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a i 'm^m'*-. -u 1' .[L.tM.-' • iL .jn.--.«v ■■■iiTiM i— , ^i, .. . ~-'^e 
 
 THE ORIO-IN 
 
 ~ANB— 
 
 mM aiGBTs OF Alt mn, 
 
 AND THEIR 
 
 POWER TO PROICT & COVIN THEMSELVES. 
 
 -J!i.XjSO- 
 
 THE FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL GOVERNMENT, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 Origin of the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 BT £1.1 It. I.££I>S, ESn 
 
 BATAVIA, OHIO: 
 
 f«WXSLEV A OREBAVGH, PBI^TERS. 
 
 1867. 
 
.^f 
 
 THE O K I G- 1 N 
 
 ._AN'D— 
 
 IQU.U SIGHTS OF ail t^Wl 
 
 A :; n r ii K i n 
 
 [0 
 
 mtl'J 
 
 fwmi mm 
 
 m\\ lii 
 
 ^X^'SC 
 
 1/ 
 
 THE FORMATION OF THE QRiGlNAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Jf.(JLc/Ui [U^ ji./ 
 
 
 Orichi of the Constitution of the United State?. 
 
 V 
 
 TvaTAA J A. ( )1 I 10 = 
 tuv'i. \-: !:\ f«r «iri! I' vr:(;it. »•l:l^ r> "• 
 
 00 / .. 
 

 Enlcred nccording to Act of Congress, ia the year 1867, 
 
 BY ELI R. LEEDS, 
 
 la the Clerk's Office of die District Court of the U. S. for the Southern 
 District of Ohio. 
 
O 0? I 2T I O IsT 
 
 ELI 
 
 R. LEEDS, ESQUIRE, 
 
 OF I3^TST^]\J, OHIO. 
 
 If any generation of men ever pos- 
 sessed tlie right of dictating tlio 
 mode by which the world should Ik 
 govornpd forever, it was the first 
 generation that existed; and if thai 
 generation did not do it, no succeed- 
 ing generiition can shpv^' any author- 
 ity for doing it. nor set any up. 
 
 The ilkuniuating and divine prin- 
 i:iples of the equal rights of man — 
 (for it has its origin from the JMakcr 
 of man) — relates, not only to tlie 
 living individuals, but to generations 
 of men succeeding each other. Ev- 
 ery generation is equal in rights to 
 I lie generation which praoeded it. 
 by tiie same rnlc that every individ- 
 ual is born equal in rights with liis 
 cotoraporar}'. Every hi^ttory of the 
 creation, and every traditionary ac- 
 count, whether from the lettered or 
 imlettercd world, however they may! 
 vary in their opinion or beli'-'f o!i 
 certain particulars, all agree in es- 
 tablishing one point — the unity of 
 man ; by which I mean that man is 
 all of one degree, and consequently; 
 that all men are born equal, and 
 with equal natural riglits, in the! 
 saaie manner as if posterity bad con- 
 tinaoi by creation instead ot gener- 
 ation, the latter being only the mode 
 V»y which the former is carried for- 
 ward; and, consequently, every 
 child born into the world must be 
 :'0nsidered as deriving its existence 
 iVom God. 
 
 Tno world is as new to him as it 
 was to the first man that existed, 
 and his natural right in it is of thi- 
 same kind. 
 
 The Mosaic account of the crea 
 tion, whether taken as divine au- 
 thority or merely historical, is fu!ly', 
 
 up to this point — the imity or cfpial 
 ity of man. The expressions admit 
 of no controversy : 
 
 "And God said, let us make man 
 in our own imafc In the imago of 
 God created He Him; male and fe- 
 .nale, created lie them." 
 
 The distinction of sexes is pointed 
 out, but no other distinction is even 
 implied. If this be not divine, but 
 history, it is at least historical au- 
 thority, and shows that the equali- 
 ty Qf man, so far from being a mod- 
 ern doctrine, is the oldest upon rec- 
 iord. 
 
 ' It is dao to be observed that all 
 the religions known in the world 
 are founded, so far as they relate to 
 man, on tlie unity of man, as being 
 !all of one degree. Whether in heav- 
 en or in hell or in whatever state man 
 !may bo supposed to exist hereafter, 
 jthe good and the bad are the only 
 'distinctions. Nay, even the laws of 
 Governments are obliged to slide 
 into this principle by making de- 
 ;gr?es to consist in crimes, and not 
 in persons. It is one of the great 
 est' of all truths, and of the highest 
 advantage to cultivate. By consid 
 ering man in this lign: : nd by in 
 structing him to consider iiiraself in 
 this light it places him in a cIo.se 
 'connection with all hi? duties, wheth 
 'er to his Creator or to th'^ creation 
 lof which be is a part ; and it i.s only 
 when he foi^^ets his origin, 
 or, to use a more fasbioua 
 hie phrase, his birth and 
 family that he becomesdissohite. I< 
 is not among the least of the evilt; o: 
 ithe prcscnt'oxisting Governments iu 
 lall parts of Europe, liiat man, con 
 ■jidered as man, is thrown back to a 
 
vast distance from his Maker, and 
 the artificial cliarm filled up by a 
 succession of barriers, or a sort of 
 turnpike gates, through wliich be 
 iias to [lass. The duty of man is not 
 a wilderness of tiirnpilve gates, 
 through v/hich ho is to pass by tick- 
 ets from one to the other. It is 
 plain and simple, and consists but 
 ot' two points. His duty to God, 
 which every man must feel ; and res- 
 pect to his neighbor, to do as he 
 would be done by. If those to whom 
 j)0wer is delegated do well, they will 
 be respected ; if not, they will be 
 despised; and with regard to those 
 to whom no power is delegated, but 
 who assume it, the rational world 
 can know nothing of them. Hither- 
 to Vv'e have spoken ouly (and that 
 but in part,) of the natural rigiits of 
 man. We have now to consider the 
 civil }'igl\ts of man, and to show how 
 the one originated out of the other. 
 
 From this short review, it will be 
 easy to distinguish between tliat 
 clas.s of natural rights which iu.':id 
 retains after entering into society, 
 and those vv'hieh he tiirows into com- 
 mon stock as a member of society. 
 The natu.'.'l rights which he retains 
 are all thosf, ia which the power to 
 execute is as {perfect in the individ- 
 ual as the right itself. Among this 
 class, as is before mentioned, are all 
 intellectual rights, or rights of the 
 mind; consequently, religion is one 
 of those rights. 
 
 The natural rights which arc not 
 retained, are all those in which, 
 though the right is perfect in the 
 indiviJiJial, tlie power to execute 
 them is defective. They answer 
 not his purpose. A man by natural 
 rights, has a right to judge in his 
 own cause; and so far as the right 
 of the mind is concerned, he never 
 surrenders it, but what avails it him 
 
 Mau did not enter into society tojto judge, if he has not power to 
 become worse than he was before,j,ejj.e9s it. He therefore deposits 
 nor to have less rights than he had tijjg j.j,,!.. j^ the comm-on stock of 
 
 before but to have those riglits bet 
 tor secured. His natural rights are 
 the foundation of all his civil rights. 
 But in order to pursue this distinct- 
 ion witli more precision, it is neces- 
 
 society, and fakes tlie arm of society 
 of which he is a part, in preiereucc 
 and in addition to iiis own. Society 
 grants hi.m nothing. Every mau in 
 I proprietor in societ}^ and draws 
 
 ■u-y to mark the different qualities o^ ^,q capital as a matter of right. 
 
 •of natural and ei'dl rights. A ievv 
 words will explain tliis. Natural 
 rights are those which always ap- 
 l)ertain to mau in right of his exist 
 •ence. 
 
 Of this kind are all the intellect- 
 ual rights, or rights of tiie mind. 
 
 From these premises, two or three 
 certain conclusions v/iU follow : 
 
 1st. That everj' civil right grows 
 out of a natural right; or in other 
 words, is a natural right exchanged. 
 
 2nd. The civil power properly 
 
 and also all those rights of acting ask^onsidered as such is made up of 
 iio. individual for his own comfortj^he aggregate of tlie class of the na- 
 and happiness, which are not injur- tural rights of man, which becomes 
 
 ions to the riglits of othez's — civil 
 rights are tlios.o whicli appertain to 
 man in right o.f his being a member 
 
 defective in the individual in point 
 of power, and answers not his pur- 
 pose, but when collected to a focus. 
 
 'M- society. Every .civil right hasj^^scomefi competent to the purpo&e 
 t«r its foundation some natura]k>^ *^'^'*-'0' t^'""-'- 
 
 right pre-existing in the individnalj Srd. That the power produced by 
 but to which his indivjduai pov/er is the aggregate of natural rights, im - 
 not in all cases teuOlcicntly eompe ;)erfect in j)Ower in the individual, 
 toilet, cannot be applied to invaoe the nat- 
 
 Of this kind arc all those which ural rights which are retained in the 
 rcjate to security and profcc«::uou.iiadividual, and in which the power 
 
lo execute is as perfect as the right not the act of its Government, but 
 iLjiclf. o'" the people const! tutinp; u Goveru 
 
 We have now in a few words tra-'nuiit. Ills the body of eloinentf? 
 ocd man from a natural individual lo to which you c.ui refiu- and quote 
 u member of society, and slunvn.iarticle after article, and coutaiuM the 
 or endeavored to show the quality principles upon wliich the Govern- 
 of the natural rights rctaineil audinent shiill be established — the torrii 
 of those which are exchanged for in whicli it sliall be organized— tiiM 
 civil rights. powers it shall have — the mode of 
 
 Let us now apj-ly those principles elections — the duration of ti;::c any 
 tO"-ovcrnraent. It lias been thought'one should serve, or the powers 
 a considerable advance toward cs-jwliich the Kxccutivc part of thii 
 tablishing the principles of frpedora, Government shall have — and in fine, 
 to say that government is a compact everything tliat relates to the com- 
 botween those who govern and thoselplete organization of u civil Govern - 
 who are governed, but this cannot ment, and the principles on wliicli 
 
 be true, because it is putting the 
 elfect before the cause, for as man 
 must have existed before govern- 
 ments existed, tlierenecessardy was 
 
 it shall act, and by which it shall bo 
 bound. A constitution, therefore, 
 is to a Government what the law.s 
 made afterwards bv that Govern- 
 
 a time when governments did uoijment are to a court of judicature, 
 exist, and consequently there couldj The court of jndicaturc does not 
 originally exist no government tojmake laws; neither can it alter 
 form such a compact with. jthem ; and the Government is in 
 
 The fact therefore must be, thatjUkc manner governed by the con - 
 the individuals tlievaselves, each injstitiition. 
 
 his own personal and sovereign! The Am.erican people do not un- 
 tight entered into a compact withderstand their constitution ; neither 
 eaX'h other to produce agovernmGnt,;the national compact. The pcr-ious 
 and this is the only mode in which|so met were not a constitution, but 
 
 governments have a riglit to be es- 
 i.aV)lished; and the only principle 
 on which tiie}" have a right to exist. 
 To possess ourselves of a cleai 
 
 a convention to make a constitution. 
 The national convention of the tliir- 
 teen original States formed the na- 
 
