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 1576. BODOLPH 11., king of Hungary and emperor of 
 Germany. 
 The Catholic League in France is formed 
 
—1584.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 167 
 
 against the Protestants ; Henry, duke of Guise, 
 is the chief promoter of it. 
 Pacification of Ghent. — Frobisher's Straits dis- 
 covered by Sir Martin Frobisher. 
 
 1578. Sir Humphrey Gilbert is empowered by Queen Eli- 
 
 zabeth to found the first English colony in America, 
 but fails. 
 The Spaniards under Don John of Austria (go- 
 vernor of the Netherlands) are defeated in the 
 battle of Rimenant, but successful at Gem- 
 blours. 
 
 1579. THE REPUBLIC OP HOLLAND IS 
 
 FORMED by the Union of Utrecht between 
 
 the seven provinces. — Maestricht is taken by 
 
 the Spaniards. 
 Faction of the Sixteen at Paris. 
 Battle of Alcazar in Africa, where the Portuguese, 
 
 under Don Sebastian are defeated by Muley 
 
 Moluck the Moor. 
 
 1580. Philip of Spain sends some Spaniards and Italians, 
 
 in the name of the pope, to invade Ireland, but 
 they are defeated at Smerwick. — Sir Francis 
 Drake returns from his voyage in the third year, 
 being the first Englishman who circumnavigated 
 the world. 
 
 The use of coaches is introduced into England by the earl of Arundel. 
 
 Philip II. takes possession of Portugal. 
 Charles Emmanuel the Great, duke of Savoy. 
 
 RICHARD HOOKER, author of "Ecclesiastic Polity," b. 1539, d. 1596.— 
 
 SPENSER, poet, author of the " Fairy Queen," d. 1596 TORQUATO 
 
 TASSO, poet, author of" Gierusalemme Liberata," d. 1595. — ERCILLA, 
 a Spanish poet. — MONTAIGNE, essayist, d. 1592.— VIET A, mathema- 
 tician, improver of algebra and trigonometry PALESTRINA, musician, 
 
 d. 1596. — PAUL VERONESE, painter, d. 1588, and TINTORETTO, 
 d. 1593. 
 
 1582. The Raid of Ruthven in Scotland; James VI. is 
 seized by the earl of Gowrie. 
 Keform of the calendar : the New Style is intro- 
 duced into Italy by Gregory XIII., the 5th of 
 October being counted the 15th. 
 
 The JRhemish translation of the New Testament is published. 
 
 1584. Sir Walter Raleigh is empowered to found a colony in 
 America : his officers discover Vii'ginia, so named 
 
 M 4 
 
168 COMPENDIUM OP CHROKOLOGY. [1585— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 after Queen Elizabeth. — Stricter laivs are passed 
 hy Elizabeth against Jesuits and Roman Catholic 
 priests ; and the Ecclesiastical Commission Court 
 is instituted. 
 
 Assassination of William I., prince of Orange, at 
 Delft : his son Maurice is elected stadtholder. 
 
 Embassy from four kings of Japan to Philip II. 
 
 1585. Shah Abbas the Great, king of Persia. 
 
 Fope SIXTUS V. {Felix Feretti). 
 
 1586. Sir Francis Drake is sent to attack the Spaniards in 
 
 the West Indies : he brings back the colonists of 
 Virginia, who introduce tobacco into England^ 
 and, according to some, also potatoes. — Bating- 
 ioiUs conspiracy against Elizabeth. — The English 
 defeat the Spaniards at Zutphen, where Sir Philip 
 Sidney is killed. 
 
 1587. Mary, queen of Scots, is beheaded at Fotheringay 
 
 Castle. — Sir Francis Drake destroys the Spanish 
 fleet at Cadiz. 
 Battle of Coutras, gained by Henry of Navarre 
 
 (afterwards Henry IV. of France) over the 
 
 Duke Joyeuse, who is killed in the action. 
 Sigismund, son of John, king of Sweden, is elected 
 
 king of Poland. 
 
 1588. DESTRUCTION OF THE SPANISH AR- 
 
 MADA BY THE ENGLISH. Baleigh, 
 Howard, Drake, Cavendish, and Hawkins, dis- 
 tinguished admirals. 
 Paris is barricaded : the duke of Guise compels 
 Henry III. to call an assembly of the states 
 general at Blois ; the duke is murdered by 
 order of Henry III. 
 
 First newspaper published in England, called the English Mercury. 
 
 1589. Henry III. of France is murdered by Jacques 
 
 Clement, a Dominican friar. Extinction of the 
 house of Valoise. Accession of the HOUSE 
 OF BOURBON to the throne of France in 
 the person of HENRY IV. (the Great).— 
 Battle of Arques gained by Henry lY. over 
 Mayenne. 
 
—1600.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 169 
 
 1590. BATTLE OF IVRI gained by Henry IV. over 
 
 Mayenne : it ruins the Catholic League in 
 France. 
 
 Pope URBAN VII. (John Baptist Castagna). — Pope GRE- 
 GORY XIV. (Nicholas Sfondrati). 
 
 TELESCOPES invented about this time by J. B. Porta, Jansen of Middleburgh, 
 or Metius. 
 
 1591. Pope INNOCENT IX. (John Antony Facchinetti.) 
 The university of DUBLIN is founded by Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 1592. Presbyterianism is established in Scotland. 
 
 Battle of Aumale between Henry lY. and the duke 
 
 of Parma. 
 Pope CLEMENT VIIL (Hippolytus Aldohrandini). 
 
 1593. Henry IV. abjures Protestantism; 
 
 Abraham Shultetus publishes his treatise on " Morals." 
 
 1594. The Bank of England is incorporated, — The Falk- 
 
 land Isles are discovered by Hawkins. 
 
 1595. Rebellion of Hugh O'^Nial, earl of Tyrone. — The Lam- 
 
 beth Articles are framed under Archbishop Whitgift. 
 
 Mahomet III., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 The Dutch form settlements in the island of Java. 
 
 Kepler publishes his " Mysterium Cosmographicum." 
 
 1596. Cadiz is taken by an English armament under Ejffing- 
 
 ham and Essex. 
 
 1597. Sully (a French writer) is appointed by Henry IV. 
 
 superintendent of the finances. 
 
 Watches are brought to England from Germany. (See 1478.) — First edition of 
 Bacon's " Essays " published : complete one in 1625. 
 
 1598. O^Nial defeats Marshal Bagnal at the Blackwater, — 
 
 The BODLEIAN LIBRARY is founded at Oxford. 
 EDICT OF NANTES, tolerating Protestantism in 
 France. 
 
 Peace of Vervins between France and Spain. — 
 Death of Philip II., king of Spain ; his son 
 Philip III. succeeds him : the duke of Lerme 
 his prime minister. 
 
 Extinction of the family of Ruric in Russia. 
 
 1599. The earl of Essex is sent against O^Nial, and con- 
 
 cludes a truce with him contrary to ElizabetKs 
 orders. — The Spaniards are defeated by the En- 
 glish and Dutch at Nieuport. 
 
 1600. Establishment of the English East India Company. — 
 
 Gowrie conspiracy in Scotland. 
 
170 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [1601— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Henry IV., king of France, marries Mary di 
 Medici, .princess of Tuscany. 
 
 1601. 
 
 1601. Elizabeth orders the earl of Essex, her favourite, to 
 
 he beheaded. — The Spaniards occupy Kinsale, but 
 capitulate to Lord Mountjoy, 
 
 Deaths of TYCHO BRAHE, an eminent Danish astronomer, and of STOWE, 
 antiquarian.— SHAKSPEARE, b. 1564, d. 1616, and BEAUMONT, d. 
 1615, dramatists. — CERVANTES, author of Don Quixote, d. 1616.— 
 REGNIER, MALHERBE, GUARINI, poets.— BAYER, astronomer.— 
 W. GILBERT, a physician, who discovered the principles of electricity, 
 1600-6 ARMINIUS, theologian, d. 1609. — Cardinal BARONIUS, eccle- 
 siastical historian, d. 1607 A. DE THOU, statesman and historian, d. 
 
 1617.-ISAAC CASAUBON, d. 1614, JUSTUS LIPSIUS, d. 1606, and 
 JOS. SCALIGER, d. 1609, classical critics— DANIEL HOFFMANN, 
 opponent of philosophy in general, d. 1611.— JORDANO BRUNO, of 
 Naples, opponent of Aristotle's philosophy, burnt this year at Rome for 
 impiety. — CLAVIUS, mathematician, d. 1612. — Lewis Augustine and 
 Hannibal CARACCI, painters. 
 
 1602. The duke of Biron is beheaded at Paris. 
 
 The Dutch East India Company is established. 
 
 Decimal arithmetic is invented at Bruges. 
 
 1603. Death of Elizabeth, at the age of 10, James VI. of 
 
 Scotland succeeds. 
 
 I^OUSe of ^tuart : gjatntS E, king of England, 
 uniting the croicns of England and Scotland. — 
 Achmet I., emperor of the Turks. — Hampton Court 
 Conference respecting alterations in the Prayer Book. — The New 
 Testament first translated into Irish and published. 
 
 Publication of Bayer's Celestial Atlas, 
 
 1604. Ostend is taken by Spinola from the revolted 
 
 Dutch. 
 First French colony in Canada. 
 
 1605. THE GUNPOWDER PLOT against James L 
 
 and the parliament is discovered. 
 Pope LEO XI. {Alexander de Medici).^Pope PAUL V. {Camillus 
 
 Borghese'). 
 Bacon publishes his *' Advancement of Learning." 
 
 1606. James I. takes the title of King of Great Britain. 
 
 Abolition of the Brehon Laws in Ireland, and the 
 English law substituted, icith a regular House of 
 Commons. 
 Paul V. lays the Venetians under an interdict, who refuse to submit 
 to it, and expel the Jesuits. 
 
 1607. Newport discovers the Bay of Chesapeake and founds 
 
 James Town, 
 
—1617.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 171 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1608. Quebec is founded by the French. 
 
 1609. A truce of 12 years is concluded at Antwerp be- 
 
 tween Spain and the United Provinces. — The 
 Bank of Amsterdam is established. 
 
 The Douay version of the Old Testament published. {See 1582.) 
 Thermometers invented about this time by Drebbel, Paul Sarpi, or Sanctorio. 
 
 1610. Hudson, an Englishman, discovers the hay since 
 
 called hy his name. 
 Henry IV., of France, is murdered by Ravaillac. 
 LOUIS XIIL, son of Henry IV., succeeds him 
 
 under the regency of his mother, Marie de 
 
 Medici, who is ruled by Concini, Marshal 
 
 d'Ancre. 
 Catholic league of Wurzburg. 
 The Moors are expelled from Spain by Philip III. 
 
 TEA is brought from India by the Dutch ; it is introduced into England, 
 1666. 
 
 Galileo and Harriot about the same time discover the satellites of Jupiter and 
 
 the spots in the sun.— GALILEO, b. 1564, d. 1642 KEPLER, astronomer, 
 
 b. 1571, d. 1630.— Lord BACON, philosopher, b. 1560, d. 1626.— NAPIER, 
 of Merchiston, inventor of logarithms, d. 1617.— Sir Henry SAVILE, 
 mathematician, d. 1622 — Cardinal BELLARMINE, controversial writer, d. 
 1621.— MARIANA, Spanish historian, d. 1624,— PAUL SARPI, historian of 
 Council of Trent, d. 1623.— Sir W. RALEIGH (d. 1618), and W. CAM- 
 DEN (d, 1623), historians.— SALVATOR ROSA, Italian painter. 
 
 1611. Baronets are first created in England by James I, 
 Gu STATUS Adolphus, SOU of Charles IX. , king of 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 1612. MATHIAS is elected emperor of Germany on the 
 
 death of his brother, Kodolph 11. 
 
 1613. Accession of the house ofRomanowto the throne 
 
 of Russia in the person of Michael III. (Theodo- 
 re witsch.) 
 
 1614. LOGARITHMS invented by Sir John NAPIER, baron of Merchiston, a 
 
 Scotchman Commencement of the ROSACRUSIAN mania. 
 
 1615. Louis XIII. marries Anne of Austria, daughter of 
 
 Philip II. 
 Straits of " Le Maire " discovered by a Dutchman 
 of that name. 
 
 KEPLER publishes his invention of the Infinitesimal Analysis. 
 
 1616. Cape Horn doubled, and Van Diemen's Land dis- 
 
 covered, and Baffin's Bay. 
 
 1617. Mustapha I., brother of Achmet I., succeeds him as 
 
172 COMPENDIUM OE CHRONOLOGY. [1618—- 
 
 A.C. 
 
 emperor of tlie Turks ; he is deposed by the 
 
 janissaries, and imprisoned. 
 Concini is assassinated, and his wife burned as a 
 
 sorceress. 
 Peace of Stolbova between Russia and Sweden. 
 
 1618. Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded. 
 Troubles in Bohemia : Count Mansfeld. 
 
 THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR among the 
 
 princes of Germany. This war may be divided into four dif- 
 ferent periods: the Palatine (1618), Danish (1625), Swedish (1630), and 
 French (1635). On the side of the empire the most distinguished generals 
 are, Maximilian of Bavaria, Tilly, Pappenheim, Wallenstein, John of Werth, 
 Merci, and Piccolomini. On the side of Sweden, the king Gustavus 
 Adolphus, the duke of Weimar, Banier, Torstenson, and Wrangel. On the 
 side of France, Turenne and Conde. 
 
 Othman II., son of Achmet I., emperor of the 
 Turks. 
 
 SYNOD OF DORT in Holland, where the doctrine of the ARMI- 
 NIANS is condemned: SIMON EPISCOPIUS, disciple of 
 Arminius, their chief orator at the synod, 
 
 KEPLER discovers the LAWS of the motions of the planets. 
 
 1619. PERDIHAHD II., emperor of Germany. 
 Execution of Barneveldt. 
 
 Vanini is burned at Toulouse for atheism. 
 
 Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood, according to some. (See 1G28.) 
 
 1620. The English make a settlement at Madras. — Emi- 
 
 gration of Puritans to New England. 
 
 The battle of Prague, by which Frederic II., the 
 Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James L, loses 
 Bohemia and his electorate. 
 
 War of the Yalteline: the French expel the 
 Spaniards from it. 
 
 Navarre is united to France. The Huguenots re- 
 new the war, and occupy Rochelle. 
 
 Lord BACON publishes his "Novum Organum Scientiarura."— GROTIUS, 
 
 jurist and theologian, h. 1583, d. 1645 SNELLIUS. natural philosopher 
 
 and opponent of Aristotle, d. 1626 BRIGGS, inventor of common loga- 
 rithms, d. 1630._CAMPANELLA, philosopher, d. 1639. — JOSEPH 
 MEDE, theologian, author of the " Clavis Apocalyptica," d. 1638 — Sir 
 Edward COKE, jurist, commentator on Littleton, d. 1634 — LOPE DE 
 
 VEGA, Spanish writer, d. 1635 MASSINGER, French poet, d. 1640 — 
 
 BEN JONSON, dramatist, d. 1637.— CHAPMAN and GEORGE HER- 
 BERT, poets.—DAVlLA, historian, d. 1631._CORNELIUS A LAPIDE, 
 Romish commentator, d. 1637— HARVEY, physician, d. l657.— FLUDD, 
 BCEHMEN, and VAN HE LMONT, theosophists.— RUBENS (d. 1640), 
 VANDYKE (d. 1C41), and DOMENICHINO, painters. 
 
 1621. Ferdinand II. invades the Palatinate. 
 Unsuccessful expedition sent by James I, to aid the 
 
 elector. 
 Philip IV., king of Spain : Olivarez his prime 
 minister. 
 
—1630.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, 173 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Batavia is built and colonized by tlie Dutch. 
 Condemnation of Lord Bacon for receiving bribes. 
 Pope GREGORY XV. {Alexander Ludovici). 
 
 1622. Mustapha I. recovers the throne^ and Othman II. 
 
 is assassinated. 
 
 1623. Institution of the Knights of Nova Scotia by James I. 
 Mustapha I. is again deposed and succeeded by his 
 
 nephew Amurath IV. 
 The electoral dignity of the Palatinate is transferred 
 to Bavaria by the emperor. 
 
 1 624. Snellius discovers the law of refraction of light. 
 
 1625. ^j^atks 31. succeeds his father James I. The duTie 
 
 of Buckingham his favourite. — The island of 
 Barbadoes is colonized ; the first English settle- 
 ment in the West Indies. — Knights baronets are 
 first created in Scotland. 
 Death of Maurice of Nassau. 
 
 Grotius publishes his work " De Jure Belli et Pacis." 
 
 1626. Battle of Lutter : Tilly defeats Christian IV., king 
 
 of Denmark. Count Mansfeld is defeated at 
 Dessau by Wallenstein. 
 The Valteline is joined to the Grisons. — Death of Lord 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 1627. Rochelle is besieged ; the duke of Buckingham makes 
 
 an unsuccessfid expedition to relieve it. 
 
 1628. Tlie duke of Buckingham is murdered by Felton, a 
 
 fanatic. WILLIAM HARVEY, a physician, discovers or rather 
 
 fully establishes the circulation of the blood (see 1619): it had first been 
 made known by MICHAEL SERVETUS, a Spanish physician, in 1553. 
 
 1629. Ferdinand II. publishes the Edict of Restitution. 
 
 The Huguenots make peace ; and obtain the free exercise 
 of their religion. 
 
 Louis XIII., with the help of his generals Crequi 
 and Bassompierre, passes the defile of Suza and 
 enters Piedmont. 
 
 DESCARTES discovers astronomical refraction. 
 
 1630. Success of Richelieu in Italy. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus comes to the assistance of the 
 Protestants of Germany. — Wallenstein is super- 
 seded by Tilly. 
 
 Victor Amadeus I., duke of Savoy. 
 
174 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1631— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Death of Kepler.— DESCAHTES, philosopher and mathematician, b. 1596, 
 d. 1650 — GASSENDI, natural philosopher and mathematician, who main- 
 tained the atomic theory of Epicurus, and asserted a " vacuum " in oppo- 
 sition to Descartes, b. 1592. d. 1655.— VOSSIUS (Gerard John), critic, 
 d. 16.50— F. STRADA (d. 1649), and BENTIVOGLIO (d. 1644), historians. 
 CHILLINGWORTH, controversial writer, d. 1644 HARVEY, phy- 
 sician (see 1619 and 1628), d. 1657.— GUIDO and TENIERS (the Elder), 
 painters. 
 
 1631. Capture and sacking of Magdeburg by Tilly. — 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus gains over Tilly the battle 
 of Leipsic. 
 
 First observation of a planet's transit over the sun's disc made by Gassendi, viz. 
 that of Mercury (Nov. 17.) 
 
 1632. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IS KILLED 
 
 IN THE BATTLE OP LUTZEN, IN 
 WHICH HIS TROOPS ARE VICTO- 
 RIOUS (Nov. 16). Christina, his daughter, 
 succeeds, under the regency of Oxenstiern. 
 
 Settlement of Roman Catholics in Maryland. 
 Order of " Priests of the Missions ^^ founded by Vincent de Paula. 
 Galileo is compelled by the Inquisition a second time to recant his system of 
 astronomy (the first time in 1615). 
 
 1634. Assassination of Wallenstein, duke of Friedland. 
 Peace of Viazma between Russia and Poland. 
 
 1635. Alliance between France and Sweden against the 
 
 Imperialists. In the Valteline, Henry, duke of 
 Rohan, is opposed to the German and Spanish 
 forces. — Peace of Prague : Lusatia is given to 
 Saxony. 
 
 Richelieu founds the French Academy Cavalerius publishes his " Method of 
 
 Indivisibles." 
 
 1636. The Imperialists are defeated by Banier (the 
 
 Swedish general) at the battle of Wislock. 
 
 1637. Hampden refuses the payment of ship-money. — 
 
 Charles I. attempts to introduce Episcopacy and 
 the English liturgy into Scotland. 
 FERDINAND III., emperor of Germany. 
 
 Descartes founds algebraic geometry by the introduction of co-ordinates. 
 
 1638. The " Covenant " is revived in Scotland. 
 
 Victory of Bernard, duke of Saxe Weimar, at 
 Rheinfeld, over the Imperialists. — Conde (the 
 Elder) causes the siege of Fontarabia to be 
 raised. 
 
 Victories of Amurath IV. over the Persians; he 
 takes Bagdad, 
 
 Death of JANSENIUS, bishop of Ypres in Flanders, reviver of 
 the doctrines of Augustine, ivhich he collected in his book ^'•Augus- 
 
—1643.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGT. 175 
 
 A.O. 
 
 tinus,'" published after his death in 1640. His followers were 
 called Jansenists, and were opposed by the Jesuits. 
 
 1639. Banier defeats the Imperialists, and takes Monte- 
 
 cuculi prisoner. 
 
 Horrox first observes a transit of Venus across the sun. 
 
 1640. Convocation of the Long Parliament in England, 
 
 Nov. 3. — Foundation of the Fort St. George or 
 Madras. {See 1620.) 
 
 Translation of the Old Testament into Irish completed by Bishop 
 Bedell, but not published till 1685. 
 
 The Portuguese shake off the Spanish yoke : 
 John IV., duke of Braganza, is proclaimed king 
 of Portugal. 
 
 Frederic William I. (the Great), elector of Bran- 
 denburg, and duke of Prussia. 
 
 Ibrahim, emperor of the Turks. 
 
 JOHN SELDEN, antiquary, b. 1584, d. 1654.^HEINSIUS, classical critic. - 
 Archbishop USHER, antiquary and theologian, d. 1655 — PETAVIUS, 
 historian, d. 1652.— TORRICELLI, natural philosopher, d. 1647.— CA VA- 
 LERIUS, mathematician, d. 1647— Sir Kenelm DIGBY.chemist.-INIGO 
 JONES, architect, d. 1652.— NICHOLAS POUSSIN, EUSTACHE LE 
 SUEUR, French painters.— VELASQUEZ, Spanish painter. 
 
 1641. Irish rebellion; massacre of the Protestants in Ire- 
 
 land, Oct. 23. — The earl of Strafford is beheaded. 
 The bishops are expelled from parliament. 
 Masterly retreat of Banier, who dies of fatigue. 
 Victory of Guebriant over the Imperialists at 
 Wolfenbuttel. 
 
 The sugar cane is introduced into Barbadoes from Brazil. Coffee is brought 
 
 into England. 
 The pendulum is applied to clocks by Richard Harris and the younger Galileo. 
 
 Huyghens claimed the invention, 1656. 
 
 1642. Beginning of the Civil JVar in England between 
 
 Charles I. and his parliament. Battle of Edge- 
 
 hill, Oct. 23. 
 Death of Richelieu : Mazarin prime minister. 
 Victories of the Swedes under Torstenson. 
 New Zealand discovered by Tasman. 
 
 Death of Galileo and birth of Newton. 
 
 1643. Archbishop Laud is impeached by the commons, 
 
 tried, and beheaded. 
 LOUIS XIV., 5 years old, succeeds his father 
 Louis XIII. , under the regency of his mother, 
 Anne of Austria. — Battle of Rocroy gained by 
 the young Duke d'Enghien (Conde the Great), 
 over the Spaniards. 
 
176 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1644— 
 
 AC. 
 
 The Mantclioo Tartars make themselves masters of 
 China. 
 
 Torricelli, a Florentine, invents the BAROMETER — Denham, poet, publishes 
 his " Cooper's Hill." 
 
 1644. Siege of York, in ivhich Cromivell distinguishes him- 
 
 self. — Battle of Marston Moor gained over 
 
 Charles I. hy Cromioell. 
 Battle of Friburg gained over Merci by Conde, 
 
 Turenne, and Grammont. 
 Ragotski of Transylvania invades Hungary, and 
 
 takes Cassovia. 
 Pope INNOCENT X. (John Baptist PamfiUy 
 
 1645. Charles I. is defeated at the battle of Nasehy by 
 
 Cromioell and Fairfax, — Use of the English 
 liturgy 'prohibited. 
 Torstenson defeats the Imperialists at Thabor.— 
 Tm'enne is surprised and defeated by Merci at 
 Mariendahl. Battle of Nordlingen gained by 
 Conde, and in which Merci is killed. 
 War between the Venetians and the Turks. 
 Alexis Michaelo witch, czar of Russia. — Death of Grotius. 
 
 1646. Battle of Benburb in Ireland, gained by CNeil over 
 
 Munro. — Sir Robert Spottisivoode, president of 
 the Session, is beheaded. 
 
 1647. The Scots deliver up Charles I. to the English. 
 Massaniello, the fisherman of Naples, heads an 
 
 insurrection. 
 
 1648. Victory of Wrangel and Turenne over the Im- 
 
 perialists at Zummerhausen. 
 
 TREATY OF WESTPHALIA, signed at 
 Munster and Osnaburg. End of the Thirty 
 Years' War. Balance of power among the 
 nations of Europe. France obtains the whole 
 of Alsace except Strasburg. (See 1681.) — Day of 
 the Barricades. Civil war of the Fronde at 
 Paris ao-ainst Mazarin. — Battle of Sens in Artois 
 gained by Conde. 
 
 Frederic III., king of Denmark. 
 
 Experiments of BLAISE PASCAL on the Puy du Dome. 
 
 1649. CHARLES I. IS BEHEADED. Abolition 
 
—1653.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 177 
 
 A.C. 
 
 of the monarchical government in England: be- 
 ginning of the commomcealth. 
 
 Charles I. had married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., king of France ; 
 their children were: Charles, prince of Wales; James, duke of York; 
 Henry, duke of Gloucester ; Mary, married to the prince of Orange ; Eliza- 
 beth, died young; and Henrietta, afterwards duchess of Orleans. 
 
 Cromwell lands in Ireland, and takes Drogheda, 8fc. 
 Maliomet IV., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 GEORGE FOX, founder and head of the English QUAKERS. 
 He began to preach in 1647: the name ^^ Quakers" arose in 
 1650. 
 
 1650. Tlie marquis of Montrose is put to death. — Battle of 
 
 Dunbar gained by Cromwell over the Scots. 
 Death of the Stadtholder William II. : the office is 
 abolished soon after by the Perpetual Edict. 
 
 Death of Des Cartes the philosopher. — Blaise PASCAL, mathematician and 
 theologian, b. 1623, d. 1662. — FERMAT (d- 16G5) and ROBERVALD, 
 mathematicians. — HOBBES, sceptical philosopher, publishes this year his 
 treatise " On Human Nature;" b. 1588, d. 1679. — BOUILI>AUD, French 
 astronomer. — DENH AM (d. 1668) and COWLEY (d. 1667), poets.— 
 CALUERON, Spanish writer, d. 1687.— JEREMY TAYLOR, theologi.in, 
 b. 1613, d. 1687. — BRIAN WALTON, compiler of the Polyglot Bible, 
 d. 1661. — Samuel BOCHART, scripture geographer, &c., d. 1667— SAL- 
 MASIUS, the learned defender of royalty in England, d. 1653. — Sir James 
 
 WAKE, Irish antiquary and historian, d. 1666 LEO ALLATIUS, classical 
 
 critic, d. 1657. 
 
 1651. Battle of Worcester won by Cromwell: Prince Charles 
 
 takes refuge in an oak, called from this circum- 
 stance the " Royal Oak.'''' — The Navigation Act 
 passed. 
 The Cape of Good Hope colonised by the Dutch. 
 
 Milton publishes his " Defence of the People of England against Salmasius;" 
 whilst he was writing this he lost his sight. — Hobbes publishes his "Le- 
 viathan." 
 
 1652. The first naval war between the English and the 
 
 Dutch. Blake is defeated by Van Tromp at the 
 Goodwin Sands, but afterwards defeats him at 
 Portland. 
 Mazarin is recalled ; after the conflict in the suburb 
 St. Antoine he is dismissed for the second time. 
 
 1653. CROMWELL, PROTECTOE, of the common- 
 
 ivealth : he is raised to this dignity by the army 
 after having dissolved the parliament. — The 
 Dutch fleet is defeated by Monk ; 30 ships are 
 taken, and Van Tromp is killed. — John de Witt 
 is at the head of the Dutch government for 20 
 years. 
 The doctrines of Jansenius (5 of them) are condemned by Pope 
 Innocent X. 
 
 N 
 
178 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l654— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1654. Successes of Blahe in the Mediterranean. — The 
 
 English, under the Admirals Penn and Venables, 
 
 take Jamaica from the Dutch. 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, resigns the crown to 
 
 Charles X. 
 The Cossacks of Ukraine submit to Russia. 
 
 Invention of the air-pump made public by Otto Guericke at Ratisbon. 
 
 1655. Charles X., king of Sweden, invades Poland. 
 
 Pope ALEXANDER VII. (Fabius Chigi). 
 
 Satellite of Saturn (the 6th) first discovered by Huyghens. — Deaths of Gasseiidi 
 and Abp. Usher. 
 
 1656. Alphonso YL, king of Portugal. 
 Religious war in Switzerland. 
 
 Pascal publishes his ^^ Provincial Letters " against the Jesuits. 
 
 1658. Dunkirk is delivered to the English, — Death of 
 
 Oliver Cromwell: his son Richard succeeds as 
 
 Protector of England. 
 LEOPOLD I., emperor of Germany. 
 Aurengzebe, Great Mogul. 
 
 1659. Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain. 
 
 Philip IV. gives up to France Artois, Roussillon, 
 and part of the Netherlands. — Louis XIY. 
 marries Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip lY, 
 
 Horrebow discovers the aberration of the fixed stars, according to some. 
 
 1660. RESTORATION OP MONARCHY IN 
 
 ENGLAND hy General Monk, who places 
 (E\)m\t% M.. on the throne. 
 The peace of Oliva between Sweden, Denmark, 
 and Poland : Poland gives up to Sweden Li- 
 vonia and Esthonia. — Revolution in Denmark: 
 hereditary succession and absolute power are 
 given to Frederic III. 
 
 SPINOZA, philosopher, who reduced pantheism to a system, b. 1632, d. 1677 — 
 VAYER DE LA MOTHE, sceptical philosopher, d. 1672. -DE LA 
 ROCHEFOUCAULT, French writer, d. 1679.- JOHN MILTON, the 
 poet, b. 1608, d. 1674.— MOLIERE, dramatist, d. 1673. — Lord CLAREN- 
 * DON (d. 1674) and MEZERAY (d. 1679), historians.— FALL A VICINI, 
 
 hist, of Council of Trent (pub. in 1656), d. 1667.— LAUNOI, French theo- 
 logian, maintainer of the "Gallican liberties," d. 1678.— Sir Matthew HALE, 
 jurist, &c., d. 1676.— REMBRANDT, MURILLO, WOUVERMANS, and 
 Sir Peter LELY, painters.— CARISSIMI, musician. 
 
 1661. The marquis of Argyle is beheaded for treason 
 
 Mag 21th. — The Portuguese cede to Britain the 
 town of Tangier and the island of Bombay, 
 SAVOY CONFERENCE respecting alterations in the English 
 Prayer-book. 
 
—1666.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 179 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Death of Mazarin : Louis XIV., now 23 years of 
 age, takes the administration into his own 
 hands. Disgrace of Fouquet. Colbert, super- 
 intendent of the finances. 
 
 1662. Louis XIV. buys the towns of Dunkirk and Mardyke 
 
 from Charles IL 
 
 Death of Blaise Pascal. 
 
 1663. Carolina colonised by the English. 
 
 Last subsidy voted by the clergy in convocation to the 
 crown : from this time convocation never sat but 
 in form. 
 
 Opening of the permanent diet of Ratisbon. 
 
 Royal Society of London incorporated Foundation of the Academy of Inscrip- 
 
 tions and Belles Lettres by Colbert. — James Gregory publishes his invention 
 of the reflecting telescope. — First idea of a steam-engine suggested by the 
 marquis of Worcester. 
 
 1664. The second Dutch war begins. 
 
 Battle of St. Gothard in Hungary, gained over the 
 Turks by Montecuculi : peace of Temeswar. 
 
 The canal of Languedoc is begun by Riguet. 
 
 The fraternity of the Reformed Bernardines of JjA TRAPPE is 
 
 established by the famous Jansenist Armand John Bouthillier de 
 
 Ranee, abbot of La Trappe. 
 
 1665. The Dutch fleet is defeated by the English under the 
 
 duke of York. — Great Plague in London. 
 Death of Philip IV., king of Spain : his son Charles 
 IL succeeds him, under the regency of his 
 mother Maria Anne of Austria. — Battle of 
 Villaviciosa or Montes Claros, gained over the 
 Spaniards by the Portuguese and French under 
 Schomberg. 
 
 First publication of the " London Gazette." — First publication of the " Journal 
 des Savans" by SALLO. — CASSINI, an Italian astronomer, discovers the 
 rotation of Jupiter, Venus, and Mars. 
 
 1666. Desperate conflict between the English and Dutch 
 
 fleets near the mouth of the Thames. The English 
 under Prince Rupert {grandson of James /.) and 
 the duke of Albemarle (^Monk\ obtain a decisive 
 victory. The Dutch were commanded by De 
 Ruyter and Va7i Tromp the Younger. — Great 
 Fire in London, Sept. 3, 4, 5 ; about 13,000 
 houses are burnt. — The Scots Covenanters are 
 defeated on the Pentland Hills. 
 Death of Abbas II., king of Persia. 
 
 N 2 
 
180 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l667— 
 
 A.C, 
 
 Sahatei Levi in Turkey pretenda to he the Messiah. 
 The Royal Academy of Scienci s is founded by Colbert. 
 
 Newton discovers tlie different refrangibility of rays of light, and tlie method of 
 fluxions ; and conceives the idea of universal gravitation. 
 
 1667. The Dutch take possession of the mouth of the Thames, 
 
 and hum several ships at Chatham. — Peace of 
 Breda hetioeen England and Holland, wJdch con- 
 firms to the English Pennsylvania, New York, 
 and New Jersey, and to the French Acadia (^Nova 
 Scotia). 
 
 Louis XIV., having Turenne under him, invades 
 the Spanish Netherlands, and takes Lille. 
 
 Alphonso VL, king of* Portugal, is deposed : Don 
 Pedro, his brother, is appointed regent of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 Treaty of Andrussow between Eussia and Poland : 
 preponderance of Russia. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT IX. (Julius Rospigliosi.) 
 
 Koemer, a Danish astronomer, discovers the velocity of light (and Cassini also). 
 
 — MILTON publishes his " Paradise Lost," MOLIERE his " Tartuffe," 
 
 and RACINE his " Andromaque." 
 
 1668. Triple Alliance concluded at the Hague between 
 
 England, Sweden, and Holland, for the preser- 
 vation of the Spanish Netherlands. 
 
 The prince of Conde and the duke of Luxemburg 
 invade Franche Comte. — First peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, May 2. Spain gives up to France 
 Douay, Tournay, Lille, &c. 
 
 John Casimir, king of Poland, abdicates, and retires 
 to France. 
 
 Newton constructs the first reflecting telescope. 
 
 LA FONTAINE publishes his first fables.— DRYDEN appointed poet laureate. 
 
 1669. Cahal administration in England, consisting of Clif- 
 
 ford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lau- 
 derdale. 
 
 The Turks complete the conquest of the island of 
 Candia from the Venetians. 
 
 Exploits of Morgan the buccaneer in the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Catania nearly destroyed and 27,000 persons killed 
 by an eruption of Mount Etna. 
 
 Newton completes his theory of fluxions. 
 
 1670. Marshal Crequi takes Lorraine from the Duke 
 
 Charles HI. 
 
—1675.] COMFENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 181 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Christian V., king of Denmark and Norway, son of 
 Frederic III. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT X. (Altieri). 
 
 Bayonets invented at Bayonne: first used in battle bv the French in 1693 — 
 CASSINI fd. 1712J, ROEMKR, aiid BOREL'LI, astronomers. — Dr. 
 HOOKE and James GREGORY (d. this year), iiatural philosophers- 
 Isaac BARROW, mathematiciana nd theologian, d. 1677. — Nicholas MER- 
 CATOR (Kauflman), matheinatician.— CUDWORTH, a modern Platouist 
 (see 1678), d. 1088— Bp. PEARfsON, expositor of- The Creed," d. 1686.— 
 MARSHAM, chronologist, d. 1681.— MAIMBOURG, Jesuit historian, d. 
 1686. — ISAAC WALTON, biographer and "Angler," d. 1683.— COR- 
 NEILLE, French dramatist, d. 1684. —BUTLER (d. 1680), OTWAY 
 (d. 1685), WALLKR (d. 1687), and DA BARGA {d. 1687), poets— LALLY, 
 musician, d. 1687. — LE BRUN, painter, d. 1688. — BERNINI, sculptor, 
 d. 1680. 
 
 1671. Conspiracy of the Hungarian lords against the 
 
 Emperor Leopold I. 
 
 Fifth satellite of Saturn discovered by Cassini, and 3 others soon after. 
 
 1672. England and Siceden renounce the Triple Alliance, 
 
 and join with France. — Great naval battle of the 
 English and the French against the Dutch. 
 Louis XIV. conquers great part of Holland. Fa- 
 mous passage of the Rhine, June 12. — Re- 
 establishment of the stadtholdership in favour of 
 William III., prince of Orange. John de Witt, 
 grand pensionary, and Cornelius, his brother, 
 are assassinated at the Hague by the mob. 
 
 1673. The Test Act, excluding Roman Catholics from 
 
 office, is passed in England (not repealed till 
 
 1828> 
 Louis XI Y. takes IMaestricht, 
 John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Choczim in 
 
 Bessarabia. 
 
 Malebranche publishes his " Search after Truth." — Death of Moliere- 
 
 3 674. Tlte parliament of England obliges Charles 11. to 
 
 make peace icith Holland. 
 Louis XIV. makes himself master of Franche 
 
 Comte. — Victories of Turenne in Germany. — 
 
 Battle of SeneiFe in Flanders, between Conde 
 
 and the prince of Orange. 
 John Sobieski is elected king of Poland. 
 
 Death of Milton. — Sir Christopher Wren knighted. Next year the foundation of 
 St. Paul's is laid by him. 
 
 1675. Famous campaign of Turenne against Montecuculi. 
 Turenne is killed near Salsbach. Crequi is 
 defeated and taken prisoner in attempting to 
 relieve Treves. 
 
 N 3 
 
182 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l676— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The Swedes are defeated at Fehrbellin by the 
 Elector Frederic William, and lose the greater 
 part of their possessions in Germany. 
 
 MICHAEL DE MOLINOS, a Spaniard, publishes his " Spiritual 
 Guide" reviving the doctrines of the Mystics : his followers were 
 called Quietists. 
 
 Foundation of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. — St. Paul's begun to be 
 rebuilt. 
 
 1676. Admiral Du Quesne gains two naval victories near 
 
 the islands of Lipari and Messina over De 
 Ruyter, who is mortally wounded. — Victory of 
 Marshal Virome over the combined fleets of 
 Spain and Holland. 
 Teodor Alexiewitch, cza^r of Russia. 
 
 Pope INNOCENT XL {Benedict Odeschalchi). 
 
 1677. Capture of Valenciennes by Vauban. 
 Disturbances in Hungary, headed by Tekeley. 
 First war between Russia and Turkey : Ukraine is 
 
 given up to Russia. (See 1654.) 
 
 LEIBNITZ invents the differential and integral calculus. 
 
 1678. Peace of Nimeguen, concluded under the mediation 
 
 of England, between France, Holland and her 
 allies. France obtains Franche Comte, and 
 several cities in Flanders and Hainault. 
 The Mogul emperor, Aurengzebe, overruns India. 
 
 Cudworth publishes his " Intellectual System." 
 
 1679. The Long Parliament of Charles IL is dissolved 
 
 after having passed the HABEAS CORPUS 
 Act. — The Scottish Covenanters are defeated 
 at Bothioell Bridge by the duke of Monmouth. — 
 The " Meal Tub Plot " against the duke of York 
 is discovered. 
 Foundation of the French colony of Pondicherry in 
 India. 
 
 1680. The names of Whigs and Tories first given to the 
 
 two factions in England. The Whigs desired to 
 
 curb the power of the crown, and the Tories the 
 
 power of the people. 
 Chamber of Reunion instituted by Louis XIV. 
 Revolution in Sweden : Charles XI. renders his 
 
 power absolute. 
 
 Sir Isaac NEWTON (b. 1642, d. 1727), LEIBNITZ (b. 1646, d. 1716.), HUY- 
 GHENS (b. 1629, d. 1696), and Robert BOYLE (b. 1627, d. 1691), natural 
 philosophers. — WALLIS, mathematician, d. 1703. — MALEBRANCHEj 
 
—1685. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 183 
 
 A.C. 
 
 mental philosopher, b. 1638> d. 1715.— John LOCKE, mental philosopher, 
 h, 1G32, d. 1704._B AYLE (b. 1647, d. 1706), and HUET (d. 1721), sceptical 
 philosophers. — PUFFENDORF, jurist and historian, b. 1G31, d. 1694,— 
 KAY, naturalist, d. 1705. — THOMAS BURNET, cosmogonist. — ISA AC 
 VOSSIUS, classical critic._BOSSUET(b.lG27,d 1704), BOURD ALOUE 
 (d. 1704), CLAUDE (d. 1687). TILLOTSON (d. 1G94), and STILLING- 
 FLEET, theologians.— TILLEMONT, ecclesiastical historian, d. 1697.— 
 DRYDEN (b. 1631, d, 1701), RACINE (d. 1699), LA FONTAINE 
 (d. 1694), and BOILEAU (d. 1711), poets. — John EVELYN, diarist, 
 d. 1706. — LA BRUYERE and Madame DE SEVIGNE, French writers, 
 both d. 1696 PURCEL, musician, d. 1695. 
 
 1681. Louis XIV. in time of peace takes Strasburg (see 
 
 1648), which he causes to be fortified. 
 Establishment of the Quakers in Pennsylvania : 
 William Penn builds there Philadelphia. 
 
 1682. Louis XIV. seizes on the principality of Orange. 
 The Militia of the Strelitzes proclaims Iwan and 
 
 Peter I. (Peter the Great) czars of Russia under 
 the regency of their sister Sophia. 
 Bombardment of Algiers by a French squadron 
 under Du Quesne. 
 
 Council of French bishops at Paris, ichich asserts the " Gallican 
 liberties " against the pope. 
 
 1683. Rye-house Plot: execution of Lord Russell, July 21. 
 
 — Execution of Algernon Sydney, December 7. 
 Death of Maria Theresa of Austria^ wife of Louis 
 
 XIV. — Death of Colbert. 
 Death of Alphonso VI. , king of Portugal : Peter II., 
 
 his son, succeeds him. 
 Vienna is besieged by the Turks under Kara Mus- 
 
 tapha ; they are defeated by John Sobieski, king 
 
 of Poland. 
 
 1685. Death of Charles 11. , king of England', his brother 
 ^d^\M% SH* succeeds him. — The duke of Mon- 
 mouth makes a descent on Devonshire, is defeated 
 at Sedgemoor, and beheaded. 
 REVOCATION OP THE EDICT OP 
 NANTES by Louis XIV. : he persecutes the 
 Protestants, 500,000 of them seek refuge in 
 England, Prussia, and Geneva. Louvois, prime 
 minister of Louis XIV., and his father Le 
 Tillier, chancellor, both bitter enemies of Pro- 
 testantism. — Bombardment of Genoa : humilia- 
 tion of the doge before Louis XIV. 
 
 Controversy of Claude and Bossuet — Michael de Molinos is cast 
 into prison, where he died in 1696. 
 N 4 
 
184 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [I686— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1686. The league of Augsburg against France. 
 Peace of Moscow between Russia and Poland. 
 The Caroline Islands are discovered by the Sjia- 
 
 niards. 
 
 1687. Hungary is acknowledged to be an hereditary state 
 
 of Austria. 
 The Turks are completely defeated at Mohacz in 
 
 Hungary by the imperialists under the Duke 
 
 Charles of Lorraine. 
 Revolution at Constantinople : Mahomet IV. causes 
 
 Kara Mustapha to be strangled ; he is himself 
 
 deposed by the Janissaries : his brother Soliman 
 
 III. succeeds him. 
 
 MOLINOS, author of Quietism, is condemned to perpetual imprison- 
 ment. — Madame GUYON propagates Quietism, and is perse- 
 cuted in France ; d, 1717. 
 
 Newton publishes his " Principia." 
 
 1688. REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN: WUliam, 
 
 prince of Orange, and stadtJtolder of the Nether- 
 lands, makes a descent upon England, and lands 
 at Torbay on the 5 th of November, the anniversary 
 of the Gunpowder Plot : James IL takes refuge in 
 France. 
 Louis XIV. invades the Palatinate of the Rhine : 
 an alliance is formed against him by England, 
 the Empire, Spain, Holland, and Savoy. 
 
 1689. OTtlliam Ml, and jWarp, king and queen of Great 
 
 Britain. — Episcopacy is abolished in Scotland by 
 King William. — Battle of Killicrankie, in which 
 William^ s troops are defeated by Viscount Dundee, 
 who is slain in the action. — James II. lands in 
 Ireland : siege of Derry and defence of Ennis- 
 killen. 
 
 The French lay waste the Palatinate of the Rhine, 
 and burn to ashes Worms and Spires. 
 
 PETER THE GREAT becomes sole master of 
 Russia. 
 
 Pope ALEXANDER VIJL {Peter Ottoboni). 
 
 1690. BATTLE OP THE BOYNE in Ireland, 
 
 (July 1.), gained by William III. over James II. 
 The brave Schomberg, then 82 years old, is killed 
 in the action. 
 
—1695.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 185 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The East India Company's agents at Sootanutty 
 
 obtain a patent from Aurengzehe, 
 Battle of Fleurus in the Netherlands, gained by 
 
 Marshal Luxembui^, pupil and friend of Conde, 
 
 over Prince Waldec, commander of the allied 
 
 army. 
 Victory of Catinat, at Stafarda in Italy, over Victor 
 
 Amadeus, duke of Savoy. 
 
 John Locke publishes his "Essay on Human Understanding." — Bishop 
 BURNET, historian and theologian, d. 1715.— Sir Godfrey KNELI.ER, 
 portrait painter, d. 1723. — CARLO MARATTI, painter, d. 1713.— 
 COHORN, a Dutchman (d. 1704), and VAUBAN, a Frenchman (d. 1706), 
 military engineers. — Sir C. WREN, architect, d. 1723. 
 
 1691. Athlone is taken and the Jacobites of Ireland de- 
 
 feated at Aughriin {July 12.) by General Ginckle, 
 Limerick capitulates : 12,000 of the Irish Roman 
 Catholics retire to France, and are formed by 
 Louis XIV. into a corps called the Irish Brigade. 
 
 Mons is taken by Louis : Vauban conducts the 
 siege. 
 
 Defeat of the Turks at Salankemen in Sclavonia. 
 
 Pope INNOCENT X 11. (A. PignatelU).—I>eath of R. Boyle. 
 
 1692. The French fleet under Tourville is defeated off La 
 
 Hogue by the combined fleets of the English and 
 Dutch under Admiral Russell. — Massacre of the 
 Macdonalds at Glencoe in Scotland, January 31. 
 — Battle of Steinkirk in Hainault, where King 
 William is defeated by Luxemburg. 
 
 Namur is taken by Louis XIV. 
 
 Hanover is made the ninth electorate of the em- 
 pire. 
 
 1693. Victory of Catinat at Marsaglia over the duke of 
 
 Savoy : Schomberg (son of the veteran who ivas 
 killed in Ireland) is mortally wounded and taken 
 prisoner. — Naval victory of Tourville, seconded 
 by John Barth and De Forbin, over the English 
 and Dutch under Sir George Rooke. — King Wil- 
 liam is defeated by Luxemburg at Neerwinden. 
 
 18,000 persons are destroyed at Catania by an earthquake. 
 
 1694. Queen Mary dies of the small-pox. 
 
 The French Academy publishes its " Dictionary."— Deaths of PufTendorf and 
 Archbishop Tillotson. 
 
 1695. JVamur is take?! by King William {June 25.). 
 Mustapha II., emperor of the Turks. 
 
186 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l697— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Deaths of La Fontaine, the French fabulist, in his 74th year, and of Huyghens, 
 discoverer of the ring and 6th satellite of Saturn. 
 
 1697. PEACE OP RYSWICK between France, 
 England, Holland, and Spain, September 11. 
 
 The Turks are defeated at Zenta by Prince Eugene 
 of Savoy. 
 
 Peter the Great gains a victory over the ^urks, and 
 takes the city and port of Azov : on this occasion 
 he equipped his first fleet at "Waronitz and laid 
 open the Black Sea. 
 
 Erection of Fort William at Calcutta by the En- 
 glish. 
 
 Charles XII., king of Sweden. 
 
 Augustus II., elector of Saxony, is elected king of 
 Poland. 
 
 Controversy of Bossuet and Fenelon about Quietism. 
 Peter Bayle, a French philosopher, publishes his " Historical and Critical Dic- 
 tionary." 
 Captain Savery constructs a steam-engine for raising water. 
 
 1699. The Scots attempt to plant a colony at Darien. 
 Peace of Carlowitz between the emperor, the Poles, 
 
 the Venetians, and the Turks, Jan. 26. — The 
 Morea is given up to the Venetians. 
 
 Deaths of Stillingfleet and Racine. 
 
 1700. War of the North: Eussia, Denmark, and Poland, 
 
 combine against Sweden. — Charles XII. invades 
 Zealand, and forces the king of Denmark to 
 conclude a peace with him. 
 
 CHARLES XII. DEFEATS THE RUS- 
 SIANS BEFORE NARVA. 
 
 Death of Charles II., king of Spain. — Accession of 
 the house of Bourbon to the throne of Spain in 
 the person of Philip V. of Anjou, grandson to 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 New Britain discovered by Dampier. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT XI. (^Albano). 
 
 PA CENT, mathematician, extends algebraic geometry to surfaces by intro- 
 ducing three co-ordinates.— JAMES BERNOUILLI (d. 1705), and JOHN, 
 his brother (d. 1748), mathematicians.— DA VID GREGORY, astronomer, 
 — LEUWENHOECK, famous for microscopical discoveries, d. 1723 — 
 POIRET, theosophist, d. 1719.— FENELON (b. 1651, d. 1715), theologian, 
 opponent of Bossuet.— Dr. SOUTH, theologian, d. 1716.— H. DODVVELL, 
 critic and theologian, d. 1711. — Richard SIMON, author of " Critical 
 History of the Bible," d. 1712.— DU PIN (b. 1657, d. 1719), NATALIS 
 ALEXANDER (d. 1724), HARDUIN (d. 1729), and Willian CAVE (b. 
 1637, d. 1713), ecclesiastical historians. - FARQUHAR (d. 1707), and 
 SOUTHERN (d. 1746), dramatists. — FILICAIA, Italian poet, d. 1707.— 
 Lord SHAFTESBURY, author of the "Characteristics," d. 1712 — Madame 
 DE MAINTENON. author of "Memoirs," d. 1719. — Madame DACIER, 
 (d. 1720), and GRONOVIUS (d. 1716), classical critics. — CORELLI, 
 musician, d. 1713— GIRARDON, sculptor, d. 1715. 
 
-1704.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 187 
 
 1701. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1701. Succession to the crown of Great Britain settled on 
 
 the princess of Hanover and her Protestant heirs. 
 — Death of James II, at St. Germain! s. By his first 
 
 wife, Aune Hyde, hie iiad two daughters; Mary, married William of Nassau, 
 prince of Orange; Anne, married George, son of Frederic III., king of 
 Denmark. By his second wife, Marie Beatrice of Modena, his children 
 were, James Francis Edward, afterwards called the Pretender, and Mary 
 Louisa, who died unmarried. 
 
 The war for the Spanish succession begins between 
 the Archduke Charles, and Philip, grandson of 
 Louis XIV. — Prince Eugene defeats the 
 French in Italy. 
 
 Frederic III., elector of Brandenburg, takes the 
 title of king of Prussia, under the name of 
 Frederic I. 
 
 Death of the poet Dryden. 
 
 1702. ^nnt, queen of Great Britain on the death of Wil- 
 
 liam III. — War against France and Spain : the 
 English and Dutch destroy the French fleet at 
 Vigo. 
 The French send colonies to the Mississippi. — 
 Troubles in the Cevennes occasioned by the 
 persecution of the Protestants called Camisards. 
 
 1703. FOUNDATION OP ST. PETERSBURG 
 
 by Peter the Great : he constructs the port of 
 Kronstadt, and lays open the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Marlborough makes a successful campaign in the 
 Loto Countries and takes Liege. 
 
 Interruption of the stadtholdership at the death of 
 William III. : Anthony Heinsius, grand pen- 
 sionary. 
 
 Achmet III., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 1704. CAPTURE OP GIBRALTAR by the English 
 
 under Sir George i2ooAe. — BATTLE OP 
 BLENHEIM, or Hochstedt, gained by Marl- 
 borough and Prince Eugene over the French and 
 Bavarians under Marshals Tallard and Marsin 
 and the elector of Bavaria. 
 Augustus, king of Poland, after having been de- 
 feated by Charles XII. at Riga (1701), Clissau 
 
188 OOMVENDiriM Oh' ClIRONOl.OfJY. [1705— 
 
 (1702), and Piiltunk (1703), iw dciHWcd, and 
 SlanislauH JjcckylnHki, ])alat"mc of l^oHOii, cdoctod 
 in his place. — Charley XII. penetrates into the 
 interior of tlie Ukraine, and is joined by 
 M;izepp;i, hetnian of th(^ C'ossaeks. 
 
 N.'wioii piihlislifs l.iH r(.mpl.-l,(! " ()|.(i(s " atid " Lines of tlui I'lilid Ordor."— 
 n;(ii(lrl |iiil)lislifs his (irst, <i|Mra, " Alinira," at thii ago of '20. — Deaths ol' 
 l.(>('k<', Kossucl, and of Itdtiidaloiic. 
 
 170/). 7V/Y' JCiH/lish. niidcr ilic curl of l^icrhoroiKjIi take 
 IhirccloiKt. 
 JOSEPH I., emperor of ( iei many. 
 
 17()(). UNION OP ENGLAND AND SCOT- 
 
 JjA^jy^hi/ Ircdtij si<jitc(l J nil/ 22. — Mitrlboroiujli 
 ffains over the French (^conundiidcd. hy ViUenrl) the 
 battle of lldmillics^ ami Vrhicc Eugene tliat of 
 Turin.' 
 The Ai-ehdnke Cli:irl(\s is [Hoelainied kinii; at 
 Madrid. 
 
 1707. Meeting of the Jirst united parliament of Great 
 
 liritain, ()ctol)er 23. — Battle of Ahnanza in 
 Spain, gained by the Freneli and Sj)aniaTds 
 niider tho (hd-ce of Hcrwie-k o\'(U" the allies. 
 
 The prlneipalities ol' Neuehatel and Va,len<i,in art; 
 given lip to Prussia,. 
 
 Death of Anrengzebe, Mt)gnl t-mperor. — ivath oi i iii- 
 
 ciiia, Italian poot. 
 
 1 708. Battle of Ondenarde : the French, arc defeated, by 
 
 JMarlborongh and Kngene. — Sardinia and. Minorca 
 arc taken, by Sir John Le((he and General Stan- 
 hope. 
 
 Some workmen ol' roitici discover the riiins of llie amieut town of Mercn- 
 lanouni. 
 
 1 709. liattle of M(dpla<jtiet gained by JShirlboroiufh and. 
 
 i]u<iene over the Froah under Villars. 
 
 PETER THE GREAT DEFEATS 
 CHARLES XII. AT PULTOWA in 
 
 Ukraine. — Abdication of Stanislaus : his rival 
 Augustus reascends the throne of Poland. 
 
 Tlio " Taller " is begun by Stccilt! and Addison, Coilowed in 1711 by tlio " Spec- 
 tator," and 1713 tlie '' (Sluardian," tlie first periodical works imblished in 
 I'Inglaiid. 
 
 1710. Victories of Generah Stanhope and Stareinberg at 
 
 .Ihnamtra and Saragoss(t : Philij) V. is obliged 
 
—1714.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROXOLOOY. 189 
 
 A.C. 
 
 to leave Madrid for the hecond tJrrje, and in 
 again Huccccded by the Archduke CharJen. — 
 ('ai)tij:r<i of Sf.o.nh.ope v/dh. 5000 JhUinh. f.roopH. — 
 Jiattle of V'iJIa Vleiona in which the duke of 
 Wi'AifhjUK: in repulned by Starernberg; but Philip 
 V. in cOon after rr^.tored to the throne of 
 Spain. 
 
 St, Paul'H CatlwAralih cmnpUu-A. (^Hc.e 1675). 
 
 HAI.LhV, math'rrrjaticLan a/Kl aistronorrKrr, b. lf;'/0, d. ]74/y. — SAMUKL 
 CLaHKK, thf/AojiiHit aj.d moral phlk^tophftr, d. 172^^.— CHfUS'i IAN 
 'i HOMA8, p^»'^ot'/phical writfrr, b. 1';.%, d. IT'^^KKOOK lAVLOK, 
 (b. 10^.0, d. 17;il,, and «Ai;NlJKfiSOS' a,. Jfj>*2. d. 17%^ rriath<>matJdan«. 
 _0<-an MUDHALX Cd. I72;i„ VLHVliV (<i. W^'i), nud 11A8SAGK Cd. 
 I72a>, fAjAf^imlic^i ttiiU/rinm. — MABSJLLOK, hU^^nf^xn ¥r(^i,t:h iirt-M.Uf.r , 
 d. 1742.— MAT'lHRW HKSUy. VAUVu.hi crjmweuvtt/jr, U. \(/i'i,<\. J714,— 
 JIOLLIN, hitt/Amn. d. 1741— ADDISON', (A>«rt and «fc*.»a>ut, b, iri72- d. 
 J7iO — Sir liicbard STKHLK. drafnatiit an/i «rtsayitt, b, iWI, d. 1720. — 
 /y,r'l iJOLINOflltOKK, philotophical writer, b. 1W2, d, IT'jI^ Da»iK-l 
 Dhi Oh, riov<-litt, author of" Kobirmorj Crii*/^*<-," b, K>/^ d, 1731.— 'i A TK 
 'd. 17l'v, ItOWK Cd. I71>i;, PKIOK M. 1721;, CONGKKVK ''d. 17^/;, 
 ar.d J'AKNKLL, p'>^t^JiOP:itHA A VK and CHK.SELDhN, nhytidan*. 
 — LH C/.KliC, crtic. 
 
 ] 7 ] 1 . 77/./? TorieH Hupplant the Wldrj winutry in En/jlond: 
 dufjraca of Marlhcrroufjlt. 
 
 Engluk South Sea Company u incorporated. 
 
 CHARLES VI. ^the archduke;, hnjl\i(-r of Jo.^epli I., 
 un\)(:r(jr of Germany. 
 
 Peter the Great i.-: .surrounded by the Turks at the 
 Pruth, and concludes a treaty with them. 
 
 Expedition of Duguay-Trouin to Brazil : iiio Jan- 
 eiro is taken, 
 
 D'rfUh of Boil/raii d<it Preaux.~Gay publUbfe* bU " Rjiral Spor(*,"ari/l Pop^ hl« 
 " Kitay f/n CritlcUwi." 
 
 1712. Prince Eugene takes Quesnoy. A detachment of 
 
 his army under the earl of Albemarle is snr- 
 priiied and defeated by Villars at Denain. 
 
 1713. PEACE OF UTRECHT between France and 
 
 iljc beJiJgerent pov,-er.-, the emperor alone ex- 
 cepted. 
 
 The cortes of Spain limit the Ca.-:tilian r;ucce.-;sion 
 to the male line of Philip V. 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction of CPiarles VI. relative to the 
 succession of Austria. 
 
 Frederic William I., king of Prussia. 
 
 /ii/i/ UNIGKNI'ir/S />/ CkuiMd XL In thin Ml Ia corudtmrut 
 1 1 j/nqtOH'ditmH, dxtro/Md frr/ffi. tlic. wMh of FaafJiamia Qvmh- 
 nc.l'ii Fr(nu:h Ne>j; TcjiUirMcrd, oh faljifi awl inffuMd v;i.th tliM (-.rrt/rH 
 of Jaruicnvem.. 
 
 1714. G£orge 5. r/ ^A^ i^ouse of 23runsfoi£fe, /?//?/:;f/>/ r/ 
 
190 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1715— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Hanover^ succeeds Queen Anne: he was the son 
 of the electress Sophia of Hanover , grand-daughter 
 of James L — Sir Robert JValpole, prime minister. 
 Peace of Rastadt between tlie emperor and 
 France. 
 Barcelona is taken by the duke of Berwick, and 
 the war of the Spanish succession ended in Spain 
 in favour of Philip Y. 
 
 1715. Rebellion in Scotland and the north of England in 
 
 favour of the Pretender James Francis, son of 
 James IL — The English insurgents surrender at 
 Preston : the Scots are defeated at Dumblain or 
 Sheriff-Muir, 
 
 Death of Louis XIY. at the age of 77 : he reigned 
 64 years from his majority. 
 
 LOUIS XV,, great-grandson of Louis XIV., suc- 
 ceeds him under the regency of Philip, duke of 
 Orleans. 
 
 The Turks take the Morea from the Venetians. 
 (See 1699.) The Emperor Charles VL, Philip 
 v., and the pope, support the Venetians. 
 
 Deaths of Fenelon, Bishop Burnet, and Malebranche.— Rows succeeds Nahum 
 Tate as poet laureate. 
 
 1716. Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Peterwaradin. 
 
 Death of Leibnitz. 
 
 1717. Prince Eugene takes Temeswar, defeats the Turks 
 
 near Belgrade, and takes Belgrade. 
 Alberoni, prime minister to Philip V. 
 Peter the Great visits Paris. 
 
 1718. Conspiracy formed against the regent, Philip of 
 
 Orleans, by Cardinal Alberoni, and Cellemare, 
 
 the Spanish ambassador. — Quadruple alliance 
 
 formed against Spain, between England, France, 
 
 Austria, and Holland. 
 Sir George Byng destroys the Spanish fleet off 
 
 Sicily. 
 Peace of Passarowitz between the emperor, the 
 
 Venetians, and the Turks. 
 Charles XII. is killed at the siege of Frederickshall 
 
 in Norway : his sister, Utricia Leonora, succeeds 
 
 him. 
 
— 172G.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 191 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Peter the Great condemns his son Alexis Czaro- 
 witz, to death. 
 
 1719. Execution of the count of Gortz at Stockholm. 
 
 Peace of Stockhohn between Sweden, Denmark, 
 England, and Prussia. — Disgrace of Alberoni. 
 
 Publication of Wolff's philosophy. 
 
 1720. The South Sea Scheme in England, principally con- 
 
 trived by Sir John Blount, is broken up. 
 The Mississippi Scheme in France, projected by 
 
 John Law, is also broken up earlier in the 
 
 year. 
 Frederic of Hesse Cassel is elected king of Sweden 
 
 according to the wishes of his wife Utricia 
 
 Leonora. 
 
 Alexander POPE, poet, b. 1688, d. 1744 — GAY, poet, b. 1G88, d. 1732 
 
 Jonathan SWIFT, poet and miscellaneous writer, b. 1G67, d. 1745.-- Dr. 
 ARBUTHNOT, miscellaneous writer, d. 1735— FONTENELLE, philo- 
 sophical writer, b. 1657, d. 1756.— Christian WOLFF, philosopher, b. 1679, d. 
 1754— Richard BENTLEY, classical critic, b. 1661, d. 1742. — Abraham 
 SHARP, mathematician, — VERTOT, historian, d. 1735. _ MONT- 
 FAUCON, antiquarian, d. 1741. 
 
 1721. Peace of Nystadt between Russia and Sweden. 
 
 Kussia obtains Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, and 
 Carnelia: it is on this occasion the senate con- 
 fers on Peter the epithets of " Great," and 
 " Emperor of all the Russias." 
 
 Po pe INOCENT XIII. {Michael Angela Conti). 
 
 1723. Inocidation for the small-pox first introduced into 
 
 England by Lady Worthy Montague. — Death of sir 
 
 Christopher Wren. 
 
 1724. Pope BENEDICT XIIL {Vincent Maria Orsini). 
 Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg instituted. 
 
 FAHRENHEIT, an experimental philosopher, publishes his " Dissertations on 
 Thermometers," b. at Dantzic 1686, d. 1736. — REAUMUR, improver of 
 thermometers, b. 1683, d. 1757. 
 
 1725. Death of Peter the Great : his consort Catherine L 
 
 succeeds him: Menzikoff, prime minister; he 
 died in exile in 1729. 
 Alliance of Hanover (at Herrnhauseii) between 
 France, England, and Prussia, in opposition to 
 the treaty of Vienna between Spain and the 
 empu'e. 
 
 1726. Great earthquake at Palermo. — The Cardinal de 
 
 Fleury, minister of Louis XIV. 
 
 Gay publishes his " Fables." 
 
192 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l727— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1727. Death of George I. : he married Sophla Dorothea ofZell, and had 
 
 2 children ; George Augustus, and a daughter Sophia, married to Frederic 
 William, king of Prussia. 
 
 C!BrCOtgt M., king of England: Walpole remains 
 prime minister. — Treaty between Great Britain 
 and Denmark. — The Spaniards besiege Gib- 
 raltar. 
 
 Death of Catherine I., empress of Russia ; Peter 
 II., Alexie witch, then 12 years old, succeeds 
 her. 
 
 Count Zinzendorf establishes fAe sec^q/* MORAVIANS, or Herrn- 
 
 huters, in Lusatia, which had its rise in 1722. 
 Death of Sir Isaac Newton. 
 
 1728. Treaty between Great Britain and Holland. 
 
 The name of " Methodists " in England first applied to Charles 
 Wesley and his companions at Oxford. 
 
 The congress of Soissons. 
 
 Behring's Strait discovered by Behring, a Danish 
 navigator in the service of Kussia. 
 
 1729. Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, 
 
 and Spain. 
 Death of Leopold, duke of Lorraine. 
 
 Chester More Hall invents the achromatic telescope ; reinvented by Dollond in 
 1757 — Pope's " Essay on Man" published — Death of Dr. Samuel Clarke. 
 
 1730. Anne, niece of Peter the Great, empress of Russia. 
 
 Biren, regent of the empire, is banished to 
 Siberia in 1740. 
 
 Abdication of Victor-Amadeus II., king of Sar- 
 dinia : his son Charles Emmanuel III. succeeds 
 him. 
 
 Christian VI., king of Denmark. 
 
 The Corsicans rebel against Genoa. 
 
 Sedition at Constantinople : Achmet III. gives up 
 the throne to his nephew Mahomet Y. — The 
 Persians under Kouli-Khan defeat the Turks. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT XII. {Laurence Corsini). 
 
 Death of Eusden, succeeded by CoUey Gibber as poet laureate.— James THOM^ 
 
 SON, poet, publishes his "Seasons," 1726 — 30: d. 1748 Dr. Isaac 
 
 WATTS, poet, &c., b. 1674, d. 1748— LE SAGE, author of " Gil Bias," b. 
 1668, d. 1747.-SOMERVILLE (b. 1692, d. 1742), and Richard SAVAGE, 
 (b. 1698, d. 1743), poets.— J. B. ROUSSEAU, lyric poet, d. 1741._Bishop 
 BERKELEY, philosopher, d. 1753.— BARBEYRAC (d. 1747), and BUR- 
 LAMAQUI, political philosophers.— Colin MACLAURIN, mathematician 
 d. 1746. — Archhishop POTTER (d. 1747), Dr. WATERLAND (d. 1740), 
 and Dr. DODDRIDGE (d. 1751), theologians. — Nicholas FRERET, 
 chronologist, d. 1749.— Sir HANS SLOAN E, physician and naturalist, d. 
 1752._DILLEN1US, a botanist, d. 1747. 
 
 1731. Treaty between Great Britain, Holland, and the 
 
—1739.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 193 
 
 k.C. 
 
 Emperor, and general peace. — Extinction of the 
 house of Farnese : Don Carlos, infant of Spain, 
 becomes duke of Parma. 
 
 Clairaut publishes his " Treatise on Curves of Double Curvature."— Deaths of 
 Bishop Atterbury (in exile) at Paris, and of Daniel Defoe. 
 
 1732. Pretended miracles wrought at ike tomb of the Abbe Paris, a Jan- 
 
 senist. 
 
