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 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
I 
 
J.dloSFiUm^HllSIM MM 
 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Li 
 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 WITH ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Sir G. S. MACKENZIE, Bart. 
 
 F. R. S. LOND. P. PH. CL. R, S. ED. V. P. S. S. A. 
 
 PRESIDEMT OF THE ASTRONOMICAL INSTITUTION OF EDINBURGH; HONORARY 
 MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION FOR ANTIQUITIES, AND OF THE ICE- 
 LANDIC LITERARY SOCIETY aT COPENHAGEN; OF THE HELVETIC PHILOSO- 
 PHICAL SOCIETY ; OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF DRESDEN ; AND OF 
 THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF WETTERAU. 
 
 4^^ 
 
 The most effectual method to check the Empiricism either of Art or 
 of Science, is to multiply, as far as possible, the number of those who can 
 observe and judge. Alison. 
 
 EDINBURGH : 
 i*RINTED FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & COMPANY; 
 AND HURST, ROBINSON & COMPANY, CHEAPSIDE, 
 LONDON. 
 
 1820. 
 

TO 
 
 J. G. SPURZHEIM, M. D. 
 
 Of Phrenology, a writer in a periodical 
 Work, published in Edinburgh, and who does 
 not profess to be a convert to it, thus speaks : 
 
 " It is a distinguishing feature of the new sys- 
 tem, that it generates and cherishes a spirit of 
 charity in all our judgments upon others. It 
 places in the most striking light, the defects of 
 our nature, and the temptations to which we are 
 exposed from our own evil propensities. And yet 
 as it teaches, at the same time, that our higher 
 faculties have, when duly cultivated, a governing 
 and increasing power over the lower propensities 
 and sentiments, it does not do away with personal 
 responsibility. The best, under this system, will 
 
 b 
 
VI DEDICATION. 
 
 not be able to preserve tbemselves free of blame, 
 nor will the worst escape the penalties attached 
 to their crimes. Had its tendency been to give 
 impunity to vice, or had it lent, when properly 
 imderstood, any countenance to the doctrine of 
 Materiality, we should never have brought it un- 
 der the notice of our readers." 
 
 I cannot more properly inscribe the endeavours 
 of a Convert, to assist in the dissemination of a 
 system, the beneficial effects of which have been 
 estimated so highly, than to Him who has, by 
 the efforts of a powerful mind, and by the great- 
 est personal exertions, given to it the Philosophi- 
 cal cha'-acter which it now bears, and which it 
 will most assuredly maintain. 
 
 G. S. MACKENZIE. 
 
THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 General Observations on Phrenology, - Page 1 
 
 Of the Fimcticms of tJie Organs of the Senses, 31 
 
 OftJie Faculties or Primitive Powers of the Mind, 44? 
 
 ORDER I.— FEELINGS. 
 Genus I.— PuorENsixiEs, 68 
 
 1. Amativeness, 
 
 85 
 
 % Philoprogenitivemss, or Love of Offspring, 
 
 88 
 
 3. Inhabitiveness, 
 
 92 
 
 4. Attachment, 
 
 95 
 
 5. Courage, - - - 
 
 98 
 
 6. Destructiveness, 
 
 106 
 
 7. Constructiveness, 
 
 109 
 
 8. Acquisitiveness, 
 
 111 
 
 9. Secretiveness, 
 
 114 
 
 10. Self-Esteem, 
 
 116 
 
Yiii CONTENTS. 
 
 Genus II. Sentiments. 
 
 I'i. Love qf Approbation^ - Page 118 
 
 12. Cautiousness y or Fear^ - - 121 
 
 13. Benevolence, - - 129 
 
 14. Veneration, - - 1^3 
 
 15. Hope, - .. 135 
 
 16. Ideality, - - 187 
 Se?i^ de Marveilleux, - - 138 
 
 17. Conscientiousness, - - 142 
 
 18. Firmness, - - 148 
 
 ORDER II.— INTELLECTS. 
 Genus I.— Knowing Faculties. 
 
 19- Individuality, - - 150 
 
 20. Form, - - 156 
 
 21. Space, - - - 159 
 
 22. Resistance, - - 160 
 
 23. Colour, - - 163 
 
 24. Locality, - - 165 
 
 25. Order, - - 175 
 
 26. Duration, - - 177 
 
 27. Number, - - 179 
 
 28. Tune, - - 182 
 39. Artificial Language, - - 184 
 
CONTENTS. ix 
 
 Genus II. — Reflecting Faculties. 
 
 SO. Comparison^ - - Page 191 
 
 31. Causality, - - 193 
 
 32. Wit, - - 195 
 
 33. Imitation, - - 201 
 
 Are there Cerebral Organs peculiar to the Senses, 
 different from those already enumerated? 205 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES, 221 
 
 Frmtal Simis, - - 227 
 
 Organ of Number, - - 231 
 
 French Soldier, - - 233 
 
 Chief of New-Holland, - - ib. 
 
 King RobeH Bruce, - - 237 
 
 Dr S-purzheim, - - 245 
 
 Mr Bewick, - - 247 
 
 Handel, - - 248 
 
 Mr Watt, - - 249 
 
 Trofessor Play fair, - - 250 
 
 Admirable Crichtwi, - - 252 
 
 Lxmvel, t7i€ assassin of the Due de Berri, 253 
 
 A celebrated literary character, - 257 
 Developement winch may he expected xvhen Persons 
 whose characters have been previously described, 
 
 are observed, - - 260 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Pious, Benevolent, and Virtuous Man, Page 
 
 Flatterer, 
 
 - - 
 
 
 ^66 
 
 Habitual Liar, 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 267 
 
 Murderer, 
 
 - 
 
 
 268 
 
 Charitable Man, 
 
 - 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Miser, 
 
 - 
 
 
 269 
 
 Spendthrift, 
 
 « 
 
 
 271 
 
 Leaders in Societies and Public Affairs, 
 
 - 
 
 ib. 
 
 Natural Historian, 
 
 Natural Philosopher, 
 
 Meta- 
 
 
 physician. Poet, 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ib. 
 
 Mimic, Actor, Orator, Constructive Arts, 
 
 . 
 
 272 
 
 ERRATUM. 
 Pflge 200. line 6. from bottom, dele knowing and 
 
LIST OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Frontispiece, Portrait of Dr Spurzheim, from an ori- 
 ginal drawing by Madame Spurzheim, in the possession 
 of Sir G. Mackenzie. 
 
 Plate I. Interior of the Skull ; example of No. 6. large; 
 Frontal Sinus. 
 II. Positions of the Organs ; and Skull, for com- 
 parison. 
 III. IV. V. Other views, shelving the positions of 
 the Organs ; and for comparison. 
 
 VIx The configuration of the Organ of Number, in 
 George Bidder ; and in another individual, in 
 whom it is defective. — Remarkable Hydroce- 
 phaUc Head, in the Collection of Mr Liston, 
 Surgeon, E(^inburgh. 
 
 VII. Skull of one of Buonaparte's Young Guard, kill- 
 ed at Waterloo, in the Collection of Mr Liston. 
 
 VIIL Skull of Carnimbeigle, a New-HoUand Chief, 
 in the possession of Sir G. Mackenzie. 
 IX. Skull of King Robert Bruce, from the cast ta- 
 ken by Scoular, at the time of the re-interment 
 of Bruce's remains, in the year 1819. 
 
Xll ' LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Plate X. Portrait of Mr Bewick, the celebrated engra- 
 ver on wood, from a Picture by Nicholson. 
 
 XI. Portrait of Handel, from an original Picture in 
 the Collection of Gilbert Innes, Esq. of 
 Stow. 
 
 XII. James Watt, the celebrated improver of the 
 
 Steam-Engine, from the Bust by Chantrey. 
 
 XIII. and XIV. Professor Playfair, from the Bust 
 
 by Chantrey. 
 
 XV. The Admirable Crichton, from an original Pic- 
 ture in the possession of Colonel Crichton. 
 XVI. Louvel, the assassin of the Due de Berri, from 
 a drawing by M. Horace Vernet. 
 XVII. Portrait of a celebrated Literary Character, 
 from a Picture by Nicholson, in the posses- 
 sion of Archibald Constable, Esq. 
 
 Directions to the Minder, 
 
 The Portrait of Dr Spuiizheim to be placed as 
 the Frontispiece; the other Plates in their 
 order at the end. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 J, o study with advantage the Science of 
 Phrenology, it is pecuUarly necessary to un- 
 derstand precisely its objects, which have 
 been very generally mistaken and misre- 
 presented. Though the human body is 
 subject to the cognizance of our senses, and 
 of consciousness, we are entirely ignorant 
 of its nature. We see certain forms and 
 combinations of matter ; but of the prin- 
 ciples of vitality and organization, or the 
 
 A 
 
2 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 efficient causes of these forms and combi- 
 nations, we know nothing. We know only 
 the properties of substances, and even these 
 but to a limited extent. Chemistry, para- 
 doxical as the observation may appear, is 
 daily adding to the proofs of our ignorance 
 of the nature of Matter ; for we can see no 
 end to the changes of appearance and 
 properties which various forms of matter 
 are susceptible of undergoing in the hands 
 of the Chemist. There are material sub- 
 stances, of the existence of which we are 
 satisfied, which seem almost to lose the 
 character of Materiality, and, eluding in 
 a great measure our investigation, for- 
 cibly remind us of the narrow limits by 
 which the human understanding is circum- 
 scribed : such are Heat, Light, Magnetism, 
 Electricity, and Sound. Phrenology does 
 not profess to teach any thing regarding 
 the nature of Matter ; and still less con- 
 cerning the nature of Mind. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 3 
 
 Heat combining with Ice, produces the 
 compound called Water ; but when we wish 
 to investigate the properties of water, we 
 do not, as the best means of arriving at a 
 knowledge of the compound, study ice and 
 heat separately. In. like manner, Man is 
 a compound of Mind and Body ; and in 
 his present state of existence, these compo- 
 nent parts are so closely connected, that the 
 whole phenomena of life are the result of 
 their united action. It is incorrect, there- 
 fore, to found a system of the Philosophy 
 of Man on one part only of his constitu- 
 tion* In Phrenology, the phenomena of 
 Mind are studied, as manifested through 
 the medium of material organs ; and the 
 influence of the organs upon the manifes- 
 tations, is an important object of its inves- 
 tigation. 
 
 As Phrenology has been supposed to fa- 
 vour Materialism, its doctrines have been 
 denounced as dangerous. Phrenologists 
 
 A 2 
 
4 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 consider Materialism, not as dangerous, but 
 as unphilosophical, and unimportant. Ma- 
 terialists, being charged by the injudicious 
 zeal of some of their opponents with dan- 
 gerous heresy, have been induced to main- 
 tain their peculiar dogmas, with all the per- 
 tinacity of a persecuted sect. Phrenology 
 shews that the question is really of no con- 
 sequence whatever. According to the view 
 which it gives of the Human Mind, the fa- 
 culties are innate, and have a specific con- 
 stitution. Now, the faculties perform their 
 functions according to that constitution ; 
 that is, the Moral Faculties give senti- 
 ments of Benevolence, Veneration, Justice;, 
 and the Reflecting Faculties give Under- 
 standing, precisely in the same manner^ 
 whether we believe the mind, in which these 
 faculties exist, to be material or spirituaL 
 The basis of Morality is the innate power 
 of distinguishing Right from Wrong, 
 Truth from Erroi*: This pov/er is im- 
 
ILLUSTKATIONS OY PHRENOLOGY. D 
 
 pressed upon the mind by the Creator ; 
 and is entirely independent of any specula- 
 tive opinion concerning the nature or con- 
 stitution of either Mind or Body. A Ma- 
 terialist, when he denies a future state of 
 existence, may be refuted by a demonstra- 
 tion that his premises do not warrant his 
 conclusion ; because we know nothing what- 
 ever of the essence either of Body or of 
 Mind, and of course are not entitled to 
 infer, even from his own premises, that 
 consciousness cannot be re-established by a 
 re-union of the same objects that are sepa- 
 rated by death. Besides, even allowing 
 the doctrines of Materialism to be true, 
 Phrenology, by proving that Man possesses 
 moral faculties of which the lower animals 
 are destitute, and proving that these fa- 
 culties have corresponding organs, preserves 
 Man from being degraded to the level of the 
 brutes, and shews that Morality has a foun- 
 dation independent of a belief of a future 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 state of reward and punishment, although, 
 no doubt, its exercise is greatly strengthen- 
 ed and promoted by that most natural and 
 philosophical belief. Of course, the mate- 
 rialist, even on his own principles, is not en- 
 titled to assail the authority of our moral 
 sentiments; and thus the danger appre- 
 hended from such opinions is altogether 
 imaginary. 
 
 The rapidity with which the various 
 systems of the Philosophy of the Human 
 Mind have succeeded each other, may be 
 regarded as a proof, not only that these 
 systems were unsatisfactory, but that the 
 method usually followed in studying the 
 mind has been erroneous. Mind has been < 
 studied as if it were totally unconnected 
 with its corporeal habitation, and indepen*- 
 dent of it ; and philosophers have all along, 
 either been blind to the numerous proofs 
 with which daily experience furnishes us, 
 of the close and intimate connection be- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF rilRENOLOGY. 7 
 
 tween mind and matter, or have turned • 
 from the consideration of a connection for 
 which they found it difficult to account. 
 They have beheved and asserted, that edu- 
 cation, study, and habit, are capable of 
 rendering every man equal to his neigh- 
 bour in mental power ; and that diversity 
 in talents and genius is determined, solely 
 by the degree of attention which different 
 individuals may have bestowed on difie- 
 rent departments of knowledge and study, * 
 Although the adage Poeta nascitnr^ non 
 jit,, shews clearly that men have believed 
 that something else than education, study, 
 or habit, was necessary to give to an indi- 
 vidual the powers of a Poet, no attention 
 was given to a fact so notorious, nor was 
 any attempt made to account for this, nor 
 for many other facts in the human consti- 
 tution, equally apparent and equally re- 
 markable. It is evident, that Philoso- 
 phers may go on for ever erecting one sys- 
 
8 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tern on the ruins of another, while they 
 neglect to consider with proper attention 
 the intimate union of Mind and Body. 
 Let us not be understood, however, as wil- 
 ling to maintain, that attention to the 
 structure of the body and to its various func- 
 tions, can ever lead to an accurate know- 
 ledge of the nature of Mind, or of the man- 
 ner in which Mind and Body are united. 
 We can have no doubt of the existence of 
 * both, as distinct component parts of Man, 
 and that the connection betwixt mind and 
 body subsists during life ; and all that we 
 can attempt is, to observe whether the 
 manifestations of mind, as exhibited by 
 external actions, or by the trains of thought 
 that pass within us, are influenced by any 
 part of the organization of the body, in 
 respect to their existence, and to their 
 energy. 
 
 " Man," says Dr Spurzheim, " is a being 
 ^' of creation ; and, therefore, the study of 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 9 
 
 .44 
 
 his nature requires the same method as 
 the examination of every other natural 
 being. Now, every class of living be- 
 ings presents two parts for investigation ; 
 " the bodily structure, which is the object 
 " of Anatomy ; and the functions, which 
 " are the objects of Physiology. Thus, 
 " it is necessary to study in man, Ist^ 
 " The structure of the whole body, and 
 that of each part in particular ; 2rf, The 
 *' Functions in general, and of every part 
 *' in particular ; 3rf, The mutual influence 
 " of the difl:erent parts and of their func- 
 ^* tions ; and, 4thj The relations between 
 ^' man and all the beings around him, 
 ^' whether animate or inanimate, even the 
 " relation to the Creator. The knowledge 
 " of mankind may be farther divided into 
 " the knowledge of the healthy, and into 
 " that of the diseased state." 
 
 Dr Spurzheim divides the functions of 
 man into two classes; Isf^ Those which 
 
10 ILLUSTKATIONS Ol PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 are produced by organization alone, with- 
 out consciousness, — Automatic life; and, 
 ^dly^ Those which take place with con- 
 sciousness, and are the effect of the Mind, 
 but which are manifested by means of or- 
 ganization, — Animal life. The objects of 
 the investigations of Gall and Spurzheim, 
 are only The Manifestations of the 
 Human Mind, and the Conditions un- 
 der WHICH THEY TAKE PLACE. " We 
 " never," says Dr Spurzheim, "venture be- 
 " yond experience 3 we neither deny nor 
 " affirm any thing which cannot be veri- 
 " fied by experiment. We neither make 
 " researches upon the dead body alone, 
 " nor upon the soul alone, but upon Man 
 " as he appears in life. We consider the 
 " faculties of the mind only so far as they 
 *' become apparent to us by the organiza- 
 " tion. We never question what the mo- 
 " ral and intellectual faculties may be in 
 themselves. We do not attempt to ex- 
 
 it 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 11 
 
 u 
 
 plain how the body and soul are joined 
 " together, and exercise a mutual influ- 
 " ence. We do not examine what the soul 
 " can do without the body. Souls, so far 
 " as we know, may be united to bodies at 
 '* the moment of conception or otherwise ; 
 " they may be different in all individuals, 
 " or of the same kind in every one ; they 
 " may be emanations from God, or some- 
 " thing essentially different. Hence, what- 
 " ever metaphysicians and theologians may 
 " decide in respect to all these points, our 
 " assertions concerning the manifesta- 
 *^ tions of the mind in this life, cannot be 
 " shaken*." 
 
 * Should any one who knows Phrenology only 
 from its adversaries, happen to take up this volume, 
 he will probably consider it remarkable, that the views 
 contained in these passages should have been over- 
 looked, and the objects of the system so entirely mis- 
 represented. 
 
12 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 It is now universally admitted by Phy- 
 siologists, that the Brain is the organ of the 
 Mind. They do not, however, yet agree 
 in considering the brain as an aggregate of 
 a number of organs ; — a fact of which every 
 one, we think, will be satisfied, who will 
 take the trouble to compare the develope- 
 ment of the brain in particular parts, with 
 particular manifestations of mind. If the 
 brain were a single organ, we might natu- 
 rally expect that talents, and the energy of 
 propensities and sentiments, should be in 
 proportion to its size. But facts contradict 
 this supposition. The brains of some ani- 
 mals are larger than that of man, and yet 
 they are far behind him in sagacity and in- 
 telligence. The monkey and the dog ap- 
 proach nearer to man in intelligence than 
 most of the larger animals, which have a 
 much greater portion of brain. As it seems 
 impossible, therefore, to measure faculties 
 by the comparative size of the brain, we 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 15 
 
 must have recourse to other means of as- 
 certaining the cause of the diversity. It 
 has been imagined, that the faculties of 
 man are determined by the size of the 
 brain, in relation to the size of the body. 
 Many animals, however, have brains larger 
 in proportion to their bodies than man ; 
 and since their faculties are yet far inferior^ 
 the idea that this proportion has any effect, 
 is plainly unfounded. Another explanation 
 of the differences of faculties, was supposed 
 to have been discovered in the proportion 
 of the brain to the nerves. Cases, however, 
 are found, contradictory of this opinion al- 
 so. A remarkable circumstance is obser- 
 ved to be connected with the proportion of 
 the brain to the nerves, in respect to vitali- 
 ty. Those animals that have the brain 
 small in proportion to the nerves, are com- 
 monly found to be most tenacious of life, 
 when attempts are made to kill them. They 
 perform scarcely any functions but those 
 
14 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 of automatic life. There are animals that 
 are produced, and live, without heads. 
 Human monsters have been born without 
 brain, but having the other parts as com- 
 plete and as well grown, as those of perfect 
 infants. Dr Spurzheim has attended very 
 carefully to this subject ; and he states the 
 result of his observations to have been, that 
 there is neither any proportion between the 
 nerves of the five external senses, nor be* 
 tween the nerves and the brain ; neither is 
 there any general rule in respect to the 
 sexes. Sometimes one, sometimes another 
 pair of nerves, is large or small in men or 
 in women, and that without any relation 
 to the brain. In the same manner, it is 
 found, that the functions of these different 
 parts are in no proportion, one to another. 
 There are individuals whose senses are very 
 weak, and who yet manifest great energy 
 of moral sentiment and intellectual fa- 
 culty, and vice versa. Moreover, if the 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 15 
 
 proportional size of the brain to the nerves, 
 were a means of measuring the faculties of 
 the mind, these means would yet be con- 
 fined to theory, and could never be applied 
 to living persons ; because there is no possi- 
 bility of distinguishing the size of the nerves 
 before the dissection of the body. Equal- 
 ly abortive have been the attempts to dis- 
 cover, in the proportions between different 
 parts, as the spinal marrow, &c. any indi- 
 cation of the number or extent of the men- 
 tal faculties. 
 
 It would lead too far from the purpose 
 of this volume, to detail the manner in 
 which Gall and Spurzheim have consider- 
 ed the brain, anatomically and physiologi- 
 cally. It is sufficient to state, that the 
 dijBTerences observed between the degrees 
 of energy, with which particular manifes- 
 tations of mind are exhibited, have been 
 discovered to depend on the developement 
 and healthy state of particular portions of 
 
16 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRKNOLOGT. 
 
 the brain. The merit of this discovery is- 
 due to Dr Gall. The system of Phreno- 
 logy that has been reared on this discovery, 
 owes its philosophical character, and present 
 improved state, chiefly to the extensive re- 
 searches, ability, and perseverance of Dr 
 Spurzheim. There are yet many who 
 consider the system as nothing but a piece 
 of quackery. But, so far as we have been 
 able to learn, not a single individual has 
 studied the system in all its details, without 
 becoming a convert to its doctrines > and it 
 has been invariably observed, that all those 
 who have attacked the system, have been 
 ignorant of the principles on which it is 
 founded. Ridicule and abuse of every kind 
 have been profusely cast upon its authors ; 
 but truth has supported them. We have 
 heard Dr Spurzheim say, " Many men 
 " might have sunk under the abuse that 
 " has been lavished upon me ; but I am 
 " supported by the firm conviction, that, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 17 
 
 " at length, though not probably till I am 
 " mingled with the dust, our system must 
 " prevail, because it is true *." 
 
 * It is very difficult for any person who has stu- 
 died Phrenology, to discover on what ground it could 
 have been ridiculed, unless on that of our own igno- 
 rance of the Constitution of Man. The fact that the 
 size of the brain has a most powerful influence on 
 the manifestations of the mind, is so obvious, that no 
 one, not absolutely without the powers of observation 
 and perception, could possibly find in it a subject of 
 mirth. A child of a year old, does not manifest 
 mental power equal to that displayed when the head 
 arrives at its mature size. The diminutive brain 
 of an idiot, and that of a well-formed individual of 
 the same age, do not correspond in the intelligence 
 respectively exhibited through their instrumentality ; 
 but what is there in this that is absurd ? The influ- 
 ence which the condition of the brain exerts on the 
 manifestations of mind, is too apparent to be a subject 
 of wonder. When the brain is affected by opium, 
 alkohol, serous effusions, blows, or inflammation, the 
 mental faculties are affected constantly in proportion 
 to the disorder excited by these causes. The only 
 
 B 
 
18 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 The system of Gall and Spurzheim is 
 not yet perfect, numerous and accurate as 
 
 proposition in Phrenology, the truth and notoriety of 
 which is not equally apparent with the above facts is, 
 that particular parts of the brain have particular func- 
 tions ; — that in the same manner as we see by means 
 of one pair of nerves, and hear by means of another ; 
 some feel benevolence by means of one portion of the 
 brain, and trace effects to their causes by means of 
 another. This proposition may be true or false ; but 
 it is difficult to perceive in what respect it is absurd. 
 As \t is undeniable that a small brain, taken in the 
 aggregate, is not equal to a large one in giving men- 
 tal efficiency ; and that a disordered brain is not so fa- 
 vourable to the manifestations of mind as a sound one ; 
 it is difficult to see the objection to the proportion, 
 that a small organ of Benevolence is not equal in effi- 
 cacy to a large one, or that a torpid organ of Causality 
 is not so powerful as one in a state of healthy activity. 
 It is absurd to admit the influence of size and condi- 
 tion in the case of the whole brain^ and to find the 
 idea of such influence affecting particular parts of it 
 ridiculous. In short, the subject requires only to be 
 regarded with a philosophic eye, to make it appear 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 19 
 
 the observations have been that led to its 
 formation ; and much time must yet elapse 
 before its supporters will venture to pro- 
 nounce that it requires no improvement. 
 To accelerate its improvement, it is neces- 
 sary to impart to every person of ordinary 
 observation, the power of adding to the 
 facts already collected, and of confirming 
 or amending what has been already done. 
 This we propose now to attempt in the 
 best manner our limited knowledge of the 
 subject will allow. 
 
 The labours of Gall and Spurzheim 
 have been immense ; but have been amply 
 repaid by the success of their researches. 
 They visited prisons, and hospitals for the 
 diseased and for the insane. They exami- 
 ned man in all conditions, and in all situa- 
 
 that nothing else than ignorance has directed the shafts 
 4)f ridicule against the system, and not the nature and 
 proofs of the propositions in Phrenology. 
 
 b2 
 
20 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tions ; and Dr Spurzheim, who is a very 
 expert anatomist, has never neglected an 
 opportunity of examining a brain. When 
 he came to this country, to explain in per- 
 son all that he had discovered, it happened 
 that Physiologists were busy in the act of 
 building up systems of their own. Some 
 of them, afraid to look into that which 
 might not only overset what they had al- 
 ready reared, but even sweep away its 
 very foundations, chose certainly the most 
 likely means, — not to force back a stream 
 too powerful to be resisted, but to di- 
 vert attention from its progress and ope- 
 ration. They gathered together a huge 
 pile of ridicule, angry abuse, misrepre- 
 sentation, and falsehood, which, for a time 
 at least, kept the inundation of facts 
 concealed from vulgar eyes, and from 
 those of many learned persons who might 
 have been inquisitive. Such a defence,^ 
 however, was too frail to withstand the 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 21 
 
 mighty overflowings of Truth. It is now 
 mouldering down ; candour is overcoming 
 the aversion to the labour of investigation ; 
 and even the enemies of the system are 
 beginning to speak of it in the language of 
 respect. 
 
 Gall having, from long and attentive 
 observation, discovered that many more 
 faculties belong to the mind than are com- 
 monly assigned to it, and that the mani- 
 festations of these, when they are remark- 
 able, are constantly indicated by a peculiar 
 developement of some part of the head, 
 was naturally led to conclude, that the 
 manifestation of each faculty depends on 
 some particular portion of the brain, by 
 means of which the mind is enabled to in- 
 fluence the body, and to produce conscious- 
 ness. 
 
 They who desire to see a representation 
 of the brain, will find delineations of it in 
 Dr Spurzheim's work, together with an 
 
22 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 account of his peculiar manner of dissect- 
 ing it. The cavity of the skull in which 
 the brain is contained, is shewn in Fig. 1. 
 Plate I. of this work. It will be observed, 
 that the outer and inner surfaces (tables) 
 of the bone, from the fore to the back part, 
 are nearly parallel ; and, consequently, 
 that the shape of the brain is truly indi- 
 cated by that of the outer surface. It 
 very often happens that the surfaces are 
 not so nearly parallel to each other, as in 
 the skull from which the plate is takeii. 
 The inner table of the bone frequently 
 approaches the outer table, so as to make 
 the bone thinner at some places, without 
 any corresponding projection outwards 
 being perceptible ; but, whenever there is 
 any considerable accumulation of brain at 
 any particular part, the prominence be- 
 comes conspicuous ; as, for example, in 
 Fig. 2. Plate I. ; and when there is any 
 considerable protuberance, we are certain 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 23 
 
 that it is not owing to a thickening of the 
 bone, but to an accumulation of brain. 
 Along the line of horizontal section in 
 Fig, 1. Plate I., it is seen that the brain 
 has approached in some places nearer to 
 the outer table of the skull than in others. 
 In general, the skull is thinnest where it 
 is covered by thick muscles ; and this is 
 not caused by the outer table approaching 
 the inner one, but the reverse ; a fact 
 which seems at once to overset the opinions 
 of some anatomists, who think that the 
 action of the muscles in the act of mas- 
 tication alters the shape of the head. Had 
 this opinion been correct, we should have 
 found the outer table pressed towards the 
 inner one. The skull is also thinner at 
 the base, where it is protected by the mus- 
 cles of the neck. 
 
 It is a fact perfectly ascertained, that the 
 soft parts give form to the hard. In the 
 case of the brain, it is evident, in the ordi- 
 
24 ILLUSTKATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 nary growth of animals, that, although the 
 skull is entire, it expands along with the 
 brain, till both arrive at their full size. 
 But there are cases in which the bone 
 yields, after having reached its ordinary 
 size, to the accumulation of soft matter 
 within it, occasioned by disease. I have 
 had it in my power, through the kindness 
 of Mr LiSTON, one of the ablest surgeons 
 in Edinburgh, to give an accurate delinea- 
 tion of one of the most remarkable exam- 
 ples of this fact, that has perhaps ever oc- 
 curred ; and it is probable, that no speci- 
 men of equal size exists in any other cabi- 
 net than that of Mr Liston. Fig. 3. Plate 
 VI. represents the skull of a person who died 
 about the age of twenty-five, having from 
 infancy laboured under the disease of wa- 
 ter in the head. The accumulation of wa- 
 ter was so great, that had the skull not gra- 
 dually increased, and accommodated itself 
 to the distension, it must bave given way. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHREXOLOGY. 25 
 
 long before it had attained the fourth part 
 of its present dimensions. The bone is how- 
 ever entire, and measures, round in the di- 
 rection a t, 36 inches, and in that of {? rf, 42. 
 A tolerably well developed head should 
 measure, from the nape of the neck to the 
 root of the nose, 15 inches ; between the 
 orifices of the ears, over the crown, 15 J 
 inches; and, in the greatest horizontal 
 dimensions, nearly two feet. It is true, 
 generally, that a larger brain denotes great- 
 er capacity than a small one ; but intellect 
 and motives of action depend, for their 
 energetic manifestations, upon the size, 
 proportion, and state of activity of parti- 
 cular parts. 
 
 It cannot be too often impressed on the 
 student of Phrenology, that it is impossible 
 to know, by external signs alone, the cha- 
 racier of any individual. We can only as- 
 certain what dispositions he possesses most 
 strongly. By long observation of his ac- 
 
26 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tibns and conversation, we may discover 
 whether he has subdued the lower propen- 
 sities, and given due exercise to the higher 
 faculties. We may, after a little practice, 
 observe the kind, and also the degree of ta- 
 lent possessed by an individual ; but it is 
 impossible to ascertain by simple inspec- 
 tion, whether he has or has not misapplied 
 his talents, or even whether his feelings 
 and propensities be active or otherwise* By 
 observing proportions, we may, however, 
 judge to what conduct he is naturally 
 prone ; but we can never pretend to pre- 
 dict actions. 
 
 We must also keep in mind, that the 
 functions of the brain are affected by what 
 medical men call Temperament. Should 
 w<e meet with a person who appears to have 
 the higher faculties well developed, but 
 who nevertheless is dull and inactive ; or 
 one who is active, but in whom they are 
 not so conspicuous, we may be certain that 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY 27 
 
 there is something in the general constitu- 
 tion that affects the organs, and this may 
 sometimes be conjoined with neglected edu-^ 
 cation. In short, let no one be in haste to 
 become a physiognomist, lest he should be- 
 tray ignorance, and injure the system of the 
 truth of which he is satisfied. Let every 
 student reflect, that no one is fond of ac- 
 knowledging defects ; and that few are so 
 candid, in their pursuit of truth, as to de- 
 scribe their failings, even to those who are 
 best able to account for them in a philoso^ 
 phical manner. Let every one refuse to 
 gratify mere idle curiosity, and beware of 
 uttering opinions that may offend. A 
 Phrenologist, who deserves the name, will 
 make his observations in silence, and with^ 
 out impertinent gazing. If he sees any 
 thing remarkable, he will make inquiries 
 in such a manner as to procure satisfac^ 
 tion, without giving offence, of even allow- 
 ing the objects of his questions to be 
 
28 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 known ; and he will take care never to 
 boast of his acuteness. 
 