 _. _. tional 'compact; the members of it, 
 
 ideaof what governNient is. or ought were the delegates of the nation in 
 to be. we must trace it to its oriiiin. 'its original character; future cou- 
 In doing this we fshall easily clis-iventions would be the delegates ot 
 cover that Governments must havejthe nation in its organized charac- 
 uriseu. either out of the people, orlter. When in its organized charac- 
 over the people. lUit it v>ill he lirstter, and a constitntion made,^and a 
 iieee.ssary to deline what is meant by clause contained within itself in its 
 a constitution. It is not aumcienl|origiual form for its own amendment, 
 that we adopt the words ; we mustiand a si.ecial article for its own rat- 
 ;ix also a stand;i,-d signification to'ilication contained therein. A con^ 
 it. A constitution is not a thing inistitution in its originid form wi'l 
 name onlv. !»tit in fact. It has not'poiut out the mode by which sucii 
 nn ideal, 'but a real existence; andjalterations shall be made, and wncn 
 wherever it can not be produced in'they may be done, and not leave u 
 a vi-^ible form, there is none. Aito the discretionary power ot tao 
 constitution is a thing antecedentjfuture Government. A government 
 lo a Government, and a Government'on the firm principles on which Ct^u- 
 is only ihc creature of a constitu-'stitntional Governments arising out 
 tioij. jof society arc established, can noc 
 
 T':.^ coastitution of a countrv irihave the right of altering itsel:'. if 
 
it had it would be arbitrary ; itanJ of right ought to be, free antt 
 migiit make itself what it pleased ;, independent States," etc., etc., t\.nd 
 svnd wherever such a right is set up, iou Thnrsda}-, the 4th of July, the 
 it shows that there is no coustitu-jwhole Declarat'on of ^Independence 
 tion. jhaving been agreed upon, it was 
 
 The right of reform is in the na;publicly read to the people, Short- 
 tion in its original character, andily after, on the '9Lh September, it 
 the constitutional method would beiwas resolved that the v.'ords, "L'nit- 
 by ti general convention elected for|pd Colonics," should be no longer 
 the purpose. That all men meaujused, and that the '-United States of 
 distinct and separate things vv hen] America" should thenceforward be 
 the}' talk of constitutions and of gov-ithe style and title of the Union, 
 ernraents, is evident; or why arej On Saturday', the i5th November, 
 those terms distinctly and &eparate-!l777, "articles of confederation and 
 ly used ? A con.'titutiou is not theiperpetual union of the United State-i 
 act of a government, but of a peoplejof America" 'w'ere agreed to by tite 
 constituting a government; and alStates' delegates, subject to the rati- 
 governmeut without a constitutionjficatioii of the States severally. 
 is power without a right : all powerjEight of the States ratified these ar- 
 exercised over a nation must have;ticle3 on the 9th July, 1778, one on 
 some beginning. It must be either|the 21st July, one on the 24th July, 
 delegated or assumed. There are one on the 2Gth November of ti;!* 
 no other sources. All delegateu.same year, one the :22d February, 
 power is trust, and all assumed po\v-|1779, and the last one on the Ist 
 «ris usurpation. Time does not al-JMarch, 1781. • Here was a bond of 
 tcr the nature and quality of either. iunion between thirteen Independ- 
 
 In reviewing- this subject, the|ent States, whose delegates in Coi-i- 
 cause and circumstances of America'gress legislated foi the general wol- 
 jiresent themselves as in the begin- fare, and executed certain powers^, 
 ning of a world; and our inquiry so far as they were permitted b}- the 
 into the Ofrigin of government is|articles aforesaid. The following 
 shortened by referring to the -factsjare the names of the Presidents of 
 that have arisen in the days of our'the Continental Congress, from 1774 
 revolutionary lathers. It may not to 1778 -: 
 
 be improper to re^nind ,the reader Peyton Randoljih, Va.. 5th Sept., 1774. 
 that the United States consists of J,^*-'"'^ Middleron, S. Car.,22aOct., "_ 
 fi;,.fnrirv Qtof/,c „„ I f I • I 4. X Peyton Kaudoii)l!,Va., llitn May. 17/ :>. 
 th I teen States, each ot which cstab ,^J,,, Huncoek. Mass., ii^th '• 177»v. 
 lished a government for itself, afteri llenrv l.aureii.s. 8. Car., l.^t Xov.,lV7;. 
 
 the Declaration of Independeijee of 
 the 4th of July, 177G. 
 
 On Monday, the 5th September. 
 1774, there were assembled at Car- 
 Ijenter's Eall, in the city of Philiidel 
 phia, a number of men who had 
 heen cl o.sen and appointed by t'lo 
 rieverul colouie.s in ^v'orth Ameriea, 
 to hold a Congress for the {mrpose 
 of discussing certain grievances ini-|i:ablished as follows: At Philadel- 
 liutcd against the ilother country. jjihia, Penn., commencing Sept. 5ch, 
 Tijis CNmgress resolved on the next|1774, and Mav 10th, 1775; at Balti- 
 'lay tliat each colony sljonld havelmore, ]\Id., Dec. 20fch, 1776 ; atPtiil- 
 one voteonl^y. On Thursday, thejatlelphia, Penn., March 4th, 1777; 
 2d July, 177tJ, the Congress resolv-iat Lancaster. Penn., .Sept. 27th. ]777 ; 
 •fid, ••that thcve United Colouio^ .are, 'at Yor.k. Peuii., Ss-pl. S^th, 1777; at 
 
 John Jn3'. New York, 10th Dec., 177^. 
 Sam"! llnntiiixtou.Ct., 2yth Sep.. 177'J. 
 Thoma.-i McKean. Del., 10th July, 17j-;1. 
 John Ifunson, Md.. 5th Nov., 1781. 
 EHus Boudinot, N". J., 4t!i " 17g--\ 
 Thoniii.- Milllhi. Penn., M " 17.S;{. 
 Elchard Henry Lee, Vu.. 30 •• llii. 
 Nath'l Oorhani. :M:iS5., €'Ji Jan., i78i;. 
 Arthur St. Clair, Penn.. -li] Keb., ]7.S7. 
 Cyrus Griffin, V'irgnii.u, 22J J.sn., 178!-. 
 Tlic seat of "zovernment wase-- 
 
rhih^<:lol))hia, Pi'tiu.. July lid, 1778 -^liUll bo euUtlotl tu choose lUrc. . 
 :it Friiict-ton, N. J., June 3(.)lh, 178:^ ;|iIassachuacUd eigUL, Rhode UIuikI 
 .•It AunapiiHH-, Jkl., Xov. 27lb, 178;] ;|and riovulencu Plantation-j ono, 
 :a Trenton, N. J., Nov. 1st, 1781 ;jConncctieut live, New York six, New 
 and at Xov/ Yor!c City, N, Y , J:iu.jJersoy Tour, I'ouusylvauia v.'v^iv . 
 llUi. 1785. Delawiiro Olio, -Miwyhind six, Vir;;iii- 
 
 The coustitution was tJ-dopted ouiia ton. North Carolina live, S-j.iV.: 
 (!ie i7Lh Sei^t/, 1787, by the coi:ven Carolijia live, and Georgia liir ■..• 
 .ion appointed in ijur'suanoc ofthej Thin apporlionmeut, schl. Ironi 
 resolution of the Con!2;ress of Lhel these States, .sixty-Qvc Reiiroson:-. 
 Confederation of the i>lst February,!tiverf inlr) the Congress of the f 
 1787, and ralilied by the eoin-cntii;ns|State3,— l.y/ clause o/stdloa o, 
 J f the .States as folio v,-,: ^clelst. 
 
 Bv(un.of l.'elaware. HU T}oc..l7S7. -The Senate of the Uaite>l 
 
 . I'en'asylVaiiui. 12th •• ]7,>7.lshall be composed ot two ScnuL-ns 
 
 Now Jersey. ISth " 17S7.j from ^aeli State, by the Lcgisidtiu 
 
 s.jir.ii C;ii-olui;i, '2;! Jlay ITSS.jthe Congress of the United *^ 
 Vewmuirpshire,21 JnnT788. The thirteeu original Stat- 
 vu-<riniii. 'iotli June, l<h8. ., o* i 4U * i i^i.^^t 
 
 New York. 2(>th Julv, M^'^^'^ States that send delegate . ■ 
 Nortlirarolina.iH Xuv.lTSO.luational co:iventiou, appoin'.e.l ii 
 Ithode Island. 29 May, 171)0 ;pur3uauce of the rcsolntiou uf (.'o:. 
 'Die above named States are the'gress of the Confederation of l:. . 
 thirteen oi'iginal States, which forni-plst Februnry, 1787, 
 <■({ the Union, or the United Stales,]' On the 4th Mareh 1789, the prcs- 
 aud are tlie included Stateis, accord- ent Constitution which had lu ■ u 
 iug'to'the tliird elaase of the second. adopted by a convention and i-i':!- 
 sedJHoo. of the first article. It read&:by the requisite huniber of 
 thus^: went into operasiou, (Coiv 
 
 '•Representatives and direct taxes;their first session under tlie ' 
 shall be a])portionetI among the sev-'tution. held in the city of X*. ■ 
 eral State?, which may be included|in 1789, proposed to the Lec;i.->i:i''M ; 
 within this Union, according toiof the several States twelve an.i-::. ■ 
 their respective numbers, whichlments) ten of which only were:. doc- 
 shall be determined by ad |ed. Tlicy are the first ten of i ; • 
 ding to the whvde number old'ollowing amendments; and >!•..• 
 free persons, including those boundiwere ratified by lhrce-fourth^. n..- 
 •o service for a term of ^^eurs, andjConstitntional r.umber of theSltiU-^. 
 excluding Indians not taxed, three-iou the 15th day of Decembr.-. 1 '!>-i. 
 fifth of .ail utlier persons. The act !Thc 11th amendment was pi -i ed 
 ual enuniei-aiion shall be made with-|atthe first .--ession of the tliird • ":i 
 in tliree yecas alter the lirst meetin<;|gress, and wa.s declared in a iJ'/f ";• ;- ' 
 of ihe Congress of the United States, from the President- of the- v.i..;c-t 
 iiud witldn every subsequent termjStates to both Houses of Conui -• , 
 of ten years, in such manner as they dated tlie Sth of Januray, I . 
 f<haU l)y law direct. jhave been adopted by the < c 
 
 "The number of representativesitional uuniOer of States. Thi- .-. 
 shall not exceed one for every thir 'amendment, which was propo.«i .. 
 ty thousand, but eaoa Stat'e sh^dljthe first session of the eighth ' '■ 
 have at least one Representative :jgress, was adopted by the Ci'i:- 
 and until such enumerations shall beitional number of-.States. in t. 
 made, the Stiitc of New JIe.m.rj^!:ire|lSC4, accordii^g to ;v public :.. 
 
s 
 
 ^y the Secretary of State, dated theifciie Negroes, — artldi: IM, 1.'^ clause or 
 _:'•'. h of September, 1804.) \(he confederation. 
 