 1733. The Jesuits are expelled from Paraguay. 
 Frederic III., king of Poland. 
 
 1734. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and 
 
 Russia. 
 Siege and capture of Philipsburgh at which the 
 
 duke of Berwick is killed. 
 Death of Marshal Villars. 
 
 1735. The Imperialists in Italy are defeated by the 
 
 French at Parma and Guastalla, and by the 
 Spaniards at Bitonto. — The infant, Don Carlos, 
 is crowned at Palermo king of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Harrison constructs his first time-piece. 
 
 1736. The Russians under Count Lacy recover Azov, 
 
 and under Marshal Munich penetrate into the 
 
 Crimea. 
 Kouli Khan (Nadir Shah) usurps the throne of 
 
 Persia. 
 Theodore, baron of Neuhof, is created king of 
 
 Corsica. 
 Death of Prince Eugene. 
 
 Bishop Butler's "Analogy of Religion" is published. 
 
 1737. Bradley discovers the aberration of light. 
 
 1738. Successes of the Turks against the Austrians. 
 Peace of Vienna between France and Germany. 
 
 Hume publishes his " Treatise on Human Nature." 
 
 1739. The English under Admiral Vernon take Porto 
 
 Bello, a Spanish settlement on the isthmus oj 
 Darien. 
 
 Swedish factions of the Hats and Bonnets. 
 
 The Russians defeat the Turks at Choczim. 
 
 Peace of Belgrade between Austria, Russia, and 
 Turkey : Belgrade, Servia, and WaUachia, are 
 ceded to Turkey. — Russia is interdicted from 
 having a fleet or naval stores in the sea of Azov, 
 or the Black Sea. 
 
 o 
 
194 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l740— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Nadir Shah takes Delhi and conquers the greater 
 part of the Mogul empire. 
 
 1740. Admiral Anson sets out upon his voyage round the 
 tuorld : his fleet is shattered hy a storm in doubling 
 Cape Horn. 
 Frederic II. (the Great), king of Prussia. 
 Death of the Emperor Charles VI., the last male 
 descendant of the house of Hapsburg. His 
 eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, succeeds him in 
 his hereditary dominions. War of the Austrian 
 succession begins ; it lasts 8 years. — Invasion of 
 Silesia by Frederic the Great. 
 
 The Methodist Society is founded hy John WESLEY (&. 1703, d. 
 1791. 
 
 Pope BENEDICT XIV. (Prosper Laurence Lamhertini). 
 
 Bishop BUTLER, moral philosopher, d. 1753. — CALMET, a Benedictine, 
 author of the " Dictionary of the Bible." &c. d. 1757 — CJLAIRAUT, mathe- 
 matician, b. 1713, d. 1765 — BLAIR, poet, author of " The Grave," b. 1700, 
 d. 1746— BRADLEY, astronomer, d. 1762.— C. VINER, lawyer, b. 1680, d. 
 1756. — Christ. PITT, poet, b. 1699, d. 1748.— MONTESQUIEU, miscel- 
 laneous writer, b. 1689, and MOSHEIM, ecclesiastical historian, b. 1694 
 
 (both died in 1755) W. MAITLAND, historian, d. 1757.— DE MOIVRE,- 
 
 mathematician, d. 1754.— MAUPERTUIS, mathematician. 
 
 1741. Carthagena is attacked by Admiral Vernon. 
 Battle of Molwitz gained by Frederic II. — Bavaria, 
 
 Saxony, Spain, and France, declare themselves 
 against Maria Theresa. — Prague is taken by the 
 French and Bavarians. 
 Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter the 
 Great, ascends the throne of Russia. 
 
 Deaths of Rollin, poet, and J. B. Rousseau, lyric poet.— Foundation of the Royal 
 Military Academy at Woolwich — HANDEL publishes his "Messiah " (b. 
 1684, d. 1759).— Garrick first appears as an actor. 
 
 1742. The elector of Bavaria is chosen emperor, and 
 
 takes the name of CHARLES VII. 
 
 Peace between Austria and Prussia signed at 
 Breslau : Silesia is given up to Prussia. De- 
 fensive alliance betiveen England and Prussia. 
 
 Prague is evacuated by the French under Belleisle. 
 
 Fielding publishes his first novel, " Joseph Andrews."— Deaths of Halley and 
 Bentley. 
 
 1743. War in Germany between the British, Hungarians, 
 
 French, and Austrians. 
 Battle of Dettingen {at which George II. was pre- 
 sent) gained by the earl of Stair over the French 
 under De Noailles. 
 
 Death of Cardinal Fleury, 
 
—1747.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 195 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1744. Anson completes his voyage round the world, having 
 
 captured the Manilla galleon. 
 Frederic II. renews the war against Austria and 
 takes Prague, but is forced to retreat. 
 
 Death of Alexander Pope the poet.— Akenside publishes his "Pleasures of 
 the Imagination." 
 
 1745. REBELLION IN SCOTLAND: Charles 
 
 Edward, grandson of James II. of England, gains 
 the battle of Prestonpans. 
 
 Louishurg and Cape Breton are taken by the English 
 from the French.— Death of Sir Robert Walpole. 
 
 Death of Charles VII. : his son, Joseph 11. , re- 
 nounces his father's claims to the succession. 
 
 FRANCIS I. (of Lorraine), grand duke of Tuscany, 
 and husband of Maria Theresa, is elected em- 
 peror. — Maximilian Joseph L, elector of Ba- 
 varia. 
 
 Quadruple alliance between Britain, Austria, Hol- 
 land, and Poland. 
 
 Battle of Fontenoy in Flanders, gained by Marshal 
 Saxe over the English and the Dutch. 
 
 Peace of Dresden between Prussia, Poland, Austria, 
 and Saxony. 
 
 Successes of Don Philip against the king of Sar- 
 dinia. 
 
 The electric shock discovered at Leyden.— Death of Jonathan Swift. 
 
 1746. Charles Edward {the young Pretender) defeats the 
 
 English under Hawley at Falkirk: two months 
 after he is defeated at Culloden by the duke of 
 Cumberland, and obliged to leave Scotland. Lords 
 Balmerino, Kilmarnock, and Lovat, are executed; 
 they are the last persons who suffered the punish- 
 ment of beheading in Great Britain. 
 
 Ferdinand VL, king of Spain. 
 
 Frederic V., king of Denmark. 
 
 Count Saxe takes Brussels and Antwerp, and de- 
 feats the allies at Roucoux. 
 
 Madras is taken from the English by La Bourdon- 
 naye, 
 
 1747. Invasion of Holland by the French: re-establish- 
 
 ment of the stadtholdership in favour of William 
 IV., prince of Nassau-Dietz. 
 o 2 
 
196 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1748— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The French under Marshal Saxe gain the battle 
 of Yal or Laffeldt over the allies commanded by 
 Cumberland. — The fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom 
 is taken by the French under Count Lowen- 
 dahl. 
 
 Naval successes of Admirals Anson and Warren, and 
 of Commodore Fox. — The French fleet is defeated 
 by Hawke, 
 
 Kouli-Khan is murdered : revolution in Persia. 
 
 Klopstock publishes his " Messiah."— Gray publishes his first ode, on " Eton 
 College." — Deaths of Le Sage, Barbeyrac, and Archbishop Potter. 
 
 1748. PEACE OP AIX-LA-CHAPELLE : end of 
 
 the war of the Austrian succession, — Mutual 
 restitution of all conquests made during the war 
 both in Europe and in the East and West 
 Indies. — Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, are 
 given up to Don Philip, infant of Spain, and 
 son-in-law of Louis XV. 
 Dupleix, the French governor, defends Pondicherry 
 against Admiral Boscawen. 
 
 Deaths of the poets Thomson and Watt?.— Montesquieu publishes his " Spirit of 
 the Laws."— Tobias Smollett publishes his first novel, " Roderick Random." 
 Euler publishes his " Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum." 
 
 1749. Halifax in Nova Scotia is founded by the British. 
 League of the Pope, the Venetians, &c., against the 
 
 Algerines. 
 
 The Royal Dublin Society is founded. 
 
 1750. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and Spain. 
 Joseph I., king of Portugal. 
 
 Westminster Bridge finished — Discovery of the city of Pompeii. 
 
 The Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, and the Royal Society of Gottingen, are 
 founded.— Samuel Johnson commences the publication of the " Rambler." 
 — AKENSIDE (b. 1721 d. 1770), SHENSTONE (b. 1714, d. 1763), 
 COLLINS (b. (1720, d. 1766), and Dr. Edward YOUNG (b. 1681, d. 1765), 
 poets.— Gilbert WEST (b. 1706, d. 1756), Lord George LYTTLETON (b. 
 1709, d. 1773), MALLET, D. (b. 1700, d. 1765), VOLTAIRE (b. 1694, d. 
 
 1778), poets and miscellaneous writers Archbishop SECKER (b. 1693, d. 
 
 1768), Dr J. LELAND, (writer against Deism, b. 1691, d. 1766), Dr. 
 JORTIN (historian, b. 1698, d. 1770), Jonathan EDWARDS (American), 
 metaphysician (b. 1703, d. 175S), and Dr. Nathaniel LARDNER (b. 1684, 
 d. 1768), theologians.— VATTEL, writer on Law of Nations, b. 1714. d. 
 
 1767 R. SIMSON, mathematician, b. 1710, d. 1761 — James FERGUSON, 
 
 mechanist and astronomer, b. 1710, d. 1764.— John HARRISON, mecha- 
 nician, inventor of chronometers, b. 1693, d. 1776— LINN^US, the 
 naturalist, b. 1707, d. 1778. — MUSCHENBROCK, physician and natural 
 
 philosopher, b. 1692, d. 1761 ALGAROTTI, an Italian critic, b. 1712, d. 
 
 1764 John MASON, author of" Self-Knowledge," b. 1706, d. 1763— James 
 
 HERVEY, author of" Theron^nd Aspasia," &c., b. 1714, d, 1758. — Lady 
 W. MONTAGUE (b. 1690, d. 1762), Lord CHESTERFIELD (b. 1694, d. 
 1773), DODSLE Y, the books(41er (b. 1703, d. 1764), miscellaneous writers. 
 —RICHARDSON, the novelist, b. 1689, d. 1761.— FIELDING, dramatist 
 and novelist, b. 1707, d. 1754.— Dr. STUKELY, antiquarian, b. 1687, d. 
 1765 _N. HOOKE, Dr. BIRCH, W. GUTHRIE, historians. — HO- 
 GARTH, painter, b. 1698, d, 1764.-.ROUBILLIAC, and RYSBRACH, 
 sculptors.— GEMINIANI, musician. 
 
—1756.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 197 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1751. Capture and defence of Arcot by Clive. 
 Adolphus Frederic, of the house of Holstein Got- 
 
 torp, king of Sweden. 
 
 The " Encyclopedia " is begun by Diderot and D'Alembert. 
 
 1752. Neio style introduced in Britain; September 2nd is 
 
 reckoned I4ith. 
 Khorassan is separated from Persia 
 
 Franklin invents the lightning conductor — Death of Bp. Butler, the eminent 
 divine and moral philosopher, 
 
 1/53. The British Museum is established in Montague House.— Death of Bp. Berkeley, 
 the metaphysician. 
 
 1754. Dispute between the English and the French about 
 
 the frontiers of Canada. Jumonville, a French 
 officer, is assassinated ; to avenge his murder the 
 French seize on Fort Necessity. Expedition wider 
 Major Washington, icho bravely repulses a French 
 attack. 
 
 Othman III., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 Great eruption of ^tna. — Great earthquake at 
 Constantinoj^le and Cairo. 
 
 Hume publishes the first vol. of his Hist, of Eng. : completed 1761. — Deaths of 
 Wolf, and Fielding the novelist. 
 
 1755. Defeat of Braddock near Fort Du Quesne. 
 Pascal Paoli heads the malcontents of Corsica. 
 Lisbon is nearly destroyed by an earthquake ; 
 
 30,000 persons are killed. — Victory of General 
 Johnson over Dieskau in Canada. 
 
 Publication of Johnson's " Dictionary."— Deaths of Montesquieu and Mosheim. 
 
 1756. THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. France, the 
 
 Empire, Sweden, Russia, Austria, and the elec- 
 tor of Saxony, unite themselves against Frederic 
 the Great, whose only ally is England. Battle 
 of Lowositz gained by the Prussians. Capitu- 
 lation of the Saxons at Pirna. 
 
 William Pitt, aftericards Lord Chatham, is appointed 
 secretary of state. 
 
 Naval fight between Admiral Byng and La Galis- 
 sonniere. — Capture of Port Mahon in the island 
 of 3Iinorca by the duke of Richelieu. 
 
 Surajah Dowlah takes Ccdcutta, and shuts up 146 
 British soldiers in the ^^ Black Hole,^^ of whom 
 123 died in one night. 
 
 Home publishes his tragedy of " Douglas."— Publication of Simson's " Euclid." 
 o 3 
 
198 compendium: of chronology. [1757— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1757. Victory of Clive at Plassey, and conquest of Bengal : 
 
 foundation of the present British Empire in India, 
 Admiral Byng is sentenced to he shot for misconduct. 
 Fort William Henry in Canada is taken by the 
 
 French under Montcalm, 
 Battles of Prague and Keichenberg gained by Fre- 
 deric the Great over tbe Austrians. — Dauhn, 
 the Austrian general, repulses the king of Prussia 
 at Kolin. — The French take Verdun and Bre- 
 men : capitulation of Closterseven. — The Prus- 
 sians defeat the French and Austrians at Rosbach 
 and Leuthen. The king of Prussia becomes 
 master of Silesia. 
 Damiens attempts to assassinate Louis XV. 
 The Russians take Memel, and gain the battle of 
 
 Gros Jagersdorff. 
 Mustapha III., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 Death of Colly Gibber, poet laureate, succeeded by Whitehead. — Invention of 
 achromatic telescopes by Dollond. (See 1729.) 
 
 1758. Senegal and Goree are taken hy the English. — Cape 
 
 Breton, Louishurg, and Fort Du Quesne, are 
 taken hy the English : they are repulsed at Ticon- 
 derago. — Naval successes of O shorn, Hawke, and 
 Anson. — De Lolly captures some British settle- 
 ments on the coast of Coromandel, 
 
 Ferdinand of Brunswick is victorious over the 
 French at Crefeld. — Battle of Zorndorf gained 
 by the Prussians over the Russians. — Dauhn 
 surprises and defeats the army of Frederick at 
 Hochkirchen. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT XIII. {Charles Rezzonico). 
 
 1759. Defeat of the French at Quebec by General Wolfe, 
 
 who is killed in the action : Montcalm, the French 
 
 general, is also killed, 
 Guadaloupe surrenders to the English. — The French 
 
 admiral La Clue is defeated off Gibraltar by Bos- 
 
 cawen. — Marshal Conjlans is defeated hy Haicke 
 
 off Belleisle, 
 General Lolly is defeated at Wondiwash by Colonel 
 
 Coote, — Sural is token. 
 The French under the duke of Broglio are victorious 
 
—1761.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 199 
 
 AC. 
 
 at Berghen, near Frankfort, but are defeated 
 at Minclen. — Bloody battle of Kunnersdorf lost 
 by Frederic 11. 
 
 Charles III., king of Spain. 
 
 Frederic IV., king of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 The Jesuits are expelled from Portugal. 
 
 Death of Handel — The book " De I'Esprit," by Helvetius, a materialist, is con- 
 demned and burnt — Harrison finishes the chronometer for which 20,000/. 
 reward is given — Adam Smith publishes his " Theory of Moral Sentiments," 
 and Robertson his " Historj' of Scotland." 
 
 1760. Montreal and all Canada surrender to the English. 
 George 3I]Ii^ king of Great Britain, succeeds his 
 
 grandfather George II. 
 
 George II. married the Princess Caroline of Anspach, and had 2 sons and 5 
 daughters : Frederic, prince of Wales, died in 1751 ; William, duke of 
 Cimiberland, died in 1765 ; Anne, married the prince of Orange ; Amelia, 
 died in 1786; Caroline, died in 1757; Mary, married the prince of Hesse 
 Cassel ; Louisa, married the king of Denmark. 
 
 Capture of Tliur of s squadron {who had taken Carrick- 
 fergus) hy Captain Elliott near the Isle of Man. 
 
 Battle of Leignitz gained by Frederic II. over the 
 Austrian general Laudohn. — Capture of Berlin 
 by the Austrians and Russians. — The king of 
 Prussia defeats the Austrians under Dauhn at 
 Torgau. 
 
 Hyder Ally, sultan of Mysore. 
 
 Dr. Samuel JOHNSON, lexicographer and critic, b. 1709, d. 1782. — Oliver 
 GOLDSMITH, poet and miscellaneous writer, b. 1728, d. 1774. — Laurence 
 STERNE, miscellaneous writer, b. 1713, d. 1768 David HUME, meta- 
 physician and historian, b. 1711, d. 1776 Tobias SMOLLETT, continuator 
 
 of Hume's " History of England," and novelist, b. 1721, d. 1771 John 
 
 CAMPBELL, historian and biographer (" Lives of the Admirals "), d. 1775. 
 — EULER, mathematician, b. 1707, d. 1782 — Benjamin FRANKLIN, ex- 
 perimental philosopher, b. 1706, d. 1790. — BUFFON, naturalist, b. 1707 
 d. 1788. — HALLER (Swiss), physician, b. 1708, d. 1777. — MENDELS- 
 SOHN, Jewish philosopher, b. 1729. — Bp. WARBURTON (b. 1698. 
 d. 1779) and Soame JENYNS (b. 1704, d. 1786), theological writers.— Bp 
 NEWTON ("Diss, on Prophecy"), b.J704, d. 1782. — Bp. LOWTH, 
 Hebrew critic, b. 1710, d. 1786 — Lord KAMES, critic, b. 1096, d. 1782.— 
 METASTASIO (b. 1698, d. 1782), CHURCHILL (b. 1730, d. 1764), GRAY 
 (b. 1716, d. 1771), GRAINGER (b. 1723, d. 1767), poets. — GESNER (of 
 Zurich) painter and pastoral poet. b. 1730. d. 1788. — Jean Jacques ROUS- 
 SEAU, miscellaneous writer, b. 1712, d. 1778. _ WINCKLEMANN, anti- 
 quarian, b. 1718, assassinated 1768. — D'ANVILLE, geographer, b. 1697, 
 d. 1782. — GOLDONI (Italian), comic dramatist, b. 1707, d. 1793.— 
 GARRICK, the actor, b. 1716, d. 1779— Anthony Raphael MENGS (Bohe- 
 mian), painter, b. 1726, d. 1779.— JOMELLI (b. 1714, d. 1774) and Dr. ARNE 
 (b. 1704, d. 1778), musicians. — Colman the elder publishes his first drama. 
 B. 1733, d. 1794. 
 
 1761. Pondicherry is taken hy the English, and also Belle- 
 
 isle. 
 Family compact of the house of Bourbon con- 
 cluded at Paris by the duke of Choiseul, prime 
 minister. 
 
 Expedition to explore Arabia sent by the Danish government: Carsten Niebuhr, 
 geographer, 
 
 o 4 
 
200 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l762— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1762. Martinico and Havannah are taken by the English, 
 
 also the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Death of Elizabeth Petrowna, empress of Russia. 
 Peter III. of the house of Holstein Gottorp 
 succeeds her ; he is dethroned and assassinated, 
 and his consort Catherine II. ascends the throne. 
 
 Execution of John Galas at Toulouse. 
 
 Condemnation of " Emile" and its author : Rousseau takes refuge in Neufchatel. 
 — Deaths of Bradley the astronomer, and of Lady Mary Wortley Montague 
 (born 1690J. 
 
 1763. PEACE OP PARIS between England, France, 
 
 and Spain. France gives up to England Canada 
 and all its dependencies. Cape Breton, and several 
 islands in the West Indies. Cuba and Havannah 
 are restored to Spain, and the Spaniards in return 
 cede Florida to the English. 
 Treaty of Hubertsburgh between Russia, Prussia, 
 and the elector of Saxony : it restores the affairs 
 of Germany to the same state in which they had 
 been before the seven years' war. 
 
 1764. Stamp Act in North America: commencement of the 
 
 contest between the American colonies and Great 
 Britain. 
 Expulsion of the Jesuits from France. 
 
 Election of Stanislaus Poniatowski, last king of 
 
 Poland: troubles relative to the dissidents or 
 
 dissenters. 
 Surajah Doiolah, the soubah of Bengal, is defeated 
 
 at Buxar by Munro. 
 Byron^s voyage round the world and discoveries in 
 
 the South Seas. 
 
 Dr. R. Chandler's travels in Asia Minor and Greece (d. 1810).— Dr. Thomas Reid 
 publishes his " Inquiry into the Human Mind." — Hannah More publishes 
 her first tragedy. 
 
 1765. JOSEPH II., emperor of Germany. 
 
 1766. The American Stamp Act is repealed. 
 Christian VII., king of Denmark. 
 
 The Jesuits are expelled from Denmark and Bohemia. 
 Mesmer publishes his " Theory of Animal Magnetism." 
 
 1767. The colonies in North America cease from importing 
 
 English goods. 
 The Jesuits are expelled from Spain, Genoa, and Venice. 
 Wallis and Carterefs discoveries in the South Seas : 
 
 Otaheite discovered by Wallis. 
 
—1771.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 201 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Publication of the "Nautical Almanack" commenced by Dr. Maskelyne.— . 
 Carsten Niebuhr publishes his "Travels in Arabia."— Invention of the 
 spinning-wheel by Hargreaves. 
 
 1768. Beginning of the war between Russia and Turkey. 
 Genoa sells Corsica to France : Pascal Paoli takes 
 
 refuge in England. 
 
 The Jesuits are expelled from Naples, Malta, and Parma. — The 
 " Dissideyits " of Poland are reinstated in their former liberties. 
 
 James BRUCE (b. 1730, d. 1794) discovers the source of one of the branches of 
 the Nile, called the Blue River. — BOUGAINVILLE'S discoveries in the 
 
 South Seas Sir Joshua REYNOLDS is elected first president of the 
 
 Roval Academy of Painting (b. 1723, d. 1792), GAINSBOROUGH and 
 C. VERNET, painters. 
 
 1769. The Russians, under Galitzin, defeat the Turks and 
 
 take Choczim. 
 
 Pope CLEMENT XIV. (^Francis Laurence Ganganelli). 
 
 Cook sails to Otaheite (to observe the transit of Venus 
 
 on June 3.), and makes his first discoveries in the 
 
 South Seas. 
 
 James WATT (d. 1819) takes out a patent for improvements in the steam- 
 engine. 
 
 1770. The Turkish fleet under Capitan Pacha is destroyed 
 
 in the narrow bay of Chisme by the Russian 
 Admirals OrlofF and Spiritoff, who brought their 
 fleet round from the Baltic to attack them. — 
 Victories of General Romanzow over the Turks 
 near the Pruth and the Kukuli. 
 
 Banishment of the French minister Choiseul. 
 
 Botany Bay discovered hy Captain Cook. 
 
 Earthquake at St. Domingo. 
 
 Thomas REID, metaphysician, b. 1709, d. 1796. — Adam SMITH, political eco- 
 nomist, b. 1723, d. 1790. — W. ROBERTSON, historian, b. 1721, d. 1793 
 
 LELAND, Thos., historian, b. 1722, d. 1785. — Sir W. BLACKSTONE, 
 
 jurist, b, 1723, d. 1780 Nevil MASKELYNE, astronomer, b. 1732, d. 1811. 
 
 — D'ALEMBERT, mathematician and philosopher, b. 1717, d. 1783.— 
 LOGAN, WARTON, WHITEHEAD, GLOVER, LESSING, poets.— 
 GROSE, antiquarian.— BROTIER and MICHAELIS. critics. — Bp. 
 HORNE and Dr. TOWNSON, theologians. — Sir David DALRYMPLE 
 (Lord Hailes), historian and antiquarian. — Thomas SHERIDAN, Richard 
 PRICE rfinancier), and DIDEROT (encyclopedist), miscell. writers — 
 CONDILLAC, metaphysician, d. 1780.— John HOWARD (b. 1726, d. at 
 Cherson, 1790) and Jonas HANWAY, philanthropists,— GLUCK,PICCINI, 
 and MOZART, musicians.— Sir R. Arkwright and Smeaton, mechanicians. 
 
 Deaths of the poets Akenside and CHATTERTON (aged 18) ; Gray died in 
 1771 Death of George WHITFIELD, the celebrated preacher, b. 1714. 
 
 1771. Louis XV., by an edict, establishes the absolute 
 
 dominion of the monarchy over the parliament. 
 Gustavus III., king of Sweden. 
 The Russians, under Prince Dolgoruki, force the 
 
 lines of Perekop and conquer the Crimea. 
 Stanislaus Poniatowski, king of Poland, is carried 
 
 off by force from Warsaw. 
 
202 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1772— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 De Lolme of Geneva publishes his " Constitution 
 of England." 
 
 1772. FIRST DISMEMBERMENT OP PO- 
 
 LAND by Catherine II., Maria Theresa, and 
 Frederic the Great, 
 devolution in Sweden ; the authority of the senate 
 is diminished, and that of the king increased : 
 the constitution is restored to what it was before 
 1680. — Execution of Count Struensee, prime 
 minister of Sweden, at Copenhagen. 
 
 1773. The Order of the Jesuits is suppressed by Clement XIV. 
 
 Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia. 
 Insurrection at Boston in America, — Cook's second 
 voyage and discoveries, 1772 — 5. 
 
 Alfieri publishes his first tragedy, " Cleopatra." 
 
 1774. LOUIS XVL, grandson of Louis XV., succeeds 
 
 him : Turgot his prime minister. 
 
 Romanzow crosses the Danube : peace of Kainargi 
 between Russia and Turkey ; the Crimea is 
 declared independent of Turkey. — Abdhul- 
 Achmet, emperor of the Turks. 
 
 The port of Boston is shut up by the British. — 
 Warren Hastings, first British governor-general 
 of India. — New Caledonia discovered by Cook. 
 
 Eddystone light-house (the present) completed by Smeaton — Goethe publishes 
 his " Werter. "—Death of Goldsmith. 
 
 1775. Beginning of hostilities between England and North 
 
 America : the American congress gives the com- 
 mand of their army to Washington. Battle of 
 Bunker\9 hill. 
 The Zaparog Cossacks are expelled by Catherine II. 
 of Russia. 
 
 Pope PIUS VL {Angelo Braschi). 
 
 R. B. Sheridan publishes his first drama, " The Rivals." 
 
 1776. The United States of America declare their inde- 
 
 pendence {July 4.). They comprised 11 States at 
 
 first ; South Carolina and Maryland were added 
 
 'in 1781. — Washington defeats the English at 
 
 Trenton on the Delaware. 
 
 Weishaupt founds the secret order of the Illuminati. 
 
 Adam Smith publishes his " Wealth of Nations," whence dates the science of 
 
 political economy Gibbon puVjlishes the 1st vol. of his "Decline and 
 
 Fall of the Roman Empire," completed in 1788. — Death of Hume, the 
 historian. 
 
—1780.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOaY. 203 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1777. Philadelphia is taken by the English under Howe. 
 
 Gates, the American general, compels the English 
 under Burgoyne to surrender at Saratoga ( Oct. 
 16.). — Death of Joseph I., king of Portugal: 
 Maria, his daughter, and Peter III., jointly, 
 succeed. — Death of the Elector Maximilian- 
 Joseph I. of Bavaria ; succeeded by Charles 
 Theodore. — Necker, minister of the finances in 
 France. 
 
 Death of Haller, Swiss physician and philosopher. 
 
 1778. Alliance between France and the United States of 
 
 America. 
 War between France and England : naval battle of 
 
 Ushant between Admiral Keppel and U Orvilliers. 
 
 — The Sandwich Islands discovered by Cook. 
 War of the succession of Bavaria. 
 Foundation of Cherson on the Black Sea by the 
 
 Russians. 
 
 Deaths of Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau, Linnteus, and ihe French tragic actor 
 Lekain. 
 
 1779. Spain and Holland declare themselves in favour of 
 
 the United States of America. — Peace of Tes- 
 chen, in Silesia, between Austria and Prussia. 
 SIEGE OP GIBRALTAR by the Spaniards ; 
 it is defended by General Elliot. — Captain Cook 
 is killed at Owyhee. — Great eruption of Vesu- 
 vius. 
 
 Deaths of the 1st earl of Chatham, Garrick, and Bp. Warburton. 
 
 1780. Death of Maria Theresa: her son Joseph II. suc^ 
 
 ceeds her. 
 
 War of the English against Hyder Ally, sultan of 
 Mysore. — Admiral Rodney defeats the Spanish 
 fleet near Cape St. Vincent. — Charlestown sur- 
 renders to the British. — Cornwallis defeats the 
 Americans at Camden-town. — Rochambeau is sent 
 to America with 6,000 French soldiers. — JVar 
 between England and Holland. 
 
 Naval and Military Bible Society established. 
 
 CONDORCET, natural philosopher, b. 1743, d. 1794. —WARING, Dr. E., 
 mathematician, b. 1735, d. 1798. —LAVOISIER (b. 1743, d. 1794), Dr. 
 PRIESTLEY (b. 1733, d. 1804), Dr. Joseph BLACK (b. 1728, d. 1799), and 
 
 H. CAVENDISH (b. 1731, d. 1810), chemical philosophers Dr. James 
 
 HUTTON, geologist, b. 1726, d. 1797.— Dr. PULTENE Y, botanist, b. 1730, 
 d. ISOl.—Edward GIBBON, (b. 1737, d. 1794), Abbe RAYNAL (b. 1718, 
 d. 1796), Robert ORME (b. 1728, d. ISOI), historians — Dr. E. DARWIN, 
 poet and zoologist, b. 1721, d. 1802.-COWPER (b. 1731, d. 1801), MASON, 
 
204 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l781— 
 
 William (b. 1725, d. 1797), Jas. BEATTIE (b. 1735, d. 1803), KLOPSTOCK 
 
 (b. 1724, d. 1803), ALFIERl (b. 1749, d. 1803), poets SPALLANZANI, 
 
 naturalist. — J. ANDERSON, agriculturist. — Dr. TISSOT, physician 
 (Swiss). —LEDYARD, traveller, — Josiah WEDGEWOOD, improver of 
 pottery manufacture Sir W. JONES, poet and orientalist, b. 1746, d. 1795. 
 
 — BOSWELL, biog. of Dr. Johnson, b. 1740, d. 1795 ZIMMERMAN 
 
 (" Essay on Solitude "), b. 1728, d. 1795.— Dr. KIPPIS, biographer, b. 1725, 
 d. 1795 Dr. G. CAMPBELL (" Philosophy of Rhetoric"), b. 17i;9. d. 1796. 
 
 — James M'PHERSON ("Ossian"), b. 1738, d. 1796 Horace WALPOLE 
 
 (b. 1718, d. 1797), Edmund BURKE (b. 1730, d. 1797), Bp. HURD (b. 1720, 
 d. 1808), Dr. BLAIR (b. 1718, d. 1800), MARMONTEL (b. 1728, d. 1799), 
 LA HARPE (b. 1739, d. 1803), miscellaneous writers.— WRIGHT, COP- 
 LEY, and Angelica KAUFMANN, painters.— BACON, sculptor. 
 
 1781. Cornwallis conquers the tivo Carolinas, and advances 
 
 into Virginia, where he is shut up in Yorktown hy 
 the combined forces of Washington, Rochambeau, 
 and La Fayette, supported hy a French fleet 
 under Count de Grasse, and is obliged to sur- 
 render. — Hyder Ally is defeated by Sir Eyre 
 Coote. 
 
 W. Herschell discovers the planet Uranus. — Kant publishes his " Critique de 
 Raison pure," and Schiller his first tragedy. 
 
 1782. Bombardment of Gibraltar by floating batteries in- 
 
 vented by D"" Argon. — Rodney defeats Count de 
 Grasse between the islands of Dominica and 
 Sahites ; the French admiral is carried prisoner 
 to London. 
 
 THE INDEPENDENCE OP THE 
 UNITED STATES is achnowledged by 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Tippoo Saib succeeds his father Hyder Ally. — Sir 
 Edw, Hughes defeats the French fleet under 
 Suffrein in the East Indies. 
 
 Dungannon Convention, and declaration of Irish in- 
 dependence. 
 
 Sunday schools first established by Robert Raikes and Dr. Stock in Gloucester. 
 
 1783. Peace of Paris and Versailles, between Great Britain, 
 
 France, Spain, and the United States of America. 
 
 — William Pitt, second son of Lord Chatham, is 
 made prime minister at 25 years of age, and, tcith 
 only a short interval, retains that office 22 years. 
 
 — Calonne, minister of the finances of Louis 
 
 XVI. 
 Catherine of Russia annexes the Crimea to her 
 empire. 
 
 Great earthquake in Naples and Sicily ; 40,000 lives lost, and the town of Messina 
 nearly destroyed. — The first balloon, constructed in France by MONT- 
 GOLFIER (b. 1745, d. 1799), makes its ascent at Paris. 
 
 1784. Peace between Great Britain and Holland. 
 
—1789.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 205 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Estdblisliment of the Indian Board of Control, 
 Turkey gives up to Kussia the Crimea and part of 
 Cuban. 
 
 Colman the younger publishes his first drama.— Death of Samuel Johnson. 
 
 1785. Insurrection in Holland: William V., the stadt- 
 
 holder, is deposed. — Alliance between Austria, 
 France, and Holland. — Yoyage of discovery of 
 La Peyrouse : he is shipwrecked in 1788. 
 
 Death of Whitehead ; succeeded as poet laureate by Warton. 
 
 1786. Death of Frederic the Great; his nephew Frederic 
 
 William II. succeeds him. 
 
 Maria I., sole sovereign of Portugal. 
 
 Marquis of Cornwallis, governor-general of India. — 
 Commercial treaty between England and France, 
 
 The Sunday School Society is formed. (^See 1782.) 
 
 The Royal Irish Academy incorporated — Home Tooke publishes his "Diver- 
 sions of Purley." 
 
 1787. Warren Hastings is impeached for misdemeanours in 
 
 the government of India by Sheridan and Burke, 
 the distinguished orators. 
 
 First assembly of the Notables at Versailles, ac- 
 cording to the plan of M. de Calonne, one of 
 the French ministers. Banishment of Necker : 
 Cardinal de Brienne succeeds him. 
 
 The Prussians, under the duke of Brunswick, in- 
 vade Holland, and re-establish the stadtholder- 
 ship. 
 
 Turkey declares war against Russia. 
 
 De Saussure ascends Mont Blauc. 
 
 1788. Brienne is dismissed, and succeeded by Necker. 
 
 Second assembly of the Notables at Versailles. — 
 
 Charles IV., king of Spain. 
 Austria joins Bussia against the Turks. 
 Prince Charles Edward dies at Rome. — Botany Bay 
 
 colonized by the English. — Defensive alliance 
 
 between England and Holland. 
 
 Lagrange publishes his " Mecanique Analytique."— The Abbe BARTHELEMY 
 (h. 1715, d. 1795; publishes his " Voyage du Jeunne Anacharsis."— Death of 
 Buflbn (aged 81), and Gesner, poet of Zurich. — Cotton is first planted in 
 Georgia, 
 
 1789. The abolition of the Slave Trade is proposed in par- 
 
 liament by Wilberforce, 
 FRENCH REVOLUTION: States-General 
 at Versailles : National Assembly. — Mirabeau, 
 
206 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l790— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 La Fayette, Maury, Syeyes, Talleyrand, Lan- 
 juinais, BaHly, Le due d'Orleans, Eobespierre, 
 &c. — Necker is banished (July 11.). The Bas- 
 tille is taken, and the governor assassinated 
 (July 14.). JSTecker is recalled (July 17.). De- 
 claration of the " Kights of Man : " abolition of 
 the feudal regime. The princes of the blood 
 and chief nobility leave France. Decree for 
 dividing France into 83 departments. 
 
 Revolution in the Netherlands. 
 
 Sweden declares war against Russia, and threatens 
 Cronstadt. — Selim III., emperor of the Turks. 
 
 — The Austrians, under Laudhon, take Bel- 
 grade. 
 
 Herschell's great telescope erected at Slough, and the 1st and 2Dd satellites of 
 Saturn discovered — Bowles publishes his " Sonnets," and Lavoisier his 
 " Elements of Chemistry." 
 
 1790. Wa?^ in India loith Tippoo Saib. 
 
 Monastic establishments and titles of nobility are 
 suppressed in France. General Confederation 
 at Paris in the Champ de Mars. Introduction 
 of the paper money under the name of " assig- 
 nats." 
 
 LEOPOLD II., grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds 
 his brother Joseph II. as emperor. 
 
 Alternate naval victories of the Russians and Swedes 
 in the Baltic. — The Russians under Suwarrow 
 take Ismail (in December) : 30,000 Ottomans 
 are killed and 10,000 taken prisoners. 
 
 Mutiny of the Bounty ; Captain BliglCs boat-voyage ; 
 the mutineers colonize Pitcairn's Island, 
 
 Deaths of Franklin the philosopher, of Adam Smith, of Howard the philanthro- 
 pist, and of Warton (succeeded as poet laureate by Henry James Pye) — 
 J. C. F. von SCHILLER, poet and historian, b.l759, d. 1805.— KANT, meta- 
 physician, b. 1724, d. 1804.— HERDER, philosopher and philologer, b. 1744, 
 d. 1803.— LAGRANGE, mathemat.and astron., b.l736,d. 1813.— MESSIER 
 and LALANDE, astronomers.— GALVANI (b. 1737, d. 1798), CAVALLO 
 (b. 1749, d. 1809), nat. philosophers. — AT WOOD, G., mechanician.— 
 LAVATER, physiognomist, b. 1741, d. 1801.— DOLOMIEU, mineralogist. 
 
 — GMELIN, chemist, — J. Bapt. MUNOZ (Spanish), MALLET, P. H., 
 (Swiss), Von MULLER, Joseph MILNER ("Church Hist."), FER- 
 GUSON (Adam), historians.— MA LONE, critic— GOETHE (b. 1749, d. 
 ISSi), WIELAND (b. 1733, d. 1813), DELILLE (b. 1738, d. 1813), Robert 
 BURNS (b. 1759, d. 1796), Charlotte SMITH, Charles DIBDIN, CUM- 
 BERLAND (dram.), and Arthur MURPHY, poets.— O'KEEFE, comedian. 
 
 — Gilbert WAKEFIELD and C. J. HEYNE, classical critics. — Home 
 TOOKE, philologist.— General VALLANCY, C. TOWNLEY, BRAND, 
 STRUTT, Jacob BRYANT, antiquarians.— Dr. PALEY (b. 1743, d. 1805), 
 Bp. HORSLEY (b. 1733, d. 1806), and Bp. PORTEUS (b. 1731, d. 1808), 
 theologians — BARRY and OPIE, painters— JULIEN, sculptor.— CIMA- 
 ROSA and ARNOLD, musicians. 
 
—1792.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 207 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1791. Death of Mirabeau. The king of France and his 
 
 family escape from Paris, but are intercepted at 
 Yarennes. Avignon and Venaissin are annexed 
 to France. Louis XVI. accepts the constitution 
 of 1791, presented to him by the Constituent 
 Assembly. Legislative Assembly. — Convention 
 of Pilnitz between Austria and Prussia in favour 
 of Louis XVI. 
 
 New Constitution of Poland (May 3.). 
 
 Revolution in Hayti. — Toussaint I'Ouverture be- 
 comes the leader, and expels the French. 
 
 Riots at Birmingham, 
 
 Discoveries of Galvani published. — First steam-engine in Dublin erected by 
 Henry Jiickson. 
 
 1792. FRANCIS II., emperor of Germany on the death 
 
 of his father, Leopold II. 
 
 Gustavus III., king of Sweden, is assassinated by 
 Ankerstroom ; his son Gustavus IV. succeeds 
 him, under the regency of the duke of Suder- 
 mania. 
 
 Eussia overturns the new constitution of Poland. — 
 Peace of Jassy between Russia and Turkey; 
 the Dniester is made the frontier. The Russians 
 found Odessa. 
 
 Earl Macartney is sent on an embassy to China ; he 
 returns in 1794. 
 
 Seringajmtam is invested hy Lord Cornwallis, and 
 Tijypoo Saih submits. — Sir John Shore, governor- 
 general of India. 
 s France declares war against Austria. The Prus- 
 sians, under the duke of Brunswick, invade 
 France, and take Longwy and Verdun: they 
 are repulsed at Valmy by Kellermann. Savoy 
 is occupied by Montesquiou. Capture of Spires, 
 Worms, and Mayence, by Custine. — Victory of 
 Jemmapes gained by Dumouriez over the Aus- 
 trians. — Insurrection of the suburbs St. Antoine 
 and St. Marceau. Attack on the Tuileries : the 
 Swiss guards are massacred : Massacre of Sep- 
 tember. Third national assembly, called The 
 Convention. Abolition of Royalty. 
 
 PRANCE IS DECLARED A REPUBLIC 
 
208 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [l793— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 (Sep. 21.). Kobespierre, Danton, St. Just, Col- 
 lot d'Herbois, Tallien, &c. 
 
 First application of gas to the purpose of illumination, made by Murdoch in Corn- 
 wall.— Dugald Stewart publishes his "Philosophy of the Human Mind." — 
 Deaths of the musician Mozart, of Bp. Home, of Sir Richard Arkwright, 
 the mechanist, of lords Rodney and North, and of Sir Joshua Reynolds (suc- 
 ceeded as president of the Royal Academy by B. West). 
 
 1793. LOUIS XVI. IS BEHEADED on the 21st 
 of January, and his consort, Marie Antoinette, 
 on the 15th of October, and the duke of Orleans 
 Nov. 6th. Lyons declares for Louis XVII. 
 (February 28th). — The convention declares war 
 against England, Holland, and Spain. First 
 coalition against France of all Europe (Sweden, 
 Denmark, and Turkey excepted), directed by 
 England. Defeat of Dumouriez (in March) at 
 Neerwinden : he and the duke of Chartres (Louis 
 Philippe) j oin the Austrians. The Austrians take 
 Conde, Valenciennes, &c., and the Prussians 
 Mayence. 
 
 Erection of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and the 
 Committee of Public Safety. Eeign of Terror 
 under Robespierre. 
 
 Insurrection of La Vendee under D'Elbee, La- 
 rochejaquelin, Stofflet, Bonchamp, &c. ; the Ven- 
 deans gain the battle of Saumur, &c. — Brissot, 
 and the chiefs of the Girondist party, are guillo- 
 tined. Tyranny of the Mountainists or Jacobins. 
 Marat is assassinated. The Christian era and 
 Christian religion are renounced : the Republican 
 calendar and the worship of " Reason " are sub- 
 stituted. 
 
 Toulon puts itself under the protection of the English 
 and Spanish fleets under Lord Hood and Don 
 Langara {Aug.). 
 
 The duke of York is defeated hy Houchard at 
 Hondscote (^Sep.). 
 
 Lyons is taken by the Republicans (Oct.). 
 
 Dugommier compels the English to evacuate Toulon 
 {in Dec. ) : Bonaparte distinguished himself under 
 him as an officer of artillery. 
 
 Second partition of Poland between Russia and 
 Prussia. 
 
—1795.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 209 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Massacre of tlie Whites at St. Domingo. 
 The Alien Bill is passed in England {Jan. 4.). 
 
 Deaths of Charles Bonnet of Geneva, a naturalist, and of the historian Robertson. 
 
 1794. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended {May). Trials 
 
 of Hardy, Tooke, Thelwell, ^c.^for treason. 
 
 Battle of Fleurus gained over the prince of Coburg 
 by Jourdan and Marceau (June 26.). General 
 Sherer retakes the fortresses of Landrecies, 
 Conde, and Valenciennes. Kleber takes Maes- 
 tricht (Nov. 4.). Dugommier, victorious in the 
 Pyrenees, is killed near St. Sebastian. Perignon, 
 his successor, takes Figuiere and Rosas. General 
 Moncey victorious in Spanish Navarre. 
 
 Downfal and execution of Robespierre (July). 
 
 The French fleet, under Villoret Joyeuse, is defeated 
 off Ushant by Admiral Hoiue (June). — Howe 
 takes possession of Corsica. — Battle of Nimeguen 
 between the French and the English under the 
 duke of York. 
 
 New revolution in Poland excited by Kosciusko. 
 Battle of Warsaw : the suburb of Prague is 
 taken by Suwarrow. Warsaw capitulates (Nov. 
 9.): downfal of Polish liberty. — Execution of 
 Hebert, Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Mal- 
 herbes, Lavoisier, Madame Elizabeth Andre 
 Chenier, &c. 
 
 First meeting of the Church Missionary Society (^Nov. 4»). 
 
 Paley publishes his " Evidences of Christianity." — Thomas Payne publishes his 
 " Age of Reason."— Deaths of Condorcet, of Lavoisier the chemist, of Gibbon 
 the historian, of Colman the elder, the dramatist, and of James Bruce, the 
 traveller. 
 
 1795. Holland is overrun by the French under Pichegru. 
 
 The " Batavian republic " is established. The 
 stadtholder takes refuge in England. — Belgium 
 is annexed to France. — Lyons is bombarded, 
 laid in ruins, and all its loyal inhabitants massa- 
 cred (May). — The royalists landed at Quiberon 
 are defeated by Hoche (June). — The Convention 
 employs Bonaparte (Oct.) to destroy the " sec- 
 tions " of the Parisians. 
 LOUIS XVII. dies in prison at Paris ( June) : 
 his uncle, then residing at Verona, takes the title 
 oi LOUIS XVIIL 
 
210 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1796— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Executive Directory formed, (Nov. 5.). 
 I Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet at U Orient. 
 The Cape of Good Hope is taken from the Dutch by 
 
 the British under Craig, Clarke, and Elphinstone; 
 
 and Ceylon hy General J, Stuart and Commodore 
 
 Ranier, 
 Great disorders in Ireland. — Battle of the Diamond, 
 
 in Armagh, and formation of the first Orange 
 
 lodge, 
 Mr. Hasting^ trial ends in his acquittal, 
 PINAL PAIITITI9N OF POLAND be- 
 tween Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 
 First expedition of Mungo Park into tlie interior of 
 
 Africa. 
 
 W. Roscoe publishes his " Life of Lorenzo di Medici."— The Shakspeare forgeries 
 
 by Ireland are published Deaths of Sir William JONES, of James 
 
 BOSWELL, and of ZIMMERMAN.— Polytechnic schools established. 
 
 1796. The Frencli, under Bonaparte, overrun and plunder 
 
 the north of Italy. Bonaparte gains the battles 
 of Montenotti (April), Lodi (May), Areola and 
 Rivoli (Nov.), &c. The French generals Mo- 
 reau and Jourdan enter Germany, and are 
 ultimately repulsed by the Archduke Charles. 
 Famous retreat of Moreau to the Rhine. 
 
 The British evacuate Corsica, which is seized hy the 
 French, 
 
 Unsuccessful expedition of the French against Ireland 
 under General Hoche. — Death of Henry Flood. 
 
 Death of Catherine II. : her son, Paul I., succeeds 
 her. 
 
 Denmark abolishes the slave-trade before any other 
 European nation. 
 
 Laplace publishes his " Mecanique Celeste." — Invention of Lithography by 
 Alois SENNEFELDER Hahnemann announces the principle of Homoe- 
 opathy Discovery of VACCINATION by Dr. JENNER, an Englishman 
 
 (b. 1749, d. 1823) : the cure became general in 1799 Deaths of Robert 
 
 Burns, the poet, and of Dr. T. Reid. 
 
 1797. Mutiny of the British fleets at Portsmouth and the 
 
 Nore. — The Scots'" Militia Bill is passed. — Sir 
 John Jervis {afterwards Earl St. Vincent) defeats 
 the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent. Nelson 
 distinguishes himself in this engagement. — The 
 Dutch fleet near Camperdown is defeated by 
 Admiral Duncan, 
 
— 1798. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 211 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Admiral Hervey captures the island of Trinidad. 
 Bass's Straits discovered hy Surgeon Bass of the 
 
 *' Reliance.''^ 
 Mantua surrenders to tlie French (Feb.), and 
 
 Yenice is occupied (May). 
 Peace of Campo Formio : the Emperor Francis 11. 
 
 gives up to the French Belgium and Lombardy, 
 
 and receives for himself the whole territory of 
 
 the republic of Yenice. 
 Death of Frederic William II., king of Prussia : 
 
 his son Frederic William III. succeeds him. 
 Formation of the Cisalpine republic, and of the 
 
 Ligurian republic of Genoa. 
 Feth- Ally-Khan, shah of Persia. 
 John Adams, president of the United States. 
 
 Lacroix publishes his "Differential and integral Calculus." — Stereotyping is 
 said to have been invented by Ambrose Didot of Paris ; others ascribe it 
 to Mr. Tilloch : it is said to have been suggested by W. Ged of Edinburgh 
 
 in 1735 Deaths of Edmund Burke, Horace Walpole, and Joseph Milner, 
 
 the historian, 
 
 1 798. Second coalition against France, of England, Eussia, 
 Naples, Sicily, Turkey, and Austria. Prussia, 
 Holland, and Belgium are neutral. 
 
 The papal government is suppressed by the French : 
 the pope, Pius YL, quits Rome (Feb. 26.), and 
 is carried prisoner to France, where he dies next 
 year. — Pome is captured by the king of Naples, 
 but soon recovered by the French. 
 
 REBELLION IN IRELAND : it is finally 
 suppressed by Marquis Cormoallis, lord lieutenant. 
 — Unsuccessful expedition of the French against 
 Ireland ; Humbert, their general, lands at Killala, 
 and surrenders after the battle of Ballinamuck. 
 
 Expedition of the French into Egypt under General 
 Bonaparte and Admiral Brueys. They take 
 Malta from the knights, defeat the Turks at the 
 Pyramids, and enter Cairo. 
 
 BATTLE OP THE NILE GAINED BY 
 LORD NELSON over the French: Admiral 
 Brueys is hilled {August 1.). — General Stuart 
 takes Minorca. 
 
 Marquis of Wellesley, governor-general of India. 
 
 P 2 
 
212 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1799— 
 
 A,C. 
 
 The Swiss are finally defeated, and their inde- 
 pendence abolished (Sep.). 
 
 The king of Sardinia gives up Piedmont to France, 
 and retires to Cagliari. 
 
 Deaths of Dr. Edward Waring, mathematician, and of Galvani. 
 
 1799. Union with Ireland proposed in the British parlia- 
 
 ment and rejected hy the Commons of Ireland. 
 
 Seringapatam is taken by General Harris and Sir 
 David Baird ; Tippoo Saib, sultan of Mysore, is 
 defeated and killed by the English; the entire 
 peninsula of India is subjected to their authority. 
 
 Expedition of Bonaparte in Syria : capture of Gaza 
 and Jaffa. Bonaparte is obliged to raise the siege 
 of Acre by the exertions of Sir Sydney Smith; he 
 returns to France, after defeating a Turkish 
 force at Aboukir. 
 
 Lucien Bonaparte, president of the council of the 
 Five Hundred. Abolition of the Directory, and 
 of the Constitution of the Year III. Bonaparte, 
 Cambaceres, and Lebrun are named consuls 
 (Dec). 
 
 BONAPARTE FIRST CONSUL OP THE 
 REPUBLIC. 
 
 Brilliant success of the Russian general Suwarrow : 
 he recovers from the French the north of Italy. 
 — Massena defeats Korsakoff at Zurich. 
 
 Maximilian- Joseph II., elector of Bavaria. 
 
 The British troops (under Abercrombie at first, then 
 under the duke of York^ are defeated by General 
 Brune, and compelled to evacuate Holland. — The 
 English take Surinam from the Dutch. 
 
 Death of Washington. 
 
 Death of Pope Pius VI. in captivity at Valence (Aug."). — Dr. 
 Carey establishes the Baptist mission at Serampore. 
 
 Campbell publishes his " Pleasures of Hope." — Humboldt's " Travels in Ame- 
 rica," to 1804 Dr. Clarke's " Travels in Greece and Asia," to 1802. 
 
 1800. UNION OP IRELAND AND GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN under the same parliament. 
 The emperor of Russia recalls his troops from 
 
 Italy. — Bonaparte crosses the Alps and takes 
 
 Milan. 
 BATTLE OP MARENGO; in which Bona- 
 
-1801.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 213 
 
 ^.c. 
 
 parte defeats the Austrians (June 14.) : they re- 
 th-e beyond the Mincio. — Bonaparte at Paris 
 (July) : explosion of the infernal machine (Dec. 
 24.). 
 
 Battle of Hohenlinden (Dec. 3.), gained by Moreau 
 over the archduke. 
 
 Battle of Heliopolis gained by Kleber, who is 
 assassinated at Cairo. 
 
 Malta is taken hy the English. 
 
 Pope PIUS VII. {Barnabas Chiaramonti). 
 
 Death of the poet Cowper— Sir William HERSCHELL, astronomer, b. 1738, d. 
 1822.— LA PLACE (b. 1749, d. 1827), and DELAMBRE (b. 1749, d. 1822), 
 mathematicians and astronomers — BODE, astronomer, b. 1747, d. 1827. — 
 H. ANDREWS, astronomer. — MONGE, inventor of Descriptive Geometry, 
 b. 1746, d. 1818. —John PLAYFAIR, mathematician and geologist, b. 1749, 
 
 d. 1819— LACROIX, and Charles BUTTON, mathematicians Dugald 
 
 STEWART, metaphysician, b. 1753. d. 1828.— Bishop WATSON, (" Apol. 
 for Bible," b. 1737, d. 1816), and Robert HALL, (b. 1764, d. 1831), divines. 
 — Gi-anville SHARP, critic ar,d philanthropist — Richard PORSON, clas- 
 sical critic, b. 1759, d. 1808 Joseph WHITE, orientalist.— Dr. John LEY- 
 DEN, poet and linguist LANGLES, orientalist.— W. BELSHAM, his- 
 torian and essayist, b. 1752, d. 1827. — W. MITFORD, " Hist, of Greece," 
 
 b. 1734, d. 1827 A. F. TYTLER (lord Woodhouselee), historian, b. 1747, 
 
 d. 1813— VOLNEY, historian and traveller, b. 1755, d. 1820.— J. P. 
 CURRAN, (b. 1750,d. 1817), H. GRATTAN (b. 1750, d. 1820), and Richard 
 
 Brinsley SHERIDAN (dramatist, b. 1751, d. 1816), distinguished orators 
 
 Jas. GRAHAME, and W. HAYLEY, poets— HOLCROFT, IFFLAND 
 (German), COLMAN, jun., Mrs. INCHBALD, dramatists. — Hannah 
 MORE, Countess de GENLIS, Madame COTTIN, Baroness DE STALL, 
 
 Mrs. RADCLIFFE, H. MACKENZIE, novelists, &c Mrs. BARBAULD, 
 
 and Bernardin de ST. PIERRE, miscellaneous writers — Arthur YOUNG, 
 agriculturist — Sir Joseph BANKS, naturalist," b. 1743, d. 1820. — George 
 SHAW,naturalist.—SONNIN I, traveller and naturalist.— WILLDENOW, 
 botanist. —WERNER, mineralogist. —Major RENNELL, geographer.— 
 DENON, antiquarian.-Dr.R. ANDERSON, biographer— Dr. E. CART- 
 WRIGHT, inventor of weaving machines.— Dr. C. BURNEY (" Hist, 
 of Music "), b. 1726, d. 1814.— Joseph HAYDN (h. 1732, d. 1809), BEETH- 
 OVEN (b. 1770, d. 1827), CHERUBINI (b. 1760, d. 1842), PAISIELLO, 
 and CORRL musicians — Benjamin WEST, NORTHCOTE, STOT- 
 HARD, T. MORLAND, DAVID, and FUSELI, painters. — CANOVA 
 and NOLLEKENS, sculptors.— J. P. KEMBLE, TALMA, Mrs. SID- 
 DONS, actors. 
 
 1801. 
 
 1801. First meeting of the imperial parliament of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. — Pitt resigns, after having 
 been prime minister 18 years: Addington succeeds 
 him. — Battle of Alejcandria gained over Me-nou 
 hy the English under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, ivho 
 is hilled : the French capitulate to General Hut- 
 chinson, and are sent back to France. 
 
 Battle of Copenhagen : the Danish fleet is taken and 
 destroyed by Nelson (April 3.). 
 
 Peace of Luneville between France and Germany 
 
214 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l802— 
 
 A.C, 
 
 (Feb.) : France obtains all the left bank of tlie 
 
 Ilhine. 
 The Emperor Paul of Eussia is dethroned and put 
 
 to death : his son Alexander I. succeeds him. 
 JeiFerson, president of the United States. 
 
 The planet Ceres discovered by Piazzi Death of Lavater. 
 
 1802. Peace of Amiens between England, France, Hol- 
 
 land, and Spain. — The Cape of Good Hope re- 
 stored to the Dutch. — Peace between France 
 and Turkey. The Roman Catholic religion is 
 re-established in France by the Concordat. — 
 Bonaparte is elected chief consul for 10 years, 
 and afterwards for life. — Institution of the 
 Legion of Honour. 
 
 Toussaint I'Ouverture is taken by the French at 
 Hayti. 
 
 The prince of Orange renounces the office of stadt™ 
 holder. 
 
 The planet Pallas discovered by Olbers. — The " Edinburgh Review " com- 
 menced by Francis Jeffrey and others. 
 
 1803. Execution of Colonel Despard for high treason. 
 Fresh hostilities hetiveen France and England. — The 
 
 French under Alortier seize Hanover, 
 
 General Arthur Wellesley {afterwards duke of Wel- 
 lington) enters the Mahratta states 
 
 BATTLE OF ASSAYE, in which Wellesley 
 defeats the forces of Scindia, ivhich were ten times 
 greater than his oivn. — The Great Mogul puts 
 himself under the protection of General Lake. 
 
 France sells Louisiana to the United States. 
 
 Evacuation of St. Domingo by the French : Roch- 
 ambeau capitulates to Dessalines, but is obliged 
 to surrender to Admiral Duckworth. St. Do- 
 mingo becomes an independent state under the 
 ancient name of Hayti. 
 
 Act of Mediation by Bonaparte in Switzerland: 
 19 cantons are formed. 
 
 St. Lucia, Tohago, Demerara, §'c., are taken by the 
 English. 
 
 Insurrection in Dublin headed by Robert Emmet, in 
 which Lord Kihvarden is killed. 
 
—1805.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 215 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Phrenology is invented by Dr. Gall Congreve rockets are invented by Sir W. 
 
 Congreve — The percussion principle for fire-arms is discovered by Alex. J. 
 Forsyth, d. 1843 — Deaths of Klopstock, Herder, Alfieri, La Harpe, and 
 Beattie. 
 
 1804. Conspiracy of Pichegru, Cadoudal, and Moreau, 
 
 against Bonaparte (Feb.). Pichegru is strangled 
 
 in prison ; Moreau retires to America. — The 
 
 Duke D'Enghien is shot by order of Bonaparte, 
 
 (21 March). 
 NAPOLEON IS PHOCLAIMED EM- 
 
 PEHOR OF THE FRENCH (May 18.) ; 
 
 the pope assists at his coronation at Paris (Dec. 
 
 2.). — Fouche, minister of police. — Death of M. 
 
 Necker, at Copet, in Switzerland. 
 Francis II., of Germany, takes the title of Francis 
 
 I., emperor of Austria. — Insurrection of the 
 
 Servians against the Porte headed by Czerni 
 
 George. 
 Dessalines, emperor of Hayti, as James I. 
 Pitt is reappointed 'prime minister, — The English 
 
 take possession of Surinam. — War with Spain. 
 Establishment of the British and Foreign Bible Society/ (^March 7.)« 
 The planet Juno is discovered by Harding.— Deaths of Dr. Priestley, and Kant, 
 
 philosophers, and of Bryant, antiquarian. 
 
 1805. Napoleon assumes the title of king of Italy. — Third 
 
 coalition against France, consisting of Great 
 Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden. — Battle 
 of Elchingen gained by Ney. — The Austrian 
 general Mack, with 25,000 men, surrenders to 
 the French at Ulm. 
 
 NAPOLEON DEFEATS THE AUSTRI- 
 ANS AND RUSSIANS AT AUSTSR- 
 LITZ (Dec. 2.). — Peace of Presburg between 
 France and Austria : Austria cedes Venice, the 
 Tyrol, &c. 
 
 Maximilian-Joseph II., elector of Bavaria, takes 
 the title of king, as does also the elector of 
 Wirtemburg. — New Batavian constitution : 
 Schimmelpennink, grand pensionary. 
 
 The camp at Boulogne, destined for the invasion of 
 England, is broken up. 
 
 LORD NELSON DEFEATS THE 
 FLEETS OF FRANCS AND SPAIN 
 AT TRAFALGAR {Oct. 21.), takes 20 sail, 
 
 P 4 
 
216 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1806— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 and is killed in the engagement. — Sir Richard 
 Strachan captures 4 more of the combined jieet at 
 Ferrol. 
 
 Mungo Park makes a second journey into Africa, and is killed at Boussa. — 
 Deaths of Schiller and Paley. 
 
 1806. Joseph Bonaparte is made king of the Two Sicilies 
 
 (March). — Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland. — 
 Confederation of the Rhine : dissolution of the 
 Germanic empire. — Fourth coalition against 
 France, consisting of England, Russia, Prussia, 
 Saxony, and Sweden.— THE PRUSBIAMS 
 AHE DEFEATED BY HAPOLEON 
 AT JENA (Oct. 14.) : Napoleon in person de- 
 feats Prince Hohenlohe, and Davoust defeats the 
 duke of Brunswick on the same day at Auer- 
 stadt. — The different Prussian armies and fort- 
 resses successively capitulate. — Hanover, which 
 had been occupied by the Prussians^ is occupied 
 by the French. — Mortier occupies Hamburgh. — 
 Murat enters Warsaw. 
 
 Indecisive battle of Pultusk between Napoleon and 
 the Russians (Dec. 26.). 
 
 Death of William Pitt {Jan. 23.); Lord Grenville, 
 prime minister. — Napoleon excludes all British 
 manufacturers from the Continent by the decree of 
 Berlin {Nov. 21.), and commands all British sub- 
 jects to be seized and all British property to be 
 confiscated. — Sir John Stuart defeats the French 
 under Regnier at Maida in Calabria {July). — 
 The Cape of Good Hope is taken by Sir David 
 Baird and Sir H. Popham. {See 1802). — Buenos 
 Ayres is taken by General Beresford and Sir H. 
 Popham, but is soon after retaken by the Spaniards. 
 — Deaths of Charles James Fox {Sept. 13.), Earl 
 Macartney, and Lord Thurloio. 
 
 The Ottoman Porte declares war against Russia. 
 
 Murder ofDessalines; emperor of Hayti: Christophe 
 succeeds him. 
 
 Deaths of Bishop Horsley, Charlotte Smith, Henry Klrke White (aged 21), and 
 Barry the painter. 
 
 1807. Napoleon defeats the Russians and Prussians at 
 
 Eylau (Feb.), and at Friedland (June). — Dantzic 
 
—1808.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 217 
 
 A.C. 
 
 is taken by Lefebvre (May). — Peace op Tilsit 
 (June) between France, Russia, and Prussia. — 
 Formation of the duchy of Warsaw in favour of 
 the king of Saxony. 
 
 Napoleo7i, by the decree of Milan (Dec, 17.), prohibits 
 all communication between Great Britain and the 
 continent. 
 
 Copenhagen is bombarded, and the Danish fleet sur- 
 rendered to the British under General Lord Cath- 
 cart and Admiral Lord Gambier (Sept. 7.). — The 
 British fleet under Admiral Duckivorth passes 
 the Dardanelles and threatens Constantinople. — 
 General Auchmuty takes Monte Video. — General 
 Whitelocli is defeated at Buenos Ayres. 
 
 The British troops under General Fraser take Alex- 
 andria, but soon evacuate Egypt. 
 
 THE SLAVE-TRADE IS ABOLISHED 
 BY THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.— 
 The duke of Portland, prime minister. — Lord 
 Minto, governor-general of India. — Death of the 
 cardinal of York, the last descendant of the 
 Stuarts, born in 1725. 
 
 The partition of Portugal is projected by Napoleon. 
 — Junot advances upon Lisbon. • — The prince 
 regent and royal family withdraw to Brazil 
 (Nov. 29.). The French occupy Portugal. 
 
 Revolution at Constantinople : Selim III. is de- 
 joosed by the Janissaries, and his nephew Mus- 
 tapha IV. succeeds him. 
 
 The Russian fleet defeats that of the Turks at 
 Lemnos. 
 
 Partition of Hayti : Petion is elected president of 
 one part of the island at Port-au-Prince. 
 
 The first steam-vessel is started by Fulton on the Hudson river in America 
 
 Gas-lamps first used in London, introduced by F. A. Winsor.— Lord Byron 
 publishes his "Hours of Idleness." — The planet Vesta is discovered by 
 Gibers. 
 
 Deaths of Lalande, G. Attwood, and Opie the painter. 
 
 1808. The French invade Spain: Murat enters Madrid: 
 Charles IV. abdicates in favour of his son Fer- 
 dinand VII., who is dethroned by Napoleon, 
 and imprisoned with his brothers in the castle of 
 Valencay. — Joseph Bonaparte is made king of 
 
218 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l809— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Spain (June) : Murat succeds him as king of 
 Naples, — Gallant defence of Saragossa by Pa- 
 lafox, wlio repulses the French. — Battle of 
 Baylen (July 20.) : Dupont, with 14,000 French 
 troops, surrenders to Castanos. — Joseph Bona- 
 parte abandons Madrid, and retires to Burgos 
 (Aug. 1.). 
 
 The Portuguese arm against the French, and solicit 
 aid from Great Britain. 
 
 Battle of Vimeira : Sir A. Wellesley defeats the 
 Frejich under Junot. — Convention of Cintra: the 
 French evacuate Portugal. — The Russian fleet 
 in the Tagus surrenders to Sir Charles Cottoji. 
 
 Conference at Erfurth between the Emperors Alex- 
 ander and Napoleon (Sep. 27.). — Napoleon enters 
 Spain (Nov.). 
 
 Russia and Denmark make war upon Sweden. 
 Russia conquers Finland. — Frederic VL, king 
 of Denmark. 
 
 The Sultan Mustapha is deposed, and Mahomet VI. 
 succeeds him. 
 
 Deaths of Bp. Hurd, Madame Cottin, Home the dramatist, Porson, and Angelica 
 Kaufmann. 
 
 1809. Retreat of Sir Johyi Moore from the interior of 
 Spain: battle of Corunna (Jan. 16.), in which 
 the French under Soult are repulsed^ and Sir 
 John Moore hilled. — The British forces re-emhark 
 for England. 
 
 Spencer Perceval^ prime minister. 
 
 Fifth coalition against France, of England, Austria, 
 Spain, and Portugal. — The Austrians under the 
 Archduke Charles are defeated by Napoleon at 
 Eckmuhl and Ratisbon. — Vienna surrenders 
 (May 13.). — Napoleon crosses the Danube : 
 battles of Aspern and Esslingen, where he is 
 repulsed by the Archduke. — MAPOLEON 
 DEFEATS THE AUSTRIANS AT 
 WAGRAM (July 6. and 7.).— Armistice of 
 Znaym. — Peace of Schoenbrunn (Oct. 14.). 
 
 Saragossa surrenders to the French under Lannes 
 (Feb. 19.). 
 
 Passage of the Douro at Oporto hy Sir A, Wellesley, 
 
—1810.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 219 
 
 A.C. 
 
 and retreat of Soult into Gallicia. — Battle of 
 Talavera {July 27.), in which the French, under 
 Jourdan, Victor, and Sebastiani, are defeated hy 
 Sir A. Wellesley, icho is in consequence created 
 Viscount Wellington. 
 
 Expedition under the earl of Chatham and Sir 
 Richard Strachan to the island of Walcheren. — - 
 Flushing is taken, hut is soon after abandoned, 
 and the island of Walcheren evacuated after the 
 troops had suffered much from disease {Nov. 24.). 
 
 The French fleet in the Basque Roads is destroyed 
 by Lords Gambier and Cochrane, and that in the 
 hay of Rosas by Lord Collingwood. — Lord CoU 
 lingwood and General Oswald take possession 
 of the Ionian Islands. — Cayenne and French 
 Guiana, Martinico, and Senegal, are taken by the 
 British. — A Russian flotilla in the Baltic is cap- 
 tured by Sir James Saumarez. 
 