 The legitimate objects of Phrenological 
 Science, after it has unfolded the true phi- 
 losophy of the human mind, are improve- 
 ments in criminal legislation, in education, 
 and the treatment of insanity. These are 
 noble objects, and ought not to be pursued 
 with levity ; nor ought the studies which 
 are requisite for attaining them, to be treat- 
 ed with ridicule. The benefits which 
 Phrenology is likely, ere long, to confer on 
 the human race, appear to be incalculably 
 great. We may be considered as too san- 
 guine in our hopes, and we are willing 
 that this should be our apology for attempt- 
 ing to assist in multiplying the numbers of 
 those who can observe and judge for them- 
 selves. Natural Philosophy and Chemis- 
 try have added largely to the comforts of 
 mankind, and, by rousing industry, have 
 rendered nations wealthy. Phrenology will 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 29 
 
 yet procure for man more splendid and more 
 solid benefits : It will teach him to know 
 himself; to reform the criminal ; to re- 
 lieve the unfortunate insane ; to live in 
 charity with all mankind; and to direct 
 that great moral engine, Education, so as 
 to make it produce its most beneficial ef- 
 fects. Of the innumerable systems of the 
 philosophy of mind, which of them has at- 
 tempted these great objects, or even put 
 us in the way to discover the means of at- 
 tempting them ^ ? 
 
 * Silence is, on some occasions, dignified; but 
 when philosophers do not defend their systems, when 
 attacked at their very roots ; when they do not answer 
 questions that are put to them, and do not attempt 
 to explain what their doctrines do not seem to reach, 
 but which they are bound to explain, — their silence must 
 be held as an acknowledgment of error. Universal 
 admiration of their talents, universal gratitude, and re~ 
 verence for the great labour they have bestowed in 
 searching for truth,^ and in correcting errors, will ever 
 
So ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 Before proceeding to enumerate and to 
 describe the faculties, and the organs by 
 means of which they are manifested, or 
 considering the functions of the brain more 
 minutely, it will be proper to take a gene- 
 ral view of the functions of the external 
 senses. 
 
 be felt for the great characters who have devoted so 
 much of their time, some of them their lives, to the il- 
 lustration of the philosophy of mind. But deep as 
 the homage is which the world pays, it )yill not up- 
 hold the result of their labours against an assailant 
 so powerful as Truth, when on the side even of humble 
 individuals, whose names give no authority to their 
 writings, and make no previous imprjession on the 
 minds of youth, too impatient of labour, and too ready, 
 for that reason, to subscribe at once to the dicta of 
 those great men whom they have been taught to vene- 
 rate. It is thus that erj*pr has been perpetuated, and 
 inquiry, the only road to truth, almost completely ob- 
 structed. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 51 
 
 OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OF THE 
 
 SENSES. 
 
 Many persons unacquainted with Phy- 
 siology, conceive that the act of Perception 
 is performed by the organs of sense ; that 
 the eye sees, the ear hears, the nose smells, 
 the tongue tastes, and the fingers and sur- 
 face of the body perceive touch, without 
 the interposition of the brain. A slight 
 acquaintance with anatomy and physiology, 
 is sufficient to demonstrate that such a sup- 
 position is erroneous. When the com- 
 munication between any of the organs of 
 sense and the brain is cut off, the organ re- 
 mains perfect, but it becomes useless. If 
 the optic nerves of an animal be divided, 
 it becomes instantly blind, although the 
 eyes are untouched, and as capable of act- 
 ing upon light as before. The simple com- 
 pression of a nerve suspends the functions 
 
52 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 of particular parts, and takes away the 
 power both of motion and of feehng. It 
 has happened to many persons, after ha- 
 ving slept with the head resting on one 
 arm, to awake and find the limb palsied 
 and immovable. The will has no power 
 over it in this situation. When the com- 
 pression is removed, we perceive, by a sin- 
 gular sensation, the circulation of the blood, 
 and of the nervous influence, gradually ex- 
 tending, and life again restored to the 
 limb. From this it is evident that the 
 will, which is an act of the mind, has no 
 power to produce motion, and that the 
 sense of Touch is totally suspended, in a 
 limb through which the progress of the 
 nervous influence, which connects all parts 
 of the body with the brain, is interrupted. 
 
 From numerous facts and experiments, 
 the conclusion that the Brain is that part 
 of the body on which the mind directly 
 acts, is irresistible, and, as before observed, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 33 
 
 is now generally admitted by all anato- 
 mists and physiologists. It is singular, 
 however, that while this important fact was 
 resisted by the learned, the vulgar notions 
 of the uses of the brain have always been 
 in strict conformity with the truth. The 
 most imlearned are in the constant habit, 
 when speaking of a person who is stupid, 
 of using some such phrase as, " He has no 
 " more brains than a goose ;"— " His skull 
 " is as thick as a brick." 
 
 Since it is settled beyond all dispute, 
 that without a connection with the brain, 
 the organs of sense are of no use, it is evi- 
 dent that the act of perception is not per- 
 formed by them, but that their use is 
 to convey emanations, so to speak, from 
 the external world, so as to enable them 
 to make impressions on the brain, from 
 which they are transmitted to the mind. 
 The eye being the organ or instrument 
 provided for the admission and condensa- 
 
i4 
 
 JLLIISTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tion of light, which is again expanded on 
 the retina, from whence the impression 
 proceeds along the optic nerve into the 
 brain, the act of perception must be per- 
 formed by an internal power. As Sight, 
 then, properly speaking, is an internal fa- 
 culty, the instruments of which are the 
 eyes, serving as a medium of commu- 
 nication betwixt the faculty and the exter- 
 nal world ; in Uke manner. Touch, Taste, 
 Smell, and Hearing, are performed by dis- 
 tinct internal faculties ; and the fingers^ 
 tongue, nose, and ears, serve as instru- 
 ments of communication betwixt their re- 
 spective faculties and the external world ^. 
 Many have believed that the perfection of 
 the mental powers depends on that of the 
 
 * The doctrine, that each external instrument of 
 sense has a corresponding internal faculty, different 
 from all those enumerated by Dr Spurzheim and Mr 
 Combej will be afterwards illustrated = 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 35 
 
 instruments of sense ; but a little reflec- 
 tion will shew that this notion is errone- 
 ous. If the hands of a skilful mechanician 
 were to be cut off, he could still invent a 
 machine, know what the hands would 
 have had to do in order to construct it,, 
 and be able to give directions to another 
 person accordingly. A painter, in similar 
 circumstances, would still know what co- 
 lours should be mixed, and how they 
 should be put upon the canvas, to produce 
 a certain effect, although unable himself to 
 perform the operation ; and if his eyes 
 were destroyed, his knowledge wouM not 
 be impaired. Blind persons who have 
 once seen, continue to have distinct ideas 
 of form and colour ; and those who be- 
 come deaf, and who had what is called a 
 good musical ear, have a perfect recol- 
 lection, not only of separate sounds, but c^f 
 harmony. Without, however, appealing 
 to such cases of mutilation, it is evident 
 
 c 2 
 
S6 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY^ 
 
 that a mechanician exerts all his powers of 
 invention and combination, and that his 
 machine is perfected in his mind, before he 
 employs his hands to construct. It is evi- 
 dent also, that the instincts of the lower 
 animals do not depend on the perfection 
 of the instruments of sense or motion. 
 The hare and the rabbit have eyes equal- 
 ly perfect ; their feet are similar : yet the 
 one lives on the surface, while the other 
 makes its habitation under it. In short, 
 if man was indebted for any of his powers 
 to the perfection of the instruments of 
 sense, we should find idiots displaying all 
 the skill of eminent professional men. 
 Nevertheless, much depends on the perfec- 
 tion of the instruments. Where the in- 
 struments are perfect, the internal faculties 
 must be more duly exercised, inasmuch 
 as perceptions are more distinctly convey- 
 ed to them. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 37 
 
 It has been supposed, that previous exer- 
 cise is necessary to the perfection of every 
 sense, and particularly to that of sight ; 
 and that other senses must be employed 
 before that of sight can be perfect, so as to 
 judge of form and of distance. This is^, 
 true in so far, that until the instruments 
 and that portion of the brain most imme- 
 diately connected with them, have come to 
 their full growth, the senses are not perfect. 
 But whoever will undertake to investigate 
 the subject, will find, that at the moment 
 when these parts have arrived at that state 
 which fits them to perform their functions 
 in a perfect manner, the internal faculty of 
 the particular sense enters into activity, 
 and perceives whatever the external instru- 
 ment conveys to it. A very striking fact, 
 illustrative of this, and of the instruments 
 and corresponding faculties coming earlier 
 to perfection in some animals than in others, 
 was communicated to me a considerable 
 
38 ILLUSTilATrONS OF PHRENOLOGT^. 
 
 Jtiumber of years ago, by my friend Sir James 
 Hall. He had been engaged in making ex- 
 periments on hatching eggs by means of ar- 
 tificial heat, and on one occasion he observed 
 in one of his boxes a chicken, in the act of 
 breaking from its confinement. It hap- 
 pened that, just as the creature got out of 
 the shell, a spider began to run along the 
 box, when the chicken darted forward, 
 seized, and swallowed it. In this case, it 
 was not merely the eye that was perfect, 
 ■b^t innate powers, that led the animal in- 
 stantaneously to know what was proper for 
 at as food; to judge of distance, and to put 
 into action the power of the will over its 
 /limbs. 
 
 It may perhaps be thought by some, 
 that Mr Cojvibe has not sufficiently ex- 
 plained what is meant by the Will being 
 unable to recall the sensations produced by 
 the agency of the external senses. It 
 means that J although the memory of a par- 
 ticular sensation produced, that of sourness 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY, 39 
 
 on the tongue for instance, be perfect, we 
 cannot, by any exertion of the will, reco- 
 ver the actual sensation which is perceived 
 while a substance producing the sensation 
 of sourness is in contact with the tongue. 
 The idea of sourness remains constantly 
 with us, after the impression has once been 
 perfectly made and perceived ; and when 
 a sweet substance is applied to the tongue, 
 we instantly know that it is not sour. Ac- 
 cording to Mr Combe, it is only the sensa- 
 tions of sourness and sweetness that belong 
 to the tongue, the perceptions consequent 
 on the sensations being the result of the 
 action of the internal faculties of the mind. 
 It should be kept in mind, that percep- 
 tion belongs to internal faculties, and can- 
 not be exerted without the assistance of 
 external instruments, which are the means 
 provided by the Creator for establishing 
 and keeping up a connection between the 
 external world and our minds. A person 
 
40 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 born without a tongue, although his brain 
 be perfect, cannot form any idea of the 
 taste of substances. It has been said, that 
 persons born bUnd may acquire correct no- 
 tions of colour, because persons in such a 
 condition have written descriptive poetry, 
 which is taken as a proof that their ideas 
 of colour are correct. I beg leave to quote 
 what I have said on this subject in an 
 " Essay on some Subjects connected with 
 ** Taste," page ^15. 
 
 " It is quite evident that without the-- 
 " organ of sight, there can be no percep- 
 " tion of colour ; and it is impossible that 
 " the identical emotion produced by per- 
 " ception can be excited by mere idea. 
 " A blind man who has never seen, can- 
 " not associate ideas with colour, any more 
 " than a deaf person with music ; he can 
 ** only associate ideas with certain other 
 " ideas. For a blind person to form the 
 " same associations with words, that ano- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY, 41 
 
 " ther with perfect organs may do with 
 " the things which words express, may be 
 " very possible. But allowing this, it by 
 " no means follows, that a word can produce 
 " in a blind person, an emotion similar to 
 " that which the thing signified excites in 
 a person who sees. When we read or 
 hear a description of any thing which 
 we never saw, we form ideas of it in a 
 manner analogous to that in which a 
 ** blind man forms ideas of colour. But, 
 ** as I have before observed, we never de- 
 " rive just notions of any thing from de- 
 ** scription ; and the reality very frequent- 
 ** ly contradicts the ideas we had formed 
 " of it. A blhid man can have no diffi- 
 " culty in learning that a rose, the smell 
 *' of which was agreeable to him, had a vi- 
 " sible quality which those who had eyes 
 " call pink ; and that this same pink was 
 " agreeable to them on the cheeks of a fer 
 '* male. It should therefore excite no sur- 
 
42 ILLUSTRATFONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " prise that he spoke, by comparison, of 
 " the rosy cheeks of a blooming girl. But 
 " if a blind man was told that something, 
 ^^ which had a very bad smell, or which was 
 unpleasant to the touch, had the quality 
 pink, before he had ever smelt a rose; 
 it is probable that when he did smell a 
 " rose, and was told that it was pink, he 
 *' would conclude that this quality in a 
 " rose was disagreeable ; and he would not 
 ^^ make the comparison. The ideas which 
 a blind person connects with words de- 
 noting colours, are not connected with 
 the colours themselves. Although the 
 *' word red may be understood by a blind 
 ^* person to denote something inseparable 
 *' from blood, yet this cannot be the emo- 
 " tion excited in those who see, by the 
 " colour itself. The effects of perception 
 " cannot exist, in the case of colour, in 
 '' one who is blind ; and nothing but the 
 " effects of perception enter into the com- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 43 
 
 " position of taste. A blind person may 
 " learn to apply such words as dazzling, 
 " brilliant, clear, soft, &c. when colours 
 " are spoken of; but he can never ex- 
 " perience the effects which are expressed 
 " by such words. Unless it be proved that 
 " he does, the arguments derived from the 
 " case of a blind person, born with the 
 " peculiar talents which form a poet, prove 
 " nothing with respect to the effects of 
 " colour on those who see. If I be correct 
 " in believing, that the same kind of induc- 
 ^* tion by which, as Mr Stewart first ob- 
 " served, children come gradually to un- 
 " derstand language, operates in the in- 
 " struction of the blind regarding colours, 
 ** scenery, and such forms as they cannot; 
 ** touch, it will not appear surprising that 
 " a blind man with poetical genius, should 
 " quickly combine ideas with ideas, and 
 ** with sentiments, and assimilate his feel- 
 
44 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " ings to those which he imagines the real 
 " objects excite in others." 
 
 These remarks may be sufficient to give 
 an idea of the manner in which the instru- 
 ments of sense act in conveying that which 
 gives impressions to the perceptive powers 
 of the mind. The subject will be resu- 
 med after the cerebral organs have been 
 enumerated, and their functions describ- 
 ed *. 
 
 OF THE FACULTIES OR PRIMITIVE POWERS 
 OF THK MIND. 
 
 We are apt to acquire a habit of using 
 words, of which we are unable to give a 
 precise definition, in reference to the sense 
 
 * I prefer using the word instrument, in speaking 
 of what are commonly called the organs of the five 
 senses, and to reserve the latter for the cerebral parts. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 45 
 
 in which we employ them. By a sort of 
 imperceptible induction, as Mr Stewart 
 has observed, we come to know that to 
 which a word or sign refers ; and hence to 
 understand the use and meaning of lan- 
 guage, both natural and artificial. Yet, 
 although we are sensible that we com- 
 mit no mistake in the use which we make 
 of words or of signs, we sometimes find 
 it difficult to define to others, with preci- 
 sion and clearness, their exact meaning, — 
 what we wish to convey and no more. 
 There are probably very few persons, who, 
 on reading the words faculties or powers of 
 the mind, will hesitate and ask their mean- 
 ing. Nevertheless, when we reflect, the 
 ideas which these words convey may appear 
 vague and indefinite *. The general con- 
 
 * The words faculties and powers have been used 
 indiscriminately in reference to the mind ; and to the 
 latter l^elong more meanings than perhaps to any other 
 
46 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 ception, however, that a faculty is a power 
 or capacity of the mind, and the ideas of 
 the mode in which the mind operates, are, 
 both among philosophers and the vulgar, 
 sufficiently correct, although undefined ; 
 and the business of the phrenologist is to 
 point out, as distinctly as he can, wherein 
 the faculties in his system differ from the 
 faculties in the systems of other philoso- 
 phers. 
 
 word in our language. Our great Lexicographer 
 enumerates thirteen. I feel inclined to propose the re- 
 jection of this word altogether in treating of Mind ; be- 
 cause in its most common sense it implies, not only abi- 
 lity to do, but to do with the purpose of overcoming 
 resistance. The word Faculty has indeed been also 
 employed in a strictly physical sense; but as this oc- 
 curs but seldom, and as we must have some word 
 to apply to that which belongs to the operations of 
 mind alone, it is best to retain this term, and to define 
 its meaning in phrenology in the best way we cam 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGT. 47 
 
 In all preceding systems, the Mind has 
 been considered as a single subject ; and 
 being endowed with the powers of sensa- 
 tion and thought in a great variety of 
 ways, the authors, for the sake of distinc- 
 tion, have supposed the powers separable ; 
 and, according to the mode in which the 
 power of the mind is applied, different 
 names have been given to the separated 
 powers. Thus, the mind's power of speak- 
 ing, they have called the Faculty of Speech; 
 the power of perceiving, the Faculty of 
 Perception, and so forth. This appears to 
 be the conception which both philosophers 
 and the vulgar attach to the word Faculty. 
 On the general application of this notion^ 
 it appears as philosophical to speak of the 
 Faculty of Voluntary Motion, of hearing, 
 of seeing, and so on ; as of the faculties 
 of perceiving, conceiving, remembering, 
 &c. ; for, in point of fact, the Mind is the 
 only primitive power, and these are merely 
 
48 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 modes of its operation. The reviewer of 
 Mr Combe's Essays on Phrenology, in the 
 Literary and Statistical Magazine for No- 
 vember 1819, has compared the Mind to a 
 guinea which is soluble in aqua regia, 
 tending towards the centre of the earth, 
 and affecting the eye with a peculiar sen- 
 sation. He remarks, that no one supposes 
 the guinea to do so by a single power, and 
 that it is just as little possible to conceive 
 that the mind which perceives, remembers 
 and compares, has only one quality. This 
 comparison illustrates in a precise manner, 
 what metaphysicians understand by the 
 Mind and its Faculties. The power of gra- 
 vitating towards the centre of the earth 
 never exists in the guinea distinct from 
 its power of affecting the eye with a pecu- 
 liar sensation, or from its solubihty in aqua 
 regia ; and any one power is never found 
 to be in different proportions to the others 
 in the same guinea. The guinea is a single 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 49 
 
 integral subject, and its properties are mere 
 attributes of its existence. With metaphy- 
 sicians, in like manner, the mind is a 
 single power, and sensation, perception, 
 memory, and so forth, are its attributes or 
 qualities ; but any one power or quality is 
 never supposed to be possessed when the 
 others are wanting ; nor are they indivi^ 
 dually supposed to exist in different de- 
 grees of perfection in the same mind ; all 
 differences arising, in the opinion of meta- 
 physicians, from external influence, habit, 
 study, profession, &c, The mind is con- 
 sidered very differently by Phrenologists ; 
 and as the comparison to the guinea seems 
 to have afforded a just illustration of the 
 views of metaphysicians, we may illustrate 
 those of phrenologists by a comparison sugr. 
 gested by a very ingenious friend. The 
 Mind may be compared to an imaginary 
 Tree, having numerous branches, each 
 branch being capable of bearing fruit of 
 
 D 
 
5Q I jLLUSl R4TiOKS OF^IJtKNOtOGY. 
 
 a kind different from that of the other 
 branches. E^^ery branch produces . buds, 
 blossoms, leaves, and fruit of its own 
 kind. One branch may be conceived to 
 arrive at a state of maturity to bear per- 
 fect fruit, sooner than another ; and one to 
 be strong and another weak, according tis, 
 the nature of the soil happens to be fa- 
 vourable to the growth of the one or of 
 the other. One or more branches may 
 also be conceived as beginning to decay 
 sooner than the others, and some to be 
 affected by disease, while the others con-^ 
 tinue in a state of vigour and soundness. 
 
 Now, in Phrenology, we may compare 
 the Mind to the Trunk, as the single and 
 indivisible subject. The Faculties are the 
 different Branches. Each of the knowing 
 and reflecting faculties in phrenology, per- 
 ceives, imagines, conceives, remembers, as 
 each branch buds, carries leaves, blos- 
 soms and bears fruit. But each faculty 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 51 
 
 performs only its own functions, individual 
 and specific, as each branch bears its own 
 peculiar bud, leaf, blossom and fruit. The 
 faculty of Tune, for example, perceives, con- 
 ceives, imagines, and remembers, melody 
 alone ; the faculty of Causality, perceives, 
 conceives, imagines, and remembers, ideas of 
 necessary consequence and nothing else. 
 One faculty, like one branch, comes to 
 maturity sooner than another ; one may 
 be strong and another weak in the same 
 or in different individuals ; one may decay, 
 or become diseased, and the others remain 
 vigorous ; and all this in consequence of 
 each faculty having a distinct and specific 
 organ. 
 
 The faculties of the metaphysicians, Per- 
 ception, Conception, &c. correspond to the 
 budding, putting forth leaves, blossoming, 
 and bearing fruit of the tree. But these are 
 attributes common to all the branches, and 
 a knowledge of them does not exhaust the 
 
 i>2 
 
52 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 natural history of the tree we have suppos- 
 ed. The faculties of tune, locality, com- 
 parison, &c. in phrenology, are the various 
 branches, each bearing its own fruit ; and 
 perception, &c. are the budding, carrying 
 leaves, &c. of each branch. When the 
 number of branches, and the kinds of fruit 
 borne by each branch, and also the attri- 
 butes, such as budding, &c. common to all 
 the branches, are ascertained, then, and 
 not till then, is the history of the tree ex- 
 hausted. Precisely so with the mind. It 
 is not till the number of faculties, their 
 specific functions, and the modes of ac- 
 tion of each are ascertained, that the phi- 
 losophy of mind is perfect. 
 
 The illustration may be carried yet far- 
 ther. X<et us suppose two persons to meet, 
 each proprietor of a tree such as we have 
 imagined ; and the one to begin describing 
 his tree as carrying one kind of fruit in 
 great abundance, and another kind spa- 
 
iLLtlSTRATlONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 53 
 
 ringly, and to say that one mode of treat- 
 ment he fomid to be best, while another 
 had proved detrimental ; when the other 
 found all these observations at utter va- 
 riance with his own experience in regard 
 to his own tree, it is obvious that, by mere* 
 ly discussing the points of budding, blossom- 
 ing, and culture in general, they could 
 never arrive at any means of solving their 
 difficulties, or explaining how their expe- 
 rience of the same kind of tree should be 
 so opposite. In like manner, when two 
 parents meet, and talk over the dispo- 
 sitions of their children, and modes of 
 treatment they have practised, and each 
 finds his own experience producing totally 
 opposite results from those obtained by his 
 friend, they will never be able to account 
 for this by talking of perception, imagina- 
 tion, memory, &c. as general faculties of 
 the mind. But if, comparing their chil- 
 drens' minds to the trunk of the tree, they 
 
54 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 make themselves acquainted with the num- 
 ber of branches which their respective trees 
 carry, with the kind of fruit which each 
 branch bears ; if they observe which branch 
 is strongest and which weakest, and notice 
 the soil in which the tree grows; and if they 
 now meet and compare their observations, 
 all their difficulties will vanish. In the 
 one tree, perhaps, the apple branch was 
 strongest, and it flourished by a mode of 
 culture favourable to that fruit, and produ- 
 ced abundantly ; while, perhaps, in the 
 other, the apricot branch was the strong- 
 est, and the apple one weak; but by ap- 
 plying to both the treatment proper for 
 another kind of fruit, instead of that pro- 
 per to each, it failed. In the same man* 
 ner, the faculty of language might be 
 powerful in one child, and weak in ano- 
 ther ; and whenever the parents attended 
 to this circumstance, they might easily ex- 
 plain why^ at school, and both under the 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRKNOLOOY. 55 
 
 same treatmeat, one wa^ at the head and 
 the other at the foot of his class. But 
 this explanation could never be derived 
 from the metaphysical mode of philosophiz- 
 ing. 
 
 Let us farther suppose the trees to be 
 endowed with life and reason, but that it 
 was a law of their constitution, that they 
 had consciousness only of their general 
 acts of budding, putting forth leaves, blos- 
 soming, and bearing fruit, and that they 
 had not the slightest intimation from con- 
 sciousness that they possessed different 
 branches, by each of which a particular 
 kind of these acts was performed ; and sup- 
 pose that they began to study themselves, 
 by reflecting on the subjects of their own 
 consciousness, — it is obvious that they could 
 never discover the existence and functions 
 of their own various branches. But sup- 
 pose that the one was to set about istudying 
 the other, by observing it, would not this 
 
56 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGi^. 
 
 obviously lead to the discovery, that thedif-^ 
 ferent branches possessed different powers 
 of carrying different kinds of fruit ? and 
 hence a knowledge of the existence and 
 functions of the different branches would 
 be derived, which each separately could not 
 possibly attain. The former is the meta- 
 physical, the latter the phrenological mode 
 of studying the faculties of the mind ; and 
 it is proved that we have no consciousness 
 of the distinct existence and separate func- 
 tions of the external senses, and much less 
 of the internal organs of the mind. 
 
 From reasoning, a priori, it would not 
 be supposed that the mind perceives the 
 existence of an' external object by means of 
 one faculty, and discovers its various quali- 
 ties by means of other faculties ; and yet 
 such is the case. Instances of the truth of 
 this observation are furnished by reference 
 even to the external senses. Touch informs 
 us of the existence of a rose, and that it is 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHl(ENOLOGY. 57 
 
 hard or soft^ rough or smooth ; but the eye 
 is necessary to discover its colour, and the 
 olfactory nerves its smell. In the same 
 manner, it is proved by phrenological ob- 
 servation, that existence in general is per- 
 ceived by one faculty, and certain qualities 
 of the objects which exist, by other facul- 
 ties ; and that these are distinct, like the 
 eyes or the nose. IndividuaHty perceives 
 the existence of a tree, but it is by another 
 faculty that we perceive its colour, by ano- 
 ther that we perceive its size, and by ano- 
 ther that we perceive its form. It will, 
 perhaps, be objected, that it is impossible 
 to perceive the existence of a tree, without 
 distinguishing its colour, size, and form. 
 The fact might be so, and yet these diffe- 
 rent qualities might be perceived by means 
 of different faculties ; because, although 
 distinct, they might co-exist and act simul- 
 taneously, and the impression in conse- 
 quence might appear to us simple and indi- 
 
58 ILLUSTKATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 visible, while in fact it was compound. Ac- 
 cordingly, the proof that the powers of 
 perception are distinct, is to be found in ob- 
 servation. Suppose that we desire three in- 
 dividuals to examine attentively a tree, and 
 to give an account of its colour, size, and 
 form, and we find one capable of dis- 
 tinguishing accurately the shade, another 
 the form, and a third the size ; but each, 
 although right in one point, blundering 
 egregiously in the other two ; and suppose 
 that we repeat the experiment with other 
 individuals, and that we guard against want 
 of attention, and accidental deficiency ari- 
 sing from want of practice, and find, that, 
 in spite of every endeavour to make them 
 all equal in their power of perceiving all 
 the qualities, still, one will excel in one 
 point, and another in another ; we must con- 
 clude that the powers of perception are na- 
 turally distinct, and bestowed on the difie- 
 rent individuals in different degrees. And, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 59 
 
 suppose that we find all those who excel in 
 distinguishing the shade of colour to pos- 
 sess a corresponding developement of brain 
 in one part, which those who fail in that act 
 of perception do not possess, and that the 
 same correspondence in other parts exists 
 in the case of the others ; the proof would 
 be complete. Here, then, the metaphy- 
 sical and phrenological modes of philoso- 
 phizing differ. The metaphysicians sup- 
 pose every external object, and all its quali- 
 ties, to be perceived by one faculty, and call 
 that faculty Perception, and ascribe such 
 differences in the power of perceiving as 
 we have mentioned, to different habits of 
 attention in the observers ; and they do so, 
 because they are conscious only of the 
 powers of perceiving in general, and not of 
 distinct powers for perceiving different qua- 
 lities. It may be supposed, that the diffe- 
 rence betwixt the two sciences in this re- 
 spect is one of arrangement or nomencla- 
 
60 ILLUSTRATIONS Ot PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 ture merely ; but it is more important, for 
 the practical results are very different. Ac- 
 cording to the metaphysical philosophy, a 
 parent need never hesitate about the art to 
 which he dedicates his son, for the power of 
 perception is simple, and the ability to ap- 
 ply it in any particular way is the result of 
 habit I and habit can be acquired. Ac- 
 cording to the phrenological system, how* 
 ever, he would be embarrassed with more 
 difficulties. He would know, that acute 
 powers of distinguishing shades, and also of 
 judging of form, are indispensable in a 
 painter ; and he would know, not only 
 that these powers were not implied in the 
 mere capacity to perceive existence, but that 
 they were separable, so that the one might 
 be possessed in a great, and the other in a 
 small degree ; and hence, he would be led 
 to enquire whether his son was qualified for 
 that art, before he dedicated him to it. 
 Thus, we learn facts in the philosophy of 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 61 
 
 the mind by observation, which we could 
 not discover by reflecting on the subjects of 
 our own consciousness. 
 
 The main distinction between the meta- 
 physical and phrenological mode of con- 
 sidering the mind is, that what in the for- 
 mer are supposed to be faculties, are con- 
 sidered in the latter as functions of facul- 
 ties. Phrenologists have been led to their 
 conclusions by taking " that view of the 
 " connection of mind and matter, which is 
 ^* perfectly agreeable to the just rules of 
 " Philosophy. The object of this is, to 
 " ascertain the laws which regulate their 
 " union, without attempting to explain in 
 *' what manner they are united *." In 
 the same note from which the above pas- 
 sage is extracted, Mr Stewart confines him- 
 self to the subjects of his own conscious- 
 
 * Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind, p. 11., 
 Note. 
 
62 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 ness; and thus informs us that, at the 
 commencement of his speculations, he 
 plunges at once into the error of believing, 
 that any one individual may be taken as 
 a standard by which the whole human 
 race may be judged. This is the error that 
 has hitherto been fatal to the advancement 
 of the knowledge of man; and that has caus- 
 ed incalculable waste of splendid talent on 
 speculations, connected, indeed, in some de- 
 gree with facts, but in many respects wholly 
 at variance with them. " Philosophers," says 
 Dr Spurzheim, " as well as other persons, 
 " think differently ; and every philosopher 
 " also considers his own manner of think- 
 " ing and of feeling as the best. It seems 
 " to him to be right, because his con- 
 " sciousness tells him so ; but I think he 
 " is wrong in considering himself as the 
 " measure of the absolute nature of man. 
 " I am of opinion, that, in examining the 
 " nature of man, we ought to make an 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 65 
 
 " abstraction of our manner of feeling 
 " and of thinking. We never ought to 
 " admit, in man, a feeling as the strongest,. 
 " or a manner of thinking as the best, 
 " solely because they are conformable to 
 " ours ; nor ought we to deny to others 
 " what we do not possess. We ought 
 " only to observe the operations of the 
 " Human Mind, in the conviction that all 
 " essential kinds of manifestations of the 
 " mind, that is, all particular faculties, are 
 " inherent in its nature by creation ; and 
 " to observe how every faculty acts and 
 " can act, and under what circumstances 
 " it does act. In this manner I think it 
 " possible to determine the absolute nature 
 " of man, and the infinite modifications of 
 " individuals," (p. 537). 
 