 AJUEND3IENTS. | '^^^^ reader will notice in a fev, 
 
 ■ To the Constitution of the ITnlled^^^]^^^ ^'^^ "*^''i* excepted under the 
 
 S .'i':i, ratified accordlnr/'io the 2>rouls.Y^'^^^^'^^ ^^ ^^'^ conlederation, and 
 
 -.. > of the fifth article of the foregoin'jf''^^-^ whetlierjhey cnn be constructed 
 
 '' ■■■•.isiituiion. 
 
 f!' the first twelve amcndifleats. 
 V. iiieli have been added to the Con- 
 i-'iitution, as a part, have become a 
 I'Mjtofthe Cunstifctition, tliei'C are 
 
 to mean all Negroers, ''paupers. vM£r 
 aboads, and fugitives from justice." 
 This class of persons were not al- 
 lowed the priveleges and iramunities. 
 as free citi/.ens in the several States. 
 
 ji- other amendments that can be ^^ panper is a public charge, a vaga 
 
 < ' ..nstitntioual accurdiu-- to the pro-|^f>ii^^ ^« :^" unsettled person, without 
 
 visions of the 5th article. W^Y particular honie. and a fugitive 
 
 The Convention met Congres.'^ aii^'^'^^^ J"S^ice is one who has becu 
 I'inladelphia in'renusylvania, and itj^^l^arged w:ith treason, felony, oroth- 
 AUb composed of 40 delegates, whichj^^; cnme, according to the 2?id clause. 
 ••vnrc not in any manner connected '/^-^e -«"^ sectloa of the itk article. 
 ■'■Jlli the government. Waihiugtou,| -'A person charged in any Statt* 
 'iiuhad I'esigued his generalship, jwitli treason, felony or other crime, 
 
 ;is in no way engaged with theiwho sliall tlee from justice, and b(^ 
 .^'.'vernment, neither with Congress. |i;ound in an other State, shall, on 
 -iiui he was appointed President ofdemand of the executive authoriiy 
 tljir convention. The persons so met,{of the state from which he tied, be 
 vnw-c not a Coustitutiou, but a con-idelivered up, to be removed to the 
 Nr-ntion to make a Constitution, jstate having jurisdiction of the 
 
 'i'lie national convention,, strictlylcrime." 
 speaking, was the personal social! This clause does not charge anv 
 ..•vmpaet. The members of it were '.tlier persons than males, not het", 
 • he delegates of the nation in its or^lij;,t ho, if pi?oven to l)e guiity of tl.>^ 
 igiual character; future conventumsierimc charoed against him," by tho 
 :"re the delegates of the nation iu.itsjia\v3 of his'State, he Aviil be senten 
 ovgiuiized character. \^^^ to be kept at liard labor, for :i 
 
 ^ inthis compact, they agreed tojterm of years in the State in which 
 iiif; Constitution in its original form, jjq ijves," 
 
 "■•vbieh is composed only of sevem „.,..,, 
 ,,,-.1^, ,■ , n , ,.;' -, , . j !No individual can set, ui) anv 
 
 ;-'i'uMes. — aiuUcio 1st, section \.sL , • <■ .., ■ . , , . " 
 
 elaim tor this uian s lal-or, unless. 
 
 ^All J.egislative powers herein, ^j^^^pii^^ into an other. beSorc his 
 
 uitcd. -shtdl be vested m a Con-it,.;.;^ .^f years has expired, he as a:i 
 
 ga-ssot tlie liuited Stales, vvluchUji^er inav claim him for the State, 
 
 Knall consist ol a senate and Houses,, which labor mav be due.-i/!// c/fl?/.vc-^ 
 
 <-'i Iteoresentatives. 
 
 if (he 2>id secd'jn, of the AtJi article. 
 
 liic representation, tlirough ap-l "]v^-o poj-sou h(.],l to service or la 
 
 Ij^rtionmeut in Its ongmalb^-ni. wasj,,,j. i^ ^^^^^ gtate, under the law-, 
 
 ..t.sed upon three clascs, iirst. free (,ii^.,.^.„f, escaping into another, shall 
 
 persons, second, those b.>un<l to .ser-;,, consequence of any law or regula 
 
 sice lor a term of yixirs ; Induuis,,^,! therein be disehargedfronvsueli 
 
 •»nd other persons. 'sia-vitec or labor, but slnUl bo deliv^ 
 
 The Whig i^arlv always claiuicdcred up on elaim of the jiarty to 
 
 '^^se persons, bomul to sei-vice I'orwhoin such service or labor nuiy 
 
 ' term of vl-.-U'.s, were :i!i])ieiiti(.'<'s. Ik> due." 
 
 I lie Democratie \n\v\\ chiinu'd l\\v No person can be held to labor, 
 s ! rei'liflh.s of all other persou- nieantdnlcss Ci>r puni.-hment of cri^A^v 
 
•w'hich he has committed, and proven und «;uarcntee to every Jitale in lhi»» 
 to be ii'iiilty. Union n repuhliciin form of <>;'.>vcrii • 
 
 A person bomul to scrviro for n incnt. But in ITUli (.\)ij<;ro«s pushcvt 
 lenn ol years, Ib lakcn from the ap- tlio fiif];iLive shivo law, and it w:if* 
 portionment of the included Stiili.'s.|san!jtioncd by tlie supreme court. 
 ••which .shall be determined by aUdjvvhieh g:ive uneonditijnul law force, 
 ing to tlie wliolc number of free per as slavt'iy beinjj ii national alluir. 
 sons, includiuii; those Lound toiwhcii it was only conlined wiihiii tho 
 service for a term of years." JoliDJe-jmiKict, v.-liile under tlie liritisli. 
 Adams says "timt no man dare den} liuid Colony laws to which they wer.- 
 that t'.io slave holding lords of tlie.uccustomei.l, until tiiey conid 
 South, claimed the immunity, andabotish, tliem according to the Coi. 
 perj-)etuity over tlie slave and tiieistitution, and institute a new gov 
 .<iave trade for 21 years." It is 'iljernment for the protection of life, 
 years from the adoption of the Con jliberty and the i)ursi'itof hai.ipine.s.-. 
 slitiition, until 1808. Then theiwhich the Coiistituiion is the iui 
 Avords of ■ those which formed thcibodiment of tiiese pi-mciples. wlifii 
 .•-ocial compact, were fallilled, andlit was established. Slavery being a 
 the Constitution was ihcn establish- llocal matter it belonged only to llie 
 od with tiic amendments, wdiicii wasi.States then existing, and were re- 
 juhled to it prior to the year 1808, strictcd in the tiiirteen origin:;! 
 according to the proviso in the 5tli 'States until tiie 3'ear I80H. 
 article of the original Constitution,; The fugitive slave law was passed 
 it savs . jin open rebellion against the Con 
 
 "Provided that no amcndment'stitution, and sanctioned by the 
 Aviiich may be made prior to tlieisuprcm'.' court of the United State?. 
 Near, one thousand eight hundred:after saying in the original preaui- 
 :^nd eight, shall in any manner alfeetible : 
 
 the first and fourth clause in the! '-We the people of the I'niicd 
 ninih section of the first article." iStates, in order to form a more per 
 
 This brings us back again withinjfcct Union, establish justice, injure 
 tlic compact, where the amendmenlsldomcstic tranquilit}-, i)rovide for 
 i^iiginated, and became a part of:co\nmon defence, promote the gen- 
 this Constitution, according to theeral welfare, and secure the ble^s 
 provisions of the 6th article. "Wliatjings of liberty to ourselves n.nd our 
 is the lirst clause in the nintlrposteriiy, so ordain and estubli^>ll 
 section of the lirst article? It de- this Consdfiition. tor the United 
 dares, "the migration or importation Slates of America." Here the ^^ hiir 
 (jf such persons as any of the Statesand Democratic parties. Hew thu 
 )iOw existing siiall think ])iopcr tO|track. and the supreme court went 
 sdmit, shsir not be prohibited byjwith them in rcfefcnce to the slave 
 Hie Congi'ess prior to tiie year one question." 1 will illustrate it in 
 thonsand ciglit hundred ami eight, this manner, the Con>litution is tlie 
 I'Ut a tax or'duly may be im[.os.ed track, wlien it v,:as made and amend- 
 on such importation, not exceeding ed and ratified by the l.cgislature.-i 
 ton dolhus for each person." Thi&lof three- fourtilis of tlie &evera!; 
 in proof, positive enough to show States, or by conventions in thre»' 
 any person tliat; wishes to be anifourths thereof, as the one or the 
 American citiz(;n, that slavery never|othcr mode of raliiit^aiion may be 
 (-•xisted by virtue of the Constitutioniproposetl by the Congress ; accord- 
 onlv in its originalform, which Con- ing to the Ttii article of the originai 
 gress had not^ti.o right under the Constitution. Then it shall be the 
 4-i.nipact prior to the year 1808. thenestablislied track, <•*:• supremo la-.v cC 
 hey !iad t!ie righ: to iibolish sUwcry.iihv laud. 
 
10 
 
 "The ratilkation of the conven- 
 ■iion3 of rrine States shall be sufficient 
 for t!ie estabiisli'.DeiJt of this Con 
 -jititution between tlie States so raii- 
 tying the same." This proves 
 that no State admitted by thf 
 "Congress, iiad 
 . . ins.T out 
 
 equal : that they are endowed by 
 their Creator with certain inaliena- 
 ble rights : that among these are 
 life, liberty and the [ ursuit of hap- 
 piness." 
 Now, after the time appointed for 
 any right in car-lthis edifice to be established, all 
 the principlesthose who were sent there as sup- 
 
 •nbodiod in the supreme lav,^ of the 
 Lud. The government is delineated 
 ..t the hands of the people, but the 
 constitution is not. The Congress 
 has power, by the ISth clause, sec- 
 lion Sth of the first article, "to make 
 all laws which shall be necessary 
 jind proper for carrying into execu- 
 tion the foregoing powers, and all 
 ■other powers vested by this consti- 
 tution in the general government of 
 t!ie UMited States, or in any depart- 
 .:ient or officer thereof." 
 
 This is proof sufficient to show 
 that the constitution is the antece- 
 dent of the govornmoFifc of the Unit- 
 • 1 States. The C'ongress of the 
 Initcd States, as they are called 
 wince the rebellion of 1793, so that 
 ill the political slave powers as 
 
 porters of the great edifice since 
 that time have almost invariably 
 walked in the footsteps of their pre- 
 decessors, who commenced rolling 
 the same, in 1793, against the temple 
 of liberty set up by the lathers, to 
 crush out the equal rights of tlie 
 American people. 
 
 It was kept rolling until it rolled 
 over four million of Negroes, when 
 tlie power that kept it up gave away, 
 and its fall caused liundreds of thou- 
 sands of lives to be lost, which 
 brought mourning to nearly every 
 family in the United States— mourn- 
 for the loss of tb.eir friends. 
 
 ABSTlLACT l<ROM THE JKFFKllSOXI.-V.N GL1- 
 DINAJJCK OF 1781. 
 