 The 50th anniversary of George III.^s reign is cele- 
 brated as a jitbilee ( Oct. 25.). 
 
 Gustavus TV., king of Sweden, abdicates the crown : 
 his uncle the duke of Sudermania succeeds him 
 as Charles XIII. — Finland is ceded to Russia 
 (Sep. 17.). 
 
 The states of the pope are annexed to France. 
 Pius VII. excommunicates Bonaparte, and is 
 detained a prisoner at Savona. 
 
 James Madison, president of the United States. 
 
 The " Quarterly Review " is commenced : Wra. Gifford, editor.— Deaths of Bp. 
 Porteus, and Hadyn the composer. 
 
 1810. Napoleon divorces the Empress Josephine (Jan. 16.), 
 and marries the Archduchess Maria Louisa of 
 Austria (Ap. 1.). 
 Louis Bonaparte abdicates the throne of Holland 
 (July 3.). — Holland, Hamburgh, Bremen, Lubec, 
 Oldenburg, and parts of Westphalia and Berg, 
 are annexed to France. — Hanover is annexed to 
 the kingdom of Westphalia. — Napoleon orders all 
 British merchandize on the continent to be burned. 
 Death of the crown prince of Sweden : Bernadotte 
 is adopted by Charles XIII. as his son and sue- 
 
220 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1811— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 cessor, and proclaimed (Nov. 5.). — Sweden de- 
 clares ivar against Great Britain, 
 
 Soult conquers all Andalusia except Cadiz, which 
 baffles the attempts of Victor. — Ciudad Roderigo 
 and Almeida are taken by the French. — Massena 
 invades Portugal : Wellington retires to the lines of 
 Torres Vedras, having defeated the French in the 
 battle of Busaco {Sep. 27.). — First meeting of 
 the cortes in Spain since the usurpation of Bona- 
 parte (Sep. 28.). — Revolt of the Spanish colonies 
 in South America : republic of Venezuela. 
 
 Guadalowpe, the last of the French West India 
 islands, surrenders to General Beckwith and Ad- 
 miral Cochrane, — The islands of Bourhon and 
 the Mauritius are taken by an expedition sent from 
 India by Lord Minto. — Death of the Princess 
 Amelia and of Lord Collingioood. 
 
 The Russians conquer from the Turks all the right 
 bank of the Danube. 
 
 Foundation of the university of Berlin The polarization of light is discovered 
 
 byMALUS,ofPans,b. 1775, d. 1812— HEGEL, philosopher.b. 1770, d. 1831. 
 
 — Dr. Thomas BROWN, metaphysician, b. 1777, d. 1820 CARNOT (b. 
 
 1753, d. 1823) and LEGENDRE (d. 1832), mathematicians. — PIAZZI 
 (b. 1746, d. 1826) and Dr. S. Vince, astronomers. — Sir John LESLIE 
 (b. 17C6, d. 1832), mathematician and natural philosopher.— Dr. WOLLAS- 
 TON (b. 1766, d. 1828) and VOLTA (b. 1745, d. 1826), natural philosophers. 
 
 — F. A. WINSOR, introducer of gas lights. — John RENNIE, engineer.-. 
 JACQUARD, mechanist — HAUY, mineralogist. — THORNTON, bo- 
 tanist. 
 
 B. G. NIEBUHR (b. 1776, d. 1831), Wm. ROSCOE (d. 1831), Archdeacon 
 COXE, Sir Richard MUSGRAVE, Malcolm LAING, Sir N. W. WRAX- 
 ALL, DARU, and T. MAURICE, historians. — Dr. R. MORRISON, 
 Chinese scholar and missionary, d. 1834. — Dr. William MAGEE, b. 1765 
 ("Dissert, on Atonement" in 1809), d. 1831.— Dr. Thomas Fanshaw MID- 
 DLETON, biblical critic, b. 1769, d. 1831.— Rev. Thomas SCOTT (b. 1747, 
 d. 1821) and Dr. Adam CLARKE (b. 1762, d. 1832), scripture commentators. 
 
 — SirW. GELL, Claudius J. RICH, and Sir W. DRUMMOND, archse- 
 ologists.- BURCKHARDT and Dr. Edward CLARKE, travellers.— 
 MALTE BRUN, geographer — BLOOMFIELD, CRABBE, and Vincenzo 
 RIONTL poets — Wm. GIFFORD, poet and critic, d. 1826. — Ugo FOS- 
 COLO, Italian dramatist. &c.— Rev. R. C. MATURIN, M. G. LEWIS, the 
 German LAFONTAINE, Mrs. BRUNTON, and Miss EDGEWORTH, 
 novelists.— Sir Egerton BRYDGES, miscell. writer. — Sir Samuel RO- 
 MILLY, distinguished lawyer— Drs. ABERNETHY and WILLIS, phy- 
 sicians — Edward BIRD, painter. — FLAXMAN, sculptor. 
 
 Deaths of Dr. Chandler and Dr. Maskelyne. 
 
 1811. Suchet takes Tortosa by capitulation (Jan. 1.), 
 Tarragona (June 28.) and Montserrat (Aug. 19.) 
 by force ; gains a victory over the Spanish 
 general, Blake, at Murviedro (the ancient Sa- 
 guntum) ; and conquers the province of Va- 
 lencia. 
 Massena retreats from Torres Vedras. — Badajos 
 
—1812.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 221 
 
 surrenders to the French {March 11.) : Lord Wel- 
 lington attempts to besiege it ; SouU advances to 
 its relief, and is defeated hy General Beresford at 
 Alhuera {May 16.). — Massena is defeated at Fu- 
 entes d^ Honor e, and is succeeded hy Marmont. — 
 The siege of Badajos is abandoned, — The French 
 under Victor are defeated by General Graham at 
 Barrosa {March 6.). 
 
 The regency of England is entrusted to the prince of 
 Wales {in Feb.) during the temporary derangement 
 of George III, — A Danish force of nearly 4000 
 men attacks the island of Anhalt, and is repulsed 
 hy 150 British under Captain Maurice {March 
 27.). — A brilliant comet visible in England {Sep. 
 1.). — Biots at Nottingham by weavers, who destroy 
 several articles of machinery. 
 
 Birth of Napoleon's son (March 20.), whom he styles 
 king of Rome. 
 
 A Turkish army capitulates to KutusofF. — Massacre 
 of 1600 Mamelukes in Cairo by order of Me- 
 hemetAli (Mar. 1.). — Feudal rights are abolished 
 in Spain. — Eruption of a volcano in the sea off 
 the island of St. Michael. — Conflagrations in 
 the Tyrol, by which 64 villages are destroyed. 
 
 Deaths of James Grahame, the poet ; Pallas, the traveller ; Robert Raikes, 
 founder of Sunday schools j and Dr. Leyden, poet and linguist. 
 
 1812. Ciudad Bodrigo is stormed (Jan. 19.) by Lord Wel- 
 lington {who is created duke of Ciudad Bodrigo); 
 and Badajos {Ap. 6.). — Sir Stapleton Cotton 
 defeats the French cavalry at Villa Franca 
 {Ap. 10.). 
 
 Battle of Salamanca gained by Wellington {July 22.) ; 
 he enters Madrid {Aug. 12.), but is compelled to 
 raise the siege of Burgos {in Oct.), and retire to 
 the frontiers of Portugal. 
 
 Spencer Perceval {prime minister) is assassinated in 
 the House of Commons by Bellingham {May 11.) : 
 Lord Liverpool succeeds him. 
 
 The United States declare tear against Great Britain 
 {June 18.). 
 
 Peace of Bucharest between the Eussians and the 
 
222 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l813— 
 
 Turks (May 28.). — The Pruth is made the 
 common boundary, Bessarabia being ceded to 
 Eussia. — War is declared by Napoleon against 
 Eussia (June 12.). — Battles of Smolensko (Aug. 
 17.), and of Moskwa or Borodino (Sep. 17.), lost 
 by the Eussians. 
 
 NAPOLEON ENTERS MOSCOW ; THE 
 RUSSIANS SET IT ON FIRE the same 
 day (Sep. 14.). — Eetreat of the French army : 
 passage of the Beresina, in which they lose 
 20,000 men (Nov. 26-28.). — Napoleon reaches 
 Paris (Dec. 18.). 
 
 Earthquake at Caraccas. — Dreadful eruption of a 
 volcano at St. Vincent. 
 
 Lord Byron publishes the first two cantos of " Childe Harold."— Niebuhr pub- 
 lishes his " Roman History," 1811-2. 
 
 Deaths of Heyne the classical scholar, opponent of Wolfe ; Home Tooke, phi- 
 lologist; General Vallancey, Irish antiquarian; Malone, critic; Malus, 
 experimental philosopher. 
 
 1813. Sixth great coalition against France, of Great 
 Britain, Eussia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden. 
 — Battles of Lutzen (May 2.) and Bautzen 
 (May 21.) gained by Napoleon. — Battle of Dres- 
 den (Aug. 26. and 27.) gained by Napoleon, in 
 which Moreau is mortally wounded. 
 
 BATTLE 0¥ LEIPSIC (Oct. 18. and 19.), in 
 which the Austrians, Eussians, and Prussians 
 defeat Napoleon, w^ho escapes to Mayence. 
 
 Eevolution in Holland : the French evacuate it, 
 and the prince of Orange is restored (Dec. 1.). 
 
 Suchet compels Sir John Murray to abandon the 
 siege of Tarragona. 
 
 BATTLE Q¥ YITTO'RIA {June 2\.\ in ivhich 
 Jourdan is totally defeated by Lord Wellington, 
 who is thence made a field-marshal : he defeats 
 Soult at the Pyrenees {July 2d>.). —Capture of 
 St. Sebastian by General Graham {Aug. 31.). 
 Passage of the Bidassoa {Oct. 17.).— Pampeliina 
 capitulates {Oct. 31.). — Battle of the Nivelle 
 {Nov. 10.), where Soult is defeated. 
 
 Lord Hastings, governor-general of India, 
 
 The Spanish cortes abolish the Inquisition in Spain. 
 
 Moore publishes his " Melodies : " they are set to music by Sir John Stevensoii. 
 
 —Deaths of H. J. Pye, poet laureate (succeeded by Southey) ; of Wieland, 
 
 Delille, Granville Sharp, and Lagrange. 
 
—1814.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 223 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1814. France is invaded on the south hy Wellington ^ ivho 
 defeats Soult at Orthes {Feb. 27.). — The duke of 
 Augouleme joins him : Bordeaux opens its gates 
 to him, and proclaims Louis XVIII. — Wellington 
 defeats Soult at Tarbes {Mar. 20.) a7id at Tou- 
 louse {Ap. 10.). — General Graham fails in an 
 attempt to storm Berg en-op- Zoom. 
 
 The allied armies of Kussia and Germany invade 
 France on tlie north : Paris is occupied by the 
 Russians and Prussians (Mar. 31.). — Napoleon 
 is deposed (Ap. 3.)^ and his dynasty declared at 
 an end : he retires to Elba (Ap. 28.). 
 
 RESTORATION OF THE BOURBON 
 DYNASTY.— Treaty of Paris : the boundaries 
 of France are reduced to what they were on 
 1st of January, 1792. — Great Britain restores 
 the French colonies, retaining Malta, Tobago, St. 
 Lucia, and the Mauritius. — Louis XVIII. gives 
 the French the constitutional charta. 
 
 The Congress of Vienna opened (Nov. 3.). — 
 Belgium is reunited to Holland, and the prince 
 of Orange is styled king of the Netherlands. 
 — Hanover is declared a kingdom. — Tuscany, 
 which had been occupied by Murat, is restored 
 to Ferdinand III. — Nice and Genoa are given 
 to the king of Sardinia. — Parma and Placentia 
 are given to Maria Louisa. — The duchy of 
 Saxony is ceded to Prussia. 
 
 Sweden acquires Norway in exchange for Pome- 
 rania, &c., by the treaty of Kiel. — Ferdinand 
 VII. of Spain sets aside the constitution of the 
 
 COrteS, and revives the Inquisition. 
 The republic of the Ionian islands is placed under 
 the protection of Great Britain. — The United 
 States malie an unsuccessful attempt to reduce 
 Canada. — The British under General Ross gain 
 the battle of Bladensburg and take Washington 
 {Aug. 24.). — General Ross is defeated and killed 
 in an attack on Baltimore {Sep. 12.). — Peace of 
 Ghent {Dec. 24.), between Britain and the United 
 States, 
 
224 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l815— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Pope Pius VII. re-establishes the Order of Jesuits. — Death of 
 
 Joanna Southcote the impostor. 
 Wordsworth publishes his " Excursion." — Deaths of Dr, Barney, and of Charles 
 
 Dibdin, fanaous for his naval songs. 
 
 1815. Battle of New Orleans: the English are repulsed 
 by the Americans under Jackson, Jan. 8. 
 
 Napoleon quits Elba, lands at Cannes (Mar. 1.), 
 and re-ascends the imperial throne (Mar. 20.). 
 — Coalition of Vienna (Mar. 25.). — Napoleon 
 passes the Sambre, and defeats the Prussians 
 at Ligny (June 16.). — The same day Ney at- 
 tacks the English, &c., at Quatre Bras, where 
 the duke of Brunswick is killed. 
 
 BATTLE OF WATEHLOO {June 18.) : Na- 
 poleon is completely defeated by the British, Hano- 
 verians, 8fc., under Wellington, assisted by the 
 Prussians under Blucher. — The allied armies 
 (July 7.) and Louis XVIII. (July 8.) enter 
 Paris for the second time. — Napoleon surrenders 
 to the British at Rochefort (July 15.), and is 
 exiled to St. Helena. — Executions of Ney and 
 Labeydoyere : escape of Lavalette. — Ministry 
 of Talleyrand ; then of Eichelieu. — Treaty 
 between France and the Allies (Nov. 20.) : the 
 north of France to be occupied by 150,000 of 
 the allied troops for 5 years. — " Holy Alliance" 
 between Russia, Prussia, and Austria (Sep. 26.). 
 
 Joachim Murat, king of Naples, is defeated by the 
 Austrians at Tolentino (May 2.) : Ferdinand IV. 
 enters Naples (June) : Murat makes a descent at 
 Pizzo (Oct. 9.), is taken prisoner, tried, and shot. 
 
 The Congress of Vienna acknowledges the inde- 
 pendence and neutrality of Switzerland, com- 
 prising 22 cantons. — The Lombardo -Venetian 
 kingdom is given to Austria. — The duchy of 
 Warsaw, under the name of the kingdom of 
 Poland, is given to E-ussia, with the exception 
 of Cracow. — New Germanic confederation (June 
 8.). — Swedish Pomerania is given to Prussia, 
 and Denmark receives instead the duchy of 
 Lauenburg. 
 
 BELZONI sets out on his travels to Egypt.— Deaths of Carsten Niebuhr, the 
 
—1818.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 225 
 
 A.C. 
 
 CopS' VaiSer^' ^''"''"*' ^^""^'^^P^^' i Dr. Claudius Buchanan ; and J. S. 
 
 1816. The Princess Charlotte is married to Prince Leopold 
 of Saxe Cohurg— Spa-Fields' riot, by the distressed 
 manufacturers. 
 
 Lord Exmouth bombards Algiers. 
 
 The storthing abolishes nobility in Norway. — 
 New Germanic confederation finally arranged.-— 
 Maria, queen of Portugal, dies in Brazil : John 
 VI., her son, succeeds her. 
 
 The united provinces of La Plata assert their in- 
 dependence. 
 
 The Jesuits are expelled from Prussia. ^ Pius VII. issues a hull 
 
 against Bible Societies. 
 ^^^nH^hi?^^^^^' 'netaphysician.-Sir James MACKINTOSH, statesman 
 
 safetf lamn't' Sr'^T * YonvrP'r^ P^X^' 'Chemist, inventor ofX 
 
 Wm CORRFTT '--f-'r '^"^ ?/^ ^^c^^«' ^"^^"^ ^"^ ph.ranthropt.t.1: 
 Dr ril MRsTr ' Pol'''cal writer. -Sir John MALCOLM (Persia) and 
 JUr. GILLIES (Greece, &c.), historians.- Fred, von SCHLEGEL, historian 
 of literature and Augustus W. von SCHLEGEL. poet, phill^ and 
 S?r w"" srnTT'^nT^;^J.?T'?^i'^EY, Jas. HOGG, Reg^naM HEBER. 
 air W. SCOTT, Robert SOUTHEY Wrr WORHSWORTH Th-^o 
 CAMPBELL, Lord BYRON, Thos.' Mod^^lY^^^fl^l^-^' 
 novelist Dr. NARES, critic. - Dr. CHANNING, Sir R. PHILLIPS 
 
 KhmmmVov'^^'^^^^^^'^,'- '^''' S^^^' ^ilcei: writers. -rS 
 BELI^JIl H AAm V^'n^'^" rehg.on.-PESTALOZZI, LANCASTER. 
 ai^i^L,, and HAMILTON, founders of systems of education M'ADAM 
 
 r.fRi^Ktrj!TSisrh"^ 
 
 1817. The marquis of Hastings destroys the Mahratta 
 
 power, and renders British influence universal in 
 India.— Death of the Princess Charlotte, aged 22. 
 
 — Habeas Corpus Act suspended {Feb. 21.). 
 
 Waterloo bridge opened {June 18.). 
 General Bolivar, supreme head of the government 
 of Venezuela.— James Monroe, president of the 
 United States. —Death of Kosciusko. — Czerni 
 George is executed by order of the Sultan. 
 
 Moore publishes his " Lai la Rookh."- Deaths of Werner, the mineralogist- 
 JiTnyrStilU^i^f''^''^"^''' ^^^'^^"le de Stael, the novelist; and of Heinrich 
 
 1818. The dukes of Clarence, Kent, and Cambridge, and 
 
 the Princess Elizabeth, are married. — Death of 
 
 Queen Charlotte. 
 Voyages of Buchan and Ross in search of an Arctic 
 
 passage. 
 The army of occupation is withdrawn from France. 
 Q 
 
226 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l819— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 — France joins the Holy Alliance. —Death of 
 Charles XIII., king of Sweden : Bernadotte, 
 under the name of Charles XIV., succeeds him. 
 
 Chili is declared independent of Spain : victory of 
 General San Martin over the Spaniards near 
 Maypo. 
 
 Death of Petion, president of the republic of Hayti : 
 he is succeeded by General Boyer. 
 
 Heunion of the Lutheran and other reformed forms of worship in 
 
 several parts of Germany. 
 Deaths of Monge, and of Burckhardt the traveller. 
 
 1819. Birth of Princess Victoria {May 24.), daughter of 
 
 Edward duke of Kent^ Ath son of George III. 
 Dispersion of the Manchester reform meeting {Aug. 
 
 16.). 
 
 Southwark bridge opened. 
 
 New South Shetland discovered. — First voyage of 
 Captain Parry to the Arctic Seas ; Barrow's 
 Straits discovered. — First passage of the Atlantic 
 by steam effected by the " Savannah " from New 
 York to Liverpool. 
 
 Union of the republics of Venezuela and New 
 Granada under the name of the Bepublic of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Death of Blucher. — Kotzebue the poet is assassinated at Mannheim by Sand 
 
 Death of Jas. Watt, improver of the steam-engine ; of M. Laing, Playifair, 
 Edw. Bird, and of Dr. Wolcot (" Peter Pindar"). 
 
 1820. ^RtOtgC lU., king of Great Britain on the death of 
 
 his father George III., in the 59th year of his 
 reign. — Cato Street conspiracy in London. 
 
 Revolution in Spain by the army intended for 
 America : Ferdinand VII. swears to the con- 
 stitution of 1812 : abolition of the Inquisition. — Revo- 
 lution in Portugal : proclamation of the consti- 
 tution of the cortes at Oporto and Lisbon. 
 
 Assassination of the duke of Berri. — Birth of the 
 duke of Bordeaux. 
 
 Insurrections in Naples and Piedmont suppressed 
 by Austria : general desire for liberty throughout 
 Italy. 
 
 Suicide of Christophe (see 1806) : Boyer becomes 
 ruler of the whole island of Hayti. 
 
— 1S23.J CO^MrEKDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 227 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Deaths of H. Andrews, astronomer ; Sir Joseph Bunks ; Hayley, W. ; Dr. T. 
 Brown ; Benj. West ; and Volney. — Sir T. Laurence, pres. ot royal academy. 
 — Belzoni publishes his " Travels in Eg^pt." 
 
 1821. Commencement of the Greek Revolutionary War 
 
 under Ypsilanti : revolt of the Morea ; massacre 
 
 of the Greeks at Constantinople. 
 The Floridas are ceded by Spain to the United 
 
 States of America. 
 Napoleon dies at St. Helena (May 5.) : he was 
 
 born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, August 15. 1769. 
 George IV. is crowned at Westminster Abbey {July 
 
 19.), and visits Ireland and Hanover. — Death of 
 
 Queen Caroline. 
 
 Mechanics' Institutions are established in England (See 1841), and adopted in 
 France, Germany, &c Death of C. A. Stothard, painter : published monu- 
 mental etfigies of Gt. Britain in 1810, sqq. , 
 
 1822. The Greeks declare themselves independent : 40,000 
 
 Greeks, who had revolted from the Turks, are 
 massacred in the island of Scio. 
 
 Independence of Mexico : Iturbide, emperor. 
 
 Civil war in Spain : the anti-constitutionalists are 
 successful : army of the faith under Urgel. — 
 The prince royal of Portugal, Don Pedro, is 
 elected constitutional emperor of Brazil. 
 
 Death of Lord Londonderry {late Lord Castlereagli) : 
 Canning succeds as foreign secretary. 
 
 Deaths of Canova, the sculptor ; Delambre, mathematician and astronomer ; 
 Sir W. Herschell, the astronomer ; Shelley, the poet (drowned) ; Dr. E. D. 
 Clarke, the traveller; C. J. Rich, the antiquarian ; and Bp. Middleton, critic. 
 
 1823. Austria, Pussia, and Prussia recall their ambas- 
 
 sadors from Spain, in consequence of the proceed- 
 ings of the cortes. — Louis XVIII. declares war 
 against Spain : the French army, under the duke 
 of Angouleme, passes the Bidassoa : the Spanish 
 constitution, and the acts of the cortes, are 
 abolished ; absolutism is restored. — The Spanish 
 constitutional general, Piego, is executed at 
 Madrid. 
 
 Victories of Marco Bozzaris over the Turks. 
 
 Free trade system is commenced in England by Hus- 
 kisson. — Lord Amherst, governor-general of India. 
 — British consular agents are sent to the new 
 South American States. 
 
 Pope LEO Xll. {Hannibal delta Genga). 
 Q 2 
 
 / 
 
228 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1824— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Deaths of R. Bloomfield ; Carnot ; C. Hutton ; Ricardo, political economist ; 
 Belzoni, traveller ; John P, Kemble, actor ; Nollekens, sculptor ; and Dr. 
 Jenner. 
 
 1824. The great Erie canal, 393 miles in length, connect- 
 
 ing the waters of the great western lakes with the 
 Atlantic Ocean at New York, is opened. 
 
 Burmese war : Rangoon is taken by the British. — 
 The first stone of " London Bridge " laid. — The 
 London Mechanic^ Institution is opened. 
 
 Denham and Clapperton^s exploring expedition to 
 Central Africa (1823-4). — Parry^s third voyage 
 of discovery to Prince Regents Inlet, ^c, 
 
 CHARLES X, king of France^ on the death of 
 his brother, Louis XVIII. 
 
 Bolivar, dictator at Peru. — Iturbide (expelled in 
 1823) lands in Mexico, and is shot. 
 
 Ipsara is taken by the Turks, and retaken by the 
 Greeks with great slaughter. 
 
 Lord Byron dies at Missolonghi. — Death of Bowdich, the traveller, in Africa. 
 
 1825. Death of Ferdinand IV., king of the Two Sicilies : 
 
 his son, Francis I., succeeds him. 
 
 Lewis, king of Bavaria, succeeds his father Maxi- 
 milian Joseph. 
 
 Alexander I., emperor of Russia, dies at Tagan- 
 rok : his brother, Nicholas I., succeeds him. 
 
 The Burmese are defeated by General Campbell near 
 Prome. — Great Britain acknowledges the South 
 American repid)lics, and forms treaties with them. 
 — Great commercial panic in London and through- 
 out England. 
 
 First voyage by steam from England to India, by 
 Captain Johnston. — ClappertorHs second exploring 
 expedition to Africa, 1825-7. 
 
 The Egyptian army, under Ibrahim Pasha, lands 
 in the Morea, and commits the greatest excesses. 
 
 Algiers is nearly desolated by an earthquake, which 
 continued at intervals for 5 days ; Blida is 
 totally destroyed, with a population of 15,000. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, president of the United 
 States. 
 
 Upper Peru is detached from the government of 
 Buenos Ayres, and formed into a new republic^ 
 
—1827.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROl^OLOGY. 229 
 
 A.C. 
 
 named " Bolivia," in honour of Bolivar, its 
 liberator. 
 
 Deaths of Denon, of David and Fuseli, painters, of Mrs. Barbauld, and of Rev. 
 C. Wolfe. 
 
 1826. Revolt of Bhurtpore : it is besieged and taken hy the 
 
 British under Lord Comhermere(^Stapleton Cotton), 
 — Peace xmth the Burmese, loho pay 1,500,000/., 
 and cede several provinces. — Opening of the sus- 
 pension bridge, constructed by Telford, over the 
 Menai Strait, near Bangor {Jan. 30.). 
 
 Death of John VI., king of Portugal and emperor 
 of Brazil : he is succeeded, as emperor of Brazil, 
 by Don Pedro, who grants a liberal constitution 
 to Portugal, and abdicates that throne in favour 
 of his daughter, Donna Maria da Gloria, 7 years 
 old. 
 
 A British force of 5,000 men is sent to Lisbon to aid 
 the Portuguese government against the absolutists. 
 
 Missolonghi is taken by Ibrahim Pasha, and Athens 
 by Beschid Pasha. — Revolt of the Janissaries in 
 Constantinople, 15,000 of them are slaughtered, 
 and the corps is abolished, and a new army is 
 organised on the European model. 
 
 Poets: DIBDIN, Thos., dramatist, T. H. BAYLEY, Mrs. HEMANS, L, E. 
 LANDON, and COLERIDGE.— Historians: MAC CRIE, SISMONDI, 
 
 HEEREN James MILL, historian and political economist POISSON, 
 
 and Dr. O. GREGORY, mathematicians and natural philosophers. — John 
 
 FOSTER, essayist DALTON, chemist, author of the "Atomic Theory." 
 
 Sir Astley COOPER, and Sir Charles BELL, anatomists.— WILBER- 
 FORCE, Zach. MACAULAY, and CLARKSON, philanthropists.— 
 PAGANINI, violinist. 
 
 Deaths of Volta of Como, inventor of the voltaic pile ; Piazzi ; Malte Brun ; 
 
 Bishop Heber ; W. Gifford; Flaxman; and Weber A. G. Laing, the 
 
 traveller, is killed in Africa. 
 
 1827. Canning, prime minister: Wellington, Peel, and six 
 
 other cabinet ministers resign. — Treaty of London 
 between England, France, and Russia, for the 
 pacification of Greece. — Canning dies, and is sue- 
 ceeded by Goderich: Wellington, commander-in- 
 chief. 
 
 BATTLE OF NAVARINO {Oct. 20.). The 
 Tur co-Egyptian fleet of 110 sail is nearly de- 
 stroyed by the British, French, and Russian fleets, 
 under the command of Admiral Codrington. 
 
 Parry's unsuccessful attempt to reach the North Pole 
 over the ice. 
 
 a 3 
 
230 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l828— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Death of the musical composer Beethoven ; of Laplace, and Bode, astronomers, 
 and of Pestalozzi.— Sir. W. Scott is made known to be the author of the 
 " Waverley Novels." 
 
 1828. The duke of Wellington, prime minister. — Sir R. Peel 
 
 home secretary. — Lord W. Bentinck, governor- 
 general of India. — Corporation and Test Acts 
 repealed. — The London University is opened. 
 
 Capo d'lstrla assumes the presidency of Greece. — 
 Russia declares war against Turkey (April 26.). 
 — Capture of Yarna (Oct. 15.). 
 
 Don Miguel usurps the throne of Portugal. 
 
 The Morea is evacuated by the Egyptian army 
 under Ibrahim Pasha, pursuant to the convention 
 between Sir E. Codrington and Mehemet Ali. 
 
 Champollion is sent into Egypt to make archaeological discoveries Deaths of 
 
 Dr. Gall, Archdeacon Coxp, Dugald Stewart, and Dr. Wollaston, natural 
 philosopher, inventor of the Camera Lucida. 
 
 1829. York Minster is set on fire by Jonathan Martin {a 
 
 maniac), and the interior nearly destroyed. 
 The Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill is passed. — 
 
 Irish Association formed under O^ Connell for the 
 
 Repeal of the Union. 
 The Russians take Silistria, cross the Balkan (July), 
 
 and advance to Adrianople. — Treaty of Adrian- 
 
 ople (Septc 14.): the independence of Greece is 
 
 acknowledged by Turkey. 
 Santa Anna defeats the Spanish troops, and obliges 
 
 them to evacuate Mexico. 
 Andrew Jackson, president of the United States. 
 
 Pope PIUS VIII. {Francis Xavier Castiglioni). 
 Deaths of Dr. Young ; Sir H. Davy ; Davu, poet and historian ; F. von Schlegel, 
 " Hist, of Literature." 
 
 1830. ^gEilliam IV. {the duke of Clarence) succeeds his 
 
 brother, George IV., as king of Great Britain. 
 
 The Liverpool and Manchester railroad (the earliest) 
 is opened: Huskisson is killed by an accident on 
 this occasion.— Eaid Grey, prime minister. 
 
 Algiers is taken by the French, the dey deposed, 
 and the territory made a French province. — 
 Charles X., king of France, dissolves the new 
 Chamber of Deputies before it had met, changes 
 the law of elections, and suppresses the liberty 
 of the press. 
 
 THREE DAYS' REVOLUTION OF JULY 
 
—1832.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROJNOLOGY. 231 
 
 A.C. 
 
 (27-29) : expulsion of the king and royal family 
 from France. 
 
 L O UIS PHILIPPE, duke of Orleans, king of the 
 French. 
 
 Belgian revolution commences at Brussels. — Revo- 
 lution in Brunswick : Duke Charles is expelled, 
 and succeeded by his brother, Duke William. — 
 Eevolutions at Dresden and Cassel. — Eevolution 
 in the Papal States suppressed by the Austrian 
 forces. 
 
 Commencement of the Polish revolution at War- 
 saw. 
 
 Revolution in Switzerland : the aristocratic govern- 
 ment is changed into the democratic. 
 
 The Salic law is abrogated by Ferdinand of Spain 
 in favour of his daughter, which excludes from 
 the throne his brother Don Carlos. — Ferdinand 
 II., king of Naples. — Death of Bolivar. 
 
 ARNOLD, historian — Sir David WILKIE, painter Basil HALL, Thomas 
 
 HOOD, Theodore HOOK, miscellaneous writers. — Deaths of the Countess 
 de Genlis, Sir Thomas Laurence, W. Hazlitt, and Major Rennell, geo- 
 grapher. 
 
 1831. Warsaw capitulates to the Russians (Sept. 8.). 
 
 First ajipearance of clwlera in Great Britain at 
 Sunderland {Oct. 26.). — London Bridge opened 
 {Aug. 1.). — R. Lander discovers the course of the 
 Niger : he is killed in Africa in 1833 or 1834. 
 
 Leopold of Saxe Coburg is chosen king of the 
 Belgians. 
 
 Deaths of Hegel, Archbishop Magee, Rev. Robert Hall, W. Roscoe, B. G. Nie- 
 buhr, H. Mackenzie, Dr. Abernethy, Northcote and Jackson, painters, and 
 Mrs. Siddons, the actress. 
 
 lb 62. The English Reform Bill is passed. 
 
 The cholera carries off great numbers in France 
 and Great Britain. — The citadel of Antwerp, de- 
 fended by General Chasse, surrenders to the 
 French (Dec. 24.). — The duchess of Berri lands 
 in France (May 1.), and is arrested at Nantes 
 (Nov. 7.). 
 
 The kingdom of Poland is declared an integral part 
 of the Russian empire. — Creation of a third 
 estate in Russia. 
 
 The prince Otho of Bavaria is elected king of 
 
 Q 4 
 
232 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l833— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Greece by the national assembly. — Ibrahim 
 Pasha takes Acre and defeats the Tm^ks in 
 Syria (July). 
 Death of the duke of Reichstadt, Napoleon's son^ 
 aged 21. 
 
 Deaths of Sir Walter Scott, Crabbe, Goethe, Cuvier, Bentham, Dr. Bell, Dr. A. 
 Clarke, Sir J. Mackintosh, Legendre, ChampoUion the archBeologist, Say, 
 Spurzheim, and Pugin, the architect. 
 
 1833. The Chinese and Indian trade is thrown open to all 
 
 British subjects, who are allowed to settle and pos- 
 sess land in India. — First admission of the natives 
 to the magistracy. 
 
 Death of Ferdinand YIL, king of Spain : Isabella, 
 his daughter, then 3 years old, succeeds him, 
 under the regency of Christina, her mother. — 
 Insurrection in Biscay : Don Carlos, brother of 
 Ferdinand YII., is proclaimed king by the in- 
 surgents : the war continues 7 years. 
 
 Smyrna falls into the hands of Ibrahim Pasha, son 
 of Mehemet Ali : the sultan solicits the aid of 
 Russia, and abandons Syria to the viceroy of 
 Egypt. 
 
 Deaths of W. Wilberforce, Hannah More, Sir J. Stevenson, and Edmund Ke^, 
 the actor. 
 
 1834. Lord Melbourne, prime minister {July 18.). 
 ABOLITION OF SLAVSHY in the British 
 
 colonies: an indemnification of 20,000,000/. is 
 granted to the planters of the West Indies, — The 
 Poor Law Amendment Bill is passed, — The 
 British houses of Parliament are destroyed by 
 fire. — Sir Robert Peel, prime minister {Dec. 26.). 
 Don Miguel withdraws from Portugal, and Don 
 Pedro and his daughter. Donna Maria, the young 
 queen, enter Lisbon. — Death of Feth- Ali- Shah, 
 king of Persia : his eldest son, Mirza Mehemet 
 Khan, succeeds him. — Death of General La 
 Fayette. 
 
 Deatlis of S. T, Coleridge, the poet; Stothard, the painter; Charles Lamb; and 
 Dr. Doyle, R. C. Bishop of Kildare. 
 
 1835. Municipal Corporations' Reform Bill is passed: 
 
 David Solomons, the first Jew sheriff of the 
 city of London. 
 
—1837.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 233 
 
 A.C. 
 
 The Bi'itish legion auxiliary to the queen of Spain is 
 formed under General Evans. 
 
 Expedition to explore the Euphrates under Colonel 
 Chesney, 1835-6. 
 
 Death of Francis I.^ emperor of Austria : his eldest 
 son, Ferdinand L, succeeds him. — Fieschi at- 
 tempts to assassinate Louis PhiHppe. — Great 
 fire at New York: property valued at 20,000,000 
 dollars is destroyed. 
 
 Mendelssohn publishes his oratorio of " Paulus."— Deaths of Mrs.Hemans; 
 Hogg, the poet; Mc Crie, the historian; Humboldt, the philologist; Mal- 
 thus, \\ m. Cobbett ; Mathews, and Banister, actors. 
 
 1836. Ferdinand Augustus, duke of Saxe Coburg (cousin 
 
 to Queen Victoria), is married to Donna Maria, 
 queen of Portugal. — The Portuguese constitution 
 of 1820 is proclaimed at Lisbon, and accepted 
 by the queen. Donna Maria (Sept. 9.). — The 
 Spanish constitution of 1812 is proclaimed at 
 Madrid, and accepted by the queen regent 
 (August 12.). — Espartero gains the battle of 
 Bilboa (Dec. 25.). 
 
 The British legion twice victorious at St. Sebastian, 
 — The British Association for the advancement 
 of science holds its first meeting at Bristol. — Lord 
 Auckland, governor-general of India, — Silver 
 groats are issued. 
 
 Louis Napoleon attempts an insurrection at Stras- 
 burg, is arrested and sent off to America. — 
 Death of Charles X. (ex-king of France) at 
 Gratz. 
 
 Deaths of Gillies and Mill, historians ; Sir W. Gell ; G. Colman, jun. j Sir Chas. 
 Wilkins, orientalist ; Westall, R., painter. 
 
 1837. UiCtOria, queen of England, on the death of her 
 
 uncle, William IV. — The duke of Cumberland, 
 Ernest Augiistus, becomes king of Hanover in 
 consequence of the Salic law; he abrogates the 
 free constitution granted by his brother, William 
 IV., and restores the old form of government. 
 
 Battle of Irun, gained by the British legion in Spain 
 {May 17.). 
 
 The first electric telegraph in England, founded oi 
 Oersted's discovery, is invented by Wheatstone, 
 
234 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1838— 
 
 A.C, 
 
 Insurrectionary idiots in Canada suppressed hy Sir F. 
 
 Head. 
 Yan Buren, president of the United States : that 
 
 republic recognises the independence of Texas. 
 
 1838. The Royal Exchange is burnt, — The earl of Durham, 
 
 governor-general of Canada and high commissioner 
 for the redress of grievances. — Battle of Prescott 
 in Upper Canada: defeat of the Insurgents. — 
 Fresh insurrection in Lower Canada suppressed 
 hy Sir J. Colborne. — Queen Victoria is crowned 
 at Westminster Abbey {June 28.). — The Great 
 Western steam-ship arrives at New York in 15 
 days from Bristol, the first steamer that crossed 
 the Atlantic by the power of steam alone. — The 
 London and Birmingham railway is opened 
 throughout. — Slavery is abolished by the Anglo- 
 Indian government. — Treaty of commerce between 
 England and Turkey. 
 
 Deaths of Talleyrand ; of L. E. Landon, Ashe, and Attwood, musicians ; Nath. 
 Bowditch, American mathematician. 
 
 1839. Aden, on the Bed Sea, is occupied by the British. — 
 
 Captain Elliot, British superintendent at Canton, 
 is arrested by the Chinese government, and cargoes 
 of opium destroyed to the value of ?>, 000,0001. — 
 The citadel of Ghiznee, in Cabid, is stormed and 
 captured by the Anglo-Indian army under Sir J. 
 Keane, and Shah Soojah is invested with the sove- 
 reignty of the Affghans. 
 Abdul Medjid, emperor of the Turks. — Don Carlos 
 seeks refuge in France. — The Pope prohibits 
 the traffic in human beings by the subjects of 
 Roman Catholic states. — Christian VIII. , king 
 of Denmark, son of Frederic VI. 
 
 Invention of Daguerreotype — Deaths of T. H. Bayley, Sir W. Beechey, Joseph 
 Lancaster, and Gait, the novelist. 
 
 1840. Queen Victoria is married to Prince Albert of Saxe 
 
 Coburg-Gotha {Feb. 10.); on the Mh of August 
 he is appointed, by statute, regent and guardian 
 during the minority of the heir to the crown in the 
 event of the queen^s death. — Edward Oxford, a 
 lunatic, fires two pistols at the queen {June 10.). 
 
-1841.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 235 
 
 __ Birth of the princess royal, Victoria Adelaide 
 Mary Louisa {Nov. 21.). 
 
 The emperor of China prohibits all commerce ivith 
 the English (Jan. 2). — Canton is blockaded by 
 the British. 
 
 Sidon is taken by the allies under Commodore Napier. 
 St. Jean d'Acre is bombarded and taken by the 
 allied fleet under Admiral Stopford.— New Zea- 
 land is declared a British territory.— The uniform 
 penny postage comes into operation. 
 
 The body of Napoleon is removed from St. Helena 
 by permission of the British government, and is 
 deposited in the Hotel des Invalides at Paris. — 
 Louis Napoleon makes a descent on France near 
 Bonloo-ne, and is arrested. — Death of Lucien 
 Bonaparte. 
 
 Frederic William IV., king of Prussia.— William I., 
 of Holland, abdicates, and is succeeded by his 
 son William II. — The Spanish ministry, nomi- 
 nated by Espartero, is appointed by the queen 
 regent ; a few days after she resigns her autho- 
 ritv. 
 
 Deaths o'f Poisson ; Sir R. Phillips; Madame D'Arblay; Paganinij and C. O. 
 JMiiller, classical historian. 
 
 1841. Canton capitulates to the Anglo-Indian army wider 
 Sir H. Gough: the Chinese are obliged to pay 
 6,000,000 dollars {May \n.).—Amoy is taken by 
 the British {Aug. 27.). 
 
 General rising of the Affghans, under Akbar Khan, 
 against the British at Cabul : Sir Alexander 
 Burnes and Sir W. Macnaughten are murdered. 
 
 Birth of Albert Edward, prince of Wales, heir ap- 
 parent to the croivn {Nov. 9.). — The Great 
 Western railway is opened from London to Bristol: 
 it cost about 5,000,000/. 
 
 The Niger expedition to plant a colony in Central 
 Africa fails through the unhealthiness of the 
 climate. 
 
 Victoria land is discovered by Captain Ross. 
 
 Espartero is nominated by the cortes regent of 
 Spain during the minority of Queen Isabella II. 
 
236 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [1842— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Insurrection in favour of Christina, begun by 
 General O'Donnell. — Tyler succeeds to the pre- 
 sidency of the United States on the death of 
 President Harrison. 
 
 The Protestant bishopric of Jerusalem is founded. 
 
 Deaths of De Candolle, the botanist ; Dr. Olinthus Gregory ; De Saussure, the 
 
 naturalist; Dr. G. Birkbeck, founder of mechanics' institutions (see 1821); 
 
 Sir F. Chantrey ; Sir Astley Cooper, anatomist ; T. Dibdin, dramatist ; 
 
 Theodore Hook ; and Sir David Wilkie. 
 
 1842. The Anglo-Indian troops, consisting of nearly 5,000 
 fighting men, evacuate Cahul under a convention, 
 hut are attacked hy the Affghans in the Khoord 
 pass {Jan.), and massacred, together with the camp 
 folloivers, in all about 13,000 persons. — Loj^d 
 Ellenhorough, governor-general of India. — Gen- 
 eral Sale defeats Akhhar Khan before Jellalabad 
 {April). — General Nott defeats the Affghans be- 
 fore the ivalls of Candahar and takes Ghiznee, 
 and General Pollock enters Cabul {Sept.), and 
 demolishes its fortifications : the British troops 
 evacuate Affghanistan in December. 
 
 Peace of Nankin {Aug. 29.), between the British and 
 the Chinese, the Chinese agreeing to pay 2 1,000,000 
 dollars in the course of 3 years, to throw open the 
 ports of Canton, Amoy, Foo-chow-foo, Ningpo, 
 and Shanghai, and to cede Hong-kong to the 
 British. — Prince Albert lays the first stone of the 
 New Exchange in the city of London. — John 
 Francis fires a pistol at Queen Victoria {May 30.): 
 he is transported for life. — Death of the marquis 
 of Wellesley. 
 
 Anti-liberal revolution in Portugal ; the charter of 
 Don Pedro (1826) is proclaimed. — Insurrection 
 at Barcelona, in Spain, against the government 
 of the regent Espartero: Barcelona is bombarded, 
 and the insurrectionists disarmed (Dec. 4.). 
 
 The emperor of Russia publishes a ukase for the 
 amelioration of the condition of the serf popu- 
 lation of the empire. 
 
 The Marquesas islands are occupied by the French. 
 — Death of the duke of Orleans, the eldest son 
 of Louis Philippe. — The town of Cape Haytien, 
 
__1S44.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 237 
 
 in St. Domingo, is destroyed by an earthquake : 
 10,000 persons are killed. 
 
 1843. Sir Charles J. Napier defeats the Ameers of Scinde 
 and takes Gwalior; annexes the province to British 
 India, and is appointed first governor of it.— 1 he 
 navigation of the Indus is rendered free to ail 
 
 nations, ,,^ /^ -i f^K \ 
 
 Birth of Princess Alice Maude Mary {Aprd 25.).— 
 Queen Victoria lands at Treport, on a visit to 
 the king of the French {Sept, 2.); and at Ostend, 
 on a visit to the king of the Belgians {^Sept. 13.). 
 Thames Tunnel is opened for foot passengers : it 
 was completed in about 9 years, and at a cost oj 
 
 446 OOOZ. Numerous meetings held in different 
 
 parts of Ireland for the Repeal of the Union. 
 Kevolution in Spain: Espartero is defeated, and 
 takes refuge in England.— Isabella II. declared 
 to be of age by the Cortes. — Kevolution at 
 Athens: Otho assents to the dismissal of his 
 Bavarian ministers, and to the re-estabhshment 
 of the National Assembly.— Revolution m Hayti: 
 the President Boyer is driven from the island.— 
 Pomarree, queen of Otaheite, places herselt 
 under the protection of the French (Sept. 9.). 
 They seize the island in November. 
 
 Meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at 
 Fdmhurah (May 18.); the moderator, and a majority of the 
 mSeZfprotfst against the interference of the civil power with 
 Iherfghi^and privileges of the church: formation of the Free 
 Presbyterian Church of Scotland. . n „„ j 
 
 announces his theory of Quaternions. 
 
 1844. Birth of Prince Alfred Ernest Albert {Aug. 6.).— 
 The new Royal Exchange, London, is opened by 
 Queen Victoria{Oct. 28.).— The Emperor Nicholas 
 L of Russia visits London {June I.).— The king 
 of the French lands at Portsmouth on a visit to 
 Queen Victoria {Oct. S.l-Sir Henry Harding e, 
 
238 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l845— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 governor-general of India. — Trial of O^Connell 
 and his chief associates. 
 Tangier and Mogadore are bombarded by the 
 Frencb under Joinville.— Death of the duke of 
 Angouleme. — Death of Joseph Napoleon. — 
 Death of Charles XIV. (Bernadotte), kmg of 
 Sweden : his son Oscar succeeds him. 
 
 Exhibition of the Holy Coat at Treves : first letter of Bong e on the 
 subject, which led to the formation of the German Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Deaths of J. Abercrombie, physician and mental philosopher ; John Dalton, 
 chemist ; Thomas CAMPBELL, the poet ; Beckford, author of" Vathek ," 
 Captain Basil Hall ; Thorwaldsen ; Mrs. Hofland, novelist ; John Stirling, 
 essayist. 
 
 1845. Battle of Moodkee{^Dec. 18.); the Sikhs are defeated ; 
 
 Sir Robert Sale is mortally wounded, and General 
 Mac Caskill is killed. — Battle of Ferozeshah 
 {T)ec. 21. and 22.) : the Sikhs are defeated hy the 
 British, commanded hy the governor-general, with 
 whom were Sir Hugh Gough, Sir Harry Smith, 
 Sir John Littler, and Major General Gilbert. 
 
 Sir John Franklin sets out on his ill-fated voyage 
 {^May 24.). — Disturbance in Ireland: the bands 
 of Molly Maguires attack the tax-collectors. — 
 Establishment of the Irish Board of National 
 Education. 
 
 The United States declare war against Mexico. — 
 Polk, president U. S. — Death of General Jack- 
 son. 
 
 Disturbance is Switzerland; alliance of Lucerne, 
 and other Roman Catholic Cantons, to place 
 education in the hands of the Jesuits, &c. 
 
 Disease of the potatoes throughout the greater part 
 of Europe. 
 
 Completion of Lord Rosse'smonstertelescope.— Deaths of Augustus von Schlegel, 
 critic and poet ; Thomas Hood ; Royer CoUard ; Sir T. F. Buxton ; and Bp. 
 Alexander of Jerusalem. 
 
 1846. The Sikhs are defeated hy Sir Harry Smith at 
 
 Aliwal (Jan. 28.). 
 BATTLE OF SOBRAOM {Feb. 10.): the Sikhs 
 are totally defeated at the Sutlege by Sir Hugh 
 Gough. — Treaty of Lahore, signed by the Maha- 
 rajah and the British {Mar. 9.). — Tlie governor- 
 general and Sir H. Gough are created Viscount 
 Hardinge and Baron Gough. 
 
—1848.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 239 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Resignation of Sir Robert Peel ; he is succeeded by 
 Lord John Russell as prime minister. — Birth of 
 the Princess Helena Augusta Victoria {May 25.). 
 
 Insurrection in Portugal : Saldanha defeats the 
 insurgents at Torres Vedras. — Isabella II. of 
 Spain is married to her cousin Don Francisco, 
 duke of Cadiz ; on the same day the duke of 
 Montpensier marries Ferdinanda, the infanta of 
 Spain. — Louis Napoleon escapes from the castle 
 of Ham. — Cracow is seized by the Austrians. 
 
 Insurrection of the Protestants of Geneva against 
 the council : the council is deposed, and a pro- 
 visional government established : fight in the 
 city. — Ultimately the leagued Eoman Catholic 
 cantons submit to the diet. 
 
 General Riche, president of the republic of Hayti. 
 
 Pope PIUS IX. {Mastei Ferreti). 
 
 Death of Bessel the astronomer. — Msedler of Dorpat publishes his discovery of 
 the "Central Sun." — Invention of gun-cotton by Professor Schcenbein of 
 
 Basle, and by Dr. Boettinger Deaths of Haydon the painter; Robert Plumer 
 
 Ward, essayist and novelist; and Thomas Clarkson, whose life was spent in 
 labouring to efTect the extinction of the slave-trade. 
 
 1 847. Earl Dalhousie, governor-general of India. — O' Con- 
 
 nell makes his last speech in parliament : he dies 
 at Genoa , aged 73. — Dreadful famine and pesti- 
 lence in Ireland, the parliament grant 10,000,000/. 
 for the relief of the Irish. 
 
 The Kaffir loar begins. 
 
 The Mexicans are defeated at Bueno -Vista by 
 General Taylor (Feb. 22.); and by General Scott 
 (Ap.l8.). 
 
 Discovery of the gold region in California. 
 
 Espartero is restored to Spain. — Death of Palafox, 
 the hero of Saragossa. — Death of the Arch- 
 duchess Maria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon. 
 
 Discovery of the planet Neptune by Galle of Berlin ; its existence and approx- 
 imate position had been previously determined by Le Verrier and by Adam?. 
 Deaths of Dr. Dibdin; Dr. Chalmers; Mendelssohn, the musician: and 
 Jacobs, the philologist. 
 
 1848. Renewal of the Sikh war.— -Lieut. Edwardes, with a 
 
 small force, defeats the army of Moolraj. — General 
 Whish is obliged to raise the siege of Mooltan, 
 Shere Singh is defeated {Nov. 22.) ajid driven out 
 of Ramnugger by Lord Gough and General 
 Thackwell, 
 
240 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [lS48— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Meeting of the confederated " Young Irelanders " in 
 Dublin. — Arrest of Mitchell, editor of the ^' United 
 Irishman ;" he is transported for 14 years {May 
 26.). — Duffy, Martin, Meagher, Doheny, ^c, are 
 arrested (July 8.). — Insurrection headed by Wm. 
 Smith O'Brien at Ballingarry near Clonmel, 
 suppressed by the police (in July): O^Brien is 
 arrested at Thurles, and is sentenced to death at 
 Clonmel (Oct, 9.). 
 
 The Chartist Convention at London : Jones, Williams, 
 S^c, arrested (June 6.), 
 
 Birth of the Princess Louisa Carolina Alberta 
 (March 18.). 
 
 Death of Christian VIII., king of Denmark (Jan. 
 20.) : his son Frederick VII. succeeds him. — 
 Revolt of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein 
 (March 25.). — The Prussians support the duchies. 
 
 KEVOLUTION AT PARIS (Feb. 22-24.). 
 Louis Philippe is dethroned, and takes refuge 
 in England. — French republic : a provisional 
 government is appointed, which resigns (May 6.) 
 to an executive commission, composed of MM. 
 Arago, Gamier-Pages, Marie, Lamar tine, Ledru 
 Rollin. — Election of Louis Napoleon as a mem- 
 ber of the National Assembly for the department 
 of the Seine and 3 other departments. — Insur- 
 rection in Paris against the troops and national 
 guard (June 23-26.) suppressed with great loss 
 of life by Generals Cavaignac and Lamoriciere : 
 the archbishop of Paris is mortally wounded. 
 
 LOUIS NAPOLEON PRESIDENT OP 
 THE REPUBLIC : ELECTED DEC. IL 
 
 Insurrection at Milan fMar. 17.): the Austrians 
 evacuate it (Mar. 26.). — Venice is proclaimed a 
 republic (Mar. 23.). — Insurrection at Vienna : 
 the emperor is obliged to quit the capital, but is 
 restored by Prince Windischgratz. — The Hun- 
 garians assert their independence (April 1.). 
 Prague is bombarded (June 18.). — The Hun- 
 garians defeat Jellachich, ban of Croatia (Sep. 
 29.). 
 
—1849.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 241 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Revolt of Sicily : the king of Naples gives a consti- 
 tution to his people and expels the Jesuits. Great 
 
 fighting at Naples between the troops and the 
 national guard (May 15.). — Messina is twice 
 bombarded ; and taken (Sep. 7.). 
 
 Insurrection at Rome : Pius IX. escapes in dis- 
 guise from Rome to Gasta (Nov. 24.). — Tuscany 
 receives a new constitution (Feb.) 
 
 Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, espouses the cause 
 of Italian freedom, and goes to war with the 
 Austrians, who are defeated at Goito (May 29.). 
 — The Sardinian army is driven back to Milan, 
 and there capitulates to Marshal Radetski 
 (Aug. 4,). 
 
 Revolution at Munich : abdication of Ludwig, or 
 Louis I., king of Bavaria, in favour of his son, 
 Maximilian II. — Insurrection at Berlin (Mar. 
 18.) ; it is declared in a state of siege (Nov. 12.). 
 
 The Jesuits are expelled from Austria. — Abdication of 
 
 the Emperor Ferdinand I. (Dec. 2.) : his nephew, 
 Francis Joseph, succeeds him. 
 The cholera again appears in Great Britain. 
 
 Deaths of John Quincy Adams, American statesman ; Chateaubriand ; Isaac Dis- 
 raeli ("Curiosities of Literature"); Berzelius, chemist ; Dmizetti, musician ; 
 George Stephenson, who first applied steam to railroads: born 1781, near 
 Newcastle ; Miss Herschell, astronomer. 
 
 1849. Lord Gough defeats the Sikhs at Chilliamcallah 
 (Jan. 13.). Unconditional surrender of the citadel 
 of Mooltan, with its garrison, hy the deiDan Mool- 
 raj {Jan. 22.). 
 
 LORD GOUGH GAINS THE DECISIVE 
 BATTLE OF GOOJERAT {Feb. 21.).— 
 Sir Charles Napier is appointed commander-in- 
 chief in India {Mar. 6.). The Punjab is annexed 
 to the British dominions {Mar. 30.). — Moolraj is 
 transported for life for murder {July 31.). 
 
 The sentence of death passed on Wm. Smith O'Brien, 
 Meagher, M^Manus, and G'Donoghue, is com- 
 muted into transportation. 
 
 Queen Victorians first visit to Ireland : she lands at 
 
 Cove {Aug. 3.), which she names Queenstown, and 
 
 enters Dublin {Aug. 6.). — Death of Adelaide, queen 
 
 dowager {Dec. 2.). — Public prayers for the re- 
 
 R 
 
242 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1850— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 movalofthe cholera (^Sep. 16.). — The Encumbered 
 Estates' Commission opened in Dublin (^Oct. 24.). 
 
 The Austrians are defeated by the Hungarians at 
 Gran (Ap. 17.), and evacuate Pesth. Kossuth 
 is made governor of Hungary (May 14.). The 
 Hungarians defeated by Marshal Haynau at 
 Temeswar (Aug. 9.). Gorgey surrenders to the 
 Russians (Aug. 13.). Komorn, defended by 
 Klapka, holds out till Sep. 28. 
 
 The Sardinian army is defeated by Kadetski at 
 Novara (Mar. 23.). Charles Albert abdicates in 
 favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel II., who 
 concludes a treaty at Milan (Aug. 6.). 
 
 The pope formally dethroned, and a republic pro- 
 claimed at Rome (Feb. 8,). The French, under 
 Marshal Oudinot, occupy Civita Vecchia (Ap. 
 26.) : Rome capitulates to them (June 30.). The 
 papal government re-established (July 15.). Re- 
 public proclaimed at Florence : the grand duke 
 escapes to Gaeta (in Feb. ), and, through Austrian 
 intervention, returns (July 23.). 
 
 Palermo is taken by the Neapolitans, and Sicily 
 submits. — Venice surrenders to the Austrians 
 (Aug. 22.). 
 
 Riots in Montreal: the houses of assembly burned 
 {Ap. 26.). — Solouque (Faustin I.) proclaimed 
 emperor of Hayti (Aug. 26.). 
 
 William 11. of Holland dies (Mar. 17.); he is suc- 
 ceeded by William III. Deaths of Charles 
 Albert, ex-king of Sardinia, at Oporto (July 18.) ; 
 and of Mehemet Ali, aged 80 ; he is succeeded 
 by Ibrahim Pasha, his son. 
 
 Deaths of Maria Edgeworth and Horace Smith, novelists ; Bernard Barton, poet; 
 Pat. F. Tytler, historian ; Hartley Coleridge, Lord Carnarvon, Horace 
 Twiss, miscellaneous writers ; Sir J. Brunei, engineer of the Thames-tunnel ; 
 Madame Catalan!, vocalist ; Prince Hohenlohj' pretender to miraculous 
 powers. 
 
 1850. Birth of Prince Arthur Patrick Albert {May 1.). — 
 Patens assaidt on the queen {June 21. y — Marshal 
 Haynau assaulted by Barclay'' s draymen in Lon- 
 don {Sep. 4.). — Great hail-storm in Dublin {April 
 18.). — Deaths of the duke of Cambridge and Sir 
 Robert Peel. 
 
—1851.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 243 
 
 AC. 
 
 Embassy from the king of Nepaul to Queen Victoria, 
 — Sir Charles Napier resigns his command in 
 India {July 2.). — Discovery of the north-west pas- 
 sage hy Captain M^Clure (^Oct. 26.). — Submarine 
 telegraph laid from Dover to Calais {Aug. 28.). — 
 Britannia tubular bridge opened {Oct. 21.). 
 
 The po]oe returns to Rome (Ap. 12.). — Synod of Thurles, 
 
 opened {July 22.).— PAPAL AGGRESSION on England hy 
 the estahlishment there of a Romish hierarchy by bull of Sep. 24. 
 Judgment of the privy council in the case of the bishop of Exeter 
 against the Rev. Mr. Gorham. 
 
 The Russians defeated by the Circassians (Jan. 3.). 
 — The Schleswig-Holsteiners defeated by the 
 Danes at Idstedt (July 25.) and at Frederick- 
 stadt (Oct. 6.). — The Haytians defeated by the 
 Dominicans (Oct. 9.). 
 
 Deaths of Wordsworth, the poet (succeeded by Alfred Tennyson as poet lau- 
 reate) ; Gay Lussac, the aeronaut ; Miss Jane Porter, novelist ; Neander, 
 church historian ; Lord Jeffrey, critic ; and W. Westall, landscape painter. 
 
 1851. Great Exhibition in London^ opened by the Queen in 
 person {May 1.), closed by Prince Albert { Oct. 15.). 
 — Ecclesiasticcd Titles' Bill passed. — Deaths of 
 Lord Langdale, the earl of Derby, and Richard 
 Lalor Sheil. 
 
 The Kaffir loar continues: Lieut.~Col. Fordyce is 
 killed in an attack on Water-Kloof {Nov. 6.). — 
 Tlie British destroy the town of Lagos, in Western 
 Africa {Dec. 26.). — Great concourse to the gold- 
 diggings in Australia. 
 
 Schleswig-Holstein submits to terms imposed by 
 the Austrians and Prussians, and is delivered up 
 to the Danes (Feb. 9.). — Revolution in Portugal, 
 headed by the duke of Saldanha. — War between 
 Brazil and Buenos Ayres. — The rebellion in 
 China begins. 
 
 War between the French and Algerines. — The 
 National Assembly is dissolved by Louis Napo- 
 leon (Dec. 2.), and 200 persons arrested. Barri- 
 cades are erected in Paris on the 4th, but are 
 destroyed by the troops. — Louis Napoleon re- 
 elected president of the republic by 6,798,479 
 votes. 
 
 Deaths of the king of Hanover (who is succeeded 
 
 R 2 
 
244 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1852— 
 
 A.C. 
 
 by his son, George Frederick) ; of Don Manuel 
 Godoy (the " Prince of Peace ") at Paris, aged 
 87 ; and of Marshal Soult, aged 82. 
 
 Eclipse of the sun (July 28.)- — Deaths of Audubon, the naturalist ; Dr. Pye Smith, 
 biblical critic ; CErsted, Danish natural philosopher ; Daguerre, inventor of 
 Daguerreotype; Dr. Llngard, historian; J. F, Cooper, American novelist ; 
 Mrs. Shelley, miscellaneous writer; Turner, landscape-painter. 
 
 1852. JVar of the British with the Burmese. Commodore 
 Lambert destroys the stockades in Rangoon river 
 {Jan. 10.). Martaban stormed (Ap. 8.). Ban- 
 goon taken {Ap. 14.). 
 
 Sir Colin Campbell repulses the Hill Tribes near 
 Peshaicur. 
 
 General Cathcart is sent to replace Sir Harry Smith 
 in the command at the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 The Ministry are defeated on Lord Palmerston^s 
 amendment to the Militia Bill, and resign next 
 day (20 Feb.^. Lord Derby prime minister. ■ — 
 Party riots at Stockport {June 29.). — Dissolution 
 of parliament {July 1.). General elections begin 
 {July 6.). Election riots at Six-mile-bridge {July 
 22.\ — Resignation of the Derby ministry {Dec. 
 20.). 
 
 Jndustrial Exhibition at Cork opened {June 10.). 
 First pillar of the Sydenham Crystal Palace 
 planted {Aug. 5.). Shock of an earthquake felt 
 in Dublin and Wales {Nov. 9.). 
 
 Great Jlre at Montreal {July 8.): 1100 houses de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Death of the DUKE OF WELLINGTON at 
 Walmer Castle {Sep. 14.). His public funeral 
 {Nov. 18.) — Deaths of Sir David Baird and Sir 
 H. J. Fust. 
 
 The dictator Posas is defeated by the Brazilian 
 forces under Urquiza, who enters Buenos Ayres 
 in triumph on Feb. 19. — Pevolution in Buenos 
 Ayres in October. — The first railway in Brazil, 
 opened by the emperor in person (July 29.). 
 
 Caravajal is defeated and taken prisoner in Mexico 
 by General Harney, U. S. 
 
 PROCLAMATION OP THE EMPIRE 
 IN FRANCE (Dec. 2.). Deaths of Prince 
 Schwartzenberg of Austria ; Castanos, duke of 
 
-1854.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 245 
 
 Baylen ; and Daniel Webster, secretary of state, 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Deaths of Thomas Moore, the poet ; Mantell, the geologist; Dr. Herbert Mayo, 
 physician ; Finden, the engraver. 
 
 1853. Birth of Prince Leopold G. D. Frederick, Queen 
 Victoria's fourth son {Ap. 1.).— Opening of the 
 Dublin Exhibition May \2. ; closed Oct. 31. — 
 JEiicampment at Chobham formed June 13. ; broken 
 up Aug. 20. — Grand review of the fleet at Spit- 
 head Aug. II. — Queen Victoria visits Ireland 
 Aug. 29. — Uniform penny receipt stamp intro- 
 duced Oct. 10. — Deaths of Viscount Melbourne 
 {Jan. 29.); Lord Saltoun (Aug. 18.); Sir Charles 
 Napier, conqueror of Scinde {Aug. 29.), aged 71. 
 
 The first railway {the Great Feninsular) opened 
 
 in India. 
 
 The Russians cross the Pruth (July 2.). — Meeting 
 of the emperors of Russia and Austria at Olmutz 
 (Sep. 24.). — The Russians defeated by the Turks 
 at Oltenitza (Nov. 4.). — They destroy the town 
 of Sinope, and the Turkish flotilla there (Nov. 
 
 30.). Death of Marshal Haynau at Vienna 
 
 (Mar. 14.). 
 
 Maria II., queen of Portugal, dies (Nov. 15.).— 
 End of the siege of Buenos Ayres, and disper- 
 sion of Urquiza's army. — The city of Shiraz, in 
 Persia, destroyed by an earthquake: 12,000 
 lives lost. — Cumana nearly destroyed by an 
 earthquake. — Industrial Exhibition at New 
 York opened (July 14.). — Genoa and Turin 
 Railway opened throughout (Dec. 15.). 
 
 New Protestant church of the Waldenses at Turin consecrated 
 
 A coLetTi'sible'in Great Britain and Ireland in June-Deaths of Ludwig Tieck 
 (at Berlin), poet and critic ; Arago, natural philosopher ; S'r W Betham, 
 Irish antiquarian ; Onslow, musical composer ; Lady Sale ; and Mrs. Opie. 
 
 1854. Battle of Citate, near Kalafat (Jan 6.), where the 
 Russians are attacked and defeated by Achmet 
 and Ismail Pashas. Diplomatic relations between 
 Great Britain and Russia suspended {Feb. 4.).— 
 Giurgevo is abandoned by the Turks (Feb. 19.). 
 The first detachment of British troops {the Cold- 
 stream and Grenadier Guards) leave Southampton 
 
246 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [lS54— 
 
 for Turkey {Feb. 22.), —The Baltic fleet sails 
 from Spithead {March 11.). The emperor of 
 Russia rejects the propositions of the Four Powers 
 {Mar. 12.). GortschakofF defeated in an attack 
 on Tiirtukai (Mar. 15.). He crosses the Da- 
 nube, and effects a juncture with Liiders in 
 the Dobrudscha (Mar. 23.). — Rupture between 
 Greece and Turkey (Mar. 27.). — Cutting out of 
 two Russian vessels at Hango {April 20.).— Bom- 
 bardment of Odessa {Ap. 22.). 
 
 Day of Humiliation and Prayer jmblicly observed 
 {Ap. 26.). 
 
 The Russians repulsed at Czernavoda (Ap. 25,). — 
 Assault on the outworks of Silistria (Ap. 28.). 
 
 — Sali Pasha defeats the Russians at Nicopolis. 
 
 — Brahestadt bombarded (Ap. 30.). Uleaborg 
 destroyed (Ap. 31.). — Assaults on the town of 
 Silistria (May 11. 21. and 29.). — The Russians 
 defeated at Karakal (May 30.), and at Slatina 
 ^31.), — Silistria is reinforced by 5000 Turks 
 (June 5.). — Successful sorties (8. and 13. June). 
 Final assault (June 29.), and abandonment of 
 the siege by the Russians. — Victory of the Turks 
 at Kama, near Giurgevo (July 7.), and at Olte- 
 nitza (July 8.). 
 
 Unsuccessful attack by the allied squadrons on Petro- 
 paulowski, in Siberia^ from July 29. to Aug. 4. 
 
 Insurrection at Madrid, headed by General O'Don- 
 nell (July 17.). Barricades and fighting in the 
 streets (July 18. and 19.). 
 
 Attack by the Baltic fleet on Bomarsund, in Aland, 
 which surrenders {Aug. 15.). Destruction of Kola, 
 in Lapland, by the British {Aug. 24.). — Omar 
 Pasha enters Bucharest (Aug. 22.). Tlie allied 
 forces embark from Turkey for the Crimea {Sep, 
 IL), and land there {Sep. 14.). — 77icy attack 
 and force the Russian position on the Alma {Sep. 
 20.), disperse a Russian convoy at Mackenzie's 
 Farm {Sep. 25.), and take possession of Balaklava 
 {Sep. 26.) — Opening of the batteries, and naval 
 attack on Sebastopol {Oct. 17.). — The Russians 
 
1854. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 247 
 
 A.C. 
 
 seize the Turkish redoubts near Balaklava : their 
 cavalry defeated by the British : charge and heavy 
 loss of the cavalry of the light brigade (^Oct. 25.). 
 — The Russians repulsed in an attack on Sir de 
 Lacy Evans'' division {the 2nd) Oct. 26. — French 
 new batteries opened {Nov. 1.). — The Russians 
 attack the British at Inkerman {Nov. 5.), and are 
 repulsed with heavy loss. — Tempest in the Black, 
 Sea, loss of ''The Prince;' S^c. {Nov. 14.). 
 Destructive fire and explosion at Newcastle- on- Tyne 
 {Oct. 6.). 
 