 Thus, it is hoped, we have made distinct 
 the peculiar manner of considering the 
 Mind, and of observing Man, which belongs 
 to Phrenology. It is by this that the sys- 
 
64 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tern must be improved, and carried gradual- 
 ly towards perfection, or proved to have no 
 foundation in nature. Although it may 
 appear that, in the writings of phrenolo- 
 gists, the metaphysicians are spoken of in 
 what has been called a tone of dogmatism, 
 it is not meant to speak of them with dis« 
 respect. Indeed, if we look into the works 
 of metaphysicians themselves, we find that 
 they use very little ceremony with each 
 other. Dr Reid has given a title to one 
 of his works, which speaks very plainly his 
 estimation of all the writers who preceded 
 him. This title is " An Inquiry into the 
 ** Human Mind, on the principles of Com- 
 ^' mon Sense ;" and the unavoidable infe- 
 rence, in which perhaps phrenologists may 
 be disposed to agree, is, that he considered 
 his predecessors as having kept common 
 sense out of view : This, however, is 
 nothing to the bitterness of personal hos- 
 tility, and of philosophical rancour, which 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 65 
 
 have been more recently exhibited in some 
 metaphysical discussions. It is no discre- 
 dit to metaphysicians, that they could not 
 be aware of the close connection between 
 the object of their thoughts and that of the 
 researches of physiologists. It is no dis- 
 honour to them that the more general dif- 
 fusion of knowledge should have led to the 
 discovery of this connection, and to a satis- 
 factory explanation of what they had not 
 the means of explaining. They have done 
 all that could be done with the knowledge 
 of man which they possessed ; but those of 
 the present day, who have so successfully 
 proved the failure of their predecessors, 
 must be sensible that there is some- 
 thing yet wanting in the basis of their 
 systems ; and the want of which is the 
 cause of the superstructures which have 
 been successively raised, having been so 
 easily removed to make way for others. 
 Phrenologists consider that the basis of 
 
 E 
 
66 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 their system is sure ; and they are convin- 
 ced, that until the superstructure shall be 
 perfect, an interval will not elapse so long 
 as that which has expired between the pe- 
 riod when the first system of the Philoso- 
 phy of Mind was promulgated, and the 
 era of Dugald Stewart. They labour at 
 present to induce the world to look at the 
 basis of their system ; to consider, and to 
 learn the means of establishing it, and^ 
 to assist in raising an edifice worthy of 
 a foundation which they are persuaded is 
 firm. The discovery of the true basis on 
 which a system of the Philosophy of Man 
 ought to be founded, has given rise to a 
 system differing from those reared by me- 
 taphysicians, perhaps in little else than 
 this, that they have gone to work with 
 effects, while phrenologists point out the 
 cause, and in consequence arrange the ef- 
 fects in a different manner. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 67 
 
 In his endeavours ^to determine what 
 ought to be considered as a special faculty, 
 Dr Spurzheim has followed certain rules. 
 
 That is a special faculty, 
 
 1 . Which exists in one kind of animals 
 
 and not in another ; 
 
 2. Which varies in both sexes of the 
 
 same species ; 
 
 3. Which does not manifest itself simul- 
 
 taneously with the other faculties ; 
 that is, which appears and disap- 
 pears earlier or later than the other 
 faculties ; 
 
 4. Which may act or rest alone ; 
 
 5. Which alone is propagated in a dis- 
 
 tinct manner from parents to chil- 
 dren ; and, 
 
 6. Which alone may preserve its proper 
 
 state of health and disease. 
 
 Mind designates the Class of Faculties. 
 This is divided into two Orders, I. Feel- 
 
 e2 
 
68 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 INGS ; II. Intellect. The first order is 
 divided into two genera, 1 . Propensities ; 
 2. Sentiments, The second order is also 
 divided into two genera, 1 . Knowing Fa- 
 culties ; ^. Reflecting Faculties. 
 
 Order I. Feelings. 
 
 Genus 1. Propensities'^. 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to invent names 
 for the different faculties of the mind, which 
 shall convey clear ideas of their special func- 
 tions, or modes of operation. All our fa- 
 
 * Dr Spurzheim, in an abridgment of his System pub- 
 lished at Paris, has altered in some respects the arrange- 
 ment of his larger English work, and has added some 
 new faculties. We propose here to retain the original ar- 
 rangement, and to notice incidentally the alterations 
 which Dr Spurzheim has adopted. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 69 
 
 culties are so intimately connected ; each is 
 SO apt to excite the others into action, that 
 we are liable at first to confound one with 
 another. In reference to this intimacy of 
 connection, we may here remark, that when 
 we consider the brain as made up of a 
 number of organs, each enabling the mind 
 to exhibit a particular manifestation, we 
 find that, anatomically, there is that con- 
 nection among the parts, without which the 
 singular influence of one organ upon an- 
 other could not be accounted for, nor the 
 extraordinary results arising from associa- 
 tion of ideas. 
 
 Those who have written on the Philoso- 
 phy of Mind, before the doctrines of phre- 
 nology were promulgated, have enumerated 
 a certain number of faculties ; and when- 
 ever any thing occurs which cannot be ex- 
 plained by their means, it is referred to ha- 
 bit or association, or to both ; which are 
 not stated as faculties ; but we are left to 
 
70 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHKENOLOGY. 
 
 avail ourselves of them as we can, as auxi- 
 liary principles, and to explain their mys- 
 terious operations as we please. They are 
 considered of no moment by those who ap- 
 peal to them ; and it is rather surprising, 
 that what is referred to as necessary to ex- 
 plain every anomaly, should be slurred over 
 as not affecting the system which they are 
 called on to support. 
 
 That the faculties enumerated in former 
 systems of the philosophy of mind, in the 
 acceptation in which they are wished to be 
 understood, are compound, and not single ; 
 that there is not one Imagination, one 
 Judgment, one Memory, &c. but many, 
 seems to be demonstrated by the follow- 
 ing considerations. 
 
 *' No one will deny to an able architect, 
 " a fine taste or imagination for building ; 
 " nor to a clever painter, a fine imagina- 
 *' tion for composing a picture. But the 
 "^^ architect may not have any taste for 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 71 
 
 " composing a picture, nor the painter for 
 " designing a temple. One person may 
 " have a wonderful imagination for novel 
 " writing, and another an astonishing faci- 
 " lity in improving the grounds about 
 " country seats. But because the one 
 " could not accomplish what was easy to 
 " the other, we would not say that either 
 ** of them had no imagination. One per- 
 " son may have a fine imagination in the 
 " composition of historical pictures, and 
 " another in the composition of music. 
 " The painter may accuse the musician of 
 " having no taste, because he cannot enjoy 
 " his picture ; and the musician may, with 
 " equal justice, retort to the painter, that 
 " he has no imagination, because he does 
 " not understand music. We know that 
 " there are persons who are poets, who 
 " cannot paint ; architects who cannot 
 " compose music ; painters who are not 
 " poets ; musicians who are not architects. 
 
72 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 Now, if imagination were one, single, 
 and undivided faculty of the mind, all 
 the professions I have named could 
 never be separated ; every man who had 
 the power, would necessarily be able to 
 embrace the objects of poetry, architec- 
 ture, music, painting and a variety of 
 other things, in a greater or less degree. 
 But every day's experience of others 
 and of ourselves contradicts such a sup- 
 position. We cannot say that the ima- 
 gination of a great poet is defective be- 
 cause he cannot design a building, com- 
 pose a landscape, or an overture. But, 
 according to Mr Alison's idea, imagina- 
 tion cannot be perfect unless it can em- 
 brace every thing ; a man cannot be a 
 poet, unless he be also a painter, an 
 architect, and so forth. It is impossible 
 that imagination, if single, can be bril- 
 liant in one department, and dull in 
 another, in the same person. But we 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 7S 
 
 " find it so. It appears that this has been 
 
 " attempted to be explained by supposing 
 
 " the single power to be modified. But 
 
 " modification does not explain the facts 
 
 " I have enumerated. An imagination for 
 
 " poetry, an imagination for architecture, 
 
 " and an imagination for music, cannot be 
 
 " modifications of the same thing; they 
 
 " must each be separate and distinct 
 
 " kinds of imagination, and each capable 
 
 " of existing in various degrees of perfec- 
 
 " tion. 
 
 " It appears that there is something else 
 
 '' besides imagination in the constitution 
 
 " of what is called taste, in some depart- 
 
 " ments. There is also something which 
 
 " enables a man of a fine imagination to 
 
 " execute what he imagines. Without this 
 
 " power of execution, he might not be 
 
 " able to satisfy us that he possessed ima- 
 
 " gination at all. A man, however, may 
 " possess imagination and not the power 
 
74 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " of execution ; and another may be able 
 to execute what the other imagines, 
 without being able to invent for himself. 
 A painter cannot satisfy us of his taste 
 " without a power of execution, which is 
 " distinct from the power of imagination. 
 " We determine whether his taste be good 
 " or bad by the work of his hands ; and 
 " unless his work be well executed, his 
 imagination is of no value to us. Yet 
 it is common that a person's imagina- 
 tion, or inventive power, is strong, while 
 the power of execution is totally want- 
 " ing. We would not, however, say on 
 " that account, that he had no taste. Nor 
 *' would we say of a man who can execute 
 " the designs of another, but who cannot 
 " design for himself, that he had a fine 
 " taste. There are also persons who can 
 " neither invent nor execute, who yet are 
 " acknowleged to have taste. To be able 
 ^' to design implies the possession of ima- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 75 
 
 " gination, and the necessity of possessing 
 " it. But there is taste where there is no 
 " power of designing. A man may be 
 " quick in perceiving the beauties and 
 " deformities of a building, and yet be 
 ** unable to invent or draw a plan. While, 
 " therefore, imagination and the power of 
 ** execution appear to be necessary for the 
 " architect, the painter, &c. and are con- 
 " stituent parts of what we call taste in 
 " them J there is yet what is called taste in 
 " others who can neither invent nor exe- 
 " cute. A man may employ several archi- 
 tects to give him designs for a house ; 
 and though he is totally incapable of 
 making designs for himself, he possesses 
 some power which directs his choice. 
 It is not a proof that he has a fine ima- 
 gination, that he chuses that plan which 
 is generally esteemed the best ; for if he 
 possessed a fine imagination, he might 
 '^ have made designs for himself Yet we 
 
 u 
 
76 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " acknowledge, when we have observed 
 ^' his choice, and have heard his opinion 
 ** of various buildings, that he has a good 
 " taste. Hence, I am incHned to differ 
 " with Mr AHson in considering imagina- 
 " tion and taste as synonimous ; and to 
 " be of the opinion of those who con- 
 ^' sider judgment as more nearly allied to 
 ^^ taste. 
 
 '* The taste necessary for various pro- 
 ** fessions is not the same in all. It is 
 " not necessary for an architect to have a 
 ^* taste for music ; nor for a musician to 
 " have a taste for architecture. It follows 
 " that, if imagination be taste, it cannot 
 " be a single faculty, but must be made 
 " up of certain constituent parts, some of 
 " which may be perfect, and others de- 
 " fective in the same person. There are 
 " many persons who are not affected by 
 ** the appearance of architectural objects 
 ^' either agreeably or disagreeably. An 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 77 
 
 " architect, therefore, must, in the first 
 " place, possess a power which enables 
 " him to derive pleasure from the contem- 
 " plation of such objects. He must also 
 " possess imagination ; judgment to enable 
 " him to arrange what he has imagined, 
 " so that it may answer the purposes he 
 ** has in view, in the best manner ; and 
 ** likewise the power of constructing, at 
 " least on paper, what his imagination has 
 " invented, and his judgment arranged, 
 " so that others may reap the benefit of 
 " his talents. But though imagination 
 " and the power of construction may 
 " greatly assist, they are not necessary to 
 " enable us to decide on the merits of 
 " his performance ; but we must possess 
 " judgment, together with a capacity for 
 ** receiving pleasure from architectural 
 ** forms. Now, judgment must also be of 
 " different kinds. For one person who 
 " judges vastly well of music, cannot judge 
 
78 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGl. 
 
 " of architecture ; and one who judges 
 " well of architecture, may not be able to 
 " judge well of painting. In music, it 
 " sometimes happens, that a person can 
 " judge accurately of harmony, but not of 
 " time ; and when he attempts to play on 
 " a musical instrument in concert, he 
 " cannot keep the time. In the same 
 " manner a person may be exceedingly 
 " alive to any trespass on time, and yet 
 " not be sensible to an encroachment on 
 harmony. Hence it is evident that judg- 
 ment varies in kind as well as imagina- 
 
 it 
 
 " tion 
 
 " There is yet another faculty necessary 
 " for a man of taste ^ and that is memory; 
 " That this faculty varies in kind, is per- 
 " haps more apparent than any variety in 
 " imagination or judgment. One man 
 *' may have a very strong memory with 
 " respect to places where he has been ; 
 " and may retain the relative position of 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 79 
 
 " every mountain, tree, rock, river, and 
 " lake, so as to have constantly at his 
 " command a picture of every place he 
 " has visited, which he may contemplate, 
 " or commit from his memory to the can- 
 " vas. But the possession of this kind of 
 " memory does not imply that of retaining 
 " names. Without a memory for names,. 
 " a landscape-painter may succeed per- 
 " fectly ; but he cannot become a linguist ; 
 nor a botanist, nor a mineralogist; nor 
 pursue with success any other branch of 
 natural history. To become a natural 
 " historian two kinds of memory are ne- 
 " cessary, which are not always found 
 " together ; viz. a memory for forms, and 
 " a memory for names. Some persons 
 " have an extraordinary verbal memory ; 
 " that is, they remember whatever they 
 " hear, and can repeat it; they can get 
 ^ by heart passages of prose and poetry 
 " with facility, while others cannot retain 
 
80 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 *' a line ; they take pleasure in the study 
 " of language, while others consider it dry 
 " and tiresome. Some persons have a 
 " strong memory for number, and can, 
 " without the help of setting down figures 
 " on paper, resolve very difficult ques- 
 " tions ; while others, with every assist- 
 *' ance, can scarcely retain the simplest 
 " rules of arithmetic. A musician re- 
 " quires a memory for form, to enable 
 " him to know the signs employed in 
 " music ; for place, to distinguish the po- 
 " sition of the notes on paper, and of the 
 " relative position of his fingers on an 
 ** instrument ; he must also have a me- 
 " mory for time ; and all these indepen- 
 " dent of the peculiar musical talent com- 
 '' monly called a good musical ear. Many 
 ** persons have very delicate ears for har- 
 *' mony and for time ; and even imagina- 
 ^* tion for composition, who cannot learn 
 '\ to play on an instrument. It follows, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 81 
 
 from such facts, that there is an ima- 
 gination and a memory belonging to 
 each talent ; and consequently there 
 must also be a distinct perception and 
 judgment for each. If perception, ima- 
 gination, memory, and judgment, were 
 each one indivisible faculty, it would 
 be impossible that any man could ex- 
 hibit unusual perfection in one talent, 
 and be defective in every other, instances 
 of which are frequently met with. 
 " If it be necessary that a man, to be 
 an architect, must have imagination, it 
 is also necessary that a man must have 
 it to be a poet. But how comes it that 
 the same power does not enable the ar- 
 chitect to write poetry, and the poet to 
 build a temple ? 
 
 '* If it be necessaiy, in order to have 
 any pretensions to taste in music, that 
 a man should be able to judge well ; he 
 who pretends to enjoy pictures must 
 
82 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY 
 
 ^* also have judgment. But how does it 
 *' happen, that a first rate painter may be 
 " quite indifferent to music ; or that the 
 " most celebrated musician should hold 
 " painting in contempt ? 
 
 *' If it be necessary that a man, to be 
 " an actor, must have memory to enable 
 " him to repeat his part, it is also neces- 
 " sary to enable a man to find his way 
 " back after having passed through a 
 ** thick forest. But how comes it that 
 " one man can find his way with much 
 " greater facihty than another; that he 
 ** can have a local memory remarkably 
 ** strong,^ and yet not be able to get two 
 '* lines of poetry by heart ? In short, if 
 " we attend to human nature, and ob- 
 ** serve mankind, instead of shutting our- 
 ** selves up, and presuming to measure 
 "man by ourselves, we cannot refuse to 
 ** admit that every art requires a peculiar 
 '^talent, to which a peculiar perception^ 
 
ILLUSTRA.TIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 83 
 
 ** imagination, memory, and judgment, be- 
 ** longs. The sciences require various 
 " talents combined ; but each talent must 
 " have its attendant powers *•" 
 
 It is to such questions, that, in the first 
 instance, phrenologists have a right to de- 
 mand answers from metaphysical philoso- 
 phers ; for neither habit nor association can 
 give any assistance in solving them. 
 
 The difficulty of distinguishing facul- 
 ties is scarcely less than that of properly 
 naming them. We know that all our fa- 
 culties may be abused ; that they may be 
 exercised for criminal purposes ; while we 
 also know, that the proper exercise of them 
 is the will of our Creator, and necessary to 
 the purposes of our existence. Even the 
 most amiable disposition implanted in us, 
 that of Benevolence, may be so abused, as 
 
 * Essay on some Subjects conncclecl with Taste, by 
 Sir G. S. Mackenzie, p. 253. 
 
 r 2 
 
84 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 to lead to the encouragement of ev^ry kind 
 of vice. It may be, and is indeed too of- 
 ten, excited into action by false tales of di- 
 stress ; and although warned of the danger 
 of giving way to the indulgence of indiscri- 
 minate charity, individuals who have this 
 sentiment very powerful, persist in counter- 
 acting the efforts of the more judicious, who 
 associate for the relief of the poor, and for 
 the discovery and punishment of impostors* 
 It would be evidently improper, however, 
 to give, on that account, to the sentiment 
 of Benevolence, any appellation that would 
 convey, even in a remote degree, the idea 
 of an indiscriminate indulgence of it, tend- 
 ing to the encouragement of vice. In the 
 same manner, it would be wrong to give to 
 that propensity, which is necessary to alt 
 animals for procuring subsistence, a name 
 indicating the commission of murder ; or to 
 that propensity by which the species is con- 
 
ILLtSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 85 
 
 tinued, one that implies inordinate and cri- 
 minal indulgence. 
 
 The latter propensity is the first of which 
 Dr Spiirzheim treats. His arrangement is 
 made according to the position of the or- 
 gans already ascertained. The function of 
 the 1st Genus of Order I. of the Faculties, 
 is to produce a propensity of a specif kind. 
 These faculties are common to man with 
 the lower animals. 
 
 1st, Amativeness *• 
 
 This name, though it convey by its de- 
 rivation, the compound sentiment of Love, 
 seems to be better adapted than any other 
 that has yet occurred, to express the mere 
 
 * This, in the Abridgment published by Dr Spurz- 
 heim, is named Amour Physique (Amativite). In the 
 Hst at the end, Organe de P Amour. I think there is an 
 error committed in using more than one term. 
 
86 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 animal desire or propensity. No one doubts 
 that it is in general powerfully felt, and 
 that it is often abused ; but it is the specific 
 privilege of man, that justice directs his ac- 
 tions. He is conscious of being degraded, 
 whenever reason cannot justify the gratifi- 
 cation of his feelings. It is accurately ob- 
 served by Mr Combe, that " the special 
 acts done in gratification of the feelings, 
 must always be justified by reason ; but 
 a first principle must be, that the innate 
 existence, and native dignity of the feelings 
 themselves, are our sole warrants for own- 
 ing their authority." 
 
 It has been ascertained, that this pro- 
 pensity is manifested by means of that por- 
 tion of the cerebral mass called the Cere- 
 bellum. It is situate in the lowest and 
 back part of the cranium, which is covered 
 by the muscles of the neck. It is some- 
 times, however, so large, as to have the ap- 
 pearance of a considerable protuberance, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 87 
 
 which becomes most remarkable when the 
 subject is lean. In Fig. 1. Plate II. its si- 
 tuation is marked by the number 1, and in 
 this subject it is very small. But in Fig. 2. 
 which gives the same view of another skull, 
 it is seen in a large proportion. To observe 
 this, let the eye measure the horizontal dis- 
 tance from the middle of the backward 
 curve of the ear, to the exterior of the 
 neck; also the general thickness of the 
 neck ; and the breadth behind. It will be 
 found, that the cerebellum in males is ge- 
 nerally much larger in proportion to the 
 rest of the head, than in females ; but in 
 the latter we sometimes find it bearing a 
 proportion as great as that observed in the 
 generality of males. The mode of dressing 
 the hair of females, which has obtained of 
 late years, has been very favourable for as- 
 certaining what the general proportions are. 
 In every case in which it may be known 
 that this propensity is felt more strongly 
 
88 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 than in another, the difference will be 
 clearly pointed out by the comparative size 
 of the cerebellum. Let it not be forgot- 
 ten, that however strong the natural feeling 
 may be, there are other higher faculties, by 
 which, if in due proportion, its utmost ener 
 gy may be controlled. 
 
 2d, Philoprogenitiveness. 
 
 This word is intended to include paren- 
 tal love, or love of offspring, and of chil- 
 dren in general. This feeling is common 
 to all animals, although in some individuals 
 of every species, it appears to be less power- 
 ful than in others. The cuckoo builds no 
 nest, and does not feed its young ; but it is 
 by no means regardless where it shall lay 
 its egg. It takes good care that some other 
 bird shall hatch its egg and feed its young. 
 The crocodile and turtle bury their eggs in 
 sand, and leave them, because nothing but 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 89 
 
 the heat of the sun is necessary to hatch 
 them, and as soon as the young one comes 
 from the shell, it is fit to provide for itself. 
 There are extreme cases, of which we have 
 known several, in which animals are observed 
 to destroy, and even to devour their young ; 
 but these are to be referred to disease, or 
 to intense hunger. Among the human 
 race, we cannot fail to remark that some 
 parents neglect their children, or treat them 
 harshly, while others caress and indulge 
 them to excess. Some, on the death of 
 a child, express but little regret, or at least, 
 the violence of unavailing grief is soon mo- 
 derated by reason ; while others sink en- 
 tirely under the affliction, and will not be 
 comforted. In general, and especially in 
 females, the parental attachment is so 
 strong, that, rather than forsake their off"- 
 spring, parents will endure every privation, 
 and even suffer death itself. 
 
90 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 That portion of the Brain which consti- 
 tutes the organ of this propensity, is situate 
 immediately above the cerebellum, com- 
 mencing at the upper termination of the 
 neck, and extending an inch and a half, 
 or somewhat more upwards, and about as 
 much on each side of the vertical plane, di- 
 viding the head into two equal parts. This 
 is to be observed in profile ; and when the 
 organ is large, the head has somewhat of a 
 drooping form behind. When No. 1. is 
 large, it may have the ejQTect of making 
 this organ appear smaller than it is in re- 
 ality. To ascertain the exact proportion of 
 the different organs, in dependence on their 
 mutual position and relations, is one of the 
 great difficulties in the way of observation 
 in general, and the student must be very 
 careful to compare all parts with each 
 other, as well as with the standard measure 
 kept in his mind, before he pronounces 
 ju(3gnient, even to himself. Neglect in this 
 
JLLUSTUATlOiNS OF PHRENOLOGY. 91 
 
 respect has given rise to many groundless, 
 though apparently just, objections to the 
 system ; and has led critics to state, that, 
 while some facts supported the system, there 
 were anomalies which they could not re- 
 concile to it. 
 
 It will be found that the energy of this 
 propensity, when great, will correspond with 
 a great developement ; and that wherever 
 a person is known to have an aversion to 
 children, the developement will be small. 
 But let not the eiBTects of benevolent feel- 
 ing be mistaken for this propensity. A 
 good-natured person will play with children, 
 and amuse them, although the love of off- 
 spring be not strongly felt. There is some- 
 thing in the manner of benevolence, which 
 cannot be described, but which will be per- 
 ceptible to attentive observation, that clear- 
 ly distinguishes the motives of action. 
 
92 ILLUSTKATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 3d, Inhabitiveness. 
 
 It is certainly true that some animals 
 prefer high situations for their places of 
 abode, while others live below ; and this is 
 often observable in different species of the 
 same genus. Some animals prefer water 
 to land ; and some frequent the highest 
 parts of mountainous regions, although they 
 descend from their elevation in search of 
 their food. It is chiefly from observation 
 on the lower animals, that Dr Spurzheim 
 seems to consider it as certain, that there is 
 such a faculty in man, although the place 
 of the organ is not exactly ascertained. But 
 we are not satisfied that there is such a fa- 
 culty, because its functions would be too 
 general, perhaps, for a single faculty. One 
 individual prefers living in the midst of 
 wood ; another likes an open country. One 
 desires to be surrounded by mountains and 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 93 
 
 precipices, lakes and rivers ; another by 
 country that is level and monotonous. 
 Some feel an inclination to live inland, 
 others prefer the sea*coast. The same spe* 
 cial faculty cannot have functions that are 
 opposite. It may vary in intensity,, but 
 still its influence must continue in the same 
 direction. The same faculty may, indeed, 
 be directed to difierent objects. Colour 
 may give as much enjoyment to the facul- 
 ty appropriated to it, whether it be blue or 
 yellow ; or the more opposite, black or 
 white. Still, however, the faculty of colour 
 gives no pleasure to the mind when no co- 
 lour is present ; nor can the faculty apply 
 itself to any thing but colour. Destruc- 
 tiveness may impel us to deprive an ani- 
 mal of life^ or to destroy a figure that is 
 lifeless ; but it has no knowledge of its op- 
 posite, benevolence. 
 
 Instead, therefore, of looking for the 
 organ of such a faculty in man, we are dis- 
 
94 ILLUSTRATIONS OP PHRENOLOGY^ 
 
 posed to eonsider liis choice of habitation 
 as one of those results of ascertained facul- 
 ties, which are usually comprehended in the 
 word Taste. In the lower animals, it is 
 extremely probable that a faculty, or seve- 
 ral faculties of this kind may exist, direct- 
 ing some of them to seek their food and 
 safety in water ; some to build nests on 
 trees and on rocky cliffs ; some to make 
 holes in the earth, others to retire to places 
 difficult of access to other animals. But 
 in regard to the existence of this organ 
 even among lower animals, many difficul- 
 ties are to be encountered. For instance, 
 we cannot conceive that the same faculty 
 prompts a rook to make a nest on a lofty 
 tree, and the rabbit to burrow in the ground ; 
 the kittywake to make its nest on the 
 face of a cliff overhanging the sea, and the 
 duck on the margin of a lake, or in a 
 swamp. Nor can we conceive the same fa- 
 culty to give the impulse to prefer high to 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 95 
 
 low situations, and the interior of the earth 
 to the surface. 
 
 It is possible that there may be a faculty 
 in man, which inclines him to be stationa- 
 ry or sedentary ; and which, when weak, 
 may render him indifferent to a place of 
 abode. Such a faculty, however, would be 
 diflFerent from that described under the 
 name Inhabitiveness. 
 
 That part of the Brain which Dr Spurz- 
 heim has conjectured to be the organ of In- 
 habitiveness is immediately above No. 2. 
 
 4th, Attachment. 
 
 Friendship seems to originate in a natu- 
 ral disposition to form attachments ; and to 
 be fixed by the sympathy of the higher fa- 
 culties. Vicious persons form friendships ; 
 but such are generally founded, not on 
 benevolence and justice, but on the 
 mere sympathy of the lower propensities. 
 
9^ ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 It is the energy of the feeling of attach- 
 ment, combined with a strong love of ap- 
 probation, and firmness, that enables a 
 robber, or murderer, to submit to torture, 
 and even to death, rather than betray his ac- 
 complices. It is probable, that most of those 
 criminals who turn King's evidence, will be 
 found to have very little of these feelings. 
 There may be exceptions; because the 
 friendship of thieves and rogues (if friend- 
 ship it can be called) is seldom lasting, be- 
 ing founded on the basis of mutual aid and 
 profit, rather than on any real personal re- 
 gard. It will be of importance, however, 
 to the student, to examine such persons 
 when opportunities occur ; and also persons 
 who are known to have been steady in their 
 friendships; those who have been waver- 
 ing ; and such as form few intimacies. 
 
 The place of the organ of this faculty is 
 on each side of that of the last, and out- 
 ward and upward from No. 2. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS Or PHRENOLOGY. 97 
 
 It may be remarked here, that although 
 the exact boundary of any organ cannot 
 be ascertained, yet its position may be fix- 
 ed with certainty. All the organs being 
 double, that is, one on each side of the falx 
 which divides the brain vertically into two 
 hemispheres, it may happen that an organ 
 is larger on the one side of the head than 
 on the other, instances of which we have 
 frequently observed. It is owing to the 
 organs being double, that a severe inju- 
 ry on one side, while the other is safe, does 
 not totally destroy any faculty j and want 
 of attention to the circumstance of the 
 brain being double, has led physiologists 
 sometimes to draw very erroneous conclu- 
 sions. 
 
98 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGYp 
 
 5th, Courage, 
 
 This name was the first given by Dr 
 Gall to the faculty which it designates^ 
 " but afterwards/' as Dr Spurzheim in- 
 forms us, " considering that it is possible for 
 " a man to have courage to do any thing 
 " of which he thinks himself capable, for 
 " instance to dance, play on a musical in- 
 " strument, or sing, when he may have no 
 " propensity to fight, he called it Quar- 
 " relsomeness : and now Self-defence." 
 Dr Spurzheim has given to the faculty the 
 name Combativene^s^ or the propensity to 
 fight. In his last work, however, he h^ 
 resumed the name first assigned to this fa- 
 culty by Gall, and has Courage (Combatu 
 vit6), as the title of the section in which 
 he describes it. We are inclined to consider 
 a propensity to fight as a (impound feel- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 99 
 
 ing 3 and also that desire which some per- 
 sons appear to have, of being objects of ter- 
 ror to others. A propensity to fight impHes 
 a desire to injure. ISTo m^n can feel a de- 
 sire to attack another, and say that he has 
 no desire to hurt him, It has, indeed, 
 been said of Irishinen, that they declare 
 they proceed to break each other's heads 
 out of pure love. But as mistakes are said 
 to be common among that generous people, 
 we need not wonder that the pure love of 
 breaking a head should be confounded 
 with love for the unfortunate head itself. 
 No man, not even the keenest prize-fighter, 
 will say that he fights because he takes 
 pleasure in having his teeth knocked out, 
 his eyes blocked up, his blood spilt, his 
 whole body pummelled into painful swel- 
 ling. But he will acknowledge that it 
 gives him great dehght when he sees one 
 of his blows followed by one of the eyes of 
 his antagonist closing, and another by 
 
 g2 
 
100 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 the blood streaming from his nostrils ; and 
 that, if victorious, he cares little for what 
 he himself may have suffered in the con- 
 test. A prize-fighter may have more than 
 one object in view; he may wish to in- 
 dulge the propensity to destroy ; or he 
 may fight for applause or for money. In 
 each case there is a selfish feeling to be 
 gratified,- Were be destitute of courage, 
 however, he would seek to gratify his feel- 
 ings in some other manner. Hence we dif- 
 fer from Mr Combe, in thinking that the 
 faculty Courage gives a desire to attack ; 
 and from Dr Spurzheim also, in consider- 
 ing it as a propensity. Courage does not 
 take away the sense of danger, but enables 
 a man to oppose and to disregard it, in the 
 same manner as Firmness enables him to 
 endure much, in order to attain a favourite 
 object. Firmness is passive until employ- 
 ed in accomplishing a plan ; and so we 
 conceive is courage, until some object calk 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 101 
 
 for its exertion. It may be asked, suppose 
 the faculty to be powerfully active, from 
 an internal stimulus of the organ, will it 
 not produce a desire to attack? It may 
 produce a desire to challenge and defy, but 
 not to attack, unless No. 6. be also power- 
 ful. Even the result of defiance may re- 
 quire the activity of No. 11. In speak- 
 ing of No. 6. Dr Spurzheim says, *' In the 
 *' field of battle, we find a great difference 
 " in the energy of this propensity; one sbl- 
 " dier is overjoyed at the sight of the blood 
 " which he sheds ; while another, moved 
 ** by compassion, gives uncertain blows, or 
 " at least spares the vanquished, and stops 
 " of his own accord after the victory." 
 Now, we are certain that the first case is 
 derived from Nos. 5. and 6. together; and 
 it appears also that, in the second case, 
 No. 5. may have been as powerful as m 
 the first, but No. 6. much less. 
 