 On the 1st of March, 1784, le^s 
 than one hundred days after the 
 
 iaimed, having been considered byievacuation of our soil by the British 
 ich of the political parties that army, Thomas Jefferson, from 
 
 Nogro slaver}-- in America was right 
 
 ivvii-tueof the constitution of the 
 
 'iiited States of America, after the 
 
 ar 1808, because slavery became 
 
 committee consisting of hiinseVf, 
 Mr. Chase, of Maryland, and Mr. 
 Howell, of Ehode Island, (a majori- 
 ty being from Southern States,) re 
 
 • he ruling element and both X)arties' ported to the Continental Congress 
 ■courted it, and the majorit}^ of each|t!ie following ordinnirce for thegov- 
 iparty would put down nny one if erumeut of a// tbe national territory 
 
 'they could who vrould offer to abol- 
 •i.sh slaverv. 
 
 outside the limits of the States, as 
 many have understood only to apply 
 
 It was the same way in the church-jto the north-vvo.steru territories ; 
 •es throughout America. Every read- •'■EesGlved, Thai the territory ceded, 
 ^ing man ought to be convinced by. or to be ceded, bij individual Stater, to 
 examining into the American troub- the LTnited States, whensoever Lht; 
 le'^, and. seeing what caused thera. same shall have been p'lrchased ot 
 vi-ill soon come to this conclusion :;the Indian inhabitants and oflered 
 t.h;it the American people cio not own for sale by the United States, shall 
 
 "their constitutio'i, or the constitu- 
 tifju of their God. Instend oi be- 
 lieving it, to bo the great edifice 
 ■vvliiuh our fathers built, npon the 
 •declaration of principles of the 4th 
 of <JuIy, 1.77G, among which is this: 
 
 be formed into additional States, 
 bounded in the following ntanner, as 
 nearly as s::ch cessions will admit-; 
 that is. to say, northwardly and 
 southwardly by parallels of latitude, 
 so that each State shall comprehend 
 U'e hold these trutiis to be self jtVom south to north two degrc(?s of 
 lent: iliat all men are ereatedilaiitud'% beginning to 'coaut fruni 
 
I'l 
 
 •:)»o completion of thirty-one tle-iei'nnicnt.s sliall bij in ro|)iiblic;in 
 grops nortli ot tlio IvijiKitor — (tlu^llbrins, Jui'l shall adniit no person I' i 
 then southern bouudiiry ol' theihc a ciiizoi w!io liuhh ti hcre(iitary 
 ?ljnited Stato.s) — «fec. 'titlo. 
 
 "That ihe settlers witiii'.i the to.rrij "5tli. Thid tifler tlie. year IsUO'.r 
 tory so to be pii!chti'«eil and oU'ereci^/ie Vhrlofion Kra, thurc Khali be neilht .■ 
 lor sale sball, either on tlicir own sl<xver»j nor involuHtar<i servitude in 
 petition or on tlie order of Congress, ro^y of the FlUtics, otherwiKc, than in 
 receive authority from them, withjpunishniont of crimes, whereof il>. 
 nppoiutments oftime and place, fer party shall have been diily <;onvict<.l 
 xheir free males of fall age to meetjto have bicii personally jjnilty. 
 together for tho purpose ofestabj '-Uth. Tha't whenever any of tlie 
 iishing a tenipcrary government, bojsaid Stales shall have, of free inhab 
 adopt the constitntiou and laws of] tants, as many as shall then be in 
 any one of these States, so that such any one of the least numerous of 
 laws, nevertheless, shall be subject 'the thirteen original IStates, such 
 io alteration by their ordinary J. eg- States shall bo admitted by its dele- 
 is'attiros; ami to eiect, subject to a gates into tlie Congress of t!»e 
 like alteration, counties or townshipslJnited .States, on an equal footing 
 for the election of members for their with the said original States ; after 
 •Legislatures. ■which the assent of twt)thirds of 
 
 "That sucii temporary govern- jthe Uiftted States, in Congress a^- 
 ment shall oidy continue in force in'senibled, shall iio re(]uisir.e in all 
 any State until it shall have acquir-'those cases wherein, by the Oonled- 
 cd t'A'outy thousand free iuliabitants.'eratiou, the assent of nine Slate's is 
 when, giving due proof thereof to Jrow required; provided the consent 
 Congress, they shall receive lrom|of nine States to each admission niav 
 them authority, with appointmentsjbe obtained, accordinu' to t!ie 1 U!i 
 •of time and place, to call a conven 'of the Articles of ConfedcraliMn. 
 tion of representatives to establishllTntil such admission b}' their ib-l- 
 i-i [)ermanent constitution and gov-jegates into Congress, any of th.- 
 crnment for themselves: j;>vj?7We/;A!said States, after the estabiishmcn:; 
 that both the temporary and pennanenioi their temporary governments, 
 (70vern7)ien(s be estahiisked on ///caelshall have authority to keep a sit- 
 principles as their hauls: jting member in Congress, vriili a 
 
 '■l*t. That they sliall forever re- :"ight of debating, but not of\or,. 
 main a part of the L'niled .SL.itos of ing, A'c. 
 All' erica. "That all the precedinff urtii'le.s- 
 
 "2d. That in their persons, prop \shall be formed info a charter rf com- 
 erty and teriitory, they sh.all be snb-l/'^fY — shall 1)G duly executed Uy tU<- 
 i'jct to the government of the Unitedj President of tlic United Stales, in 
 States, in Congress assembled, undjCongress assembled, under his ha!i»l 
 to the Articles of Confederation, in|and\he seal of the United States — 
 t!ios»» eases in whicij the originalishall bo pronuilgated, and shall 
 State-* shall be so subject. \stand as /uJidunivntal condition bc- 
 
 "Sd. That they shall be sulyect jtween the thirteen original States 
 to pay a part of' the federal debts. |and those newly do'»cribod, miatter- 
 e-oniracted or to be contracted, toif/Wf, but by the joint consent of liir 
 be apportioned Gw them by Con United St.Ucs. in Congress ns^iMu- 
 gress, according to the same com-ibled. and of tite particular Si:m.« 
 mon rule and measure by wliieh ap within which such nlmralion i^ pro- 
 /portionments thereof siiall be madejpo-sed to be tnade.' 
 ■ou thij other Slates. ; On a tes*; vote on ?id.>i)iin:c tl'f* 
 
 "4t!i. That tboir ro=:^0':livo gov'aTiti-sIavcry ^Mwision ab'-ivf. hi 
 
li 
 
 vott'd iiye. and 7 no; but the requi-jof their owners and possessors, and 
 bite nijijoritv ol States luiling to votejllicir executors, admhnstrators and 
 in the anirmative, it was lost. Andkissigns, to all intents, construction.- 
 tiiroc yejirs later the ordinance of and purposes whatsoever." 
 
 1787 tor the north-western territory 
 alnue was adopted. Forty-two years 
 afterwards, Mr. Jefierson, only six 
 weeivs before he died, v.-rote as fol- 
 lows, iu reply to a letter asking his 
 
 The law of Louisiana declared : 
 
 "A slave is one who is in the povr 
 
 er of the master to v/hom he belongs. 
 
 The master may sell hira, dispose of 
 
 us person, his industry and labor ; 
 
 views in regard to the ultimate erad-Jjie can do nothing, possess nothin 
 ication of slavery from the country : nor acquire nothing but what mus 
 JIONTiCELi.o. May 2G. 182G. 
 DkauSik: The subject of your 
 letter of April 20Lh is one on which 
 I d/> not permit myself to express 
 Ml Opinion but when time, place and 
 occasion may give it some favorable 
 tdect. A good cause is often injur- 
 
 ed more b}' ill-timed efforts of its 
 friends than b}' the arguments of its 
 eiHMuies. • 
 
 Persuasion. 2)er3sverance and pa- 
 
 belong to his master." 
 
 An act of the State of Maryland 
 declared slaves to bo property 'v.\ 
 these words : 
 
 'Tn case the personal property of 
 a ward shall consist of specific ar- 
 ticles, sucli as slaves, working beasts, 
 animals of an}' kind, stock, furniture, 
 plates, books, etc., the court, if it 
 shall deem it advantageous for th-.' 
 wards, may, at any time, pass an 
 
 tience are the best advocates oujorder for the sale thereof 
 questions dcjiending on the will ofl An act of the State of Louisian,-i 
 <'iliers. The revolution. iiipuhUc 02nn- declared : 
 
 ion, ivhich this case requires, is not to 
 he espected in a duy, or perhajjs in an 
 oye; bat time, vfaich outlives all things. 
 v'ill otiflive this evil also. My senti- 
 'iiwids have been fokty years before 
 ihe public, and had I repeated them 
 flirty times they would only become 
 tiio more stale and thread-bare. Al- 
 Ih'j'tgh J shall not live to see them con- 
 siimraated, they 'will not die xvitk me; 
 biff, lioirig or dying, they will ever be in 
 my 7nosi fervent prayers! 
 
 Thifi is written for yourself, and 
 not for the public, in compliance of 
 your req.uest of two lines of senti 
 njent on the subject. Accept the 
 iAssurauce of my good Mill and 
 respeet. THOS. JEFF1:RS0N. 
 
 Mr. Ja5. ITkatox, ilidcHetowii, Butler 
 cruiiity, Oliio. 
 
 AMKIilCAN ELAVKKi'. 
 
 And what is AmericanSlavery ? It 
 i-i the condition of tiiose of our specie 
 •.vh<j were held and treated in this 
 • ■oiudry as property. Jn Soutii Car- 
 (diuu ihey were thus described : 
 
 '•Slaves shall be deemed, sold, tak- 
 <''i, reputeil and adjudged in law to 
 
 '•Slaves shall alwa_ys be reputed 
 .and considered as real estate; shall 
 be, as such, subject to be mortgaged, 
 according to the rules prescribed In- 
 law, and the\' shall be seized anvl 
 sold as real estate." 
 
 Ileuce it appears th.at the disti?!- 
 guishing principle of slavery is this : 
 Slaves are not to bo ranked among 
 rational, immoi'tal beings, but they 
 are to be considered. held and treated as 
 things — as articles of property.' I will 
 here show some rewards which were 
 offered for slaves "when they ran 
 avi-av from their masters : 
 
 ,iiOO REWAl^D !— Ran away from 
 the subscriber, living on Herring 
 Hay. Anne Arundel county, Md.. on 
 Saturda\', *28th January, Negro man.. 
 Elijah, who calls himself Elijah 
 Cook ; is :d)out 21 years of age, well 
 made, and of a very dark complex- 
 ion, hpsan impediment in his speech, 
 and a scar oji his left cheek bone, 
 
 iparcntly occasioned bv a shot. 
 J. SCiMVENER. 
 
 Anxapoi.is.(Md.,) Feb.. 18.''7. 
 
 V200 REWARD. Ran awav from 
 
 •-Utel.s, per-ional, iu the hands'subscriber, about three years ago, y. 
 
13 
 
 oertnia Negro man namod Ren, (com jcnnsinj,' to bark tliat they had fuumi 
 inonly known a-^ lien Fox.) Ho isiliitn. Wo Koon mot the do^rs return 
 :i.hout 5 tec-t f) or 6 inclu'.s hi^li, cliiin- ino;, tlicir jaws, heads and Toot, w»»i-o 
 ky made, yellow I'.oinpoxi on and ims bloody. The ovitm^op looked ni 
 }>nt one eye. Also, one other Noi;ro|tlio'.n nwhile :i!id said lie was afrriid 
 by tlie name of Kit^don, who ran'thc do;iS had killed the ''ni-.'^ier-." 
 away on the Sth of this moiilh. He It being dark, we could not liiurhiin 
 i^ stout made, tall, and very black;jtliat ni.'L^ht. Early the next mornij)^ 
 with larqe lips. iwe started ofl" with env f.eii;!d>ors. 
 