INDEX, No. 1, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED BEFORE THE BIRTH 
 OF CHRIST. 
 
 N.B. F. atter the name of a place, signifies Foundation -, B. Battle; C. Capture; P. Peace; 
 T. Treaty; S. Siege. 
 
 A. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 iEschylus 
 
 475. 444 
 
 A aron 
 
 - 1471 
 
 ^sopus 
 
 •• 578 
 
 Abdon 
 
 - 1140 
 
 iEtna 
 
 - 425 
 
 Abednego 
 
 - 580 
 
 Afranius 
 
 - 49 
 
 Abel- 
 
 - 3876 
 
 Afranius, L., poet 
 
 - 50 
 
 Abihu 
 
 - 1492 
 
 Agamemnon - 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Abijah 
 
 - 958 
 
 Agathocles - 
 
 317. 309. 289 
 
 Abimelech - 
 
 - 1249 
 
 Agesilaus - 396. 395. 394. 361 
 
 Abiram 
 
 - 1471 
 
 Agis 
 
 244. 228 
 
 Abner 
 
 - 1048 
 
 Agrarian law 
 
 - 484. 134. 59 
 
 Abram 
 
 - 1096 
 
 Agrigentum, C. 
 
 - 262 
 
 Abraham 
 
 •- 1092 
 
 Agrippa Sylvius 
 
 - 915 
 
 Absalom 
 
 - 1021 
 
 Agrippa 
 
 23. 20 
 
 Academic School 
 
 - 400 
 
 Ahab 
 
 -918. 910. 898 
 
 Accius 
 
 - 150 
 
 Ahasuerus - 
 
 -530. 464. 462 
 
 Achaean League 
 
 281. 251 
 
 Ahaziah 
 
 -898. 885. 884 
 
 Achan 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Ahaz 
 
 - 742 
 
 AchiUes 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Ajax 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Actium, B.- 
 
 - 31 
 
 Alba, F. 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Adam 
 
 - 4004 
 
 Alba, C. 
 
 - 665 
 
 Adherbal - 
 
 - 249 
 
 Alba, Lake - 
 
 - 397 
 
 Adherbal - 
 
 117. 112 
 
 Albula 
 
 - 915 
 
 Adrastus 
 
 1263. 1226 
 
 Alcseus 
 
 - 612 
 
 Agates, B. - 
 
 - 241 
 
 Alcamenes - 
 
 - 340 
 
 JEgos Potamos, B. - 
 
 - 405 
 
 Alcibiades - 
 
 415. 412. 404 
 
 ^lius Gallus 
 
 - 24 
 
 Alcmseon 
 
 - 752 
 
 ^milius, Paulus 
 
 - 216 
 
 Alcmaeonids - 
 
 612. 548 
 
 ^milius, Lepidus 
 
 - 201 
 
 Alcman 
 
 - 665 
 
 ^milius, Paulus 
 
 - 168 
 
 Alexander of Pherae - 364 
 
 ^neas 
 
 ^olic Migration 
 
 - 1184 
 
 - 1124 
 
 
 335. 
 
 sat «jt;u. ooo. 
 
 334. 333. 332. 
 
 ^schines 
 
 - 340 
 
 331. 
 
 327. 323. 
 
250 
 
 INDEX, NO. 1. 
 
 Alexander ^gus 
 
 - 311 
 
 Son of Cassander 297. 
 
 
 294 
 
 Balas 
 
 - 150 
 
 Jannseus 
 
 106. 79 
 
 
 - 80 
 
 - ui s^^y\}i - 
 
 Alexandra - 
 
 79. 70 
 
 Alexandria, F. 
 
 - 332 
 
 Alexandrian library - 
 
 - 48 
 
 Alexandria, C 
 
 - 47 
 
 Alimentus - 
 
 - 200 
 
 Allia, B. 
 
 - 387 
 
 Alyattes 
 
 617. 585 
 
 Amasis 
 
 570. 525 
 
 Amaziah 
 
 - 839 
 
 Amazons 
 
 - 1213 
 
 Amenophis II. 
 
 - 1491 
 
 Amon 
 
 - 643 
 
 Amos 
 
 - 758 
 
 Amphictj'ons 
 
 1522. 346 
 
 Ampbipolis, B. 
 
 .. 422 
 
 Amphipolis, C. 
 
 - 358 
 
 Amyrtseus - 
 
 - 413 
 
 Anacharsis - 
 
 - 594 
 
 Anacreon 
 
 - 537 
 
 Anaximander 
 
 - 571 
 
 Anaximenes - 
 
 - 571 
 
 Ancus Martins 
 
 - 640 
 
 Andocides - 
 
 - 400 
 
 Andriscus 
 
 - 148 
 
 Andronicus, Livius - 
 
 - 240 
 
 Anicius 
 
 - 168 
 
 Antalcidas, P. 
 
 .. 387 
 
 Antenor 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Antigonus -316 
 
 . 311. 301 
 
 II., Doson 
 
 - 222 
 
 r\-P T-iiA rmn 
 
 - 109 
 )bulus II. 
 
 
 38. 
 
 Gona,tas - 
 
 277. 268 
 
 Antioch, P. - 
 
 - 300 
 
 Antiocli, Era of 
 
 - 49 
 
 Antiochus Soter 280 
 
 . 262. 261 
 
 Theos - 
 
 261. 246 
 
 thr Clrr'\f """ '^'' "^ "^'' 
 
 203. 196. 
 
 191. 190. 
 
 
 187 
 
 
 175. 171. 
 
 
 170. 
 
 168. 166. 
 
 
 . 162 
 
 
 Sidetes - 
 
 138. 128 
 
 Antipater 
 
 - 297 
 
 Antipas 
 
 4 
 
 Antiphon 
 
 ■ 400 
 
 Antisthenes - 
 
 - 400 
 
 Autium, C. - - 466. 457 
 
 Antonius, L. - - - 40 
 
 Antony 44. 43. 42. 34. 32. 30 
 
 Anxur, C - - - 403 
 
 Apelles - - " 340 
 
 Apocrypha - - - 135 
 
 Apollonius, geometrician - 250 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius, poet - 200 
 
 Appius Claudius - - 449 
 
 Aquae Sextise - - 102 
 
 Aquillius - - - 99 
 
 Arabia - - - 24 
 
 Arabs - - - 1892 
 
 Aratus, poet - - 300 
 Aratus - 251. 244. 228 
 
 Arbaces - - - 820 
 
 Arbela, B. - - - 331 
 
 Arcesilaus ™ - - 300 
 
 Archelaus - - - 4 
 
 Archelaus, philosopher - 548 
 
 Archilochus - - - 683 
 
 Archimedes - 250. 212 
 
 Archons, perpetual - - 1070 
 
 Archons, decennial - - 752 
 
 Archons, annual - - 683 
 
 Ardys - - - 678 
 
 Areopagus - - 1556. 461 
 
 Areta - - - 377 
 
 Arginusse, B. - - 406 
 
 Argon - - - 1223 
 
 Argonautic expedition - 1263 
 
 Argos - _ - 1856 
 
 Argus - - - 1263 
 
 Aridasus, Philip - - 323 
 
 Arion - - - 625 
 
 Aristarchus - - - 300 
 
 Aristides - - - 483 
 
 Aristippus - - - 400 
 Aristobulus - 109. 107. 106 
 
 Aristobulus II. - - 70 
 
 Aristogiton - - - 488 
 
 Aristonicus - 130. 129 
 
 Aristophanes - - 444 
 
 Aristotle - - . 340 
 
 Aristoxenus - - - 340 
 
 Arogus or Arses - 338. 336 
 
 Arphaxad - - - 657 
 
 Arsaces I. - - - 250 
 
 Artabanus - - - 465 
 
 Artaphernes - - - 490 
 Artaxerxes I. 464. 463. 424 
 
 Artaxerxes II. Mnemon 405. 374. 
 
 361. 359 
 
 Arundelian Marbles 1582. 264 
 
 Asa - - - - 955 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 
 
 251 
 
 Ascanius 
 
 . 
 
 
 , 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Boii - 
 
 _ 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 224 
 
 Asculum, B. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 90 
 
 Brasidas 
 
 . 
 
 - 422 
 
 Asher 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1747 
 
 Brennus 
 
 - 
 
 387. 279 
 
 Asinius PoUio 
 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 Brutus, the Elder 
 
 . 
 
 - 509 
 
 Aspasia 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 444 
 
 Brutus 
 
 - 
 
 B5. 44. 42 
 
 A sshur 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 2221 
 
 Bucephala, F. 
 
 - 
 
 - 327 
 
 Assyria 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 2221. 2069 1 
 
 Byzantium, F. 
 
 - 
 
 - 658 
 
 Assyrian empire 
 
 
 - 
 
 820. 606 
 
 Byzantium, S. 
 
 - 
 
 - 339 
 
 Astyages 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 585. 571 
 
 
 
 
 Atlialiah 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 
 
 884. 878 
 
 C. 
 
 
 
 Athens, F. 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 1556 
 
 Cadmus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1519 
 
 Athens, C 
 
 
 479 
 
 404, 
 
 318. 307. 
 
 Csecilius 
 
 - 
 
 200. 167 
 
 
 
 
 
 296. 268. 
 
 Csepio 
 
 . 
 
 - 140 
 
 Athletes 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 186 
 
 Caepio, Servilius 
 
 . 
 
 106. 105 
 
 Atlas 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 1582 
 
 Cffisar, Julius 100 
 
 80. 59. 58. 56. 
 
 Attains I. 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 241. 197 
 
 55. 50. 49. 48. 
 
 47. 46. 45. 44. 
 
 Attains II. 
 
 . 
 
 
 _ 
 
 - 159 
 
 Cain- 
 
 _ 
 
 " 4003 
 
 Attains III. 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 133 
 
 Calatinus, Atilius 
 
 - 
 
 - 254 
 
 Angnstus 
 
 63. 
 
 44. 
 
 42. 41. 36. 32. 
 
 Caleb 
 
 - 
 
 - 1530 
 
 
 31. 
 
 29. 
 
 27. 24. 17. 15. 
 
 Calendar corrected 
 
 -■ 
 
 - 46. 8 
 
 
 10. 
 
 8. 
 
 5. 
 
 
 Callicrates - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 444 
 
 Aulns 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 109 
 
 Callicratidas - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 406 
 
 Anlus Hirtins 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 50 
 
 Callimachus, archit. 
 
 - 
 
 - 400 
 
 AuritsB 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 2084 
 
 Callimachus, historian 
 
 - 250 
 
 Azariah 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 952. 810 
 
 Callinus 
 
 - 
 
 - 740 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cambyses 536. 530. 
 
 525. 522 
 
 
 
 B. 
 
 
 
 Camillus 
 
 _ 
 
 393. 388 
 
 Baasha 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 954 
 
 Candaules 
 
 - 
 
 735. 716 
 
 Babel 
 
 _ 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 2247 
 
 Cannse, B. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 216 
 
 Babylon, F. 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 ■• 2221 
 
 Cantabrians - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 20 
 
 Babylon, C. 
 
 
 538. 516 
 
 331. 312 
 
 Canuleius 
 
 - 
 
 - 442 
 
 Bacchanalia 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 186 
 
 Captivity, Jewish 
 
 - 
 
 606. 598 
 
 Bacchides 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 161 
 
 Capua, F. 
 
 - 
 
 - 469 
 
 Bacchylides 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 475 
 
 Capua, C. 
 
 - 
 
 420. 211 
 
 Bagoas 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 338. 336 
 
 Caranus 
 
 - 
 
 - 814 
 
 Baladan 
 
 . 
 
 
 747 
 
 715. 712 
 
 Carbo 
 
 - 
 
 113. 87 
 
 Balak 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Carchemish, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 606 
 
 Barak 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 1296 
 
 Carneades - 
 
 200 
 
 . 155. 129 
 
 Bathyllus 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Carthage, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 869 
 
 Belesis 
 
 - 
 
 
 825 
 
 820. 767 
 
 Carthage, C. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 146 
 
 Belochus 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 - 1433 
 
 Carthage, rebuilt 
 
 _ 
 
 - 123 
 
 Belshazzar 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 555. 538 
 
 Carthagena, F. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 228 
 
 Belus 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 2221 
 
 Carthagena, C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 210 
 
 Beneventnm 
 
 L, B. 
 
 
 
 - 275 
 
 Carthaginians 
 
 -409 
 
 . 395. 339 
 
 Benhadad 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 - 839 
 
 Carvilius, Sp. 
 
 . 
 
 - 231 
 
 Benjamin 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 1732 
 
 Cassander 318. 316. 311. 
 
 304. 301. 
 
 Berenice 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 246 
 
 
 
 297, 
 
 Berosus 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 300 
 
 Cassius, Spurius 
 
 - 
 
 484. 483 
 
 Bessus 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 330 
 
 Cassius 
 
 - 
 
 - 107 
 
 Bias - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 - 603 
 
 Cassius 
 
 - 
 
 44. 42 
 
 Bibulus 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 59 
 
 Castor 
 
 - 
 
 - 1263 
 
 Bidpai 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 - 1022 
 
 Catiline's conspiracy - 
 
 - 63 
 
 Bilhah 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Cato the Elder 
 
 > 
 
 184. 149 
 
 Bion- 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 - 300 
 
 Cato Uticensis 
 
 . 
 
 - 46 
 
 Bithynia 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 74 
 
 Catullus, poet 
 
 - 
 
 30 
 
252 
 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 NO. 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 B C 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Catulus, Lutatius 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 241 
 
 Corsebus 
 
 - 776 
 
 Caudine Forks 
 
 _, 
 
 - 
 
 321 
 
 Coronea, B. - 
 
 - 447 
 
 Cebes 
 
 _. 
 
 „ 
 
 400 
 
 Cossus, Cornelius 
 
 - 434 
 
 Cecrops 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1556 
 
 Cotta 
 
 - 70 
 
 Celsus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Crantor 
 
 - 340 
 
 Censorship - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 440 
 
 Crassus 
 
 - 130 
 
 Chabrias 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 377 
 
 Crassus - 73. 70. 
 
 56. 55. 53 
 
 Chseronea, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 328 
 
 Crassus, the Younger 
 
 - 30 
 
 Chares 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 300 
 
 Crates 
 
 - 300 
 
 Chaldea 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 2221 
 
 Creation of the World 
 
 - 4004 
 
 Charilaus r 
 
 _ 
 
 > 
 
 878 
 
 Cremera 
 
 - 475 
 
 Charon 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 480 
 
 Creon 
 
 - 483 
 
 Charops 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 752 
 
 Critolaus 
 
 - 155 
 
 Chedorlaomer 
 
 _ 
 
 
 1913 
 
 Croesus 
 
 560. 546 
 
 Cheops 
 
 . 
 
 
 1082 
 
 Ctesias 
 
 - 400 
 
 Chilon 
 
 _ 
 
 
 603 
 
 Ctesibius 
 
 - 250 
 
 Chinese Empire 
 
 - 
 
 
 2221 
 
 Ctesilaus 
 
 - 340 
 
 Chiniladon - 
 
 - 
 
 
 647 
 
 Cunaxa, B. - 
 
 - 401 
 
 Cicero 106. 79. 70. 63. 58. 
 
 52.51.43 
 
 Curiatii 
 
 - 667 
 
 Cimbri 
 
 -109 
 
 . 105 
 
 . 102 
 
 Curius Dentatus 
 
 - 275 
 
 Cimmerians - 
 
 „ 
 
 635 
 
 617 
 
 Cursor, Papirius 
 
 - 325 
 
 Cimon - 466. 461 
 
 .456 
 
 .449 
 
 Cursor, the Younger - 
 
 - 272 
 
 Cincinnatus - 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 456 
 
 Curtius 
 
 - 362 
 
 Cinna 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 87 
 
 Cushites 
 
 - 1619 
 
 Citium, S. - 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 449 
 
 Cyaxares 635. 611. 606 
 
 585. 571 
 
 Claudius Pulcher 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 249 
 
 Cybele 
 
 - 204 
 
 Claudius Nero 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 207 
 
 Cycle, Lunar - 
 
 - 432 
 
 Claudius 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 143 
 
 Cylon 
 
 - 612 
 
 Cleanthes 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 250 
 
 Cynic School- 
 
 - 400 
 
 Cleobulus 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 603 
 
 Cynoscephalse, B. - 
 
 - 197 
 
 Cleombrotus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 371 
 
 Cyrene 
 
 - 96 
 
 Cleombrotus - 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 
 
 244 
 
 Cyrus the Great 546. 538. 
 
 536. 530 
 
 Cleomenes III. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 228 
 
 Cyrus II. 
 
 - 401 
 
 Cleon 
 
 - 
 
 .. 
 
 422 
 
 
 
 Cleopatra 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 117 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Cleopatra 
 
 . 
 
 51. 34. 30 
 
 Dactyli, Idsei 
 
 - 1453 
 
 Cleosthenes - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 884 
 
 Daedalus 
 
 - 1304 
 
 Clepsydrse - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 159 
 
 Damon 
 
 - 400 
 
 Clodian Law- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 58 
 
 Dan - 
 
 - 1748 
 
 Clodius 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 52 
 
 Daniel - 603. 570. 
 
 555. 537 
 
 Cnidus, B. - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 394 
 
 Dardanus 
 
 - 1490 
 
 Codrus 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1070 
 
 Darius the Mede 
 
 571. 538 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 509 
 
 
 504. 486 
 
 Collatinus 
 
 
 Colossus of Rhodes 
 
 . 
 
 300 
 
 . 224 
 
 Nothus 
 
 - 424 
 
 Comedies 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 240 
 
 Ochus 
 
 - 361 
 
 Comitia tributa 
 
 . 
 
 469 
 
 . 339 
 
 Codomanus - 336. 
 
 334. 330 
 
 Confucius 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 520 
 
 Dathan 
 
 - 1471 
 
 Conon 
 
 _ 
 
 406 
 
 .394 
 
 Datis 
 
 - 490 
 
 Conon, astronomer 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 250 
 
 David 1063. 1055. 1048. 1047. 1015 
 
 Consuls 
 
 . 
 
 509 
 
 . 367 
 
 Deborah 
 
 - 1296 
 
 Corcyra, F. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 703 
 
 Decemviri - 
 
 - 449 
 
 Corinth, F. - 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 1520 
 
 Decius 
 
 - 340 
 
 Corinth, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 146 
 
 Decius 
 
 - 295 
 
 Corinthian War 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 395 
 
 Dejoces 
 
 - 710 
 
 Coriolanus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 488 
 
 Delphi 
 
 - 548 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 
 
 253 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Deluge of Xoah 
 
 - 2348 
 
 Epicurus 
 
 - 
 
 - 300 
 
 Deluge of Ogyges 
 
 - 1796 
 
 Epigoai 
 
 . 
 
 - 1215 
 
 Deluge of Deucalion - 
 
 - 1529 
 
 Epimenides - 
 
 . 
 
 - 594 
 
 Demetrius Phalereus- 
 
 - 317 
 
 Erasistratus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 300 
 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes 307 
 
 304.296. 
 
 Eratosthenes - 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 
 294. 287 
 
 Erectheus 
 
 _ 
 
 1506. 1356 
 
 Demetrius Soter - 162 
 
 161. 150 
 
 Erostratus - 
 
 . 
 
 - 356 
 
 Demetrius Xicator - 
 
 138. 128 
 
 Esarhaddon - 
 
 - 7 
 
 06. 678. 667 
 
 Democrates - 
 
 - 340 
 
 Esau - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1836 
 
 Democritus - 
 
 - 456 
 
 Eteocles 
 
 - 
 
 - 1225 
 
 Demosthenes - 
 
 352. 340 
 
 Euclides, archon 
 
 - 
 
 - 403 
 
 Dentatus, Curios 
 
 - 275 
 
 Euclid 
 
 _ 
 
 - 300 
 
 Dercyliidas - 
 
 - 397 
 
 Eumenes 
 
 - 
 
 - 316 
 
 Deucalion - - 1 
 
 529. 1522 
 
 Eumenes of Pergamos 
 
 262. 241 
 
 Deucalion 
 
 - 1263 
 
 Eumenes U. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 188 
 
 Diana's Temple 
 
 - 356 
 
 Eumolpus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1356 
 
 Dido 
 
 - 869 
 
 Eunus 
 
 - 
 
 - 132 
 
 Dinocrates - 
 
 - 183 
 
 Euripides 
 
 . 
 
 444. 406 
 
 Diodorus 
 
 - 50 
 
 Eurymedon - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 466 
 
 Diogenes the Cynic - 
 
 - 340 
 
 EurVsthenes - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1104 
 
 Diogenes the Stoic - 
 
 - 155 
 
 Eve* - 
 
 . 
 
 - 4003 
 
 Dion - - - 
 
 - 357 
 
 Evilmerodach 
 
 - 
 
 562, 560 
 
 Dionysius the Elder - 
 
 406. 389 
 
 Exodus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1491 
 
 Dionysius II. - 367. 357. 
 
 346. 343 
 
 Ezekiel 
 
 . 
 
 - 594 
 
 Dionysius of Alexandria 
 
 - 285 
 
 Ezra - 
 
 - 
 
 - 444 
 
 Dionysius of Halicamassus - 27 
 
 
 
 
 Dipaenus 
 
 - 509 
 
 F. 
 
 
 
 DolabeUa - 
 
 - 99 
 
 Fabii (300) - 
 
 - 
 
 - 475 
 
 Dolon 
 
 - 578 
 
 Fabius Maximus Cunctator - 217 
 
 Domitius J'.nobarbus 
 
 121. 115 
 
 Fabius Maximus 
 
 - 
 
 - 121 
 
 Draco 
 
 - 621 
 
 Fabius Pictor 
 
 _ 
 
 269. 200 
 
 Drepanum, B. 
 
 - 249 
 
 Faliscus 
 
 - 
 
 - 27 
 
 Drusus 
 
 - 91 
 
 Fimbria 
 
 - 
 
 - 85 
 
 Drusus 
 
 - 15. 9 
 
 Flaminius 
 
 - - 
 
 17. 197. 194 
 
 Duilius 
 
 - 260 
 
 naccu5, Yerrius 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 E. 
 
 Ecbatana, F. - 
 
 
 Fulyius Flaccus 
 
 - 
 
 - 125 
 
 - 710 
 
 G. 
 
 
 
 Eclipse 
 
 - 585 
 
 Gad - 
 
 - 
 
 1748. 1451 
 
 Edessa, F. - 
 
 - 300 
 
 Gaza, C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 332 
 
 Eglon - - 1394. 1336 
 
 GedaUah 
 
 - 
 
 - 588 
 
 Egypt 
 
 - 2188 
 
 Gellius 
 
 - 
 
 - 73 
 
 Ehud 
 
 - 1.336 
 
 Gerizim, Temple of 
 
 - 
 
 - 332 
 
 F.lah - 
 
 - 930 
 
 Gibeonites - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1450 
 
 Eleatic Sect - 
 
 - 548 
 
 Gideon 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1249 
 
 Eleusinian Mysteries - 
 
 - 1519 
 
 Gilboa, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1055 
 
 Eli - : 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Glabrio 
 
 . 
 
 - 67 
 
 Elijah - -910 
 
 . 906. 896 
 
 Glaucias 
 
 - 
 
 - 306 
 
 Elis - 
 
 - 1453 
 
 Golden Number 
 
 . 
 
 - 432 
 
 Elon - 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Goliath 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1063 
 
 Ennius 
 
 200. 167 
 
 Gomorrah 
 
 - 
 
 - 1897 
 
 Enoch - - 331 7. 3017 
 
 Gorgias 
 
 - 
 
 - 444 
 
 Epaminondas- 
 
 371. 363 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius 
 
 . 
 
 134. 133 
 
 Ephori 
 
 - 760 
 
 Gracchus, Caius 
 
 - 
 
 12.3. 121 
 
 Ephyre 
 
 - 1520 
 
 Granicus, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 334 
 
254 
 
 INDEX, NO. 1. 
 
 Gyges 
 
 - 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 716 
 
 Ictinus 
 Idsei Dactyli 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 444 
 
 - 1453 
 
 
 H. 
 
 
 Ilerda, B. - 
 
 - 49 
 
 Hagar 
 
 . 
 
 - 1892 
 
 Imilcon 
 
 - 395 
 
 Haggai 
 
 . 
 
 - 520 
 
 Inachus 
 
 - 1856 
 
 Halys, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 746 
 
 Inarus 
 
 463. 455 
 
 Ham - 
 
 2444. 
 
 2221. 2188 
 
 Ionian Colonies 504. 496. 397. 387 
 
 Haman 
 
 - 
 
 - 453 
 
 Ionic Migration 
 
 . 1044 
 
 Hamilear 
 
 -250.237. 228 
 
 Ionic school - 
 
 - 601 
 
 Hanani 
 
 - 
 
 - 952 
 
 Iphicrates 
 
 - 374 
 
 Hannibal 237. 221. 219 
 
 . 218. 217. 
 
 Iphitus 
 
 - 884 
 
 216. 
 
 203. 202. 196. 183 
 
 Ipsus, B. 
 
 - 301 
 
 Hasdrubal - 
 
 - 250. 228. 221 
 
 Ira ^ 
 
 (C. 671.) 685 
 
 Hasdrubal 
 
 _ 
 
 - 207 
 
 Isaac 1896. 
 
 1872. 1760. 1716 
 
 Hazael 
 
 _ 
 
 - 8.39 
 
 Isseus 
 
 - 377 
 
 Hecatompylos 
 
 - 
 
 - 1519 
 
 Isaiah 
 
 - 758 
 
 Hector 
 
 - 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Ishbosheth - 
 
 - 1055. 1048 
 
 Helen 
 
 _ 
 
 1213. 1184 
 
 Ishmael 
 
 - 1892 
 
 Heliodorus - 
 
 . 
 
 - 176 
 
 Isocrates 
 
 - 400 
 
 Helvetia 
 
 _ 
 
 - 113 
 
 Issachar 
 
 - 1747 
 
 Helvetii 
 
 ™ 
 
 - 107 
 
 Issus, B. 
 
 - 333 
 
 Heraclidse 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1104 
 
 Isthmian Games 
 
 1326. 582. 196 
 
 Heraclitus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 499 
 
 Italian sect - 
 
 - 548 
 
 Hercules 
 
 , 
 
 ' - 1263 
 
 Ithobal 
 
 - 586 
 
 Hermocrates - 
 
 - 
 
 - 409 
 
 Ithome 
 
 (C. 723.) 743 
 
 Hermogenes - 
 
 - 
 
 - 340 
 
 
 
 Herodotus 
 
 - 
 
 - 444 
 
 J 
 
 
 Herod the Great 
 
 - 40. 38. 17. 4 
 
 Jabin 
 
 - 1296 
 
 Hesiod 
 
 - 
 
 - 975 
 
 Jacob 
 
 1836. 1760. 1689 
 
 Hezekiah. 
 
 _ 
 
 750. 727 
 
 Jael - 
 
 - 1296 
 
 Hiero II. 
 
 - 
 
 - 270 
 
 Jair - - 
 
 ' 1140 
 
 Hipparchus - 
 
 - 
 
 (510). 488 
 
 Jannseus 
 
 106. 79 
 
 Hipparcbus, astronomer 
 
 - 150 
 
 Janus, Temple of 
 
 235. 29. 24. 10 
 
 Hippias 
 
 - 
 
 (510). 488 
 
 Japhet 
 
 - 2448 
 
 Hippocrates - 
 
 - 
 
 - 444 
 
 Jared 
 
 - 3017 
 
 Hirtius 
 
 - 
 
 - 43 
 
 Jason, Argonaut 
 
 - 1263 
 
 Homer 
 
 - 
 
 - 975 
 
 Jason, high priest 
 
 - 175 
 
 Homer, Junior 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 Jebusites 
 
 - 1047 
 
 Horace 
 
 - 
 
 65. 27. 8 
 
 Jeconiah 
 
 599. 598 
 
 Horatii 
 
 _ 
 
 - 667 
 
 Jehoram, Israel 
 
 896. 884 
 
 Hortensius, Law of - 
 
 - 287 
 
 Jehoram, Judah 
 
 898. 888 
 
 Hortensius - 
 
 - 
 
 50 
 
 Jehoshaphat 
 
 914. 898 
 
 Hosea 
 
 - 
 
 - 758 
 
 Jehoash or Joash, 
 
 Israel - 839 
 
 Hoshea 
 
 - 
 
 •■ 730 
 
 Jehoahaz, of Israel - - 856 
 
 Hosbeng 
 
 - 
 
 - 2040 
 
 Jehoahaz, of Judah - - 610 
 
 Hyginus 
 
 - 
 
 - 27 
 
 Jehoiachin - 
 
 599. 598 
 
 Hyksos 
 
 - 
 
 - 2084 
 
 Jehoiada 
 
 - 878 
 
 Hyrcanus 
 
 - 13 
 
 5. 109. 107 
 
 Jehoiakim - 
 
 609. 604. 599 
 
 Hyrcanus 
 
 - 
 
 79. 70. 63 
 
 Jehu, prophet 
 
 - 952 
 
 Hystaspes - - 
 
 " 
 
 - 468 
 
 Jehu, king - 
 Jemshid 
 
 - 884 
 
 - 2040 
 
 
 I. 
 
 
 Jephthah 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Iambic verses 
 
 -• 
 
 - 683 
 
 Jeremiah 
 
 - 588 
 
 Ibsan 
 
 - 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Jericho, C. ~ 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Ibycus 
 
 - 
 
 - 537 
 
 Jeroboam 
 
 - 974 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 
 
 255 
 
 Jeroboam II. 
 
 - 
 
 825. 784 
 
 Lollius 
 
 _ 
 
 . 16 
 
 Jerusalem, C. 1047. 
 
 588. 
 
 320.170.63 
 
 Lot - 
 
 _. 
 
 - 1913 
 
 Jerusalem, spared 
 
 - 
 
 - 332 
 
 Lucilius 
 
 - 
 
 - 148 
 
 Jeshua 
 
 - 
 
 - 520 
 
 Lucullus 
 
 „ 
 
 72. 69. 67 
 
 Joab 
 
 - 
 
 - 1021 
 
 Lucretius 
 
 . 
 
 - 50 
 
 Joash, of Judali 
 
 _ 
 
 884. 878 
 
 Ludi Sa^culares 
 
 _ 
 
 - 456 
 
 Joash, of Israel 
 
 - 
 
 - 839 
 
 Lutatius Catulus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 241 
 
 Job - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1531 
 
 Lycophron - 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 Jocasta 
 
 - 
 
 - 1266 
 
 Lycurgus 
 
 - 
 
 898. 884 
 
 Joel - 
 
 - 
 
 769. 758 
 
 Lysander 
 
 405 
 
 . 404. 395 
 
 Johanan 
 
 - 
 
 - 367 
 
 Lysimachus - 311. 301 
 
 . 287. 284 
 
 John the Baptist 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Lysippus 
 
 . 
 
 - 340 
 
 Joiada 
 
 - 
 
 - 409 
 
 Lysias 
 
 _ 
 
 - 400 
 
 Jonah 
 
 - 
 
 - 862 
 
 
 
 
 Jonathan 
 
 - 
 
 161. 144 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 Joseph 174,5. 1 
 
 728 
 
 1701. 1635 
 
 jMaccabees - 
 
 . 
 
 166. 161 
 
 Joseph 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Macedon 
 
 . 
 
 814. 168 
 
 Joshua 
 
 - 
 
 1451. 1443 
 
 Macer 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Joshua 
 
 _ 
 
 - 367 
 
 Macertoninus 
 
 . 
 
 - 150 
 
 Josiah 
 
 643. 624. 610 
 
 Msecenas 
 
 - 
 
 - 27. 8 
 
 Jothara 
 
 - 
 
 - 758 
 
 Machanidas - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 207 
 
 Juba 
 
 . 
 
 - 46 
 
 Magnesia, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 190 
 
 Judah 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1752 
 
 Malachi 
 
 _ 
 
 - 430 
 
 Judas Macc;ibffius 
 
 - 
 
 166. 161 
 
 Manasseh 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1457 
 
 Jugurtha 112. 111. 109. 107. 106 
 
 Manasseh, king 
 
 _ 
 
 - 698 
 
 
 
 
 Manasseh, high priest 
 
 - 276 
 
 K. 
 
 
 
 Mancinus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 137 
 
 Korah 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1471 
 
 Manetho 
 
 _ 
 
 - 250 
 
 
 
 
 Manilian law 
 
 _ 
 
 - 66 
 
 L. 
 
 
 
 Manlius 
 
 _ 
 
 - 186 
 
 Laban 
 
 - 
 
 - 1760 
 
 Manlius 
 
 - 
 
 - 105 
 
 Laberius, J. D. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 50 
 
 Man ah 
 
 - 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Laborosoarchod 
 
 - 
 
 - 556 
 
 Mantinea, B. 
 
 . 
 
 363. 207 
 
 Lsevinus 
 
 - 
 
 - 280 
 
 Marathon, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 490 
 
 Lamachus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 415 
 
 Marcellus 
 
 _ 
 
 222. 212 
 
 Lamech 
 
 - 
 
 ■■ 2948 
 
 Marcellus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 23 
 
 Laodicea, F. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 300 
 
 Mardonius - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 479 
 
 Lartius 
 
 - 
 
 - 499 
 
 Mariamne - 
 
 - 
 
 - 40 
 
 Latinus 
 
 - 
 
 1239. 1184 
 
 Marius 111. 107 
 
 102. 
 
 88. 87. 86 
 
 Lavinia 
 
 - 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Marius, younger 
 
 . 
 
 82 
 
 Leah 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1760 
 
 Mary 
 
 _ 
 
 2 
 
 Lectisternium 
 
 _ 
 
 - 399 
 
 Massinissa - 
 
 203 
 
 153. 149 
 
 I.entulus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 73 
 
 Maximus, Valerius 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Leonidas 
 
 . 
 
 - 480 
 
 Medon 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1070 
 
 Leonidas 
 
 _ 
 
 - 244 
 
 Medontidse - 
 
 _" 
 
 - 1070 
 
 Lepidus, M. ^'Emili 
 
 us 
 
 - 201 
 
 Megasthenes 
 
 - 
 
 - 300 
 
 Lepidus 
 
 - 
 
 43. 36 
 
 Mela, Pomponius 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Leucippus 
 
 - 
 
 - 456 
 
 Melchizedek 
 
 . 
 
 - 1913 
 
 Leuctra, B. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 371 
 
 Meleager 
 
 _ 
 
 - 150 
 
 Levi - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1752 
 
 Meles 
 
 
 - 735 
 
 Lilybffium 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 Meranon 
 
 - 
 
 - 1856 
 
 Livius Andronicus 
 
 . 
 
 - 241 
 
 Menahem 
 
 - 
 
 - 772 
 
 Livius Salinator 
 
 . 
 
 - 207 
 
 Menander 
 
 _ 
 
 - 300 
 
 Livius, Titus 
 
 - 
 
 - 27 
 
 Menelaus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1184 
 
 Lokman 
 
 - 
 
 - 1012 
 
 Menes 
 
 -. 
 
 - 2188 
 
256 
 
 INDEX, NO. 1. 
 
 Menu 
 
 . 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 2126 
 
 NsBvius 
 
 _ 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 228 
 
 Meribah 
 
 . 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Nahor 
 
 _ 
 
 - 2126 
 
 Meshach 
 
 - 
 
 - 580 
 
 Naphtali 
 
 - 
 
 - 1747 
 
 Messala 
 
 . 
 
 - 263 
 
 Naxos, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 377 
 
 Messana, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 670 
 
 Nazareth 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Messene, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 369 
 
 Nearchus 
 
 - 
 
 - 326 
 
 Messenian wars 
 
 743. 685. 465 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar 
 
 606. 604.598.588. 
 
 Messiah 
 
 - 1689. 5. 4. 2 
 
 586. 
 
 580. 572. 570. 562 
 
 Metaurus, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 207 
 
 Nechus or Pharaoh Necho617. 610. 
 
 Metellus 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 
 
 606 
 
 Metellus Macertoninus 
 
 - 150 
 
 Nectanebis I. 
 
 - 
 
 374. 364 
 
 Metellus Macedonicus 
 
 148. 146 
 
 Nectanebis II. 
 
 - 
 
 361.350 
 
 Metellus Numidicus 
 
 123. 115. HI. 
 
 Nehemiah - 
 
 - 
 
 - 445 
 
 
 
 109. 100 
 
 Nemean games 
 
 - 
 
 1226. 568 
 
 Metellus Creticus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 67 
 
 Nepos, Cornelius 
 
 - 
 
 - 50 
 
 Metellus 
 
 . 
 
 - 46 
 
 Neriglissar - 
 
 - 
 
 560. 556 
 
 Methone, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 360 
 
 Nestor 
 
 - 
 
 1263. 1184 
 
 Methone, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 352 
 
 Nicsea, F. (in India) 
 
 - 327 
 
 Methuselah - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 3317 
 
 Nicander 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 150 
 
 Mettius Fuffetius 
 
 _ 
 
 - 665 
 
 Nicanor 
 
 - 
 
 - 161 
 
 Meton 
 
 _ 
 
 - 432 
 
 Nicetas 
 
 - 
 
 - 400 
 
 Mieah 
 
 _ 
 
 - 758 
 
 Nicias 
 
 - 
 
 - 415 
 
 Micipsa, death of 
 
 - 
 
 - lis 
 
 Nicomedes - 
 
 - 
 
 149. 74 
 
 Miletus, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 496 
 
 Nimrod 
 
 - 
 
 - 2221 
 
 Milo, athlete 
 
 _ 
 
 - 504 
 
 Nineveh 2221. 2069. 862. 820. 606 
 
 Milo - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 52 
 
 Ninus 
 
 - 
 
 - 2069 
 
 Miltiades 
 
 - 
 
 490. 486 
 
 No-Amon, C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 688 
 
 Minos I. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1406 
 
 Noah 
 
 2948. 
 
 2348. 1998 
 
 Minos II. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1304 
 
 Norbanus 
 
 - 
 
 - 83 
 
 Mithridates 111. 86 
 
 . 85. 
 
 84. 80. 72. 
 
 Numantia, C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 133 
 
 
 
 66. 63 
 
 Numa Pompilius 
 
 - 
 
 - 715 
 
 Mitylene, S. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 80 
 
 
 
 
 Mizpeh 
 
 - 
 
 - 1096 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 Mizraim 
 
 _ 
 
 - 2188 
 
 Obadiah 
 
 - 
 
 - 588 
 
 Monseses 
 
 « 
 
 - 53 
 
 Obed 
 
 - 
 
 - 1312 
 
 Moschus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 300 
 
 Ochus 
 
 359. 350. 338 
 
 Moeris 
 
 - 
 
 - 2040 
 
 Octavius 63. 44. 
 
 43. 42. 
 
 41. 36. 32. 
 
 Moses 1571. 1531. 1492. 
 
 1471 1451 
 
 
 
 31. 29. 27 
 
 Mummius 
 
 - 
 
 - 146 
 
 Octolophus, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 200 
 
 Munda, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 45 
 
 (Edipus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1266 
 
 Musseus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1239 
 
 CEnophyta, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 456 
 
 Mutina, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 43 
 
 (Enotrus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1028 
 
 Mycale, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 479 
 
 ^^ \r. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Mylse, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 260 
 
 Oguz Khan - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2084 
 
 Myron 
 
 - 
 
 - 340 
 
 Ogyges 
 
 - 
 
 - 1796 
 
 Myronides - 
 
 - 
 
 - 456 
 
 Old Testament 
 
 - 
 
 - 277 
 
 
 
 
 Olen 
 
 - 
 
 - 2326 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 Olympiad, First 
 
 - 
 
 - 776 
 
 Nabis 
 
 _ 
 
 207. 192 
 
 Olympic games 
 
 145£ 
 
 . 1222. 884 
 
 Nabonadius - 
 
 - 
 
 - 555 
 
 Olynthus, C. 
 
 - 
 
 379. 347 
 
 Nabonassar - 
 
 - 
 
 - 747 
 
 Omri 
 
 - 
 
 - 929 
 
 Nabopolassar 
 
 - 
 
 625, 606 
 
 Onias 
 
 - 
 
 - 276 
 
 Nabuchodonosor 
 
 " 
 
 - 667 
 
 Onias 11. 
 
 - 
 
 217. 175 
 
 Nadab 
 
 - 
 
 - 1490 
 
 Onomarchus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 352 
 
 Nadab, king - 
 
 - 
 
 - 954 
 
 Orcetes 
 
 - 
 
 - 522 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 
 
 257 
 
 Orodes 
 
 Oropus 
 
 Orpheus 
 
 Othniel 
 
 Ovid- 
 
 53 
 
 - 155 
 .506. 1263 
 
 - 1394 
 
 - 27 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacorus - - - 38 
 
 Pactolus, B. - - - 395 
 
 Pacuvius - - - 150 
 
 Padua, F. - - - 1184 
 
 Pansetius - - - 143 
 
 Panathensean games - - 1506 
 
 Panormus, B. •- - 250 
 
 Panormus, C. - - 254 
 
 Pansa - - - 43 
 
 Papirius Cursor - -325. 309 
 Papirius Cursor, the Younger 272 
 
 Paris - - 1213. 1184 
 
 Parmenides - - - 609 
 
 Parthenise - - - 708 
 
 Paterciilus - - - 4 
 
 Patroclus - - - 1184 
 
 Pausanius - - - 336 
 
 Pausias _ . - 340 
 
 Paulus ^miliiis - 216. 168 
 
 Pekah - - - 759 
 
 Pekahiah - - - 761 
 
 Pelasgi - - - 2084 
 
 Pelopidas - - 371. 364 
 
 Pelops - - -1304 
 
 Pelusium, B. - - 171 
 
 Periander - - 625. 603 
 
 Pericles - - 461. 444. 429 
 
 Perinthus, S. - - 339 
 
 Peripatetic school - - 340 
 
 Perseus - - 179. 171. 168 
 
 Perusia - - - 40 
 
 Petreius - - - 49 
 
 Phsedrus - - - 27 
 
 Pbalantus - - - 708 
 
 Phalanx, Maced. - - 360 
 
 Phalaris - - - 571 
 
 Pharaoh Hophra - 594. 570 
 
 Pharaoh Necho - 617. 610. 606 
 
 Pharnabazus - 394. 374 
 
 Pharnaces - - 63. 46 
 
 Pharos at Alexandria - 284 
 
 Pharsalia, B. - - 48 
 
 Pherecydes - - - 571 
 
 Phidias - - - 444 
 
 Phido - - 869. 748 
 Philip 360. 358. 356. 352. 347. 346. 
 340. 339. 338. 337. 336 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Philip Aridseus - - 323 
 
 Philip II. 220. 214. 212. 203. 202. 
 200. 197 
 Philippi, B. - - - 42 
 
 Philistines 1336. 1140. 1096. 1093. 
 1055 
 
 - 337 
 
 - 250 
 
 - 377 
 207. 192. 188. 183 
 
 - 387 
 
 Philistus 
 
 Philo 
 
 Philolaus 
 
 Philopoemen - 
 
 Philoxenus - 
 
 Phocion 
 
 Phocylides - 
 
 Phoebidas 
 
 Phraates 
 
 Phraortes 
 
 Physcon 
 
 Piceni 
 
 Pindar 
 
 Pindenissum, C. 
 
 Piraeus 
 
 Pirithous 
 
 PisistratidsD - 
 
 Pisistratus - 
 
 Piso - 
 
 Piso's law 
 
 Pittacus 
 
 Plague at Athens 
 
 Platsea, B. - 
 
 Platsea, C. 
 
 Plato 
 
 Plautus 
 
 Plautus, poet 
 
 Plebeian magistrates 
 
 - 339 
 
 - 537 
 
 - 382 
 35. 30. 23 
 
 - 657 
 
 - 170 
 
 90 
 
 - 475 
 
 - 51 
 
 - 404 
 
 - 1263 
 
 - 510 
 560. 530 
 
 65 
 
 - 149 
 
 - 603 
 
 - 430 
 
 - 479 
 
 - 427 
 429. 400 
 
 - 145 
 
 - 200 
 492. 469 
 
 marriages with patricians, 
 442 
 qusestorship - 
 military tribunes 
 consul 
 dictator 
 censor 
 prsetor 
 Pontifex Maximus 
 
 Pleistoanax - 
 Plotius Tucca 
 Polemon 
 PoUio 
 Pollux 
 Polybius 
 Polycletus - 
 Polycrates - 
 Polygnotus - 
 Polynices 
 Polysperchon 
 Pompeius 
 
 406 
 397 
 367 
 356 
 351 
 334 
 300 
 
 - 445 
 
 4 
 
 - 300 
 
 - 39 
 
 - 1263 
 168. 167. 150 
 
 - 444 
 
 - 522 
 
 - 444 
 
 - 1225 
 
 - 320 
 
 - 141 
 
258 
 
 INDEX, NO. 1. 
 
 Pompey 81. 73. 70. 66. 65. 63. 61. 
 56. 55. 52. 50. 48 
 Pompey, Cneius, and Sextus - 45 
 Pompey, Sextus - - 36 
 
 Pomponius Atticus - - 50 
 
 Pomponius Mela - - 4 
 
 Porus - - - 327 
 
 Porus - - - 20 
 
 Posidonius - - - 50 
 
 Potidaa, C. - - 429. 356 
 
 Potiphar - - - 1728 
 
 Praeneste, B. - - - 82 
 
 Praxiteles - - - 340 
 
 Procles - - 1225.1104 
 
 Prodicus - - - 444 
 
 Prometheus - - - 1582 
 
 Propcrtius - - - 27 
 
 Protagoras - - - 444 
 
 Protogenes - - - 340 
 
 Prusias - - 183. 149 
 
 Prytanes - - - 779 
 
 Psammetichus - - 670 
 
 Psammetichus - - 525 
 
 Psammeticlius - - 401 
 
 Psammis - - 600. 594 
 
 Pseudo -Philip - • 143 
 
 Ptolemy Soter 320. 311. 301. 284 
 
 Ceraunus - 287. 284 
 
 Philadelphus 284. 277. 247 
 
 Euergetes - 247. 246 
 
 • Philopator - 227. 217 
 
 Epiphanes -204.203. 181 
 
 Physcon - 170. 117 
 
 Lathyrus - 117. 80 
 
 Apion - - 96 
 
 Auletes - - 51 
 
 XII. - 51. 48 
 
 Publilius - ■• - 469 
 
 Pul - - - 771. 747 
 
 Pulcher, Claudius - - 249 
 
 Pydna, C. - •• 358. B. 168 
 
 Pylades - - - 4 
 
 Pyrrho - - - 300 
 
 Pyrrhus 306. 295. 287. 280. 275. 
 
 273. 272 
 Pythagoras - - - 548 
 
 Pythian games - 1263. .591 
 
 Pythias - - - 400 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qusestors, plebeian - - 406 
 
 Quaestors, provincial - - 260 
 
 Rachel 
 
 1760. 1732 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Rameses 
 
 - 1577 
 
 Ramoth Gilead 
 
 - 897 
 
 Raphia, B. - 
 
 - 217 
 
 Regulus 
 
 - 255 
 
 Rehoboam - 
 
 - 975 
 
 Reuben 
 
 - 1752 
 
 Reuben, tribe 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Rhodes, S. - 
 
 - 304 
 
 Rhodes, Colossus, 
 
 300. 224 
 
 Rhcecus 
 
 - 509 
 
 Rome, F. 
 
 - 753 
 
 Rome, C. 
 
 - 387 
 
 Roscius Otho 
 
 - 69 
 
 Roxana 
 
 ^ 311 
 
 Rubicon 
 
 - 49 
 
 Rutilus 
 
 356. 351 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Sabacon 
 
 - 751 
 
 Sabines, rape of 
 
 - 750 
 
 Sacadas 
 
 - 588 
 
 Saguntum, C. 
 
 - 219 
 
 Salamis 
 
 - 1773 
 
 Salamis, B. - 
 
 - 480 
 
 Sallust 
 
 - 50 
 
 Samaria, F.- 
 
 - 929 
 
 Samaria, C. - 
 
 721. 109 
 
 Samaritans - 
 
 - 678 
 
 Samson 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Samuel 1096. 1095. 1063. 1060 
 
 Sanchoniatho - - 1451 
 
 Saosduchinus - - 667 
 
 Sappho - - - 612 
 
 Sarah - - - 1859 
 
 Sardanapalus - - 820 
 
 Sardis, C. - - 635. 546 
 
 Sardis, B. - - - 262 
 
 Sardis, burning of - - 504 
 
 Sargon - - 721. 715 
 
 Saturninus ■• - - 100 
 Saul - - 1095. 1093. 1055 
 
 Scamander - - - 1546 
 
 Sceptic School - ■ 300 
 
 Scipio, Cn. C - - 254 
 Scipio, Publius 218. 210. 201 
 Scipio, Cornelius and Cneius- 212 
 
 Scipio Africanus Major 202. 183 
 
 Scipio Africanus Minor 144. 143. 
 129 
 
 Scipio, Lucius • - 190 
 
 Scipio Nasica - - 134 
 
 Scipio - - - 46 
 
 Scopas - - - 352 
 
 Scyllis ~ - - 509 
 
 Scythians - - - 634 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 
 
 259 
 
 Seblcus or So 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 727 
 
 Sosius 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 38 
 
 Secession, Roman 
 
 - 
 
 - 492 
 
 Sostratus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 284 
 
 Seculares Ludi 
 
 - 
 
 - 456 
 
 Sparta, F. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1490 
 
 Seleucidee, era of 
 
 _ 
 
 - 312 
 
 Sparta, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 222. 188 
 
 Seleucus Nicator 
 
 312. 
 
 301. 300. 
 
 Spartacus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 73 
 
 
 287. 284. 280 
 
 Sphacteria, C. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 425 
 
 Seleucus Callinicus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 246 
 
 Stesichorus - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 658 
 
 Seleucus Ceraunus 
 
 - 
 
 - 223 
 
 Stoic sect 
 
 _ 
 
 - 200 
 
 Seleucus Philopator 
 
 - 
 
 187. 176 
 
 Strabo 
 
 - 
 
 - 27 
 
 Selinus, destroyed 
 
 - 
 
 - 409 
 
 Straton 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 Sellasia, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 222 
 
 Sulpitius 
 
 - 
 
 - 200 
 
 Semiramis - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 2069 
 
 Sun-dials 
 
 _ 
 
 - 263 
 
 Semiramis - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1433 
 
 Susa, C. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 331 
 
 Sempronian law 
 
 - 
 
 - 123 
 
 Susarion 
 
 _ 
 
 - 578 
 
 Sempronius - 
 
 - 
 
 - 218 
 
 Sybaris 
 
 - 
 
 - 510 
 
 Sennacherib - 
 
 7] 
 
 L5. 713. 706 
 
 Sylla 111. 92. 90. 88 
 
 .86 
 
 . 84. 82. 81. 
 
 Sentinum, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 295 
 
 
 
 79. 78 
 
 Septuagint - 
 
 - 
 
 - 277 
 
 Syphax 
 
 - 
 
 - 201 
 
 Sertorius, 
 
 - 
 
 87. 72 
 
 Syracuse, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 732 
 
 Servilius Isauricus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 75 
 
 Syracuse, S. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 395 
 
 Servius Tullius 
 
 - 
 
 - 578 
 
 Syracuse, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 343. 212 
 
 Seth 
 
 - 
 
 - 3874 
 
 
 
 
 Sethon or Sevechus 
 
 - 
 
 - 727 
 
 T. 
 
 
 
 Shadrach 
 
 - 
 
 - 580 
 
 Tabernacle - 
 
 - 
 
 1490. 1444 
 
 Shamgar 
 
 - 
 
 - 1336 
 
 Tachos 
 
 . 
 
 364. 361 
 
 Shallum 
 
 . 
 
 - 772 
 
 Tanagra, B. - 
 
 .. 
 
 - 457 
 
 Shalmaneser - 
 
 -729. 724. 721 
 
 Tarentum, F. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 708 
 
 Shem 
 
 - 
 
 - 2446 
 
 Tarentum, C. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 272 
 
 Shepherd kings 
 
 - 
 
 2084. 1825 
 
 Tarquinius Priscus 
 
 - 
 
 - 616 
 
 Shiloh 
 
 - 
 
 - 1689 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus 
 
 534. 509 
 
 Shiloh 
 
 - 
 
 1444. 1141 
 
 Telesinus 
 
 - 
 
 - 82 
 
 Shishak or Sesostris 
 
 - 
 
 1002. 971 
 
 Temple, The 
 
 _ 
 
 1004. 515 
 
 Sicinius Dentatus 
 
 _ 
 
 ■ 449 
 
 Terah 
 
 _ 
 
 - 2126 
 
 Siculus 
 
 - 
 
 - 50 
 
 Terence 
 
 _ 
 
 - 159 
 
 Sicyon, F. 
 
 - 
 
 - 2084 
 
 Terentilian law 
 
 - 
 
 - 460 
 
 Sihon 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1451 
 
 Terentius Varro 
 
 . 
 
 - 50 
 
 Silanus 
 
 - 
 
 - 109 
 
 Terpander - 
 
 - 
 
 - 670 
 
 Simeon 
 
 - 
 
 - 1752 
 
 Teucer 
 
 . 
 
 - 1173 
 
 Simon 
 
 _ 
 
 141. 135 
 
 Teutones 
 
 _ 
 
 - 102 
 
 Simon ides 
 
 - 
 
 - 475 
 
 Thales 
 
 _ 
 
 - 603 
 
 Sisenna, L. C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 50 
 
 Thapsus, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 46 
 
 Sisera 
 
 - 
 
 - 1296 
 
 Thebes 1519. 1225. 382. 379. 335 
 
 Sisyphus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1520 
 
 Thebes in Egypt 
 
 - 
 
 - 1002 
 
 Sisyphus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1326 
 
 Theseus - 1263. 
 
 1257. 1213. 
 
 Smerdis 
 
 - 
 
 - 522 
 
 Theocritus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 300 
 
 Smyrna, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1124 
 
 Theodotus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 Socrates 
 
 - 
 
 444. 400 
 
 Theognis 
 
 - 
 
 - 537 
 
 Sodom 
 
 - 
 
 - 1897 
 
 Theophrastus 
 
 - 
 
 - 340 
 
 Sogdianus 
 
 - 
 
 - 424 
 
 Theopompus 
 
 - 
 
 - 760 
 
 Solomon 
 
 - 
 
 - 1015 
 
 Thermopylae 
 
 - 
 
 480. 191 
 
 Solon 
 
 - 
 
 603. 594 
 
 Thespis 
 
 - 
 
 - 562 
 
 Sophocles 
 
 - 
 
 444. 406 
 
 Thimbron 
 
 - 
 
 - 399 
 
 Sophonisba - 
 
 - 
 
 - 203 
 
 Thrasybulus - 
 
 - 
 
 404. 401 
 
 Sosibius 
 
 - 
 
 - 250 
 
 Thrasymenus, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 217 
 
 Sosigenes 
 
 - 
 
 50. 46 
 
 Thucydides - 
 
 - 
 
 - 444 
 
 s 2 
 
260 
 
 INDEX, NO. 1. 
 
 Thurii 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 443 
 
 Volumnia 
 
 B.C. 
 
 - 488 
 
 Tiber 
 
 - 915 
 
 Volero 
 
 - 469 
 
 Tiberius 
 
 - 915 
 
 
 
 Tiberius 
 
 - 20. 15. 12. 6 
 
 W. 
 
 
 TibuUus 
 
 - 27 
 
 War of the Amazons 
 
 - 1213 
 
 Ticinus, B. - 
 
 - 218 
 
 Civil, at Rome - 
 
 88. 50 
 
 Tiglath-pileser 
 
 . 747. 740. 729 
 
 Corinthian 
 
 - 395 
 
 Tigranes 
 
 83. 72 
 
 Jugurthine 
 
 111. 106 
 
 Tigranocerta, C 
 
 = 69 
 
 1st Macedonian- 
 
 - 200 
 
 Timseus 
 
 - 276 
 
 2nd Macedonian 
 
 - 171 
 
 Timoleon 
 
 343.339 
 
 1st Messenian - 
 
 - 743 
 
 Tissaphernes 
 
 412. 396 
 
 2nd Messenian - 
 
 - 685 
 
 Tirhakah 
 
 717. 688 
 
 3rd Messenian - 
 
 - 465 
 
 Tiridates 
 
 - 35 
 
 Mithridatic 
 
 88, 74 
 
 Tirzah 
 
 - 929 
 
 Numantine 
 
 - 141 
 
 Tola 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Peloponnesian - 
 
 - 431 
 
 Trebia, B. - 
 
 - 218 
 
 1st Punic 
 
 - 264 
 
 Tremellius - 
 
 - 143 
 
 2nd Punic 
 
 - 218 
 
 Triumvirate, 1st. 
 
 56 
 
 3rd Punic 
 
 - 149 
 
 Triumvirate, 2nd. 
 
 - 43 
 
 Isi Sacred 
 
 - 448 
 
 Trogus Pompeius 
 
 - 50 
 
 2nd Sacred 
 
 - 357 
 
 Troy 
 
 - 1.546. 1184 
 
 of the Samnites- 
 
 - 343 
 
 Tucca Plotius 
 
 - 50 
 
 Servile, in Sicily 
 
 132. 99 
 
 TuUus Hostilius 
 
 - 672 
 
 Servile, in Italy 
 
 •- 73 
 
 Turks 
 
 - 2084 
 
 Sertorius 
 
 - 78 
 
 Tyre or Tsor, F. 
 
 - 1252 
 
 Social, Greece - 
 
 - 220 
 
 Tyre, S. 
 
 - 586 
 
 Social, Italy 
 
 - 90 
 
 Tyre, C, 
 
 573. 332 
 
 Tarentine 
 
 - 281 
 
 Tyrtseus 
 
 - 685 
 
 1st of Thebes - 
 
 - 1225 
 
 
 
 2nd of Thebes - 
 
 - 1216 
 
 U. 
 
 
 Transalpine Gauls 
 
 - 125 
 
 Ulysses 
 
 - 1184 
 
 X. 
 Xanthippus - 
 
 
 Uzziah 
 
 - 810 
 
 - 255 
 
 
 
 Xenophanes - 
 
 - 548 
 
 V. 
 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 444. 400 
 
 Valerius Maximus 
 
 4 
 
 Xerxes 486. 480. 479. 
 
 465. 424 
 
 Varius, poet - 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Varro 
 
 - 216 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 Varro, Terentius 
 
 - 67 
 
 Zachariah 
 
 - 772 
 
 Varus, Quintilius 
 
 4 
 
 Zama, B. - 
 
 - 202 
 
 Vashti 
 
 - 462 
 
 Zebulon 
 
 - 1747 
 
 Veii, C. 
 
 - 393 
 
 Zechariah 
 
 - 520 
 
 Velleius Paterculus 
 
 4 
 
 Zedekiah 
 
 - 598 
 
 Ventidius 
 
 - 38 
 
 Zeno 
 
 - 300 
 
 Vercellse, B. - 
 
 " (103.) 102 
 
 Zenodotus 
 
 - 250 
 
 Verres 
 
 - 70 
 
 Zerah 
 
 - 941 
 
 Verrius Flaccus 
 
 4 
 
 Zerubbabel - 
 
 - 520 
 
 Veturia 
 
 - 488 
 
 Zeuxis 
 
 - 444 
 
 Virgil 
 
 70. 41. 27 
 
 Zilpah 
 
 - 1748 
 
 Virginia 
 
 - 447 
 
 Zimri 
 
 - 929 
 
 Viriathus 
 
 145. 140 
 
 Zion 
 
 - 1047 
 
 Viridomarus - 
 
 - 222 
 
 Zipporah 
 
 - 1531 
 
 Vitellius 
 
 - 145 
 
 Zoilus 
 
 - 250 
 
 Vitruvius 
 
 - 27 
 
 Zoroaster 
 
 - 520 
 
INDEX, No. 2. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED AFTER THE BIRTH 
 OF CHRIST. 
 
 A. A.C. 
 
 Abasside dynasty - - 749 
 
 Abbas the Great, - - 1585 
 
 Abbas II. - - - 1666 
 
 Abdallah - - - 683 
 
 Abdalmelek - - 683. 706 
 
 Abdalrahman - - 732 
 
 Abderrahman I. - - 756 
 
 Abderrahman II. ~ - 821 
 
 Abderrahman III. - - 912 
 
 Abdhul-Achmet - - 1774 
 
 Abdul Medjid - - 1839 
 
 Abelard - - 1116.1142 
 
 Abercrombie, Sir R. - 1799. 1801 
 Abcrcrombie, Dr. J. - - 1844 
 
 Abernethy, physician 1810. 1831 
 Aberration of light - 1659.1737 
 Aboukir, B. -• - - 1799 
 
 Abubeker - - 632. 634 
 
 Abulfeda - - - 1322 
 
 Abulfaragius - - 1263 
 
 Academy, French - - 1635 
 
 Academy, Dictionary of - 1694 
 Academy of Inscriptions, &c. 1663 
 Academy of Sciences, Paris - 1666 
 Academy, Royal Irish - 1786 
 
 Academy of Sciences, Peters- 
 burg - - - 1724 
 Academy, Military, "Woolwich 1741 
 Achbar the Great - - 1555 
 Achmet I. - 1603. 1617. 1618 
 Achmet III. - - 1703. 1730 
 Achromatic telescopes 1729. 1757 
 Acre, C. 1104. 1191. 1832. 1840 
 Acre, S. - - - 1799 
 
 Adams, President U.S. - 1797 
 Adams, J. Q., ditto - 1825. 1848 
 Adams, astronomer - - 1847 
 Addington - - - 1801 
 Addison - - 1709. 1710 
 Adelaide of Susa - - 1108 
 Adelaide, Queen - - 1849 
 Adelbert - .. _ io56 
 Aden, C. - - - 1839 
 Adeodatus, pope - - 672 
 Adhed - - - 1171 
 Ado - - - - 872 
 Adolphus of Nassau - 1292. 1298 
 Adolphus, Frederic, of Sweden 1751 
 Adrian - 117. 121. 130. 132 
 Adrian I. pope 772. 774. 780. 788 
 II. - - - 867 
 
 III. - - - 884 
 
 IV. - - - 1154 
 
 V - - - 1276 
 
 VI. - - - 1522 
 
 Adrian Turnebus - - 1559 
 Adrianople, B. 313. 378. 1363 
 
 Adrianople, T. - - 1829 
 
 Adrianus, rhetorician - 138 
 
 jEIia Capitolina - - 130 
 
 ^lianus - - - 222 
 
 ^lius Spartianus - - 300 
 
 ^lla- - - - 470 
 
 ^milianus - - - 254 
 
 ^neas Sylvius - - 1453 
 iEtius - 428. 432. 451 
 JEtna. See Etna. 
 
 Agabus - - - 45 
 
 Agapetus I, pope - - 535 
 
 s 3 
 
262 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Agapetus II. pope 
 Agathius, historian ■ 
 Agatho, pope 
 Agincourt, B. 
 Aglabite dynasty 
 Agnadello, B. 
 Agricola 
 
 Agricola, Rudolphus 
 Agrippa 
 Agrippa, Herod 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 946 
 
 - 532 
 
 - 676 
 
 - 1415 
 800. 908 
 
 - 1509 
 80 
 
 - 1470 
 
 - 20 
 37. 40. 44 
 
 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius - 1517 
 Agrippina - - - 19 
 
 Agrippina - - 48. 54. 59 
 
 Ailred, Historian - - 1150 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, C. - - 882 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, P. - 1668. 1748 
 Air-pump - - - 1654 
 
 Ajoubite dynastv - - 1193 
 
 Akenside - " 1744. 1750. 1770 
 AkbarKhan- - 1841.1842 
 
 Alans - - 406. 417 
 
 Alaric - - 400. 410 
 
 Alaric - - - 507 
 
 Alban's, St., B. - 1455. 1460 
 
 Albemarle, Duke - - 1666 
 
 Albemarle, Earl - - 1712 
 
 Alberoni - 1717. 1718. 1719 
 Albert the Bear - 1138.1142 
 Albert of Brandenburg - 1525 
 
 Albert of Bremen, bp. 1198. 1201 
 Albert of Jerusalem - -1209 
 
 Albert - 1282. 1298. 1308 
 
 Albert of Sweden - - 1389 
 
 Albert II. of Germany 1437. 1438 
 Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg 1840. 
 1842. 1850 
 Albert E., Prince of Wales - 1841 
 Alberti of Rimini - -1451 
 
 Albertus Magnus - - 1263 
 
 Albigenses - - 1209. 1226 
 
 Albinus - - 196. 197 
 
 Alboin - - - 568 
 
 Albret, Constable d' - - 1415 
 
 Albuera, B. - - - 1811 
 
 Albuquerque- - - 1511 
 
 Alcazar, B. - - - 1579 
 
 Alcmaer, B. - - -1573 
 
 Alcuin - - - 788 
 
 Aldo- - - - 1494 
 
 Alectus - ^ - 286 
 
 Alemanni - - 271. 296 
 
 Alexander I. pope - - 1 09 
 
 II. - - 1061 
 
 -III. 1159. 1162. 1167. 
 
 - 1168. 1176. 1179 
 
 Alexander IV. pope 
 
 vi. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1254 
 
 - 1409 
 1492. 1498 
 
 - 1655 
 
 - 1689 
 
 Alexander Severus - 222. 232. 235 
 Alexander I. of Scotland - 1107 
 
 II. of Scotland - 1214 
 
 III. of Scotland 1249. 
 
 1263 
 Alexander de Spina - - 1285 
 Alexander of Poland - 1501 
 Alexander, bishop of Jeru- 
 salem, - - 1841. 1845 
 Alexander de Medici - 1527 
 Alexander, Natalis - - 1700 
 Alexander I. of Russia 1801. 1808. 
 1825 
 Alexandria, C. - 295. 1807 
 Alexandria, B. - - 18C1 
 Alexandria, F. - - 1168 
 Alexandrian library - - 640 
 Alexis Michaelowitch - 1645 
 Alexis Czarowitz - - 1718 
 Alexius I. - - - 1081 
 
 II. - - 1180. 1183 
 
 . III. - - 1195. 1206 
 
 IV. - - - 1203 
 
 Alexius Ducas, or Mur- 
 
 zuphlus - - 1203. 1204 
 
 Aifieri - 1773. 1780. 1803 
 
 Alfred the Great, 872. 888. 886. 
 890. 901 
 
 Algarotti - - - 1750 
 
 . Algebra - - 400. 1412 
 
 Algebraic geometry - - 1637 
 Algerines, league against - 1749 
 
 Algiers, bombardment 1682.1816 
 
 Algiers, C - - - 1830 
 
 Alhakem - - - 821 
 
 Alhambra, palace - - 1273 
 
 Alhazen - - - 1100 
 
 All - - - 655.661 
 
 Alice Maud, princess - 1843 
 
 Alien Bill - - - 1793 
 
 Aliwal, B. - - - 1846 
 
 Allatius, Leo - - - 1650 
 
 Alliance, Holy - 1815.1818 
 
 Alliance, Quadruple -■ 1718.1745 
 
 Alma, B. - • - 1854 
 
 Almagro - - - 1527 
 
 Almamun - - 813. 833 
 
 Almanack, Nautical - - 1767 
 
 Almanara, B. - - 1710 
 
 Almanza, B. - - 1707 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 263 
 
 Almanzor 
 Almanzor 
 Almeida, Francis 
 Almeida, C. - 
 Almeric I. 
 Almohades - 
 Almovavidcs - 
 Al-Motawakel 
 Al-Omra, Emirs 
 Alp Arslan - 
 Alphonsines - 
 Alphonso I. - 
 
 IV. 
 
 VI 
 
 A.C. 
 
 754. 762 
 996. 1001 
 
 - 1604 
 " 1810 
 
 - 1163. 1171 
 
 - 1120 
 1061. 1097. 1120 
 
 - 847 
 
 - 93.5 
 1056. 1071, 1072 
 
 - 1252 
 
 - 750 
 
 - 925 
 1065„ 1072. 1085. 
 