102 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY^ 
 
 Numerous instances are to be foundj of 
 men being of the mildest character, who 
 would not desire to see evil returned for 
 evil, and who nevertheless are very coura*^ 
 geous ; and who, if there was necessity for 
 it, could fight better perhaps than those 
 who are in the daily practice of fighting, 
 It may be said in answer^ that such indi- 
 viduals will be found to possess much com^ 
 bativeness, and much benevolence, and 
 that the latter represses the former. But 
 we may venture to affirm^ that in such indi^ 
 viduals benevolence may not be found in 
 such a proportion as to aiccoiint for the re- 
 pression of the former, if it be really a pro- 
 pensity i but that No. 6. will be foimd in 
 small proportion^ and that when this is the 
 case, a large developement of the organ of 
 courage will not be found accompanied by 
 a quarrelsome or cruel disposition. In the 
 case of criihinals, all those whom we have 
 had occasion to observel have had courage 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 103 
 
 well developed. I consider that, when 
 there is neither much benevolence, nor 
 much sense of justice, a small develope- 
 ment of courage may have the effect of 
 preventing the manifestation of a desire to 
 steal, although the faculty be energetic, 
 because this desire may be repressed by the 
 terrors of the law^ or the fear of resistance* 
 But when a man has a strong inclination 
 to steal, or, in other words, to possess any 
 thing, and has also a good developement 
 of courage, he may steal and rob on the 
 highway, or break into a house. Courage 
 is abused in this way, for the purpose of 
 gratifying a propensity. So it is in fight- 
 ing, when the desire to destroy is gratified, 
 in consequence of courage rendering a man 
 indifferent to what he may pay for his grati- 
 fication. Much may be said on this subject, 
 but it is of most importance to observe 
 facts as they occur; and in doing so, it is of 
 consequence to consider motives of action^ 
 
104 ILLUSTllATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 and to attend to the sources of those motives. 
 Love of approbation, the fear of ridicule 
 and disgrace, have each prompted men to 
 fight, who would not have done so from 
 choice. If it shall be observed that any- 
 individual courts contention, and attacks 
 others, without a considerable develope- 
 ment of No. 6. along with Courage, we 
 will give up our opinion that courage is a 
 sentiment and not a propensity. 
 
 *' It may be inquired," says Dr Spurz- 
 heim, " whether the want of this faculty 
 " (Courage) produces Fear. Gall, indeed, 
 " thinks so, but it appears to me that the 
 " absence of any organ cannot produce a 
 " positive sentiment like fear. It is cer- 
 " tainly conceivable that the absence of 
 *^ any organ may produce modifications in 
 " the manner of thinking and feeling, and 
 *' thus the absence of this propensity 
 ^' renders a character peaceable ; but I 
 ^' imagine that in Fear a positive action 
 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 105 
 
 " takes place. Hence I think that Gall 
 " is in general wrong in speaking of nega- 
 " tive qualities. If fear be the result of 
 " the absence of courage, I cannot con- 
 * ceive how it is possible to be at the same 
 " time courageous and fearful ; yet this hap- 
 '* pens both in animals and mankind. We 
 " shall see afterwards that the sensations 
 ** of fear and anxiety are ascribable to 
 " cautiousness." Some arguments may, 
 perhaps, occur, that may incline the reader 
 to think, in opposition to Dr Spurzheim, 
 that fear is nothing but the want of cou- 
 rage. Some of these will be noticed when 
 we come to consider Cautiousness. 
 
 The position of the organ of courage is 
 between the ear and Nos. 2. and 4., and is 
 observed by noticing the breadth between 
 the upper portions of the ears, and likewise 
 the projection of the head backwards from 
 the ear. 
 
106 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHHE^OLOGY. 
 
 6th, Destructiveness. 
 
 We must carefully distinguish actions 
 from the faculty which inclines or impels 
 us to commit them, and also the excite- 
 ment of any faculty in the degree necessa- 
 ry to our existence, from the abUse of it in 
 criminal indulgence, A man kills one of 
 his own species, and this action we call 
 murder, and consider as criminal^^ — as an 
 abuse of a propensity that is necessary to 
 our existence, our comfort, and the protec- 
 tion of every thing we love or value. 
 Mankind feel a natural propensity to kill 
 animals and to devour their flesh ; and 
 this, since it is necessary, we do not call 
 criminal. Kevertheless, with respect to 
 the animals themselves, taking away their 
 lives is literally murder ; because, to the 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 107 
 
 meanest reptile^ life, the gift of the Creator, 
 is valuable, as well as to ourselves. It is not 
 criminal to preserve animals which are our 
 own property, by destroying other animals 
 whose nature it is to prey upon them. We 
 destroy rats and mice without any feeling 
 of remorse ; and yet, when we reflect up- 
 on our actions^ and recollect that, in the 
 attacks of these creatures on what belongs 
 to us, they are impelled by the very same 
 desire, for the preservation of life, that 
 prompts us to destroy animals for our own 
 use, we cannot avoid acknowledging that, in 
 strictness^ we act very unjustly. But the 
 Creator has endowed all his creatures with 
 innate intelligence of what is necessary and 
 fit for them, All of them devour each 
 other, apparently because the existence of 
 an organised being cannot be supported by 
 matter that is not organised. Air and wa- 
 ter are the only unorganised substances 
 that are necessary to our existence ; but 
 
108 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 of themselves they are incapable of keep- 
 ing the human frame in a condition of vi- 
 gour, or of maintaining life for any length 
 of time. We allow to all carnivorous ani- 
 mals a natural propensity to kill. Man is 
 omnivorous ; and, to serve his purpose, 
 whether of food, amusement, convenience^ 
 or of vanity, he carries destruction among 
 all created things, animate and inanimate. 
 
 Dr Spurzheim observes, that the sphere 
 of activity of this faculty extends from 
 mere indifference to the pain which ano- 
 ther man, or a brute, may suffer, to the 
 pleasure of seeing them killed, or even to 
 the most irresistible desire to kill. The 
 doctrine, he adds, may. shock sensibility, 
 but it is not the less true. 
 
 The organ of this faculty is situate be- 
 hind, and a little above the upper part of the 
 ear. It may be observed, by looking at 
 the head either from behind or before, 
 but it is best seen from behind. By com-^ 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 109 
 
 paring the two skulls in Plates II. and IV. 
 it will be observed to be largest in Fig. 2. 
 In Fig. ] . it is a very little developed. In 
 Plate. I. Fig. 2, is an example of its being 
 very large. This is taken from a skull in 
 Dr Barclay's collection, and which he had 
 the kindness to cut through, that we might 
 have this view of so large a mass of brain 
 extending in this particular direction. 
 
 7th, CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 Some children are observed to apply 
 themselves eagerly to build houses of cards, 
 bits of wood, &c. to cut figures of paper, 
 either imaginary, or in imitation of what 
 they have seen. We have met with a 
 lady who, having once observed a person's 
 profile, could cut a perfect likeness out of 
 paper, at any time afterwards, with a pair of 
 
110 iLLUSTjlATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 scissars ; and with some young persons who 
 have exhibited this talent in a remarkable 
 degree. Some men follow mechanical or 
 constructive professions from choice ; othere 
 become mere labourers, and continue to be 
 awkward in every thing they do, while 
 others may be observed to perform the 
 most ordinary things with readiness and 
 neatness. There are persons who invent 
 with great ease, but cannot construct 
 what they invent ^ and many understand 
 perfectly the nature of an instrument, yet 
 cannot use it. The faculty of construe- 
 tiveness is essential not only to every me- 
 chanical profession, but to all that require 
 construction in any way, as in the arts of 
 drawing, modelling, engraving, surgery, &c. 
 It is sometimes difficult to observe whe- 
 ther the organ of this faculty be large or 
 small, on account of the varying size of the 
 temporal muscle, and of the cheek bones. 
 It is a little backward and upward from the 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. Ill 
 
 external angle of the eye. When very 
 large, the face appears widest at the 
 temples ; but this is not always a sure indi- 
 cation. The size of this organ can scarcely 
 be well ascertained, without applying the 
 fingers. 
 
 It must be recollected that the function 
 of this faculty is not to invent, but mere- 
 ly to construct. 
 
 8th, Acquisitiveness. 
 
 The desire to acquire fortune and pos- 
 sessions, appears infinitely more striking in 
 some individuals than in others placed in 
 exactly similar circumstances. In most 
 large families, some children will be found 
 who shew no desire to possess, — are always 
 ready to bestow, and never appear envious ; 
 while others may be seen to grasp at every 
 thing, and even by force to deprive their 
 
112 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 weaker companions of what they possess. 
 Dr Spurzheim has named this faculty 
 Covetweness, But the English word Co- 
 vet, implies an abuse of the faculty, in de- 
 siring to possess the property of others, to 
 which we have no right, rather than the 
 general propensity to acquire. The cha- 
 racter of the miser results, not from 
 his coveting the possessions of others, 
 but from an excessive propensity to ac- 
 quire and to possess money. Many per- 
 sons are in reality misers, although mo- 
 ney be not their object. Some collect 
 pictures, some books, some medals, some 
 minerals, and other objects of natural his- 
 tory, and delight in the mere possession of 
 them ; and the pleasure which they derive 
 from this is generally greatest, when they 
 possess what they know cannot be pro- 
 cured by others. There are also indivi- 
 duals who desire to possess every thing. 
 All these cases may occur without the 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 11 
 
 I* 
 
 slightest desire to deprive another of his 
 property unjustly. In the excess of the fa* 
 culty whose functions we are in quest of^ co- 
 vetousness is the first degree ; and stealing 
 is the result of the highest. But cases have 
 occurred, in which the propensity was so 
 strong, as to demand gratification in the 
 act of stealing, though, as soon as this was 
 obtained, the article stolen was returned with 
 pleasure. Such cases result from the pro- 
 portion which other faculties bear to this one. 
 A thief has been known to distribute among 
 the poor what he had stolen, his benevolence 
 exceeding his selfishness, which is another 
 result of this faculty. In the desire to pos- 
 sess, there is the desire that self should be 
 gratified, to the exclusion of others, if pos- 
 sible. In the gratification of other propen- 
 sities, we are satisfied by the simple indul- 
 gence, without repining that others should 
 have the same gratification ; and it ap- 
 pears, that in the propensity to acquire, 
 
 H 
 
114 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLGGl^. 
 
 when it is not in excess, there is no repin- 
 ing at seeing others equally successful with 
 ourselves. Selfishness, then, is a result of 
 this faculty. If the name we have prefixecfc 
 will not do,, to denote the general function 
 of the faculty, we must use Propensity to 
 Acquire. It is not only excusable^ but ne- 
 cessary, to invent new names. 
 
 The organ of this faculty is immediately 
 above No. 6., and clear of the ear ; but be- 
 fore and above it ; and immediately behind 
 No. 7. It is best observed in a front view 
 of the head. 
 
 9th, Secretiveness- 
 
 We observe that many persons are far 
 from being communicative. This may 
 proceed, in part, from deficiency in other 
 faculties, but it may also proceed from a 
 special faculty. Many persons dislike to ex- 
 hibit what they possess, and retire from ob- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY, 115 
 
 servation and question. Others, again, in- 
 stead of retiring, adopt a manner which is 
 called Obsequiousness, which is used to 
 conceal ultimate views, and to disguise real 
 thoughts and sentiments. It is a very com- 
 mon and just observation, that an obsequi- 
 ous and smiling manner indicates cunning y 
 and cunning means decidedly a desire to 
 conceal something, such as the real motive 
 for action. Some persons are much more 
 ready in discovering means to obtain an ob- 
 ject than others, and are called Sly ; and all 
 such are observed to succeed best in what- 
 ever object they pursue. The faculty from 
 which such dispositions arise, has been call- 
 ed Secretiveness, or the desire to conceal 
 in general. Its organ is above No. 6., and 
 behind No. 8. ; and is observed in a front 
 or back view. That part of the skull 
 which conceals the organs Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 
 is covered by the temporal muscle, which 
 varies in thickness, and sometimes may 
 
 H 2 
 
116 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 lead the student into error, if he be not 
 careful in observing. He ought also to re- 
 collect, that persons in whom the organ of 
 secretiveness is large, are fond of mystery 
 and deceit, and not uhfrequently deny 
 (from the mere propensity to conceal) that 
 they possess certain propensities, sentiments 
 or faculties, which are nevertheless mani- 
 fested in their actions^ and indicated on 
 their heads. 
 
 loth. Self Esteem, 
 
 There is no disposition of the human 
 mind that so readily betrays itself, as that 
 of self esteem. Natural language, in the 
 deportment of a man who has this feeling 
 in excess, tells us at once of its innate exist- 
 ence. Let a man be benevolent, good- 
 tempered, amiable in every respect, self 
 esteem cannot be concealed. The carriage 
 of the body, manner of walking, the tone 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 1 1 7 
 
 of expression in conversation, all combine 
 to betray it. When moderate, this faculty 
 inspires dignity of conduct and manner, 
 and commands respect. It gives a man 
 confidence to turn his talents and know- 
 ledge to the best account, while the want 
 of it inspires humihty, diffidence and shy- 
 ness. When powerful, it gives a man ideas 
 of his own importance, to which the world 
 does not subscribe ; it inspires pride, arro- 
 gance, disdain, haughtiness, presumption. 
 The organ of this faculty is easily obser^ 
 ved. It is immediately above Nq. 3,, and 
 when we take the opening of the mouth, 
 continued backwards as a base, and ima- 
 gine a line drawn from the .orifice of the 
 ears backwards, so as to forni an angle with 
 that base of about 45° to 50°, and find the 
 head in that region high, self esteem will, 
 to a certainty, be manifested in a powerful 
 degree. 
 
118 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 Genus 2. Sentiments, 
 
 llth. Love or Approbation, or Ap- 
 plause. 
 
 There is a faculty that gives rise to a 
 kind of manner which is often mistaken for 
 pride. We see a man extremely careful 
 of his dress, and very anxious to be obser- 
 ved. Without feeling much of the preced- 
 ing faculty, some persons, observing others 
 who are highly endowed with it, stiff 
 in their manner, holding their heads well 
 up, and commanding respect, they imi- 
 tate their manner ; and to all the forma- 
 lity of dress, add a deportment and style of 
 speaking usually termed affected. This 
 takes place when the faculty is too power- 
 ful to be properly regulated by others* It 
 then acts in a variety of ways ; and in ge- 
 neral urges men to exhibit whatever they 
 consider valuable belonging to themselves. 
 One dresses out his person ; another courts 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 119 
 
 applause for dancing well, and for various 
 trifling accomplishments. When powerful, 
 and at the same time well regulated, this 
 faculty gives rise to ambition for distinction 
 of a nobler kind than that which is merely 
 personal. It renders a man industrious 
 that he may excel in learning, in arts, in 
 arms, in the courts and councils of his 
 country. When ill regulated, it may lead, 
 especially among the ill-educated in the 
 lower ranks of life, to the commission of 
 crimes. In a gang of robbers, applause is 
 to be obtained only by daring. Among the 
 dissipated and ill educated of the higher 
 xanks, we may see men limiting their am- 
 bition to the poor endowments of being 
 able to drink much wine, to tell good sto- 
 ries, to be able to join in field sports, to 
 sing, to dance with, and flatter the ladies. 
 There are occasions when, with the ex- 
 ception of the first, such qualifications 
 may be of real value ; but the possession 
 
1:^0 JLLLSTKATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 of them is so comraon, that no sensible man 
 considers them of any farther consequence, 
 than to amuse at proper times. But the 
 desire of applause is sometimes so strong, 
 and so perverted, that it prompts indivi- 
 duals to court it by the most trifling and 
 <:hildish expedients. 
 
 By this motive alone, some are even 
 prompted to perform deeds of apparent chari- 
 ty; and in our times, many may be seen who, 
 either ignorant of true religion, or mista=- 
 king a mere action for that internal im- 
 pression which, as the Christian revelation 
 teaches us, can alone render an action of 
 any value, rush into the arms of ultra-re- 
 ligionists, and vainly consider their applause 
 as a passport to IJeaven. The faculty un- 
 der consideration is evidently necessary and 
 essential in society; for, as Dr Spurzheim 
 has observed, it excites the other faculties, 
 and produces emulation^ and a nice sense 
 of honour. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 121 
 
 The organs of this faculty are situate on 
 each side of No. 10. It is probably some- 
 what lower down than marked in the fi- 
 gure, that the place of this organ is to be 
 found ; at least after this had been suggest- 
 ed by Mr Combe, we have found it so 
 in several individuals in whom the faculty 
 is powerful 
 
 12th, Cautiousness, or Fear. 
 
 Circumspection, Caution, Shyness, Pru- 
 dence, seem all to be modifications of one 
 faculty. When too energetic, this faculty 
 produces uncertainty, wavering, irresolu- 
 tion, unquietness, anxiety, melancholy, and 
 hypochondriasis. 
 
 In considering No. 5., we proposed to 
 state under this article some remarks which 
 might lead to the supposition, that fear 
 does not belong to this faculty ; and we are 
 the more anxious to do this, as for a long 
 
122 ILLUSTllATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 time we entertained that opinion. It is 
 commonly understood, that a man may be 
 prudent, careful, cautious, without being 
 timid. But if we consider a little, we will 
 discover, that prudence is only an expres- 
 sion of fear, lest something should happen 
 contrary to our wishes. A man has an end 
 in view, and he begins to consider the 
 means by which it is to be acquired. He 
 finds on reflection, that, if he proceeded in 
 a certain way, an occurrence might take 
 place that would thwart his views. He 
 therefore avoids proceeding in the manner 
 that first occurred, because he fears it 
 might lead to disappointment. Carefulness 
 clearly implies a fear of loss ; and caution a 
 fear of injury, loss, or disappointment. If 
 a man be deficient in courage, and has 
 much cautiousness, he will be unhappy 3 
 for he will not be able even to make an at- 
 tempt to succeed in any tnterprise. If he 
 have courage^ with much cautiousness, he 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 123 
 
 will set to work, and probably succeed- 
 But it may be asked, suppose a man to be 
 deficient both in cautiousness and in cou- 
 rage, what are his feelings in situations of 
 difficulty or danger ? If caution, when ex- 
 cessive, generates fear, there will be little 
 fear where it is deficient. But since, in the 
 case supposed, there is also little courage, 
 will such a person withstand an attack ^ 
 This case, it may be said, is an anomaly, 
 although it be conformable to the system. 
 But if it be considered, that the absence or 
 defect of a positive feeling, cannot produce 
 an opposite positive feeling, the appearance 
 of anomaly will vanish. The person who 
 has little cautiousness, and little courage, is 
 what we call a thoughtless character. He 
 rushes into schemes, and he commits hasty 
 actions, which may pass for the results of 
 courage. It is true, there is no fear in the 
 case ; but when, by a thoughtless action, 
 such a person brings himself into a situa- 
 
124 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tion of danger, or of unavoidable loss, or of 
 disgrace ; fortitude will not come to his 
 aid, to support him under the misfortune ; 
 and that deficiency of energy called Cowar- 
 dice will be observed. It appears to us, 
 that the fear arising from too much cau- 
 tiousness, is prospective ; that it consists of 
 apprehension of what may happen ; while 
 the fear arising from want of courage, (a 
 want not being a positive feeling) is a feel- 
 ing of inability to resist that which comes 
 immediately before us. Thus we distin- 
 guish fear from coTvardice, the one being a 
 positive feeling, aiid the other the absence 
 of a positive feeling. Accordingly, in this 
 manner of considering the subject, fear and 
 courage may exist in the same person, how- 
 ever contradictory such an affirmation may 
 at first sight appear. A case has been re- 
 lated to us of a gentleman who has the or- 
 gans of both cautiousness and courage well 
 developed, and whose feelings, as described 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 125 
 
 by himself, accord exactly with these views. 
 If he happens to walk out at night, he is in 
 continual fear of being attacked; yet he 
 feels also, that were he actually beset, he 
 could resist and defend himself with energy. 
 We have not the least doubt that many 
 such cases will ere long be observed. 
 
 Deficiency of caution may lead courage 
 into activity, when there is no necessity for 
 its exertion ; and therefore it is necessary to 
 observe both organs when No. 5. is active; 
 for such activity would not be an argument 
 against our belief of courage being a senti- 
 ment, and not a propensity ; any more than 
 the activity excited by destructiveness, or 
 love of applause. We must take care not 
 to mark down as anomalies bearing against 
 the system, all cases which a student can- 
 not immediately explain, or which review- 
 ers will not take the trouble to analyse. 
 
 We have asked Dr Spurzheim whether 
 there might not be a special faculty, which 
 
126 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 rendered life dearer to one man than to 
 another, and the activity of which might 
 in some degree explain certain modifica- 
 tions of fear, and which appear not to be- 
 long to cautiousness. This last, as Dr 
 Spurzheim has pointed out, is a predispo- 
 sing cause, when powerful, of suicide; 
 though not the only cause of that crime. 
 Great fear of accumulated misfortunes is 
 very commonly assigned as the cause of 
 self-destruction. To commit this, one 
 might suppose courage necessary ; but we 
 may expect to find courage little developed 
 in suicides ; since greater energy of that fa- 
 culty would have borne them up against 
 misfortunes. It is possible, however, that 
 indifference for life may arise from defect 
 in a faculty which prompts us to preserve 
 our existence. Dr Spurzheim considers 
 love of life as belonging to all the faculties, 
 — a general consent of all to preserve it as 
 long as possible. But we certainly do find 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 12? 
 
 persons who are much more averse to die 
 than others ; and among them the virtuous 
 as well as the criminal ; the brave as well 
 as the cowardly. We cannot^ therefore^ re- 
 sist throwing out a conjecture,, that there 
 may be a special faculty which inspires li- 
 ving creatures with a positive dread of an- 
 nihilation. 
 
 We must not, however, neglect to state^ 
 that on the heads of many persons who 
 have committed suicide, a large develope- 
 ment of cautiousness, and a very small one 
 of hope, have been observed. The same 
 thing has also been noticed in those, wha 
 do not regard death as an evil. We know 
 an individual who has much cautiousness^ 
 and little hope^ from whose mind the idea 
 of death is seldom absent, and who contem- 
 plates it without uneasiness. He even 
 sometimes involuntarily wishes for it as a 
 scene of rest, although he confesses that no 
 man has less cause to be dissatisfied with 
 
128 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 life. In this individual No. 5. is smalL 
 We know another individual who has much 
 hope, little cautiousness, and not much cou- 
 rage, whose feelings are the reverse. The 
 state of the organ of firmness may also have 
 some effect. Instances have happened of 
 criminals destroying themselves, when they 
 had no prospect of escaping the punishment 
 of death. It will be interesting to examine 
 the heads of such persons when opportuni- 
 ties occur. 
 
 The organ of cautiousness is immediate- 
 ly outward, laterally, from love of applause. 
 In the figure it is in large proportion, and 
 gives a squareness or angularity to the form 
 of the back part of the head. It may be 
 observed almost in any view, when it is 
 considerable. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS Or PHRENOLOGY. 129 
 
 13th, Benevolence. 
 
 Benevolence is a sentiment which, when 
 sufficiently powerful, governs the lower 
 propensities with a greater sway than rea- 
 son. It withholds a man who possesses it 
 in an eminent degree, from gratifying 
 himself at the expence of others, and is 
 the source of every thing which we call 
 amiable. Reason and prudence may guide 
 a man whose benevolent feelings are weak, 
 so that his behaviour in general may pass 
 very well in society. But as soon as he is 
 compared with others whose benevolence is 
 powerful, the difference becomes imme- 
 diately striking, and the defect tends great- 
 ly to lessen him in our esteem. The one 
 is cold and indifferent to the wants and 
 feelings of others, and does nothing that 
 can be called generous, kind, or good-na* 
 
 I 
 
130 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tured. The other is ready on all occasions 
 to assist and oblige, with earnestness and 
 warmth ; his acts of kindness are prompt 
 and spontaneous, and exhibit neither con- 
 straint nor affectation. The truly bene- 
 volent man is distressed when thanks are 
 ojBfered to him ; for it is true that what he 
 does, gratifies his own feelings. The ab- 
 sence or weakness of benevolence leaves 
 the other faculties to the sole guidance of 
 reason ; and as all men acknowledge how 
 easily reason may be overcome when temp- 
 tations assail them, no greater misfortune 
 can exist, than to have been born with little 
 benevolence. Even this blessed faculty 
 may be abused 3 — that which, in the Chris- 
 tian Religion, is called Charity and Love, 
 and which is held forth as the basis of vir- 
 tue, — as that which covereth a multitude 
 of sins, — may be abused. Its excess leads 
 to waste and profusion, to the indulgence 
 and pardon of faults and of crimes. Its 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 131 
 
 abuses are easily forgiven, for it is the 
 mercy that seasons justice. Who can 
 doubt that such a sentiment is innate, but 
 those whose passions have overpowered the 
 little share of so blessed a sentiment that 
 they may have obtained from nature ? 
 
 The absence or defect of this faculty 
 does not produce a contrary emotion ; it 
 only leaves other faculties without its con- 
 trolling influence. Hence, a man with 
 much self-esteem, firmness and conscien- 
 tiousness, with little benevolence, will be 
 extremely rigid, and severe in his transac- 
 tions. Like Shy lock, he will have his 
 bond, and nothing else will satisfy him ; 
 mercy will not season his justice. The ex- 
 cess of benevolence, that is, when it is 
 powerful, and not under the regulation of 
 caution and discrimination, tends to very 
 bad consequences ; and although much good 
 may be, and is done, by associations of bene- 
 volent persons, it is to be feared that in such 
 
 i2 
 
132 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 this feeling is too little under the direction 
 of foresight. The pleasure, the exceed- 
 ingly great pleasure that is afforded by the 
 exercise of benevolence, is all that is com- 
 monly sought for ; and this heedless indul- 
 gence is, in reality, in numerous instances, 
 as lamentable in its consequences as the 
 excessive indulgence of any other feeling. 
 
 It is easy to distinguish an action done 
 from benevolent motives, from a similar 
 one performed under the influence of love 
 of applause, or with the view to forward 
 any selfish design. 
 
 To observe the organ of benevolence, look 
 in the side view from the external angle of 
 the orbit, or commencement of the temple, 
 perpendicularly upwards. When the fore- 
 head is perpendicular, the place of the 
 organ commences where the curve back- 
 wards begins, and extends about two inches. 
 When the forehead has a curve from above 
 the eyes, the fore part of the organ is usu- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 133 
 
 ally found where the perpendicular line 
 above mentioned meets the upper surface. 
 When large in proportion to the neigh- 
 bouring organs, it raises this part of the 
 head into a ridge. It may be very large 
 and not prominent, on account of the ful- 
 ness of the more lateral organs. 
 
 14th, Veneration. 
 
 That Veneration is a sentiment, and not 
 an idea, every one who feels it can testify, 
 without the arguments so clearly stated by 
 Dr Spurzheim. We are disposed to go a 
 little farther than he has done, in reference 
 to the extent of the operation of this senti- 
 ment, and to consider that it does not be- 
 long exclusively to religion ; but that it 
 also operates in prompting that respectful 
 and yielding deportment, by which men 
 commonly shew their feelings towards 
 those who are superior in talents or rank, 
 
 m. 
 
134 ILLCSTKATJONS OF FliRENOLQGy. 
 
 and those who are invested with authority. 
 To submit to those in authority is indeed 
 a part of religious duty unconnected with 
 feeling ; but we observe that m^ny persons 
 are naturally inclined to shew respect to 
 others, while many also have no such dis- 
 position ; and this seems to leave no doubt, 
 that the sentiment, called in Phrenology 
 Veneration, extends beyond what belongs to 
 religious worship or veneration. It may be 
 said, that the absence or deficiency of self- 
 esteem, by inducing humility, may give rise 
 to respect for others ; and that love of ap- 
 probation may also produce it. It is no doubt 
 true, that many pay court to the great from 
 love of approbation ; and that many thrust 
 themselves into their company, impelled by 
 self-esteem, because they disdain to asso- 
 ciate with those of inferior rank. But 
 that respectful conduct which arises out of 
 the sentiment of veneration, may be very 
 easily distinguished fronj the actions which 
 follow any other motive. 
 
JLLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 135 
 
 The organ of this faculty is situate at 
 the upper part of the head, in a line with 
 the fore part of the external ear, and is 
 best observed in profile. This organ is 
 generally more developed in women than 
 in men. 
 
 15th, HoPE^. 
 
 Few persons, probably, have given 
 what may be called Philosophical atten- 
 tion to this sentiment ; but those who 
 have, cannot refuse assent to its being 
 an innate and special faculty. Perhaps 
 by saying, that it is this which inclines 
 persons to build castles in the air, it may 
 be better understood than by any long 
 disquisition. That man is happy who has 
 
 * This is the number of Firmness in Dr Spurz- 
 heim's latest arrangement, and the reader is referred to 
 the list of the Faculties for the alterations. 
 
136 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY 
 
 this faculty powerful. To him all the evils 
 of this life are softened down, by his feel- 
 ing persuaded that they will be removed ; 
 and his prospects of happiness, however fre- 
 quently they may have been fallacious, af- 
 ford him as much enjoyment as if they 
 had been realized. When this faculty pre- 
 dominates, the prisoner feels his fetters un- 
 loosed ; the poor man enjoys riches ; the 
 sick man health ; fairy prospects are con- 
 tinually flitting before the imaginations of 
 the young ; consolation, contentment, and 
 resignation, gild the latter days of the aged 
 and infirm. It may seem scarcely possible 
 that this faculty can be abused. But it 
 gives encouragement to sloth ; and all know 
 that idleness is the parent of vice. Credu- 
 lity is also a consequence of hope being in 
 too great proportion. " He,'' says Mr 
 Combe, ^~ who has hope more powerful 
 " than cautiousness, lives in the enjoyment 
 " of brilliant an ticipations; which are never 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS Or PHRENOLOGY. 187 
 
 " realized ; he who has cautiousness more 
 " powerful than hope, lives under the pain- 
 " ful apprehension of evils which rarely exist 
 *' but in his own internal feelings. The re- 
 *' fleeting faculties ought to regulate both." 
 The organs of hope are placed on each side 
 of veneration, and may be observed either 
 in the front or back view of the head. 
 
 16th, Ideality. 
 
 This sentiment requires for its gratifica- 
 tion something even beyond what is possi- 
 ble in human existence. It gives the feel- 
 ing, that every thing must be carried to 
 its ultimate state, whether of perfection 
 or defect, and even far beyond what or- 
 dinary minds conceive of these extremes. 
 Every object that is beheld or fancied, 
 is clothed by it, in an eminent degree, 
 with whatever it wishes to contemplate. 
 It might be called the faculty of En- 
 
138 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 thusiasm, for it excites this feeling when 
 accompanied with much hope. It does not 
 form ideas, but stimulates the other facul- 
 ties to the exercise of imagination. This 
 is the sentiment that gives inspiration to 
 the poet ; and imparts the air of poetry to 
 prose compositions, to extempore orations, 
 and even to common discourse, which it 
 renders lively and fascinating. 
 