 I will give the reward of BlOO'and after searching about (or som." 
 for each of the above Negroes, to Ijctiinc wc found the liody of Little 
 delivered to me or conlined in theljohn lying in the midst of a thick.-t 
 jail at Lenoir, or Jones county, orofcano. It was nearly naked, and 
 f'ur(heHlti)\']fGfihemsoi/iatIcanscC'drci\.(}(\.\\\y mangled by the dogs. 
 thfim. Masters of vessels, and all they had evidently dragged it some 
 others are cautioned against harbor- yard.s through tlie cane, blood, rat- 
 ing, employing, or carrying thenifters of clotiies, and even the entrails 
 rvWfi}', under the penalty of the law.jof the r.nfortunata man were clii'tj;- 
 W. D. COBB, ting to the stubs of the old and Ito- 
 Lknoiu Co., (N. C.) Nov. 12,1830. h.pjj ^.^^^ 
 
 '^^^OU?!f-^'^^'^^^^^- ^"Jiy^";!' wJdu-aholein the cane-brak-. 
 i'"'°'-..^\'oo."'*''\ X?"" '^'' ^^^; ^Ivvhere he lav, buried him and re- 
 ,Nov. 16, lb37. A ^egro man by tunied home: 
 the name ot Jacob, who says he oe-| 
 Jongs to Heritan Middleton, in Hen- 
 ry county, Alabama. He siys he 
 was hired to John Webb, near West 
 
 Point, in this State. He is aliont O'vision of the Terri'ory of ihe Uni'cd 
 feet high, dark complexion, and slowjsiates, Norlh-wsst of ilie river Ohi--, 
 in speaking. There are no marksihaving t,he right of admission into die- 
 discoverable o»/y he is VEKT BADLv'srcDetal Government. H3 a member ol 
 
 preamblk and kxtract from the con- 
 stitution or ouio. 
 "We the people of iho Easlern Hi- 
 
 SHOT Mj. the right side and right h'lnd 
 The owner or owners are requested 
 to come forward, prove property, 
 P'ay charges, and take him awav. 
 S.B.MnirilY. 
 
 ^rii.i.KDGviLT.K, Jan.. 2, 1838. — Gtiorgia 
 Jouri.o.l. 
 
 ^2b PuEWAED. For the black 
 wowan Betsey, who left my liouse 
 in the Faubourg, McDonnough. 
 about the 12th inst., when she had 
 ou her neck an Iron collar, hag a 
 jnark on her nock and is about 20 
 years of age 
 
 be Union, consistent with th*? Consli- 
 mlion of the United States, the ordi- 
 nance of Congress of one diou.samj 
 seveu hundred and e^ghtyfeven, and 
 of the l*w of Congress pniidt'fl. 'An 
 act to enable the jieopU of the KastArn 
 ciivipienof the Territory of the Uniifd 
 Spates, North- we>:t of tlie river Ohio. 
 10 form a constiiuiion Mid Siste i'ri\- 
 ernment, and for the admission of fueh 
 State ia'o the Union on an equal fooi- 
 inor with the original. States, ancJ for 
 
 ither purposes, in order to establieh 
 
 CTIATILES KEIIX'IM. L'usiii^c, promote the welfai-o, I'.nd ee- 
 
 —Xevo Orleans 2'aper, March, lii'il . cure the blessi'^s r.f liboriy to our- 
 
 The following: is an extract from.selvec and our po-teriiv. do ordain 
 
 ii)e na^rat,i^ 
 
 slave: Wh 
 
 Live of James Williams, ajand es'.-.blieh die following Consiiiu- 
 
 fhilegoin^ over our cottonji'f^n or form of governmont. nnd i.'i 
 
 picking for the last" time, one of ourlmuiu.-illy agree with each other to torra 
 hands named Little John, ran away.l"u;--ieive3 mto an mdependent Nate. 
 The next evening the dogs werelbj the nanae of the State of Ohio. 
 started on his track. We followed The presmMe to the Oonsiitiuion of 
 them awhile, uutil we knew )iy their|ih6 State of Ohio sets up a claim ".o U 
 
j-4 
 
 coiisisient,. both with tlie Constitution 
 of the United Staloaaud the Ordinance 
 ..f 1787. The CoiiSlUutiori of tlie 
 vStale of Ohio is liol consistent with 
 th« original Union : 
 
 1st,. The Ordinance of the 13Lh oi 
 Juiv, 1737, claimed to be Jefferson's 
 Or-iinance, over the Koith \yestern 
 Tenitor}', North of tl\e river Ohio, 
 says that thero should not be hss than 
 tbie-e Siates nor more than five ; thai 
 ?.fier the yeai 1800 of the Christian 
 Eta, tliere shall be neither slavery noi 
 involuntary servitude in any of the 
 bald Slates, others iso than in punish- 
 ment of crioies whereof the paiiy shall 
 have been duly convicted to have been 
 personally guiky. Jefferson says "they 
 ara tree maie3 of full a£»-e," instead o) 
 saying, they mc while males of full 
 c\ge. 
 
 2d. The Constitution of ihc United 
 States has not the narrie "white person" 
 ia it. Any person will readily see that 
 after the Fugitive Law of 1793 was 
 passed, that Congress repealed so much 
 of the Ordinance as reads, "to haye 
 been personally guiky." and inserted 
 in ils> place, "provided always that any 
 person escaping into the same frona 
 whom labor or seivioe is lawfully 
 claimed in one of the original Stttes, 
 such fugitive may be lawfully re- 
 tbiitned, and conveyed to tiae person 
 chiinaing his or her labor, or service as 
 aforesaid." 
 
 Article 6th, Ordinance July ISili, 
 1T87, reads as follows: "There shall 
 be neither slavery nor involuntary ser- 
 vitude in th& said Territory, otherwise 
 than in punishment of cri.ia«, whereof 
 the party bhsll have been d«lr convici- 
 lod ; provided always that any person 
 escaping into the sanoe, fron whom la- 
 bor or service is lawfully claimed in 
 any one of tiie OrigiiHl Slates, such 
 fugitive may bo lawfully reclaimed 
 and conveyed to the person claiming 
 his or l.er labor, or ssrvica as rJore- 
 taid." 
 
 The reader will notice itiat the char- 
 ges in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 
 IS for commi;ting ti7>ason,-, felony, oi 
 yiUcT crimes sa any one of the Origin- 
 
 al Sia'es ; escaping into either territo- 
 ry, North-west or South-west of th? 
 liver Ohio, if found, tube delivered 
 •ip to be removed to the State from 
 ivhich he fied, not she. The word 
 'she" is not found in the Constitution 
 of the United States, as claimed m the 
 second and third clauses of Ssction- 
 '2d, Act 4ih. 
 
 The second clau'^e is- for tliose who 
 have committed crime and fled from 
 justice, and when reclaimed and found 
 guilty, he is put, to hard labor or ser- 
 vice, for ?. terra of years, under the 
 laws of the Slate from which he lied, 
 The third c!au.-?e is for persona hold to 
 service of labor, after being proven 
 guilty, to be held for a term of years, 
 hen escaping into another State, shall, 
 )n demand, be given up to each party 
 fo whom service or labor may be due.. 
 
 This could only have been ariplied' 
 ;o free parsons, regardless of color. 
 The laws of the different States lield 
 i he necjro to be chattels, or beasts of 
 my kind.- A roan is responsible un- 
 der the laws of any Slate, for ihf. 
 lam'ige done by his beasts or stock of 
 ■uiy kind, it hasplways been consid- 
 ered ft penitent iary cfl'ense in any civ- 
 ilized country to mingle with the beasts 
 of the field, and raise stock from tl.cra. 
 According to the statistics of misce- 
 genalion, the stock of 1860 in America 
 was, 588, SS2 scattered among the dif- 
 ferent S'ates as follows : 
 
 "There were 41 1,613 mulatto filaves 
 n the South in I8G0, of whom 69,97? ' 
 were in Virginia, 43,281 in Kentucky, 
 'ind 36,900 in Georgia. These rum- - 
 hers are considerably beyond the legit- 
 imate proportion of those States. There 
 were also J 76,739 free mulattoes ir. 
 the United States ia ISiiO, of whojR 
 106,770 belonged to the South, and 
 69,060 to the free Stales. Of the free 
 mulattoes. Virginia contained £3.48£, 
 winch number, added to her slave mu- 
 lattoes, makes a total of miscegenaled 
 population of 93,0i'4. llev mulatto 
 slaves aloaa exceeded tbo tutal number 
 of Kiulattces in the free Slates. The 
 whole number of mulattoes, slaves and' 
 free in tlie Union, in 1860, wivs 683,- • 
 
15 
 
 ;J52, of wbotii 69.960 boiongod to ihp'firat elone «i hor." This i« tlio firm 
 tree Stales, find 518,383 to the slaw't-iiMe thai the Kui/iiii-e S.ave Livr wan 
 Htates — a nunibor greater than ilic' ried to be onfoiued by cailinj,' upon i-. 
 "^ombinttd wliite pi>pulHtion of Arkan i noral man. Kow lUoy b )Uj,'hl to (aka 
 sas, Delaw:ire and Florida — i;reate>| lis lifc<. Thoy went and held a coan- 
 than ibo while population of Marylan'l|Cii with one of bid pretended f»llower«, 
 — almost twiao as (^leat aa lliat ofiwbo ihey knew loved nioutiy very 
 South Carolina, and iwico as fjreat hs well, and iio a_^rocd to delivnr bim for 
 tli0 combined pojiuUliona of l)elaRare|ibirty pioc«3 o( sili'or to iho High 
 ar.d Fluriiia. The rHuUtto populuiion U'riosls, whi(;b was the price cf afcbivj 
 of Viijrinia alone exceeds the number as a fiirruiva under ih9 priesthood. 
 of whiles in DclavNare oi Floiida." Now if iiiey pu', uway ibis nooral mar 
 This does not speak very well for uinto the boiiest bell, tbsy know ii will 
 nation boasting of its freedom, and re-|Stop pM other r/ii>ral imw from doin-' 
 liffioua society ; carried on by 37;529,what be has done. So ibey oroctod a 
 Cleigyinan or ministers of Jesus cross and r.ailed bim. (o it. A.? tbev 
 Christ; ypbo, in liis day went for ilie.were about coming out of iho city of 
 universal equality of all men. Yet the nations, iboy b.ad nut quite onongh 
 .A msri'!an people felt lliai negro slavery help, Simon, a Cyrenian, a stranfjar 
 \r!i6 « divine institution, according loifrom Ibe country, was summoned a:s a 
 Moses' law, wbinb be enacted after ihelposse comiiatus to help carry ibecrost 
 Ten Commandir.entg were given to and the fui^jiiive to justice, for be bae 
 
 liim, to give to the beads of tb 
 (Iran of Israel to be observed tbrougb. 
 ivut tboir ganerations. , Propcrtj in 
 Jiian was slariod by Moses and sane 
 tioned by the Levii.icd Priesthood, so 
 
 ccnmitlod ireasijn a.i^ainst the law of 
 Moses, which is a Divine institution, 
 received on Mo'jBt Sinai from God. 
 und let a'l mora! nan know thai our 
 loly priest-hood is a divins inslifulioi: 
 