 1109 
 
 VII. - - 1109 
 
 IX. '- - 1212 
 
 X.- - 1252.1284 
 
 XI. - 1340. 1350 
 
 Alphonso I. of Portugal, 1139. 1172. 
 1179 
 
 . V. of Portugal, 1438. 1476 
 
 VI. of Portugal, 1656. 
 
 1667. 1683 
 V. of Arragon, 1443. 1458 
 
 Alphonso, Duke 
 Al-Rhadi - 
 Alva, Duke of, 
 Alvares Cabral 
 Amadeus III. 
 
 V. - 
 
 VIIL 
 
 Amalasonta - 
 Amaury 
 
 Amboise, Cardinal - 
 conspiracy of 
 
 1503. 1511 
 
 - 935 
 1567. 1573 
 
 - 1500 
 
 - 1108 
 
 - 1285 
 1391. 1434 
 
 - 553 
 1163. 1171 
 
 - 1498 
 
 - 1560 
 
 - 384 
 1760. 1810 
 
 Ambrose, bishop 
 Amelia, Princess 
 America, discovery of, 1492. 1493. 
 1496. 1498. 1499. 1500 
 American wars 1775.1783.1814 
 American Independence - 1782 
 Amerigo Vesputio - - 1499 
 
 Amherst, Lord ■ - 1823 
 
 Amiens, P. - - - 1802 
 
 Ammonius Saccas - - 222 
 
 Amoy, C. - - - 1841 
 
 Amsterdam, F. - - 1345 
 
 Amurath I. 1359. 1361. 1386. 1388 
 
 II. 1422. 1443. 1447. 1451 
 
 III. - - 1574 
 
 IV. - 1623.1638 
 
 Anabaptists - - 1535. 1537 
 Anacletus - - - 78 
 II. - 1130. 1138 
 
 A C. 
 
 31 
 
 Ananias 
 
 Anastasius I., emperor 491. 507. 512 
 
 II. 
 
 , antipope 
 
 I., pope - 
 
 iii. 
 
 Ancram Muir, B. 
 Anderson, James 
 ,Dr., E. - 
 
 Andragathius 
 
 Andrea, of Russia - 
 
 Andreas 
 
 Andrew II. of Bohemia 
 
 Andrew of Hungary 
 
 121 
 
 Andrew of Hungary 
 Andrew del Sarto 
 Andrew Doria 
 Andrews, H., astron. 
 Andrew's, St., University 
 Andronicus 
 Andronicus Comnenus 
 Andronicus II. 
 Andronicus III. 
 Andrussow, T. 
 Angelo, Michael 
 Anglerius 
 Angles 
 Angora, B. - 
 Angouleme, Duke, 1814 
 Anicetus 
 Ankerstroom 
 Anna Comnena 
 Anne Romanowna - 
 
 of Bohemia 
 
 of Beaujeu 
 
 of Bretagne 
 
 of Hungary 
 
 Boleyn 1527. 
 
 of Cleves 
 
 of Austria 
 
 Queen 
 
 Hyde 
 
 of Russia 
 
 , Princess, 
 
 Annunciation, order of the - 1434 
 Anschaire - - - 829 
 
 Anselm 1061. 1084. 1096. 1097. 
 1100 
 Anson 1740. 1744. 1747. 1758 
 
 Anterus - - - 235 
 
 Anthemius - - 467. 472 
 
 Antioch, C. - 261. 542. 1098 
 
 , destroyed - 525. 59a 
 
 713 
 
 855 
 
 398 
 
 496 
 
 911 
 
 1545 
 
 1780 
 
 1800 
 
 383 
 
 1157 
 
 1340 
 
 1204 
 
 1222. 
 
 1245 
 
 - 1345 
 
 - 1517 
 
 - 1528 
 1800. 1820 
 
 1411 
 1068. 1071 
 1183. 1185 
 
 - 1283 
 
 - 1328 
 
 - 1667 
 1503. 1517 
 
 - 1509 
 
 - 449 
 
 - 1402 
 1823. 1844 
 
 - 157 
 
 - 1792 
 
 - 1100 
 
 - 988 
 
 - 1399 
 
 - 1483 
 1499. 1514 
 
 - 1521 
 1533. 1536 
 
 - 1540 
 1615. 1643 
 1701. 1702 
 
 1701 
 
 - 1730 
 
 - 1760 
 
 S 4 
 
264 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Antioch, B. - - - 610 
 Antoninus Pius 138. 139. 145 
 
 Antonius de Rusellis - 1453 
 
 Antony - - - 305 
 
 Antwerp, truce - - 1609 
 
 , C. - - 1746. 1832 
 
 Apion - - - 49 
 
 Apollonius Tyaneus - ' 49 
 
 Appian - - - 157 
 
 Aquileia, B. - - 340. 392 
 
 Arabic numerals - - 984 
 
 Arago - - 1848, 1853 
 
 Arblay, Madame d' - - 1840 
 
 Arbogastes - - - 392 
 
 Arbrissel, Robert of - - 1094 
 
 Arbuthnot, Dr. - - 1720 
 
 Arcadius - - 395. 404 
 Archangel, passage by sea to, 1553 
 
 Archelaus - - - 6 
 
 Aryon, D' - - - 1782 
 
 Areola, B. - - - 1796 
 
 Arcot, C. - - - 1751 
 Arctic exp. - 1818.1819.1845 
 
 Ardoin -_ - - 1002 
 
 Ardres, interview near - 1520 
 
 Arensberg, diet - - 940 
 
 Aretino Guido, mus. - - 1024 
 
 Aretino Leonardo - - 1425 
 
 Argyle - - - 1661 
 
 Argyropylus, John - - 1453 
 
 Ariadne - - 474. 491 
 Arians - 325. 358. 365. 525 
 
 Ariminum, council ' - - 359 
 
 Ariosto . - - 1517 
 
 Aristotle's philosophy 1209. 1215. 
 1239. 1366 
 
 Arius - - - 325 
 
 Arkwright - - 1770. 1792 
 
 Aries, council - - 314 
 
 Aries, B. - - - 308 
 
 Aries, kingdom - - 879 
 
 Arlington - - - 1669 
 
 Armada, Spanish - - 1588 
 
 Armagnac - - 1393. 1444 
 Armagh, archbishopric 472. 1202 
 
 Armagh, C. - - - 1566 
 
 Arminians - - - 1618 
 
 Arminius - - - 1601 
 
 Arminius - - - 9 
 
 Arne, Dr. - - - 1760 
 
 Arnobius . - - 250 
 
 Arnold, or Arnulph - 887. 893 
 
 Arnold of Brescia - 1 1 39. 1 1 54 
 
 Arnold Winkelried - - 1386 
 
 Arnold, Dr. T. - 1830. 1842 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1790 
 887. 893 
 
 - 1589 
 
 - 1435 
 
 - 138 
 
 - 17 
 
 - 743 
 226. 232 
 
 - 1332. 1382 
 -508. 515. 542 
 
 1189. 1199. 1202 
 
 - 1509 
 1850 
 1539 
 1562 
 1595 
 
 - 1302 
 1099. 1177. 1192 
 
 - 1550 
 
 - 1816. 1838 
 
 - 1669 
 
 - 1809 
 
 - 1803 
 
 - 872 
 
 - 1177 
 
 - 1154 
 
 Arnold, musician 
 
 Arnulph, or Arnold 
 
 Arques, B. - 
 
 Arras, T. 
 
 Arrianus 
 
 Artabanus 
 
 Artacazdus - 
 
 Artaxerxes - 
 
 Artevelde 
 
 Arthur, King 
 
 Arthur, Prince 
 
 Arthur, Prince 
 
 Arthur, Patrick, Prince 
 
 Articles, Six - 
 
 Articles, the Thirty- nine 
 
 Articles, Lambeth 
 
 Artois, Count 
 
 Ascalon, B. - 
 
 Ascham, Roger 
 
 Ashe 
 
 Ashley 
 
 Aspern, B. - 
 
 Assaye, B, - 
 
 Asser 
 
 Assize, Justices of 
 
 Asti, C. 
 
 Astronomical tables - - 1252 
 
 Astulphus - 752. 753. 754. 755 
 
 Atabeck-Zenghi - - 1145 
 
 Atahualpa - - - 1533 
 
 Athalaric - - - 533 
 
 Athanasius - - 325. 337 
 
 Atheism punished - - 1619 
 
 Athelstan - - 925. 938 
 
 Athenais - - - 42 1 
 
 Athens, C. - - - 1826 
 
 Athens, Revolution at - 1843 
 
 Athlone, C. - - 1691 
 
 Atra- - - 117.200 
 
 Atticus - - - 157 
 
 Attila 442. 445. 451. 452. 453 
 
 Atterbury, bishop - - 1731 
 
 Atwood, G. - - 1790. 1807 
 
 Atwood, musician - 1816. 1838 
 Aubin, St., B. - - 1488 
 
 Auchmuty, General - - 1807 
 
 Auckland, Governor-General 1836 
 Audubon - _ - 1851 
 
 Aughrim, B.- - - 1691 
 
 Augsburg, league - - 1686 
 
 Augsburg, P. - - 1555 
 
 Augsburg, diet - 1530. 1547 
 
 Augsburg, Confession - 1530 
 
 Augustine - - 400. 410 
 
 Augustine, the monk - 596 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURREU A. C. 
 
 
 265 
 
 Augnstinian ordei- 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1274 
 
 Banister 
 
 _ 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1835 
 
 Augustulus, Romulus 
 
 - 475 
 
 Bank of Amsterdam 
 
 . 
 
 - 1609 
 
 Augustus II. - 
 
 1697. 
 
 1704. 1709 
 
 Bank of England 
 
 - 
 
 - 1594 
 
 Aulic Council 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1512 
 
 Banks, Sir J. 
 
 
 1800. 1820 
 
 Aulus Gellius 
 
 . 
 
 - 100 
 
 Bannockburn, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1314 
 
 Aumale, d', duke of Guise - 1553 
 
 Bannockburn 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1488 
 
 Aumale, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1592 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1625 
 
 Aurelian 
 
 - 
 
 270. 273 
 
 Barbarossa - 1516. 
 
 1534. 1535 
 
 Aurelius, Marcus 
 
 - 
 
 161. 171 
 
 Barbaras, Hermolaus 
 
 - 1480 
 
 Aurengzebe 1658. 
 
 1678 
 
 1690. 1707 
 
 Barbauld, Mrs 
 
 . 
 
 1800. 1825 
 
 Auricular confession - 
 
 440. 1215 
 
 Barbeyrac 
 
 _ 
 
 1730. 1747 
 
 Ausonius 
 
 - 
 
 - 375 
 
 Barcelona, bombarded 
 
 - 1842 
 
 Austerlitz, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1805 
 
 Barcelona, C. 
 
 . 
 
 1705. 1714 
 
 Austrian family 
 
 - 
 
 - 1273 
 
 Barchochebas 
 
 _ 
 
 - 131 
 
 Aventinus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1517 
 
 Barea Soranus 
 
 - 
 
 - 66 
 
 Avicenna 
 
 - 
 
 - 1024 
 
 Barga, Da - 
 
 
 - 1670 
 
 Avitus 
 
 - 
 
 - 455 
 
 Barkiarok 
 
 
 - 1092 
 
 Azof, C. 
 
 - 
 
 1697. 1736 
 
 Barnabas 
 
 
 43. 45 
 
 Azores, discovered - 
 
 - 1431 
 
 Barnet, B. - 
 
 
 - 1471 
 
 
 
 
 Barneveldt - 
 
 
 - 1619 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 Baronets, created 
 
 
 - 1611 
 
 Baber 
 
 - 
 
 ' 1526 
 
 Barrosa, B. - 
 
 
 - 1811 
 
 Babington 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1586 
 
 Barometer, invented 
 
 
 - 1643 
 
 Bacon, Lord - 
 
 1597. 
 
 1605. 1610 
 
 Baronius, cardinal 
 
 
 - 1601 
 
 
 1620. 
 
 1621. 1626 
 
 Barricades, day of 
 
 
 - 1648 
 
 Bacon, Roger 
 
 1252. 
 
 1260. 1263 
 
 Barry, painter 
 
 
 1790. 1806 
 
 Bacon, sculptor 
 
 - 
 
 - 1780 
 
 Barrow, Isaac 
 
 - 
 
 - 1670 
 
 Badajos, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 1811. 1812 
 
 Barrow's Straits 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1819 
 
 Baffin's Bay - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1616 
 
 Barth, John 
 
 
 1693 
 
 Bagdad, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 762 
 
 Barthelemy, abbe 
 
 - 
 
 - 1788 
 
 Bagdad 1055. 
 
 1392. 
 
 1401. 1637 
 
 Bartholomew Diaz 
 
 - ■ 
 
 - 1486 
 
 Bagdad, C. - 
 
 1258. 
 
 1392. 1638 
 
 Bartholomew, St. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1572 
 
 Bagnal, Marshal 
 
 - 
 
 - 1598 
 
 Bartolus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1350 
 
 Bailly 
 
 - 
 
 - 178^ 
 
 Barton, poet - 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 1849 
 
 Baird, St. David 
 
 1799, 
 
 1806. 1852 
 
 Basil the Great 
 
 _ 
 
 - 375 
 
 Bajazet I. 1389. 
 
 1396. 
 
 1397. 1402 
 
 Basil or Basle, council 
 
 - 1061 
 
 Bajazet II. - 
 
 - 
 
 1481. 3512 
 
 Basil, council 
 
 - 
 
 - 1431 
 
 Balaklava, C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1854 
 
 Basil, schism 
 
 - 
 
 1439. 1449 
 
 Balbinus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 238 
 
 Basil, P. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1499 
 
 Balboa, Nugnez 
 
 - 
 
 - 1513 
 
 Basilius 
 
 851. 867. 880 
 
 Baldus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1350 
 
 Basilius, or Basil II. 
 
 975 
 
 .1019.1025 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 - 
 
 - 1060 
 
 Basnage 
 
 
 - 1710 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 1096. 
 
 1100. 1104 
 
 Basque Roads, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1809 
 
 Baldwin IV. - 
 
 - 
 
 1173. 1185 
 
 Bass's Straits 
 
 - 
 
 - 1797 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 1202. 
 
 1204. 1206 
 
 Bassompierre 
 
 - 
 
 - 1629 
 
 Baldwin II. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1228 
 
 Bastille 
 
 - 
 
 1369. 1789 
 
 Baliol, John - 
 
 1290. 
 
 1292. 1296 
 
 Batavia, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1621 
 
 Baliol, Edward 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1332 
 
 Bath, order of the 
 
 . 
 
 - 1399 
 
 Ballin amuck, B 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1798 
 
 Batou 
 
 - 
 
 - 1237 
 
 Ballingarry - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Bautzen, B. - 
 
 -- 
 
 - 1813 
 
 Balloon, first - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1783 
 
 Bayard 1503. 1509 
 
 1513. 1524 
 
 Balmerino 
 
 - 
 
 - 1746 
 
 Bayer 
 
 - 
 
 1601. 1603 
 
 Balzac 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1654 
 
 Baylcn, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1808 
 
 Bangor, monaster^ 
 
 Y - 
 
 - 530 
 
 Bavlen, duke of 
 
 - 
 
 - 1852 
 
 Banier 1618." 
 
 1636. 
 
 1639. 1641 
 
 Bayle, Peter 
 
 - 
 
 1680. 1697 
 
266 
 
 INDEX^ NO. 2. 
 
 Bayley - - 1826. 1839 
 
 Bayonets - - - 1670 
 
 Beaton, cardinal - - 1546 
 
 Beatrix - - - 1272 
 
 Beattie - - 1780. 1803 
 
 Beaumont - - - 1601 
 
 Beckford - - - 1844 
 
 Beckwith, General - - 1810 
 
 Bede- - - - 718 
 
 Bedell, bp. - - - 1640 
 
 Bedford, Duke 1422. 1431. 1435 
 
 Beeehey, Sir W. - 1816. 1839 
 Beethoven, musician - 1800. 1827 
 
 Behring _ - - 1728 
 
 Belgrade, S. - - - 1456 
 
 Belgrade, B. - - - 1717 
 
 Belgrade, P. - - 1739 
 
 Belgrade, C. - 1521. 1717. 1789 
 1811 
 Belisarius - 529. 532. 534. 537. 
 
 540. 549. 558, 559, 560 
 
 Bellarmine - - - 1610 
 
 Belleisle, B. - - - 1759 
 
 Belleisle, C. - - - 1761 
 
 Belleisle, General - - 1742 
 
 Bell ' - - 1816. 1832 
 
 Bell, Sir Charles - 1826. 1842 
 
 Bellingham - - - 1812 
 
 Belsham - - - 1800 
 
 Belzoni - 1815. 1820. 1823 
 
 Benburb, B. - - - 1646 
 
 Benedict, St. - - 529 
 
 Benedict I., pope - - 574 
 
 . II. - 684 (see 682) 
 
 . . III. - - 855 
 
 IV. - - 900 
 
 V. - - 964 
 
 YI. - 972. 974 
 
 VII. - - 975 
 
 VIII. - - 1012 
 
 IX. 1033. 1044. 1046. 
 
 1048 
 
 X. - - - 1058 
 
 XI. - 1303. 1307 
 
 XIT. - - 1334 
 
 . Xm. 1394. 1397. 1409. 
 
 1414 
 
 XIII., properly so 
 
 called - - 1724 
 
 XIV. - - 1740 
 
 Benevento, B. - - 1266 
 
 Bentham - - 1816. 1832 
 
 Bentinck, Lord - - 1828 
 
 Bentivoglio - - - 1630 
 
 Bentley - - 1720. 1742 
 
 Berengaria - - - 1199 
 
 Berengarius - 1050. 1061. 1079 
 Berengarius or Berenger I. - 890. 
 904. 924 
 Berengarius II. - - 962 
 
 Berenger of Provence - 1084 
 
 Beresford, General - 1806. 1811 
 Beresina, Passage of - - 1812 
 
 Bergen-op-Zoom, C. - 1747 
 
 Bergen-op-Zoom - - 1814 
 
 Berghen, B. - - - 1759 
 
 Berkeley, bp. - 1730. 1753 
 
 Berlin, University - - 1810 
 
 Berlin, C. - - 1760. 1806 
 
 Bermudas, discovered - 1527 
 
 Bernadotte - 1810. 1818. 1844 
 Bernard, king of Italy 810. 818 
 Bernard of Menton - - 1008 
 
 Bernard of Clairveaux 1115. 1 140. 
 1145. 1147. 1153 
 Bernard of Aschersleben - 1180 
 Bernard, Duke - - 1638 
 
 Bernardin, Sampson - - 1519 
 
 Bernardin de St. Pierre - 1800 
 
 Bernardins - - - 1115 
 
 Bernini - - - 1670 
 
 Berno - - - 910 
 
 Bernouilli, John - - 1700 
 
 Bernouilli, James - - 1700 
 
 Berold - - - 1027 
 
 Berri, Duke - - - 1820 
 
 Berri, Duchess - - 1832 
 
 Bertha - - - 926 
 
 Bertha - - - 998 
 
 Bertha - - - 1086 
 
 Berthold IV. - - 1178 
 
 Berthold V. - - - 1218 
 
 Bertrade - - - 1088 
 
 Berwick, B. - - - 1333 
 
 Berwick, Duke 1707. 1714. 1734 
 Berzelius, chemist - - 1848 
 
 Bessarion, cardinal - - 1460 
 
 Bessel - - - 1846 
 
 Betham - - - 1853 
 
 Bethencourt - - - 1402 
 
 Beza, Theodore - - 1564 
 
 Bhurtpore, C. - - 1826 
 
 Bible, divided into chapters - 1228 
 
 , commentaries on - 1331 
 
 1810 
 
 , Wickliffe's translation 1380 
 
 , Polyglot - 1516. 1650 
 
 , German translation - 1522 
 
 , Cranmer's, or the Great 1530 
 
 , Matthew's - - 1537 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURKED A. C. 
 
 267 
 
 Bible, Douay version 
 
 . T. - 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1609 
 
 , Irish translation 
 
 O.T. 
 
 1640 
 
 , Naval and 
 
 Miliary 
 
 
 Society 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1780 
 
 , British and 
 
 Foreign Society 
 
 
 
 
 1804 
 
 Bidassoa, passage of - 
 
 1813. 
 
 1823 
 
 Bilboa, B. - " 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1836 
 
 Billingsley, Henry 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1570 
 
 Bills of Exchange 
 
 - 
 
 1160. 
 
 1307 
 
 Birch, Dr. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1750 
 
 Bird, painter 
 
 . 
 
 1810. 
 
 1819 
 
 Biren, duke of Courland 
 
 _ 
 
 1730 
 
 Birkbeck, Dr. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1841 
 
 Biron 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1602 
 
 Bitonto, B. - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1735 
 
 Black, Dr. Joseph 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1780 
 
 Black-hole (Calcutta) 
 
 - 
 
 1756 
 
 Black death - 
 
 1350. 
 
 1361. 
 
 1369 
 
 Black Prince 
 
 1346. 
 
 1356. 
 
 1367 
 
 Blackwater, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1598 
 
 Blackstonc, Sir W. 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 1770 
 
 Bladensburg, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 1814 
 
 Blair, poet - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 1740 
 
 Blair, Dr. Hugh 
 
 
 - 
 
 1780 
 
 Blake 
 
 _ 
 
 1652. 
 
 1654 
 
 Blanc, Mont - 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 1787 
 
 Blanche of Castille 
 
 _ 
 
 , 
 
 1226 
 
 Blenheim, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1704 
 
 Blida, destroyed 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 1825 
 
 Blois, assembly at 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1588 
 
 Blood, circulation of - 
 
 - 
 
 1628 
 
 Bloody Statute 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1539 
 
 Bloomfield, R. 
 
 - 
 
 1810. 
 
 1823 
 
 Blount, Sir John 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1720 
 
 Blucher 
 
 , 
 
 1815. 
 
 1819 
 
 Blues, faction of 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 491 
 
 Blumenbach - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 1816 
 
 Boadicea 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 61 
 
 Bobio, monastery 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 614 
 
 Boccaccio 
 
 - 
 
 ]350. 
 
 1360 
 
 Bochart 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 1650 
 
 Bockholdt, John 
 
 - 
 
 1535. 
 
 1536 
 
 Bode, astronomer 
 
 - 
 
 1800. 
 
 1827 
 
 Bodleian library 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1598 
 
 Boehmen 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1620 
 
 Boerhaave - 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1710 
 
 Boethius 
 
 - 
 
 500. 526 
 
 Bcettinger, Dr. 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 1846 
 
 Bogoris 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 861 
 
 Bohemian or 
 
 Moi 
 
 avian 
 
 
 Brethren - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1459 
 
 Boileau, Despreaux 
 
 - 
 
 1680. 
 
 1711 
 
 Boissot 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1574 
 
 Boleslaus II. of Bohemia 966. 967 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Boleslaus of Poland - - 999 
 Boleslaus 11. of Poland - 1058 
 Boleslaus III. of Poland 1124, 1139 
 Bolingbroke, Lord - - 1710 
 bolivar 1817. 1824. 1825. 1830 
 Bolivia, republic - - 1825 
 Bomarsund, C. - - 1854 
 Bombay, ceded - - 1661 
 Bonaparte 1793. 1795. 1796. 1798. 
 1799. 1800. 1802. 1804. 1805. 1806 
 Bonaparte, Lucien - 1799. 1840 
 Bonaparte, Louis - 1806. 1810 
 Bonaparte, Joseph - 1805.1808 
 Bona Ventura - - - 1263 
 Bonchamp - - - 1793 
 Boniface, Count -• 429. 432 
 Boniface or Winfrid - - 736 
 Boniface of Tuscany - 828 
 Boniface of Montferrat - 1202 
 Boniface I. pope - - 419 
 IL - - - 530 
 
 IIL - - 606 
 
 IV. - - 608 
 
 V. - - - 619 
 
 VL - - 896 
 
 Vn. - - 974 
 
 VIII 1294. 1300. 1301. 
 
 1303 
 
 IX. - - 1389 
 
 Bonnet, Charles - - 1793 
 
 Bonnivard - - - 1531 
 
 Book of Common Prayer 1548.1551. 
 1603. 1661 
 
 Bordeaux, Duke - - 1820 
 
 Borelli - . - 1670 
 
 Borgia, Roderic - - 1492 
 
 Borgia, Caesar - 1493. 1498 
 
 Bornhseved, B. - - 1227 
 
 Borziwoy ™ - _ §94 
 
 Boscawen - - 1748. 1759 
 
 Boson of Provence - - 879 
 
 Bossuet 1680. 1685. 1697. 1704 
 
 Boston - - 1773. 1774 
 
 Boswell - - 1780. 1795 
 
 Bosworth, B.- - - 1485 
 
 Botany Bay - - 1760.1788 
 
 Both well bridge, B. - -1679 
 
 Bougainville- - - 1768 
 
 Bouilland - . _ i650 
 
 Boulogne, C- - - 1544 
 
 Bounty, mutiny of the - 1790 
 
 Bourbon, house of - - 1589 
 
 Bourbon, Duke - - 1527 
 
 Bourbon Island, C. - - 1810 
 
 Bourdaloue - - 1680. 1704 
 
268 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Bourdonnaye, La 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1746 
 
 Brunton, novelist 
 
 A.C. 
 
 ' 1810 
 
 Bourges, council 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1528 
 
 Bruyere, La - 
 
 - 1680 
 
 Bouthillier de Kance - 
 
 _ 
 
 1664 
 
 Bryant, antiquarian - 
 
 1790. 1804 
 
 Bouvines, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1214 
 
 Brydges, Sir E. 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Bowditch, mathematician 
 
 1838 
 
 Bucer, theologian 
 
 - 1540 
 
 Bowdicb, traveller 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1824 
 
 Buchan, traveller 
 
 - 1818 
 
 Bowles 
 
 _ 
 
 1789. 
 
 1850 
 
 Buchanan, Dr. Claudius 
 
 - 1815 
 
 Boyer 
 
 1818. 
 
 1820. 
 
 1843 
 
 Bucharest, P. 
 
 - 1812 
 
 Boyle, Robert 
 
 - 
 
 1680. 
 
 1691 
 
 Buckingham 1625. 
 
 1627. 1628 
 
 Boyne, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1690 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 - 1669 
 
 Bozzaris, Marco 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1823 
 
 Budseus 
 
 - 1530 
 
 Braddock 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1754 
 
 Bueno- Vista, B. 
 
 - 1847 
 
 Bradley 
 
 1737 
 
 1740. 
 
 1762 
 
 Buenos Ayres 1806. 1807. 1852. 
 
 Bradwardine 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1348 
 
 
 1853 
 
 Braganza, duke of 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1640 
 
 BuflPon 
 
 1760. 1788 
 
 Brand 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1790 
 
 Bugenhagen - 
 
 - 1539 
 
 Brandon 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1509 
 
 Bunker's Hill, B. - 
 
 - 1775 
 
 Brazil, discovery of - 
 
 - 
 
 1500 
 
 Burckhardt - 
 
 1810. 1818 
 
 Breda, P. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1667 
 
 Burgos, S. - 
 
 - 1812 
 
 Bredei 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 685 
 
 Burgoyne 
 
 - 1777 
 
 Brehon laws - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1606 
 
 Burgundian kingdom 
 
 - 413 
 
 Bremen, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1757 
 
 Burgundian laws 
 
 - 501 
 
 Brenneville, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1119 
 
 Burgundians - 
 
 - 490 
 
 Breslau, P. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1742 
 
 Burgundy, house of 1263. 1361. 1363 
 
 Bretigni, P. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1360 
 
 Buridan 
 
 - 1322 
 
 Brian Boroimlie, or 
 
 Boru 1001 
 
 1014 
 
 Burke - 1780. 
 
 1787. 1797 
 
 Bridport, Lord 
 
 - 
 
 
 1795 
 
 Burlamaqui - 
 
 1730. 1748 
 
 Brienne 
 
 _ 
 
 1787. 
 
 1788 
 
 Burmese War 
 
 1824. 1852 
 
 Briggs 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 1620 
 
 Burnes, Sir Alexander 
 
 - 1841 
 
 Brille, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1572 
 
 Burnet, Thomas 
 
 - 1680 
 
 Brissot 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1793 
 
 Burnet, bp. - 
 
 1690. 1715 
 
 Britain 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 426 
 
 Burney, Dr. - 
 
 1800. 1814 
 
 Britain, New- 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1700 
 
 Burns, Robert 
 
 1790. 1796 
 
 Britannicus - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 55 
 
 Busaco, B. - 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Broglio, duke of 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1759 
 
 Bushe, C. K. 
 
 - 1843 
 
 Brotier, critic 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1770 
 
 Butler, bp. 1736. 
 
 1740. 1752 
 
 Brown, Dr. Thomas - 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820 
 
 Butler, poet - 
 
 - 1673 
 
 Bruce, Robert 
 
 - 
 
 1306. 
 
 1314 
 
 Buy ides, 
 
 - 945 
 
 Bruce, Edward 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1316 
 
 Buxar, B. 
 
 - 1764 
 
 Bruce, traveller 
 
 » 
 
 1768. 
 
 1794 
 
 Buxton, Sir T. E. - 
 
 - 1845 
 
 Brueys, Admiral 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1798 
 
 Byblius, Philo 
 
 - 100 
 
 Brun, Le 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1670 
 
 Byng, Sir George 
 
 - 1718 
 
 Brun, Malte - 
 
 _ 
 
 1810. 
 
 1826 
 
 Byng, John 
 
 1756, 1757 
 
 Brune, General 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 1799 
 
 Byron, Lord 1807. 1812 
 
 1816. 1824 
 
 Brunechilda, or Brunehaut 571 
 
 .596. 
 
 Byron, Commodore - 
 
 - 1764 
 
 
 
 
 614 
 
 Byzantium, S. 
 
 - 195 
 
 Brunei, Sir J. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1849 
 
 
 
 Brunnen, League 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1315 
 
 C. 
 
 
 Bruno 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1084 
 
 Cabades 
 
 - 502. 519 
 
 Bruno, Jordano 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 1601 
 
 Cabal administration 
 
 - 1669 
 
 Brunsbury, B. 
 
 , 
 
 _ 
 
 938 
 
 Cabillauds, faction of 
 
 - 1417 
 
 Brussels, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1746 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian 
 
 - 1496 
 
 Brunswick, house of- 
 
 1071 
 
 1714 
 
 Cabul, C. 
 
 - 1842 
 
 Brunswick, Dnke 
 
 1787. 
 
 1792. 
 
 1806. 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 - 1587 
 
 
 
 
 1815 
 
 Cadiz, C. - 
 
 - 1596 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 269 
 
 Cadolaus 
 
 Cadoudal 
 
 Coesar Borgia 
 
 Cgesarea, C. - 
 
 Caiaphas 
 
 Cairo, F. 
 
 Cairo, C. - 
 
 Caius, pope - 
 
 Cajetaa 
 
 Calais, C. - 
 
 Calas, John - 
 
 Calatrava, order of ■ 
 
 Calcutta, C. - 
 
 Calderon 
 
 Calendar, reform of 
 
 California 
 
 Caligula 
 
 Calixtines 
 
 Calixtus I. - 
 
 Calixtus II. - 
 
 Calixtus III. - 
 
 Callinicus 
 
 Calmar, union of 
 
 Calmet 
 
 Calonne 
 
 Calpe 
 
 Calvin - 1535. 
 
 Camaldulensian Order 
 
 Cambaceres - 
 
 Cambray, league of - 
 
 Cambray, T. 
 
 Cambridge University 
 
 Cambridge, Duke 
 
 Camden, W. 
 
 Camden-to^vn, B. 
 
 Camerarius 
 
 Camisards (Protestants) 
 
 Camlan, B. - 
 
 Caraoens 
 
 Campanella - 
 
 Campanes 
 
 Campbell, John 
 
 Campbell. Dr. G. - 
 
 Campbell, T. 1799. 
 
 Campbell, General 
 
 Camperdown, B. 
 
 Campo Formio, P. - 
 
 Canada, French colony 
 
 Canada, C. - 
 
 Canaries, discovered 
 
 Candahar, B. 
 
 CandoUe, De, botanist 
 
 Canning 
 
 Cannon first used 
 
 Canonisation - 
 
 
 A.C. 
 
 _ 
 
 1061 
 
 _ 
 
 1804 
 
 1493. 
 
 1498 
 
 . 
 
 261 
 
 17. 37 1 
 
 . 
 
 969 
 
 - 
 
 1798 
 
 _ 
 
 283 
 
 1517. 
 
 1518 
 
 1347. 
 
 1558 
 
 . 
 
 1762 
 
 . 
 
 1158 
 
 - 
 
 1756 
 
 . 
 
 1650 
 
 1752. 
 
 1582 
 
 - 
 
 1847 
 
 37. 38 i 
 
 - 
 
 1420 
 
 - 
 
 219 
 
 1119 
 
 1122 
 
 1168. 
 
 1455 
 
 .. 
 
 672 
 
 1397. 
 
 1523 
 
 - 
 
 1740 
 
 1783, 
 
 1787 
 
 - 
 
 713 
 
 1540. 
 
 1564 
 
 - 
 
 1023 
 
 - 
 
 1799 
 
 . 
 
 1508 
 
 - 
 
 1529 
 
 _ 
 
 915 
 
 1818. 
 
 1850 
 
 . 
 
 1610 
 
 . 
 
 1780 
 
 . 
 
 1560 
 
 - 
 
 1702 
 
 _ 
 
 542 
 
 - 
 
 1570 
 
 . 
 
 1620 
 
 - 
 
 1043 
 
 - 
 
 1760 
 
 _ 
 
 1780 
 
 1816. 
 
 1844 
 
 1825. 
 
 1852 
 
 _ 
 
 1797 
 
 - 
 
 1797 
 
 - 
 
 1604 
 
 - 
 
 1760 
 
 > 
 
 1402 
 
 - 
 
 1842 
 
 . 
 
 1841 
 
 1822. 
 
 1827 
 
 1346. 
 
 1383 
 
 993. 
 
 1179 
 
 Canon law - - 1140. 1151 
 
 Canossa, castle - - 1077 
 
 Canova, sculptor - 1800. 1822 
 Canton, blockaded - - 1840 
 
 Canton, capitulation - - 1841 
 
 Canute 1014. 1016, 1017. 1028 
 
 1036 
 Canute II. (Hardicanute) 1039. 
 
 1036. 1041 
 Canute VI. - - - 1183 
 
 Cape Breton, C. 1745. 1758. 1763 
 Cape of Good Hope 1486. 1497. 
 1795. 1802. 1806 
 Cape Verde Islands - - 1460 
 
 Capetian dynasty - - 987 
 
 Capitan Pacha - - 1770 
 
 Capitularies - - - 800 
 
 Capo d'Istria- - - 1828 
 
 Cappel, B. - - - 1531 
 
 Caracalla 208.211.212.215.217 
 Caracci, Lewis Augustine and Han- 
 
 nibal 
 Caractacus - 
 Carausius 
 Caravajal 
 Cardan, Jerome 
 Cards invented 
 Carey, Dr. - 
 Caribbean islands 
 Caribert 
 Carinus 
 Carissimi 
 Carioman 
 Carloman 
 Carlos, Don - 
 Carlos, Don - 
 Carlovingian dynasty 
 Carlowitz, P. 
 Carmelite order 
 Carnarvon, Lord 
 Carnot 
 
 Carolina colonised 
 Caroline, Princess 
 Caroline books 
 Caroline Islands 
 Caroline, Queen-consort 
 Caroline, Queen - ' 
 
 Carolostadt 1517. 
 
 Carrickfergus, C 
 Carteret 
 Carthage, C.- 
 Carthage, destroyed - 
 Carthagena, S. 
 Carthusians, order - 
 Cartwright - 
 
 - 1601 
 51 
 
 - 286 
 ■ - - 1852 
 
 - 1560 
 
 - 1393 
 
 - 1799 
 
 - 1493 
 
 - 562 
 
 - 282 
 
 - 1660 
 
 - 768 
 
 - 879 
 - 1731. 1735 
 
 1830. 1833. 1839 
 
 - 751 
 
 - 1699 
 1209. 1274 
 
 - 1849 
 1810. 1823 
 
 - 1663 
 
 - 1760 
 787. 788 
 
 - 1686 
 
 - 1760 
 
 - 1820 
 1519. 1522 
 
 - 1760 
 
 - 1767 
 
 - 439 
 
 - 698 
 
 - 1741 
 
 - 1084 
 
 - 1800 
 
270 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Carus - - 282. 284 
 
 Casaubon - - -1601 
 
 Cashel, synod of - - 1172 
 
 Casimir I. - - - 1041 
 
 Casimir III., the Great 1333. 1370 
 
 Casimir IV. - - . 1447 
 
 Cassini 1665. 1667. 1670. 1671 
 
 Cassiodorus - 
 
 _ 
 
 ., 
 
 500 
 
 Cassius 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 162 
 
 Cassius, Dion 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 222 
 
 Cassovia, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 1388. 
 
 1644 
 
 Castanos, General 
 
 ., 
 
 1808. 
 
 1852 
 
 Castelvetro - 
 
 » 
 
 
 1 550 
 
 Castruccio Castracani 
 
 _ 
 
 1328 
 
 Catalani, vocalist 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1849 
 
 Catania 
 
 1169. 
 
 1669. 
 
 1693 
 
 Cathcart, Lord 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1807 
 
 Cathcart, General - - 1852 
 
 Catherine of France - - 1422 
 
 of Albret - - 1483 
 
 of Arragon 1509. 1527. 
 
 1533 
 
 Howard - 1540. 1542 
 
 Parr - - 1542 
 
 de Medici - 1560. 1564 
 
 I. - - 1725. 1727 
 
 II. 1762. 1772. 1775. 1783. 
 
 1796 
 Catholic league - 1576. 1590 
 
 Catinat - - 1690. 1693 
 
 Cato Street conspiracy - 1820 
 
 Cavaignac - 
 
 - 
 
 -■ 1848 
 
 Cavalerius - 
 
 .. 
 
 1635. 1640 
 
 Cavallo 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1790 
 
 Cave, Dr. W. 
 
 . 
 
 - 1700 
 
 Cavendish 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1588 
 
 Cavendish - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1780 
 
 Cayenne, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1809 
 
 Ceadwalla - 
 
 - 
 
 - 686 
 
 Celestine I., pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 422 
 
 II. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1143 
 
 III. 1 
 
 191. 
 
 1192. 1194 
 
 IV. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1241 
 
 V. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1294 
 
 Cellemare 
 
 . 
 
 - 1718 
 
 Centum Gravamina 
 
 . 
 
 - 1522 
 
 Cerignole, B. 
 
 „ 
 
 - 1503 
 
 Cerizoles, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1544 
 
 Cerularius - 
 
 . 
 
 1053. 1054 
 
 Cervantes 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1601 
 
 Cestius G alius 
 
 _ 
 
 65. 66 
 
 Ceuta, C. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1415 
 
 Ceylon, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1795 
 
 Chalcedon, council of 
 
 - 451 
 
 Chalons-sur-Marne, 
 
 B. 
 
 - 451 
 
 Chalcondylas, Laonicus - 1460 
 
 Chalcondylas, Demetrius - 1499 
 Chalmers, Dr. - - 1847 
 
 Champollion- - 1828. 1832 
 
 Chancelour ^ - . 1553 
 
 Chamber of Reunion • - 1680 
 
 Chandler, Dr. - 1764. 1810 
 
 Chauning, Dr. - 1816. 1842 
 
 Chanting introduced - - 602 
 
 Chantrey, sculptor - 1816. 1841 
 Chapman ~ - . 1620 
 
 Chardin - - - 1678 
 
 Charibert - - •- 628 
 
 Charlemagne 768. 772. 774. 778. 
 779. 781. 785. 794. 800. 801. 803. 
 807. 814 
 Charles Martel 715. 732. 736. 737 
 Charles L the Bald -840.841,875 
 
 II. le Gros - 880. 884 
 
 III. the Simple 888. 898. 
 
 905. 922. 929 
 
 IV. the Fair- ~ 1322 
 
 V. the Wise - - 1364 
 
 VI. the Beloved 1380. 1382. 
 
 1385. 1393. 1394. 1397 
 
 — VII. the Victorious 1422. 
 
 1429. 1435. 1438 
 
 • VIII. the Affable - 1483. 
 
 1494, 1495 
 ■ IX. - - - 1560 
 
 X. - 1824. 1830. 1838 
 
 of Anjou 1265. 1266. 1268. 
 
 1284 
 
 the Lame - ~ 1284 
 
 the Bad - - 1349 
 
 — IV. of Germany 1346.1347. 
 
 1356 
 
 the Bad of Navarre - 1349 
 
 ' the Dauphin- - 1358 
 
 de Durazzo 1380. 1381. 
 
 1386 
 
 Cnutson - - 1448 
 
 the Bold of Burgundy 1467. 
 
 1468. 1476. 1478 
 
 in. of Savoy 1504. 1508 
 
 I. of Spain and V. of 
 
 Germany 1500. 1516. 1519. 1521. 
 1525, 1526, 1.527. 1535. 1538. 
 1541. 1544. 1546. 1547. 1548. 
 
 15.52. 1553. 1556. 1558 
 
 Emmanuel the Great 1580 
 
 L of England 1625, 1637. 
 
 1642. 1644. 1645. 1647. 1649 
 
 - n. of England 1651. 1660. 
 
 1662. 1674. 1679. 1685 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 271 
 
 Charles VIII of Sweden - 1448 
 
 X. of Sweden 1654.1655 
 
 II. of Spain - 1665. 1700 
 
 III. of Lorraine 1670. 1687 
 
 XL of Sweden - 1680 
 
 XIL of Sweden 1697. 1700. 
 
 1704. 1709. 1718 
 
 Albert of Sardinia - 1848. 
 
 1849 
 
 VL of Germany 1706.1710. 
 
 1711. 1713. 1715. 1740 
 
 Arehdake 1796. 1800. 1809 
 
 Emmanuel IIL - 1730 
 
 VIL of Germany 1742. 1745 
 
 Edward 1745. 1746. 1788 
 
 Theodore, Elector, - 1777 
 
 in. of Spain- - 1759 
 
 IV. of Spain- 1788. 1808 
 
 XIIL of Sweden 1809. 1814. 
 
 1818 
 
 Duke of Brunswick 1830 
 
 • XIV. of Sweden 1818. 1844 
 
 Charlestown, C. - - 1780 
 
 Charlotte, Princess - 1816. 1817 
 Charlotte, Queen - - 1818 
 
 Charibert - - - 628 
 
 Charobert - - - 1310 
 
 Chartist Convention - - 1848 
 
 Cbartreux order - - 1084 
 
 Char trier, Alain - - 1400 
 
 Chasse, General - - 1832 
 
 Chateaubriand - 1800. 1848 
 
 Chateau-Cambresis, T. - 1599 
 
 Chatham, Earl - 1779, 1809 
 
 Chatillon, B. - - - 1453 
 
 Chatham, descent on - - 1667 
 
 Chatterton, poet - - 1770 
 
 Chaucer - - - 1378 
 
 Cheke, Sir John - - 1550 
 
 Chenier, Andre - - 1794 
 
 Chereddin Barbarossa 1516. 1534. 
 
 1535 
 Chersou, F. - - - 1778 
 
 Cherubini, musician - - 1800 
 
 Cheselden - - - 1710 
 
 Chesapeake, bay of - - 1607 
 
 Chesterfield - - - 1750 
 
 Chesney, Colonel - - 1835 
 
 ChildebertL- ■ - 511 
 
 Childebert IL - 593. 596 
 
 Childebcrt IIL - - 695 
 
 Childeric I. - - - 456 
 
 Childeric IL of Austrasia •• 654 
 Childeric II. of France - 715 
 
 Childeric IIL - - 742 
 
 Chili - 
 
 1523. 1818 
 
 ChiUon 
 
 1263. 1531 
 
 Chillianwallah, B. - 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Chillingworth 
 
 - 1630 
 
 Chilperic I. - 
 
 562. 584 
 
 Chinese war - 
 
 1840. 1842 
 
 Chinese rebellion 
 
 - 1851 
 
 Chioggia, B. - 
 
 " 1380 
 
 Chisme B. - 
 
 - 1770 
 
 Chobham 
 
 - 1853 
 
 Choczim, B. - 1673 
 
 1739. 1769 
 
 Choiseul 
 
 1761. 1770 
 
 Cholera 1831, 1832. 
 
 1848. 1849 
 
 Chosroes I. the Great 
 
 519. 532. 
 
 
 542. 579 
 
 Chosroes II. - -610. 614. 625 
 
 Christ Church, Dublin 
 
 - 1040 
 
 Christians, name of - 
 
 - 43 
 
 Christians, 1st persecution of 64 
 
 2nd — 
 
 95 
 
 ?rf1 
 
 1 A*7 
 
 dth 
 
 11" 
 
 ■ 5th 
 
 202 
 
 6th 
 
 235 
 
 7th 
 
 250 
 
 Sth 
 
 257 
 
 9th 
 
 272 
 
 10th 
 
 303 
 
 at Lyons - 
 
 - 177 
 
 Christians, massacre of 
 
 - 609 
 
 Christian assemblies 
 
 - 98 
 
 school 
 
 - 180 
 
 
 - 516 
 
 era - 
 
 Christian L 1448. 
 
 1457. 1468. 
 
 
 1478 
 
 IL 1513. 
 
 1520, 1521. 
 
 
 1523 
 
 IIL 
 
 - 1534 
 
 IV. 
 
 - 1626 
 
 V.- 
 
 - 1670 
 
 VL 
 
 - 1730 
 
 VIL 
 
 - 1766 
 
 VIIL 
 
 1839. 1848 
 
 Christina 
 
 1632. 1654 
 
 Christina - 1833 
 
 1840. 1841 
 
 Christopher, antipope 
 
 - 903 
 
 Christopher the Bavarian 1440 
 
 Christophe of Hayti 
 
 1806. 1820 
 
 Chrysolaras - 
 
 - 1400 
 
 Chrysopolis, B. 
 
 - 323 
 
 Chrysostom, Dion 
 
 - ]00 
 
 Chrysostom, John 
 
 - 390 
 
 Churchill 
 
 - 1760 
 
 Gibber 
 
 1730. 1757 
 
 Cid, the 
 
 " 1060 
 
272 
 
 INDEX, ISO. 2. 
 
 A.O. 
 
 Cimabue - - - 1300 
 
 Cimarosa - - - 1790 
 
 Cintra, convention of - 1808 
 
 Cisalpine republic - - 1797 
 
 Cistercians,orderof 1098. 1115. 1142 
 
 Citeaux monastery - 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, C. 
 
 Civil law - 529. 
 
 Civita Vecchia, C. 
 
 CiviteUa, B. - 
 
 Clairaut 
 
 Clapperton - 
 
 Clarence, duke of 
 
 Clarendon, Constitutions of 
 
 Clarendon, Lord 
 
 Clarke, Dr. Samuel - 
 
 Clarke, General 
 
 Clarke, Dr. E. 1799. 
 
 Clarke, Dr. Adam - 
 
 Clarkson 
 
 Claude, John 
 
 Claudius, poet 
 
 Claudius - 41. 42 
 
 Claudius II. - 
 
 Clavius 
 
 Clement of Alexandria 
 
 Clement I., pope 
 
 II. - 
 
 III. (antipope) 
 
 - 1098 
 1810. 1811 
 1137. 1150 
 
 - 1849 
 
 - 1053 
 1731. 1740 
 1824. 1825 
 
 - 1818 
 1164 
 
 - 1660 
 1710. 1729 
 
 - 1795 
 1810. 1822 
 1810. 1832 
 1826. 1846 
 1680. 1685 
 
 - 400 
 43. 48. 54 
 
 268. 269 
 
 - 1601 
 
 - 200 
 66. 91 
 
 - 1046 
 1080. 
 
 III. 
 IV. 
 V. 
 VI. 
 
 VII. (at Avignon) 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. - 
 
 . XL 
 
 XIL 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Clement, Jacques 
 Clerical celibacy 
 Clermont, council of 
 
 1084. 1086. 1099 
 
 - 1187 
 
 - 1265 
 
 - 1305 
 1342. 1346. 1348. 
 
 1350 
 1378 
 1523 
 
 - 1592 
 
 - 1667 
 
 - 1670 
 1713. 1715 
 
 - 1730 
 
 - 1758 
 1769. 1773 
 
 - 1589 
 
 1700. 
 
 Clifford 
 Clissau, B. 
 Clive 
 Clodion 
 Clodomir 
 Clontarf, B. 
 Closterseven, 
 Clotaire I. 
 
 - 1074 
 
 - 1095 
 
 - 1669 
 
 - 1704 
 - 1751.1757 
 
 - 448 
 
 - 511 
 
 - 1014 
 capitulation of 1757 
 
 -511.558.562 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Clotaire IL - -584.613.614 
 
 Clotilda - - - 496 
 
 Clovis L 481. 486. 496. 500. 507, 
 508. 510, 511 
 Clovis IL - " - 638 
 
 Clovis IIL - - - 692 
 
 Clugni, monastery - 910. 927 
 
 Coaches in England - - 1580 
 
 Coalition against Francis I. - 1524 
 Coalition against France — 
 
 1st - - - 1793 
 
 2nd- - - 1798 
 
 3rd- - - 1805 
 
 4th- - - 1806 
 
 5th- - - 1809 
 
 6th- - - 1813 
 
 of Vienna - - 1815 
 
 Coals - - - 1357 
 
 Cobbett, William 1816.1835 
 
 Cobham, Lord - - 1417 
 
 Coblentz diet - - 1212 
 
 Coburg, Prince of - - 1794 
 
 Cochrane, Lord - 1809.1810 
 
 Codinus - - - 1453 
 
 Codrington, Admiral - 1827. 1828 
 Coffee brought to England - 1641 
 Cohorn, engineer - - 1690 
 
 Coke, Sir Edward - - 1620 
 
 Colbert 1661. 1663. 1666. 1683 
 
 Colborne, Sir J. - - 1838 
 
 Colet, Dean - - 1517. 1519 
 
 Coleridge, S. T. - 1826. 1834 
 
 Coleridge, Hartley - - 1849 
 
 Coligni - - 1569. 1572 
 
 Collard, Royer - - 1845 
 
 Collins - - - 1750 
 
 Colman, senior 1760. 1784. 1794 
 Colman, junior 1784.1800.1836 
 Collingwood, Lord - 1809. 1810 
 Collot d'Herbois - - 1792 
 
 Cologne, C. ~ - - 882 
 
 Cologne, diet - - 1512 
 
 Columba - - - 565 
 
 Columbanus - - 589.614 
 
 Columbia, republic of - 1819 
 
 Columbus 1492. 1493. 1498. 1502. 
 1506 
 Columella - - - 49 
 
 Combermere, Lord •- 1826.1812 
 Commandine - - 1560 
 
 Commodus - - 180, 192 
 
 Commons, House of - - 1265 
 
 Common Prayer, Book of - 1548. 
 1551 
 Commonwealth - - 1649 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCUREED A. C. 
 
 273 
 
 - 1770 
 1780. 1794 
 
 440. 1215 
 
 - 1759 
 
 - 530 
 
 - 1710 
 
 - 1803 
 
 - 686 
 
 - 912 
 1024. 1027. 1034. 1100 
 1125. 1138. 1140. 1147 
 
 Complutensiau Polyglot Bible 1516 
 Compostella, C. - - 996 
 
 Corny n ... 1302 
 
 Concini - - 1610. 1617 
 
 Concordat of Worms - 1122, 1123 
 Concordat . - - 1802 
 
 Concordate - - - 1515 
 
 Conde - 1560. 1562. 1569 
 
 Conde, the Elder - 1618.1638 
 Conde the Great 1643, 1644, 1645. 
 1648. 1668. 1674 
 Conde, C. - - 1793. 1795 
 
 Condillac 
 Condorcet 
 Confession 
 Conflans, Marshal 
 Congal 
 Congreve 
 Cofigreve, Sir W. 
 Conon, Pope 
 Conrad I. 
 . II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. - - 1250. 1254 
 
 V. - - 1258. 1268 
 
 Conrad - - 1093. 1100 
 
 Constance of Bretagne - 1189 
 
 Constance of Sicily - - 1189 
 
 Constance, Council of 1414, 1415 
 Constans I. - ■ 337. 340. 350 
 
 II. - - 642. 658 
 
 Constantine I. (the Great) 306. 311, 
 312, 313. 323. 326. 328. 331. 337 
 
 II. - 337. 340 
 
 III. - - 641 
 
 IV. - - 668 
 
 V. 741.743.745.754.770 
 
 780. 786. 788 
 912. 915 
 
 - 920 
 975. 1025 
 
 - 1042 
 1059. 1068 
 1068. 1071 
 1448. 1453 
 
 - 708 
 328. 330 
 
 ^VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Constantine, Pope 
 
 Constantinople, F. 
 
 Constantinople, insurrection at 532 
 
 Constantinople besieged 625. 668. 
 
 672. 716 719. 907. 1397. 1422 
 
 Constantinople, C 743. 754. 869. 
 
 1203, 1204. 1453 
 
 Constantinople, Councils of 381. 553. 
 
 681. 754. 814. 869. 879 
 
 Constantinus Manasses - 1150 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Constantius - - 292. 304. 306 
 
 Constantius - 337. 348. 350. 356 
 Convocation - - - 1663 
 
 Convention, French - - 1792 
 
 Cook, Captain 1769, 1770. 1773, 
 1774. 1778, 1779 
 Cooper, Sir Astley - 1826. 1841 
 Cooper, J. F. - - 1851 
 
 Copenhagen, C. - - 1700 
 
 Copenhagen, B. - 1801. 1807 
 
 Coote, Sir Eyre - 1759.1781 
 
 Copernicus - - 1530. 1543 
 
 Copley, J. S., painter 1780. 1815 
 Coponius - - - 6 
 
 Cordova, C. - - - 1236 
 
 Corelli - - - 1700 
 
 Corneille - - - 1670 
 
 Cornelius - - - 42 
 
 Cornelius, Pope - - 251 
 
 Cornutus - - - 49 
 
 Cornwallis 1780, 1781. 1786. 1792. 
 
 1798 
 Corpus Christi - - 1264 
 
 Corri, musician - - 1800 
 
 Corsica, C. 1730. 1736. 1755. 1794. 
 
 1796 
 Cortez - - - 1521 
 
 Corunna, B. - - - 1809 
 
 Coster - - - 1440 
 
 Cosmo de Medici 1431. 1453. 1464. 
 Cottin, Mad. - 1800. 1808 
 
 Cotton, Sir Charles - - 1808 
 
 Cotton, Sir Stapleton - 1812. 1826 
 Council, Aulic - - 1512 
 
 Courtenay, B. - - 1302 
 
 Coutras, B. - - - 1587 
 
 Covenant - - - i638 
 
 Cowley - - - 1650 
 
 Cowper - - 1780, 1800 
 
 Coxe, Archd. - 1810. 1828 
 
 Crabbe - - 1810. 1832 
 
 Cracow, C. - - - 1846 
 
 Craig - - - 1795 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas - 1532. 1540 
 Crantz - - - 1509 
 
 Cravant, B. - - •• 1423 
 
 Crecy, or Cressy, B. - - 1346 
 
 Crefeld, B. - - - 1758 
 
 Crespy, P. - - - 1544 
 
 Crequi .... 1629 
 
 Crequi - - 1670. 1675 
 
 Crescentius - 974. 996. 998. 
 
 Crimea 1736. 1771. 1774. 1783, 1784 
 Crispus - - - 326 
 
 Croja, S. - - - 1447 
 
274 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 1649, 
 1653. 
 1095, 
 
 1670. 
 1746, 
 
 1816. 
 
 Cromwell 1644, 1645. 
 
 1651. 
 Crusade 1st - 
 
 1 2nd - 
 
 3rd - 
 
 4tli - 
 
 . 5th - 
 
 6tli - 
 
 7th - 
 
 8th - 
 
 • 9th - 
 
 10th 
 
 Cuba, conquest of 
 
 Cudworth 
 
 CuUoden, B. - 
 
 Cumberland, Duke - 
 
 Cumberland, dramatist 
 
 Cunningham - 
 
 Cur ran 
 
 Curtius, Q. - 
 
 Cusanus, Nicolaus 
 
 Custine 
 
 Cuvier 
 
 Cyprian 
 
 Cyprus 
 
 Cy renins 
 
 Cyril 
 
 Czernavoda, B. 
 
 Czerni, George 
 
 D. 
 
 Dacier, Madame - - 1700 
 
 Dagobert I. - - 628. 634 
 
 n. - - 679 
 
 III. - - 711 
 
 Daguerre - - - 1851 
 
 Daguerreotype - - 1839 
 
 D'Albret - - ■ 1415 
 
 D'Alembert - - 1751. 1770 
 
 Dalhousie, Earl - - 1847 
 
 Dalton, chemist - 1826. 1844 
 Dalrymple (Lord Hailes) - 1770 
 
 Damascenus - - - 718 
 
 Damasus I., Pope - 366. 384 
 
 II.- - - 1048 
 
 Dambrowka - - - 966 
 
 Damietta, C. - - 1219. 1249 
 
 Damiens . . - 1757 
 
 Dampier - - - 1700 
 
 Dandolo - - - 1202 
 Danes 787. 800. 832. 837. 867. 880. 
 
 902. 1002. 1014. 1016. 1041 
 
 Dante - - - 1300 
 
 Danton - - 1792. 1794 
 
 D'Anville - - - 1760 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1650, 
 1658 
 1096 
 
 - 1147 
 1189, 1190 
 
 - 1194 
 
 - 1202 
 
 - 1217 
 
 - 1228 
 
 - 1239 
 
 - 1248 
 
 - 1270 
 
 - 1511 
 1678 
 1746 
 1747 
 1790 
 1842 
 1800 
 
 49 
 1453 
 1792 
 1832 
 
 - 248 
 
 - 648 
 
 - 6, 7 
 
 - 431 
 
 - 1854 
 1804. 1817 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Dantzic, C. - - - 1807 
 
 D'Arblay, Madame - - 1840 
 
 D' Argon - - . 1732 
 
 Darien - - - 1699 
 
 Darnley - - 1561. 1567 
 
 Daru, historian - 1810. 1829 
 
 Darwin 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1780 
 
 Dauhn 
 
 1757 
 
 1758. 1760 
 
 D'Aumale 
 
 - 
 
 - 1553 
 
 Dauphin 
 
 - 
 
 - 1349 
 
 David I. 
 
 _ 
 
 1124. 1138 
 
 David II. 
 
 - 
 
 1329. 1346 
 
 David Comnenus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1206 
 
 David Comnenus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1466 
 
 David, painter 
 
 _ 
 
 1800, 1825 
 
 Davila 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1620 
 
 Davoust 
 
 - 
 
 1806. 1809 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphry - 
 
 1816. 1829 
 
 De Candolle, botanist 
 
 - 1§41 
 
 Decius 
 
 - 
 
 249. 251 
 
 Decimal arithmetic 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1602 
 
 Decretum 
 
 . 
 
 - 1151 
 
 De Foe 
 
 . 
 
 1710. 1731 
 
 De Forbin - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1693 
 
 De Lally 
 
 - 
 
 1758, 1759 
 
 Delambre 
 
 - 
 
 1800. 1822 
 
 Delavigne 
 
 - 
 
 - 1843 
 
 D'Elbee 
 
 - 
 
 - 1793 
 
 Delhi, C. 
 
 _ 
 
 1398. 1739 
 
 Delille 
 
 . 
 
 1790. 1813 
 
 De Lolme 
 
 - 
 
 - 1771 
 
 De Lyra 
 
 . 
 
 - 1331 
 
 Demerara, C. 
 
 . 
 
 - 1803 
 
 Demetrius - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 55 
 
 Demetrius Chalcondylas 
 
 - 1453 
 
 Demoivre 
 
 - 
 
 - 1740 
 
 Denain, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1712 
 
 D'Enghien - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1643 
 
 D'Enghien - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1804 
 
 Denham 
 
 _ 
 
 1643. 1650 
 
 Denham, traveller 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1824 
 
 Denis, St., church 
 
 - 
 
 - 1140 
 
 Denis, St., B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1567 
 
 Denon 
 
 . 
 
 1800. 1825 
 
 De Nouailles 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1743 
 
 Derby, Lord - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1852 
 
 Dermod, M'Morogh - 
 
 1153. 1168 
 
 Derry, S. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1689 
 
 De Saussure - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1787 
 
 Descartes 1629, 
 
 1630. 
 
 1637. 1650 
 
 Desiderius - 
 
 -756, 757. 774 
 
 Desiderius - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1086 
 
 Desmoulins - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1794 
 
 Despard, Colonel 
 
 - 
 
 - 1803 
 
 Dessalines - 1803, 
 
 1804. 1806 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 275 
 
 Dessau, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 1626 
 
 I)e Stael, Baroness - 
 
 - 
 
 1800 
 
 Dettingen, B. 
 
 - 
 
 1743 
 
 Deus-dedit, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 615 
 
 Diana, temple 
 
 - 
 
 260 
 
 Diamond, B. of the - 
 
 - 
 
 1795 
 
 Dibdin, C. - 
 
 1790. 
 
 1814 
 
 Dibdin, T. - 
 
 1826. 
 
 1841 
 
 Dibdin, Dr. - 
 
 - 
 
 1847 
 
 Diderot 
 
 1751 
 
 1770 
 
 Didot, Ambrose 
 
 - 
 
 1797 
 
 Didius Julianus 
 
 - 
 
 193 
 
 Dieskau 
 
 - 
 
 1755 
 
 Digby, Sir Kenelm - 
 
 - 
 
 1640 
 
 Dillenius 
 
 - 
 
 1730 
 
 Diocletian 284. 286. 292. 295. 304 
 
 Diogenes Laertius - - 200 
 
 Dion Cassius - - 222 
 
 Dion Chrysostom - - 100 
 
 Dionysius . - - 203 
 Dionysius, Bishop of Kome - 259 
 
 Dionysius Exiguus - - 516 
 
 Dionysius the Just - - 1279 
 
 Diophantus - - - 400 
 
 Dioscorus - - - 451 
 
 Dirk I. or Thierry - - 955 
 
 Dirk IV. - - - 1049 
 
 Disraeli, Isaac - - 1848 
 
 Dmitri Donskoy - _ 1362. 1380 
 Docetse, or Apparitionists - 138 
 
 Doddridge, Dr. - - 1730 
 
 Dodsley - - - 1750 
 
 Dodwell, H. - - - 1700 
 
 Doheny - - - 1848 
 
 Dolgoruki, Prince - - 1771 
 
 Dollond - - - 1757 
 
 Dolomieu - - - 1790 
 
 Domenichino - - 1620 
 
 Domitian - - 81. 96 
 
 Dominic - - 1204. 1216 
 
 Dominican order - 1204.1216 
 
 Donald Bane - - 1093 
 
 Donatello - - - 1458 
 
 Donati - - - 1308 
 
 Donatist controversy 311. 314 
 
 Donatus - - - 314 
 
 Donatus of Dublin - -1040 
 
 Donizetti, musician - - 1848 
 
 Donus I. - - - 676 
 
 Donus II. - - - 974 
 
 Doomsday Book - - 1079 
 
 Dort, Synod of, - - 1618 
 Dort, assembly of the states - 1572 
 
 Douay Seminary - - 1568 
 
 Douay Bible- - - 1609 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Douglas - - 1306. 1333 
 
 Douglas - - 1388. 1402 
 Douglas, Earl of Angus - 1509 
 
 Douglas, Gawin - - 1509 
 
 Doyle, Dr. - - - 1834 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 1580. 1586, 
 1587, 1588 
 
 Drebbel - - - 1609 
 
 Dresden, P. - - - 1745 
 
 Dresden, B. - - - 1813 
 
 Dreux, B. - - - 1562 
 
 Drogheda, Synod - -1152 
 
 Drogheda, C. - - 1649 
 
 Drummond - - - 1810 
 Dryden - 1668. 1680. 1701 
 
 Dublin, F. - - - 800 
 
 Dublin, bishops of - 1040. 1181 
 
 Dublin University - - 1591 
 
 Dublin Society - - 1749 
 
 Ducas, histoi-ian - - 1460 
 
 Duckworth, Admiral 1803. 1807 
 
 Dudley - - - 1554 
 
 Duffy - - - 1848 
 
 Duguay-Trouin - - 1711 
 Duguesclin 1367, 1368. 1370. 1380 
 
 Dugommier - - 1793, 1794 
 
 Dumblain, B. - - 1715 
 
 Dumouriez - - 1792, 1793 
 
 Dunbar, B. - - - 1650 
 
 Duncan - - - 1039 
 
 Duncan II. - - - 1095 
 
 Duncan, Admiral - - 1797 
 
 Dundee, Viscount - - 1689 
 
 Dundalk, B. ; 1315. (1318) 
 
 Dungannon Convention - 1782 
 
 Dunkirk - - 1658. 1662 
 
 Dunois - - - 1453 
 
 Dunstan - - - 955 
 
 Du Pin - - - 1700 
 
 Dupleix - - - 1748 
 
 Dupont, General - - 1808 
 
 Duprat - - - 1285 
 
 Du Quesne - - 1676 1682 
 
 Du Quesne, Fort - 1755.1758 
 
 Durandus of Mende - - 1286 
 Durandus of St. Porcain - 1331 
 
 Durazzo, B. - - - 1081 
 
 Durer, Albert - - 1509 
 
 Durham, B. - - - 1346 
 
 Durham, Earl - - 1838 
 
 Duris Scotus - - 1300 
 Dutch East India Company - 1602 
 
 Earthquakes 
 
 1693. 1755. 1783 
 
 T 2 
 
276 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Earthquake in Dublin - 1852 
 
 East India (English) Company 
 
 1600. 1690 
 East India (Dutch) Company 1602 
 Ebionites - - - 138 
 
 Ecclesiastical Titles Bill - 1851 
 Eck - - - - 1519 
 
 Eckmiihl, B. - - 1809 
 
 Eddjstone lighthouse - 1774 
 
 Edessa, C. - - - 1145 
 
 Edgar - - - 959 
 
 Edgar Atheling - - 1068 
 
 Edgar - - - 1098 
 
 Edict of Restitution - - 1629 
 
 Edinburgh, C. - - 1544 
 
 Edinburgh Review - - 1802 
 
 Edgehill, B. - - - 1642 
 
 Edge worth - - 1810. 1849 
 
 Edmund I. - - 940. 945 
 
 Edmund II., Ironside 1016, 1017 
 Edmund - - - 1272 
 
 Edmund Mortimer - 1377. 1399 
 Edmund, Duke of York -1377 
 
 Edred - - - 947 
 
 Edrisites - - 808. 908 
 
 Edward I. - - 901,915 
 
 II., the Martyr 975. 978 
 
 III., the Confessor 1041. 
 
 1048. 1059. 1066 
 
 I. 1265. 1271, 1272. 1283. 
 
 1292. 1296. 1298. 1304. 1307 
 
 ■ 11. 1307.1311.1314.1322. 
 
 1326, 1327 
 
 III. 1327. 1332, 1333. 
 
 1337. 1340. 1346, 1347. 1349. 
 1356. 1360. 1377 
 
 IV. 1461. 1471. 1475. 1483 
 
 1536. 1547. 
 
 1332, 
 
 V. - 
 
 VI. - 
 
 Bruce 
 
 -^ — Baliol 
 
 of Lancaster 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan - 
 
 Edwardes, Lieutenant 
 
 Edwy 
 
 Effingham 
 
 Egbert the Great 827 
 
 Egfrid 
 
 Eginhard 
 
 Egmont 
 
 Elchingen, B. 
 
 Eleanor of Provence 
 
 1483 
 1553 
 1315 
 1333 
 1471 
 1750 
 1848 
 
 955 
 1596 
 
 837 
 
 - 685 
 
 - 788 
 1557. 1558. 1566 
 
 - 1805 
 
 - 1272 
 
 832. 
 