 The organ is situate immediately above 
 Nos. 7. and 8. It is to be observed by 
 looking in front, and measuring the eleva- 
 tion of the head above the temples. In 
 every poet, — in every successful writer of 
 fictitious narrative, — and in every eloquent 
 speaker, an unusual fulness and height will 
 be observed in these parts. 
 
 Mr Combe does not take notice of a fa- 
 culty, the existence of which Dr Spurz- 
 heim conjectured in his English work, and 
 which in his last French work he seems to 
 consider as established. As we are per- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 139 
 
 suaded that there does exist such a faculty 
 as the one referred to, although it be very 
 difficult to explain its fundamental nature ; 
 and that it is one which has given a peculiar 
 tone or cast to poetry and fiction, and is 
 probably the cause of superstition, we 
 quote what Dr Spurzheim says of it 
 in both his works. In the English work, 
 after speaking of ideality, he says, " I have 
 " here to mention certain curious observa- 
 " tions, without being capable of determi- 
 " ning their peculiar nature. We have 
 " observed, that if the part of the head, 
 " above the organ of ideality, and a little 
 " backward from it, be very much deve- 
 " loped, the persons are disposed to mys- 
 ** ticism, to have visions, to see ghosts, de- 
 " mons and phantoms, and to believe in 
 " astrology, magic and sorcery. I cannot 
 ^* say whether this is a particular organ, or 
 ** a greater developement of the organ of 
 
140 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " hope, or of that of ideahty, or of both to- 
 '' gether," 
 
 In his French work, we have the fol- 
 lowing account of this supposed faculty. 
 " 18. Surnaturalite. 
 
 " Je propose ce nom pour designer un 
 *' sentiment de Thomme qui cherche et 
 " voit en tout le surnaturel. Cette faculte 
 " est tres prononcee dans Tespece humaine. 
 " Les sauvages, ainsi que les nations civi- 
 " Usees, la manifestent dans bien des occa- 
 " sions. Tous les peuples ont donnee a leurs 
 " fondeteurs une origine fabuleuse ; ils pro- 
 " pagent par la tradition des contes mar- 
 *' veilleux. Beaucoup des personnes s'a- 
 " musent a des fictions, et a tout ce qui est 
 ** etonnant, surprenant, mysterieux ou mi- 
 " raculeux. Ce sentiment fait croire aux 
 ^ inspirations, aux pressentiments, aux fan- 
 " tomes, aux demons, a la magie, aux re- 
 ** venans, aux visions, aux sortileges, aux 
 
. ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 141 
 
 " enchantements, et a rastrologie. II con- 
 " tribue beaucoup a la foi religieuse par 
 " la croyance aux mysteres et aux miracles. 
 " Dans les productions dramatiques, il in- 
 " troduit des esprits et la representation de 
 " tout ce qui est surnaturel. Etant tres 
 " actif, il fait voir ou entendre des esprits, 
 " ou fait qu'on s'imagine en 6tre accom- 
 " pagne. L'organe de ce sentiment est si- 
 " tu6 en avant de celui de I'Esperance.. 
 " Son developpement fait grandir et s'elar- 
 " gir le volume de la partie superieure late- 
 " rale de Tos frontal." Dr Spurzheim has 
 since named this faculty Sens de Marveil- 
 leux. We have found, in our examinations 
 of good portraits, and in a few living sub- 
 jects that are known by their writings in 
 poetry and fiction, that the head is unusual- 
 ly fall and elevated in the region de- 
 scribed. 
 
 In the plates, the place of this organ is 
 left without a number. With respect to a 
 
1 42 ILlitJSTRATlONS OF PHKENOLOGt . 
 
 name which may convey the proper func- 
 tions of such a faculty, we are much at a 
 loss. Indeed, we should have concluded 
 that they belonged to those of Ideality, had 
 cases not been observed in which they were 
 powerful, while those ascribed to ideahty 
 were weak. Nevertheless, it may be pos- 
 sible, that, in such cases, one portion of the 
 organ of ideality was without energy, while 
 another was active. Perhaps, too, the or- 
 gan may be an extension of that of Hope. 
 
 17th, Conscientiousness. 
 
 It is imputed to many, that they have 
 no conscience in their dealings with others ; 
 that they are unjust in their estimates both 
 of their own conduct, and of that of others. 
 Many are also spoken of as having sound 
 principles of honour and of justice, — of being 
 conscientious. Both Dr Spurzheim and Mr 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 143 
 
 Combe have treated of this faculty at length; 
 and in the work of the last named author^ 
 is a paragraph which appears to be parti- 
 cularly well calculated to illustrate the pos- 
 session of this faculty in a high degree. 
 
 " This faculty, when powerful, is attend- 
 " ed with a sentiment of its own para- 
 " mount authority over every other ; and 
 " it gives its impulses with a tone which 
 " appears to be the voice of Heaven. It 
 " may appear unphilosophical, on the pre- 
 " sent occasion, to allude to a novel for the 
 " illustration of the function of the facul- 
 " ties of the mind ; but the faculties of the 
 " mind are known by their manifestations 
 " in actions ; and when the action repre- 
 *' sented in a novel is true to nature, Phi- 
 " losophy may be better illustrated by re- 
 " ference to that action, than to the mys- 
 " tic speculations of metaphysicians. It 
 '* appears to me, therefore, that the scene 
 " in the Tales of my Landlord, in which 
 
144 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 ** Jeanie Deans gives evidence on her sis- 
 " ter's trial at the bar of the High Court 
 '* of Justiciary, affords the best illustration 
 " of the functions and authority of this fa- 
 " culty, when supported by Piety, that 
 " could be given. A strong sense of the 
 " imperious dictates of duty, and of the su- 
 " preme obligation of truth, leads her to 
 " sacrifice every feeling of interest and af- 
 " fection, which could make the mind 
 " swerve from the paths of duty ; and we 
 " perceive her holding by her integrity, at 
 " the expence of every feeling dear to hu- 
 " man nature* So much is the manner of 
 " feeling influenced by 'the diflferent de- 
 '* grees in which this faculty is possessed, 
 '* that I venture to say, many individuals, 
 " on reading that passage, have thought 
 " within themselves that this young wo- 
 " man might have sacrificed the truth 
 " without great imputation of blame ; 
 '^ while other readers have approved of her 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 143 
 
 ^* conduct with the strongest internal de- 
 " light, and regarded it as an example of 
 *' every thing that is excellent and heroic." 
 Mr Combe is of opinion, that the senti- 
 ment of gratitude is derived from this fa- 
 culty ; but to this opinion some objections 
 maybe stated. Were conscientiousness alone 
 concerned^ it would give us the feeling that 
 we owed a debt which we were bound, and 
 might be compelled, to pay. Gratitude 
 appears to us to be a sentiment, indepen- 
 dent of any feeling of obligation, or of any 
 desire to repay a favour conferred. No 
 doubt it impells us to do a good action in 
 return, when an opportunity offers itself. 
 But a person in whom gratitude is powerful, 
 never feels that a debt is paid, although in 
 strict justice he may have overpaid it an 
 hundred fold. Gratitude is certainly much 
 heightened by benevolence ; and we ac- 
 knowledge, that when there is little sense 
 of justice, gratitude may not be so strongly 
 
 K 
 
146 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 manifested ; for we have observed, where 
 there was a great developement of benevo- 
 lence and conscientiousness together, that 
 there was much anxiety to repay favours 
 conferred. But we have also known cases 
 in which the sense of justice and benevo- 
 lence was strong, but in which gratitude 
 was not powerfully felt ; in those cases, it 
 was supposed, that favours conferred were 
 to be repaid as an ordinary debt. Favours 
 conferred , — disease relieved, — difficulties 
 removed, &c. leave an impression on the 
 mind of a grateful person, which can never 
 be effaced. A surgeon performs a success- 
 ful operation, and saves limb and life. He 
 is, in his own opinion, most amply reward- 
 ed by receiving a liberal fee. But his at- 
 tention, and the due and careful exercise 
 of his skill, render the fee, in the eye of the 
 grateful patient, as by no means an ade- 
 quate remuneration for the services done. 
 Conscientiousness may be satisfied, and 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 147 
 
 is often satisfied, but gratitude never. The 
 sense of duty, repentance, and remorse, are 
 no doubt derived from a sense of justice* 
 But gratitude is not a feeling of duty, any 
 more than benevolence, although it be a 
 common observation, respecting persons 
 who receive favours, that they ought to be 
 grateful. If by this is meant, that the fa-* 
 vour conferred ought to be repaid, and no- 
 thing more, then the exhortation is not to 
 be grateful, but just. It is that feeling 
 which arises when the giver is known to 
 expect no return, — to wish for none, — 
 when his benevolence would be affronted 
 were we to offer any compensation, that ap- 
 pears to us to constitute gratitude. Jus- 
 tice, indeed, makes men feel that they owe 
 a great deal, on account of the very disin- 
 terestedness of the giver ; but we cannot 
 divest ourselves of the belief, that gratitude 
 is something distinct, and not a mere mo- 
 dification of justice. Many persons have 
 
 K 2t 
 
148 LLLtSTRATlONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 * 
 
 most romantic notions of justice, and many 
 also of gratitude. But a person to whom 
 the latter remark may apply, will not allow 
 that the strictest, the most ample justice, 
 can ever lull the sense of gratitude* After 
 all, it is possible that conscientiousness and 
 benevolence conjoined, and perhaps also at- 
 tachment, and all of them powerful, may 
 give rise to the feelings which are ascribed 
 to gratitude. But at present we are not 
 satisfied that conscientiousness alone pro* 
 duces this feeling. 
 
 18th^ FlRMNES!^. 
 
 There is nothing in which so much va* 
 riety in the character of man is perceptible, 
 as in the different degrees in which steadi- 
 ness is possessed i We find some who are 
 never observed to deviate from one Uniform 
 line of conduct, whether good or bad. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 149 
 
 Others are wavering and uncertain, and 
 not to be depended on in any thing. Firm- 
 ness and decidedness of character do not 
 depend on will, although persons of this 
 character often say, I will, I insist. They 
 use these terms only from a desire to com- 
 mand, or perhaps aversion to obey, proceed- 
 ing from feelings of self-esteem and ambi- 
 tion. This faculty gives determinateness 
 to the other faculties ; and imparts the spi- 
 rit of independence, especially when com- 
 bined with self-esteem. Its abuses, when 
 too powerful, and combined with other en- 
 ergetic faculties, are various. Many will 
 not yield though their reason be convinced 
 that they are in error. Some are perfect- 
 ly immoveable, although they see all around 
 them yielding and satisfied, and warning 
 them of the consequences of persisting; 
 they are infatuated. Disobedience also ari- 
 ses out of this facility, when too predomi-t 
 n«ant. The organ of this faculty is between 
 
150 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 that of selfresteem and veneration. It oc- 
 cupies that portion of the top of the head 
 directly above the ear^ and is best observed 
 jn profile. 
 
 Order II. Intellects. 
 Genus 1 . Knowing Faculties. 
 
 19th, Individuality. 
 
 Or the faculties now to be treated of, 
 Mr Combe observes, " One great differ^ 
 ^' ence betwixt these faculties, and those 
 " already treated of, is, that the former 
 " are subject to the will ; and whate- 
 " ver ideas are formed by means of them, 
 " may be recalled by an act of volition ; 
 ^^ while we cannot directly call a simple 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 151 
 
 " one of the latter into activity, or recall 
 " a feeling which we have experienced by 
 " the mere act of volition." 
 
 The faculty to which the above name 
 has been given, is one that desires to know 
 by experience. The name may be consi- 
 dered as one that does not convey at once 
 the special function of the faculty, without 
 a lengthened process of abstraction. The 
 obvious meaning of the term may perhaps 
 be best conveyed by the word Curiosity ; 
 ^nd were it not that this is commonly un- 
 derstood as an abuse, it might be preferable 
 to individuality. This faculty gives us a de- 
 sire to know, and enables us to perceive with 
 quickness, all that passes around us ; and 
 then another term occurs, indicating its ac- 
 tive operation, viz. Observation. 
 
 When the memory belonging to this fa- 
 culty recalls any particular scene or occur- 
 rence that we have observed, the sensa- 
 tions originally felt are renewed. Wheii 
 
152 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 any circumstance is mentioned, or when 
 any thing presents itself to the mind to di- 
 rect our thoughts to a particular spot, the 
 will is exerted to bring before us whatever 
 may enable us to communicate to others 
 our own impressions of what we saw or 
 heard. In ordinary conversation, let us 
 reflect whether, on a subject being start- 
 ed that reminds us of something illus- 
 trative, Fe do not will that our faculties 
 should be put into action, in order that 
 every particular may be distinctly brought 
 into our view. The fact of our being un- 
 able sometimes to recall such particulars 
 of occurrences which we recollect general- 
 ly, as we desire most to state, and the exei*- 
 tion which we make to recall them, indi- 
 cate the operation of Will. When we are 
 asked a question about facts, or how any 
 thing may be done, our reply is frequent- 
 ly, " Let me think ;' ' we will to think, and 
 put the necessary faculties into action ; and 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY, 153 
 
 during the process, all that we can recol- 
 lect is brought before us, distinguished and 
 compared, and we give our evidence acr 
 cordingly. We have unquestionably the 
 power of directing certain of our faculties 
 to any object we please, and of confining 
 them to it ; of exciting into action particu- 
 lar faculties whose assistance we require, in 
 order to recall the efiects of impressions. 
 We cannot, howevier, recall any actual sen- 
 sation of taste formerly excited, and percei^ 
 ved, when any particular substance was in 
 contact with the tongue^ though we can re- 
 member that there is a marked distinction 
 between sweet and sour ; but we can recall 
 the knowledge of that distinction, or of the 
 fact that there is sweet and sour, which 
 knowledge is given to us by the faculty 
 under consideration. Impressions made 
 through the medium of our external senses 
 seem to be intended, not to perpetuate the 
 gratification of sense, not to cloy it, and 
 
154 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 overwhelm us at once with satiety ; but 
 merely to teach us how to distinguish all 
 objects in the external world from each 
 other, to shew their uses, and thus to en- 
 able us to make use of them. The more fre- 
 quently impressions are made, the more ex- 
 pert we become in the readiness with which 
 we make distinctions ; and the memory of 
 facts, which belongs to the faculty of Indi^ 
 viduality, becomes stronger. As we can- 
 not recall the sensations of taste, so we can- 
 not, by any exertion of the will, recall the 
 emotions of benevolence, or of rage, &c, 
 When by individuality, we remember the 
 fact of having relieved an object in distress, 
 we also remember that in doing so, we ex- 
 perienced much pleasure ; and the recollec- 
 tion of having done a benevolent action 
 gives us satisfaction. But the actual sen- 
 sations, which arose when the object was 
 before us, when we extended relief, and re-^ 
 inoved the cause of distress, cannot be re- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS Or PHRENOLOGY. 155 
 
 called. The distinction drawn by Mr 
 Combe will be found, therefore, correct and 
 important. 
 
 Persons who have this faculty powerful, 
 will always be found to possess more gene- 
 ral knowledge, than others in whom it is 
 weak. Though not always possessing fa- 
 culties to enable them to become profound, 
 they are eager to know something of every 
 department of knowledge ; when endow- 
 ed with a good verbal memory, they 
 are most useful and entertaining compa- 
 nions ; and frequently appear even brilliant 
 in society. Such persons are happier in 
 themselves, than others who bend their 
 thoughts continually towards one object. 
 They are never at a loss for employment ; 
 they can join others in any pursuit, and are 
 never oppressed by ennui. 
 
 In his last publication, Dr Spurzheim 
 has separated the faculty of Individuality, 
 into those of Individuality and Phenomena, 
 
156 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 He coniSnes the functions of the former to 
 the knowledge of external objects, and their 
 individual existence ; and ascribes to the lat- 
 ter almost all that has been given to indivi- 
 duality. The organ of the last mentioned is 
 situate in a line with the nose, immediately 
 above the division of the eye-brows ; and Dr 
 Spurzheim places the organ of Phenomena 
 between the inner terminations of the eye- 
 brows, directly above the nose. In chil- 
 dren, these parts of the forehead are com- 
 monly much developed ; and it may be 
 observed that, as a knowledge of external 
 objects is the first thing necessary for a 
 human being, the curiosity of children in 
 general is excessive. 
 
 ^Oth, Form. 
 
 " The preceding faculty," says Dr 
 Spurzheim, " takes cognizance of the ex- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 157 
 
 " istence of external bodies ; and the first 
 ** quality which our intellect considers in 
 *' them is their form/' We meet with 
 persons who are unable to distinguish mi- 
 nute diflerences of form, while others are 
 extremely quick in noticing the slightest 
 variation. The former will scarcely be 
 able, with the utmost exertion, to become 
 expert phrenologists in the art of observing. 
 This faculty gives the power of recollecting 
 forms that have been once observed ; and 
 by its energy some are enabled to recognise, 
 after a long interval of time, persons whom 
 they have seen. It is necessary for the na- 
 tural historian to have the organ of form well 
 developed ; and we find it so particularly in 
 portrait-painters, sculptors, and all who are 
 employed in taking likenesses. From this 
 faculty we probably receive ideas of rough- 
 ness and smoothness. It is certain, as Dr 
 Spurzheim observes, that vision and touch 
 are not sufficient to make us acquainted 
 
158 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY^ 
 
 with these qualities of bodies ; they furnish 
 only the impressions, while the internal fa- 
 culty forms conceptions of them. If the 
 senses were sufficient, we could never find 
 any person with good eyes, or a delicate 
 touch, who could not distinguish differen- 
 ces of form ; and as we do find persons who 
 possess the most correct vision, and the fi- 
 nest touch, without being able to discri- 
 minate forms, the proof that the eyes 
 and hands are not sufficient, is ample. 
 The size of the organ is indicated by 
 the distance between the eyes ; and the 
 configuration is observed to be more re- 
 markable in some nations than in others. 
 It has been remarked, that the Chinese 
 and the French are remarkable for the di- 
 stance between the eyes* In all children 
 who amuse themselves by cutting figures 
 in paper, or in drawing, the indication will 
 be found considerable. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRKNOLOGY. 159 
 
 21st, Space. 
 
 Dr Spurzheim conjectures, that there is 
 a special faculty which enables us to form 
 the conception of Size. As size or dimen- 
 sion is comparative, Magnitude might have 
 perhaps expressed more precisely what was 
 meant. But we are inclined to think, that 
 magnitude, size, length, breadth, thickness, 
 height, depth, distance, being all, strictly 
 speaking, referable to extension, the facul- 
 ty which we are in quest of, is probably 
 that of Space in general. Dr Spurzheim 
 refers our notion of space to another facul- 
 ty, to be noticed presently; the general 
 function of which, however, we think is 
 somewhat different from what he describes, 
 and our reasons for differing from him 
 will be stated. 
 
 The organ of the supposed faculties of 
 size, and of the next faculty, and of time, 
 
160 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 are conjectured to be situate in the space 
 between Nos. 23. and 26. ; but in his last 
 French work on Phrenology, l)r Spufz- 
 heim allots a portion of 24. to space. 
 The French word he uses is L' Etendue^ 
 which means extension or expansion. This, 
 liowever, is finite, that is, we are able to 
 form ideas of some boundary to exten-^ 
 sion. The French word which conveys 
 strictly what we understand by our word 
 Space, is, we believe, L'ljifini. 
 
 22d, Resistance. 
 
 We cannot judge of Weight als we do of 
 Form, without repeated experience. We 
 may see before us two balls of the same 
 size and colour. We take up one of them, 
 and perceive that it requires a certain exer- 
 tion or resistance oh the part of the muscles 
 of the arm and hand to support it. From 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 161 
 
 this, however, we cannot determine that the 
 other ball will produce the same effect, for 
 it may be hollow. Now, although we 
 have obtained the experience that two si- 
 milar balls may not produce the same 
 effect ; this experience is of no use to us, 
 for we must always make the experiment of 
 lifting both, in order to determine which 
 is the heavier. The impression of resist- 
 ance is, however, left with us ; and pro- 
 bably it is the function of the faculty 
 which Dr Spurzheim calls that of Weight, 
 to give us conceptions of resistance in gene- 
 ral. Pressure leaves exactly the same im- 
 pression as weight ; and we may press with 
 our hand on the body of a person who is 
 blind, in such a manner that he cannot 
 distinguish the effects of this, from those 
 of a heavy body laid upon him. Pressure 
 in such a case is not Weight, although their 
 effects be similar on the sense of touch ; 
 for the sensation of overpowering weight 
 
 L 
 
162 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 may be produced by mechanical force ope- 
 rating on a quantity of matter whose ac- 
 tual weight is^ trifling. We cannot say 
 that the effects of the hydrostatic paradox 
 are precisely those produced by weight. 
 Pressure and weight, applied to the body, 
 agree exactly in, their effects, although 
 their causes are different. 
 
 If we admit a faculty of weight, we 
 must also acknowledge that our ideas, 
 knowledge and memory, of consistence, 
 density, ductility, elasticity, softness, hard- 
 ness, the properties of the lever and other 
 mechanical powers, require for each a spe- 
 cial faculty. We think that all these may 
 be referred to a faculty that gives us con- 
 ceptions of resistance in general. It is, 
 however, merely with respect to the use of 
 a word, and not the functions, that there is 
 any difference between us and Dr Spurz- 
 heim. This faculty seems to exist, but 
 the organ is not determined. It is pro- 
 
ILLUSTHATIONS OF PHRKNOLOGY. lQ3 
 
 bable also, that there is a faculty that gives 
 us conceptions of force or power. 
 
 25d, Colour. 
 
 Many persons who see as clearly and 
 distinctly as others, cannot judge of colours, 
 and do not enjoy their harmonious mix- 
 ture and arrangement. Some are extreme- 
 ly fond of mere colour ; any thing gaudy 
 pleases them, and, in general, those who 
 judge well of colour, are fond of whatever 
 is brilliant. The. faculty of distinguish- 
 ing and enjoying colours, is not sufficient 
 to form a painter. Besides possessing 
 the faculty of colour, he has higher powers 
 that enable him to mix and to apply 
 colours, with a certainty of producing 
 the effect desired. Many persons at- 
 tempt to become painters who never excel, 
 while othets fail altogether in the attempt. 
 
 l:2 
 
164 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 The particular faculty perceives different 
 colours, recollects them, and judges of their 
 relations, but does not adapt them to the 
 objects of painting. It directs all who 
 employ themselves with colours, but does 
 not prompt to make use of them. Dr 
 Spurzheim, in his last work, remarks, that 
 we ought to distinguish in this faculty, as 
 well as in every other, the difference be- 
 tween great activity, and perfect activity 
 or good taste. When this faculty is in the 
 former state, it gives a passion for mere 
 colour, for glaring and gaudy tints, with- 
 out regard to arrangement or propriety. 
 It is the province of higher faculties to 
 combine and arrange colours in a proper 
 manner. 
 
 The organ of colour often gives round- 
 ness to the arch of the eyebrows ; but a 
 more certain indication is, when the eye- 
 brow is directed upwards laterally, so as to 
 form an angle. This configuration will be 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 165 
 
 observed in the portraits of Titian, Rem* 
 brandt, Hogarth, and of many other great 
 masters. 
 
 24th, Locality. 
 
 There is a faculty which Dr Spurzheim 
 describes as enabling us to measure dis- 
 tance, to have notions of perspective, and 
 as that which gives a disposition to travel, 
 to study geography and landscape paint- 
 ing. He supposes it also to judge of sym- 
 metry, and he calls it the Faculty of Loca- 
 lity in general. Some of the dispositions 
 which Dr Spurzheim describes as belong- 
 ing exclusively to this faculty, appear to us 
 to be compound : if we name it that of Rela- 
 tive Position, and call in the aid of some 
 other faculties, we may perhaps be enabled 
 to explain them. The notion of space 
 joined to that of relative position, imme- 
 
1 66 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY . 
 
 diately gives that of distance. As magni- 
 tudes are but portions of space, the idea of 
 distance, which is also a portion of space, 
 gives notions of comparative bulk or of 
 dimensions. Space and relative position 
 being combined with form and colour, en- 
 able us to conceive a landscape ; because, 
 in this operation, we require a knowledge 
 of the forms of various objects, of the space 
 intervening between each, of their com- 
 parative magnitude, both in reference to 
 each other, and to the laws of perspective, 
 and also of their relative position. When 
 form is predominant, and another faculty 
 not yet mentioned, Gonstructiveness, then 
 the inclination to see, to construct, or to 
 paint individual forms, is strong, and we 
 have the portrait-painter and the sculptor. 
 The pleasure derived from enriching the 
 memory with the scenes of nature, may of 
 itself prompt us to travel. But there are 
 many other objects that induce persons to 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 167 
 
 travel. We are inclined, therefore, to be- 
 lieve that the special functions of the facul- 
 ty to which the name Locality has been 
 given, are to perceive, judge of, and re- 
 member the relative position of objects 
 and places ; and that what has been attri- 
 buted to Locality, is a combination of this 
 with other faculties. Dr Spurzheim says, 
 that- Locality conceives the places occu- 
 pied by external bodies ; but there can be 
 no -conception of the place of any object, 
 unless it be in its relation to the places of 
 some others. 
 
 Some persons travel for the purpose of 
 extending the boundaries of knowledge; 
 others for no purpose but to gratify a de- 
 sire to see the aspect of countries. Every 
 one who travels has a motive ; but we find 
 motives various, and among them the de- 
 sire for mere change of place is rare. If 
 curiosity belong to individuahty, this pro 
 bably may excite a desire to travel 
 
168 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHREN'OLOGY. 
 
 Whatever be the motive, the pleasure to 
 be derived from travelling, is greatly 
 heightened by the perfection of various 
 faculties; and by none more than those 
 which form the landscape-painter. They 
 enable us to remember distinctly the forms 
 of every thing we have seen, their relative 
 positions, comparative dimensions, colour, 
 &c. We certainly meet with men who are 
 restless, and desirous of change of scene, of 
 amusements, and of employment of various 
 kinds ; but may not this arise from consti- 
 tutional temperament affecting the organs, 
 or from inactivity of some organs rendering 
 perpetual excitement necessary, or from a 
 weak constitution of the organs, rendering 
 them unfit to bear much exertion at one 
 time ? 
 
 To locality Dr Spurzheim also attri- 
 butes the migration of birds and other ani- 
 mals. A propensity to change of place 
 occurring periodically ^ indicates that, du- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGr. 169 
 
 ring the intervals, it is dormant or inac- 
 tive *. We think it probable that a concep- 
 tion of relative position may be necessary 
 to enable a bird to migrate and to reach 
 its destination ; but we also think that the 
 propensity to migrate may be a periodical 
 recurrence of something similar to Nos- 
 talgia ; and the return of animals to their 
 native place, where they have been bred, 
 or have been accustomed to live, may be 
 ascribed to a direct attack of that feeling. 
 
 * Many, at the first mention of such a thing, will be 
 apt to say, that they cannot conceive a faculty active at 
 one time and not at another, and that at regular inter- 
 vals, while the animal is awake. But it is common in 
 the constitution of animals, that certain changes take 
 place periodically. Such take place in the human ute- 
 rine system ; and the secretion of milk is a remarkable 
 proof of the system undergoing a complete change when 
 a child is born. The amative propensity, in almost all 
 the lower animals, is excited periodically ; and there 
 can be no reason for supposing that other propensities 
 may not be excited in the same manner. 
 
170 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 With respect to practical geography and 
 astronomy^ it cannot be doubted that a 
 readiness in conceiving and remembering 
 relative position, is absolutely necessary 
 to the geographer and astronomer. Mr 
 Combe has mentioned in a note, that if 
 the author of Waverley, &c. who has exhi- 
 bited such consummate skill and accuracy 
 in describing scenery, have not No. 24. well 
 developed, the system of Phrenology is in 
 danger. The forehead of the supposed 
 author is particularly marked, and full in 
 the region of relative position and indivi- 
 duality. In the portraits of great naviga- 
 tors and travellers, it is frequently a very 
 remarkable feature. 
 
 In discussing the conjectured faculty of 
 inhabitiveness with Mr Combe, he had the 
 goodness to make us acquainted with a case, 
 in which locality and inhabitiveness were 
 both very moderate in developement, but 
 the propensity to wander, as he informed 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 171 
 
 US, very powerfuL Dr Spurzheim men- 
 tions this propensity as belonging to locality, 
 and he states several remarkable cases in 
 which the organ was much developed, and 
 the propensity strong. The case referred to 
 by Mr Combe was on this account interest- 
 ing ; and we will state the result of our in- 
 quiries into the particulars, for the purpose 
 of giving an example of the caution with 
 which we ought to receive the description 
 of any case brought in opposition, since it 
 appears sometimes to be necessary even 
 among friends. 
 
 The young man to whose case we refer, 
 had a very strong desire to adopt a seafa- 
 ring life, contrary to the wishes of his 
 friends. It occurred to them, that a voy- 
 age up the Baltic, during the stormy months 
 of October and November, might have the 
 effect of giving him a disgust to the profes- 
 sion for which he shewed so ardent a de- 
 sire. He suffered so many privations and 
 
172 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 hardships, that he yielded to the wishes of 
 his friends, although the desire to go to sea 
 continued as strong as ever. On proposing 
 a few questions, we found that the propensi- 
 ty was confined to being at sea ; that this 
 propensity did not originate in a desire to 
 wander ; for neither travelling on land, nor 
 mere change of place, would have gratified 
 the propensity. At the same time, the 
 person referred to declared, that regular 
 voyages to the same place would not have 
 satisfied him. The propensity had haunt- 
 ed him as long as he could remember any 
 thing. Being anxious himself to contri- 
 bute to the unravelling of what appeared 
 mysterious and irreconcileable to the sys- 
 tem, he stated that he used to go once or 
 twice a-day to examine the mechanism and 
 rigging of ships in Leith harbour, an em- 
 ployment of which he was passionately 
 fond ; and long before he commenced his 
 trial voyage, he had become familiar with 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 173 
 
 the names and uses of every part of a 
 ship and of the rigging. He was fond of 
 machinery, and has often amused himself 
 by making models of ships ; and his me- 
 chanical turn was so strong, that he had 
 constructed a model of machinery, by 
 which a ship's motion may be applied to 
 work the pumps. This mechanical pro- 
 pensity, and his early attachment to na- 
 val machines, together with firmness, ap- 
 pear to us to have given rise to his desire 
 for a seafaring life. Courage also might 
 have prompted his wish to enter the navy. 
 Thus the supposed propensity to wander ap- 
 peared not to exist ; and it was found that a 
 mechanical genius, an early attachment* 
 to the mechanism of a ship, perseverance, 
 courage, and probably also love of approba- 
 
 * Dr Spurzheim has shewTi, that the facuky of at- 
 tachment extends its influence to inanimate things, as 
 well as to animate beings. 
 
174 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGl. 
 
 tion, or ambition, and ideality, all of which 
 were well developed in the individual re- 
 ferred to, combined to inspire the desire of 
 entering the navy. 
 
 The organ of this faculty is indicated by 
 the prominence of that part of the forehead 
 which is lowest, and immediately above the 
 nose. A part of the space occupied by it, 
 as marked on the plate, has been allotted 
 by Dr Spurzheim to a new faculty, that of 
 Phenomena, and another part, that towards 
 the eye, to another, ' VEtendue^' Space. It 
 is best observed when a light is thrown up- 
 on the face from below ; but when very 
 large, it is easily recognised, and may be 
 seen also in profile. 
 