 fhat when Jpsus Christ was bo.-ji. bt'.iTbis is the first 3 eir the Fugiiive Slavo 
 feeing a Higii Priest after the order ofiLaw was ever enforced bv a posse 
 MelcbesiJeo, and not of the order o( comiiatus. Tlio priosi-bood — to kill 
 Aaron, one priesthood was agains'. the a moral ma;i, would kill morality. Thfi 
 other. Mosos clairried, or bis foilovF- flesh is nolbing but an earthly house 
 era did, to be the oldest. The Ir.^t set'for a moral man to worship the God 
 up was a moral priest-bcod ; the first of nauira in. Our Savior loid the 
 AD immoral one. The first one notjpeople ic Lis day, liiat they were lb© 
 being pleased — it holding (o Mflses' temple of Ciod. Man does not make 
 doctrine ; said the other was wrong. l\in«e]f, :)eitber doas what p. man take 
 The High Piiests of the first order into tha stomacU defile Lira; it i« 
 being jealous of the last by bis doing what proceodeib from the heart, foi 
 eo much good to the people by raeans;evil is born in man from bis youth 
 of his miracles., r.nd the half breeds He that defdelb his own body dofiletl 
 
 roaming after bira- to be healed, 
 the old priest-hood decided that the 
 half-breeds bad no rights "that a white 
 man was bound to respect," and this 
 rcan was iramorril, be drew loo m«ny 
 nieu after bim, bo was a wine-bibber. 
 There was a wsdding down at Ca- 
 i>aan, and be was there and made win 
 
 eth 
 
 the (eir.ple of tho living Cod. It i^ 
 the principle that man possesses which 
 ■showG whether lie believes morality 
 was before he was creaiei or not, or 
 hov/ could be tell whether ho bad 
 founded his principles r<pon morality 
 unless be had gitiiered them from Na- 
 ture itself. Kelii'ion inny be termed 
 
 for them ; be told them there was mu |the actions of ram towards Ibe (iod of 
 6.0 and dancing when the Prodigal Nature r.nd to bis lellow men. 
 sot^ came home. Tb.ey caught a lewd We will ccme down tothe yeai 1776, 
 woman and looJi In hira. Ke etiu "if|Wbcn the Declaration of Independent* 
 asy of y.u are wilhout ein rnst the was defl.<red by the Fa'bers, .nad '.ho 
 
16 
 
 Tliirtppn Colonics unc'er the coiUrol ofj — the word while is contrary to (he 
 (ireal Britain, said iliat ihey shoii'd oliConstitution of the United Slates ac* 
 ria:ht, tie free and independent States, jcording to this Seccnd Clause, Act 
 • Svnd thev v.ent for the universal equal ISiiih. 
 •-'3' of rdl men. Still this morality wap| "This Conaiitution and the laws c t 
 opposed fl:^ain by t.ho priests. Thp|ihe United Stales which slirill bo made 
 HAme spirit was here t'j oppose themlin pursu;ince thereof, and all tro.ities 
 for de^darir.g "peace and e:ood will made or which shall be mada ui)der 
 'toward all men ;" as ibey had oppos-ltiie au'.horiiy of the United Siatep. 
 f'd it, oTer seventeen luindred 'years'shall be the supreme law of ths land : 
 'before. Those v?erc composed of tome and the judges in every eiate shall he 
 ^vine bibbars and eoine infidels — ihejbonnd thereby — anything in the con- 
 VHit\Q Bpirit against uioraliiy or thejetituiion or laws of any stale to the 
 ^ifis of Nature. AH thai is createdjfonlrary, notwilhstar.din-f" — the Con- 
 \H a gift of Nature, vfhether legal or^stiiuiion of Ohio after the year 1806, 
 'dlegai, after it i.s born, so far as man isjin its original form was the lime to 
 concerued. This same spirit agninstjliave amended it, bnt our fathers con- 
 morality has been carried on everisideied it good enough for themselves 
 Miice the Constitution of the Uniiod land their posterity. The word whr.e 
 States of America was adopted. Gen- [In it was always an objection to a true 
 I'ral Washington in .speaking of it ea\p,!RepHhlican who is in favor of uni- 
 "it 16 a free Consiituiion and the work :ver8al suffrage. This was the fiaoae 
 «f your own hands, and it is expected spirit that caused all of our troubles m 
 for every one to obey ihe eeiablished-America in 1852, forty-fo'ir years af- 
 ^Tovernmenl, for it is laid upon thejier the lima appointed, according to 
 ■immut'ible principles of private moral'Section 5th. Act 7th, to alter it. and 
 •ily, and preeminence of free govern-|P.fter the faihovs were si! dead, or those 
 iuent." The ssrao spirit began in'at least who had any Republican priit- 
 1 793, to crus'h out morality and put'ciples in them. 
 
 down the work of ihe Fathers, for theyi Article 7-h, Section oth nf araend- 
 •were infidels. One of the leading spir-'mcnts to ihe Gonstjtuiion of Ohio sav^ : 
 us of that day opposed the univevsalj "That after iho year oae thoueaud 
 ■equality of all naen, and Thomas Jef-eight hundred an six, whenever tr?o- 
 fersnn sepoka openly agsinst him Mhirds of the General Assembly shad 
 The same spirit now says they wantUhink it, necessary to amend or change 
 ffverj vestige of Jefferson's workslthis Constitution, they shall rcccm- 
 Mricken out, for lie was an infidel. 'mend to the electors at the next elec- 
 This is ihe same ppirit that tried to lion for members to the General As- 
 tear down the lercple of morality in'sembly, to rote fur or againsf, t!;e 
 the beginning. It was the same RpiritiOonstitulion ; and if it shall appear 
 ■wiiich decided that "a negro bs,(l Tioihat a n^ajority of tlie citizens of the 
 rights which a white man was bor.nd>State, voting for reprosentives, have 
 !o respect ;" that panclioned slavery, voted for a conveniion. the General 
 5ill over the United States, In 1 S50Assembly shall, at their next session, 
 the same spirit bad got into both parjcall a convention, to consist of as many 
 ties, and they pnssed the Fugitive Siavejnneinbers as there be in the General 
 Law and Ihe Compromises" — non-in-jAssftmbly. to be chosen in the sama 
 tervention by Congress either in state mariner, at the same phioe, and by the 
 or territory," which established slavery same electois that choose the Genera! 
 i«ll over the United Slates. This is the' Assembly ; v/ho phall meet widiiw 
 *er,on6 posse c omit aUis Q-i\nh\\shod bvlthree tuonihs aft,6r the said election, 
 Kiaii and claimed to be a divine insti- for the purpop<» of revipino-, am.ending 
 iufion, 1 heretofore spoke in reference or chf\ngintr th-e Oonsiiiution. I>u' no 
 to the Constitution of ihe Slate of Ohio'altGr;5;lion of '.his Constitution bhai| 
 
17 
 
 ever lake place, so as to introduce 
 
 Hiavpry or involuntary servitude into 
 lliis Siaie. 
 
 A RE60LL'TI©N PASBKD BV TUK DEMO 
 CKATIC CONVENTION, IN 1855. 
 
 Besolved, "Tli?ttlie people of Obio. 
 now, as (bey have always done, look 
 upon slavery as an evil, and unluvora- 
 blo to llie development of llie spirit and 
 practical benelns of free institutions 
 and that eiiterlaininsi these sentiments, 
 ibey will at all times (eel it to be tbeii 
 duly to use all power clearly given by 
 the terms of the national compact to 
 prevent its increase, to mitioateand fi- 
 nally eradicate the evil." 
 
 Tha above is a 'plank in the Demo 
 cratic platform, adopted at the 8th of 
 January Democratic State Conventiop., 
 at Columbus, 1855. C. L. Vallandi"^- 
 ham was chosen temporary Chairman 
 of the Convention. Judge Jewelt, of 
 Muskingum County reported the reso 
 lulions. 
 
 The resolutions, including the one 
 above, were published in the Clermont 
 Sun of June 28ih, 1855. L. B. Leeds 
 was the editor of the Sxin at the time 
 the resolutions were puhlisheu. 
 
 POLITICAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 1 . Sovereignty is the highest power. 
 Thus for a slate or nation to be sover- 
 eign, it must govern itself without any 
 dependence upon another power. It 
 must have no superior. But when a 
 ocmmunity, city or State, makes part 
 of another community or state, and is 
 represanled with foreign power by that 
 community or state of which it is a 
 part, then it is not a sovereign. 
 
 2. Government is the whole body 
 of constituted authority. Thus, from 
 the very origin of society, one portion 
 of the people have exercised authority 
 over the rest. The authority thus ex- 
 ercised is called the government, and 
 it derived its just power from the con- 
 cent of the goyernor. 
 
 3. Law is a rule of action. In thie 
 general sense it signifies the rules of 
 action, and constitutes alike the rules 
 by which the heavenly bodies move — 
 nations are governed and the plants 
 grow. Law, in a political senae, how- 
 
 ever, signilics a rule of bumnn notion. 
 In a particular Rtaio, it in a rule pre- 
 scribed t)y the Supicnne power in ibn 
 Slate, Commanding wh»t is right, and 
 forbidding what is wrong. 
 
 4. Constitution is the conBliluled 
 form of government. It is the funda- 
 mental Ihw, the regulations which de- 
 termines the manner in wliich the 
 authority vested in government is to be 
 executed. It is delineated by the hand 
 of the people. 
 
 5. A Despotism is that form of 
 government "in whicli a single indi- 
 vidual, without any law, g'lverr.s by 
 his own will or caprice." An cxamplo 
 of this kind of government may bo 
 found in Turkey, whera the Sultan 
 exercises all the powers of sovereignly 
 with respect to the general administra- 
 tion of public af^'airs ; but, even there, 
 he is limited by certain customs and 
 rules, as it respects private justice. 
 
 6. A Monarch]! is that form of 
 government in which a single individ- 
 ual governs — but according to estab- 
 lished laws. The governments of 
 Austria, Prussia, France and England, 
 are examples of this form of govern- 
 ment. The limitations placed upon 
 the raonarchs are, however, very dif- 
 ferent in degree. Thus, the power of 
 the Prussian monarch is very great, 
 while that of the King of England is 
 so email as scarcely to be fell. The 
 
 alter acts through his ministers, who 
 are held responsible to the representa- 
 tives of the people, and can maintain 
 this power only so Isng as they can 
 satisfy public opinion. 
 
 7. A Republic is that form of 
 government in which the whole people 
 or only a part of the people, hold 
 sovereign power. The people of Ath- 
 ens weie formely an example of the 
 liret kind of republic, and governed 
 themselves by primary assemblies of 
 
 he people, a mode which could only 
 be adopted where the people were chief- 
 ly citizens and inhabitants of one 
 capital city. In modern times the 
 United States are an example of the 
 same kind of republic, wuh this difTer- 
 [ence, that tbt people do not govern 
 
18 
 
 lliefuselvos by tiicir asaemblies, but by any end, however liille connecled wulr 
 delegates, or "ihrougb the principle ol :he public- welfare. Thus two divis- 
 repiesoniation. An example of the ions of the people differing as (o how 
 second kind of republics mav be found llie government shall be ^ad ministered, 
 iii Venice, Genoa and the Diilch States, are parties ; but a section whose object 
 in all of which a part of the people, is to keep one portion of the people- 
 
 eitlier absolutely or limilodly, exercise 
 the authority. The difTereoce between 
 thesa kicd of republics will be under- 
 stood from the following definition ; 
 
 8. A Democracy is v/hen the sov 
 ereio-n power is in the hands of the 
 whole people. Tiie terra Demociacy 
 \a derived directly from the Greek 
 word Deraos, signifying the people 
 
 9. An Aristocracy is when the 
 sovereign power is in the hands only 
 of a part of the people. Tins word is 
 likewise of Greek derivation. It is 
 compounded of the adjective aristox, 
 siirnifying best or wisest, and kratox 
 Biunifying power or strength ; the 
 whole word signifies that form of gov 
 erntTjent in which a few of the wisesi 
 and best govern. Both Democracies 
 and Aristociacies are Republics. 
 