 Eleanor, of Guienne - 1137. 1152 
 Eleanor, daughter of John - 1216 
 Election of Popes - - 1059 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Electricity - - 1601. 1745 
 
 Electric telegraph - - 1837 
 
 Eleutherus - - - 176 
 
 Elephant, order of the -1478 
 
 Elfrida - - - 978 
 
 Eliberis, Council of - - 305 
 
 Elizabeth Wydville - - 1483 
 
 Elizabeth - - 1483. 1485 
 
 Ehzabeth, Queen 1533. 1558. 1570. 
 1584. 1586. 1599. 1601. 1603 
 
 Elizabeth, Princess - - 1649 
 
 Elizabeth of Russia - 1741.1762 
 
 Elizabeth, Madame - - 1794 
 
 Elizabeth, Princess - - 1818 
 
 Ellenborough, Lord - - 1842 
 
 Elliott, Captain - - 1760 
 
 Elliot, General - - 1779 
 
 Elliot, Captain - - 1839 
 
 Elmakin - - - 1263 
 
 Elphinstone - - - 1795 
 
 Emancipation Bill - - 1829 
 
 Emesa, B. - - - 273 
 
 Erairs-al-Omra - 935. 945 
 
 Emma - - - 1001 
 
 Emmanuel of Portugal - 1495 
 
 Emmet, Robert - - 1803 
 Encumbered Estates Court - 1849 
 
 Encyclopedia - - 1751 
 
 Enghien, Duke of - -1643 
 
 Enghien, Duke of - - 1804 
 
 Enniskillen - - - 1689 
 
 Ephesus, Council of - - 431 
 
 Epictetus - - - 81 
 
 Episcopius, Simon - - 1618 
 
 Erasmus - - - 1517 
 
 Ercilla - - - 1580 
 
 Erfurth, Conference at - 1808 
 
 Eric X. - - - 1157 
 
 Eric XIL - - - 1223 
 
 Eric the Pomeranian - 1412 
 
 Eric Vasa - - - 1520 
 
 Eric XIV. - - - 1560 
 
 Erie, canal - - - 1824 
 
 Ernest - - - 1024 
 
 Ernest Augustus - - 1837 
 
 Ertogrul - - - 1288 
 
 Espartero 1836. 1840, 1841, 1842, 
 1843. 1847 
 
 Essex - 1596. 1599. 1601. 
 
 Esslingen, B. - - 1809 
 
 Este, Borsa, marquis of - 1452 
 
 EthelbaldIL - - 858 
 
 Ethelbert - - - 861 
 
 Ethelred - - - 866 
 Ethelred IL 978. 1001, 1002. 1013 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 277 
 
 Ethelwolf - 
 
 Etna, Mount - 
 
 Elides 
 
 Eudocia 
 
 Eudocia 
 
 Eudoxia 
 
 Eudoxia 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 837 
 - 1669. 1754 
 
 887, 888. 922 
 421. 439 
 
 - 1068 
 
 - 404 
 
 - 455 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Famine in Ireland - - 1847 
 
 Farquhar - - - 1700 
 
 Fatimites - 908. 969. 1075. 1171 
 
 Eugenius, Emperor - - 392 
 
 Eugenius I , Pope - - 655 
 
 II. - - 824 
 
 III. - - 1145 
 
 IV. 1431. 1438, 1439. 1447 
 
 Eufjene, Prince 1697. 1701. 1704. 
 1706. 1708, 1709. 1712. 1716, 
 1717. 1736 
 Eulalius, rival pope - - 419 
 
 Euler - - 1748. 1760 
 
 Euphrates Expedition - 1835 
 
 Euric, King - - - 468 
 
 Eusden - - - 1730 
 
 Eusebius, Bp. of Rome - 310 
 
 Eusebius, Christian writer - 331 
 Eiistathius, Bp. - - 1185 
 
 Eutychians - 451. 519. 681 
 
 Eutychianus, Bp. of Rome - 275 
 Eutyches - - - 451 
 
 Eutvchius - - - 752 
 
 Evans, General - 1835. 1854 
 
 Evaristus - - - 100 
 
 Evelyn, John - - 1680 
 
 Evesham, B. - - - 1265 
 
 Evremond, St. - - 1697 
 
 Exchange, New - - 1842 
 
 Excommunication - - 192 
 
 Exeter, Bp. - •• - 1850 
 
 Exhibitions - 1851, 1852, 1853 
 Exmouth, Lord - - 1816 
 
 Eylau, B. - - - 1807 
 
 Fabianus - - - 
 Factions of the Two Roses - 
 
 Factions, Burgundian and 
 
 Orleanais - - - 
 
 Factions of the Hats and 
 
 Bonnets - - - 
 
 Factions of the Blues and 
 
 Greens _ - - 
 Feesulse, B.- 
 Fahrenheit - - - 
 Fairfax _ - - 
 Falkceping, B. - - 
 Falkirk, B. - - 1298. 
 Falkland Isles 
 Family Compact 
 
 235 
 1399 
 
 1404 
 
 1739 
 
 491 
 405 
 1724 
 1645 
 1389 
 1746 
 1594 
 1761 
 
 - 1440 
 
 - 326 
 
 - 1556 
 
 - 1675 
 53. 56 
 
 - 269 
 
 - 356 
 
 - 483 
 
 - 526 
 - 1439. 1449 
 
 - 1628 
 1686. 1697. 1700. 1715 
 
 Faust 
 
 Fausta 
 
 Faustus Socinus 
 
 Fehrbellin, B. 
 
 Felix 
 
 Felix I., Pope 
 
 II. 
 
 III. - 
 
 IV. - 
 
 V. 
 
 Felton 
 Fenelon 
 Ferdinand I., the Great, of 
 Spain - 1020. 1035. 1065 
 
 II. - - 1158 
 
 . ■ III. 1217. 1230. 1236 
 
 IV. - - 1303 
 
 . v., the Catholic 
 
 1469. 1476. 1479. 1481. 1492. 
 1496. 1500. 1508. 1512. 1516, 1517 
 
 VI. - - 1746 
 
 VII. 1808. 1814. 1820. 
 
 1830. 1833 
 
 I., of Germany 1521. 
 
 1526. 1556 
 
 II. 1619. 1621. 1629 
 
 . III. - - 1637 
 
 II., of Naples -1495 
 
 IV. 1759. 1815. 1825 
 
 II. of Two Sicilies 1830. 
 
 1848 
 
 I., of Austria 1835. 1848 
 
 1758 
 
 1519. 1521 
 
 1542 
 
 1836 
 
 1846 
 
 1020 
 
 404 
 
 1750 
 
 1790 
 
 1650 
 
 1845 
 
 1438 
 
 of Brunswick 
 Cortez 
 Mendez Pinto 
 Augustus 
 
 Ferdinanda, Infanta of Spain 
 Ferdusi 
 
 Fergus I., king of Scotland 
 Ferguson, James 
 Ferguson, Adam, historian 
 Fermat 
 
 Ferozeshah, B. 
 Ferrara, Council of - 
 Feth-AH-Khan - 1797. 1834 
 
 Festus - - - 56 
 
 Feudal system 827. 923. 945. 1070. 
 1451. 1789. 1811 
 Ficinus - - - 1480 
 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold - 1520 
 Fielding - 1742. 1750. 1754 
 Fiesco - - '■1547 
 
 T 3 
 
278 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Fieschi - - 1835 
 
 Figuieres, C. - - 1794 
 
 Filicaia - - 1700. 1707 
 
 Finden, engraver - - 1852 
 
 Fingal - - - 283 
 
 Finiguerra, Tomaso - - 1458 
 
 Finland - - - 1809 
 
 Fitz-Ralph - - - 1347 
 
 Five Hundred, Council of - 1799 
 
 Fladenheim, 13. - - 1080 
 
 Flagellants, societies of - 1263 
 
 Flavio Gioia- - - 1300 
 
 Flaxman, sculptor - 1810.1826 
 
 Flechier - - - 1687 
 
 Fleur-de-lis - - - 1154 
 
 Fleurus, B. - - 1690. 1794 
 
 Fleury - - - 1710 
 
 Fleury, Cardinal - 1726. 1743 
 
 Flodden, B. - - - 1513 
 
 Flood, Henry - - 1796 
 
 Florence, Council of- - 1439 
 
 Florence, C. - - - 1530 
 
 Floras - - - 67 
 
 Florus, historian - - 1 00 
 
 Fludd - - - 1620 
 
 Flushing, C- - - - 1809 
 
 Fontarabia, S. - - 1638 
 
 Fontenay, B. - - 841 
 
 Fontenelle - - -1720 
 
 Fontenoy, B. - - 1745 
 
 Fontevraud, Order of - 1094 
 
 Foranuovo, or Fornova, B. - 1495 
 
 Forbin, De - - - 1693 
 
 Fordyce, Lieut. -Col. - 1851 
 
 Formosus - - - 891 
 
 Fornova, or Foranuovo, B. - 1495 
 
 Forsyth, Alexander - - 1803 
 
 Fortunatus - - - 578 
 
 Foscolo, Ugo - - 1810 
 
 Foster - - 1826. 1843 
 
 Fotheringay castle - - 1587 
 
 Fouche - - - 1804 
 
 Foulques - - - 1202 
 
 Fouquet - - - 1661 
 
 Fox, Charles James - - 1806 
 
 Fox, George - - - 1649 
 
 Fox, CouTmodore - - 1747 
 
 Francis I., of France 1515. 1520, 
 
 1521. 1524, 1525, 1526. 1529. 
 1538. 1544. 1547 
 
 II. - - 1558, 1559 
 
 I., of Austria - 1804. 1835 
 
 Joseph of Austria - 1848 
 
 I., of the Two Sicilies 1825. 
 
 1830 
 
 Francis I., of Germany 
 
 Almeida 
 
 Xavier 
 
 of Assisi 
 
 of Paulo 
 
 John - 
 
 Franciscan Order 
 Franconia, dynasty of 
 Frankfort, Council of 
 Franklin, philosopher 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1745 
 
 1792. 1797. 
 
 1804 
 
 - 1505 
 
 - 1534 
 
 - 1209 
 
 - 1467 
 
 - 1842 
 
 - 1209 
 
 - 1024 
 
 - 794 
 1752. 1760. 
 
 1790 
 
 - 1845 
 420. 428 
 
 - 1302 
 
 - 1807 
 571. 584 
 
 1523 
 
 - 1559 
 1648. 1660. 1701 
 
 - 1699 
 
 Franklin, Sir John - 
 Franks 
 Fraser 
 
 Fraser, General 
 Fredegonda - 
 Frederic I., of Denmark 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV.- 
 
 V, - - - 1746 
 
 • VI.- - - 1808 
 
 VIL - - 1848 
 
 I., of Prussia - 1701 
 
 II., the Great 1740, 1741. 
 
 1744. 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 
 
 1760. 1772. 1779. 1786 
 
 William I. - - 1713 
 
 II. _ 1786.1797 
 
 — ^IIl. - 1797 
 
 • ^IV. - 1840 
 
 Barbarossa 1152. 
 
 1154. 
 1164. 
 
 1156. 1158, 1159. 1162 
 1167. 1176, 1177. 1180. 1189. 
 
 1190 
 
 Frederick II. 1212. 1218. 1226, 
 
 1227, 1228. 1239. 1245. 1250 
 
 III., the Fair 1314. 1319. 
 
 1322 
 
 IV. - - 1440 
 
 of Hohenzollern 1415 
 
 of Austria- - 1268 
 
 the Warlike 1409. 1423 
 
 the Wise - - 1517 
 
 of Arragon - 1496 
 
 the Elector 1620, 1621 
 
 I., Duke of Prussia 1 640 
 
 1675 
 
 , king of Sweden 
 
 III., of Poland 
 
 Prince of Wales 
 
 Frederickshall, 8. 
 Frederickstadt, B. 
 
 1720 
 1733 
 1760 
 1718 
 1850 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 279 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Fredigaire - - - 718 
 
 Free Companies - - 1360 
 
 Freemasons - - - 926 
 Free Presbyterian Church - 1843 
 
 Free trade - - - 1823 
 
 French Academy, F. - 1635 
 
 French Revolution - - 1789 
 
 Freret - - . 1730 
 
 Freyburg, F. - - 1178 
 
 Friars, mendicant - - 1209 
 
 Friburg, B. - - - 1644 
 
 Friedland, B. - - 1807 
 
 Frobisher, Sir Martin - 1576 
 
 Froissart . _ - 1364 
 
 Fronde, civil war of the - 1648 
 
 Fulbert - - - 1017 
 
 Fulton - - - 1807 
 
 Furst - - - 1307 
 Fuseli, painter - 1800. 1825 
 
 Fust, Sir H. J. - - 1852 
 
 G. 
 
 Gadara, C. - - - 68 
 
 Gaeta, C. - - - 1503 
 
 Gaeta - - 1848, 1849 
 
 Gainsborough - - 1768 
 
 Galba - - 68. 69 
 Galerius 292. 297. 304, 305. 311 
 
 Galileo - 1610. 1632. 1642 
 
 Galileo, the younger - - 1641 
 
 Galissonniere, La - - 1 756 
 
 Galitzin - - - 1769 
 
 Gall, St., monastery - - 614 
 
 Gall, Dr. - 1803. 1616. 1828 
 
 Galle, astronomer - - 1847 
 
 Galilean Church 1269. 1438. 1682 
 
 Gallienus - - 260. 268 
 
 Gallic . - - - 51 
 
 Gallipoli, C. - - - 1358 
 
 Gallus - - 251. 254 
 
 Gait - - - 1816. 1839 
 
 Galvani - 1790, 1791. 1798 
 
 Gamaliel - - - 19 
 Gambler, Admiral - 1807. 1809 
 
 Garcias Ximenes - - 858 
 
 Garcias - - 1035. 1065 
 
 Gamier- Pages - - 1848 
 
 Garrick - - 1741. 1760 
 
 Garter, Order of - - 1349 
 
 Gas introduced - 1792. 1807 
 
 Gassendi - 1630, 1631. 1655 
 
 Gaston de Foix - - 1512 
 
 Gates, General - - 1777 
 
 Gaveston - - 1307. 1311 
 
 Gay - - 1711. 1720. 1726 
 
 Gaza, C. 
 Ged, W. 
 Gedimin 
 
 Gelasius I., Pope 
 Gelasius II. - 
 Gelimer 
 Gellius, Aulus 
 Gell, Sir W. 
 Gemblours, B. 
 Geminiani 
 Gemistius Pletho 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1797 
 
 - 1797 
 
 - 1320 
 
 - 492 
 1118, 1119 
 
 - 534 
 
 - 100 
 1810. 1836 
 
 - 1578 
 
 - 1750 
 
 - 1439 
 
 Genghis Khan 1202. 1215. 1221. 
 
 1227 
 Genghiskanides - - 1368 
 
 Genlis, Countess of - 1800. 1830 
 Gennadius - - - 472 
 
 Genoa, Republic 1060. 1290. 1409. 
 
 1528 
 Genoa, University - - 1365 
 
 Genoa, C. - - - 1685 
 
 Genseric - 429. 439. 455 
 
 GeofiFrey - - - 1189 
 
 George Hermonymus - 1453 
 
 George Codinus - - 1453 
 
 George of Purbach - - 1455 
 
 George Scholarius - - 1455 
 
 George Dodiebrad - - 1458 
 
 George of Trebisond - 1460 
 
 George, Fort St. - - 1640 
 
 George I. - - 1714. 1727 
 
 11. - - 1727. 1760 
 
 III. 1760. 1809. 1811. 
 
 1820 
 
 IV. 1820, 1821. 1830 
 
 . Frederick, of Hanover 
 
 1851 
 Gerard of Alsace - - 1 048 
 
 Gerard, painter - - 1816 
 
 Gerbert - - - 999 
 
 Germain en Laye, St., T. - 1570 
 Germanicus - - 14. 19 
 
 Gerson, John - - 1414 
 
 Gervase - - - 120O 
 
 Gesenius - - _ 1342 
 
 Gesler - - _ 1307 
 
 Gesner, Conrad - - 1550 
 
 Gesner, poet - - 1760. 1788 
 
 Geta- - 208.211,212 
 
 Get® - - - 517 
 
 Ghent, Rebellion - - 1540 
 
 Ghent, Pacification - - 1576 
 
 Ghent, P. - - - 1814 
 
 Ghibellines - - - 1139 
 
 Gibbon - 1776. 1780. 1794 
 
 Gibraltar - - - 713 
 
 T 4 
 
280 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Gibraltar, C. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1303. 1704 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Gospel preached in England - 657 
 
 Gibraltar, S. 1727. 
 
 1779. 1782 
 
 
 - Germany 736 
 
 Gibraltar, B. 
 
 Gifford - 1809 
 
 - 1759 
 1810. 1826 
 
 
 T^on Yv» o vL- 
 
 and Sweden 
 
 - 829 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 
 
 - 1578 
 
 
 Bulgaria - 861 
 
 Gilbert, physician 
 
 - 1601 
 
 
 
 - Bohemia 894. 
 
 Gilbert, General 
 
 - 1845 
 
 
 967 
 
 Gildo 
 
 - 397 
 
 
 - ^Jr\T»Tn *:i'rtATT Q 1 1 
 
 
 - xN ormanciy y 1 1 
 
 Gillebert, Bp. 
 
 1118. 1139 
 
 
 - Norway - 945 
 
 
 Gillies 
 
 1816. 1836 
 
 
 - Kussia - 988 
 
 Ginckle 
 
 - 1691 
 
 
 Transylvania 
 
 
 Gioia 
 
 - 1300 
 
 
 1002 
 
 Giorgone 
 Giotto 
 
 - 1509 
 
 - 1300 
 
 
 - T^r\m QT^a n 1 o 1 1 O/^ 
 
 
 x^omeranid iiz* 
 - Sclavonia 1124 
 
 Girardon 
 
 - 1700 
 
 
 -Finland - 1157 
 
 Glasgow University - 
 
 - 1451 
 
 
 - China - 1288 
 
 Glencoe, massacre of 
 
 - 1692 
 
 
 - Africa - 1300 
 
 Gloucester, Duke 
 
 1422. 1471 
 
 Gospels (The) translated into 
 
 Glover, poet - 
 
 - 1770 
 
 French 
 
 - 1160 
 
 Gliick, musician 
 
 - 1770 
 
 Printed in 
 
 English - 1526 
 
 Glycerins 
 
 473, 474 
 
 Phrmi'^h +""""'"*''"" ^ '^°'^ 
 
 
 
 Gmelin, chemist 
 Gnostic school 
 
 - 1790 
 
 - 138 
 
 Tt.;<^T-. 4"nnT^r^1<-. + ;^.-. 1 C ClO 
 
 Gothard, St., B. 
 
 - 1664 
 
 Goderich, Prime Minister - 1827 
 
 Gothic style - 
 
 - 1005 
 
 Godfreyof Bouillon 1096. 1099. 1100 
 
 Goths 222. 253. 269. 376. 378. 383. 
 
 Godwin 
 
 - 1054 
 
 
 405. 417. 428 
 
 Goethe - 1774. 
 
 1790. 1832 
 
 Gottingen 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Goito, B. 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Gough, Sir Hugh (now Viscount) 
 
 Gold in California - 
 
 - 1847 
 
 1841. 1845. 
 
 1846. 1848, 1849 
 
 . in Australia 
 
 - 1851 
 
 Gower 
 
 - 1378 
 
 Golden Bull •• 
 
 - 1356 
 
 Gowrie 
 
 - 1582. 1600 
 
 Golden Book 
 
 - 1297 
 
 Graham, General 
 
 1811, 1813, 1814 
 
 Golden Fleece, Order of the - 1430 
 
 Grahame, poet 
 
 - 1800. 1811 
 
 Goldsmith - 
 
 1760. 1774 
 
 Grainger 
 
 - 1760 
 
 Goldoni 
 
 - 1760 
 
 Grammont - 
 
 - 1644 
 
 Gondebald - 490. 500. 501. 516 
 
 Gran, B. 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Gonsalvo 
 
 - 1035 
 
 Granada, C. - 
 
 - 1492 
 
 Gon salvo of Cordova 
 
 - 1503 
 
 Granson, B. - 
 
 - 1476 
 
 Gontran 
 
 562. 593 
 
 Grasse, Count de 
 
 - 1781, 1782 
 
 Good Hope, Cape 1486. 
 
 1497. 1651. 
 
 Gratian, Emperor 
 
 367. 375. 379. 
 
 
 1795. 1806 
 
 
 383 
 
 Goodwin Sands, B. - 
 
 - 1652 
 
 Gratian 
 
 - 1150 
 
 Goojerat, B. - 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Grattan 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Gordians, I. II. III. - 
 
 - 238 
 
 Gratus 
 
 17. 26 
 
 Gordian III. - 
 
 242. 244 
 
 Gravelines, B. 
 
 - 1558 
 
 Goree, C. - 
 
 - 1758 
 
 Gray 
 
 1747. 1760. 1770 
 
 Gorgey 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Greek Empire of Nice - 1206 
 
 Gorham - - 
 
 - 1850 
 
 Greek Eevolution 
 
 - 1821, 1822 
 
 Gortschakoff, General 
 
 - 1854 
 
 Greens, faction of the - 491 
 
 Gortz, Count 
 
 - 1719 
 
 Greenland, discovered - 982 
 
 Goselin 
 
 - 887 
 
 Greenwich Observatory - 1675 
 
 Gospel preached in Switzer- 
 
 Gregorian Codes 
 
 - 290 
 
 land 
 
 - 300 
 
 Gregory Nazianzen - - 375 
 
 Pirt" 'ifi'i 
 
 Gregory of Tours - - 578 
 Gregory I., the Great, Pope - 590 
 
 Saxony - 596 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 281 
 
 Gregory II. - 
 
 III. - 
 
 IV. - 
 
 V. - 
 
 — VI. - 
 
 VII. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 715. 728 
 
 - 732 
 
 - 828 
 996. 998. 1012 
 - 1044. 1046 
 
 1073, 1074, 1075, 
 1076, 1077. 1079, 1080. 1084, 1085 
 VIII. 1118, 1119. 1187 
 
 IX. - 1227. 1234. 1239 
 
 X. - - 1271. 1274 
 
 XL - - 1370. 1377 
 
 XII. 1406. 1409. 1414 
 
 XIII. - 1572. 1582 
 
 XIV. - - 1590 
 
 XV. - - 1621 
 
 Dr. Olinthus 1826. 1841 
 
 James - 1663. 1670 
 
 David - - 1700 
 
 Grenville, Lord - - 1806 
 
 Gresham, Sir Thomas -1569 
 
 Grey, Earl - - - 1830 
 
 Grimaldi - - - 1653 
 
 Grose, antiquarian - - 1770 
 
 Gros Jagersdorff, B. - - 1757 
 
 Grotius - 1620. 1625. 1645 
 
 Gronovius - - - 1700 
 
 Gaadaloupe, C. - - 1810 
 
 Gualfredo - - - 1084 
 
 Gualter Vinesauf - - 1200 
 
 Guarini - - - 1601 
 
 Guatimozin - - - 1521 
 
 Gaastalla, B. - - - 1735 
 
 Guebriant - - - 1641 
 
 Guelf or Guelph 1071. 1089. 1140 
 Guelph, house of - 1180.1233 
 Guelph VI. - - - 1158 
 
 Guelphs and Ghibellines 1139. 1235 
 Guericke, Otto - - 1654 
 
 Guibert - - - 1080 
 
 Guicciardini - - - 1530 
 
 Guido Aretino - - 1024 
 
 Guido, painter - - 1630 
 
 Guildford, Dudley - - 1554 
 
 Guinea discovered - - 1461 
 
 Guiscard - - - 1102 
 
 Guise, duke of 1558. 1560. 1562.^ 
 
 1563 
 Guise, Henry of - 1576.1588 
 Gunpo-wder invented - 1340 
 
 Gunpowder plot - - 1605 
 
 Gunther - - - 1100 
 
 Gunther - - - 1209 
 
 Gum . _ . 934 
 
 Gustavus Vasa 1520. 1521. 1523. 
 
 1560 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus 1611. 1618. 
 1630, 1631, 1632 
 Gustavus Til. - 1771. 1792 
 
 Gustavus IV. - 1792. 1809 
 
 Guthrie - - - 1750 
 
 Guttenberg - - - 1440 
 
 Guthrum ... §80 
 Guy - - - 890. 893. 928 
 
 Guyon ... 1687 
 
 Gwalior, C. - - - 1843 
 
 Gyraldus Cambrensis - 1200 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeas Corpus 1679. 1794. 1817 
 
 Haco - _ _ 945 
 
 Haerlem, C. - - - 1573 
 
 Hagarenes - - 117. 200 
 
 Hague, Triple Alliance - 1668 
 
 Hahnemann - - 1796. 1843 
 
 Hail Storm - - - 1850 
 
 Hale, Sir Matthew - - 1660 
 
 Hales, Alexander - - 1239 
 
 Halidoun Hill, B. - - 1333 
 
 Halifax, F. - - - 1749 
 
 Hall, More - - - 1729 
 
 Hall, Eobert - - 1800. 1831 
 
 Hall, Basil - - 1830. 1844 
 
 Haller - - 1760. 1777 
 
 Halley - - 1710. 1742 
 
 Hamburgh, C. - 845. 1806 
 
 Hame^ons, Faction - - 1417 
 
 Hamilton - - - 1816 
 
 Hamilton, Sir W. - - 1843 
 
 Hampden - - - 1637 
 Hampton Court Conference - 1603 
 
 Handel - 1704. 1741. 1759 
 
 Hannibal Caracci - - 1601 
 
 Hanno . . _ io56 
 Hanover - 1806. 1810. 1830 
 
 Hanover, alliance of - - 1725 
 
 Hanseatic League - 1241. 1370 
 
 Hans Sach - - - 1570 
 
 Han way, philanthropist - 1770 
 
 Hapsburg dynasty - - 1282 
 
 Harald - - - 826 
 
 Harald Blaatand - 941. 949 
 
 Hardicanute 1036. 1039. 1041 
 
 Harding, astronomer - 1 804 
 
 Hardinge - - 1844. 1846 
 
 Harduin - - - 1700 
 
 Hardy - - - 1794 
 
 Hargreaves - - - 1767 
 
 Hariri - - - 1116 
 
 Harney, General - - 1852 
 
 Harold Harfager - 875, 1066 
 
282 
 
 INDEX^ NO. 2. 
 
 Harold!., Harefoot - - 1036 
 
 Harold - - - 1066 
 
 Haroun-Al-Raschid 785. 807. 813 
 Harriot - - - 1610 
 
 Harris, R. - - - 1641 
 
 Harris, General - - 1799 
 
 Harrison, John 1735. 1750. 1759 
 Harrison, President - - 1841 
 
 Harvey, - 1619. 1620. 1628 
 
 Haschem or Hissem, Caliph 
 
 996. 1027 
 Hassan - - - 661 
 
 Hastings, B. - - - 1066 
 
 Hastings, Warren - 1774. 1787 
 
 1795 
 Hastings, Lord - 1813. 1817 
 
 Hauy - - - 1810 
 
 Havannah - - 1762, 1763 
 
 Hawke - - 1747. 1758 
 
 Hawkins - - 1588. 1594 
 
 Hawley - - - 1746 
 
 Haydn, musician - 1800. 1809 
 Hay don, painter - 1816. 1846 
 Hayley - - 1800. 1820 
 
 Haynau, Marshal 1849, 1850. 1853 
 Hayti 1791. 1802, 1803. 1818. 1846. 
 
 1849 
 Hazlitt - - 1816. 1830 
 
 Head, Sir F. - - 1837 
 
 Head-act - - - 1465 
 
 Heber, Bp. - - 1816. 1826 
 
 Hebert - - - 1794 
 
 Hedgely, B. - - - 1464 
 
 Heeren - - 1826. 1842 
 
 Hegel - - 1810. 1831 
 
 Hegyra of Mahomet - - 622 
 
 Heidelberg, university of - 1386 
 Heinsius, Anthony - - 1703 
 
 Heinsius, D. - " - - 1640 
 
 Helena, St. - - 1815. 1840 
 
 Helena Victoria - - 1846 
 
 Heliogabalus- - 218.222 
 
 Heliopolis, B. - - 1800 
 
 Helvetia - - - 1218 
 
 Helvetius - - - 1759 
 
 Hemans, Mrs. - 1826. 1835 
 
 Hengist - - - 451 
 
 Henoticon - - 482. 518 
 
 Henrietta Maria - - 1649 
 
 Henrietta of Orleans - - 1649 
 
 Henry I of England 1087. 1100. 
 1116. 1119. 1135 
 
 II., Plantagenet 1152. 1154. 
 
 1158. 1168. 1171. 1172, 1175. 
 
 1189 
 
 Henry III. 1216. 1258. 1264, 1265. 
 1272 
 
 IV. - 1399. 1409. 1413 
 
 V. 1413. 1415. 1418. 1420, 
 
 1421, 1422 
 
 VI. 1422, 1423. 1455. 1460. 
 
 1470, 1471 
 
 VII. 1485. 1487. 1502. 1509 
 
 VIII. 1509. 1511. 1513. 
 
 1520. 1527. 1533, 1534, 1535, 
 
 1536. 1539, 1540. 1542. 1544. 
 
 1547 
 
 T. of France - 1031.1032 
 
 11. - - - 1547 
 
 III. 1573,1574.1588,1589 
 
 IV. 1587. 1589, 1590. 1592, 
 
 1593. 1597. 1600. 1610 
 
 I., the Fowler, of Germany 
 
 920. 925. 929. 932. 934 
 
 II. - 1002.1012.1024 
 
 III., the Black 1039. 1043. 
 
 1046. 1049. 1055 
 
 IV. 1056. 1061. 1071. 1073. 
 
 1076,1077.1080,1081.1084. 
 
 1093. 1100. 1105 
 
 V. 1100.1105,1106.1111, 
 
 1112. 1116. 1118. 1122.1125 
 
 VI. 1190.1192.1194.1197 
 
 VII. - - - 1308 
 
 of Burgundy - 1094 
 
 the Superb - -1138 
 
 the Lion 1142. 1156. 1180 
 
 prince, of England - 1189 
 
 of Constantinople - 1206 
 
 of Navarre •• - 1274 
 
 ■ of Transtamere - 1368 
 
 Hotspur - 1402, 1403 
 
 IV., of Castile 1464. 1468. 
 
 1474 
 
 d'Albret - - 1527 
 
 duke of Guise 1576. 1588 
 
 duke of Rohan - 1635 
 
 — of Gloucester - 1649 
 
 Matthew - - 1714 
 
 Heptarchy - - 451. 827 
 
 Heracleonas - - - 641 
 
 Heraclius - 610. 621. 628. 64i 
 Heraclius - - - 700 
 
 Herbert, G. - - - 1620 
 
 Herculaneum - 79. 1708 
 
 Herder - - 1790. 1803 
 
 Herman of Luxemburg - 1081 
 
 Herman Contractus - - 1043 
 
 Hermenegild- - - 585 
 
 Hermoginian Codes - - 290 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 283 
 
 Hermonymus 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1453 
 
 Herod Antipas 
 
 - 
 
 28. 40 
 
 Herod Philip 
 
 - 
 
 34. 38 
 
 Herod Agrippa 
 
 - 38. 40. 42. 44 
 
 Herodian 
 
 - 
 
 - 222 
 
 Herschel, Miss 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Herschel, Sir W. 1781. 
 
 1789. 1800. 
 
 
 
 1822 
 
 Hertford, Earl 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1544 
 
 Heruli 267. 269. 476. 493. 512 
 
 Hervey 
 
 - 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Hervey, Admiral 
 
 - 
 
 - 1797 
 
 Hexham, John of 
 
 . 
 
 - 1160 
 
 Hexham, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1464 
 
 Heyne 
 
 - 
 
 1790. 1812 
 
 Hilarius, Bishop of Rome - 461 
 
 Hilary 
 
 - 
 
 - 331 
 
 Hildebrand - 
 
 - 
 
 1061. 1073 
 
 Hissem, or Haschem - 
 
 996. 1027 
 
 Hobbes 
 
 - 
 
 1650, 1651 
 
 Hoche 
 
 - 
 
 1795, 1796 
 
 Hochkirchen, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1758 
 
 Hoffmann, Daniel 
 
 . 
 
 - 1603 
 
 Hofland, Mrs., novelist 
 
 - 1844 
 
 Hogarth 
 
 - 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Hogg 
 
 - 
 
 1816. 1835 
 
 Hohenlinden, B. 
 
 . 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Hobenlohe, Prince 
 
 - 
 
 1806. 1849 
 
 Hohenstaufen, house of 1138. 1156. 
 
 
 
 1268 
 
 Holagu 
 
 - 
 
 - 1258 
 
 Holbein 
 
 - 
 
 - 1540 
 
 Holcroft 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Holstein, house of 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1448 
 
 Holstein, T^var of 
 
 - 
 
 1848. 1851 
 
 Holy Coat - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1844 
 
 Holy League 
 
 - 
 
 - 1511 
 
 Holy Alliance 
 
 - 
 
 - 1815 
 
 Home, dramatist 
 
 -- 
 
 1756. 1808 
 
 Homeldon Hill, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1402 
 
 Homoeopathy 
 
 - 
 
 1796. 1835 
 
 Hondscote, B. 
 
 . 
 
 - 1793 
 
 Honorius - 395. 397. 403. 419 
 
 Honorius I., Pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 625 
 
 II. 
 
 . 
 
 1124. 1130 
 
 III. 
 
 - 
 
 1216. 1218 
 
 IV. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1285 
 
 Hood, Lord - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1793 
 
 Hood 
 
 - 
 
 1830. 1845 
 
 Hooker, Richard 
 
 - 
 
 - 1580 
 
 Hooke, Dr. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1670 
 
 Hooke, N. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Hook, Theodore 
 
 > 
 
 1830. 1841 
 
 Hooper, Bp. - 
 
 » 
 
 - 1555 
 
 Hormisdas, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 514 
 
 Hormisdas IV., king of Persia 579 
 Horn, Count- - - 1566 
 
 Horn, Cape - - 1616. 1740 
 
 Home, Andrew - - 1340 
 
 Home, Bp. - - 1770. 1792 
 
 Horrox - - - 1639 
 
 Horrebow - - - 1659 
 
 Horsa - - - 451 
 
 Horsley, Bp, - - 1790. 1806 
 
 Hosein - - 908. 1370 
 
 Hospital of Quinze Vingts - 1260 
 Hospitallers, Knights - 1291 
 
 Houchard - - - 1793 
 
 House of Commons - - 1265 
 
 House of Commons, Ireland - 1606 
 Howard, Catherine - - 1540 
 
 Howard, Lord - - 1588 
 
 Howard, philanthropist 1770. 1790 
 Howe - - 1777. 1794 
 
 Howel-Dha - - - 940 
 
 Hubertsburg, T. - - 1763 
 
 Hudson - - - 1610 
 
 Huet- - - - 1680 
 
 Hugh of Provence - - 926 
 
 Hugh, the Great - 955, 956 
 
 Hugh Capet - - 956. 987. 996 
 
 Hugh of Vermandois - 1096 
 
 Hughes, Sir Edward - - 1782 
 
 Hugo of St. Victor - -1140 
 
 Huguenots - - 1620. 1629 
 
 Humbert White Hands - 1027 
 
 Humbert II., of Dauphiny - 1349 
 Humbert, General - - 1798 
 
 Humboldt - - 1799. 1835 
 
 Hume, D. 1738. 1754. 1760. 1776 
 Humphrey ... 1053 
 Hungarians - - - 887 
 
 Hungary, war in - 1848. 1849 
 Huns 376. 383. 395. 558. 794 
 
 Hurd, Bp. - - 1780. 1808 
 
 Huskisson - - 1823. 1830 
 
 Huss, John - - 1408. 1415 
 
 Hussites - - 1418. 1420 
 
 Hutchinson, General - - 1801 
 
 Hutton, James - - 1780 
 
 Hutton, Charles - 1800. 1823 
 
 Huyghens 1641. 1655. 1659. 1680. 
 1695 
 Hyder-AUy 1760. 1780, 1781, 1782 
 Hyginus - - 66. 139 
 
 Hypathia - _ _ 400 
 
 Ibrahim 
 
 1G40 
 
284 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Ibrahim Pacha 1825, 1826. 1828. 
 1832, 1833. 1849 
 
 Ida - - - - 547 
 
 Idstedt, B. - - - 1850 
 
 Iffland, dramatist - - 1800 
 
 Ignatius - - - 108 
 
 Ignatius, Martyr - - 869 
 
 Ignatius Loyola - - 1534 
 
 Igor - - - 907. 941 
 
 lUuminati, order of - - 1776 
 
 Immaculate Conception - 1140 
 
 Imperial Chamber - - 1495 
 
 Inchbald, Mrs. - - 1800 
 Independence, United States - 1782 
 
 , Irish - - 1782 
 
 Indulgence, Plenary - - 1300 
 
 Indulgences, sale of - 1517. 1519 
 
 Ingelheim - - - 826 
 
 Ingulphus - - - 1084 
 
 Inigo - - - 830 
 
 Inkerman, B. - - 1854 
 
 Innocent I. (Pope) - - 402 
 
 II. - - 1130. 1139 
 
 III. 1198. 1200. 1204. 
 
 1198 
 
 1209. 1212 
 
 - 1243, 
 
 1215 
 
 IV. - - 1243. 1245 
 
 " V. - - - 1276 
 
 — — VI.- - - 1352 
 
 VII. - - 1404 
 
 . VIII. - - 1484 
 
 IX - - 1591 
 
 X. - - 1644. 1653 
 
 XI. - - 1676 
 
 — XII. - - 1691 
 
 Xlir. - - 1721 
 
 XIV. - - 1740 
 
 Inoculation - - - 1723 
 Inquisition - - 1204. 1813 
 
 - 1204 
 
 - 1454 
 1481. 1813, 
 
 1814. 1820 
 in the Netherlands 1559 
 1381 
 1520 
 1820 
 1820 
 1848 
 1848 
 1848 
 1848 
 1848 
 1848 
 
 ^.xxxx. - - 1848 
 
 Interim - - - 1548 
 
 in France 
 at Venice 
 in Spain 
 
 Insurrection in England 
 
 of Castile 
 
 Naples - 
 
 — Piedmont 
 
 Paris 
 
 Milan - 
 
 Venice - 
 
 Vienna - 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 Rome 
 
 Berlin - 
 
 Interregnum, Germany - 1254 
 
 Interregnum, Scotland 1290. 1296 
 Ionian Islands, C. - 1809. 1814 
 lona, monastery - - 565 
 
 Ipsara, C. - - - 1824 
 
 Ireland 490. 1172. 1782. 1795. 
 
 1798. 1848 
 Irenseus - - 180. 192 
 
 Irene 775. 780. 786, 787, 788. 801 
 Irish Academy - - 1786 
 
 Irish RebeUion - 1641. 1798 
 
 Irish Brigade - - 1 69 1 
 
 Irish Independence - - 1782 
 
 Irish Association - - 1829 
 
 Irish National Education - 1845 
 Irnerius - - 1137. 1150 
 
 Irun, B. - - - 1837 
 
 Isaac I. - - - 1057 
 
 Isaac II. - - 1185. 1195 
 
 Isaac Angelus - - 1203 
 
 Isabel of Bedford - -1377 
 
 Isabella of Angouleme - 1216 
 
 Isabella, wife of Frederic II. - 1216 
 
 , wife of Edward II. - 1327 
 
 of Bavaria - - 1418 
 
 of Castile 1468, 1469. 1479. 
 
 1481. 1500. 1504 
 
 II., of Spain 1833. 1841. 
 
 1843. 1846 
 Isidorus - - - 49 
 
 Ismael Sophi - - 1501 
 
 Ismail, C. - - - 1790 
 
 Ismail Pacha - - 1853 
 
 Issus, B. - - - 194 
 
 Iturbide, Emperor - 1822. 1824 
 Ivan I. - - - 1328 
 
 II. - - - 1353 
 
 III. - 1462. 1479. 1492 
 
 IV. - - 1533. 1682 
 
 Ivri, B. - - - 1590 
 
 Jack Straw - - - 1381 
 
 Jackson, Henry - - 1791 
 
 , General 1815. 1829. 1845 
 
 —, J., painter - 1816. 1831 
 
 Jacobs - - - 1847 
 
 Jacobin Club - - 1794 
 
 Jacquard - - - 1810 
 
 Jacquerie - - - 1353 
 
 Jaffa, C. - - - 1799 
 
 Jagello of Poland - -1386 
 
 Jagellon dynasty - - 1572 
 
 Jamaica, C. - - - 1654 
 
 Jamblicus - - - 331 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 285 
 
 James, St. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 44 
 
 Joachim Murat 
 
 m 
 
 1808. 1815 
 
 James, St., B. 
 
 - 1444 
 
 Joan of Sicily 
 
 ~ 
 
 - 1189 
 
 James I., of Scotland 
 
 1406. 1422. 
 
 Joan of Arc - 
 
 _ 
 
 1429. 1431 
 
 
 1425 
 
 Joan, papess 
 
 - 
 
 - 847 
 
 II. - 1437. 
 
 1451. 1460 
 
 Joanna I., of Hungary 
 
 1345. 1348 
 
 III. - 1460. 
 
 1468. 1488 
 
 Joanna II., of Navarre 
 
 - 1349 
 
 IV. - 1488. 
 
 1502. 1513 
 
 Joanna I., of Naples 
 
 
 1380. 1381 
 
 V. - 
 
 1513. 1542 
 
 IL, of Naples 
 
 1423. 1435 
 
 VT nf ^rntliTifl — -^ T 
 
 tVip Mnd 
 
 
 1496. 1500 
 1196. 1198 
 
 ofEngland 1567. 1582 
 
 1603. 
 
 Joannice or Johannicus 
 
 1605.1606.1611. 1621 
 
 . 1623. 1625 
 
 John the Baptist 
 
 - 
 
 26. 28 
 
 II. 1685. 1688, 
 
 1689, 1690. 
 
 John, St. 
 
 30. 
 
 95, 96. 100 
 
 
 1701 
 
 I., Pope 
 
 . 
 
 - 523 
 
 Francis Edward 
 
 - 1701 
 
 II. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 532 
 
 I., of Arragon 
 
 - 1237 
 
 III. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 560 
 
 Jamestown, F. 
 
 - 1607 
 
 IV. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 640 
 
 Jane of Scotland 
 
 - 1216 
 
 V. 
 
 - 
 
 - 685 
 
 Jane Seymour 
 
 - 1536 
 
 VI. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 701 
 
 Jane Grey - 
 
 - 1554 
 
 VII. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 705 
 
 Janissaries, Order 
 
 - 1327 
 
 VIII. -■ 
 
 - 
 
 - 872 
 
 Jansen of Middleburg 
 
 - 1590 
 
 IX. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 898 
 
 Jansenius 
 
 - 1638 
 
 X. 
 
 . 
 
 914. 928 
 
 Jansenius' Doctrines 
 
 - 1653 
 
 XI. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 931 
 
 Jausenists 
 
 - 1638 
 
 XII. - 
 
 ' 956. 962, 963 
 
 Jarnac, B. - 
 
 - 1569 
 
 XIII. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 965 
 
 Jaroslaiis or Yaroslav 
 
 1019. 1055 
 
 XIV. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 984 
 
 Jassy, P. 
 
 - 1792 
 
 XV. - 
 
 - 
 
 984. 993 
 
 Jean d'Acre, St., C. - 
 
 - 1840 
 
 XVI. - 
 
 - 
 
 996. 1003 
 
 Jefferson, President - 
 
 - 1801 
 
 XVII. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1003 
 
 Jeffrey, Francis 
 
 1802. 1850 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1004 
 
 Jellalabad, B. 
 
 - 1842 
 
 XIX. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1024 
 
 Jellachich 
 
 - 1848 
 
 XX. or XXL 
 
 - 
 
 - 1276 
 
 Jemmapes, B. 
 
 - 1792 
 
 XXII. - 1316. 
 
 1327. 1328 
 
 Jemmgin or Genghis Khan - 1202 
 
 XXIII. 1410. 
 
 1413. 1414 
 
 Jena, B. - 
 
 - 1806 
 
 the Patrician 
 
 - 
 
 - 699 
 
 Jenner, Dr. - 
 
 - 1796 
 
 Damascenus 
 
 - 
 
 - 718 
 
 Jenyns 
 
 - 1760 
 
 Erigena Scotus 
 
 - 872 
 
 Jericho, C.- 
 
 68 
 
 Zimisces 
 
 - 
 
 - 969 
 
 Jerome - - 366. 384. 400 
 
 I., Comnenus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1118 
 
 Jerome of Prague 
 
 - 1416 
 
 Paparo 
 
 - 
 
 - 1151 
 
 Jerome Savonarola - 
 
 - 1444 
 
 ° of Salisbury 
 
 - 
 
 - 1165 
 
 Jerusalem, council of 
 
 - 47 
 
 Cumin 
 
 .- 
 
 - 1181 
 
 Jerusalem, C. 70. 614. 
 
 636. 1065. 
 
 St., knights of - 
 
 - 1099 
 
 1098, 1099 
 
 1187. 1244 
 
 L, Lackland 1189. 
 
 1199. 1202. 
 
 Jerusalem, Bp. of 
 
 1841. 1845 
 
 1212. 
 
 1215. 1216 
 
 Jerusalem, rebuilding 
 
 - 130 
 
 , Little - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1199 
 
 Jervis, Sir John 
 
 - 1797 
 
 Ducas - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1222 
 
 Jesuits, order of 
 
 - 1534 
 
 of Brienne 
 
 .. 
 
 - 1228 
 
 Jesuits 1584. 1606.1733. 
 
 1759. 1764. 
 
 Lascaris 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1259 
 
 1766,1767,1768.1773.1814.1816. 
 
 De Monte 
 
 Corvino 1288. 
 
 
 1845. 1848 
 
 
 
 1307 
 
 Jews 19. 50. 1185. 
 
 1394. 1492 
 
 Baliol - 1 
 
 290 
 
 292. 1296 
 
 Massacre of 
 
 40. 67. 135 
 
 Villiers 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1291 
 
 Massacres by - 
 
 115. 609 
 
 Suabia - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1308 
 
 Rebellion of - 
 
 - 131 
 
 v., Palseologi 
 
 is 
 
 1 41. 1369 
 
286 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 John Cantacurene, Emperor 1341. 
 
 Julien, sculptor 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1790 
 
 
 1358 
 
 Julius Severus 
 
 . 
 
 - 131 
 
 II., tlie Good, of France 1350. 
 
 Julius Capitolinus 
 
 - 
 
 - 300 
 
 1355, 1356. 
 
 1360. 1363 
 
 ' Nepos- 
 
 . 
 
 474, 475 
 
 of Gaunt 
 
 - 1377 
 
 I., pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 337 
 
 Bastard 
 
 - 1383 
 
 II. 1503. 1506. 
 
 1508. 1511, 
 
 Duke of Berry - 
 
 - 1393 
 
 
 
 1512 
 
 Fearless 1396. 
 
 1404. 1407. 
 
 III. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1550 
 
 Ziska - 
 
 1418. 1424 
 
 Jumonville - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1754 
 
 the Good, of Burgundy 1419 
 
 Junot 
 
 « 
 
 1807, 1808 
 
 VI., Palseologus 
 
 - 1421 
 
 Jupiter, Sat. of 
 
 . 
 
 - 1610 
 
 VII., PalsGologus 
 
 - 1425 
 
 Justin Martyr 
 
 - 
 
 - 138 
 
 Argyropylus - 
 
 - 1453 
 
 Justin I. 
 
 - 518,519. 525 
 
 ■ Hunniades 
 
 - 1456 
 
 II. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 565 
 
 II., of Navarre 
 
 " 1458 
 
 Justinian 525. 527. 529. 532, 533. 
 
 — de la Balue 
 
 - 1469 
 
 
 
 537. 541 
 
 III., of Russia - 
 
 - 1479 
 
 II. - 685. 695. 705. 707 
 
 ■ of Denmark 
 
 1483. 1501 
 
 Just, St. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1792 
 
 II., of Portugal 
 
 - 1481 
 
 Justus Lipsius 
 
 - 
 
 - 160 
 
 III., of Portugal 
 
 - 1521 
 
 
 
 
 VI., of Portugal 
 
 1816. 1826 
 
 K. 
 
 
 
 the Constant, of Saxony 1525 
 
 Kaffir War - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1847 
 
 Frederick, of Saxony 1532. 
 
 Kainargi, P. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1774 
 
 
 1546. 1547 
 
 Kames, Lord 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1760 
 
 of Austria 
 
 1571. 1578 
 
 Kant - 1781. 
 
 1790. 1804 
 
 IV., of Braganza 
 
 - 1640 
 
 Kara Mustapha 
 
 - 
 
 1683. 1687 
 
 Casimir 
 
 - 1668 
 
 Kaufmann - 
 
 - 
 
 1780. 1808 
 
 Sobieski 1673. 
 
 1674. 1683 
 
 Kayi of Khorassan 
 
 - 
 
 - 1234 
 
 Johnson, General 
 
 - 1755 
 
 Keane, Sir J. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1839 
 
 Johnson, Samuel 1750. 
 
 1755. 1760. 
 
 Kean, Edmund, actor 
 
 - 1833 
 
 
 1784 
 
 Kellermann - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1792 
 
 Johnston, Captain 
 
 - 1825 
 
 Kells, Synod of 
 
 - 
 
 - 1152 
 
 Joinville, hist. 
 
 - 1312 
 
 Kemble, actor 
 
 - 
 
 1800. 1823 
 
 Joinville, Prince 
 
 - 1844 
 
 Kenneth 
 
 . 
 
 - 843 
 
 Jomelli 
 
 - 1760 
 
 III. 
 
 - 
 
 - 975 
 
 Jonathan Martin 
 
 - 1828 
 
 Kent, kingdom of 
 
 . 
 
 - 451 
 
 Jones, Inigo - 
 
 - 1640 
 
 Kent, duke of 
 
 - 
 
 - 1818 
 
 Jones, Sir W. 
 
 1780. 1795 
 
 Kepler 1595.1610.1615 
 
 .1618.1630 
 
 Jones 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Keppel 
 
 - 
 
 - 1778 
 
 Jonson, Ben - 
 
 - 1638 
 
 Khoord pass - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1842 
 
 Jornandes - 
 
 - 536 
 
 Khorassan - 
 
 - 
 
 - 820 
 
 Jortin 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Kiel, T. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1814 
 
 Joseph L, emperor - 
 
 1705. 1711 
 
 Killala 
 
 - 
 
 - 1798 
 
 11, emperor - 
 
 - 1765 
 
 Killicrankie, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1689 
 
 I. of Portugal 
 
 1750. 1777 
 
 Kilkenny statute 
 
 - 
 
 - 1367 
 
 II. - 1765. 
 
 1780. 1790 
 
 Kilmarnock - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1746 
 
 Josephine 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Kilwarden, Lord 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1803 
 
 Josephus 
 
 - 67 
 
 Kinsale, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1601 
 
 Jourdan 1794. 1796. 
 
 1809. 1813 
 
 Kiow, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1018 
 
 Jovian 
 
 - 363 
 
 Kiptchak, F. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1223 
 
 Joyeuse, duke of 
 
 - 1587 
 
 Kippis, biographer 
 
 - 
 
 - 1780 
 
 Jubilee 1300. 1350. 
 
 1389. 1464 
 
 Klapka 
 
 - 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Judas of Galilee 
 
 6 
 
 Kleber 
 
 . 
 
 1795. 1800 
 
 Julian the Apostate - 357. 361, 362 | 
 
 Klopstock - 1 
 
 747. 
 
 1780. 1803 
 
 Julian di Medici 
 
 - 1478 I 
 
 Kneller 
 
 - 
 
 - 1690 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURKED A. C. 
 
 287 
 
 Knights of Jerusalem, order of 
 
 -of St. John - 1099. 
 
 Templars 
 
 Sword Bearers 1198. 
 
 of Nova Scotia 
 
 Baronets 
 
 Knighton 
 Knox, John - 
 Kolin, B. - 
 Komorn, C. - 
 Konigsberg, F. 
 Koran 
 Korsakoff 
 Kosciusko 
 Kossuth 
 Kotzebue, poet 
 Kouli-Khan - 
 Kronstadt 
 Kublai 
 
 Kukuli, B. - 
 Kunnersdorf, B. 
 Kutusoff 
 
 Labedoyere - 
 
 La Bruyere - 
 
 La Clue 
 
 La Croix 
 
 Lactantius 
 
 Lacy, Count - 
 
 Ladislaus IIL 
 
 ■ Lobieteck - 
 
 of Naples - 
 
 VI. 
 
 of Hungary 
 
 1560. 
 
 632 
 
 1794. 
 
 1730. 1736. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 109.5 
 1522 
 1118 
 1237 
 1623 
 1625 
 1394 
 1572 
 1757 
 1849 
 1255 
 , 636 
 1799 
 1817 
 1849 
 1819 
 1747 
 1703 
 1280 
 1770 
 1759 
 1811 
 
 - 1815 
 
 - 1680 
 
 - 1759 
 1797. 1800 
 
 - 331 
 
 - 1736 
 
 - 1290 
 
 - 1320 
 1386. 1413 
 1434. 1444 
 
 - 1444 
 
 II., of Bohemia 1471.1490 
 
 Ladrone Islands 
 
 Lalius Socinus 
 
 Laetus 
 
 La Fayette - 
 
 Laffeldt, B. - 
 
 La Fontaine - 
 
 La Galissoniere 
 La Grange - 
 La Harpe 
 La Hogue, B. 
 Lahore, T. - 
 Laing, INIalcolm 
 
 , A. G. 
 
 Lake, General (lord) 
 
 Lalande 
 
 Lally, De, General 
 
 Lally, musician 
 
 Lamartine - 
 
 - 1521 
 
 - 1556 
 
 - 192 
 1781. 1789. 1834 
 
 - 1747 
 1668.1680. 1695 
 
 - 1810 
 
 - 1756 
 1788. 1790. 1813. 
 
 - 1780. 1803 
 
 - 1792 
 
 - 1846 
 
 - 1810. 1819 
 
 - 1826 
 
 - 1803 
 1790. 1807 
 1758, 1759 
 
 - 1670 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Lamb, Charles 
 Lambert, Duke 
 
 , historian 
 
 , Commodore 
 
 Lambeth Articles 
 Lamoriciere, General 
 La Mothe, Vayer de - 
 Lancaster 
 
 House 
 
 , Joseph 
 
 Lander, traveller 
 
 Landonius, pope 
 
 Landon, poet 
 
 Landrecies, C. 
 
 Lanfranc 
 
 Langara 
 
 Langles, orientalist - 
 
 Langdale, Lord 
 
 Langton, Bp. 
 
 Lanjuinais 
 
 Lannes, General 
 
 La Peyrouse- 
 
 Lapide, Cornelius, a. 
 
 La Place - 1796. 
 
 La Plata 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel - 
 
 Largs, B. - 
 
 La Rochejaquelin 
 
 Las Casas 
 
 Lateran Council, L - 
 
 II. . 
 
 IIL 
 IV. 
 
 Latimer, Bp. 
 Latin tongue 
 
 empire 
 
 kingdom 
 
 La Trappe - 
 
 Laud, Archbishop 
 
 Lauderdale - 
 
 Laudhon 
 
 Launoi 
 
 Laura 
 
 Laurence 
 
 , painter 1816. 
 
 Laurent 
 
 Laurentius, antipope - 
 
 Valla - 
 
 Laurenzio 
 
 Lautrec 
 
 Lav alette 
 
 Lavater 
 
 La Vendee - 
 
 Lavoisier - 1780. 
 
 Law, John - 
 
 1816. 1834 
 
 - 928 
 
 - 1084 
 
 - 1852 
 
 - 1595 
 
 - 1848 
 
 - 1660 
 1322. 1377 
 
 - 1399 
 
 - 1816.1839 
 
 - 1831 
 
 - 913 
 
 - 1826. 1838 
 
 - 1795 
 
 - 1061. 1074 
 
 - 1793 
 
 - 1800 
 
 - 1851 
 
 - 1228 
 
 - 1789 
 
 - 1809 
 
 - 1785 
 
 - 1620 
 1800. 1827 
 
 - 1816 
 
 - 1750 
 
 - 1263 
 
 - 1793 
 
 - 1517 
 
 - 1123 
 
 - 1139 
 
 - 1179 
 
 - 1215 
 
 - 1555 
 
 - 580 
 1204. 1261 
 
 - 1291 
 
 - 1664 
 
 - 1643 
 
 - 1669 
 1760. 1789 
 
 - 1660 
 
 - 1348 
 
 - 257 
 1820. 1830 
 
 - 1519 
 498. 514 
 
 - 1453 
 
 - 1100 
 
 - 1521 
 
 - 1815 
 1790. 1801 
 
 - 1793 
 1789. 1794 
 
 - 1720 
 
288 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2, 
 
 Lawrence, Sir T. 
 
 Leake, Sir John 
 
 Lebrun 
 
 Lechus 
 
 Leek, B. 
 
 Le Clerc 
 
 Ledru Rollin 
 
 Ledyard, traveller 
 
 Legislative Assembly 
 
 Legendre 
 
 Lefevre 
 
 Legion of Honour 
 
 , British 
 
 Leibnitz 
 Leicester 
 Leignitz, B. - 
 Leipsic University 
 
 ,B. - 
 
 Lekain 
 Leland, J. 
 , Thomas 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1820. 1830 
 
 - 1708 
 
 - 1799 
 . - 550 
 
 - 955 
 
 - 1710 
 
 - 1848 
 
 - 1780 
 
 - 1791 
 1810. 1832 
 
 - 1807 
 
 - 1802 
 1835, 1836, 1837 
 1677. 1680. 1716 
 
 - 1264, 1265 
 
 - 1760 
 
 - 1409 
 
 - 1631. 1813 
 
 - 1778 
 
 Lely, Sir Peter 
 Le Maire 
 Lemnos, B. - 
 Lenses, discovery of - 
 Leo I., the great pope 
 IL 
 
 1750 
 1770 
 1660 
 1615 
 1807 
 1252 
 440 
 682 
 
 - 795 
 
 - 847 
 
 - 903 
 
 - 928 
 
 - 936 
 
 - 963 
 1049, 1050. 1053, 1054. 
 
 1513. 1515. 1520 
 
 - 1605 
 
 - 1823 
 457 
 
 — in. 
 
 IV. 
 
 — V. 
 
 — VL 
 
 — vn. 
 
 — VIIL 
 IX. 
 
 — X. 
 XL 
 
 — XIL 
 
 I. the Great (emperor) 
 
 II. Junior - - 474 
 
 IIL the Isaurian 718. 726. 728. 
 
 736 
 
 — IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VL 
 
 Leon, C. 
 
 Leonardo Aretino 
 Leonardo da Vinci 
 Leontius 
 Pilatus 
 
 Leopold of Saxe Coburg 1816. 1831 
 L, Emperor 1656. 1671 
 
 -- IL, 
 
 Leopold the Illustrious 
 
 I. , of Babenberg 
 
 of Austria - 
 
 IL, of Austria 
 of Lorraine - 
 
 775. 780 
 
 - 813 
 886. 901 
 
 - 996 
 
 - 1425 
 
 - 1509 
 695. 698 
 
 - 1360 
 
 - 928 
 
 - 983 
 
 - 1138 
 
 - 1192 
 
 - 1386 
 
 - 1729 
 
 Leovigild 
 Lepanto, B. - 
 Lerme 
 Le Sage 
 Leslie, Sir John 
 Lessing, poet 
 Le Tellier - 
 Leuthen, B. - 
 Leuwenhoeck 
 Le Verrier, astronomer 
 Lewes, B.- 
 Lewis L, of Bavaria - 
 
 IL - 
 
 the Stammerer 
 
 IV. - 
 
 of Aries 
 
 1790. 1792 
 
 - 585 
 
 - 1571 
 
 - 1598 
 1730. 1747 
 
 - 1810 
 
 - 1770 
 
 - 1685 
 
 - 1757 
 
 - 1700 
 ^ 1847 
 
 - 1264 
 
 - 842 
 
 - 855 
 
 - 877 
 
 - 900 
 
 - 904 
 1314. 1319. 
 
 — v., of Bavaria 
 1322. 1327, 1328. 1346, 1347 
 
 — king of Bavaria - 1825 
 
 — IL, of Hungary 1516.1526 
 
 - 1810 
 
 - 1574 
 - 1800. 1811 
 -352. 356. 358 
 
 311, 312, 313. 323 
 882. 1703 
 
 - 1760 
 
 - 1176 
 
 - 1815 
 
 - 1797 
 1667, 1668 
 
 - 800 
 
 - 1691 
 
 - 1141 
 
 - 1851 
 1750. 1778 
 
 - 66 
 
 M. G. 
 
 Leyden, S. - 
 
 , Dr. - 
 
 Liberius, pope 
 Licinius 
 Liege, C. 
 Liegnitz, B. - 
 Lignano, B. - 
 Ligny, B. 
 Ligurian Republic 
 Lille, C. 
 Limerick, F. - 
 , C.- 
 Lincoln, B. - 
 Lingard 
 Linnaeus 
 Linus 
 
 Lionel, duke of Clarence 1367. 1377 
 Lipsius, Justus 
 Lisbon destroyed 
 Lisle, Lord - 
 Litanies 
 
 Lithography, invention of 
 Littleton 
 Littler, Sir John 
 Liturgy, English 
 Liverpool, Lord 
 Llewellyn 
 Locke 
 Lodi, B. 
 Logan, poet 
 
 Logarithms invented 
 
 - 1601 
 
 - 1755 
 
 - 1453 
 
 - 483 
 
 - 1796 
 
 - 1481 
 
 - 1845 
 
 - 1551 
 
 - 1812 
 
 - 128£ 
 1680. 1690. 1704. 
 
 - 1796 
 
 - 1770 
 1614 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCUKRED A. C. 
 
 289 
 
 Gazette 
 
 ; T. of 
 
 Bridg^ 
 
 Uoiversity - 
 
 Londonderry, Lord - 
 
 , S. 
 
 Longinus 
 
 Longueville, Duke of 
 Longwy, C. - 
 Lope de Vega 
 Lorenzo di Medici - 
 Lorraine, House of - 
 Lothaire 
 Lotharius 
 11. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Lollius Urbicus - - 139 
 
 Lombard, Peter - - 1151 
 
 League 1167. 1176. 1177 
 
 Lombardian, New, League - 1226 
 London incorporated - 1208 
 
 Mechanics Institution 1824 
 
 - 1665 
 
 - 1S27 
 1824. 1831 
 
 - 1828 
 
 - 1822 
 
 - 1689 
 
 - 273 
 
 - 1513 
 
 - 1792 
 
 - 1625 
 1472. 1478 
 
 - 1048 
 954, 955 
 840,841. 
 
 1125. 1137 
 Louis L, le Debonnaire, (French) 
 814. 817, 818. 826 
 
 II., the Stammerer - 877 
 
 III. - . - 879 
 
 IV., d'Outremer 929. 936. 
 
 939 
 
 v., the Indolent 986, 987 
 
 VI., - 1108.1116.1119 
 
 VIL, the Young 1137. 1147. 
 
 VIII., the Lion 1152. 1223. 
 
 1226 
 
 IX., St. Louis 1226 1239. 
 
 1248, 1249, 1250. 1269, 1270 
 
 X. le Hutin 1305. 1314. 1316 
 
 XL 1461. 1468, 1469. 1473 
 
 XIL 1498, 1499. 1507. 1508. 
 
 1509. 1511. 1514, 1515 
 
 XIIL 1610. 1615. 1629. 1643 
 
 XIV. 1643.1659. 1661,1662. 
 
 1667. 1672,1673, 1674. 1680, 
 
 1681, 1682,1683. 1685. 1688. 
 
 1691, 1692. 1694, 1715 
 
 XV. 1715.1757.1771.1774 
 
 XVL - 1774. 1791. 1793 
 
 XVIL - 1793. 1795 
 
 XVIII. 1795. 1814, 1815. 
 
 1822, 1823, 1824 
 Philippe L, 1793. 1830, 1835. 
 
 1844. 1848 
 Napoleon 1836. 1840. 1846. 
 
 1848. 1851 
 
 ■ ofAquitaine - - 781 
 
 , son of Philip Augustus 1216 
 
 ■ I., the Great - - 1342 
 
 A.C. 
 
 380. 1386 
 
 - 1423 
 
 - 1488 
 
 - 1500 
 
 - 1566 
 
 - 1848 
 
 - 1760 
 
 - 1848 
 
 - 1745. 1758 
 
 - 1685 
 
 - 1760 
 
 - 1746 
 
 - 1747 
 
 - 1756 
 49. 65 
 
 - 1060 
 
 - 1803 
 
 - 157 
 
 - 350 
 
 - 252 
 
 - 1144 
 
 - 1181 
 
 - 1517 
 
 - 728 
 
 - 947 
 55 
 
 - 1801 
 
 - 1186. 1187 
 1489 
 1850 
 
 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 
 1521, 1522. 1528. 1546 
 
 Louis II., of Anjou - 1 
 
 III., of Anjou - 
 
 de la Tremouille 
 
 Sforza 
 
 of Nassau 
 
 I. of Bavaria - 
 
 Louisa, Princess 
 
 Louisa Carolina, Princess 
 
 Louisburg, C, 
 
 Louvois 
 
 Lowth, Bp. - 
 
 Lovat 
 
 Lowendahl, Count 
 
 Lowositz, B. - 
 
 Lucan 
 
 Lucca, Republic 
 
 Lucia, St. C. - 
 
 Lucian 
 
 Lucilianus 
 
 Lucius I. 
 
 IL - 
 
 ;IIL - 
 
 Ludovicus Vives 
 Luitprand 
 
 , historian ■ 
 
 Luke, St. 
 Luneville, P. 
 Lusignan, Guy of - 
 Lusignaus of Cyprus 
 Lussac, aeronaut 
 Lather 
 
 Lutheran Church 
 Lutter, B. - 
 Lutzen, B.- 
 Luxemburg, Duke of 
 , Marshal 
 
 Luxeul monastery 
 Lyons, Councils of - 
 
 , C. ' 
 
 Lyttleton, jurist 
 , Lord George 
 
 M. 
 
 - 1818 
 
 - 1G26 
 1632. 1813 
 
 - 1668 
 1690. 1692 
 
 1693 
 
 - 589 
 1245. 1274 
 1793. 1795 
 
 - 1481 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Mac- Adam - - - 1816 
 
 Macartney, Earl - 1792. 1806 
 Macaulay, philanthropist - 1826 
 Macbeth - - 1039. 1057 
 
 MacCaskill, General - •- 1845 
 
 MacCrie - - 1826. 1835 
 
 Macdonalds, massacre of the - 1692 
 Macedonius - - -381 
 
 Macham - - - 1345 
 
290 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Machiavelli - 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1517 
 
 Malcolm Canmore - 
 
 „ 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1097 
 
 Mack, General 
 
 - 1805 
 
 Malcolm IV. 
 
 1153 
 
 1158 
 
 Mackenzie, novelist - 
 
 1800. 1831 
 
 Malcolm, Sir J. 
 
 . 
 
 1816 
 
 Mackintosh, Sir J. - 
 
 1816. 1832 
 
 Malebranche- 1673 
 
 1680 
 
 1715 
 
 Maclaurin - 
 
 - 1730 
 
 Malek-Adel - 
 
 . 
 
 1201 
 
 MacClure, Captain - 
 
 - 1850 
 
 Malherbe, poet 
 
 . 
 
 1601 
 
 Macmanus - 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Malherbes - 
 
 _ 
 
 1794 
 
 Macnaughten, Sir W. 
 
 - 1841 
 
 Mallet, D. - 
 
 - 
 
 1750 
 
 Macphersou - 
 
 - 1780 
 
 Mallet, P. H., historian 
 
 - 
 
 1790 
 
 Macrinus 
 
 217, 218 
 
 Malone, critic 
 
 1790 
 
 1812 
 
 Macro 
 
 - 37 
 
 Malplaquet, B. 
 
 . 
 
 1709 
 
 Macrobius - 
 
 - 400 
 
 Malta, Order of 
 
 - 
 
 1099 
 
 Madagascar, discovery 
 
 of - 1507 
 
 , S. 
 
 - 
 
 1565 
 
 Madeira 
 
 1345. 1420 
 
 — , c. - 
 
 1798. 
 
 1800 
 
 Madison, James 
 
 - 1809 
 
 Malte Brun - 
 
 - 
 
 1810 
 
 Madras, F. - 
 
 - 1640 
 
 Malthus 
 
 1816. 
 
 1835 
 
 Madras, C. - 
 
 - 1746 
 
 Malus 
 
 1810. 
 