 It is possible that the same faculty which 
 gives us notions of space in general, may 
 also give us ideas of the division of space 
 into portions. In that case it might be 
 best perhaps to suppose one faculty, and to 
 name it the faculty of Space and relative 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 175 
 
 Position. The organs which Dr Spurzheim 
 has separated might then be united as be- 
 fore. 
 
 25th, Order. 
 
 To the last mentioned faculty, Dr Spurz- 
 heim attributes judgment of symmetry. 
 This power may, perhaps, be more proper- 
 ly allotted to the faculty now under consi- 
 deration. There are persons who take 
 great delight in seeing every thing in order 
 and uniform ; while others disregard ar- 
 rangement, and dislike uniformity, which 
 they call stijBTness and formality. Many 
 persons are fond of regularity, although 
 they do not shew much of it in their 
 own concerns ; they are not inclined to take 
 trouble even to gratify themselves. Some 
 will be found who admire the regularity of 
 a IKitch flower garden, the symmetrical 
 forms produced by the kaleidoscope ; houses 
 
176 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 built on a regular plan, more than the pro 
 ductions of modern landscape-gardening 
 and irregular buildings. Instead of ascrib- 
 ing symmetry to locality or relative posi- 
 tion, we feel inclined to substitute symmetry 
 for order, as the name of this faculty. 
 Order implies position in regard to utility 
 and convenience ; and in such a sense 
 might be included in relative position. By 
 symmetry is understood regular succession 
 in arrangement, without regard to utility 
 or convenience. For example, if we have 
 three things of the same shape, but one 
 considerably less than the other two, which 
 are of equal size, a person who has this fa- 
 culty strong, will be inclined to place the 
 small one in the middle. If there are four, 
 two of one size, and two of another, he will 
 place either the two smallest, or the two 
 largest in the middle. We arrange differ- 
 ent pieces of furniture in a room, in such a 
 manner as we find most convenient; we 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRKNOLOGY. 177 
 
 dislike to see them misplaced^ and when 
 they are so, we restore them to their pro- 
 per places ; and this we call putting things 
 in order. Suppose we have pairs of any 
 thing to the number seven ; these might be 
 in order, were they all arranged according 
 to their sizes after each other. But sym- 
 metry would direct us to place either the 
 tallest or the shortest pair in the middle, 
 one of the next pair on each side of them, 
 and so on ; or to form them into any other 
 symmetrical figure. This faculty is evi- 
 dently not connected with Form. 
 
 The organ is next that of colour, outwards 
 towards the exterior angle of the eye. 
 
 26th, Duration. 
 
 Our notions of duration require a special 
 faculty no less than those which we have of 
 space. 
 
 M 
 
178 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 Dr Spurzheim has given the ng.me Time 
 to this faculty ; but to give the idea of du- 
 ration is more properly its general function. 
 Time is indeed commonly used to denote 
 duration; but, strictly speaking, time is 
 made up of parts, while duration has no 
 beginning, and no end, and no divisions. 
 Indeed it appears, that Dr Spurzheim ac- 
 tually meant Duration; for he says, *' Le 
 " temps pent etre consid6r6 sans nombre ; 
 '* avant hier, hier, aujourd'hui, demain, 
 " apres demain, &c. indiquent la duree, 
 *^ ou une succession de jours, sans compter 
 ** leur nombre." We are induced to do with 
 this as we have proposed to do with space 
 and relative position ; to name it the Facul- 
 ty of Duration and Time, understanding 
 by the latter term that office of the faculty 
 which enables us to conceive relative dura- 
 tion, or the ordinary division of time. 
 
 It is not at all unusual to find a per- 
 son with a good musical ear, quite inat- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 179 
 
 tentiye to the time in which ^ piece of 
 music should be performed, and, conse- 
 quently incapable of playing on any in- 
 strument in concert. Some persons judge 
 much better than others of the amount of 
 time elapsed between one event and ano- 
 ther. Dr Spurzheim thinks, that the or- 
 gan of this faculty is situate above that pf 
 order }, and tliis opinion appears to be con- 
 firmed by our own observation, so far as it 
 has extended. 
 
 27th, Number. 
 
 There are perhaps greater differences to 
 be observed among individuals in the abi- 
 lity to calculate, than in c^ost other faculties. 
 Some have recently appg^-red who possess 
 most extraordinary powers of calculation ; 
 and who seem to perform complicated pro- 
 cesses a}most instantaneously, and withoiLit 
 
 m2 
 
180 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 thought. Some have been heard to say, that 
 the American boy Colburne, and the Eng- 
 lish boy George Bidder, have been taught 
 some particular method of performing in- 
 tricate calculations ; that their exhibitions 
 were mere tricks, which any one possessed 
 of the secret, could perform with equal fa- 
 cility. This notion is both unphilosophical 
 and absurd ; for it is perfectly well known, 
 that some children learn the ordinary me- 
 thods of calculating with much more diffi- 
 culty than others. So far from George 
 Bidder having been taught any method of 
 calculating, he is constantly inventing rules 
 for himself, and improving those he has 
 been accustomed to follow. It is not a 
 consequence of the possession of this facul- 
 ty in a high degree, that the properties of 
 numbers should be discovered by it. That 
 depends on the possession of superior re- 
 flecting faculties; and it is possible that 
 these may enable a person who has but 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 181 
 
 little of the organ, to observe and to find 
 out properties of number. For instance, 
 it does not require a large developement of 
 number to discover that the figures of the 
 product of the multiplication of any inte- 
 ger by 9 being added together, their sum is 
 9. This is a fact, however, of which Col- 
 burne or Bidder might remain ignorant. 
 The faculty of number seems to give power 
 only over the addition, subtraction, division, 
 and multiplication of numbers ; while higher 
 faculties take cognizance of their other 
 combinations and properties. It was not 
 this faculty alone that enabled Napier to 
 invent logarithms. 
 
 The organ is small, and very difficult to 
 observe, as a very trifling addition increas- 
 es its power in a great degree. In Plate 
 VI. Figs. 1. and 2., two extreme cases are 
 represented. Fig. 1. being the configura- 
 tion of Bidder, and the other th^t of a per- 
 son in whom the power is weak. It is 
 
182 ILLUSTRATIONS OF i*HRENOLOGY. 
 
 generally indicated best by the breadth 
 between the external angle of the eye^lids 
 stiid the commencement of the temple ; 
 and when it is very powerful^ the whole 
 temple between the eye and the ear is re- 
 rnarkabiy prominent and fulL— It does not 
 always affect the shape of the eye-brow^ 
 as we have seen a configuration very like 
 that of Bidder, (in a person in whom the 
 faculty of nuniber was vei-y strongs) in 
 which the eye-brow was bent downwards 
 towards the exterior angle; instead of going 
 upwards, as in Bidder. We possess casts of 
 the foreheads of two boys who were re- 
 iharkable for calculation, one of whom ap- 
 peared at Vieiina and the other at Bath. 
 They present exactly the same kiiid of 
 deveidpement as that of Bidder. 
 
 28th, Tune. 
 
 While all persons with perfect ears per- 
 ceive the inlpressions of sotind; and can 
 
Illustrations of phrenology. 18^ 
 
 distinguish different sounds, many cannot 
 perceive the relations of sounds that pro- 
 duce harmony, and some not even the suc- 
 cession that forms melody. In common 
 discourse we speak of one person as posses- 
 sing a fine musical ear, and of another as 
 having no ear for music. Such differences 
 are common^ and every day brings them 
 under our notice : Yet, even philosophers 
 seldom or never think why such differen- 
 ces should exist ; or, if they do, they ascribe 
 them, as usual, to education or habit. If 
 they would inquire, they would be inform- 
 ed by any music-master, that pupils are 
 often put under their care who never de- 
 rive any benefit from their instruction, 
 while others acquire the art of playing 
 without much exertion. This faculty 
 alone, however, is not sufficient to form a 
 perfect musician. Number, and the high- 
 er faculties^ are necessary for comprehend^ 
 
184 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 ing the theory of music. This is neces* 
 sary only for the enjoyment of melody 
 and of harmony, without knowing of what 
 harmony consists, and without the power 
 of playing on a musical instrument. When 
 very strong, it gives so great a desire to 
 hear music, that the person possessing the 
 faculty in such a degree, will, of his own 
 accord, make exertions to learn to play on 
 some instrument. 
 
 The organ is situate immediately above 
 that of number, and gives a full appear- 
 ance to the lateral parts above the external 
 ends of the eye-brows. 
 
 ^9th, Artificial Language. 
 
 It is one of the strongest proofs of design 
 in the formation of our bodies, that the ut- 
 most economy has been employed to ren- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 185 
 
 der an inconvenient multiplication of parts 
 unnecessary. The instruments of speech 
 are also those of breathing, of the sense of 
 taste, of mastication, drinking and swal- 
 lowing. Speech is a mechanical operation 
 subservient to the will ; and it is evident 
 that what has been called the Faculty of 
 Speech must not be confounded with the 
 faculties of the mind. Ideas must exist 
 before any attempt is made to convey them 
 to others, either by audible or visible signs. 
 The instruments of speech are destined to 
 enable us to use articulate and modulated 
 sounds, which are artificial language. 
 When any of the instruments are imper- 
 fect, efforts are still made to give names 
 to objects, and to express wants by means 
 of sound. Those born dumb use signs 
 made by moving different parts of the 
 body ; and when they make use of sounds, 
 they are intelligible only to those who have 
 observed their application. The dumb 
 
186 ILLUSTRATIONS OT PHRENOLOiGY. 
 
 understand the meaning of words^ and re- 
 tain them as perfectly as those who use 
 them in speech. Deaf and diimb persons, 
 when the instruments of speech were per- 
 fect, have been taught to speak; and the 
 proof of their retaining words and their 
 meaning, is their making a proper use of 
 them in writing. Dogs and other inferior 
 animals inay be taught to understand the 
 ineaning of articulate language^ so far as 
 they can feel, or conceive the feeling or 
 idea signifiedj as well as of natural lan- 
 guage ; but as they cannbt invent signs 
 for themselves^ it is evident that an arti- 
 culate sound is to thenl a mere intimation 
 of command, caressing^ or cheering, &c. 
 Though some animals, as the parrot, have 
 instruiiients fit for articulation, speech 
 is to them Unnecessary ; for they are in- 
 capable of inventing language, and all their 
 feelings and wants are easily expressed 
 without it. It is different with man : he is 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOOY. 187 
 
 furnished with the means of forming ideas^ 
 of comparing one thing with another, dis- 
 covering their uses^ and coiiibining then! 
 td his advantage. He perceives that 
 numerous combinations may be of the ut- 
 most utiUty to his comfort, and to the gi'a- 
 tiJBcation of his curiosity ; but he cannot 
 effect them alone. He discovers that some 
 of his species ai^e more expert than himself, 
 and that the comniunication of wishes and 
 ideas to perpetuate and improve advan- 
 tages which his intelligence has gained^ 
 cannot be pei-fect without articulate sounds, 
 and that all other methods of communi- 
 cation are inconveniently slow. He is 
 prompted by internal feelings to make use 
 of the instruments with which he is fur- 
 nished by nature, and he pronounces 
 names for the objects around hihi. Child- 
 ren are often observed to construct a lan- 
 guage for themselves^ and to invent names; 
 and if two or three children were left td 
 
188 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 grow up together without hearing any one 
 speak, they would in a few years be found 
 to have invented a language entirely new. 
 That there is an internal faculty belong- 
 ing exclusively to language, appears cer- 
 tain, from the fact that some individuals 
 have a much greater facility in speaking 
 and in remembering names and words than 
 others. From some persons language flows 
 in an uninterrupted stream ; words are 
 employed to express ideas, instantaneously, 
 and without effort ; in others, again, while 
 ideas are rapid and clear, words are not 
 so easily found. Some can recollect, and 
 with ease and correctness repeat verbatim 
 whole chapters of a book which they have 
 read, while others cannot recall two senten- 
 ces together. Some, in their conversation, 
 are continually making quotations ; while 
 others forget what is contained at the be- 
 ginning of a book, before they have read 
 to the end. The internal faculty cannot 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 189 
 
 be named that of Speech ; for, without ma- 
 king use of speech, a person may learn the 
 meaning of the language used by various 
 nations. Language is the most appro- 
 priate name for the faculty that prompts us 
 to speak. Without this faculty, though the 
 instruments of speech were perfect, a per- 
 son would never speak. "We find nume- 
 rous instances of persons who could never 
 learn any language without the greatest 
 difficulty, and consequently aversion. A. 
 good memoiy for words, which belongs to 
 this faculty, when strong, is what is com- 
 monly called a good memory in general. 
 It is unquestionably a most useful kind 
 of memory in society, and the want of it 
 prevents other faculties from appearing to 
 advantage. A person of good talents, with- 
 out a good developement of the organ of 
 language, will appear slow, and dull, and 
 insipid in conversation. He may have a 
 great store of knowledge, and yet be so un- 
 able to express himself well, as to feel 
 
190 ILLUSTBA.TIONS OF PHRENOLOpY. 
 
 averse to communicate what he has acqui- 
 red ; such a person will write better than 
 speak. Persons who have a strong verbal 
 memory retaining all they have re^d, and 
 all they have heard ^ are very often esteem- 
 ed exceedingly clever, when, in reality, they 
 may be yery deficient in general talent. 
 Others who are not blessed with a retentive 
 memory of this kind, may, without being 
 able to retail anecdotes, or to repeat saws 
 of books, have very sound heads, and much 
 valuable knowledge. 
 
 The organ of this faculty is situate above 
 and behind the eye ; and is indicated in 
 two ways ; first when the eye is large, it is 
 pushed forwards when the organ is large, 
 and aj)pears prominent, forming a projec- 
 tion below the inferior eye-lid ; second, 
 when the eye is small, and not sunk d^^P 
 in the socket, it indicates that the speket 
 is not deep, and consequently that the por- 
 tions of brain above and behind it are welj 
 developed. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 191 
 
 (jenu^ 2- Reflecting Faculties. 
 
 30th, Comparison, 
 
 If we pay attention to public speakers, 
 we §hall find that some of them illustrate 
 their subject by an extensive use of similes. 
 Pleaders before a jury, are ^ware of the ef- 
 fect which an appeal to the feelings is like^ 
 ly to produce, but many m^ke such an ap- 
 peal awkwardly and ineffectually ; while 
 some, by using metaphorical expressions, 
 fanciful allusions, and by contrasting these 
 with each other, frequently overpower the 
 judgment, and gain their cause. It is pro- 
 bable that a want of the sentiments them- 
 selves may contribute to failure, as above 
 alluded to. It is not unusual to me^t with 
 a pleader who makes much use of compa- 
 risons, but without pathos ; and we may 
 
192 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 hear another who afFects his hearers by a 
 pathetic address, without a single compari- 
 son. The one will have less feeling, per- 
 haps, than the other. It is sometimes ob- 
 served, too, that weak persons, in speak- 
 ing of ordinary subjects, adorn their dis- 
 course with useless ornament, comparing 
 what is trifling to what is of much dignity 
 and consequence, by way of giving import- 
 ance to a plain matter, and with a view to 
 obtain applause. But we also find men 
 of the strongest minds illustrating their sub- 
 jects by examples and analogies, applying 
 them with powerful ejBfect, and thus accom- 
 plishing a far more general conviction 
 among their hearers or readers, than the most 
 logical arguments could produce. In poe- 
 tical compositions, we can distinguish whe- 
 ther the faculty called Comparison be pos- 
 sessed by the authors in a great or a small 
 proportion. Poetry does not consist in com- 
 parisons,howmuchsoever they may adorn it; 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 193 
 
 nor is comparison the result of that faculty, 
 to which the name Ideality has been gi- 
 ven. That supposes things to exist, while 
 comparison finds out resemblances between 
 them. We are not certain, however, that 
 Comparison is the proper name for the Fa- 
 culty which Dr Spurzheim has described. 
 Some farther observations on this subject 
 will be made in considering No. 32. 
 
 31st, Causality. 
 
 While some Naturalists pursue with avi- 
 dity the open ways that lead directly to the 
 knowledge of the forms and distinctions of 
 external objects, they add little to the ex- 
 pansion of our minds, though much to the 
 stock of our knowledge. Others, when 
 they see an effect, are not content with the 
 mere fact, but begin immediately an at- 
 tempt to trace the chain which binds it to 
 
 N 
 
194 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY 
 
 a cause, with the view to discover that 
 cause ; and they put all their mental facul- 
 ties into action. Those who are endowed 
 with similar faculties, follow them with plea- 
 sure in the search, although among them 
 some may be found who may differ with 
 respect to the nature of the cause to which 
 the effect is attributed by the others. '^ Let 
 us examine," says Dr Spurzheim, " what 
 is the most active faculty of Metaphysi- 
 cians. Their object is to investigate the 
 nature of every thing, even the nature of 
 " God, and the immortality of the soul. 
 " Though, with Kant and others, I think 
 that it is impossible, by reasoning, to pe- 
 netrate the profundity of these subjects, 
 it may still be examined what special fa- 
 culty endeavours to do this. Metaphy- 
 sicians, then, endeavour to explain pheno- 
 mena, but, in order to do sOy it is neces- 
 sary to examine the relations of cause and 
 effect. Even Philosophers, who explain 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 195 
 
 * natural phenomena by reasoning, admit 
 " some cause, and explain the rest by men- 
 " tal induction, according to the supposed 
 " cause. Hence, it seems to me, that this 
 " special faculty examines causes, considers 
 " the relation between cause and effect, and 
 " always prompts men to ask Why ?'' This 
 faculty, which has been named Causality, 
 constitutes the chief of those which, in 
 combination, form the true philosophical 
 Understanding. Mr Combe observes, that 
 it penetrates both men and things. 
 
 32d, Wit. 
 
 " It is asserted," says DrSpurzheim, "that 
 wit consists in comparing objects, in order 
 to discover their similarity or dissimilari- 
 ty ; but the two preceding faculties also 
 " compare ; and comparing in a philosophi- 
 " cal way, is quite different from comparing 
 
 N 2 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
196 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " wittily. Thus, the essence of the faculty 
 " consists in its peculiar manner of com- 
 " paring, which always excites gaiety and 
 " laughter." 
 
 We must confess that, if any other faculty 
 than one compares, we do not see why a 
 special faculty of Comparison should be ne- 
 cessary, any more than one for memory or 
 for judgment. But it is probable that our 
 language not being familiar to Dr Spurz- 
 heim, may have prevented his having 
 found an appropriate name for what he has 
 called Comparison. He speaks of the fa- 
 culty which he has so named, as pointing 
 out the identity, analogy, or difference of 
 objects and facts which Individuality makes 
 known to us. This appears to include 
 what is meant by three different words in 
 our language, viz. Discrimination, Com- 
 parison, and Analogy. Comparison implies 
 what is called drawing a parallel between 
 two objects ; an attempt to discover a re- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 197 
 
 semblance of one to the other ; while Dis- 
 crimination attends only to differences, and 
 enables us to distinguish one thing from 
 another. But it is probable that every 
 knowing and reflecting faculty both discri- 
 minates and compares ; and that when Gall 
 named the organ called that of Comparison 
 by Dr Spurzheim, that of Analogy^ he was 
 correct. Comparison is the discovery of a 
 general resemblance between two objects or 
 actions; for example, in describing any thing 
 to a person who never saw it, we compare 
 it to something similar which he has seen, 
 and point out the differences. Analogy, 
 however, is the discovery of resemblance not 
 between objects or actions themselves, but 
 between certain circumstances connected 
 with them, or certain effects which they 
 produce. Although we do not compare 
 knowledge to light, as there is no sort of 
 resemblance between the substance of light 
 and what is not material, yet we find an 
 
198 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 analogy in the effects of both, and we say- 
 that knowledge illuminates the world. 
 The sea has no resemblance to a man, 
 and no one would think of comparing the 
 one to the other. But there is a condition 
 in which both may be placed, and which 
 may lead to an analogical comparison. A 
 man under the influence of anger may be 
 violently agitated, and inclined to destroy 
 whatever comes in his way. The sea in a 
 storm is also violently agitated, and dashes 
 with fury upon the rocks. A man in a 
 violent passion giving blows to those who 
 have offended him, and extending his vio- 
 lence even to inanimate objects that have 
 not injured him, may therefore be com- 
 pared to a raging sea. While discrimina- 
 tion perfectly distinguishes between the sea 
 and a man in all circumstances. Individua- 
 lity possesses the facts, and Analogy makes 
 the comparison. Causality, too, gives the 
 information that agitation may be produ- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OFTHRENOLOaY. 199 
 
 ced by a variety of causes, and is exhibited 
 in a variety of ways. Thus we must dis- 
 tinguish two kinds of comparison, in order 
 to discriminate the results of No. 30. from 
 those of other faculties. The comparisons 
 made by the knowing and reflecting facul- 
 ties, respect real differences or resemblan- 
 ces ; those resulting from analogy, re- 
 spect only such as are ideal. That there 
 is some sort of comparison in Wit, is un- 
 questionable ; but laughter is excited very 
 frequently by what is called a play upon 
 words, in which analogy is predominant. 
 Some persons cannot immediately perceive 
 the wit of an observation, and such will pro- 
 bably be found not to be witty themselves ; 
 yet many who are not witty, enjoy humo- 
 rous sayings, being capable of tracing the 
 iinthought-of resemblance, and seeing at 
 once in what the jest or bon-mot consists. 
 
 To go farther in search of what consti- 
 tutes wit, might lead to a discussion ratJier 
 
200 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 metaphysical, than practical. The kind of 
 wit for which an individual may be dis- 
 tinguished, will depend on the activity of 
 other faculties. The organ pointed out as 
 that of wit, is in close connection with 
 those of causality and ideality, and of the 
 next faculty to be mentioned. Dr Spurz- 
 heim, in his French Work, has placed this 
 faculty among the Sentiments. He gives 
 no reason for this change of place, and no 
 objection can be made to it, except that 
 the organ of a sentiment may be supposed 
 not likely to be among those of the reflecting 
 faculties. But it is impossible to be witty 
 without reflection ; and we find other or- 
 gans, as tune, number, constructiveness, 
 &c. not far from the knowing and reflect- 
 ing organs. A man must have reflection, 
 otherwise his organ of tune would not 
 make him a composer of music, nor his or- 
 gan of constructiveness an inventor of a 
 machine. All the organs aid and influence 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 201 
 
 each other ; and although in general we 
 find them arranged together nearly accord- 
 ing to their division into propensities, senti- 
 ments, knowing and reflecting faculties, 
 we have no reason for considering the posi- 
 tion of the organ of Wit as an anomaly. 
 It is situate laterally with respect to 19. and 
 30., No. 31. intervening, and the middle 
 of it is immediately above the line sepa- 
 rating 23. and 25. 
 
 33d, Imitation. 
 
 This also has been ranked among the 
 sentiments in the last publication of Dr 
 Spurzheim. Some persons, when they 
 hear a particular kind of music, feel a 
 strong desire to dance ; but this cannot be 
 a sentiment, nor can the use of the limbs, 
 in imitating a peculiar manner of dancing, 
 be called the result of a sentiment. But, 
 
202 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 without inquiring to what class of facuhies 
 it belongs, it is sufficient to state that there 
 is a Faculty of Imitation, and that its or- 
 gan has been ascertained. It shews itself 
 generally most powerful in children, who 
 evidently learn many things by imitation ; 
 even language, the meaning of which they 
 afterwards know by an imperceptible in- 
 duction. Those that have it most active 
 learn to speak, and to do a great many 
 things, sooner than others in whom it is 
 weak. They are fond of repeating what 
 others say, and are often accused of being 
 little tell-tales. We frequently observe that 
 adults cannot refrain, w^hen they tell a 
 story, from acting and imitating the voice 
 as well as the gestures of the persons of 
 whom they speak. In the constructive 
 arts, imitation is of great moment. In 
 dramatic poetry, and in novel writing, it is 
 indispensable. Pantomime and mimicry 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 2Q5 
 
 are results of this faculty ; and to an actor 
 it is of the utmost importance. 
 
 The following enumeration will be use- 
 ful for reference in reading the description 
 of the Plates ^ 
 
 No. I. Amativeness. 
 
 II. Love of OrrspniNG. 
 III. Inhabitiveness. 
 IV. Attachment. 
 V. Courage. 
 VI. Destructivekess. 
 VII. Cqnstructivexess. 
 VIII. Acquisitiveness. 
 IX. Secretiveness. 
 
 * It was intended, as announced in the Note, p. 135., 
 to have detailed the last arrangement which Dr Spurz- 
 heim has made ; but unfortunately the only copy of 
 Dr Spurzheim's last French work, to which we had 
 access, has been taken abroad by the gentleman who 
 possessed it. 
 
S04 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 No. X. Self-Esteem. 
 
 XI. Love of Approbation: 
 XII. Cautiousness. 
 XIII. Benevolence. 
 XIV. Veneration. 
 
 XV. Hope. 
 XVT. Ideality. 
 XVII. Conscientiousness. 
 XVIII. Firmness. 
 XIX. Individuality. 
 XX. Form. 
 XXI. Space. 
 XXII. Resistance. 
 XXIII. Colour. 
 XXIV. Locality. 
 
 XXV. Order. 
 XXVI. DuratioxV. 
 XXVII. Number. 
 XXVIII. Tune. 
 XXIX. Language. 
 
 XXX. Comparison. 
 XXXI. Causality. 
 XXXII. Wit. 
 XXXIII. Imitation. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 205 
 
 It has been already remarked, that each 
 of the external instruments of sense may 
 have an internal organ appropriated to itself, 
 diflerent from any of those already descri- 
 bed, which connects it with a special facul- 
 ty of the mind. This position requires ex- 
 planation. We agree with Dr Spurzheim 
 and Mr Combe, in so far as to be satisfied 
 that the impressions made through the me- 
 dium of the external instruments of the 
 senses, are perceived generally by all the 
 faculties that have been enumerated; just 
 as the excitement of one organ commu- 
 nicates influence to others, so as to render 
 their functions, in some measure, subser- 
 vient to the one excited. A man, in order 
 to acquire wealth, exerts other faculties, in 
 order that his prevailing propensity. Ac- 
 quisitiveness, may be gratified. Certain 
 events, or certain things which we see or 
 
206 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 hear, not only excite particular faculties, 
 but ideas which belong to others. This is 
 called Association ; and is accounted for, 
 phrenologically, by the anatomical fact, that 
 all the organs are connected with each 
 other. But, since it belongs to each facul- 
 ty to perceive, compare, judge and remem- 
 ber, it can be shewn to be at least probable 
 that special organs exist in the brain, appro- 
 priated to each sense, and which perceive 
 before perception is excited, through their 
 means, in the other faculties. Dr Spurz- 
 heim and Mr Combe suppose, that the sensa- 
 tions of Taste, &c. take place in the nerves, 
 and the perception of them in the brain 
 generally. This being the case, the sensa- 
 tions of taste, smell, touch, light, and sound, 
 would exist in a being born without brain, 
 but having the instruments of sense per- 
 fect ; and thus the existence of taste, &c. 
 in the body, is separated from the percep- 
 tion of them by the mind. " The follow- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 207 
 
 " ing," says Mr Combe, " appears to me 
 " a corret mode of ascertaining the limits 
 ** of the functions of the senses. What- 
 " ever perceptions or impressions receiv- 
 " ed from external objects, can be re- 
 " called by an act of volition, cannot de- 
 " pend exclusively upon the senses; be- 
 " cause the organs of sense are not subject 
 " to the will, and never produce the im- 
 " pressions which depend upon their con- 
 " stitution, except when excited by an ex- 
 " ternal cause. On the other hand, what- 
 " ever impressions we are unable to recall 
 •* by an act of volition, must, for the same 
 " reason, depend on the senses alone/' He 
 concludes, a little farther on, " that the 
 " power of experiencing the perception of 
 " melody, and of enjoying the impressions 
 " which it makes, depends on the internal 
 " faculty of tune, while the sound alone 
 " depends upon the ear." Thus he seems 
 to believe, that the sensation of sound is in 
 
208 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 the ear, while tune belongs to an internal 
 faculty. 
 
 Now, although individuals exist who do 
 not possess the faculty of tune but in a very 
 low degree, such individuals are not deaf. 
 They perceive sound, and they compare, 
 judge of, and remember its various quali- 
 ties ; and although they cannot perceive 
 harmony, or even melody, they know per- 
 fectly the difference between the sound of 
 a violin and that of an organ, between the 
 cries of different animals, &c. Since, 
 therefore, the operations of the other facul- 
 ties are performed with regard to simple 
 sounds, it appears to us extremely probable, 
 that there is an internal organ immediate- 
 ly connected with the ear, which directly 
 receives impressions through the medium 
 of that instrument, and from which the 
 organ of tune and other faculties derive 
 them. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 209 
 
 Taste and Smell are decidedly propensi- 
 ties ; since all animals prefer certain tastes 
 and smells to others. Like other propen- 
 sities, they may be abused ; and are so very 
 commonly, — the first by the epicure, who 
 eats after his hunger is satisfied, and drinks 
 costly wines without experiencing the sen- 
 sation of thirst ; the second by the petit 
 maitre and delicate lady, who like to have 
 their persons and chambers highly per^ 
 fumed. Besides taste and smell being 
 liable to abuse, Insanity afTects them, and 
 then we say they are depraved. This epi- 
 curean sensibility of taste, and excessive de- 
 licacy of smell, it should be remarked, do 
 not appear to be the result of the cultiva- 
 tion of the mere nerves of taste and smell ; 
 and they cannot be considered as derived 
 from that of the higher faculties of the 
 mind. They arise, therefore, from great 
 sensibility of the parts of the brain in which 
 the nerves of taste and smell terminate 5 and 
 
 o 
 
210 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 which we have supposed to be the internal 
 organs which communicate the perceptions 
 of taste and smell to the mind, and give 
 us the power of distinguishing one taste 
 and one smell from another, — of compa- 
 ring several together, — of forming a judg- 
 ment respecting them, — and of remember- 
 ing them. 
 
 With respect to Light, an organ has 
 been appropriated to colour. But it ap- 
 pears to us, that there is a special cerebral 
 part, which receives the impressions of 
 light that is not separated into its compo- 
 nent parts. The office of the organ seems 
 to be, to know, to compare, judge of, and 
 remember — different degrees in the inten- 
 sity of light, as well as to know its mere 
 existence. It is this which apparently 
 enables us to distinguish forms, by different 
 degrees in the intensity of light forming 
 what we call Light and Shade ; which is 
 not the office of the faculty of Colour. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 211 
 
 This supposed organ, then, we conceive to 
 be in most direct communication with the 
 eye, — perceiving the existence of light and 
 its degrees of intensity, and assisting the 
 organs of space, of form, and of relative 
 position, by means of what we call Light 
 and Shade. Hence, and not from colour, 
 arises the deception of a picture ; — the 
 picture, though in one plane, conveying 
 to us ideas of space, distance, and relative 
 position. This appears to be the only 
 way of accounting for the fact, that some 
 persons judge very well of distance, &c. 
 who cannot distinguish colour ; and that 
 others have a passion for colour, who do 
 not judge well of distances, &c. The ener- 
 gy of other internal organs, however well 
 developed, must depend on the perfection 
 of those organs which we have supposed to 
 be in direct communication with the in- 
 struments of sense. 
 
 o 2 
 
212 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 We apprehend that the faculty which we 
 have called that of Resistance, is that which 
 belongs exclusively to Touch. First, the 
 iHere fact of resistance is perceived ; then 
 the degree of resistance^ in which are in- 
 cluded hardness and roughness, — softness 
 being a low degree of hardness, as cold is 
 of heat, and smoothness a low degree of 
 roughness. Next comes into our conside- 
 ration,the direction of the resistance, (which 
 gives the idea of weight when it is down- 
 wards) ; and putting all these together, a 
 blind man can judge from them of form, 
 and of the kind of material of which forms 
 consist. 
 