 10. A parly is any number of pei 
 sons coi*>federated by a similarity of 
 objects and cpinrons in opposition to 
 others. An illustration of this may b.^ 
 found anywhere. In England the 
 Whigs and Torioo ara two great par 
 ties which have long divided the 
 Nation. In France, daring the Revo 
 Intion, the Jacobins and Royalists 
 were violently opposed. On the Con 
 tinent of Europe generally, there are 
 the parlies of the Liberals and Abso 
 hitists. In the United States, the 
 Federal and Democraiio parties divided 
 the country till the termination of the 
 last war 
 
 11 A Faction \h any number of 
 persons whether majority or minority, 
 confederated by some common motives, 
 in opposition to the rights of other 
 persons, or interests of community. 
 The difiference between party and fac- 
 tion then is, that the former is a difFer- 
 cnce of principle, and is founded on a 
 general or public opinion ; fhe latter 
 may have any motive, however person- 
 al or selfish, and be diraoied toward 
 
 from the enjoyment of power, or ur 
 agt^randize any individual, or to di- 
 vide among themselves all the offi>jer.s 
 of State, is a faction. 
 
 \2 A Legislainre is the law-making 
 power. Thus, m a republic, it is that 
 branch of the government in which the 
 people have vested the powei to make 
 aws. 
 
 13. Congress \?^ a meeting for the 
 settlement of national affairs, whether 
 relating to one or more nations. In 
 the United Slates, the National Legis- 
 hilure is called the Congress ; in Eu- 
 rope, a conference of different power? 
 by their ministers is called a Congress ; 
 as the meeting of ambassadors at Lay- 
 back, wafj called the Congress of Lay- 
 back. 
 
 14. Legislative, that which relates 
 to law-making. 
 
 15. Exf.cviwe, that which relates 
 fo the execution of the laws. Thus, 
 ilie chief officer of the government, 
 whether ho bo called king, presiflentor 
 (>-overnor, is denominated the execu- 
 tive ; for on him, in most cases, tlie 
 constitution devolves the duty of exe- 
 cuting the laws. 
 
 \Q. Judicial, that which relates to 
 the administration of justice. Thus, 
 judicial duties are those which devolva 
 upon the judges, who have to decide 
 upon what is law, and to adjudicate 
 between private rights. 
 
 XI. Statute laio is the express 
 written will of the legislature, rendered 
 authentic by prescribed forms. Thus, 
 the statutes of Ohio are the laws enac- 
 ted by the Legislature of Ohio. It 
 follows, from this definition in connec- 
 tion with those of the constitution and 
 egislaturc, that statutes can be binding 
 only when first, they are executed 
 according to the prescribed forms ; and 
 secondly, when they ara consistent 
 with the Constitution ; for, the Consti- 
 tution being the fuudamental law crea- 
 
„ __ 18_ -. - . 
 
 led by ^ihe people lliemse'iVi>8, all ullmr'Hiion. Municipal hivra avb oiti! «>r 
 law8 are inlerior to it. iiitcinal, in iipp«)sin«)n to imiionnl or 
 
 18. Common Lato is that body'exierr.al l.iws. Tims, laws relaiiva l'» 
 of principles, usages and rulos ot'iiho decent of properly, are mtinicipM 
 action which do resi for iheir auLboii-'laws ; but hws rebiiive to war, the 
 ty upon iheposiliva will of the legis.jarmy, and many oilieis are cxlernHl and 
 lauire. In other words, it consists o( national 
 
 those customs and rules to which time 
 and usage have g'.ven the sauclion ol 
 hw. Of such, it is plain, must be 
 the great buly of ihc laws of every 
 people ; fm- the rules of business and 
 
 23. Jut isdiction '\ii exfoni. a{ legif- 
 lation. Thus, a court has jurisdiction 
 over certain things, as all sums over a 
 certain amount, when its legal author. 
 ity extends over ihem. A govern - 
 
 the 'usage of society are so variable mcnt has jurisdiction over a certain 
 and coriTplicated, as'^to be incapable oliterrilory, when its power extends over 
 being made perraanenily .the subject oljit. 
 
 sialute law. The will of t1)e Legisln^ 24. Impeachment \s Kpnh\^(i nrcn- 
 ture beilll^ however under the limila- sation, by a body authoiized to mako 
 
 ti^n of the Constiluiion, tbat of the 
 people, statute law is superior in. force, 
 to common law.; aiid wherever they 
 are incotisislent with each other, the 
 latter is abrogated by the former. 
 
 19. A Corporation ig defined to 
 be a body poluic, having a common 
 seal. It is an artificial or political 
 person, maintaining a perpetual .suc~ 
 cession by means of several individuals 
 united in one body through a common 
 seal. They have a legal immortality, 
 except so far as they are limited by the 
 law of their creation. These were 
 originally created for purposes of 
 charily, trade, and education ; but one 
 now used for all purposes in which it 
 is wished to transact a common prop- 
 erty. Thus, all banks, turnpike 
 
 it. Such were the charges preferred by 
 the British House of Cumm'ins against 
 Warren Hastings, Governor- General 
 of India ; and in this country by 
 ihe'Houseof Kepresputatives. agalii.^t 
 Samuel Ghase, one of the judges of 
 the Supreme Court. 
 
 25. Verdict is the true saying of a 
 jury. It is the answer which a jury 
 makes to the court and parties, when 
 the plaintiff and defendant have leU 
 the cause to their decision. 
 
 26. Diplomacy signifies the inter- 
 course which is carried on between 
 different nations by meand of their 
 ministers or agents. 
 
 27. Revolution is a radical chan,q[e 
 in the government of the cou:itry. It 
 
 _ ...may ba made in various wa} s ; by 
 
 companies, colletres and ' charitable force aud blood, as in France, _ 1792 ; 
 societies are examples of corporations, by the expulsion of one lami'y a";l 
 
 .settlement of anuther, as in England, 
 in 1688, and in Fiance, in 1830, or 
 by a separation of one part of a coun- 
 try from another, as in the United 
 States, in 1776. Thus, aUo, all ads 
 in opposition to the laws, and which 
 are not legitimate under the Constitu- 
 tion, are revolutionary, because theii 
 tendency is ilis overthrow of the laws. 
 _ 28. 'Ex-Post Facto— An ex-post 
 
 court has sor^elimes had another sig-lfacto law 13 a retrospective criminal 
 rifica'.ion, that of the legislative body ; law. A retrospective law is one wl.ich 
 thus, the general court of Mas.sachu acts upon things already done, ar^d 
 setts is the legislature. Th3 former is. not merely upon thojo which are to be 
 .however, ihe correct meaning. done. Thus, if the Lej^.slature bhou.d 
 
 22. Municipal, relaiing to corpor 'pass an act, declaring that a.l person.. 
 
 20. Charter, is the act creating the 
 corporation or separate government, 
 the privileges bestowed upon the 
 conr.monwealth, or a society oi indi-, 
 viduals. It is derived from the Latin 
 term, charter, signitying a writing. 
 
 21. A Court is defined to be a 
 place wherein justice is judicially ad- 
 ministered. In our country, and in 
 the New England Stales especially. 
 
20 
 
 wfeo had not attended church last year 
 bhould bo innpiisoned, that law would 
 be unconstitutional, becauso expost 
 facto. But if the legislature should 
 pass an act that those who had attended 
 the militia duty last year should be 
 excused from paying taxes, and those 
 who had not should not be excused, 
 such a law would be retrospective, but 
 not expost facto ; beiiause not criminal, 
 which were not so before. 
 
 29. A Bill of Attainder is a special 
 act of the legislature, inflicting- capital 
 punishnaents upon persons suoposed to 
 be guilty of hi^jh offences, such as 
 treason and felony, without any con- 
 
 imports, duties, excises, <kc., are taxes, 
 34. Habeas Corpus — This is the 
 citizen's writ of right in cases where he 
 is aggrieved by illegal imprisonnoent 
 and for the personal liberty of individ- 
 uals. The habeas coipus act is next 
 in importance to the constitution, for 
 so long as this statute remains, no 
 citizens can long be detained in prison 
 except in those cases in which the law 
 requires and justifies such detainure; 
 lest this act should be evaded by de- 
 manding unreasonable bail or sureties 
 for the prisoner's appearance, it is de^ 
 clared by a subsequent act or amend- 
 ment right, to the original Gonstitution: 
 
 viclion in the ordinary course of judi- "Excessive bail shall not be required. 
 
 cial proceedings. If it inflicts a mil- 
 der punishment, it is called a bill of 
 pains and penalties. 
 
 30. The Ballot signifies tba ball 
 or ticket by which persons vote at an 
 election. To ballot, signifies voting 
 by ballot, i. «., by ball or ticket. 
 Formerly voting was altogether viva 
 voce, that is, by ihe voice; the elector 
 designating by name the peisou voted 
 for; now, eletuions arc generally made 
 by ballot. The name of the person 
 voted for is written on the ticket, and 
 deposited in a box. 
 
 31. Quorum, is such a number of 
 any body as is necessary to do business 
 Thus, when it ifs said there shall be 
 eleven directors of any institution, and 
 seven shall constitute a quorum; eeven 
 is the number necessary to do business; 
 and unless the contrary is expressed, a 
 majority of a quorum only is necessary 
 to a decision. Hence it often happens 
 that less ibau a majority of the whole 
 decide important questions. 
 
 32. Indiotment — An indictment is 
 a written accusation of one or more 
 persons of a crime or misdemeanor, 
 preferred to, and presented upon oath 
 by a grand jury. 
 
 nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
 and unusual punishments inflicted." 
 Tho habeas corpus act can only be 
 suspended in cases of rebellion or 
 invasion, when the public safely may 
 require it. 
 