 1812 
 
 Madrid, T. - 
 
 - 1526 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John 
 
 _ 
 
 1340 
 
 Madrid, C - 
 
 1808. 1812 
 
 Manes 
 
 _ 
 
 250 
 
 Msedler, astronomer - 
 
 - 1846 
 
 Manichean doctrines - 
 
 _ 
 
 1015 
 
 Maestricht, C. 1579 
 
 1673. 1794 
 
 Manichees - 
 
 250. 
 
 1022 
 
 Magdeburg, C. 
 
 - 1631 
 
 Mansoura, B. 
 
 - 
 
 1250 
 
 Magee, Archbp. 
 
 1810. 1831 
 
 Mantell 
 
 - 
 
 1852 
 
 Magellan 
 
 1519. 1521 
 
 Mantua, Surrender of 
 
 _ 
 
 1797 
 
 Magic Lantern 
 
 - 1260 
 
 Manuel Comnenus - 
 
 _ 
 
 1143 
 
 Magna Charta 
 
 - 1215 
 
 Manuel II., Palseologus 
 
 - 
 
 1391 
 
 Magnentius - 
 
 - 350 
 
 Manuel Chrysoloras - 
 
 - 
 
 1453 
 
 Magnus Barefoot 
 
 - 1098 
 
 Mausfeld, Count 
 
 1618. 
 
 1626 
 
 Mahmoud of Ghazna 
 
 1001. 1025 
 
 Marat 
 
 - 
 
 1793 
 
 Mahomet - - 571. 622. 632 
 
 Maratti, Carlo, painter 
 
 . 
 
 1690 
 
 Mahomet- Al-Mahdi - 
 
 - 908 
 
 Marceau 
 
 - 
 
 1794 
 
 Almanzor - 
 
 996. 1001 
 
 Marcel 
 
 - 
 
 1358 
 
 — I. , emperor of the Turks 
 
 Marcellinus, historian 
 
 - 
 
 532 
 
 
 1410. 1413 
 
 Marcellinus, Bishop of Rome 
 
 296 
 
 II. 1451. 
 
 1453. 1459. 
 
 Marcellus I., Bishop of Rome 
 
 308 
 
 
 1470 
 
 Marcellus II. 
 
 - 
 
 1555 
 
 III. 
 
 - 1595 
 
 Marchfeld, B. 
 
 . 
 
 1278 
 
 IV. 
 
 1649. 1687 
 
 Marcian, Emperor - 
 
 - 
 
 450 
 
 V, - 
 
 - 1730 
 
 Marcion 
 
 _ 
 
 138 
 
 VI. 
 
 - 1808 
 
 Marck, Count 
 
 - 
 
 1572 
 
 Mahommed I., of Cordova - 888 
 
 Marcomanni - 
 
 - 
 
 271 
 
 II. 
 
 - 1273 
 
 Marco Polo - 
 
 1200. 
 
 1288 
 
 Maida, B. - 
 
 - 1806 
 
 Marcus Aurelius 
 
 161 
 
 . 171 
 
 Maires du Palais 
 
 - 613 
 
 Marcus 
 
 - 
 
 203 
 
 Maimbourg - 
 
 - 1670 
 
 Marcus, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 336 
 
 Mainfroi 
 
 1258. 1266 
 
 Mardyke 
 
 - 
 
 1662 
 
 Maintenon, Madame de 
 
 - 1700 
 
 Marengo, B.- 
 
 - 
 
 1800 
 
 Maitland, W. 
 
 - 1740 
 
 Margaret, Malcolm's wife 
 
 1068 
 
 Majano 
 
 - 1451 
 
 
 1189. 
 
 1 ^Bfi 
 
 
 i^oD 
 
 Majorianus, emperor - 
 
 457. 461 
 
 of Pembroke 
 
 - 
 
 1377 
 
 Malachy II., of Ireland 
 
 - 980 
 
 of France - 
 
 - 
 
 1307' 
 
 Malachy, Bp. 
 
 - 1139 
 
 of Sweden 
 
 1380. 
 
 1389. 
 
 Malchus 
 
 - 1096 
 
 
 
 1397 
 
 Malcolm 
 
 - 945 
 
 ■ of Anjou - 
 
 1460. 
 
 14641 
 
 Malcolm III. 
 
 1057. 1068 
 
 of Valois - 
 
 - 
 
 1527- 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 291 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Henry 
 1502. 
 
 of Parma - 
 
 Maria of Burgundy - 
 ■ Theresa - 1659, 
 
 Theresa 1740, 1741. 
 
 I., ofx Portugal 1777. 
 
 II., da Gloria 
 
 Louisa 
 
 Anne of Austria 
 
 Marie di Medici 
 Marie Beatrice 
 Marie Antoinette 
 Marie 
 Mariana 
 Marienburg, F. 
 Mariendahl, B. 
 Marignano, B. 
 Mariner's compass 
 Marino Faliero 
 Marin us 
 Mark, St. - 
 Marlborough 1703, 
 
 1708 
 Marmontel - 
 jNlarmont, Marshal - 
 jNIarquesas - 
 jNIarsaglia, B. 
 Marsham 
 INIarsin 
 
 jNIarston Moor, B. 
 jMartaban, S. - 
 Marti a 
 Martialis 
 Martinico, C. 
 Martin I. (Pope) 
 
 II. - 
 
 III. - 
 
 IV. - 
 
 V. - 
 
 Jonathan 
 
 1826. 
 1836 
 1810, 
 
 1704. 
 , 1709, 
 
 1762, 
 
 1417. 
 
 Mary of Bretagne 
 
 of Bohemia 
 
 daughter of Henry VII. 
 
 Queen of Scots 1542. 
 
 1561. 1567. 
 
 Queen 1.547. 1553, 1554, 
 
 di Medici - 1 600. 
 
 daughter of Charles I. 
 
 A.O. 
 
 VII. 
 
 1509 
 1559 
 1478 
 1683 
 1772. 
 1780 
 1786. 
 1816 
 1834. 
 1853 
 1847 
 1665 
 1610 
 1701 
 1793 
 1848 
 1610 
 1280 
 1645 
 1515 
 1200 
 1355 
 882 
 44 
 1706. 
 1711 
 1780 
 1811 
 1842 
 1693 
 1670 
 1704 
 1644 
 1852 
 192 
 100 
 1809 
 649 
 882 
 942 
 1281 
 1431 
 1829 
 1848 
 1377 
 1413 
 1509. 
 1514 
 1558. 
 1587 
 1555, 
 1558 
 1610 
 1649 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Mary Beatrice of Modena - 1701 
 
 daughter of James 11. 1689. 
 
 1694. 1701 
 
 Louisa- - - 1701 
 
 Princess - - 1760 
 
 Maskelyne - 1767. 1770. 1810 
 Mason, John - - 1750 
 
 Mason, W., poet - - 1780 
 
 Massacre of the Danes - 1002 
 
 ®f St. Bartholomew 1572 
 
 of Protestants in Ireland 
 
 1641 
 of September 
 
 in St. Domingo 
 
 of the Mamelukes 
 
 of the Greeks 
 
 of the Janissaries 
 
 1799. 1810, 
 
 1792 
 1793 
 1811 
 1822 
 1826 
 1647 
 1811 
 
 - 1710 
 
 - 1620 
 
 - 1612 
 
 - 1087 
 
 Massaniello - 
 
 Massena 
 
 Massillon 
 
 Massinger 
 
 Mathias of Germany - 
 
 Matilda 
 
 Matildaof Tuscany 1077. 1089. 1115 
 
 Matilda - 1135. 1141. 1154 
 
 Matthew, St. - - 39 
 
 Matthew, Paris - - 1239 
 
 Matthew Visconti - - 1296 
 
 Matthew of Westminster - 1364 
 
 Matthews, actor 
 
 Matthias Corvinus 
 
 Matthias of Germany 
 ^aturin 
 Tiaud 
 
 Maupertius - 
 
 Maurice 
 
 Elector 
 
 Stadtholder ■ 
 
 of Nassau - 
 
 historian 
 
 Mauritius, Bp. 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Maury 
 
 Maxentius 
 
 Maximian 
 
 Maximilian - 
 
 - 1835 
 1458. 1490 
 
 - 1612 
 
 - 1810 
 
 - 1189 
 
 - 1740 
 582. 602 
 
 - 1547 
 
 - 1584 
 
 - 1625 
 
 - 1810 
 
 - 1086 
 1810. 1814 
 
 - 1789 
 311, 312 
 286. 304 
 
 - 1478 
 1495. 1504. 
 
 1508. 1511 
 Sforza - - 1512 
 
 II. of Germany - 1564 
 of Bavaria - 1618 
 
 IL of Bavaria - 1848 
 Joseph L 1745. 1777 
 
 IL 1799. 1805. 
 
 1825 
 
 1493. 
 
 u 2 
 
292 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Maximilian Joseph III. (2nd King) 
 
 1848 
 Maximin 230. 235. 238 
 
 Maximin 305. 311. 313. 
 
 Maximius Tyrius - - 180 
 
 Maximus ... 388 
 Maximus _ _ - 455 
 
 Mayeiice, or Mentz, council - 1080 
 Mayence, or Mentz, C. 1792, 1793 
 Mayenne 1589, 1590 
 
 Mayo, Dr. - - - 1852 
 
 Maypo, B. - - - 1818 
 
 Mazarin 1642. 1648. 1652. 1661 
 Mazeppa - - - 1704 
 
 Meagher - - 1848, 1849 
 
 Meal-Tub Plot - - 1679 
 
 Mechanics' Institutions - 1821 
 
 Mede, Jos. - - - 1625 
 
 Medici - - - 1431 
 
 Mehemet Ali 1811. 1828. 1849 
 
 Meistersangers - - 1355 
 
 Melanchthon 1518. 1530. 1540. 
 
 1560 
 Melbourne - - 1834. 1853 
 
 Melchiades, Bp. of Rome - 311 
 Melchtal - - - 1307 
 
 Melek Shah 1072. 1075, 1076.1092 
 Melek Adel - - - 1201 
 
 Memel, C. - - - 1757 
 
 Mendelssohn- - - 1760 
 
 , musician 1835. 1847 
 
 Mendicant orders 1198. 1209. 1274. 
 1347. 1360 
 Menai Bridge - - 1826 
 
 Mengs _ . . 1760 
 
 Mennonites - - - 1537 
 
 Menou - - - 1801 
 
 Mentz, or Mayence, council of 1080 
 Menzikoff - - - 1725 
 
 Mercator - - - 1570 
 
 Mercator, Nicholas - - 1670 
 
 Mercia, kingdom of - - 451 
 
 Merci 1618. 1644, 1645 
 
 Mercury, transit of - - 1631 
 
 Merovee - - 448. 451 
 
 Merovingian dynasty - 448 
 
 Mersburg, B. 932. 1081 
 
 Merwan - - - 683 
 
 Mesmer - - - 1766 
 
 Messalina - - - 48 
 
 Messier, astronomer - 1790. 1817 
 Messina, C. - - - 1848 
 
 Metastasio - - - 1760 
 
 Methodists - - 1728. 1740 
 
 Metius - - - 1590 
 
 Metz, S. - - - 1553 
 
 Mexico, conquest of 1519.1521 
 
 , independence of 1822 
 
 , war in 1845. 1847. 1852 
 
 Mezeray - - - 1660 
 
 Michael I. Emperor - - 811 
 
 II. - - 821 
 
 III. - - 842 
 
 IV. - - 1034 
 
 — V. - - 1041 
 
 Psellus - - 1043 
 
 VII. - 1068. 1071 
 
 VIII. Palseologus 1260, 
 
 1261. 1281 
 
 III. Theodorowitsch 1613 
 
 Angelo 1503.151-7 
 
 Servetus 1553. 1628 
 
 Cervantes - - 1601 
 
 Molinos - - 1675 
 
 Michaelis - - - 1770 
 
 Middleton - - 1810. 1822 
 
 Miecislaus - - - 966 
 
 II.- - 1025. 1041 
 
 Miguel, Don - 1828. 1834 
 
 Milan, edict of - - 313 
 
 Republic - - 1060 
 
 , C. 1154. 1162. 1800 
 
 rebuilt - - 1168 
 
 , Council of - - 1511 
 
 , Decree of - - 1807 
 
 , Insurrection at - 1848 
 
 Militia Bill, Scots' - - 1797 
 
 Mill, James - - 1826. 1836 
 
 Milner - - 1790. 1797 
 
 Milton 1651. 1660. 1667. 1674 
 
 Minden, B. - - - 1759 
 
 Minimi, Order of - - 1467 
 
 Minorca, C. - - - 1798 
 
 Minto, Lord- - 1807.1810 
 
 Minucius Felix - - 200 
 
 Mirabeau - - 1789. 1791 
 
 Mirza, Mehemet Khan - 1834 
 
 Missionary Society - 1794 
 
 Mississippi Scheme - - 1720 
 
 Missolonghi, C. - - 1826 
 
 Mitchell - - - 1848 
 
 Mitford - - 1800. 1810 
 
 Moawiyah I. 648. 655. 661. 679 
 
 II. - - 683 
 
 Modena, Duchy of - - 1452 
 
 Mogadore, bombarded - 1844 
 
 Mohacz, B. - - 1526. 1687 
 
 Moliere - 1660. 1667. 1673 
 
 Molinos - 1675. 1685. 1687 
 
 Molly Maguires - - 1845 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 293 
 
 1750, 
 
 1757. 
 1664. 
 1740. 1748. 
 
 1639. 
 
 Molwitz, B. - - - 
 
 Moncey - - _ _ 
 Moncontour, B. - 
 
 Monge . - . 1800, 
 Monk - 1653. 1660, 
 Monmouth, Duke of - 1679, 
 
 IMonophysites _ _ _ 
 
 Monothelit$s _ _ _ 
 
 Monro, General - - - 
 Monroe, President 
 
 Monstrelet - - - - 
 
 Mons, C. - - - - 
 
 Montacute - - - - 
 Montague, Lady 1723 
 Montaigne - 
 Montanists 
 Montanus 
 jSIontcalm - 
 Montcontour, B. 
 Montecuculi - 
 Montenotti, B. 
 Montesquieu 
 
 Montesquiou _ _ _ 
 Monte Video, C. - 
 
 Montfaucon - - - - 
 
 JMontgolfier - - - - 
 
 ]\Ionti _ _ _ - 
 
 Montmorenci - . - 
 Montpensier, Duke 
 
 Montreal, C. - - - 
 
 , Riots in - - 
 
 Montrose - - - - 
 Montserrat, C. - - - 
 Moodkee, B, - - - 
 Moolraj - . - 1848, 
 Mooltan, S. - - - 1848, 
 Moore, Sir John - - - 
 , Thomas 1813. 1816, 
 
 Moors or Saracens 189, 711. 
 
 Morat, B. - - - - 
 
 Moravian Brethren - 1457. 
 More, Hannah 1764. 1800. 
 
 , Sir Thomas 
 
 Morea - - - 1699. 
 Moreau 1796. 1800. 1804. 
 
 Morgan - _ _ . 
 
 Morgarten, B. - - - 
 
 Morland - _ - - 
 
 Morocco, F. - - - 
 
 Morozia - _ _ _ 
 Morrison, Dr. 
 
 Mortier - _ . 1803. 
 
 Mortimer - - . 1327. 
 
 Mortimer, Edmund - 1377. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1741 
 1794 
 1569 
 1818 
 1666 
 1685 
 451 
 580 
 1764 
 1817 
 1425 
 1691 
 1464 
 1762 
 1580 
 180 
 180 
 1759 
 1569 
 1675 
 1796 
 1755 
 1792 
 1807 
 1720 
 1783 
 1810 
 1567 
 1846 
 1760 
 1849 
 1650 
 1811 
 1845 
 1849 
 1849 
 1809 
 1817. 
 1852 
 1610 
 1476 
 1727 
 1833 
 1530 
 1715 
 1813 
 1669 
 1315 
 1800 
 1061 
 928 
 1810 
 1806 
 1331 
 1399 
 
 Moscow, F. - 
 
 _ 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1154 
 
 ,c. . 
 
 - 
 
 1571. 1812 
 
 Moscow, P. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1686 
 
 Mosheim 
 
 _ 
 
 1740. 1755 
 
 Moskwa, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1812 
 
 Mostal 
 
 . 
 
 - 1098 
 
 Mostanser 
 
 . 
 
 - 861 
 
 Mostasem 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1258 
 
 Mosthadi 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1171 
 
 Motassem 
 
 - 
 
 833. 841 
 
 Motawakee - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 861 
 
 Mountainists - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1793 
 
 Mountjoy, Lord 
 
 . 
 
 - 1601 
 
 Mozart 
 
 - 
 
 1770. 1792 
 
 Mudie, R. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1842 
 
 Muhlberg, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1547 
 
 Miihldorf, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1319 
 
 Muley Moluck 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1579 
 
 Mulhausen, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1525 
 
 Muller, John 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1470 
 
 MuUer, historian 
 
 - 
 
 1790. 1840 
 
 Mundinus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1326 
 
 Mungo Park - 
 
 - 
 
 179.5. 1805 
 
 Munich, revolution 
 
 at 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Municipal Corporation 
 
 Bill - 1835 
 
 Munoz 
 
 - 
 
 - 1790 
 
 Munro 
 
 . 
 
 - 1646 
 
 Munro 
 
 . 
 
 - 1764 
 
 Munster, C. - 
 
 w 
 
 - 1536 
 
 Munster, T. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1648 
 
 Murat 
 
 1806 
 
 1808. 1815 
 
 Murcia, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1172 
 
 Murdoch 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1792 
 
 Murillo 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1660 
 
 Murphy 
 
 - 
 
 - 1790 
 
 Murray, regent 
 
 - 
 
 1567. 1569 
 
 Murray, Sir John 
 
 - 
 
 - 1813 
 
 Murviedro, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1811 
 
 Murzuphlus - 
 
 - 
 
 1203, 1204 
 
 Musa 
 
 . 
 
 - 713 
 
 Musa 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1410 
 
 Muschenbrock 
 
 - 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Museum, British 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1753 
 
 Musgrave 
 
 - 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Mustapha L - 
 
 1617 
 
 1622, 1623 
 
 II. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1695 
 
 IIL 
 
 - 
 
 - 1757 
 
 IV. 
 
 - 
 
 1807, 1808 
 
 Myriobiblon - 
 
 - 
 
 - 891 
 
 Mysteries and Moralities - 1543 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 Nadir Shah - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1739 
 
 Nsefels, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1368 
 
 Nahavund, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 640 
 
 U 3 
 
294 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Najara, B. 
 Namur, C. 
 Nancy, B. 
 Nankin, P. - 
 Nantes, Edict of 
 Napier, John 
 Napier, Commodore 
 Napier, Sir Charles 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1367 
 1692. 1695 
 
 - 1476 
 
 - 1842 
 1598. 1685 
 1610. 1614 
 
 - 1840 
 1843. 1849. 
 
 1850. 1853 
 Naples, B. - - - 1848 
 
 Napoleon I. 1804, 1805, 1807, 1808, 
 
 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 
 1814, 1815. 1821 
 
 , Louis - 1806. 1810 
 
 , Joseph 1806. 1809. 1844 
 
 , Jerome - - 1807 
 
 ir. - 1811. 1832 
 
 III. (Louis) 1836. 1840. 
 
 1846. 1848. 1851 
 Narhonne, B. - - 737 
 
 Nares, critic - - - 1816 
 
 Narses, king of Persia - 297 
 
 Narses - - 552, 553 
 
 Narva, B. - - - 1700 
 
 Naseby, B. - - - 1645 
 
 Nassau, Count of • - 1572 
 
 National Assembly - - 1789 
 
 National Education, Irish 
 
 Board - - - 1845 
 
 Navarino, B. - - - 1827 
 
 Navigation Act - - 1651 
 
 Nazareth, C- - - 1271 
 
 Neander, church historian - 1850 
 Necessity, Fort, C. - - 1754 
 
 Necker 1777. 1787, 1788, 1789. 1804 
 Neerwinden, B. - 1693. 1793 
 
 Nelson 1797, 1798. 1800, 1801. 1805 
 Nemours, Duke de - - 1503 
 
 Nero - 54, 55. 59. 64, 65, 66. 68 
 Nerva - - - 96 
 
 Nepos, Julius - 474, 475 
 
 Neptune, planet - - 1847 
 
 Nestor - - - 1100 
 
 Nestorius - - 431, 432 
 
 Neuchatel - - - 1707 
 
 New Caledonia - 1707.1774 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, F. - 1097 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, fire at - 1854 
 New Exchange - - 1842 
 
 Newfoundland, discovery of - 1496 
 New Orleans, B. - - 1815 
 
 Newport - - - 1607 
 
 New South Shetland - -1818 
 
 Newspaper - - -1588 
 
 New Style in Britain - 1752 
 
 A.C. 
 
 New Testament 1526, 1527. 1603 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac 1642. 1666. 1668, 
 
 1669. 1680. 1687. 1704 
 
 , bishop - - 1760 
 
 New Zealand discovered - 1642 
 Ney - - - 1805. 1815 
 
 Nicene Creed - - 325 
 
 Nice, Council 1st - - 325 
 
 , Council 2nd - - 787 
 
 , C. - - 1097. 1333 
 
 , Empire - - 1206 
 
 Nicephorus - 802. 811 
 
 Phocas - 963. 967 
 
 Boton - - 1078 
 
 Callisti - - 1333 
 
 — Gregoras - 1333 
 
 Nicetas - - - 872 
 
 Nicholaus I. (Pope) - 858. 866 
 
 XL - 1058, 1059 
 
 IIL - - 1277 
 
 IV. - - 1288 
 
 V. (Antipope) - 1328 
 
 V. - 1447. 1449 
 
 L of Russia 1825.1844 
 
 de Bray - - 1239 
 
 de Lyra - - 1331 
 
 Rienzi - - 1347 
 
 Nicopolis, B. - - 1396 
 
 Niebuhr, Carsten 1761. 1767. 1812. 
 
 1815 
 
 , B. G. 1810. 1812. 1831 
 
 Nieuport, B. - - - 1599 
 
 Niger - - - 194 
 
 Niger expedition - - 1841 
 
 Nile, B. - - - 1798 
 
 Nimeguen, P. - - 1678 
 
 Nimeguen, B. - - 1794 
 
 Nivelle, B. - - - 1813 
 
 Noailles, De - - - 1743 
 
 Noetus - - - 250 
 
 Nogaret - - 1301. 1303 
 
 NoUekens 1800. 1813. 1823 
 
 Nominalists 1084. 1116. 1322. 
 1414. 1473 
 
 Nooman . . - 640 
 
 Norbert - - - 1119 
 
 Nordlingen, B. - - 1645 
 
 Norman line - - 1066 
 
 Norradin - - 1171. 1173 
 
 North, Lord - - - 1792 
 
 Northcote - - 1800. 1831 
 
 Northampton, B. - - 1460 
 
 Northumberland - - 1554 
 
 Northumbrian kingdom - 547 
 
 Norway . - - 1814 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 295 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Notables, 1st Assembly - 1787 
 
 Notables, 2nd Assembly - 1789 
 
 Notre Dame de Paris - 1012 
 
 Nott, General - - 1842 
 Novara, B. - - 1513. 1849 
 
 Nova Scotia, knights of - 1623 
 
 Novatianus - - - 251 
 
 Novogorod,"^ public school - 1019 
 
 Numerianus - - - 282 
 
 Nuremberg, diet of - - 1522 
 
 Nuremberg, truce of - 1532 
 
 Nystadt, P. - - -1721 
 
 O. 
 
 O'Brien - - 1848, 1849 
 
 O'Connell 1829. 1844. 1847 
 
 Octai - - - 1227 
 
 Octavian, Antipope - 1159. 1164 
 Odenatus - - - 264 
 
 Odessa, F. - - - 1792 
 
 , bombardment - 1854 
 
 Odin - - - 740 
 
 Odo - - 927. 1108 
 
 Odoacer 476. 488. 493 
 
 O'Donnell, General 1841. 1854 
 
 O'Donoghue - - 1849 
 
 fficolampadius - - 1529 
 
 Oersted - - 1837. 1851 
 
 Offa - - - - 755 
 
 Oil-painting - - - 1340 
 
 O'Keefe, comedian - - 1790 
 
 Olaus Peterson - - 1519 
 
 Olbers - - 1802. 1807 
 
 Oleg - - 880. 907 
 
 Olga or Helena - - 955 
 
 Oliva, P. - - - 1660 
 
 Olivarez - - - 1621 
 
 Oliver of Clisson - - 1382 
 
 Oltenitza, B. - - 1853 
 
 Olybius - - - 472 
 
 Olympiads - - - 440 
 
 Omar - 634. 636. 644 
 
 Ommia - - - 661 
 
 Ommiades, dynasty 661. 749. 756. 
 
 1027 
 Onesiraus - - - 60 
 O'Nial - - - 1542 
 O'Nial, Shane - - 1566 
 , Hugh 1595. 1598, 1599. 
 
 1646 
 Onslow - - - 1853 
 
 Opie, painter - 1790. 1807 
 
 , Mrs - - 1816. 1853 
 
 Oppian - - - 200 
 
 Orange lodges formed - 1795 
 
 Oranges 
 
 Orchan, or Urklan 
 
 Orestes 
 
 Organs 
 
 rOrient, B. - 
 
 Origen 
 
 Orkney Islands 
 
 Orleans, Duke of 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1547 
 
 - 1327. 1333 
 475, 476 
 
 - 658 
 
 - 1795 
 • 222 
 
 - 1468 
 
 - 1393. 1407 
 
 - 1789. 1793 
 ". 1842 
 
 - 1770 
 
 - 1780 
 
 - 410 
 
 - 1814 
 
 - 1153 
 ' 1778 
 
 - 1758 
 
 - 1844 
 
 - 1288. 1327 
 
 - 1234 
 
 - 1648 
 283. 1780 
 
 - 1604 
 
 - 481. 493. 553 
 
 - 1809 
 1767. 1816. 1843 
 
 644. 655 
 1288. 1327 
 1618. 1622 
 
 - 1754 
 69 
 
 the Great 936. 939, 940. 
 
 Orloff 
 
 Orme 
 
 Orosius 
 
 Orthes, B. - 
 
 O'Ruark 
 
 d'Orvilliers - 
 
 Osborn 
 
 Oscar 
 
 Osman I. 
 
 Osmanli Turks 
 
 Osnaburg, T. 
 
 Ossian 
 
 Ostend, C. - 
 
 Ostrogoths - 
 
 Oswald 
 
 Otaheite 
 
 Othman 
 
 Othman or Osman I. 
 
 ■ II. - 
 
 III. - 
 
 Otho 
 Otho I 
 
 949. 951. 955. 962, 963, 964, 965 
 
 II. - - 973. 983 
 
 III. - -983.996.998 
 
 IV. 1197. 1208. 1212. 1214 
 
 of Wittelsbach - -1180 
 
 of Brunswick - - 1386 
 
 of Greece - 1832. 1843 
 
 Otranto, C. - - - 1480 
 
 Otterburn, B. - - 1388 
 
 Otto, Bp. - - - 1124 
 
 — , historian - - 1143 
 
 Ottocare II. of Bohemia 1254. 1268. 
 1278 
 Ottoman or Osman 1234. 1288. 
 1299. 1327 
 
 Otway 
 
 Oudenarde, B, 
 Oudinot, Marshal 
 Ourique, B. - 
 Ovid 
 
 Owen Glendower 
 Oxenstiem - 
 Oxford University 
 
 1670 
 1708 
 1849 
 1139 
 9 
 1409 
 1632 
 886 
 
 u 4 
 
296 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Oxford, Parliament of 
 Oxford, Edward 
 
 P. 
 
 1258 
 1840 
 
 - 331 
 
 - 1700 
 
 - 1520 
 
 - 1179 
 66 
 
 - 1826. 1840 
 
 - 1800 
 
 - 1794 
 
 - 1580 
 1790. 1794. 1805 
 
 - 1808. 1847 
 
 - 1849 
 
 - 1802 
 
 - 1811 
 
 - 1660 
 
 - 1852 
 533. 1137 
 
 - 608 
 
 - 1755. 1768 
 " 1850 
 
 - 1151, 1152 
 500. 1319 
 
 - 200 
 
 - 1618 
 
 - 390 
 
 - 1530 
 
 - 1767 
 824. 1682 
 
 - 887 
 
 - 1209 
 
 - 1763. 1783 
 • 1814 
 
 - 1795. 1805 
 Parliament, English 1258. 1265. 
 
 1293. 1640. 1679. 1800, 1801 
 Parliament, French - 1285. 1302 
 Parma, Republic - -1180 
 
 , duke of - - 1592 
 
 . , B. - - - 1735 
 
 Parnell - - - 1710 
 
 Parry - 1819. 1824. 1827 
 
 Pascal, Antipope - - 686 
 
 Pascal I., Pope - - 817 
 
 II. 1099. 1105. 1111. 1112. 
 
 1116 
 
 III. - 
 
 . Blaise 
 
 Pachomius - 
 Pacent 
 Padilla, John 
 Padua, University 
 Psetus, Thrasea 
 Paganini 
 Paisiello 
 Paine, Thos. 
 Palestrina 
 Paley 
 Palafox 
 Palermo, C. - 
 Pallas, planet 
 Pallas, traveller 
 Pallavicini - 
 Palmerston, Lord 
 Pandects 
 Pantheon 
 Paoli, Pascal - 
 Papal aggression 
 Paparo 
 Paper 
 
 Papinianus • 
 Paphenheim - 
 Pappus 
 Paracelsus - 
 Paradise Lost 
 Paris, Council 
 , S. 
 
 — ; p. • 
 
 , T. - 
 
 Park, Mungo 
 
 Paoli 
 
 Paschasius Quesnel - 
 Passage, North-west - 
 
 - 1164. 1168 
 1648. 1650. 1656. 
 
 1662 
 
 - 1755. 1768 
 
 - 1713 
 
 - 1850 
 
 Passarowitz, P. 
 
 Passau, T. - 
 
 Pate - 
 
 Patrick, St. - 
 
 Patrick, Bp. of Dublin 
 
 Patrick's Cathedral - 
 
 Paul, St. 19. 37. 41. 43. 45. 48. 49. 
 
 50, 51. 53. 55, 56. 59. 60. 61. 62. 
 
 63. 65, 66 
 
 ■ ofThebais - - 250 
 
 L, Pope - - 757 
 
 Warefridus Diaconus 788 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1718 
 
 - 1552 
 
 - 1850 
 
 - 472 
 
 - 1074 
 
 - 1181 
 
 n. - 
 
 III. - 
 
 IV. - 
 
 V. - 
 
 I. of Russia - 
 
 - 1464 
 1534, 1535 
 
 - 1555 
 1605, 1606 
 1796. 1801 
 
 Paul's, St. - 
 
 Paul's, St., School 
 
 Paulinus 
 
 Pausanias 
 
 Pavia, Republic 
 
 , Council of 
 
 , T. - 
 
 ,B. - 
 
 Payne, Thomas 
 
 Pearson, Bp. 
 
 Pecquigni, P. 
 
 1086. 1675. 1710 
 
 - 1519 
 
 - 390 
 
 - 157 
 
 - 1060 
 
 - 1159 
 
 - 1331 
 
 - 1525 
 
 - 1794 
 
 - 1670 
 
 - 1475 
 Pedro the Cruel, of Castile 1350. 
 
 1361. 1367, 1368 
 Pedro IV. of Arragon - 1361 
 
 Pedro, Don - - - 1667 
 
 , •■ 1822. 1826. 1834 
 
 Peel, Sir Robert 1827, 1828. 1834. 
 
 1846. 1850 
 
 Pelagians - - - 410 
 
 Pelagius - - - 410 
 
 I., Pope - - 555 
 
 II. - - . 578 
 
 •, King of the Visigoths 717. 
 
 737 
 
 - 1641 
 
 - 1654 
 
 - 1681 
 
 - 1840 
 
 - 1853 
 
 - 1666 
 
 - 687 
 
 Pendulum 
 
 Penn, Admiral 
 
 Penn, William 
 
 Penny Postage 
 
 Penny Postage Receipt 
 
 Pentland Hills, B. - 
 
 Pepin d'Heristal 
 
 Pepin le Bref 751. 754. 756. 768 
 
 Pepin - - 781. 810 
 
 Perceval, Spencer - 1809. 1812 
 
 Percussion firelock - - 1803 
 
 Percy, Hotspur - - 1388 
 
 Pergolese - - - 1727 
 
 Perignon . _ - 1794 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 297 
 
 Peronne, meeting at 
 
 Perpetual Edict 
 
 Per si us 
 
 Persian Era - 
 
 Persia 
 
 Pertinax 
 
 Peshawur, B. 
 
 AC. 
 
 - 1468 
 
 - 1650 
 
 - 49 
 
 - 632 
 
 - 640 
 192, 193 
 
 - 1852 
 
 Pestalozzi - - 1816. 1827 
 
 Pestilence - 1350. 1361. 1369 
 Petavius - - - 1640 
 
 Peter, St. 30. 41, 42. 44. 51. 59. 63, 
 
 65 
 
 Peter's pence - 755. 1154 
 
 Peters, St. church - 1506. 1513 
 
 the Hermit - - 1095 
 
 de Bruys - 1130. 1139 
 
 of Blois - - 1200 
 
 de la Brosse - - 1278 
 
 ofCourtenay -1216 
 
 Lombard - - 1151 
 
 Valdus - - 1160 
 
 I. of Arragon - 1094 
 
 II ditto - 1198. 1212 
 
 III. ditto 1276. 1282. 1284 
 
 of Savoy - - 1263 
 
 • Shaeffer - - 1440 
 
 I. of Medici • - 1464 
 
 IT. of Medici - - 1492 
 
 Louis Farnese - 1545 
 
 Martyr - - 1540 
 
 Ramus - - 1559 
 
 L the Great 1682. 1689. 
 
 1697. 1703. 1709. 1711. 1717, 
 
 1718. 1721. 1725 
 
 • IL of Russia - •■ 1727 
 
 III. of Russia - 1762 
 
 • the Cruel - 1350.1368 
 
 IL of Portugal - 1683 
 
 III. ditto - - 1777 
 
 IV. - - - 1826 
 
 Peterborough, Earl of - 1705 
 
 Petersburgh, F. - - 1703 
 Peterson, Olaus and Laurent- 1519 
 
 Peterwaradin, B. - - 1716 
 
 Petion- - - 1807. 1818 
 
 Petrarch - - 1341. 1348 
 
 Petronius - ~ - 49 
 
 Petronius Turpilianus - 39 
 
 Pharamond - - - 420 
 
 Philadelphia, F. - - 1681 
 
 Philadelphia, C. - - 1777 
 
 Philelphus - - - 1470 
 
 Philemon - - - 60 
 
 Philagathus - - - 996 
 
 Philibert, Emmanuel 1553. 1557 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Philip, the Deacon - - 37 
 
 Philip (Herod) - 34. 38 
 
 the Arabian - 244. 249 
 
 Philip L of France 1 060. 1086. 1088 
 
 IL, Augustus 1180.1185. 
 
 1190, 1191. 1212. 1214 
 
 of Suabia, Emperor 1197, 
 
 1198 
 
 III., the Bold 1270. 1274. 
 
 1278. 1284 
 
 IV., the Fair 1285. 1301, 
 
 1302. 1305 
 
 - 1316 
 1328. 1346 
 
 - 1361 
 
 V. 
 
 VL, of Valois 
 
 of Rouvre 
 
 the Hardy, of Burgundy 1363. 
 
 1393 
 
 the Bold, do. 1384 
 
 the Good, do. 1430. 
 
 1433. 1435 
 
 Visconti - - 1447 
 
 de Comines - - 1490 
 
 L, of Castile - -1504 
 
 IL, of Spain 1554. 1556. 
 
 1559. 1566, 1567. 1580. 1584. 
 1598 
 
 IIL - - 1598. 1610 
 
 IV. - 1621. 1659. 1665 
 
 V. 1700, 1701. 1710. 1713, 
 
 1714, 1715. 1717 
 
 , Duke of Orleans 1715. 1718 
 
 , Don - - 1745. 1748 
 
 Philippa, Queen - - 1377 
 
 Philippine Islands 1521. 1555, 1761 
 Philippicus Bardanes - 711 
 
 Philipsburg. C. 
 
 . 
 
 - 1734 
 
 Phillips, Sir R. 
 
 - 
 
 1816. 1840 
 
 Philo 
 
 _ 
 
 - 49 
 
 Philo Byblius 
 
 - 
 
 - 100 
 
 Philostratus - 
 
 - 
 
 - 200 
 
 Phocas 
 
 - 
 
 602. 606. 608 
 
 Photius 866. 869. 
 
 879. 886. 891 
 
 Phranza 
 
 - 
 
 - 1460 
 
 Phrenology - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1803 
 
 Piazzi Conspiracy 
 
 - 
 
 - 1478 
 
 Piazzi, astronomer 
 
 
 1801. 1807. 
 1810. 1826 
 
 Piccini 
 
 - 
 
 - 1770 
 
 Piccolomini - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1618 
 
 Picts 
 
 _ 
 
 121. 445 
 
 Picts converted 
 
 - 
 
 - 565 
 
 Pichegru 
 
 - 
 
 1795. 1804 
 
 Picus 
 
 - 
 
 - 1490 
 
 Pighius 
 
 . 
 
 - 1530 
 
 Pilate 
 
 - 
 
 26. 30. 34 
 
298 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 " 1791 
 
 - 1547 
 
 - 1756 
 931. 1290. 1406 
 
 - 1409.1511 
 
 - 1509 
 17. 19 
 
 - 65 
 
 - 1790 
 
 - 1740 
 Pitt, William, Lord Chatham 1756 
 Pitt, William 1783. 1800. 1804. 
 
 1806 
 Pius I., pope - - - 142 
 
 Pilnitz convention 
 Pinkey, B. - 
 Pirna, capitulation 
 Pisa, republic 
 Pisa, councils of 
 Pisa, C. 
 Piso - 
 Piso - 
 
 Pitcairn's Island 
 Pitt, poet 
 
 — II. 
 
 - 
 
 1453. 1458 
 
 III. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1503 
 
 IV. 
 
 - 
 
 1559. 1564 
 
 V. 
 
 - 
 
 1556. 1570 
 
 . VI. - 1775. 
 
 1798, 1799 
 
 VII. 1800. 1809 
 
 1814. 1816 
 
 VIII. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1829 
 
 IX. 1846. 1848 
 
 1849, 1850 
 
 Pizarro 
 
 . 
 
 1527. 1533 
 
 Placentia Republic 
 
 - 
 
 - 1180 
 
 Placidia 
 
 - 
 
 - 421 
 
 Plague in London 
 
 - 
 
 - 1665 
 
 Plantagenet line 
 
 - 
 
 - 1154 
 
 Platina, Bartolomeo 
 
 - 
 
 - 1470 
 
 Platonic philosophy 
 
 
 1431. 1439. 
 1460 
 
 Plassey, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1757 
 
 Playfair - 1800. 
 
 1810. 1819 
 
 Pliny the Elder 
 
 - 
 
 - 79 
 
 Pliny the Younger 
 
 - 
 
 81. 102 
 
 Plotinus 
 
 - 
 
 222. 250 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 . 
 
 - 100 
 
 Poggio 
 
 - 
 
 - 1455 
 
 Poiret 
 
 - 
 
 - 1700 
 
 Poisson 
 
 - 
 
 1826. 1840 
 
 Poitiers, B. - 
 
 _ 
 
 732. 1356 
 
 Poland 
 
 - 
 
 550. 1772 
 
 Polarisation of light 
 
 - 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Politian 
 
 - 
 
 - 1490 
 
 Polk, President 
 
 - 
 
 - 1845 
 
 Pollentia, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 403 
 
 Pollock, General 
 
 . 
 
 - 1842 
 
 Poltrot 
 
 - 
 
 - 1563 
 
 Polycarp 
 
 - 
 
 - 167 
 
 Polydore Virgil 
 
 - 
 
 - 1540 
 
 Polyglot Bible 
 
 - 
 
 1516. 1650 
 
 Polycrates - 
 
 - 
 
 - 192 
 
 Pomarree 
 
 - 
 
 - 1843 
 
 Pompeii 
 
 - 
 
 79. 1750 
 
 Pompey's theatre 
 
 - 
 
 - 248 
 
 Pondicherry, F, 
 
 - 
 
 - 1679 
 
 Pondicherry, S. 
 Pondicherry, C. 
 Poniatowski - 
 Pontanus 
 Pontianus 
 Pontius Pilate 
 Poor-law 
 
 - 1748 
 
 - 1761 
 
 - 1813 
 
 - 1490 
 
 - 230 
 26. 30. 34 
 
 - 1563 
 
 Poor-law Amendment - 1834 
 
 Pope, the 66. 606. 756. 1059. 
 
 1061. 1073. 1074. 1294. 1414 
 Pope's toe - - - 708 
 
 Pope Alexander 1711.1720.1729. 
 1744 
 Popham, Sir H. - - 1806 
 
 Population of England 1377.1483 
 Porphyry - - - 250 
 
 Porson - - 1800. 1808 
 
 Porta, J. B. - - - 1590 
 
 Porter, novelist - - 1850 
 
 Porteus, Bp. - - 1790. 1809 
 
 Portland, B. - - - 1652 
 
 Portland, Duke of - - 1807 
 
 Port Mahon, C. - - 1756 
 
 Porto Bello, C. - - 1739 
 
 Postage, penny - - 1840 
 
 Potatoes introduced - - 1586 
 
 Potatoes, disease of - - 1845 
 
 Potter, Archbishop - 1730. 1747 
 Poussin - . - 1640 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction 1269. 1438. 
 1515. 1713 
 Prague university - - 1347 
 
 , P. - - - 1635 
 
 • , B. - 1620. 1741. 1757 
 
 , C. - - 1741. 1744 
 
 • , bombardment of - 1848 
 
 Praxeas - - - 250 
 
 Prayer, Book of Common 1548.1551 
 Preaching Friars - - 1216 
 
 Premislaus of Poland -1296 
 
 Premonstrants, order of - 1119 
 Presburg, P. - - 1805 
 
 Presbyterian Church 1592. 1843 
 Prescott, B. - - - 1838 
 
 Prester, John - - 1163 
 
 Preston, B. - - - 1715 
 
 Preston Pans, B. - - 1745 
 
 Pretender - - 1701. 1715 
 
 Pretender, Young - 1745, 1746 
 Prideaux, Dean - - 1710 
 
 Price, financier - - 1770 
 
 Priestley, Dr. - 1780. 1804 
 
 Printing - - 1440. 1571 
 
 Primislaus Ottocare I. - 1198 
 
 Prior - - - 1710 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 299 
 
 Priscianus - 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 472 
 
 Probus 
 
 - 
 
 - 276 
 
 Proclus 
 
 _ 
 
 - 472 
 
 Procopius 
 Procopius Rasa 
 Prome, B. - 
 
 ; 
 
 - 532 
 
 - 1424 
 
 - 1825 
 
 Protestants 1529. 1548. 1552. 1555. 
 
 1853 
 Protestants, massacres of 1572. 
 
 1641 
 Prudentius - - - 384 
 
 Prussia, division of - - 1466 
 
 Pruth, B. - - - 1770 
 
 Pruth made the frontier - 1812 
 Pruth crossed - - 1853 
 
 Ptolemais, C. 1104. 1191. 1291 
 
 Ptolemy, geographer - 138 
 
 Puffendorf - - 1680. 1694 
 
 Pugin, architect - - 1832 
 
 Pulcheria - - 430. 450 
 
 Pulteney - - - 1780 
 
 Pultowa, B. - - - 1709 
 
 Pultusk, B. - - 1704. 1806 
 
 Punjab, C. - - - 1849 
 
 Pupienus - - . 238 
 
 Purcel - - - 1680 
 
 Pye, poet - - 1790. 1813 
 
 Pyrenees, P. - - - 1659 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadi - - - 282 
 
 Quadruple Alliance - - 1745 
 
 Quakers - - 1649. 1681 
 
 Quarterly Review - - 1809 
 
 Quatre-Bras, B. - - 1815 
 
 Quebec, F. - - - 1608 
 
 Quebec, B. - - - 1759 
 
 Queenstown - - - 1849 
 
 Quentin, St. B. - - 1557 
 
 Quesnoy, C. - - - 1712 
 
 Quietists - 1675. 1687. 1697 
 
 Quintilian - - - 81 
 
 Quicze-Vingts, Hospital - 1260 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabanus Maurus - - 843 
 
 Rabelais - . - 1540 
 
 Racine - 1667. 1680. 1699 
 
 Radagaisus - - - 405 
 
 Radbert - - - 843 
 
 Radcliffe, novelist - - 1800 
 
 Radetski, Marshal ■• 1848, 1849 
 
 Raeburn, painter - - 1816 
 
 Ragotski - - - 1644 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Rahes - - 932. 934 
 
 Raid of Ruth ven - -1582 
 
 Raikes - - 1782. 1811 
 
 Railways 1830. 1841. 1852, 
 
 1853 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter 1584. 1588. 
 1610. 1618 
 Ralph de Diceto ■■ - 1200 
 
 Ramillies, B. - - 1706 
 
 Ramirez I. - - - 1035 
 
 Ramiro 11. - - 927. 938 
 
 Rammohun Roy - - 1816 
 
 Ramus, Peter - - 1560 
 
 Randolph - - 1306. 1329 
 
 Rangoon, C. - - 1824. 1852 
 
 Ranier - . - 1795 
 
 Ranulph Higden - - 1358 
 
 Raoul or Rodolph - 923. 936 
 
 Raphael - 1503. 1509. 1513 
 
 Rasa, Procopius - - 1424 
 
 Rastadt, P. - - - 1714 
 
 Rathbreasil, synod of - 1118 
 
 Ratisbon, diet - 1541. 1663 
 
 Ratisbon, B. - - - 1809 
 
 Ratramne - - - 843 
 
 Ravaillac - - - 1610 
 
 Ravenna, C. - - 728. 752 
 
 Ravenna, B. - - - 1512 
 
 Ray - - - - 1680 
 
 Raymond IV. 1096. 1100. 1109 
 
 Raymond - - - 1209 
 
 Raymond VII. - - 1249 
 
 Raymond Lully - - 1300 
 
 Raynal . _ _ 1730 
 
 Realists - - - 1116 
 
 Reaumur - . > 1724 
 
 Rebec, B. - - - 1524 
 
 Rebellion in Ireland - 1649. 1798 
 
 Scotland - 1745 
 
 China - - 1851 
 
 Recard - - - 585 
 
 Reformation in Bohemia - 1408 
 
 Basil- 1431. 1529 
 
 Florence - 1489 
 
 Zurich 1516. 1524 
 
 Germany - 1517 
 
 Sweden and 
 
 Denmark - 1519. 1527. 1539 
 
 Prussia and 
 
 Saxony - - - 1525 
 
 Berne - 1528 
 
 Geneva - 1535 
 
 England -1360. 
 
 1380. 1531. 1534. 1540. 1548 
 : Scotland - 1560 
 
300 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Reformation in Ireland 1536. 1551 
 Reform Bill - - - 1832 
 
 Reggio, Duchy of - - 1452 
 
 Regiomontanus - - 1470 
 
 Regnier, poet - - 1601 
 
 Regnier, General - - 1806 
 
 Reichenberg, B. - - 1757 
 
 Reid, Dr. T. - 1764. 1770. 
 
 1796 
 Reign of Terror - - 1793 
 
 Rembrandt - - - 1660 
 
 Rennell - - 1800. 1830 
 
 Rennie - - - 1810 
 
 Repeal of the Union - 1829. 1843 
 Republican calendar - - 1792 
 
 Republic, French - 1792. 1848 
 Requesens, Lewis of - - 1573 
 
 Reschid, Pasha - - 1826 
 
 Restoration, the, in England - 1660 
 Reuchlin - - - 1490 
 
 Review, Edinburgh - - 1802 
 
 Review, Quarterly - - 1809 
 
 Revolution in England 1649. 1689 
 
 Sweden 1680. 1772 
 
 • France - 1789 
 
 Hayti 1791. 1843 
 
 Poland - 1794 
 
 Spain - 1820 
 
 Portugal - 1820 
 
 Greece 1821. 1843 
 
 France, Belgium, 
 
 Warsaw, Papal States, Bruns- 
 wick, and Switzerland - 1830 
 
 — Paris, Rome, Munich 
 
 1848 
 
 Portugal - 1851 
 
 Revolutionary Tribunal - 1793 
 Reynolds - 1768. 1774. 1792 
 Rhasis - - - 908 
 
 Rheinfeld, B. - - 1638 
 
 Rhemish New Test. - - 1582 
 
 Rhodes, C. - - - 1310 
 
 Rhodes, Colossus - - 653 
 
 Rhotas, B. - - - 1849 
 
 Rich, C. J. - - 1810. 1822 
 
 Ricardo - - 1816. 1823 
 
 Richard of Normandy - 1013 
 
 I. CcEur de Lion 1 1 88. 1 1 90. 
 
 1192. 1199. 
 
 n. - - 1377. 1399 
 
 IIL - - 1483. 1485 
 
 son of John- - 1216 
 
 > of CornwaU 1239. 1263. 
 
 1272 
 II., Stuart - - 1371 
 
 Richard Duke of York 1454, 1455. 
 1461 
 
 Protector - - 1658 
 
 Richardson - - - 1750 
 
 Riche, President - ■ 1846 
 
 Richelieu - 1630. 1635. 1642 
 Richelieu, Duke - - 1756 
 
 Richelieu - - - 1815 
 
 Richmond, Earl of - - 1483 
 
 Ricimer 
 
 -455. 
 
 461. 472 
 
 Ridley 
 Riego 
 Riga, F. 
 Riga, B. 
 Rimenant, B. 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 1555 
 
 - 1823 
 
 - 1201 
 
 - 1704 
 
 - 1578 
 
 Rimini, Council of 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - 359 
 
 Rio Janeiro, C. 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 1711 
 
 Riquet 
 Rivoli, B. 
 
 : 
 
 
 - 1664 
 
 - 1796 
 
 Rizzio 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 1566 
 
 Robert 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - 922 
 
 the Wise 
 
 996. 
 
 998. 1022. 
 
 1024. 1031 
 
 the Old - - 1032 
 
 Guiscard 1053. 1059. 1081. 
 
 1084, 1085 
 
 of Normandy 1076. 1087. 
 
 1096. 1100. 1106 
 
 of Flanders - 
 of Arbrissel - 
 Bp. of Molesme 
 Fitz- Stephen - 
 de Courtenay 
 St. Louis' brother 
 
 - 1096 
 
 - 1094 
 
 - 1098 
 
 - 1169 
 
 - 1221 
 
 - 1250 
 
 ofGlos'ter - -1263 
 
 Bruce 1290. 1306. 1314 
 
 II., Stuart - -1371 
 
 IIL, of Scotland - 1390 
 
 of Germany - - 1400 
 
 Robertson - 1759. 1770. 1793 
 Robervald - - - 1650 
 
 Robespierre 1789. 1792, 1793, 1794 
 
 Robin Hood - 
 
 „ 
 
 
 1199 
 
 Rochambeau - 
 
 1780, 
 
 1781. 
 
 1803 
 
 Rochefoucault 
 
 - 
 
 
 1660 
 
 Rochelle, C. - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 1620 
 
 Rochelle, S. - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1627 
 
 Rocroy, B. - 
 Roderic 
 
 - 
 
 : 
 
 1643 
 713 
 
 Roderic of Connaught 
 Rodney, Admiral 1780. 1782. 
 Rodolph - - - 
 1., of Hapsburgh 
 
 1278. 
 
 1175 
 1792 
 888 
 1273. 
 1282 
 
 IL - 
 
 -. 
 
 1576. 
 
 1612 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 301 
 
 Rodolph of Austria - 
 
 _ 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1365 
 
 Rodrigo Diaz 
 
 - 
 
 1060 
 
 Roemer 
 
 1667. 
 
 1670 
 
 Roger I.- 
 
 1090. 
 
 1098 
 
 Roger II. - 
 
 1130. 
 
 1139 
 
 Roger of Hoveden - 
 
 - 
 
 1200 
 
 Roger Bacon- 1252 
 
 1260. 
 
 1263 
 
 Roger Ascham 
 
 - 
 
 1550 
 
 Rogers 
 
 - 
 
 1555 
 
 Roland 
 
 - 
 
 778 
 
 Rollo 
 
 - 
 
 911 
 
 RoUin 
 
 1710. 
 
 1741 
 
 Romanus, Antipope - 
 
 - 
 
 897 
 
 Romanus I., Emperor 
 
 - 
 
 915 
 
 II. - 
 
 - 
 
 959 
 
 III. 
 
 1028. 
 
 1034 
 
 IV. 
 
 1068. 
 
 1071 
 
 Romanow, House of - - 1613 
 
 Romanzow - - 1770. 1774 
 
 Rome, C. 410. 455. 472. 476. 547. 
 549, 550. 998. 1167. 1413. 1494. 
 1527. 1798. 1849 
 Rome, S. - 755. 848. 1081 
 
 Rorailly - - - 1810 
 
 Romuald - _ - io23 
 
 Rouceveaux or Roncesvalles, B. 778 
 Ronge . - _ 1844 
 
 Ronsard . - _ 1570 
 
 Rooke, Sir George - 1693. 1704 
 Rosa, Salvator - - 1610 
 
 Rosacrucian mania - - 1614 
 
 Rosas, C. - - - 1794 
 
 , Dictator - - 1852 
 
 Rosbach, B. - - 1382. 1757 
 
 Roscellinus - - - 1084 
 
 Iloscoe - 1795. 1810. 
 
 Rosse, Lord - 
 Ross, General 
 
 , Captain - 1818. 
 
 Rossi, Count 
 
 Rossellini . - _ 
 Rotharis - - _ 
 Roubilliac - - - 
 Roucoux, B. - - 
 Rouen, C.- 
 Rousseau, J. B. 
 , J. J. 
 
 1730. 
 1762. 
 1710. 
 
 1760. 
 Rowe 
 
 Rowley - - _ 
 
 Roxburgh, S. - - 
 
 Royal Exchange - 1569. 
 Royal Society, London 
 
 , Dublin 
 
 , Gottingen 
 
 Royal Irish Academy 
 
 1831 
 1845 
 1814 
 1841 
 1848 
 1843 
 
 636 
 1750 
 1746 
 
 843 
 1741 
 1778 
 1715 
 1470 
 1460 
 1838 
 1663 
 1749 
 1750 
 1786 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Rubens _ _ . 1520 
 
 Rudolph - 1077. 1080. 1081 
 
 Rupert - - - 1666 
 
 Ruric, Family of - 862. 1598 
 
 Russell, Lord - - 1683 
 
 , Admiral - - 1692 
 
 , Lord John - - 1846 
 
 Ruyter, De - - 1666. 1676 
 
 Rye-House Plot - - 1683 
 
 Rysbrach - - - 1750 
 
 Ryswick, P. •• - - 1697 
 
 Sabatei Levi - - - 1666 
 
 Sabektekin - - - 1001 
 
 Sabellius - - 250. 259 
 
 Sabinianus, Pope - - 604 
 
 SaflParian dynasty - - 872 
 
 St. Paul's - - 1675. 1710 
 
 St. Helena - - 1815. 1840 
 
 Saladin 1174. 1177. 1187. 1192, 
 1193 
 
 Salamanca University - 1239 
 
 , B. - - 1812 
 
 Salankemen, B. - - 1691 
 
 Saldanha, Duke of - 1846.1851 
 
 Sale, General - 1842. 1845 
 
 , Lady - - - 1853 
 
 Salic-law - - 500. 
 
 Salic Dynasty 
 
 Salivahana - - - 
 
 Sallo- 
 
 Salmasius - - . 
 
 Salsbach, B. - 
 
 Saltoun _ _ _ 
 
 Saltz, P. - - - 
 
 Salvador, St., discovery 
 
 Salvator Rosa 
 
 Salviatti, conspiracy of 
 
 Salvius - _ _ 
 
 Sancho I., of Leon - 
 
 1830 
 1024 
 78 
 1665 
 1650 
 1675 
 1853 
 
 803 
 1492 
 1610 
 1478 
 1285 
 
 955 
 
 the Great 1000. 1028. 1035 
 IL of Castile 1065. 
 II. of Navarre 
 the Great of Castile - 
 
 Sandwich Isles 
 
 Sand 
 
 San Martin - - - 
 
 Santa Anna - - - 
 
 Sapor L 242. 244. 259. 261 
 
 IL 
 
 Sapphira 
 Saracens 
 Saratoga, B. - 
 Saragossa, B. 
 
 1094 
 1212 
 1284 
 1778 
 1819 
 1818 
 1829 
 , 273 
 310. 350 
 
 - 31 
 
 - 189 
 
 - 1777 
 
302 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Saragossa, S. 
 
 1808, 1809 
 
 Sejanus 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 14. 31 
 
 Sarmatians - 
 
 - 282 
 
 Selden 
 
 - 
 
 - 1640 
 
 Sarpi, Paul - 
 
 1609, 1610 
 
 Selim I. 
 
 - 
 
 1512. 1514 
 
 Sassanidae dynasty - 
 
 - 226 
 
 11. 
 
 - 
 
 1566.1571 
 
 Saul - - 19. 37. 41 
 
 . 43. 45. 48 
 
 III. - 
 
 - 
 
 1789. 1807 
 
 Saturn - 1655. 
 
 1671. 1789 
 
 Seljuk 
 
 - 
 
 - 1038 
 
 Saumarez, Sir James 
 
 - 1809 
 
 Seljukian Turks 1038. 
 
 1043. 1075 
 
 Saumur, B, - 
 
 - 1793 
 
 Seminare, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1503 
 
 Saunderson - 
 
 - 1710 
 
 Sempach, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1.386 
 
 Saussure, De, naturalist 
 
 - 1841 
 
 Seneca 
 
 - 
 
 49. 65 
 
 Savage 
 
 - 1730 
 
 Seneffe, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1674 
 
 Savannah 
 
 - 1819 
 
 Senegal, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 1758. 1809 
 
 Savery 
 
 - 1697 
 
 Sennefelder - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1796 
 
 Savonarola - 
 
 1489. 1498 
 
 Sens, Council 
 
 - 
 
 1209. 1528 
 
 Savoy House 
 
 - 1027 
 
 , B. 
 
 - 
 
 . 1648 
 
 Conference 
 
 - 1661 
 
 Sentences, the Master of - 1150 
 
 Saxe, Marshal 1745, 
 
 1746, 1747 
 
 Septimus Severus 
 
 193, 194, 195. 
 
 Saxo Grammaticus - 
 
 - 1200 
 
 197, 198. 200,201. 208. 211 
 
 Saxon Heptarchy 
 
 - 827 
 
 Serampore - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1799 
 
 Dynasty 
 
 1024. 1066 
 
 Serapis, worship of 
 
 . 
 
 - .146 
 
 Saxons - -449.451.596 
 
 Sergius I. Pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 687 
 
 Say - 
 
 1816. 1832 
 
 II. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 844 
 
 Scaliger, Julius Caesar 
 
 - 1540 
 
 III. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 903 
 
 , Joseph 
 
 - 1601 
 
 IV. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1009 
 
 Scanderheg - 
 
 1443. 1447 
 
 Seringapatam, C. 
 
 - 
 
 1792. 1799 
 
 SchffifFer 
 
 - 1440 
 
 Servetus, Michael 
 
 . 
 
 1553. 1628 
 
 Schiller - 1781. 
 
 1790. 1805 
 
 Servia 
 
 - 
 
 1739. 1804 
 
 Schimmelpennink 
 
 - 1805 
 
 Seven Sacraments 
 
 - 
 
 - 1151 
 
 Schism of East and West - 1054 
 
 Seven Years' War 
 
 - 
 
 1756. 1763 
 
 Schism, Great Western 
 
 1378. 1414 
 
 Severinus, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 640 
 
 Schism among the Hussites - 1420 
 
 Severus, Julius 
 
 - 
 
 - 131 
 
 of Rt^iI 
 
 14.^0 144.Q 
 
 
 iqq 194 IQ'S 
 
 Schoenheinn - 
 
 - 1846 
 
 197, 198. 20C 
 
 ), 201. 208. 211 
 
 Schoenbrun, P. 
 Schlegel, Augustus - 
 , Frederic 
 
 - 1809 
 1816. 1845 
 1816. 1829 
 
 
 
 QHK 
 
 
 Sevigne, Madame de 
 
 - 1680 
 
 Schleswig, H. 
 
 1848. 1851 
 
 Seville, T. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1729 
 
 Scholastic theology • 
 
 - 1061 
 
 Sforza, family 
 
 - 
 
 - 1447 
 
 Schomberg, Duke 
 
 1665. 1690 
 
 , the Moor 
 
 . 
 
 - 1500 
 
 Schomberg - 
 
 - 1693 
 
 , Maximilian 
 
 - 
 
 - 1512 
 
 Schwartz 
 
 - 1340 
 
 Shaftesbury - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1700 
 
 Schwartzenberg, Prince 
 
 - 1852 
 
 Shah Soojah - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1839 
 
 Scinde 
 
 - 1843 
 
 Shakspeare - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1601 
 
 Scindia 
 
 - 1803 
 
 Sharfaddin - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1116 
 
 Scots- - 121.203.445 
 
 Sharp, Abraham 
 
 . 
 
 - 1720 
 
 Scots' Militia Bill - 
 
 - 1797 
 
 , Granville 
 
 _ 
 
 1800. 1813 
 
 Scotus, John Erigena 
 
 - 872 
 
 Shaw, naturalist 
 
 - 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Scott, Rev. T. 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Shell 
 
 - 
 
 - 1851 
 
 , Sir W. 1816. 
 
 1827. 1832 
 
 SheUey, poet- 
 
 - 
 
 1816. 1822 
 
 Sebastian, Don 
 
 1574. 1579 
 
 Shelley, Mrs. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1851 
 
 , St. 1794 
 
 1813. 1836 
 
 Shenstone 
 
 > 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Sebastian!, General - 
 
 - 1809 
 
 Shere Singh - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1848 
 
 Sebastopol, S. 
 
 - 1853 
 
 Sherer 
 
 - 
 
 - 1794 
 
 Seeker, Archbishop - 
 
 - 1750 
 
 Sheridan, R. B. 1 
 
 '75. 
 
 1787. 1800 
 
 Sedgemoor, B. 
 
 - 1685 
 
 Sheridan, Thomas 
 
 - 
 
 - 1770 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 303 
 
 Shetland Islands 
 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1468 
 
 Sixtus IV. - 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1471 
 
 Shetland, N. S. 
 
 
 . 
 
 1819 
 
 V. - 
 
 - 1585 
 
 Shiites 
 
 
 . 
 
 1501 
 
 Slave Trade 1440. 
 
 1517. 1789. 
 
 Shiracush 
 
 
 . 
 
 1171 
 
 1796. 1807. 1834 
 
 1838. 1839 
 
 Shore, Sir John 
 
 
 , 
 
 1792 
 
 Slavi - 
 
 - 640 
 
 Shrewsbury, B. 
 
 
 - 
 
 1403 
 
 Sleidan 
 
 - 1540 
 
 Shultetus, Abraham 
 
 
 - 
 
 1593 
 
 Sloane 
 
 - 1730 
 
 SicilianvVespers 
 
 
 - 
 
 1282 
 
 Sluggards, Kings 
 
 - 679 
 
 Siddons, Mrs. 
 
 
 1800. 
 
 1831 
 
 Sluys, B. 
 
 - 1340 
 
 Sidney, Sir P. 
 
 
 - 
 
 1586 
 
 Smalcald, League of 
 
 1531. 1535 
 
 Sidon, C. 
 
 
 - 
 
 1840 
 
 Smalcald, War 
 
 - 1546 
 
 Sidonius Apollinaris 
 
 
 _ 
 
 472 
 
 Smeaton 
 
 1770. 1774 
 
 Sigebert 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 562 
 
 Smerwick, B. 
 
 .. 1580 
 
 II. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 638 
 
 Smith, Charlotte 
 
 1790. 1806 
 
 V\ in4-y^'*»tr»-.-» 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1084 
 
 , Horace 
 
 - 1849 
 
 
 Sigismund - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 516 
 
 ,Dr. Pye 
 
 - 1851 
 
 of Hungary 
 
 1383. 
 
 1396 
 
 , Adam 1759. 1770 
 
 .1776. 1790 
 
 
 
 1410. 
 
 1419, 
 
 , Sir Sydney - 
 
 - 1799 
 
 
 1420 
 
 1423. 
 
 1437 
 
 , Sir Harry 1845, 
 
 1846. 1852. 
 
 I. the Great, 
 
 of Poland 
 
 Smollett 
 
 1748. 1760 
 
 
 
 1507. 
 
 1541 
 
 Smolensko, C. 
 
 - 1504 
 
 II., Augustu 
 
 3, of Poland 
 
 Smolensko, B. 
 
 - 1812 
 
 
 
 1548. 
 
 1572 
 
 Smyrna, C. - 
 
 1833 
 
 of Polnnrl 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1587 
 740 
 
 Snellius 
 Sobraon, B. - 
 
 1620. 1624 
 - 1846 
 
 Sigurd 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Silistria, C - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1829 
 
 Sobieski, John 1673, 
 
 1674. 1683 
 
 Silistria, S. - 
 
 . 
 
 .., 
 
 1854 
 
 Socinian Sect 
 
 - 1556 
 
 Silk manufacture 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 551 
 
 Socinus, Sselius and Faustus - 1556 
 
 Silkworms - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 500 
 
 Socrates 
 
 - 410 
 
 Silver mines - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 968 
 
 Soissons, B. - 
 
 - 486 
 
 Silverius, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 536 
 
 Soissons, Congress - 
 
 " 1728 
 
 Silvesters, Popes 
 
 314. 999. 
 
 1044 
 
 Soliman 
 
 1075. 1092 
 
 Simancas, B. - 
 Simnel 
 
 
 
 938 
 
 1487 
 
 
 - 1358 
 1402. 1410 
 
 „ 
 
 . 
 
 I. - 
 
 Simon 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 II., the Magnifi 
 
 cent 1520, 
 
 Simon Magus 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 138 
 
 1521, 1522. 1526. 
 
 1529. 1565 
 
 Simon of Montfort 1209. 
 
 1258. 
 
 1263, 
 
 Solomons, David 
 
 - 1835 
 
 
 
 
 1264 
 
 Solouque 
 
 1849. 1852 
 
 Simon, Richard 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1700 
 
 Solway Moss, B. 
 
 - 1542 
 
 Simplicius, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 467 
 
 Somerset 
 
 - 1455 
 
 Simplicius. philosopher 
 
 - 
 
 536 
 
 Somerset, Protector - 
 
 - 1547 
 
 Simson 
 
 - 
 
 1750. 
 
 1756 
 
 Somerville - 
 
 - 1730 
 
 Sinclair, Sir J. 
 
 _ 
 
 1816. 
 
 1835 
 
 Sonnini 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Singara, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 348 
 
 Sonnites 
 
 - 1501 
 
 Sinope, C. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1853 
 
 Sophia,-St., Church - 
 
 - 537 
 
 Siroes 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 628 
 
 Sophia of Russia 
 
 - 1682 
 
 Sisinnius, Pope 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 708 
 
 of Hanover - 
 
 - 1714 
 
 • Sismondi 
 Sitric 
 
 
 1826. 
 
 1842 
 1040 
 
 of Zcll 
 
 - 1727 
 
 - 1727 
 
 _ 
 
 Princess 
 
 Si ward 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 1057 
 
 Sophi, Ismael 
 
 - 1501 
 
 Sixteen, Faction of 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1579 
 
 Soranus, Barea 
 
 - 66 
 
 Six-mile Bridge 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 1852 
 
 Sorbonne, Robert de - 
 
 - 1252 
 
 Sixtus I., Pope 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 119 
 
 Sorbonne, College 
 
 - 1252 
 
 II. - 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 257 
 
 Soter 
 
 - 167 
 
 III. - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 432 
 
 Southcote, Joanna 
 
 - 1814 
 
304 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Southwark Bridge - 
 Soult 1809, 1810, 181] 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1819 
 
 1813, 1814. 
 