 From such considerations, we have been 
 led to believe, that each external instru- 
 ment of sense is connected^ in the first in- 
 stance, with a portion of the brain allotted 
 to it as an organ, whicli, communicating 
 with all the other cerebral parts, gives to 
 each faculty the cognizance of the exis- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 213 
 
 tence and the properties of the external 
 object to which the instrument of sense is 
 appropriated. 
 
 Before adopting this conckision, how., 
 ever, it is proper to consider the office of 
 the Nerves. The sensation of pain, as well 
 as of taste and smell, seems to exist in a 
 particular part of the body. When the 
 gout attacks the feet, the patient knows 
 that the pain is not in the head ; and in 
 the same manner, we know that taste is 
 nowhere but in the tongue. Now, we also 
 know, that by tying up particular nerves, 
 or by dividing them, we take away the 
 power of perceiving pain. Surgeons have 
 been accustomed to compress nerves in or- 
 der to diminish the pain caused by their 
 operations. When any part of the body 
 is thus benumbed, the nerves of that part 
 still exist entire; and it is evident, that 
 pain cannot be perceived unless the nerves 
 communicate with the brain. If the nerve 
 
214 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 that communicates to the brain the im- 
 pression of taste were to be divided, the 
 tongue might still perform all its offices, 
 but the impressions of taste would not pass 
 beyond it, and would not be perceived. 
 The qualities of bodies which excite in us 
 the sensations of taste and smell are parti- 
 cular, and require special means, in order 
 to be conveyed to our knowledge. Pain is 
 not a quality of any thing external, but the 
 effect of injury inflicted on our body, or 
 of some derangement of its economy ; but 
 a knowledge of injury or of disease is con- 
 veyed to us by the sensation called Pain 
 being communicated by the nerves to the 
 brain. We are able also to distinguish one 
 kind of pain from another, and to judge of 
 the intensity ; and our knowledge extends 
 even to the discovery of the cause of a par- 
 ticular kind of pain, from being acquaint- 
 ed with different kinds. For example, 
 we distinguish the pain of burning from 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 215 
 
 that of a wound inflicted by a sharp in- 
 strument ; the pain of nausea or sickness 
 from that of rheumatism. The difficulty, 
 therefore, of conceiving the sensations of 
 taste, smell, pain, to be in the nerves, and 
 not in the brain, arises from the fact that 
 they are not perceptible to us, indepen- 
 dently of the brain. We cannot easily 
 conceive a sensation to exist which we do 
 not perceive, or have not perceived. From 
 such considerations, it appears, that all we 
 know of the office of the nerves, is, that 
 some of them are destined to communicate 
 to the brain, and thence to the mind, im- 
 pressions made by particular qualities and 
 properties of external objects, the existence 
 of which objects we previously know ; that 
 certain parts of the body have been allotted 
 for the dispersion or expansion of these 
 nerves, and for the reception of impres- 
 sions ; and that there are other nerves 
 which inform us of injury and disease, by 
 
216 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 communicating peculiar sensations which 
 are not produced by the inherent quaUties 
 of external objects. How we come to know 
 that an impression is made on a particular 
 part of our body, is a niystery as dark as 
 the mode of connection between the mind 
 and the body. It seems enough for the 
 principles of phrenology to know the fact, 
 without entering into such a question as 
 that arising from any supposed identity of 
 sensation and perception, or from the one 
 being conceived independent of the other. 
 The only difference necessary to be kept 
 in mind is, that sensations are various, 
 while perception of them is simply know- 
 ledge of their existence at the moment of 
 their being communicated. Sensation and 
 perception are not always simultaneous } 
 for every one rnust have observed, that 
 while his mind was intent on a particular 
 object, he did not regard what was said to 
 him, although the sound must have reachi 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 217 
 
 ed his ears. The nerves, then, being on- 
 ly means of conveyance, when a benumbed 
 part is injured, the cause of pain actually 
 exists, although we have not the means of 
 perceiving the effect. The sensations of 
 taste, smell, &Co are the results of the joint 
 action of the nerves and of the brain ; and 
 therefore the ideas of Dr Spurzheim and 
 of Mr Combe on this subject, appear to be 
 correct ; while, at the same time, it is pro- 
 bable, that there are cerebral parts which, 
 besides perceiving, also compare, judge of, 
 and remember, tastes, smells, pains, &c, 
 
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES. 
 
DESCRIPTIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 The skull from which Figures 1. in Plates 
 II. III. IV. and V. are taken, has been 
 selected on account of its being more justly 
 proportioned than any other in our posses- 
 sion, or to which we have had access. It is, 
 however, a small one. That from which 
 Figures 2. on the same plates have been 
 engraved, has been chosen because it is 
 nearly of the same size with the other, be- 
 ing somewhat larger, but differently pro- 
 portioned. The numbers of the organs 
 have been put on the first skull only, that 
 
222 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGl. 
 
 the student may begin his practice by hav- 
 ing one figure before him marked, and 
 another plain. 
 
 We observe in Plate II. that in the first 
 figure No. 1. is small, and in Fig. 2. large. 
 In this view of the head, it is evident that in 
 Fig. 2. there is a general fulness of all the 
 parts exceeding that of Fig. 1 . Laterally, 
 Nos. 5. and 6. are strikingly different ; and 
 upwards, 15. and 17- are larger in proportion 
 to 14. and 18. than in Fig. 1. While, 
 therefore, the person to whom Fig. 1. be- 
 longed, felt the sentiment of veneration 
 more powerfully, the other was the more 
 sanguine, having had more hope, and a 
 stronger feeling of justice : at the same 
 time, the latter had a temper more iras- 
 cible, No. 6. being much larger ; and more 
 courage. The first, we may believe, was 
 more apt to despond than the second. 
 
 On looking at the views of the same 
 heads in Plate III, we find that No. 9. is 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 223 
 
 by much the largest in Fig. 2. and also 
 No. 16. and the organs immediately above. 
 Hence, the size of the lateral organs, parti- 
 cularly of 6. and 9., appears to overbalance 
 that of the organs on the top of the head. 
 Although, therefore, conscientiousness is 
 not so full in Fig. 1., yet 6. and 9. are so 
 small, and 13. and 14. so prominent, that 
 the character of Fig. 1. must be esteemed 
 the preferable. This last had fewer temp- 
 tations to do what is wrong, and less prin- 
 ciple to resist them. Fig. 2. had much 
 greater temptations, but a stronger sense 
 of duty. The first was naturally a good 
 character ; the second capable of becoming 
 a great one, from the triumph of virtue 
 over vicious inclinations. 
 
 On looking at the figures in Plate IV. 
 we see how very much the lateral organs 
 are expanded in Fig. 2. beyond those of 
 Fig. 1. ; and the forehead in general indi- 
 cates more power of intellect. Nos. 27., 
 
224 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 28. 7* and 8., are all larger in Fig. 2. In 
 the profile view in Plate V. we see the 
 difference strikingly marked. In Fig. 2. 
 all the lower faculties, 8. 9. 6. 5. 1., and 
 also 10. and 11. are in large proportion; 
 and 18. is higher than 14* No. 2. is so 
 much larger in Fig. 2., and the length 
 from the sinciput to the occiput so consi- 
 derable, that it may be presumed this was 
 the skull of a female. 
 
 In Plate I. Fig. 2. is shewn a very large 
 developement of No. 6., taken from a skull 
 in the collection of Dr Barclay. We possess 
 casts of the heads of several men who were 
 executed for murder, and in all of them 
 this organ is very large. Last year, a 
 young man, named Peter Bowers, was 
 condemned at Edinburgh for murder. 
 It appeared that, when he committed the 
 act, he was in a state of intoxication ; and 
 his youth, and some other circumstances, 
 induced his Jury to recommend him to 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 225 
 
 mercy, and very strong intercessions were 
 made in his behalf ; the result of which 
 was his being saved from the gallows, and 
 sent to New Holland for life. The humane 
 and active governor of the Edinburgh jail 
 Mr Sibbald, gave me a deplorable account of 
 the poverty of this young man and his 
 mother, who attended him in prison ; and 
 Mr Sibbald expressed his belief, from what 
 he had heard from both of them, that the 
 murder had been more owing to accident 
 than design. We had some conversation 
 with Bowers after his condemnation, and 
 the account he gave of the whole affair 
 which had brought him into his unhappy 
 situation, would have inclined any one 
 who Yv^as not a phrenologist, to consider him 
 as perfectly innocent. The general deve- 
 lopement of his head was good, but No. 6. 
 was so large, that we were induced to 
 distrust the account we had heard of his 
 previous conduct, and to believe that want 
 
 p 
 
226 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 of firmness to resist the impulse of No. 6^ 
 #heri excited, was the cause of his having 
 committed murder. Accordingly, on mak^ 
 ing inqtiiry, we foUiid thai: He had always 
 manifested a cruel disposition; and that 
 he had been once observed to take a har- 
 i^ow from a field, and place it on the high 
 road, in the dusk of the evening, that he 
 might have (to him) the pleasure of seeing 
 horses stumble over it, and wound them- 
 selvesi He had been noted for outrageous 
 bursts of passion ; and there is now a man 
 living at Ormiston, in East-Lothian, whom 
 he nearly killed with an axe. On another 
 occasion, he threw an adze at a girl, and 
 cut her foot dreadfully. He had very 
 nearly, on a third occasion, murdered a 
 man who was peaceably driving a cart 
 along the high way. Notwithstanding all 
 this, we did not consider, from the appear- 
 ance of his head, that he was a subject un- 
 deserving of life, provided he was kept for 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOIOOY . 227 
 
 a itime in. cQafiiiement, and^ his ttiind di- 
 rected to his pmfessiony and to other ob- 
 ji^Gts, which, while they withdrew his at- 
 tention, from the propensity to destroy^ 
 might have excited his better facuhies 
 into foller play. It is not probable, that 
 confinement on board of the hulks, or 
 the society and treatment which he is like- 
 ly to meet with in New 'Holland, will im- 
 prove his disposition, unless the dread of an 
 ignominious death, and his narrow escape, 
 have made an impression sufficiently deep. 
 He is an excellent workman, and, if judi- 
 ciously treated, may be rendered a useful 
 member of society. 
 
 Fig, 3. of Plate I. represents, on a re- 
 duced scale, a remarkable example of the 
 frontal sinus, the existence of which has been 
 brought forward by the enemies i3f phre- 
 nology, as a triumphant proof of the falla- 
 cy of judging by external indications. This 
 is taken from a specimen in Dr Barclay's 
 2 p 2 
 
228 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 collection. SF is the sinus, the central 
 part of which is seen open, the section be- 
 ing made exactly in the middle. It has 
 been said, that the existence of this cavity 
 prevents the external table of the skull from 
 being a correct indication of the shape or 
 quantity of brain behind it. This, in so 
 marked a case, is perfectly true. But it 
 is also true that, ^ while a man is in the 
 prime of life and healthy, and manifests 
 the faculties of the frontal organs, such a 
 cavity very seldom exists. It is only in 
 old age, or in subjects that have not ma- 
 nifested such faculties as are referred to, 
 (or have manifested them only in a low 
 degree, owing to disease, or natural con- 
 formation,) when it is formed ; the brain 
 retiring, and, by a wise provision, the in- 
 ner table of the skull following it. How 
 well the formation of the sinus accounts 
 for the loss of observation and of memory, 
 which is so commonly perceptible when the 
 human frame arrives at a state of decay, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 229 
 
 has not been noticed by the opponents of 
 the new system. This is one of the most 
 striking proofs of the correctness of its doc- 
 trines, instead of being a fact opposed to 
 them. The example now given was pro- 
 ved to have been the head of an old per- 
 son, from the alveolar processes being com- 
 pletely absorbed, and from the density of 
 the bone. We have examined a great many 
 skulls, and we have not yet seen one having 
 the sinus, that could be proved to have be- 
 longed to a person in the vigour of life and 
 mind. We are aware that such cases have 
 occurred to others ; and some in which the 
 subjects were about thirty years of age. 
 But unfortunately nothing was known re- 
 specting the manifestations of certain facul- 
 ties during life* When we find that a per- 
 son, during life, has the faculties of the or- 
 gans 23. 24. 19. powerfully manifested, and 
 the indications well marked, and that after 
 death a frontal sinus is found, we must 
 
230 ILLUSTB ATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 then, but not till 4hen, acknowledge that 
 tte external indications in these part$, are 
 iM always to be depended on. In the 
 rnean time, if we meet with ai person who 
 has' the indications well marked^ but who 
 ^^es iibt shew the ^manifestations, we; liimy 
 presume to ^ay that a #nus or disease ex- 
 ists in the fdrehead bf that person. The 
 external iiidications ^f * an . old pierson, if he 
 lid I6riger exhibits vigour in UQ.ii2^, !©• 
 4nd 50. and the ^aeighbbnring Organs^ shdw 
 only what he once possessed. 
 
 In observing Imng >^ulyects^ some iixed 
 |)bints should be assumed^ as the orifice of 
 the ear, thetop of the nose, and the n^pe 
 of the neck, and the eye should be accus- 
 tomed to the kMrections in :which the dif- 
 ferent Organs lie from these. ^ Drawings, 
 however well executed, ^aniiot alone tieach 
 the art of observing. Skulls,^ or casts from 
 them, should be procured ; these ; may be 
 placed in various positions^ so that the stii^ 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 231 
 
 dent may soon become able to describe 
 what organs are most prominent in a pic- 
 ture *. Care must be taken to observe the 
 length of the face, as well as its breadth; 
 for it often happens, that when the face is 
 long it makes the head appear low; and 
 when it is broad and short, the head ap- 
 pears high and large. This may lead to de- 
 ception. In short, all the proportions of 
 the whole head should be in the first in- 
 stance observed and compared with mea- 
 surements preserved in the memory ; and 
 it should be remembered that very minvite 
 differences of size in the organs produce 
 very remarkable varieties in addition to 
 their influence. 
 
 On Plate VI. are delineated two confi- 
 gurations of the organs of number and 
 language. The first, as before mentioned, 
 
 * Casts of some of the Skulls represented in the 
 Plate, may be had of O'Niel and Sons, Canongate^ 
 Edinburgh. 
 
2132 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 is drawn from George Bidder, the celebra- 
 ted calculating boy, and the other from an 
 individual in whom the faculty of number is 
 defective. The difference is very striking, 
 although, from constructiveness being al- 
 most as large in the second as in the first 
 figure, that part of the head appears full. 
 But we must not judge solely from the set 
 of the eye-brow, but from the enlargement 
 beyond the exterior angle of the eye, and 
 the fulness at the temples. Calculation 
 and constructiveness are frequently found 
 well developed in the same subject. Ver- 
 bal memory seems a necessary accompani- 
 ment to allow the faculty of number full 
 play ; and in all the subjects' we have yet 
 seen, who are remarkable for mere know- 
 ledge of number, the indication of the or- 
 gan of language was large. This last or- 
 gan is small in the second figure, and the 
 verbal memory (or, perhaps, more properly 
 Memory for Names) of the subject is de- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF I^HRKNOLOGY. 233 
 
 fective. The organ of number is so small 
 that it is difficult to observe it ; especially 
 as the size of the temporal muscle varies so 
 much in different subjects. , 
 
 Plate ^'II. is the representation of the- 
 skull of one of Buonaparte's Young Guard, 
 killed at Waterloo. In this we observe a 
 very large developement of love of appro^ 
 bation and of courage, which are the es- 
 sential qualities that form the soldier. That 
 of destructiveness is moderate ; and bene- 
 volence is so well marked, that we may be 
 certain that this soldier was not cruel. The 
 head in general is good. 
 
 In Plate VIII. we have a more interest- 
 ing subject for Phrenology, which bears 
 conspicuously some of the marks most pro- 
 minent on the last Plate. This is drawn 
 from the skull of Carnimbeigle, a chief of 
 New South Wales, who was killed by a 
 party of the 46th Regiment, in 1816. His 
 skull Is now in our possession, having been 
 
234 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 .presented to us by Mr Hill, Surgeon, R.N. 
 who received it from Lieutenant Parker 
 of the 46th. 
 
 The sockets of the eyes are so deep, and 
 so concave upwards, that it,inay be pre- 
 sumed Carnimbeigle was not an adept in 
 language. The organ of number is very 
 small indeed, remarkably so, as well as the 
 organs of tune, order, and colour. Re- 
 lative position or locality is large, and Form 
 about the ordinary size, rather snaall. The 
 forehead is very low, inclining rapidly 
 backwards ; hence Nos. 19. 30. 31. 32. are 
 small. There is but little benevolence ; 
 and 7. and 9. are small. There is a large 
 developement of 17v 18. 10. 11. 12. 5. 4. 
 3. ; and 2. is considerable, while, I . is small. 
 The organ of veneration is the highest part 
 of the head. 
 
 If we are to judge of the natives of New 
 Holland from this specimen, and from two 
 others, of which casts are in our collection, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. S35 
 
 we should say that the knowii^ and reflect- 
 ing faculties give little hope of their being 
 capable of great improvement inr know- 
 ledge, while the religious and moraL facul- 
 ties may be improved by exertions proper- 
 ly directed. Although, therefore, the pro- 
 gress of these people may be slow. ; and al- 
 though their reasoning powers are not such 
 as to lead us to think that their lower pro- 
 pensities can be under perfect controul; 
 still, by working on love of approbation,. the 
 sense of justice, and veneration; and by 
 exciting the organ of attachment, by acts of 
 kindness, much may be done for these mi- 
 serable beings, in improving their moral 
 and religious condition. Their lower pro- 
 pensities do not seem considerable, when 
 compared with foreheads that indicate more 
 intelligence than they seem to possess, al- 
 though they are large in proportion to their 
 own. The first step towards improving 
 such a people, is to give them confidence. 
 
256 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 before any attempt is made to work upon 
 their feelings. As their reasoning powers 
 are weak, and their self-esteem strong, much 
 patience must be bestowed upon them ; and 
 firmness being well developed, renders the 
 necessity of patience and perseverance more 
 apparent. 
 
 Carnimbeigle clearly possessed all the 
 qualities which we should expect to find in 
 a chief of such a people. Confidence in 
 himself, courage in a high degree, am- 
 bition, a strong sense of justice, much 
 cautiousness, with a talent for stratagem, 
 are qualities that constitute a leader among 
 savages ; and such also are the qualities 
 which, when united with great talents, form 
 a great leader in civilized life =^. 
 
 * From the marks of its action on the bones of the 
 skull, the temporal muscle, which appears to have been 
 uncommonly large, must have been in almost constant 
 and laborious activity. Connected with this, is the re- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 237 
 
 The figures of Plate IX. are from a sub- 
 ject still more interesting, being representa- 
 tions of the skull of King Robert Bruce, 
 
 markable condition of the teeth of both jaws. They 
 are much worn, and look as if they had been ground 
 away and poHshed. Although the enamel of the 
 points is totally gone, and the bony portion wasted al- 
 most to the sockets, not one of them has the least ap^ 
 pearance of having been carious. Having mentioned 
 to Mr Hill, that these circumstances had struck us 
 as remarkable, and requested him to inform us if 
 the natives of New Holland were as cai'eless about 
 their food as those of Madagascar, who eat up sand 
 and whatever else may chance to adhere to it, he was 
 so kind as to give us the following account, in which 
 will be found some farther particulars respecting Cai- 
 nimbeigle. " In New South Wales, I was at one 
 time a fortnight among the natives, at the Five 
 Islands, a place about sixty miles from Sidney, and 
 had an opportunity of observing their mode of liv- 
 ing. At that place there is a creek, which abounds 
 with mullet ; and from that circumstance, it is a fa- 
 vourite haunt with the natives, fish being their most 
 choice food. Their mode of cooking is very simplej 
 
238 IlJiUSTRATION S OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 taken from a cast made by Mr Scoular at 
 the time when the remams of Bruce were 
 re-inte!red j in the year 18 1 9- 
 
 merely placing them on the fire or hot ashes without 
 any preparation. When half roasted, they tear out the 
 entrails, which, after having been placed for a httle on 
 the fire, they devour, generally covered with ashes, sand, 
 and other impurities. This is always their first, and 
 apparently most savoury morsel. They then proceed 
 to the rest of the fish, which they eat half roasted, giv- 
 ing no quarter to the head, or any part that can be 
 masticated : this is invariably covered with sand. It is 
 truly astonishing the quantity of mullet one of these sa- 
 vages will consume, and that without salt, or any kind 
 of substitute for it. Next to fish, the oppossum and 
 other wild animals seem to be in the greatest request, 
 which they prepare and eat much in the sanae way. 
 When at the Five Islands, I may observe, that we 
 had two huts erected, and between them we had a 
 large fire. We had always a number of the natives 
 round us, both night and day ; and I had frequent op- 
 portunities of seeing the process of cooking and eating 
 their fish. I had also occasion to see a native devour 
 an oppossum and its young one. He placed both on 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 239 
 
 The world is always inclined to value the 
 talents and character of a military hero, at 
 an extravagant rate ; to consider the latter 
 
 the fireat the same time, without skinning the animals, 
 frequently turning them, and rubbing off with his 
 hand the singed fur. He then commenced operations 
 on the smaller, which he completely demolished, bones, 
 entrails, &c. I then thought he had made a pretty 
 good meal, and that he would have shared out the 
 large one to the other natives who were sitting round 
 the fire, and whose greedy eyes and watery mouths 
 seemed to anticipate the pleasure of the meal ; — but 
 no ! To my utter surprise, the large one went the same 
 road with the smaller, with the exception of a few of 
 the hard bones, which he could not masticate. This 
 was done in silence. During the whole process he did 
 not exchange a word with any one ; and I observed 
 this to be a general rule. When a native joined our 
 party with a stock of provender, he squatted himself 
 down before the fire, and did not condescend to speak 
 to any one until he had stuffed himself. Then, if he 
 had any to spare, he shared it among the rest, joined 
 in the conversation, or went to sleep. In the case of 
 the oppossum, the savage looked round with perfect 
 
240 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 as eminently virtuous, and to ascribe to the 
 individual proportional intelligence. But 
 when we inquire into the private lives of 
 
 satisfaction, and w^nt to sleep. When hard pressed 
 with hunger, I am told, they eat the root of the fern, 
 v/hich I have no douht will be covered with sand. I 
 have never had occasion to see them eat it. 
 
 *' Another favourite morsel of theirs, is a large grub 
 which is found under stones. The particular insect to 
 which it appertains, I believe, is not yet known in Eng- 
 land. I shall endeavour to ascertain its habits, and pro- 
 cure a specimen. I have seen a native pick them from 
 under stones, and eat them with avidity. 
 
 '* As you appeared to have taken an interest in 
 this subject, I thought perhaps the preceding observa^ 
 tions might account for the appearance of the teeth in 
 the skull in your possession. Be assured I shall en- 
 deavour to ascertain if there is any other circumstance 
 connected with their historj^, which will account for it. 
 
 '* In the upper jaw, you will observe one of the al- 
 veolar processes absorbed. At the age of puberty, it 
 is a general custom of these people to knock out one of 
 the front teeth. I may observe, that Carnimbeigle 
 was a most determined character, one of the few who 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. S41 
 
 heroes, whether of ancient or of modern 
 times, we find that, not unfrequently, they 
 are dissipated, and as anxious about their 
 pleasures and emoluments as about their own 
 fame, or their country's glory. In modern 
 times, great talents are necessary to support a 
 public character as a leader, whether in the 
 cabinet or in the field ; but while Scotland 
 was unenlightened by literature and science, 
 under the influence of superstition, and un- 
 der the dominion of anarchy, it was not 
 necessary for a man to possess pre-eminent 
 reasoning powers, to enable him to become 
 a hero, or a benefactor to his country. 
 Phrenology points out those qualities which 
 
 who were hostile to the settlers, and who annoyed them 
 very much by destroymg their cattle. A party of the 
 military were sent out against him and his confederates ; 
 but he could not be found, until they procured two na- 
 tive guides. He was then traced to his den, and, be- 
 ing placed at bay, he died manfully, having received 
 five shots before he fell." 
 
 Q 
 
242 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 must belong to the being who is born to 
 command ; and in examining the skull of 
 Bruce, we discover them, although it does 
 not appear that he was a man above me- 
 diocrity in point of intellectual powers ; 
 nor do we find in history any proof that he 
 did possess a strong intellect, or could take 
 extensive views before he acted. Bruce 
 possessed great courage and astonishing per- 
 severance ; and it is evident, from the con- 
 formation of his head, that he felt the im- 
 pulse of ambition. Misfortunes did not 
 make him swerve from his purposes ; and 
 we all know what miracles may be wrought 
 by long and steady perseverance in the 
 pursuit of one object. 
 
 After freeing his country from a foreign 
 yoke, the subsequent conduct of Bruce, in 
 administering the government, was re- 
 markable more for the checks which he 
 gave to the loose marauding habits of his 
 people, and for his attempts to restore or- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 245 
 
 der, than for any display of uncommon 
 wisdom in regulating institutions already 
 existing, or in forming others by which the 
 condition of the country might be per- 
 manently improved. On examining his 
 skull, we find, that while it indicates but 
 middling talent, it exhibits all the qualities 
 of the leader and warrior, — qualities which, 
 in the time of Bruce, were more admired 
 than any others which fall to the lot of 
 man. We see Courage largely developed, 
 and Firmness in great proportion ; as well 
 as Love of Approbation and Self-esteem. 
 Destructiveness, too, is large ; and there 
 is no doubt that Gumming fell by the 
 hand of Bruce. No. 9. so necessary to a 
 man who undertakes the management of 
 public afiaii's, is also large ; but the sense 
 of justice, even when 11. and 6. were in- 
 active, seems to have been scarcely suffi- 
 cient to guide him in the path of rectitude. 
 Veneration is well marked ; but Benevo- 
 
 Q 2 
 
S44 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 lence is not particularly prominent. The 
 former led him to regret that he had not 
 accomplished his purpose of visiting the 
 Holy Land, and to direct that his heart 
 should be carried thither after his death. 
 
 At this moment, while a sort of enthu- 
 siasm has been kindled for the memory of 
 Bruce, such an estimate of his character 
 may lead many to think that our system 
 must be faulty ; from its being difficult to 
 make them believe that a hero may be 
 both a bad man, and not remarkably 
 clever ; that Bruce was neither very supe- 
 rior in intellect, nor in generosity; not 
 very strictly just or merciful. Nos. 9, 11. 
 and 12. may have led him to do great and 
 generous actions when they seemed neces- 
 sary to clear his way; but if the skull 
 found be really that of Bruce, of which 
 there is no reason to doubt, it is certain 
 that, whatever his conduct may have been, 
 his feelings were those of a man of quick 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 245 
 
 perception, whose courage was equal to his 
 ambition ; his perseverance equal to his 
 confidence in his prowess ; his ferocity of 
 temper subservient to these ; and his in- 
 telligence no greater than to be sufficient 
 to enable him to know how to manage the 
 Scotch as they then were, and to make 
 his own use of the name and character of 
 a hero, who had conquered the enemies of 
 his country. He has been celebrated for 
 nothing else ; and no acts are ascribed to 
 him, to mark him as a being possessed of 
 superior wisdom, or of a character parti- 
 cularly aimiable. The reader is requested 
 to compare the skull of Carnimbeigle, the 
 New Holland Chief, with that of Robert 
 Bruce. 
 
 The first portrait which we propose to de- 
 scribe phrenologically, is that of Dr Spurz- 
 HEIM. What is not seen in the view given 
 in the Frontispiece, is described partly from 
 recollection, and partly from an unfinished 
 
246 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 profile sketch by Nicholson. It ought to be 
 mentioned, that in the descriptions of them, 
 the organs are supposed to be, or to have 
 been, active in proportion to their size rela- 
 tively to each other. 
 
 In Dr Spurzheim's head, Nos. 2. and 
 4. are well marked. No. 5. is small; 11. 
 well developed; 10. moderate. The fol- 
 lowing are seen on the portrait. No. 6. 
 is large ; but whatever may have been 
 the state of activity of this organ former- 
 ly, we have reason to believe that it has 
 been completely subdued. No. 7. is defec- 
 tive ; and 8. is small; 12. is large. The 
 organs of Wit, Hope, Ideality, and what 
 Dr Spurzheim has called Surnatm^alite, 
 or Sens de Marveilleux^ and also Imitation, 
 are weak ; Benevolence, Veneration, Firm- 
 ness and Justice, strong. Nos. SO. and 21. 
 are well developed, and also 25. and 27. 
 Colouring and Tune are large, and Lan- 
 guage is well marked. There is a large de- 
 velopement where Dr Spurzheim has pla- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 247 
 
 ced the organ of Phenomena, and of Indi- 
 viduality, which is above it. These lead 
 Dr Spurzheim to value facts more highly 
 than reasoning, although Causality and 
 Comparison are both in large proportion. 
 Such a developement does not belie the 
 opinion which every one who was intimate 
 with him during his visit to this country 
 formed of Dr Spurzheim, without having 
 attended to the conformation of his head. 
 
 The celebrity of the subject of Plate X- 
 Mr Bewick, as an engraver on wood; 
 the accuracy of his drawing ; the minute- 
 ness of his descriptions of colours ; the hu- 
 mour displayed in his groupes of animals, 
 &c. ; and, in short, the correctness of every 
 thing that has proceeded from his hands, 
 lead us to expect a striking developement 
 of some organs. The portrait is taken 
 from an excellent picture by Nicholson ; 
 the best work, perhaps, of that rising ar- 
 tist. The view of the head is fortunately 
 
248 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 such as to enable us to see distinctly the 
 developenient particularly referred to. The 
 most remarkable feature is the indication 
 of the organ of Form, which is so large as 
 to be almost a deformity. We have been 
 told, that Mr Bewick's memory for form 
 is surprising ; and his imagination so live- 
 ly, that he prefers drawing groups with- 
 out seeing the animals in the attitudes de- 
 sired. The organ of Colour is indicated in. 
 the manner most commonly found in pain- 
 ters. No. 7. is well marked, and 16. 32. 
 and 33. are full. On the whole, what we 
 see of the head, is very good. The head 
 is high, which at first may not be appa- 
 rent, owing to the face being long and 
 broad. 
 
 Plate XI. represents Handel, when he 
 was a young man. The figure is one of 
 a group painted in Germany, and in the 
 collection of Gilbert Innes, Esq. of Stow. 
 The fulness of the organ of Time is re- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 249 
 
 markable ; and it is equally so in all the 
 figures of the picture who are engaged in 
 playing on different instruments. Form, 
 Language, Ideality, and Imitation, are well 
 marked. Causality, Comparison, and Num- 
 ber, indicate that Handel possessed in no 
 low degree all the qualities necessary to a 
 profound musician. 
 
 Plate XII. is taken from the bust, by 
 Chantrey, of the late celebrated James 
 Watt, a man whose talents and ingenui- 
 ty have conferred benefits on his country, 
 and on mankind, beyond the reach of esti- 
 mation. The forehead indicates the pos- 
 session of great talent ; Form, Language, 
 Colour, Number, and Constructiveness are 
 all conspicuous. In the profile, the gene- 
 ral contour of the head is very fine. Be- 
 nevolence, Veneration, and Firmness, are 
 prominent. Self-esteem is moderate, and 
 Love of Approbation full. Ideality andlmi- 
 
250 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 tation are likewise large. This head has the 
 indications not only of great genius, but of 
 a character of the most attractive kind; 
 and such a genius, and such a character, 
 James Watt was acknowledged to possess. 
 