 1851 
 
 Southern 
 
 - 1700 
 
 South, Dr. - 
 
 - 1700 
 
 South Sea Company - 
 
 - 1711 
 
 South Sea Scheme - 
 
 - 1720 
 
 Southey - 1813 
 
 1816. 1843 
 
 Sozomen 
 
 - 410 
 
 Spa-Fields Riot 
 
 - 1816 
 
 Spallanzani - 
 
 - 1780 
 
 Spectacles invented - 
 
 - 1285 
 
 Spectator 
 
 - 1709 
 
 Spencers 
 
 - 1326 
 
 Spenser 
 
 - 1580 
 
 Spinning Jenny 
 
 - 1767 
 
 Spinola 
 
 - 1604 
 
 Spinoza 
 
 - 1660 
 
 Spires, 1st Diet of - 
 
 - 1526 
 
 Spires, 2nd Diet of - 
 
 - 1529 
 
 Spires, C. - 
 
 1689. 1792 
 
 Spiritoff 
 
 - 1770 
 
 Spiritual Guide (Molinos') - 1675 
 
 Spottiswoode - 
 
 - 1646 
 
 Spurs, B. 
 
 - 1513 
 
 Spurzheim - 
 
 1816. 1832 
 
 Stael. Baroness de 
 
 1800. 1817 
 
 Stafarda, B. - 
 
 - 1690 
 
 Stair, Earl - 
 
 - 1743 
 
 Stamp Act - 
 
 1764. 1766 
 
 Standard, B. - 
 
 - 1138 
 
 Stanhope 
 
 1708. 1710 
 
 Stanislaus Lecksinski 
 
 1704. 1709 
 
 — Poniatowski 
 
 1764. 1771 
 
 ir. 
 
 ~ 1795 
 
 Staremberg - 
 
 - 1710 
 
 States General 
 
 1588. 1789 
 
 Stauffacher - 
 
 - 1307 
 
 Stauracius - 
 
 - 811 
 
 Steam Engine 1663. ] 
 
 L698. 1769. 
 
 1807 
 
 1825. 1830 
 
 Steele 
 
 1709, 1710 
 
 Steinkirk, B. - 
 
 - 1692 
 
 Steno Sture - 
 
 - 1471 
 
 Steno the Elder 
 
 - 1501 
 
 Stephanus 
 
 96 
 
 Stephen of Blois 
 
 - 1096 
 
 Stephen of England 
 
 1135. 1141. 
 
 1143 
 
 1153, 1154 
 
 Stephen, St. - 
 
 - 37 
 
 Stephen I., Pope 
 
 " 253 
 
 . 11. - - 752, 753, 754 
 
 III. - 
 
 - 763 
 
 IV. - 
 
 - 816 
 
 V. - 
 
 - 885 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Stephen VI. - - 896. 897 
 
 VII. - - 929 
 
 VIII. - - 939 
 
 IX. - - - 1057 
 
 Stephenson - - - 1848 
 
 Stereotyping - - - 1797 
 
 Sterling - - - 1844 
 
 Sterne - - - 1760 
 
 Sternhold - - - 1549 
 
 Stevenson, Sir John - 1813.1833 
 
 Stewart, General - - 1798 
 Stewart, Dugald 1792. 1800, 1828 
 
 Stilicho - - 403. 405 
 
 Stilling - - - 1817 
 
 Stillingfleet - - - 1699 
 
 Stirling, B. - - - 1297 
 
 Stock, Dr. - - - 1782 
 
 Stockholm, massacre of - 1520 
 
 Stockholm, P. - - 1719 
 
 Stockport riot - - 1852 
 
 Stofflet - - - 1793 
 
 Stoke, B. - - - 1487 
 
 Stolbova, P. - - - 1617 
 
 Stopford, Admiral - - 1840 
 
 Storthing - - - 1816 
 
 Stothard, T. - - 1800. 1834 
 
 Stothard, C A. - - 1821 
 
 Stow- - - - 1601 
 
 Strabise - - - 79 
 
 Strachan, Admiral - - 1805 
 
 Strada - - - 1630 
 
 Stratford, Earl of - - 1641 
 
 Strasburg cathedral - - 1012 
 
 , C. - - 1681 
 
 Strathcluyd - - - 975 
 
 Struensee, Count - - 1772 
 
 Strutt - - - 1790 
 
 Stuart, House of - - 1603 
 
 , Sir John - 1795.1806 
 
 Stukely, Dr. - - - 1750 
 
 Style, New - - 1582. 1752 
 
 Suchet - - 1811.1813 
 
 Sudermania, Duke of - 1792 
 
 Suetonius, Paulinus - - 60 
 
 , historian - - 100 
 
 Sueur, Eustache le - - 1640 
 
 Suevi - - - 406 
 
 SufiPrein - - - 1782 
 
 Sugarcane - - 1506.1641 
 
 Sully - - - 1597 
 Sulpitius Quirinius (Cyrenius) 6, 7 
 
 Severus - - 410 
 
 Sultan - - - 1001 
 
 Sunday Schools - 1782. 1786 
 
 Surajah Dowlah - 1756. 1764 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 305 
 
 Surinam, C. - 
 
 Sutri, Council of 
 
 Sutlege 
 
 SuwaiTow 
 
 Swerker, House of - 
 
 Sweyn 985. 1002. 
 
 Swift, Jonathan 
 
 Sword ;^earers, order of 1198 
 
 Syagrius 
 
 Sydenham Palace 
 
 Sydney, Algernon 
 
 Syeyes 
 
 Sylvain Bailly 
 
 Sylvester I,, Pope 
 
 II. - 
 
 ■ III. 
 
 Sylvius Italic us 
 Symmachus - 
 , Pope 
 
 Syncellus 
 Syricius, Pope 
 
 Taborites 
 Tacitus, historian 
 emperor 
 
 1789. 
 
 Taherites 
 Talavera, B. 
 Talbot 
 Tallard 
 Talleyrand 
 Tallien 
 Tallis 
 Talma 
 
 Tamerlane 1370. 1386. 
 1398. 
 Tancred Hauteville - 
 
 of Sicily 
 
 Tangier, ceded 
 Tangiers, bombarded 
 Tangrolipix - 
 Tara, B. 
 Tarbes, B. - 
 Tarifa, B. - 
 Tarik 
 
 Tarragona, C. 
 , S. 
 
 Tarsus, C. 
 
 Tartaglia 
 
 Tasman 
 
 Tasso 
 
 Tate- 
 
 1799 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1804 
 
 . 
 
 1046 
 
 . 
 
 1846 
 
 1790 
 
 1799 
 
 - 
 
 1223 
 
 1013 
 
 1014 
 
 - 
 
 1036 
 
 1720 
 
 1745 
 
 1198 
 
 1237 
 
 - 
 
 486 
 
 _ 
 
 1852 
 
 - 
 
 1683 
 
 - 
 
 1789 
 
 - 
 
 1793 
 
 
 314 
 
 - 
 
 999 
 
 1044 
 
 1046 
 
 - 
 
 49 
 
 . 
 
 384 
 
 - 
 
 498 
 
 _ 
 
 526 
 
 - 
 
 785 
 
 - 
 
 384 
 
 1420. 
 
 1457 
 
 - 
 
 81 
 
 - 
 
 275 
 
 820. 872 1 
 
 _ 
 
 1809 
 
 , 
 
 1453 
 
 . 
 
 1704 
 
 1815. 
 
 1838 
 
 - 
 
 1792 
 
 - 
 
 1570 
 
 _ 
 
 1800 
 
 1392. 
 
 1397, 
 
 1402. 
 
 1405 
 
 . 
 
 1043 
 
 . 
 
 1096 
 
 - 
 
 1189 
 
 - 
 
 1661 
 
 - 
 
 1844 
 
 . 
 
 1046 
 
 - 
 
 980 
 
 .. 
 
 1814 
 
 - 
 
 1340 
 
 - 
 
 713 
 
 - 
 
 1811 
 
 
 1813 
 
 _ 
 
 261 
 
 - 
 
 1560 
 
 .. 
 
 1642 
 
 _ 
 
 1580 
 
 1710. 
 
 1715 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Tatler - - - 1709 
 
 Tauris, C. - - - 1514 
 
 Taylor, Jer. - - - 1650 
 
 , Brook - - 1710 
 
 , General - - 1847 
 
 Tea, introduction of - - 1610 
 
 Teias - - - 553 
 
 Tekeley - - - 1677 
 
 Telescopes 1590. 1663. 1668. 1789. 
 1845 
 Telegraph, Electric - - 1837 
 
 Telesius - - - 1560 
 
 Telesphorus, Pope - - 128 
 
 Tell - . - . 1307 
 
 Temeswar, C. - - 1717 
 
 , P. - - 1664 
 
 , B. - - 1849 
 
 Templars, Order of the Knights 
 
 1118 
 Tenchebray, B. 
 Teniers 
 Tennyson 
 
 Teodor Alexiewitch - 
 TertuUian 
 Teschen, P. - 
 Test Act 
 Testament, New 
 Testry, B. - 
 Teutonic Order 
 
 1237. 1255 
 •Teutonic Russia 
 Tewkesbury, B. 
 Thabor, B. - 
 Thackwell, General 
 Thames mouth, B. 
 Thames Tunnel 
 Thelwell 
 Theobald 
 Theodebald - 
 Theodebert - 
 Theodebert - 
 Theodora 
 Theodora 
 Theodore, Antipope 
 
 1526. 
 
 1106 
 1630 
 1850 
 1676 
 180 
 1779 
 1673 
 1603 
 
 - 687 
 1164. 1191. 1230. 
 
 1280. 1283. 1466 
 
 - 1525 
 
 - 1471 
 
 - 1645 
 
 - 1848 
 ;66, 1667 
 
 - 1843 
 
 - 1794 
 
 - 926 
 
 - 548 
 
 - 534 
 596. 612 
 
 - 842 
 
 - 1054 
 
 - 686 
 I. Lascaris, Emp. - 1206 
 
 II. - - 1255 
 
 Gaza - - 1460 
 
 of Corsica - 1736 
 
 Theodoric, King of the Visigoths 
 
 451 
 Theodoric the Ostrogoth (the Great) 
 481. 488. 493. 500. 508. 526 
 Theodorus I., Pope - - 642 
 
 Theodorus II. - - 898 
 
 Theodosian Code - - 435 
 
 X 
 
306 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2= 
 
 Theodosius the Great 379. 388. 390. 
 392. 394 
 
 II. 408. 421. 425. 430. 
 
 442. 450 
 
 III. .. - 716 
 
 Theon - - - 390 
 
 Theophilus - - - 829 
 
 Thermometers invented - 1609 
 
 Thessalonica, massacre at - 390 
 ThibaldV. - - - 1239 
 
 Thibaut - - 1234. 1239 
 
 Thierry - ~ - 511 
 
 of Burgundy 596. 612 
 
 III. - - 679. 687 
 
 IV. - - 720. 737 
 
 Third Estate, or Commons 1108. 
 
 1302 
 Thirty Years' War - 1618. 1648 
 Thirty-nine Articles - 1562 
 
 Thomas a Becket - 1164.1171 
 
 Aquinas - - 1263 
 
 Bradwardine - 1348 
 
 Woodstock - - 1377 
 
 a Kempis - - 1453 
 
 Munzer - - 1525 
 
 More - - 1530 
 
 Cranmer - - 1533 
 
 Wyatt - - 1554 
 
 , Christian - - 1710 
 
 Thomson, James - 1730. 1748 
 Thorn, P. - - - 1466 
 
 Thornton, botanist - - 1810 
 
 Thorwaldsen - 1816. 1844 
 
 Thou, De - - - 1601 
 
 Thrasea Psetus - - 66 
 
 Three Chapters, the - - 553 
 
 Three Days' Revolution - 1830 
 Thurgau - - - 1460 
 
 Thurles, Synod of - - 1850 
 
 Thurlow, Lord - - 1806 
 
 Thurst - - - 1760 
 
 Tiberias, B. - - - 1187 
 
 Tiberius 
 
 12. 14. 19. 26. 31. 37 
 
 Ticonderago, B 
 Tieck, Ludwig 
 Tiers Etat. 
 Tillemont 
 Tillon 
 Tillotson 
 Tilly 
 Tilsit, P. 
 Timothy 
 
 II. - - - 578 
 
 III. - - 641 
 
 Absimarus - - 698 
 
 - 1758 
 
 - 1853 
 See Third Estate. 
 
 - 1680 
 
 - 1797 
 - 1680. 1694 
 
 1618. 1626. 1630. 1631 
 
 - 1807 
 6L 63 
 
 A.C- 
 
 Tindal - - - 1526 
 
 Tintoretto - - - 1580 
 
 TippooSaib 1782. 1790. 1792. 1799 
 
 Tissot, physician - - 1780 
 
 Titian - - - 1517 
 
 Titus, Emperor - 70. 79 
 
 Tobacco introduced - - 1586 
 
 Tobago, C. - - - 1803 
 
 Toe, Pope's - - - 708 
 
 Tograi - - - 1116 
 
 Togrul Beg - 1037. 1043. 1056 
 
 Tolbiac, B. - - - 496 
 
 Toledo, C. - - - 1085 
 
 Tolentino, B. - - 1815 
 
 Tooke, Home 1786. 1790. 1794. 
 1812 
 
 Torgau, B. - - - 1760 
 
 Tories - - 1680. 1711 
 
 Toro, B. - - - 1476 
 
 Torquemada - - 1481 
 
 Torres Vedras - 1810, 1811 
 
 Torres Vedras, B. - - 1846 
 
 Torricelli - - 1640. 1643 
 
 Torrigiano - - - 1513 
 
 Torstenson - 1618. 1642. 1645 
 
 Tortona, C. - - - 1154 
 
 Tortosa, C. - - - 1811 
 
 Tosti - - - 1066 
 Totila 543. 547. 550. 552, 553 
 
 Toulon, C. - - - 1793 
 
 Toulouse, B. - - - 1814 
 
 Tournaments - - 1066 
 
 Tourville - - 1692, 1693 
 
 Toushi - - - 1223 
 
 Toussaint I'Ouverture 1 7 9 1 . 1 802 
 
 Townson - - . - 1770 
 
 Townley, Charles - - 1790 
 
 Towton, B. - - - 1461 
 
 Trafalgar, B. - - 1805 
 Trajan 98. 102, 103. 107. 114. 117 
 
 Transubstantiation - - 1215 
 
 Transits - 1631. 1639. 1769 
 
 Trapezuntius, George - 1460 
 
 Trebisond, Empire of 1206. 1466 
 
 Trent, Council - 1545. 1563 
 
 Trenton, B. - - - 1776 
 
 Treves, C. - - - 882 
 
 , S. - - - 1675 
 
 , Holy Coat at - 1844 
 
 Trevulzio - - 1500. 1515 
 
 Tribonian's Institutes - 1152 
 
 Trinidad, C. - - 1797 
 
 Tripoli, C. - - - 1109 
 
 Trissino - - - 1517 
 
 Trithemius - - - 1509 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 307 
 
 Trollo, Archbp. 
 
 . 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1520 
 
 Utrecht, P. - 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1713 
 
 Tromp, Van 
 
 - 
 
 1652. 1653 
 
 Utricia Leonora 
 
 1718. 1720 
 
 Tromp, the Younger 
 
 - 1666 
 
 
 
 Troubadours 
 
 . 
 
 - 1100 
 
 V. 
 
 
 Trouveres 
 
 . 
 
 - 1100 
 
 Vaccination - 
 
 - 1796 
 
 Troyes, T. - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1420 
 
 Valdemar of Denmark 
 
 - 1157 
 
 Tudor, House of 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1485 
 
 Valdemar II. 
 
 1202. 1227 
 
 Tuileries, Palace 
 
 - 
 
 - 1564 
 
 Valdemar I. of Sweden 
 
 - 1250 
 
 Tunis, a 
 
 _ 
 
 1535. 1573 
 
 Val de Dunes, B. 
 
 - 1046 
 
 Turenne 1618. 1644, 
 
 1645. 1648. 
 
 Valdus, Peter 
 
 - 1160 
 
 1667. 
 
 1674, 1675 
 
 Valenciennes, C. 1677. 
 
 1793, 1794 
 
 Turgot 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1774 
 
 Valengin 
 
 - 1707 
 
 Turin, B. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1706 
 
 Valens - - 364. 376. 378 
 
 Turlogh 
 
 . 
 
 - 1082 
 
 Valentinian I. - 
 
 364. 367 
 
 Turnebus 
 
 . 
 
 - 1550 
 
 II. 375. 388. 392 
 
 Turner 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1851 
 
 III. 
 
 425. 455 
 
 Turtukai, B. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1854 
 
 Valentinus, Pope 
 
 - 827 
 
 Twiss, Horace 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Valerian 
 
 254. 259 
 
 Two Roses, Faction of 
 
 - 1399 
 
 Valla, Laurentius 
 
 - 1453 
 
 Tychoe Brahe 
 
 - 
 
 - 1601 
 
 Valladolid, university 
 
 - 1346 
 
 Tyler, President 
 
 - 
 
 - 1841 
 
 Valiancy 
 
 1790 1812 
 
 Tyre, C. 
 
 - 
 
 1098. 1291 
 
 Valmy, B. - 
 
 - 1792 
 
 Tytler, A. F. 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Valois, House of 
 
 - 1328 
 
 Tytler, P. F. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1849 
 
 Orleans 
 
 Angouleme - 
 
 - 1515 
 1515. 1589 
 
 U. 
 
 
 
 Valteline, War in 
 
 1620. 1635 
 
 Ubeda, or Tolosa, B 
 
 
 - 1212 
 
 Van Buren - 
 
 - 1837 
 
 Uladislaus V. of Poland 
 
 - 1386 
 
 Vandals 406. 412. 429. 439 
 
 Ubn, B. 
 
 - 
 
 - 1805 
 
 Van Diemen 
 
 1616. 1642 
 
 Ulpianus 
 
 - 
 
 - 222 
 
 Vandyke 
 
 - 1620 
 
 Ulric, St. 
 
 - 
 
 - 993 
 
 Van~Eyk - 
 
 - 1340 
 
 Unam Sanctam, Bui 
 
 I 
 
 1294. 1713 
 
 Van-Helmont 
 
 - 1620 
 
 Unigenitus, Bull 
 
 . 
 
 - 1713 
 
 Vanini 
 
 - 1619 
 
 Union of Denmark 
 
 and Nor- 
 
 Van Tromp - 
 
 1652, 1653 
 
 -way 
 
 - 
 
 - 1380 
 
 Van Tromp, Younger 
 
 - 1666 
 
 Union of England 
 
 and Scot- 
 
 Varna, B. - 
 
 - 1444 
 
 land 
 
 . 
 
 1603. 1706 
 
 Varna, C. 
 
 - 1828 
 
 Union of Ireland 
 
 and 
 
 Great 
 
 Varus 
 
 9 
 
 Britain 
 
 . 
 
 - 1800 
 
 Vasco di Gama 
 
 1496. 1498 
 
 United States 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1776 
 
 Vassili Vassiliewitch • 
 
 - 1425 
 
 Urban I. (Pope) 
 
 _ 
 
 - 223 
 
 Vassili IV. - 
 
 - 1505 
 
 II. 1088. 1093 
 
 1095. 1098 
 
 Vatablus 
 
 - 1530 
 
 III. - 
 
 - 
 
 1185. 1187 
 
 Vatican Library 
 
 - 1447 
 
 IV. - 
 
 . 
 
 1261. 1264 
 
 Vattel 
 
 - 1750 
 
 V. - 
 
 - 
 
 1362. 1367 
 
 Vauban - 1677 
 
 1690, 1691 
 
 VI. - 
 
 _ 
 
 1378. 1380 
 
 Vechivis, B.- 
 
 - 1322 
 
 VII. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1590 
 
 Velasquez 
 
 - 1640 
 
 Urgel 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1822 
 
 Venables, admiral 
 
 - 1654 
 
 Urklan 
 
 . 
 
 - 1333 
 
 Vendome, duke of - 
 
 - 1710 
 
 Urquiza 
 
 - 
 
 1852, 1853 
 
 Venezuela, republic - 
 
 - 1810 
 
 Urraque 
 
 - 
 
 - 1109 
 
 Venice, F. - 
 
 - 452 
 
 Ursicinus, Pope 
 
 . 
 
 - 366 
 
 , Bank of 
 
 - 1157 
 
 Usher, Archbp. 
 
 - 
 
 1640. 1655 
 
 , T - 
 
 - 11T7 
 
 Ushant, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 1778. 1794 
 
 ,C. - 
 
 - 1797 
 
 Utrecht, Union of 
 
 - 
 
 - 1579 
 
 , republic 
 
 - 1848 
 
 X 2 
 
308 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 Venus 1665 
 
 Verde, Cape, Islands 
 Verden, C.- 
 Verdun, T. - 
 Verdun, C. - 
 Vernet 
 
 Verneuil, B.- 
 Vernon, admiral 
 Veronese, Paul 
 Versailles, P. 
 Vertot 
 Verus 
 Vervins, P. - 
 
 1639. 
 
 161 
 
 45. 66. 
 
 Vesta, planet 
 
 Vesuvius, eruption of 
 
 Viazma, P. - 
 
 Vicelin 
 
 Victor I. (Pope) 
 
 II. - 
 
 III. - 
 
 IV. - 
 
 Amadeus I. - 
 
 II. - 
 
 III. 
 
 general 
 
 Emmanuel II. 
 
 Victoria 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1759 
 
 - 1460 
 
 - 1757 
 
 - 843 
 
 - 1792 
 
 - 1768 
 
 - 1424 
 
 - 1739 
 
 - 1580 
 
 - 1783 
 
 - 1720 
 162. 171 
 
 - 1598 
 68, 69, 70 
 
 - 1807 
 472. 1779 
 
 - 1634 
 
 - 1124 
 
 - 192 
 
 - 1055 
 
 - 1086 
 1159. 1164 
 1630. 1690 
 
 - 1730 
 
 - 1773 
 1809. 1811 
 
 " 1849 
 1819. 1837, 1838. 1840. 
 1843, 1844. 1849, 1850 
 1840 
 1841 
 1683 
 1738 
 1806 
 1805 
 1809 
 1814 
 1580 
 538 
 1702 
 1331 
 1794 
 1734 
 
 Victoria Adelaide, Princess - 
 Victoria Land 
 Vienna, S. - 
 
 P. - 
 
 B. - - 1529. 
 
 T. - 
 
 C. - 
 
 Congress 
 
 Vieta 
 
 Vigilius I., Pope 
 
 Vigo, B. - " 
 
 Villani 
 
 Villaret Joyeuse 
 
 Villars 1709. 1 
 
 Villaviciosa, B. 
 
 Villeroi 
 
 Vimeira, B. - 
 
 Vince, astronomer 
 
 Vincent de Paula 
 
 , St., B. 
 
 , St., Earl 
 
 Vincens, Dr. 
 
 Vinceslaus II. of Bohemia 
 
 Viner 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virome, Marshal 
 
 12. 
 
 1665. 1710 
 
 - 1706 
 
 - 1808 
 ~ 1810 
 
 - 1632 
 1797 
 1797 
 1815 
 1278 
 1740 
 1584 
 1676 
 
 1780, 
 
 - 1296 
 
 - 1395 
 
 - 1447 
 400. 414 
 657, 658 
 
 - 34. 37 
 
 - 69 
 
 - 1541 
 
 - 1813 
 1800. 1820 
 
 - 162 
 1750. 1778 
 1810. 1826 
 
 - 17 
 
 - 300 
 
 - 1680 
 
 - 1630 
 
 - 507 
 
 - 384 
 
 - 1809 
 
 - 1718 
 
 - 1460 
 
 - 1790 
 
 - 1536 
 
 - 1690 
 
 Visconti, Matthew 
 Visconti, John Galeas 
 Viscontis, Family of 
 Visigoths 
 Vitalianus 
 Vitellius 
 
 Vitellius, Emperor 
 Vittoria Colonna 
 Vittoria, B. 
 Volney 
 Vologesus 
 Voltaire 
 Volta 
 Vonones 
 Vopiscus 
 Vossius, Isaac 
 Vossius, G. J. 
 Vouille, B.- 
 Vulgate, Latin 
 
 W. 
 
 Wagram, B.- 
 Wake 
 
 Wakefield, B. 
 Wakefield, Gilbert - 
 Waldec, Bp. - 
 Waldec, Prince 
 Waldenses - 1160. 1176. 1853 
 Wales, Prince of - - 1283 
 
 Walhalla - - - 1842 
 
 Walid - - 706. 713 
 
 Wallace - 1296, 1297. 1304 
 Wallachia - - - 1739 
 
 Wallenstein 1618. 1626. 1630. 1634 
 Waller - - - 1670 
 
 Wallis, mathematician - 1680 
 
 Wallis, Captain - - 1767 
 
 Walpole, Sir Robert 1714. 1727. 
 1745 
 Walpole, Horace - 1780. 1797 
 Walpott - - - 1191 
 
 Walter - - - 1096 
 
 Walter de Mapes - - 1209 
 
 Walton, Isaac - - 1670 
 
 Walton, Brian - - 1650 
 
 Wamba - - - 675 
 
 Wandiwash, B. - - 1759 
 
 War, Jewish - - - 66 
 
 , Parthian - - 162 
 
 , Marcomanni - - 169 
 
 , Civil, in England 1263. 1311. 
 
 1455. to 1485. 1642 
 
 , Civil, in France - 1404 
 
 , Cabillauds and Hame^ons 1417 
 
 , of the Hussites - - 14!8 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 309 
 
 War, Thirty Years' 1618. to 1648 
 
 , Religious, in Switzerland 1531 
 
 , Religious, of Smalcald - 1546 
 
 , Religious, in France - 1560 
 
 , Russia and Turkey 1677. 1768. 
 
 1806. 1828 
 
 , of the North - -1700 
 
 , Spanish Succession - 1701 
 
 , Austrian Succession - 1740 
 
 , Seven Years' - - 1756 
 
 ■ , England and North America 
 
 1775 
 
 , England and France - 1778 
 
 , England and India 1780. 1790 
 
 , England and Holland - 1780 
 
 , Civil, in Spain - - 1822 
 
 , Civil, in do. - - 1833 
 
 , Burmese - - 1824 
 
 , Kaffir - - 1847. 1851 
 
 , Sikh 1845, 1846. 1848, 1849 
 
 ■ , Sardinia and Austria 1848, 
 
 1849 
 
 , Hungary and Austria 1848, 
 
 1849 
 
 , French and Romans - 1849 
 
 , Schleswig-Holstein 1848. 1850 
 
 • , French and Algerines - 1851 
 
 , Brazil and Buenos Ay res 1851 
 
 , British and Burmese - 1852 
 
 , Russians and Turks - 1853 
 
 , British, French, and Russians 
 
 1854 
 Warburton - 
 Ward, essayist 
 Ware, Sir James 
 Warefridus Diaconus 
 Waring, Dr. E. 
 Waronitz 
 Warren, Admiral 
 Warsaw, C. - 
 Warsaw, B. - 
 Warton - 1770. 1785. 1790 
 
 Warwick 1460. 1464. 1470, 1471 
 Washington 1754. 1775, 1776. 1781. 
 1799 
 Washington, C. 
 Wat Tyler - 
 Watches invented 
 Waterford, F. 
 Water-Kloof, B. 
 Waterland, Dr. 
 Waterloo, B. 
 Waterloo Bridge 
 Watson, Bp. - 
 
 1760. 1779 
 
 - 1846 
 
 - 1650 
 
 - 788 
 1780. 1798 
 
 - 1697 
 
 - 1747 
 
 - 1806 
 1794. 1831 
 
 - 1814 
 
 - 1381 
 - 1478. 1597 
 
 - 800 
 
 - 1851 
 
 - 1730 
 
 - 1815 
 
 - 1817 
 
 - 1800 
 
 A.C. 
 
 Watt, James - 1769. 1800. 1819 
 Watts, Dr. Isaac - 1730. 1748 
 Weber, musician - 1816.1826 
 Webster - - - 1852 
 
 Wedgewood - - - 1780 
 
 Weimar, Duke of - - 1618 
 
 Weinsberg, B. - - 1140 
 
 Welf or Guelph - - 1071 
 
 Wellesley, Marquis 1788. 1798. 1842 
 Wellesley, Sir Arthur 1803. 1808, 
 1809 
 Wellington 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 
 1813, 1814, 1815. 1827, 1828. 
 1852 
 Wenceslaus - - - 1300 
 
 , Emperor - 1378 
 
 of Bohemia - 1419 
 
 Werner - - 1800. 1817 
 
 Werth, John- - - 1618 
 
 Wesley, Charles - - 1728 
 
 , John - - 1740 
 
 , musician - - 1816 
 
 Wessel - - - 1470 
 
 West, painter 1792. 1800. 1820 
 
 West, Gilbert - - 1750 
 
 Westall - 1816. 1836, 1850 
 
 Westminster Abbey - - 1059 
 
 Westminster Bridge - - 1750 
 
 Westphalia, T. - - 1648 
 
 Westphalia, Kingdom - 1810 
 
 Wheatstone - - 1837 
 
 Whigs - - 1680. 1711 
 
 Whish, General - - 1848 
 
 White Canons - - 1119 
 
 White, H. Kirke - - 1806 
 
 White, Joseph, Orientalist - 1800 
 Whitehead - 1757. 1770. 1785 
 Whitelocke, General - 1807 
 
 Whitfield - - - 1770 
 
 Whitgift - - - 1595 
 
 Wickliffe - 1360. 1377. 1380 
 Wicklifltttes, or Lollards - 1413 
 
 Wieland, poet - 1790. 1813 
 
 Wilberforce 1789. 1826. 1833 
 
 Wilfred - - - 709 
 
 Willdenow, botanist - - 1800 
 
 Wilkie, Sir D. - 1830. 1841 
 
 Wilkins, Sir Charles - 1836 
 
 William the Conqueror 1046. 1048. 
 1070. 1079. 1087 
 
 II. Rufus 1087. 1097. 1100 
 
 III. of Orange 1672. 1674. 
 
 1688, 1689, 1690. 1692, 1693. 
 1695. 
 
 X 3 
 
310 
 
 INDEX, NO. 2. 
 
 William IV. - 
 
 Iron- Arm - 
 
 of Apulia 
 
 Prince of England 
 
 of Malmesbury 
 
 the Lion 
 
 — ^ II., the Good, (of Naples) 
 
 1166. 1189 
 
 of Turc 
 
 III., son of Tancred 
 
 Parvus 
 
 1830. 1837 
 
 - 1043 
 
 - 1084 
 1120 
 1143 
 1165 
 
 ~ of Brittany ■ 
 
 — of Holland - 
 
 — of Nogaret ■ 
 
 — Tell 
 
 — Ocram 
 
 — Sawtre 
 
 — I. of Orange 
 
 11. 
 
 1185 
 1194 
 
 - 1200 
 
 - 1239 
 
 - 1250 
 
 - 1301 
 
 - 1307 
 
 - 1322 
 
 - 1401 
 1566. 1572. 
 1574. 1584 
 
 - 1650 
 
 IV., Stadtholder - 1747 
 of Cumberland - 1760 
 
 v., Stadtholder - 1785 
 Duke of Brunswick - 1830 
 I. of Holland 1815. 1840 
 
 Wolsey 
 Worcester, B. 
 Worcester, Marquis - 
 Woolwich 
 
 Wordsworth - 1816. 
 Worms, B. - 
 
 , Concordat - 
 
 , Council 
 
 -, C. 
 -, Diet 
 
 513. 
 
 1843. 
 1122, 
 
 1689. 
 1495. 
 
 - 1618. 
 1674. 1690. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 1530 
 1651 
 1663 
 1741 
 1850 
 1298 
 1123 
 1076 
 1792 
 1521 
 1660 
 1648 
 1810 
 1723 
 1780 
 1610 
 1554 
 
 Wouvermans 
 
 Wrangel 
 
 Wraxall 
 
 Wren, Sir C. 
 
 Wright, painter 
 
 Wurzburg, League - 
 
 Wyatt 
 
 X. 
 
 Xaintrailles - - 1423 
 
 Xeres de la Frontera, B. - 713 
 Ximenes - - 1509. 1516 
 
 Y. 
 
 II. of Holland 
 
 - 
 
 1840 
 
 Yakub, Ebn. Seis 
 
 _ 
 
 872 
 
 III. of Holland 
 
 _ 
 
 1849 
 
 Yezdejird, Era 
 
 _ 
 
 632 
 
 William Henry, Fort, C 
 
 . 
 
 1757 
 
 Yezdejird III. 
 
 . 
 
 651 
 
 Williams 
 
 - 
 
 1848 
 
 Yezid L 
 
 - 
 
 679 
 
 Willis, physician 
 
 - 
 
 1810 
 
 York, Constitution of 
 
 - 
 
 926 
 
 WiUoughby, Sir Hugh 
 
 - 
 
 1553 
 
 , B. 
 
 - 
 
 1066 
 
 Winchester, T. 
 
 - 
 
 1153 
 
 , Duke of 
 
 _ 
 
 1377 
 
 Winckelmann 
 
 _ 
 
 1760 
 
 , House of 
 
 _ 
 
 1461 
 
 Windischgratz, Prince 
 
 . 
 
 1848 
 
 , S. 
 
 - 
 
 1644 
 
 Windsor, Council 
 
 _ 
 
 1175 
 
 , Duke of 
 
 1794. 
 
 1799 
 
 Winkelried, Arnold - 
 
 - 
 
 1386 
 
 , Cardinal of 
 
 _ 
 
 1807 
 
 Winsor 
 
 1807. 
 
 1810 
 
 Minster 
 
 _ 
 
 1829 
 
 Wirtemberg, Duchy - 
 
 - 
 
 1495 
 
 Yorktown, C. 
 
 - 
 
 1781 
 
 Wislock, B. - 
 
 - 
 
 1636 
 
 Young, agriculturist - 
 
 
 1800 
 
 Witikind 
 
 . 
 
 772 
 
 -,Th. - 
 
 1816. 
 
 1829 
 
 Witt, John de 
 
 1653. 
 
 1672 
 
 , poet - 
 
 _ 
 
 1750 
 
 Witt, Cornelius de - 
 
 _ 
 
 1672 
 
 Yoursoulf 
 
 _ 
 
 1061 
 
 Wittelsbach, House of 
 
 - 
 
 1331 
 
 Ypsilanti 
 
 _ 
 
 1821 
 
 Wladimir the Great - 
 
 988. 
 
 1015 
 
 
 
 
 Wladimir IL 
 
 _ 
 
 1113 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 
 Wladislaus - 
 
 _ 
 
 1081 
 
 Zacharias, Pope 
 
 _ 
 
 741 
 
 Wolcot, Dr. - 
 
 - 
 
 1819 
 
 Zapolya, John 
 
 _ 
 
 1526 
 
 Wolfenbuttel, B. 
 
 - 
 
 1641 
 
 Zealand, Invasion of 
 
 - 
 
 1700 
 
 Wolf, philosopher 
 
 1719, 
 
 1720. 
 
 Zeno 474. 481, 482, 483. 488 
 
 . 491 
 
 
 
 1754 
 
 Zenobia 
 
 _ 
 
 273 
 
 Wolf 
 
 . 
 
 1812 
 
 Zenta, B. 
 
 - 
 
 1697 
 
 Wolfe, General 
 
 _ 
 
 1759 
 
 Zephyrinus - 
 
 _ 
 
 201 
 
 Wolfe, Rev. C. 
 
 .. 
 
 1825 
 
 Ziano, Doge - 
 
 _ 
 
 1177 
 
 Wollaston 
 
 1810 
 
 1828 
 
 Zimmermann 
 
 1780. 
 
 1795 
 
EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 
 
 Ziska - - 1418. 
 
 Zinzendorf - - - 
 
 Zizim - - _ 
 
 Znaym, armistice 
 Zoe, Leo VI. 's second wife - 
 Zoe, Leo VL's fourth wife - 
 
 A.a 
 1424 
 1727 
 1481 
 1809 
 886 
 901 
 
 Zoe,RomaiiusIIL'swife 1034.1049 
 
 Zorndorf, B. - 
 Zosimus, Pope 
 Zummerhausen, B. - 
 Zurich, B. - 
 Zutphen, B. - 
 Zwingle 1516. 1519. 
 
 311 
 
 A.C. 
 
 - 1758 
 
 - 417 
 
 - 1648 
 
 - 1799 
 
 - 1586 
 1524. 1531 
 
 X 4 
 
SYNCHR(( 
 
 SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE, F]l 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERM AN Yi 
 
 827. Egbert. 
 
 824. Dongal. 
 
 814. Louis le Debonnaire. 
 
 814. Louis le Debon 
 
 837. Ethelwolf. 
 
 831. Alpine. 
 834. Kenneth IL 
 
 840. Charles the Bald. 
 
 840. Lothaire. 
 
 857. Ethelbald. 
 
 860. Ethelbert. 
 866. Ethelred. 
 
 854. Donald V. 
 858. Constantine II. 
 
 
 855. Louis II. 
 
 872. Alfred. 
 
 874. Ethus, or Eth. 
 876. Gregory. ■ 
 
 
 875. Charles 11. 
 
 
 877. Louis the Stammerer. 
 879. Louis 111. and Carlo- 
 
 877. Interregnum. 
 
 
 
 man. 
 
 880. Charles III, le < 
 
 
 
 884. Charles le Gros. 
 
 
 
 
 887. Eudes, or Hugh. 
 
 887. Arnould. 
 
 
 893, Donald VI. 
 
 893. Charles III. 
 
 899. Louis III. 
 
L TABLE 
 
 BERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 arold. 
 
 791. Alfonso II. 
 
 827. Valentinus. 
 
 828. Gregory I. 
 
 829. Theophilus. 
 
 ric. 
 ricll 
 
 842. Ramiro I. 
 850. Ordogno. 
 
 844. Sergius II. 
 847. Leo IV. 
 
 855. Benedict III. 
 858. Nicholas I. 
 
 842. Michael III. 
 
 
 866. Alfonso III. 
 
 867. Adrian 11. 
 872. John VIII. 
 
 867. Basilius I. 
 
 ormo the Old. 
 
 
 882. Martin II. 
 
 884. Adrian III. 
 
 885. Stephen V. 
 
 891. Formosus. 
 
 896. Boniface VI. 
 
 897. Romanus and Stephen 
 VI. 
 
 898. John IX. 
 
 886. Leo VI, 
 
 
 
 
314 SYNCHRONIC AL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 900. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Alfred. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 Donald VL 
 
 FRANCE. 
 Charles IIL 
 
 GERMANY. 
 Louis IIL 
 
 901. Edward the Elder. 
 
 904. Constautine IIL 
 
 924. Athelstan. 
 
 940. Edmund I. 
 
 947. Edred. 
 
 955. Edwy. 
 959. 
 
 974. Edward the Martyr. 
 
 979. Ethelred II. 
 
 944. Malcolm I. 
 
 953, Indulfus. 
 
 961. Duff. 
 965. CuUen. 
 970. Kenneth IIL 
 
 994. Constantine IV. 
 
 995. Grimus. 
 
 922. Robert. 
 
 923. Rodolph. 
 
 936. Louis IV. 
 
 954. Lothaire. 
 
 986. Louis V. 
 
 987. Hugh Capet. 
 
 Robert 11. 
 
 Saxon dynasty. 
 911. Conrad I. 
 
 918. Henry I. 
 
 936. Otho I. 
 
 973. Otho II. 
 
 983. Otho III. 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 315 
 
 900. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 GoRMo THE Old. 
 
 Alfonso III. 
 
 John IX. 
 
 Leo VI. 
 
 
 
 903. Leo V. 
 
 904. Sergius III. 
 
 
 
 910. Garcias. 
 914. Ordogno II. 
 
 911. Anastasius III. 
 
 913. Landonius. 
 
 914. John X. 
 
 911. Alexander and Con- 
 stantiiie VII. 
 
 919. Romanus Lecapanus. 
 
 920. Constantine VIII. 
 
 
 923. Froila II. 
 
 
 
 Harold II. 
 
 925. Alfonso IV. 
 927. Ramiro II. 
 
 928. Leo VI. 
 
 929. Stephen VII. 
 931. John XI. 
 
 936. Leo VII. 
 939. Stephen VIII. 
 
 942. Martin III. 
 
 928. Stephen and Christo- 
 pher. 
 
 945.Constantlne VII. (sole). 
 
 
 950. Ordogno III. 
 
 946. Agapetus II. 
 
 
 
 955. Ordogno IV. 
 
 956. Sancho I. 
 
 956. John XII. 
 
 
 
 967. Ramiro III. 
 
 963. Leo VIII. and Bene- 
 
 diet V. 
 965. John XIII. 
 
 972. Benedict VI. 
 
 974. Boniface VII. & Dom- 
 
 959. Romanus II. 
 963. Nicephorus II. 
 
 969. John I. 
 
 
 
 nus II. 
 975. Benedict VII. 
 
 975. Basil ius II. and Con- 
 stantine IX. 
 
 Swein. 
 
 982. Veremundo II. 
 
 983. John XIV. 
 
 984. John XV. 
 
 985. John XVI. 
 
 
 
 999. Alfonso V. 
 
 996. Gregory V. 
 999. Silvester II. 
 
 
316 SYNCHEONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEEEIGNS 
 
 OP 
 
 1000. 
 
 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 Ethelred II. 
 
 Grimus. 
 
 Robert II. 
 
 Otho in. 
 
 Stephen (997). 
 
 
 1003. Malcolm II. 
 
 
 1002. Henry II. 
 
 
 1013. Sweyn. 
 
 1014. Canute the Gt. 
 1013. Ethelred restor- 
 ed. 
 
 1016. Edmund Iron- 
 side and Canute 
 again. 
 
 1033. Duncan I. 
 
 1031. Henry I. 
 
 1024. Conrad II. 
 
 
 1036. Harold I. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1039. Hardicanute, 
 1041. Edward the 
 Confessor. 
 
 1039 Macbeth. 
 1057. Malcolm III. 
 
 1060. Philip I. 
 
 1039. Henry III. 
 1056. Henry IV. 
 
 1038. Peter. 
 1041. Aba. 
 
 1044. Peter again. 
 1047. Andrew I. 
 
 1061. Bela I, 
 1064. Salamon, 
 
 1066. Harold II., and 
 William the 
 conqueror. 
 (Norman line.) 
 
 
 
 
 1075. Geisa I. 
 1077. Ladislas I. 
 
 1087. William II. Ru- 
 fus. 
 
 1093. Donald VII. 
 
 1094. Duncan II. and 
 Donald Bane. 
 
 1098. Edgar. 
 
 
 
 1095. Coloman. 
 
 1100. Henry 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 317 
 
 1000. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 EAST. 
 
 SWEIN. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Alfonso V. 
 
 Silvester II. 
 
 CONSTANTINE IX. 
 
 
 1001. Olaf. 
 
 
 
 
 14. Canute II. 
 
 
 
 1003. John XVII. and 
 
 XVIII. 
 1009. Sergius IV. 
 1012. Benedict VIII. 
 
 
 
 1026. Edmund. 
 
 1027. VeremundoIII. 
 
 1024. John XIX. 
 
 1028. Romanus III. 
 
 36. Canute III. 
 
 
 Kings of Castile. 
 1035. Ferdinand. 
 
 1033. Benedict IX. 
 
 1034. Michael IV. 
 
 42. Magnus. 
 
 
 
 
 1041. Michael V. 
 
 1042. Constantine X. 
 
 47. Swein 11. 
 
 1051. Edmund Slemme 
 
 
 1044. Gregory VI. 
 
 1046. Clement 11. 
 
 1047. Benedict again. 
 
 1048. Damasns 11. and 
 
 Leo IX. 
 
 
 
 1056. Stenkill. 
 
 1065. Sancho II. 
 
 1054. Vacant. 
 
 1055. Victor II. 
 
 1057. Stephen IX. 
 
 1058. Benedict X. and 
 
 Nicholas II. 
 
 1061. Alexander II. 
 
 1054. Theodora. 
 
 1056. Michael VI. 
 
 1057. Isaac I. 
 
 1059. Constantine XI. 
 
 
 1066. Halstan. 
 
 
 
 1007. Eudocia. 
 
 1071. Michael VII. 
 
 73. Interregnum. 
 
 
 1072. Alfonso VI. 
 
 1073. Gregory VII. 
 
 fagain. 
 
 )77. Harold. 
 
 
 
 
 
 )80. Canute IV. 
 
 
 
 
 1078. Nicephorus III. 
 
 )86. Olaus IV. 
 
 1090. Ingo. 
 
 
 1085. Vacancy. 
 
 1086. Victor III. 
 
 1088. Urban II. 
 
 1081. Alexius I. 
 
 395. Eric III. 
 
 
 
 1099. Pascal IT. 
 
 
SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OP THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 1100. 
 
 JGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 
 lENRY I. 
 
 Edgar. 
 
 Philip I. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 COLOMAN. 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 
 1107. Alexander. 
 
 1108. Louis VL 
 
 1106. Henry V. 
 
 1114. Stephen. 
 
 
 
 1124. David. 
 
 
 1125. Lothaire II. 
 
 
 
 Stephen. 
 
 1153. Malcolm IV. 
 
 1137. Louis Vn. 
 
 1138. Conrad III. 
 
 1 152. Frederic 
 Barbarossa. 
 
 llSl.Belall. 
 1141. Geisa IL 
 
 1134. Albert L 
 
 Henry IL 
 
 1165. William. 
 
 
 
 1161. Stephen III. 
 
 
 
 
 1180. Philip II. 
 
 
 1174. Bela IIL 
 
 1170. OthoL 
 1184. Otho II. 
 
 Richard I. 
 
 
 
 1190. Henry VI. 
 1198. Philip. 
 
 1196. Emeric. 
 
 
 John. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EUROPE^ FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 31: 
 
 1100. 
 
 NMARK. 
 
 ;ric hi. 
 
 nterregnum 
 Nicholas I. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Ingo. 
 
 Eric IV. 
 Eric V. 
 
 Sweinlll. J 
 Canute V. 
 
 Canute VI. 
 
 1112. Philip. 
 1118. Ingo II. 
 
 1129. Swerker. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 Alfonso VI. 
 
 1109. Urracaand 
 Alfonso 
 VII. 
 
 1126.AlfonsoVin 
 
 1150. Eric X. 
 
 162. Charles VII 
 1168. Canute. 
 
 1192. Swerker II. 
 
 PORTUGAL 
 
 (Counts of). 
 
 Henry. 
 
 112. Alfonso and 
 Theresa. 
 
 1128. Alfonso 
 alone. 
 
 1139. Alfonso I. 
 as king. 
 
 1157. SanchoIII. 
 
 1158. Alfonso IX. 
 
 1185, Sancho I. 
 
 POPES. 
 Pascal II. 
 
 1118. GelasiusII. 
 
 1119. Calixtus II 
 1124. Honorius II. 
 
 1130. Innocent II. 
 
 1143. Celestine II 
 
 1144. Lucius II. 
 1145.EugeniusIII 
 
 1153. Anastasius 
 
 IV. 
 
 1154. Adrian IV. 
 
 1159. Alexander 
 III. 
 
 1181. Lucius III. 
 
 1185. Urban III. 
 
 1187. Gregory 
 
 VIII. and 
 
 Clement 
 
 III. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 Alexius I. 
 
 1118. John Com- 
 nenus. 
 
 1143. Manuel I. 
 
 1191. Celestine 
 
 in. 
 
 1198. Innocent 
 IIL 
 
 1180. Alexius II. 
 
 1183. Androni- 
 
 cus I. 
 1185. Isaac II. 
 
 1195. Alexius III, 
 
320 
 
 SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 1200. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 PRUSSIAA 
 
 John. 
 
 William. 
 
 Philip II. 
 
 Philip. 
 
 Emeric. 
 
 Otho II. 
 
 
 
 
 1208. Otho IV. 
 
 1204. Ladislas II. 
 
 1205. Andrew II. 
 
 1206. Albert II 
 
 1216. Henry III. 
 
 l2l4.AIexandern. 
 1249. Alexander 
 
 in. 
 
 1223. Louis VIII. 
 1226. Louis IX. 
 
 1212. Frederic n. 
 
 1235. Bela IV. 
 
 1221. John La 
 Otho II 
 
 
 
 1250. Cocrad IV. 
 & William. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1256. Interregnum 
 
 
 
 1272. Edward I. 
 
 128.5. Margaret. 
 
 1270. Philip III. 
 1285. Philip IV. 
 
 Houses of Haps- 
 burg, Luxemburg, 
 and Bavaria. 
 
 1273. Rodolph. 
 
 1270. Stephen IV. 
 1272. Ladislas III. 
 
 1266. John 11. 
 1282. Otho IV. 
 
 
 1292. JohnBaliol. 
 
 
 1291. Interregnum 
 
 1292. Adolphus 
 
 1298. Albert 
 
 1290. Andrew III. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 321 
 
 1200. 
 
 ISTMARK. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 SPAIN, 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 WTE VI. 
 
 SWERKER II. 
 
 Alfonso IX. 
 
 Sancho I. 
 
 Innocent III. 
 
 Alexius III. 
 
 ^''aldemarll. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1203. Isaac II. 
 Latin Emperors. 
 
 1204. Baldwin I. 
 
 1206. Henry I. 
 
 
 1210. Eric XI. 
 
 1214. Henry I. 
 
 1212. Alfonso II. 
 
 1216.HonoriusIII. 
 
 
 
 1220. John I. 
 1223. Eric XII. 
 
 1217. Ferdinand 
 III. 
 
 1223. Sancho II. 
 
 1227. Gregory IX. 
 
 1217. Peter de 
 Courtenay. 
 
 1221. Robert de 
 Courtenay. 
 
 1228. Baldwin II. 
 
 .ric VI. 
 
 
 
 1248. Alfonso III. 
 
 1241. Vacancy, and 
 
 Celestine IV. 
 
 1243. Innocent IV. 
 
 
 Lbel. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 'hristopher 
 .ric VII. 
 
 1251. Waldemar. 
 
 1252. Alfonso X. 
 
 
 1254. Alexander 
 IV. 
 
 1261. Urban IV. 
 1/65. Clement IV. 
 
 1268. Vacancy. 
 
 1271. Gregory X. 
 
 Greek Empprors 
 at Constantinople. 
 
 126l.MichaelVIII 
 
 ricVIII. 
 
 1279. Magnus I. 
 1290. Birger II. 
 
 1284. SanchoIV. 
 
 1294. Ferdinand 
 IV. 
 
 1279. Denis. 
 
 1276. Innocent V., 
 Adrian V., & 
 Vicedonr.inus. 
 
 1277. John XX. or 
 XXI., and 
 Nicholas III. 
 
 1281. Martin IV. 
 
 1285.HonoriusIV. 
 
 1288. Nicholas IV. 
 
 1M2. Vacancy. 
 1294. Celestine V. 
 
 and Boniface 
 
 VIII. 
 
 282. Andronicus 
 II. 
 
322 SYNCHRONIC AL TABLE OF THE SOVEEEIGNS OF 
 
 1300. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 Edward 1. 
 
 1307. Edward II. 
 
 1306. Robert 
 Bruce I. 
 
 1327. Edward III, 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 John Baliol. 
 
 1329. David Bruce 
 II. 
 
 1332. Edward Ba- 
 liol. 
 
 1342. David II. 
 
 again. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 Philip IV. 
 
 314. Louis X. 
 
 1316. John and 
 Philip V. 
 
 1322. Charles IV. 
 
 1328. Philip VI. 
 
 377. Richard II. 
 
 1371. Robert 
 
 Stuart II. 
 
 1390. Robert III. 
 
 350. John II. 
 
 1364. Charles V, 
 
 GERMANY. 
 Albert. 
 
 1308. Henry VII. 
 
 131 3. Interregnum. 
 1314.LouisIV.and 
 Frederic III. 
 
 1330. Louis IV. 
 alone. 
 
 1347. Charles IV. 
 
 1380. Charles VI. 
 
 1378. Wenceslas. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 Andrew III. 
 
 1309. Charobert. 
 
 PRUSSlJi 
 Otho IV 
 
 1309. Waldedt 
 
 1319. Henry I.I 
 1320.1nterreg!^ 
 
 1323. Louis 
 
 1342. Louis the 
 Great. 
 
 382. Mary. 
 
 1352. Louis III 
 
 1365. Otho V\' 
 
 1373. Wences 
 
 1378. Sigismi 
 
 1388. Jnssus. 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 323 
 
 1300. 
 
 MARK. 
 VIII. 
 
 ristopher 
 
 erregnum 
 
 aldemar 
 
 I. 
 
 erregnum 
 aus V. 
 
 urgaret. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 BiRGER II. 
 
 1320. Magnus II. 
 
 1363. Albert. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 Ferdinand IV. 
 
 1312. Alfonso XI. 
 
 1350. Peter the 
 Cruel. 
 
 1368. Henry 
 
 1379. John I. 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 Denis. 
 
 1325. Alfonso IV. 
 
 1357. Peter the Se- 
 vere. 
 
 1367. Ferdinand I, 
 
 1384. John I. 
 
 POPES. 
 Boniface VIII. 
 
 1303. Benedict XI. 
 
 1304. Vacancy. 
 
 1305. Clement V. 
 
 1314. Vacancy. 
 1316, John XXII. 
 
 1334.BenedictXIl, 
 
 1342. Clement VI, 
 
 1352. InnocentVI, 
 
 1362. Urban V. 
 
 1370. Gregory XI. 
 
 1378. Urban VI. 
 
 1389. Boniface IX 
 
 THE EAST. 
 Andronicus II. 
 
 1332. Andronicus 
 III. 
 
 311. JohnPalaeo- 
 logus. 
 
 1347. John Canta 
 cuzenus. 
 
 1355. John False- 
 ologus re- 
 stored again 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 PRUSSl 
 
 
 
 
 
 1392. Mary and Si- 
 gismund. 
 
 
 House of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1399. Henry IV. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 1400. j 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 Robert III. 
 
 Charles VI. 
 
 Wenceslas. 
 
 Sigismund. 
 
 Jossus, 
 
 
 
 
 1400. Frederic and 
 Rupert. 
 
 
 
 
 1406. James I. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1410. Jossus and 
 Sigismund. 
 
 
 1411. Sigismu 
 again. 
 
 1413. Henry V. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1415. Frederic 
 
 1422. Henry VL 
 
 
 1422. Charles VII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1437. James II. 
 
 
 House of Austria. 
 
 1437. Albert. 
 
 
 
 
 
 143S. Albert II. 
 
 1439. Interregnum 
 
 1440. Frederic IV. 
 
 1440. Ladislas IV. 
 1444. Interregnum 
 
 1453. Ladislas V. 
 
 1440. Frederic 
 
 House of York. 
 
 1460. James III. 
 
 
 
 1458. Matthias. 
 Corvinus. 
 
 
 1461. Edward IV. 
 
 
 1461. Louis XL 
 
 
 
 1470. Albert II 
 1476. John 11 
 
 1483. Edward V.& 
 Richard III. 
 
 
 1483.CharlesVIII. 
 
 
 
 
 Hou^e of Tudor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1483. Henry VII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EUEOPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 325 
 
 ;nmark. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1391. Manuel Pa- 
 Iseologus. 
 
 Margaret & 
 Eric IX. 
 
 1397. Union of 
 Calmar. 
 
 
 
 1394. Benedict 
 XIH. 
 
 
 1400. 
 
 
 Eric IX. and Margaret. 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 John I. 
 
 Benedict Xlll. 
 
 Manuel 
 
 PAL.E0L0GUS. 
 
 
 
 1406. John II, 
 
 
 1404.InnocentVIl 
 NOe.GregorvXII. 
 
 1409. Alexander V. 
 
 1410. John XXIII. 
 
 
 Eric IX. or 
 sole so 
 
 1412. Eric XIII. 
 vereign. 
 
 
 
 1417. Martin V. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1433. Edward. 
 
 143I.EugeniusIV, 
 
 1425. John Palffio- 
 logus 11. 
 
 Interregnum 
 
 
 
 1433. Alfonso V. 
 
 
 
 Christopher 
 III. 
 
 End of 
 
 1440. Christopher 
 III.ofDen- 
 marli. 
 
 Union. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Christian I. 
 
 l448.CharlesVIII. 
 
 1454. Henry IV. 
 
 
 1447. Nicholas V. 
 
 1455. Calixtus III, 
 1458. Pius 11. 
 
 1448. Constantinc 
 
 Xlll. 
 
 SiiltanF. 
 
 1453. Mahomttll. 
 
 
 1470. Interregnum 
 
 l474.FerdinandV. 
 
 
 1464. Paul II. 
 1471. Sixtus IV. 
 
 
 John. 
 
 1483. John 11. 
 
 (John I. of 
 Denmrirk) 
 
 Y 
 
 1481. John II. 
 3 
 
 1484. Innocent 
 VIII. 
 
 1481. Bajazet II. 
 
326 SYNCHKONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 PRUSSI 
 
 
 1488. James IV. 
 
 1498. Louis XII. 
 
 1493.MaximilianI. 
 
 1490. Ladislas VI. 
 
 Elector! 
 1486. John I 
 
 1499. Joachii 
 
 
 1500. 
 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 James IV. 
 
 Louis XII. 
 
 Maximilian I. 
 
 Ladislas VI. 
 
 Joachim 
 
 1509. Henry VIII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1513. James V. 
 
 1515. Francis I. 
 
 1519. Charles V. 
 
 1516. Louis II. 
 
 1526. John Zapol- 
 ski and Fer- 
 dinand I. 
 
 
 1547. Edward VI. 
 
 1542. Mary. 
 
 1547. Henry 11. 
 
 
 1541. Ferdinand 
 alone. 
 
 1535. Joachin 
 
 1553. Mary. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1558. Elizabeth. 
 
 1567. James VI. 
 
 1559. Francis II. 
 
 1560. Charles IX. 
 
 1558. Ferduiandl. 
 
 1564. Maximilian 
 II. 
 
 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 PRUSSIi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 I.John Geo 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 327 
 
 ^MARK. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 
 
 
 1495. Emmanuel. 
 
 1492. Alexander 
 VI. 
 
 
 1500. 
 
 
 HN I, or 
 
 John II. 
 
 Ferdinand V, 
 
 Emmanuel. 
 
 Alexander VI, 
 
 Bajazet II. 
 
 
 1502. Interregnum 
 
 1504. Joan. 
 
 
 1503. Pius I II. and 
 Julius II.: 
 
 
 Christian II. 
 
 
 l512.FerdinandV. 
 1516. Charles I. 
 
 
 1513. Leo. X. 
 
 1512. Selim I. 
 
 
 1520. Christian II. 
 of Denmark. 
 
 
 1521. John III. 
 
 1522. Adrian VI. 
 
 1520. Solyraan. 
 
 >ederic I. 
 
 1523. Gustavus 
 Vdsa. 
 
 
 
 1523. Clement 
 VII. 
 
 
 :^hristian 
 III. 
 
 
 
 
 1534. Paul III. 
 1550. Julius III. 
 
 
 
 
 1553. Philip. II. 
 
 1557. Sebastian. 
 
 1556. Marcellus 
 II. and Paul 
 IV. 
 
 
 "rederic II. 
 
 1560. Eric XIV. 
 I5G8. John HI. 
 
 
 
 1559. Pius IV. 
 1566. Pius V. 
 
 1566. Selim II. 
 
 "IMARK. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 
 
 Y 
 
 4 
 
 1572. C^egory 
 
 
328 
 
 STNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 PRUSSIA 
 
 
 
 1574. Henry III. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1576. Rodolph II. 
 
 Stadtholders. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1579. William of ,1 
 Nassau. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1587. Maurice. 
 
 
 
 
 1589. Henry IV. 
 
 
 
 1598. Joachim 
 Frederic 
 
 
 1600. 
 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 RODOLPH II. 
 
 Maurice. 
 
 Joachim Frede- 
 ric. 
 
 Christian IV 
 
 House of Stuart. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1603. James L 
 
 1610. Louis XIH. 
 
 1612. Matthias. 
 
 1619. Ferdinand 
 II. 
 
 
 1608. John Sigis 
 mund. 
 
 Dukes of Prussia. 
 
 1616. John Sigis- 
 mund. 
 
 1619. George Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 
 1625. Charles 1. 
 
 1643. Louis XIV. 
 
 1637. Ferdinand 
 III. 
 
 1625. Frederic 
 Henry. 
 
 1647. William II. 
 
 1640. Frederic 
 William. 
 
 648. FredericII 
 
EUROPE^ FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 329 
 
 Christian 
 IV. 
 
 1592. Sigismund. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 1598. Philip III. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 1578. Henry 
 1S80. Anthony. 
 
 1585. Sixtus V. 
 
 1590. Urbjin VII 
 and Gregorv 
 XIV. 
 
 1591. Innocent IX, 
 
 1592. L lenient 
 
 VIII. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 1574. Amurath 
 III. 
 
 1595.MahometIII 
 
 1600. 
 
 WEDEN. 
 
 IGISMUND. 
 
 Charles IX, 
 
 Gustavus II, 
 
 Interreg- 
 num, then 
 Christina. 
 
 SPAIN, 
 Philip III. 
 
 1621. Philip IV. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Anthony. 
 
 POPES. 
 Clement VIII. 
 
 1605. Leo XI. and 
 Paul V. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 Mahomet III. 
 
 1603. Achmet. 
 
 1640. John IV. 
 
 1621. Gregory 
 XV. 
 
 1623. Urban Vin 
 
 1644. Innocent IX. 
 
 1617. Mustapha I. 
 
 1618. Osman I. 
 
 1622. Mustapha I. 
 
 again. 
 
 1623. Amurath 
 
 IV. 
 
 1640. Ibrahim. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 Boris Godonof. 
 
 1606. Demetrius. 
 1610. Interregnun 
 
 1613. Michael Fe- 
 dorovitz 
 
 1645. Alexis. 
 
330 
 
 SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 1649. Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 1660. Charles II. 
 
 1G85. James II. 
 
 1689. William III, 
 and Mary. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 1658. Leopold I. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 1650. Interregnum 
 
 1672. William III, 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 1688. Frederic. 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 1670. Christian 
 
 1699. Frederic : 
 
 1700. 
 
 William and 
 
 Mary. 
 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 Leopold I. 
 
 William III. 
 
 Frederic. 
 
 Frederic IV 
 
 1702. Anne. 
 
 
 1705. Joseph I. 
 
 Princes of Orange. 
 1702. William IV. 
 
 Kings. 
 1701. Freda 
 
 
 House of Hanover 
 1714. George I. 
 
 1715. Louis XV-. 
 
 1711. Charles VI. 
 
 1711. William V. 
 
 1713. Frederic 
 
 William I. 
 
 
 1727. George II. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1730. Christian 
 
 
 
 1740. Maria The- 
 resa. 
 
 
 1710. Frederic II. 
 or in. 
 
 VI 
 
 
 
 1742. Charles VII. 
 1745. Francis I. 
 
 1751. William VI. 
 
 V*. 
 
 1746. Frederic"" 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 331 
 
 tVEDEN. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1649. Mahomet 
 IV. 
 
 
 Charles X. 
 
 
 1656. Alfonso VI. 
 
 1655. Alexander 
 VII. 
 
 
 
 Charles XI. 
 
 1665. Charles II. 
 
 1683. Peter II. 
 
 Ifi67. Clement IX. 
 1670. Clement X. 
 
 1676. Innocent XI, 
 
 1687. Solyman III. 
 
 U>76. Theodore 11. 
 1682. Ivan IV. and 
 Peter I. 
 
 Emperors. 
 
 Charles XII. 
 
 
 
 1689. Alpxander 
 VIII. 
 
 1691. Innocent 
 XII. 
 
 1691. AchmetIL 
 l695.MustaphaIl. 
 
 1689. Peter I. 
 
 
 
 1700. 
 
 , . , 1 
 
 ARLES XII. 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 Peter II. 
 
 Innocent XII. 
 
 MUSTAPHA II. 
 
 Peter THE Great 
 
 
 1700. Philip V. 
 
 1706. John V. 
 
 1700. Clement XI. 
 
 1703. Achmet III. 
 
 
 Ulrica Eleo- 
 nora. 
 
 Frederic. 
 
 1724. Louis I. and 
 Philip V. 
 again. 
 
 1745. Ferdinand 
 VI. 
 
 
 1721. Innocent 
 
 XIII. 
 1724. Benedict 
 
 XIII. 
 
 1730.ClementXII. 
 1740. Benedict 
 XIV. 
 
 1730. MahomedV. 
 
 1725. Catherine I. 
 1727. Peter II. 
 1730. Anne. 
 
 1740. Ivan V. 
 
 1741. Elizabeth. 
 
 . Adolphus 
 iTfcderic, 
 
 
 1750. Joseph. 
 
 
 1754. Osman 11. 
 )757.MustaphaIll 
 
 1 
 1 
 
332 
 
 SYlSrCHEONlCAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 DENMAR 
 
 1760. George III. 
 
 1774. Louis XVI. 
 1793. Louis XV II. 
 
 1765. Joseph II. 
 
 1790. Leopold II. 
 1792. Francis II. 
 
 1795. United to 
 France. 
 
 1786. Frederic 
 William 11. 
 
 1797. Frederic 
 William III. 
 
 1766. Christia 
 VII. 
 
 1784. Regencj 
 Freder 
 
 
 1800. 
 
 George III. 
 
 Louis XVII. 
 
 Francis II. 
 
 William VI. 
 
 Frederic Wil- 
 liam III. 
 
 Frederic, R 
 
 
 
 Emperors of 
 Austria. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1804. Napoleon. 
 
 1804. Francis I., 
 I'nrmerly 
 Francis II. 
 
 1806. WilliamFre- 
 deric & Louis 
 Buonaparte. 
 
 1810. United to 
 France. 
 
 1813. M^illiam re- 
 stored. 
 
 
 1808. Frederic 
 
 
 1814.LouisXVIII. 
 
 
 Kings of the 
 Netherlands. 
 
 
 
 
 1815. Napoleon 
 again ; then 
 Louis XVIII. 
 
 
 1815. William 1. 
 
 
 
 1820. George IV. 
 
 1824. Charles X. 
 
 
 
 
 
EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 333 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 I. Giistavus 
 Adolphus 
 III. 
 
 i2.Gustavus IV. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 1759. Charles III. 
 
 1788. Charles IV. 
 
 1777. Maria and 
 Peter III 
 
 1786. Maria alone. 
 
 1792. Regency of 
 John. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 1758. Clement 
 XIII. 
 
 1769. Clement 
 XIV. 
 
 1775. Pius VI. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 1774. Abdul Ah- 
 med. 
 
 1788. Sehm III. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 1762. Peter III. & 
 Catherine 1 1 
 
 1796. Paul. 
 
 
 
 . 1800. 
 
 
 
 ^TUSTAVUS IV. 
 
 Charles IV. 
 
 John, Regent. 
 
 Pius VI. 
 
 Selim III. 
 
 Paul. 
 
 
 
 
 1800. Plus VII. 
 
 
 1801. Alexander I. 
 
 D.CharlesXlII. 
 
 1808. Ferdinand 
 VII. & Joseph 
 Buonaparte. 
 
 1814. Ferdinand 
 VII. 
 
 
 
 1807.MustaphaIV. 
 1808. Mahmud II. 
 
 
 8. Charles 
 XIV. 
 
 
 1816. John VI. 
 
 1823. Leo XII 
 
 
 1825 Nicholas. 
 
SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 
 
 ENGLAND. FRANCE. GERMANY. HOLLAND. PRUSSIA. DENMARBli 
 
 1830. William IV 
 
 1837. Victoria. 
 
 1830. Louis 
 
 Philippe. 
 
 1848. Louis Napo- 
 leon, Pre- 
 sident of the 
 Republic, & 
 
 1852. Emperor, as 
 Napoleon 
 
 in. 
 
 1835. Ferdinand. 
 
 848. Francis 
 Joseph. 
 
 1840. William II. 
 
 1849. William III 
 
 1840. Frederic 
 
 William IV, 
 
EUROPE, FR03I EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 
 
 335 
 
 rEDEN. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 POPES. 
 
 THE EAST. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 
 1833. Isabella II. 
 
 1826. Peter IV. & 
 
 Maiall. 
 1828. Don Miguel. 
 
 1833. Maria II. 
 restored. 
 
 1829. Pius VIII. 
 1831. Gregory 
 XVI. 
 
 1839. Abdul Med- 
 jid. 
 
 
 Oscar, 
 
 
 18o3. Pedro V. 
 
 184f5. Pius IX. 
 
 
 1855.AlexanderIl 
 
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 London : 
 
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 Nevv-sfreet-Square. 
 
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