 Next to him we have placed the likeness 
 of his friend, also from a bust by Chan- 
 trey ; a man who was beloved in the so- 
 ciety to which he more particularly be- 
 longed, and whose name stood among the 
 highest in the walks of literature and of 
 science. Professor Playfair, notwith- 
 standing his great ability, and strong rea- 
 soning powers, was slow. This proceeded 
 from the large developement of No. 12. 
 and not from want of energy in intellect 
 Form and Locality are well marked ; and 
 with those of Causality, Individuality, Com- 
 parison, and Order, constitute the mathema- 
 tician and astronomer. Number is by no 
 means large; and Mr Playfair was far 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 251 
 
 from being rapid in calculating. The 
 whole forehead is full ; and the depth of 
 the organs great, estimating from the ori- 
 fice of the ear to the forehead, as seen 
 in the profile on Plate XIV. Benevo- 
 lence, Veneration, and Firmness, are promi- 
 nent. No. 10. is no greater than what is 
 necessary to give to a man a proper sense 
 of dignity ; and Conscientiousness is suffi- 
 ciently developed to account for the unde- 
 viating rectitude of Mr Playfair's feelings 
 and actions 3 and for his strong aversion 
 to any symptoms in others, of assuming 
 more to themselves than what was their 
 due. No. 11. is well marked, but 10. is 
 too little to have allowed him to be an ego- 
 tist. Mr Playfair was exceedingly careful 
 in composing for the press ; and his anxiety 
 to elucidate his subject, correctly as well as 
 elegantly, occasioned such delays in his pro- 
 gress, that the world has been deprived of 
 his second geological work, in which his 
 own observations of nature would have 
 
5J52 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 been detailed in a manner most perspi- 
 cuous, while his candour would have been 
 exhibited in a light the most amiable, in 
 the acknowledgment of some changes of 
 opinion, which the facts he had observed 
 had satisfied him were necessary. 
 
 If Phrenology be an accurate Science, it 
 should enable us to determine whether the 
 picture of any celebrated person be correct. 
 Plate XV. is taken from an original pic- 
 ture, in the possession of Colonel Crichton 
 of Edinburgh, of the Admirable Crichton, 
 to whose history the attention of the public 
 has lately been called by the excellent 
 work of Mr P. Tytler. The head, like 
 that of Bacon, is one of an universal ge- 
 nius. From the manner in which the hair 
 lies behind the ear, we may judge that 
 No. 5. was well developed. No. 12. does 
 not appear sufficient to indicate very great 
 prudence ; and it is probable that it was 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 253 
 
 overbalanced by No. 1 1 . while No. 10. was 
 small. Judging from his portrait, had 
 Crichton lived in our times, when science 
 is freed from the trammels of superstition 
 and of dogmatism, he would have been 
 most probably the brightest luminary that 
 Scotland had ever seen. 
 
 Plate XVI. is taken from a lithographic 
 impression made from a drawing, by M. 
 Horace Vernet, of Louvel, while on his 
 trial for having assassinated the Due de 
 Berri. M. Vernet sat considerably eleva- 
 ted above the place where Louvel stood ; 
 and, owing to that circumstance, and the 
 light falling from above, the eyes are not 
 seen. It was found impossible to get the 
 head of Louvel after his execution, or 
 even a cast from it ; the Police of Paris ha- 
 ving resisted the most pressing entreaties. 
 This is much to be regretted, as the head of 
 Louvel appears to have been a most valu- 
 able phrenological specimen. From only 
 
254 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY- 
 
 one view of the head, it is impossible to de- 
 scribe it fully ; but we think it right to 
 give such information respecting the cha- 
 racter and habits of the man as we have 
 procured, scanty as it is. Louvel was a 
 journeyman saddler. He possessed an in- 
 dependent character ; and the love of his 
 country overcame all other considera- 
 tions. He had great presence of mind; but 
 was ill informed, and taciturn. He was 
 very consistent in his reasoning, but un- 
 fortunately the chief subject of it was 
 ill chosen. He admitted that what he had 
 done was a crime, and that he had fre- 
 quently asked himself. Am I right in my 
 determination? He was very cautious, 
 and communicated his plan to no one ; nor 
 did he expect any reward for the destruc- 
 tion of his victim. He even sought to get 
 rid of the idea of the murder he contem- 
 plated, by indulging a strong propensity to 
 travel from town to town. To enable him 
 to do this, he fed himself on bread and 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 255 
 
 water, that he might save as much of his 
 wages as possible. He was very sober. He 
 did not beheve in a future state, nor in the 
 existence of a God. His individual feel- 
 ings appear to have directed all his actions. 
 Such being his character, we find the organ 
 of Firmness large. Individuality and Lan- 
 guage small. Causality and Comparison are 
 pretty well developed, and Conscientious- 
 ness is large ; which last prompted the que- 
 stion, " Am I right ?" Cautiousness is 
 large, and Secretiveness and Destructiveness 
 remarkably so, particularly the last. Lio- 
 cality is very prominent; and Veneration 
 is in small proportion. Although he was 
 not destitute of the feeling of benevolence, 
 it does not appear that he ever gave any 
 proof of its activity. He was never in 
 debt ; a fact arising from his developement 
 of 17. This organ, we have had occasion 
 to observe, is very small in several persons 
 who have borrowed much money, and who 
 make no exertion to repay it. As far, then, 
 
256 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 as we can judge from the portrait of Lou- 
 vel, Nos. 18. 17. 10. (probably 11.) 6. 5. 
 9. 24. and 25. are large ; 13. moderate, 14. 
 15., the sens de marveilleux^ and 19. are 
 small. Such a developement, without the 
 information which education confers, would 
 render vain all attempts to lead Louvel to 
 repent of what he had done. It is evident, 
 that his having killed the Due de Berri 
 was the result of a wrong direction having 
 been given, by some cause which cannot 
 now be discovered, to his love of his coun- 
 try, and his sense of justice, while his large 
 organ of Destructiveness prompted him to 
 obtain what he conceived to be justice for 
 his country by the work of his own hands. 
 His large 18. and 10. would confirm his 
 resolution, and 5. would enable him to exe- 
 cute his purpose. 
 
 A portrait, in profile, of Sandt, the as- 
 sassin of Kotzebue, is in our possession y 
 but it is ill executed, and not aiithentica- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 257 
 
 ted. Nevertheless, No. 6. appears very 
 large ; and it is probable, that the develope- 
 ment in this case was not very dissimilar to 
 that of Louvel, in those respects which led 
 him to become an assassin. Ignorance, 
 however, could not be pleaded in excuse for 
 Sandt. 
 
 The last example we shall give, Plate 
 XVII. is so remarkable, that, without in- 
 forming him whose portrait it was, we put it 
 into the hands of a skilful phrenologist, to try 
 how far it was possible to discover peculiari- 
 ties of feeling and of character. We were 
 much struck with the description, Vv^hich has 
 given us a very high opinion of our friend's 
 skill, as well as of the correctness of the 
 system which we have embraced. The 
 description we have received is as follows : 
 
 '' In this portrait, we discover the indica- 
 tions of very powerful talents ; a man of 
 deep thought ; such a one as might be an 
 able lawyer, speaker, and reasoner ; and the 
 
 R 
 
258 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 development of imitation might assist to 
 render his eloquence powerful, by giving it 
 expression. Benevolence is strong; but 
 there is very little veneration, and very lit- 
 tle hope. Cautiousness is large, and so is 
 destructiveness ; ideality also is full. It is 
 probable that this person is regular, or a 
 man of order and method ; but his reflec- 
 tions must have a gloomy taint ; and his 
 dissatisfaction with the world be consider- 
 able. He is a philanthropist, at least more 
 so than a worshipper ; though he believes 
 probably in natural religion. If this por- 
 trait be correctly drawn, the right side does 
 not quite agree with the left in the region 
 of ideality, and where Dr Spurzheim places 
 the organ, which he has called in French 
 Surnaturalitej or Sens de Marveilleux^ a 
 disposition to believe in what is marvel- 
 lous and improbable. This dissimilarity 
 may have produced something contra- 
 dictory in his feelings, which he may have 
 felt extremely annoying. This person may 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY* S59 
 
 be respected for his talents^ but is not to be 
 envied for his whole developement." 
 
 Such are the remarks of a friend. The 
 portrait is that of a celebrated writer, on 
 some of whose works the following obser- 
 vations have appeared in a Critical Jour- 
 nal : " Whoever has read , 
 
 ^' and there are probably few, even among 
 ** those addicted to graver studies, who have 
 " not perused that celebrated work, must 
 " necessarily be eager to see another ro- 
 *' mance from the hand of the same author. 
 " Of this anxiety we acknowledge we par- 
 '* took to a considerable degree ; not, in- 
 " deed, that we took any pleasure in recol- 
 ** lecting the conduct and nature of the 
 " story ; for murders, and chains, and dun- 
 " geons, and indictment, trial and execu- 
 " tion, have no particular charms for us, 
 " either in fiction or in reality/' — " After 
 
 " , it would be injustice to Mr 
 
 <* _, to mention , where the 
 
 R 2 
 
260 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 " marvellous is employed too frequently to 
 " excite wonder, and the terrible is intro-^ 
 " duced till we have become familiar with 
 " terror." 
 
 DEVELOPEMENT WHICH MAY BE EXPECTED 
 WHEN PERSONS WHOSE CHARACTERS HAVE 
 BEEN PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED ARE OB- 
 SERVED. 
 
 Having brought these Illustrations to a 
 conclusion, we now propose to take leave of 
 the subject, by suggesting what develope- 
 ment may be expected in the configuration 
 of the heads of those persons who show a 
 decided tendency of character, and of some 
 who follow certain professions with success. 
 We have formerly remarked, that to ascer- 
 tain character, (by which is meant Actions,) 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 261 
 
 with precision, by mere observation of de- 
 velopement, is impossible. We can only 
 by this means decide what are the strong- 
 est feelings or propensities of an individual ; 
 and whether it be probable that his higher 
 faculties are or are not sufficient to regu- 
 late both those that are amiable, when un- 
 der the controul of a sound judgment, but 
 productive of evil when left to themselves, 
 and those which, when excessive, it is diffi- 
 cult for the higher powers to command. 
 We can speak only of dispositions, not of 
 actions ; because accidental circumstances 
 may excite to actions quite contrary to or- 
 dinary feeling. The following observations, 
 contained in a letter to Mr Combe, and 
 printed at page 288. of that gentleman's 
 excellent Essays on Phrenology, are wor- 
 thy of attention from every one who wishes 
 to examine the New System with candour, 
 and in a philosophical manner. 
 
262 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGl. 
 
 "The usual test of the system is, in my opi- 
 nion, very tinfair and inconclusive, — that of 
 taking any single organ as a test of its truth. 
 We do not judge of a character by one fea** 
 ture in particular, but by those general 
 features which result from the assemblage 
 of all those talents and sentiments, and dis- 
 positions and actions, and manners, which 
 form the characteristics of man; and of 
 that class in particular in which the indivi- 
 dual, the object of our scrutiny, happens 
 to move ; so, in the same manner^ this 
 system must be proved by trying whether 
 the character agrees in reality with that 
 which you form a priori from the combi- 
 ned comparison of the whole head. Not 
 but I conceive, that when one organ is re- 
 latively more prominent than any other, 
 then we may safely peril our belief in the 
 system by trusting to it as a true indication 
 of a certain prominent feature in the dia- 
 racter, But what I mean is, that we 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 263 
 
 should never infer this without an exami- 
 nation of the whole head ; for, without 
 such an examination, we can neither 
 judge how far this organ is in reaUty 
 more prominent than the rest, or how far 
 there may not exist a fulness in one or more 
 organs besides, and a fulness indicating 
 both activity and power ; and an activity 
 and power of a nature and form which will 
 infallibly prevent the unrestrained opera- 
 tion and exhibition of the one we hastily 
 pronounced upon.'* 
 
 In the cranial configuration of a truly 
 pious, benevolent, and virtuous man, Nos. 1. 
 5. 6. 9. and 10. will be small in proportion 
 to 13. 14. 15. 17. 18. Such a developement 
 produces naturally, and without effort, a vir- 
 tuous, benevolent and religious character ; 
 such a one as is described in Scripture as 
 having no need of repentance. Supposing 
 the five first-mentioned organs to be in larger 
 proportion, and 13. and 14. less ; if 17. and 
 
264 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGYv 
 
 18. are well developed, they will support 
 13. and 14. against the influence of the in- 
 ferior organs. In this case, exertion is re- 
 quired, and the character becomes higher 
 in consequence of successful struggle. Some 
 may be inclined to think that the reflecting 
 faculties should be brought into account ; 
 but it is well known, that many individuals 
 who possess the strongest reasoning powers, 
 are incapable, by their means alone, to re- 
 sist the temptations to which a large deve- 
 lopement of the inferior organs subject 
 them. Our religion, indeed, teaches us 
 that such difficulties exist in our nature, as 
 to require something besides mere reason to 
 overcome them ; and it is remarkable, that 
 we are admonished to struggle in a particu- 
 lar manner against '^ the sin that most easi- 
 " ly besets us." This admonition shews a 
 knowledge of the human constitution, 
 which, when we consider the time, and the 
 condition of the world, when it was deli- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 265 
 
 vered, strongly indicates inspiration. Phre- 
 nology has at length explained how it may 
 happen that one particular sin may beset 
 us, and why extraordinary exertion is ne- 
 cessary to overcome it. We have derived 
 from it, too, a perfect explanation of our 
 Saviour's meaning, when he says, " They 
 ** that are whole need not a Physician, but 
 " they that are sick.' Christ knew our 
 nature ; and all his doctrines, and the whole 
 morality of the New Testament, tend to- 
 wards raising in our estimation, the import- 
 ance of cultivating the higher faculties 
 and of subjugating the inferior propensi- 
 ties. We may observe, that those whose 
 religious feelings border on fanaticism, 
 have, generally, the reflecting faculties 
 small: And it is a fact, that, among 
 those who are sincerely religious, without 
 ostentation, or aiming at singularity ; who 
 do not refuse to enjoy the blessings which 
 their Maker has provided for man; who 
 
266 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 are in society what men ought to be ; we 
 find a much larger amount of genuine 
 talent and sound understanding, than a- 
 mong those who are severe and gloomy, 
 and fanciful ; and whose object seems to 
 be to make religion an object of fear ra- 
 ther than of love. 
 
 Those who are given to flatter others, 
 will be found commonly to be fond of ap- 
 probation themselves; 17. and 9. will pro- 
 bably be found small in such persons. It 
 is easy to discover from whom praise is 
 really of value. No one who has much of 
 17. and 9. will be prone to give applause ; 
 he will be averse to flattery, and ofiended 
 by a compliment intended as flattery^ even 
 should IL be so full as to make him plea- 
 sed when his conduct is approved. In the 
 sycophant^ who is oflSciously attentive, rea- 
 dy to supply every want, and from whose 
 countenance a smile is seldom absent, 8* 
 iand 9, will be found well developed, as well 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS Ot^ PHRENOLOGY. 26f 
 
 as 11. and 17. small. The developement 
 of 9. should be always well observed before 
 conclusions are drawn in any case. 
 
 Habitual liars are sometimes met with. 
 The basis of this propensity to tell lies, is 9. 
 in a state of activity, and unrestrained by 
 17. Various motives may give rise to the 
 habit; No. 8. or 11. or 10. or 6. or all 
 combined, may produce motives for telling 
 lies, which will be more numerous and va- 
 ried, if 16. be in large, and either 12. or 
 14., or both, in small proportion. In the 
 gamester, we may look for much of Nos. 8. 
 and 15. and little of 12. and 13., and proba- 
 bly not much of 17. This character is so 
 nearly allied to that of a thief, that it is 
 scarcely possible to draw a distinction, un^ 
 less it be that the latter has less of 17. and 
 more of 5., and also, perhaps, a less propor- 
 tion of the reflecting faculties, the lower 
 propensities bearing the sway. 
 
968 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 In the murderer, from whatever impul- 
 ses his motives for murder may arise, (and 
 these are various, and often singular,) No. 6. 
 is invariably large. Mr Combe has hint- 
 ed, that this organ may be well developed 
 in the accomplished sportsman ; and it is 
 so, being seldom without the accompani- 
 ment of 1 1 . 
 
 When we meet with a charitable person, 
 one who, according to the ordinary phrase, 
 is good natured, we may expect 13 to be 
 prominent ; but there are persons who are 
 charitable from other motives than pure 
 benevolence, and others whose circumstances 
 do not admit of their gratifying their feel- 
 ing of charity so extensively as they desire. 
 In the truly benevolent character, 8. 9. 10. 
 and 11. will not be large. In a considerable 
 number of those who figure as leaders and 
 speakers in public meetings of charitable 
 institutions, No. 1 1 . is often observed to be 
 considerable, and not always unaccompa- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 269 
 
 nied by a sufficient developement of 9. It 
 has been said, that, in order to provide 
 adequate means to enable the truly bene- 
 volent to do good, the vanity and weakness 
 of the world must be worked upon ; and 
 this is openly avowed. The inference, 
 however, is, that those who thus practise 
 on their neighbours, even although the 
 object be to turn their failings to good ac- 
 count, have not much of 17. ; in other 
 words, that they act dishonourably. 
 
 The character of a miser is more general 
 than is commonly imagined. A man may 
 be a spendthrift in money matters, and yet 
 be a perfect miser in other things. No. 8. 
 does not apply itself to money alone, but 
 to many other things. A man may be be- 
 nevolent and yet be a miser ; he may be 
 strictly virtuous and conscientious, and give 
 every thing with pleasure but some one 
 thing of which he is covetous. What we 
 usually call the hobbies of persons, arise out 
 of a large developement of No. 8., connect- 
 
270 ILLtSTR ATIONS Of PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 ed with that of some other organ. One is 
 a miser in pictures, another in books, a 
 third in collections of cmiosities, a fourth in 
 jewels ; a fifth shews his propensity in a 
 desire to have the sole management of af- 
 fairs ; a sixth desires to possess every thing, 
 for no other object but to have it in his 
 power to bestow liberally. It is astonish- 
 ing how variously the faculty of Acquisi- 
 tiveness, as well as others, operates ; and 
 nothing can possibly exhibit the wisdom of 
 the Creator in a more striking manner, than 
 the variety of direction which is given to 
 the faculties. Without this variety, society 
 would be vapid, the progress of knowledge 
 would be retarded, and the whole world 
 would be at a stand. 
 
 In the spendthrift, the loM^er propensities, 
 and No. 11. will generally be observed in 
 large proportion to 8 ; and the reflecting 
 faculties, and 1 2. will not be very conspicu- 
 ous. 
 
TLLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 271 
 
 Those men who take the lead in societies, 
 and in public affairs, will be found, almost 
 uniformly, to have more of 19. and 29. 
 than of 30. and 31 ; and in every case a 
 very considerable developement of 10. and 
 11. and frequently much of 5. 
 
 Those persons who study Natural His^ 
 tory, and are deeply versed in any of its 
 branches, will be found to have 19. 20. 25. 
 29. and 30. well marked. Natural philoso- 
 phers have all from 19. to 31. inclusive, 
 and for the most part 7. Metaphysicians 
 have 30. and 31. largest, but not always 
 the latter » Poets have uniformly a large 
 developement of 16. and 29* and their 
 writings will tell when they may be ex- 
 pected to have other organs largely deve- 
 loped. Mimics and good actors will be 
 found to have 9. and 33. large. 
 
 In the orator, 29. will be found promi- 
 nent ; and the style of his speeches will be 
 guided by the developement of other or- 
 gans. If he reasons closely, and sticks to 
 
272 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 the facts of his case, the lawyer will pos- 
 sess more of 19. and 31. than of 16. If his 
 speech be ornamented, 16. will be promi- 
 nent. No. 9. gives facility in arguing a 
 case, of the merits of which the pleader 
 may not be quite satisfied ; and, indeed, 
 to make an accomplished lawyer, the savoir 
 faire is indispensable ; and all the higher 
 faculties are necessary to him. 
 
 In all the constructive arts. No. 7. will 
 be found conspicuous ; and the goodness 
 of a mechanic's work will be in proportion 
 to his intelligence in his particular depart- 
 ment, whether order, form, colouring, &c. 
 be chiefly required in the business he pur- 
 sues. 
 
 iMany young men are sent on trial 
 to engravers and other artists, and are 
 found incapable of making any progress ; 
 while others, on the very first attempt, 
 shew great natural aptitude, and become 
 adepts in the art they have chosen to pro- 
 fess, almost without an effort. In the for- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF PHRENOLOGY. 275 
 
 mer, 7. will be found in every instance 
 small, and in the latter large. If 16. be 
 large also, the individual will rise into the 
 higher walks of his profession. If 33. be 
 large, and 16. small, his successful efforts 
 will be confined to copying nature, or what- 
 ever may be set before him. If 7. and 
 20. alone be large, he will be a mere me- 
 chanic. 
 
 In short, to put Phrenology to the test, 
 the student ought to frequent workshops, 
 bridewells, prisons, mad-houses, and every 
 place where certain organs may be expect- 
 ed to be seen in large proportion, and cha- 
 racter determined. The existence of the 
 system depends on facts alone; and al- 
 though it cannot yet be said to be perfect, 
 it is in that state of forwardness, that we 
 may soon expect a rapid approach to its 
 establishment as a science* 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 P, NEILLj PRINTER. 
 
PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 LUKE O'NEIL and SON, Statuaries, 125. Canongate, 
 Edinburgh, 
 
 Respectfully intimate to the Public, Tliat tliey supply Casts 
 of the Human Head, indicating the situations of the different 
 Organs ; and that they have prepared Casts from some of the 
 Skulls delineated in the Work of Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart, 
 who has put a large collection of Casts into the possession of 
 L. O'N. & Son, for the purpose of enabling them to supply Col- 
 lections as they may be ordered. The following is a Catalogue 
 of the Collection, w^hich may be seen at 125. Canongate. 
 
 1. Burke; a head — Procured by Mr Donkin of London. 
 
 2. A man who was hanged at York for murder ; a head. Do. 
 
 3. A French M. D. a head — Procured by Dr Spurzheim. 
 
 4. Right Hon. Wm. Pitt ; a mask taken after death — Mr D. 
 
 5. Dean, who murdered a child at the Elephant and Castle ; 
 
 a head. This individual was insane. — Mr D. 
 
 6. A Skull, having Veneration well marked — Dr S. 
 7- Edwards, an engraver ; a head — Mr D. 
 
 8. The companion of Dr Gall, whose configuration led to 
 
 the formation of the system ; a mask — Dr S. 
 9- Mitchell, hanged for having murdered his sweetheart ; Ji 
 
 head— Dr S. 
 10. Hanged for having murdered a child at Nottingham; a 
 
 head — Mr D. 
 11- Skull of a Turk— Dr S. 
 12. Skull of Hippolite, a Charib Chief— Dr S. 
 IS. A Skull from Brazil— Dr. S. 
 
 14. Skull of an old woman, shape remarkable — Dr S. 
 
 15. Skull of La Fontaine — Dr S. 
 
 16. Head of an idiot — Dr S. 
 
 17. Skull of an American Indian — Dr S. 
 
 18. Skull of a New-Hollander— Dr S. 
 
 19. The Skull of a cunning debtor, mentioned in Dr S's. work* 
 
 20. The Skull of a German, of a remarkable shape — Dr S. 
 
 21. Dr Helte; a head, remarkable for Benevolence, Conscien- 
 
 tiousness, and Love of Approbation — Dr S. 
 
 22. Locky, a murderer ; a head — Mr D. 
 
 23. Head of an idiot — Dr S. 
 
 24. The Skull of a milliner of Vienna, mentioned in Dr S's. 
 
 work. 
 
 25. The Skull of a buffoon— Dr S. 
 
 26. The Skull of an American — Dr S. 
 
 27. The Skull of an Esquimaux— Dr S. 
 
 28. The Skull of a Negro— Dr S. 
 
 29. The Skull of a Mummy... Dr S. 
 SO. A long Skull— Dr S, 
 
31. The Skull of Bellingham, who shot Mr Perceval— Dr S. 
 
 32. The Skull of a Negro— Dr S. 
 
 33. The Skull of a Mummy— Dr S. 
 
 34. The Skull of a Gentoo— DrS. 
 
 35. The Skull of Raphael— Dr S. 
 
 36. Toussaint, a Negro, who pretended to be the Son of the 
 
 Chief of St Dommgo— Mr D. 
 
 37. Head of a Frenchman ; Individuality large — Dr S. 
 
 38. Head of an Artist — Dr S. 
 
 Sg. Haydn ; a mask taken from a bust at Vienna — Dr S. 
 
 40. Mask of Humboldt, brother of the Traveller — Dr S. 
 
 41. Mask of Mr Roscoe of Liverpool — Dr S. 
 
 42. Mask from the Calculating Boy of Vienna— Dr S. 
 
 43. Mask from the Calculating Boy of Bath — Dr S. 
 
 44. Mask of Sir Isaac Newton — Mr D. 
 
 45. Mask, organ of Language large — Dr S 
 
 46. Mask from Oliver Cromwell — Mr D. 
 
 47- Mask of M. Brunei, the celebrated Mechanist — Dr S. 
 
 48. Sir James Edward Smith, President of the Linnean So- 
 
 ciety — Dr S. 
 
 49. Skull of a New-HoUander- Dr S. 
 
 50. Fraser, a Scotchman, resident in London : Individuality 
 
 remarkable — Mr D. 
 
 51. Mask of Voltaire— Dr S. 
 
 52. Skull of Carnimbeigle, a New-Holland Chief, describecl 
 
 by Sir G. Mackenzie. 
 
 53. Skull, having the Organs marked ; ditto. 3s. 
 
 54. Skull, plain ; ditto. 3s. 
 
 55. Miss Clara Fisher, the celebrated Juvenile Actress; a 
 
 head. 
 
 56. Buonaparte, — small, — Organs marked. 
 
 57. Head, with Organs marked — Dr S. 
 
 58. Cast of the Brain. 
 
 Additions will be made to this Collection from time to, 
 time ; and such Gentlemen as possess Skulls of remarkable 
 characters, or authenticated Casts ; or who have opportunities 
 of taking casts either before or after the death of individuals 
 eminent for their talents or characters, or of persons con- 
 victed of crimes ; will confer a benefit on the Science by com- 
 municating with L. O'N. & Son, and permitting them to take 
 casts or copies. 
 
 Single Casls qf any of the above supplied. — Prices from Is. 6d. 
 to 5s. each, according lo the Size. — Se?it in Boxes to the Country, 
 when required. ' ' 
 
 Nov. 1820. 
 
Works Published by 
 Archibald Constable & Company, 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 I. TRAVELS in the ISLAND of ICELAND, during the 
 summer of the year 1810. By Sir George Steuart Mac- 
 kenzie, Bart. F. R. S. Ed., &c. &c. &c. In 1 volume 4to. With 
 Maps, and upwards of 30 Engravings, many of which are 
 coloured in the best manner. Second Edition. Price L. 3, 3s. 
 hoards. 
 
 IL The POETICAL WORKS of Sir WALTER SCOTT, 
 Baronet, now first collected. 1^ Volumes, foolscap octavo; 
 with a Portrait of the Author, L. 3, 12s. boards. 
 
 III. MISCELLANEOUS POEMS. Octavo, 14s. boards. 
 
 This Volume contains the Bridal of Triermain, Harold the Dauntless, 
 « William and Helen," imitated from the " Lenore" of Burger, and all 
 the smaller Pieces, collected for the first time in the recent edition of the 
 Author's Poems. It is printed uniformly with the Octavo Editions, in or- 
 der to accommodate pvirchasers of sets of Sir W. Scott's Poetry in that 
 size, which this volume will complete. 
 
 IV. SIR TRISTREM, a metrical Romance of the Thir- 
 teenth Century. By Thomas of Erceldoune, called the Rhy- 
 mer. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 15s. boards. 
 
 V. The MINSTRELSY of the SCOTISH BORDER. 
 Consisting of Historical and Romantic Ballads. Fifth Edition. 
 S vols. 8vo. L. 1, l6s. boards. 
 
 VI. The LAY of the LAST MINSTREL. Thirteenth 
 Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. boards. 
 
 VII. BALLADS and LYRICAL PIECES. Fifth Edition. 
 Svo. 7s. 6d. boards, 
 
 VIII. MARMION, a Tale of Flodden-Field. mnth Edi^ 
 tion. Svo. 14s. boards. 
 
 IX. The LADY of the LAKE, a Poem. Eleventh Edition. 
 8vo. 14s. boards. 
 
 X. ROKEBY, a POEM. Sixth Edition. Svo. 14s. boards, 
 
 XI. The VISION of DON RODERICK— The FIELD of 
 WATERLOO— and other Poems. Svo. 10s. 6d. boards. 
 
 XII. The LORD of the ISLES, a Poem. Fifth Edition. 
 8vo. 14s. boards. 
 
 XIII. The BRIDAL of TRIERMAIN, and HAROLD 
 the DAUNTLESS, two Poems. Svo. 10s. 6d. boards. 
 
 XIV. The WORKS of JONATHAN SWIFT, D. D. Dean 
 of St Patrick's, Dublin, containing additional Letters, Tracts, 
 and Poems, not hitherto published ; v/ith Notes, and a Life of 
 the Author. Handsoynely printed, 19 vols. Svo. With a Por- 
 trait and other Plates. L. 9 : 19 : 6 boards. 
 
 XV. PAUL'S LETTERS TO HIS KINSFOLK, being a 
 Series of Letters from the Continent in the year 1815. Fourth 
 Edition. Svo. 12s. boards. 
 
Works Published by A. Constable & Co. 
 
 XVI. NOVELS and TALES of " THE AUTHOR OF 
 WAVERLY, " comprising Waverly, Guy Mannering, the 
 Antiquary, Rob Roy, Tales of My Landlord, Jirst, second, and 
 third Series, with a copious Glossary. 12 Volumes. 8vo. 
 Beautifully Printed by Ballantyne. L, 1[, 4s. boards. 
 
 XVIL ILLUSTRATIONS of the NOVELS and TALES 
 of « THE AUTHOR OF WAVERLY/' in 12 Prints, after 
 original Designs by William Allajst, and Engraved in the first 
 style of the art. 
 
 New Editions of 
 
 XVIII. WAVERLY ; or, 'Tis Sixty Years Since. S Vols. 
 L. 1, Is. boards. 
 
 XIX. GUY MANNERING; or. The Astrologer. 3 Vols. 
 L. 1, Is. boards. 
 
 XX. The ANTIQUARY. S Vols. L. 1, 4s. boards. 
 
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 4 Vols. L. 1, 8s. boards. 
 
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 boards. 
 
 XXIV. TALES OF MY LANDLORD, Third Series, 
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 L. 1, 4s. boards. 
 
 XXVII. The ABBOT. 3 Vols. 12mo. L. 1, 4s. boards. 
 
 XXVIII. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of DISCOVERIES 
 and TRAVELS in AFRICA, from the earliest Ages to the pre- 
 sent Time ; including the substance of the late Dr Leyden's 
 Work on that Subject. By Hugh Murray, F. R. S. E. Se- 
 cond Edition, enlarged. 2 Vols. Svo. With Maps. L. 1, 7s. bds. 
 
 XXIX. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of DISCOVERIES 
 and TRAVELS in ASIA. By Hugh Murray, F. R. S. E. 
 3 Vols. Svo. With Maps. L. 2, 2s. boards. 
 
 XXX. JOURNAL of a Tour and RESIDENCE in GREAT 
 BRITAIN, during the years ISIO and 1811. By Louis Si- 
 MOND. Second Edition. Corrected and Enlarged. To which 
 is added, an Appendix on France, written in December 1815 
 ^nd October 1816. In 2 Vols. Svo. L. 1 : 11 ; 6 boards. 
 
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