 In America the writ of habeas corpus 
 has caused a great deal of disputing as 
 to who has the power to suspend the 
 writ of habeas corpus, whether Con- 
 gress or the Executive has the power 
 as it reads in clause second of the 
 ninth section, first article: "The priv. 
 ilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
 not be suspended unless when in cases 
 of rebellion or invasion the public 
 safety may require it." E. D. Mans* 
 field with a great many other leading 
 lights think thai the act can only be 
 suspended (and that fur a short and 
 imiied time) by Congress, in cases of 
 extreme emergency, during which sus- 
 pension suspected persons may be 
 imprisoned without assigning any reas- 
 on for its being done. In such cases 
 the nation parts with a portion of its 
 iberty for a time, in order as it is pre- 
 sumed to preserve the whole forever. 
 This is a false construction of tho 
 Constitution. Con=:ress is the law- 
 
 33. J'axes — All conti'ftations im-lnQaking power. All acts of Congress 
 posed by the government upon indi-[or bills passed by that borly, which do 
 viduale, for the service of the Slate, is not receive the President's signature, 
 called taxes, by whatever name known, stands vetoed. It, when sanctioned by 
 Thus, the tithes inaposed upon the peo- the Judicial authority, is considered a 
 pie of England for the support of law, whether it is constitutional or 
 vhurch government is a tax. Sp also not^ if satclioned by both ibs Presi- 
 
21 
 
 dent and Judicial aulliority. Alihou^rli (rovernmeni of i)ie Uni'td S'aics. 
 Congress may liave been wioog ai When llie Nalional C()n\ciiiion mt-i \j 
 difi'erent limes since ihe passaije of ihe make ih" Cunsiiiuiion, it was adupu-d 
 Fui^iiive Slave Law, in 1793, when ■uticlc, by ariii.le. by ilie Coiivcniion In 
 the majority had no reyard for theiijCongrei-s asspnibled. Wlicii ii camo 
 oaths, and tiaropled under foot Uie|io the .>lh ariicle, the Cunveniiun left 
 minority, by claiming ihrcetjt'ihs ofit discretionary wi.h Cun^jross ir> 
 all the persons to be the neo-roes, at thai propose the amendmetiis and nindo of 
 lime (there boing COO.UOO, e<iual toralitication of the Cunaliiutiuii, and 
 260,000 white men) in represenlationlof tiie amendments. Tiie Convenii'^n 
 in Con<jr«ss. In 1787 only 40. 000, jresiricted Congrors within the comprir-;. 
 north of Maryland, but not beingjiiiat no amendment wiiicli ihey should 
 satisfied with this, look those bound loimake prior to the year 1808, should in 
 service for a term of years and enacted 
 
 the Fugitive Slave Law; but of this 
 class of persons, leaving the North one 
 
 manner eflect tiio first and fourili 
 clauses in the ninth section of the 
 F'irst Anicle. This is positive pnxif 
 
 class, the fiee persons, and holding tv7o that no other convenlion ever could 
 classes themselves. Now this gave meet to make another Consiiiution in 
 them the power and they used undeli-jCongress assembled, in its original 
 gated authority, and ilie minority could form, wiibout -^ groFS violuion of iIih 
 not do anything — iho majority was^first one. The last Article, which is 
 bound to rule, right or wrong, and did'ihe 7ih, was pioposed by Congicss. 
 not care for anybody. Then Wash-says the ratification of the Cunstiiuiion 
 ingtoD said, "the uuity of your gov-, and ibe amendments, should be by the 
 ernment which conetilutes your onc|conveniion of nine Stales fur tlio es- 
 people, is also made i^ear to you. lt|iablishmenl of it be'.wepn the Slates fo 
 is justly so, for it is a main pillar in tLe',ratilying the same. Fuiuie convetitions 
 edifice of your real independence, thejwould only be for ihe raiitication of ilie 
 support of your tranquility at homc'amendments by the same Stales. This 
 — your peace abroad, of your safeiy, ofjshows that Congress has not the right 
 your prosperity, of that very liberty to suspend the writ of habeas corpvt. 
 which you bo highly prize." The Convention proposes in section 
 
 Jefferson and Madison, botii 8poke|4ih of (he Fourth Arlide that, "The 
 in the resolutions of 1798 and 1799, 'United Stares shall guarantee to e\ery 
 
 against unde'egaied aulboiiiy, which 
 does not come wiihm the compact. 
 Tbey say, "that in cases of an abuse 
 of the delegated powers, the members 
 of the general government being chosen 
 
 state in the Union, a republican foira of 
 t'overnment, and shall protect each ot 
 ihem against invasion; and on ap|)licu- 
 tion of the legislature, or of the Exec- 
 utive (when the Legislature cannot be 
 
 by the people, a change by the peopleiconveiied, ) against domestic violence." 
 would be the Conslitut'onal remedy. 'This proves ii to be an cxecuiive right 
 but where powers are assumed whichiio suspend the writ of habeas coiptn. 
 have not been delegated, a nullincalionlWhen it is a notional insurreciion it is 
 of the act is the lightful remedy ; that'ltie duty of the executive auihoniy to 
 every Stale has a natural right in caseslsnspend the writ, or a portion of tiie 
 not within the cotapact, to nullify, ot Constitution to preserve the bnlance. 
 their own authority all assumptions ol If in cases of a donifsiic violence in a 
 
 j.'Ower within tkeir limits." 
 
 The definition of habeas corpus was 
 taken from the law dictionary, contain 
 ed in the treasury of knov.iedge 
 Conrrress cannot suspend any part ut 
 tbe Constitution, it only enacis laws in 
 
 slaie the Executive of ? Siate lias ilie 
 riaht to suspend the writ, it being the 
 2d clause in the Ninth Seciion of the 
 Firht Article. It is the second claut'e 
 among the Stale RigKts — any man liivi 
 Jenies there was not power to Hholi>h 
 
 acc-ordiiDce will the Cupstitu'.iou in thelslaverv ia the Uui'.td Sa^eti. (wl.icfi 
 
22 
 
 are llie thirteen original stales after the 
 year 1808) he neither is a siatesniMn 
 or a chriAuan, and iii8t-ea(i of aherinj: 
 or abiilisliing their government, (thai 
 is against tlie rights of man,) they are 
 trying lo abolish the Consiiiutiun so a 
 man cannot have any rights. If the 
 Devil liad passed aFugiiive Slave law 
 bfifcre Jesus Christ got the power to do 
 His will, or execute his laws according 
 lo the Father's words, He gave him 
 •execu'.ive power to suspend the writ of 
 ■Jialeas corpus, and gu down into hell 
 and chain the Devil a thousand years. 
 
 Let any man prove that this is not an woman was born ? 
 
 9ih. What world does tJie seed oC 
 the serpent bruise his heel in ? — Ce7i. 
 3d. \5th. 
 
 lOih. Whi-ch is the oldest, '.he soed 
 of the woman, or the seed of ihe ser- 
 pent with the seven heads and ten 
 horns 1—Rfv. i2th, 9th. 
 
 rith. At what time was tlio enmity 
 between these two seeds, to bruise each 
 oother ? 
 
 12lh. Who wag blessed with tho 
 promise of th« seed of the woman ? 
 
 13th. Hnw many hundrea yotus 
 after the promise until the seed ot tlie 
 
 executive right, if they can. 
 
 Daniel Webster says the Constitution 
 of the United States is not a league 
 Confederacy, or compact between the 
 people of tlie different SiStes in iheii 
 soveieign capacity : but a governmcni 
 proper, founded on iha adoption of the 
 people, creatine' a direct relation 
 between itselt and individuals. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST oF QUE'^TIONS 
 FOK THOSE yVHO UNDEKaTANU DIVINI 
 TY, TO ANSWER. 
 
 1st. When is the seed of the woman 
 to bruise the serpent's head ? — Genesis, 
 3d chapter, \5lk verse. 
 
 '2 i. When is the seed of the serpent 
 to turuise his heel ? — Same. 
 
 3 1. When w?s the seed of the 
 W( man born ^ — Gal. Zd., '[Qth, and 
 4th, and Atk. 
 
 4th. When did the old serpent get 
 the first head on 1 — Rev. ]2lh and 3d 
 
 5ih. Wheie did the Devil stay 
 during the flood ? 
 
 6ih. Where did the angels stay 
 wlio had sinned and were cast down to 
 hell lo be judged ? "And the old world 
 was in the water a hurdred and tweniv 
 days" — Gen. 1th, 24th, and 2d. Peter 
 ■2d and 4lh. 
 
 7lh. Was the great dragon, which 
 is called the old serpent, the Devil and 
 Satan cast out of heaven with his seven 
 lieads and ten horns, beloie the flood or 
 not? — Rev. \2lh. 91 h. 
 
 Sih. What world does the seed of 
 iJlie woman bruise the serpent's head 
 ^.11? 
 
 14ih. How many worlds are nien- 
 lioneel in the title '? 
 
 ISdi. What does the forly days 
 and forly nights mean, that the rain 
 fell upon the antedeluvia-n world ?-^ 
 Gen. 1th, 41 h. 
 
 16Lh. Why did Noah open tho 
 window of his ark at the end of forty 
 days ?— Ge?i. 8^/;, 6th. 
 
 17ih. What do the words "forty 
 days and forty nights" mean as used 
 by Moses in connection with the get- 
 ting of the commandments ? 
 
 18th. What do the words "forty 
 years" mean as used in reference to 
 the length of time the Jewish rulers 
 ;bou]d rule ? 
 
 19ih. What does Jonah mean when 
 le says "And yet forty days and 
 Nineveh shall be destroyed ?" 
 
 20lh. What is meat by the words 
 "forty days and forty nights" as used 
 3'Iat. 4th, 2d. 
 
 21st. Who was the devil thai temp" 
 ted God in the w-ilderr.ess furty years ? 
 
 22d. What did Jesus Christ raeau 
 w^jen he said to the Jews these words, 
 "ye are of your father the devil who 
 tempted God in the wilderness forty 
 years ?" 
 
 23d. What does Peter mean when 
 he says Jesus Christ showed himself 
 alive afier the passion lo the apostles 
 forty days, and spoke of-tliings pertain- 
 ing lo the kingdom of God ? — Acts 
 \st, 3d. 
 
 24ih. Why is It that the beast with 
 I he seven heads and len horns comes 
 out of the sea and is bound a thoiisand 
 
^ ^ (^^ . 
 
 years and he ts only to continue foriy fore lum. and cHuselh thfl earth and 
 ami iwo inonlhs '? — Rev. ]3lh, 5lh. itliem wliicli dwell ihcroin. to woirBliii) 
 
 ioii. Win made llio niisiako: ilie iirst be;»si wliore dcndly wound via 
 •The old devil thai was olKiiiied m! healed ? — Rev. 13i/i \2t/i. 
 thousand years in iho bollowlots pii'?"| 37ili. By wlini aulhoriiy did Josu* 
 — Rev.20tli, \sl. iCbrisl cluiin llio two homed l»(-as( as 
 
 2t3. What beast is it that ascendediclaimed bv the Aineiican DMo So- 
 cut of liia boitomlesa pit and ehaliioieiy ? 
 
 ruako war a;(.uinsl the two wilnessoh 
 when lliev shall have finished iheii 
 testimony ? — Rev. Mth, 1th. 
 
 27ih. What dragon gave powei 
 
 Slh. vVhat was tlie firs; beast ra- 
 fcnedto \n — Rcv. 13r/i 12//t? 
 
 39ih. Who was it tj'ivo iho two 
 horned beaf>t iiis Goal and authority ? — 
 
 _. — — — ^ — ^ J-- 
 
 and seat and great «Kihoriiy to \W\B.ev. ]?>ik Wth. 
 btast (hat rises out, of the sea ? — Rev] 40; h. Who iri the beast who cause!* 
 13/A, 2^. tho people to receive hid mnik in ilio 
 
 28ih. What beast arose out of thC|foreho9d or iti the rij^ht hand, and 
 sea and got the seat and authority wiihivvhose number is GGG "? — Rcc. \'ith, 
 liis seven heads and ton horns on ? — lG?/i. 
 Rev. \^th, \st. 4l6t. Bafore the foundation of what 
 
 29lh. Where did the beast with ihoj world was Paul chosen and piedcsiina- 
 seven heads and ten horns come out ofj'ed unto the adoption of children by 
 Fea, the ocean, or see, to beheld ?—iJesus Christ? — Eph. \U, Mk and bOi. 
 Rev. ISfh, ]st. I 42d. Who is Melohizdock Kin<; of 
 
 30th. What beast is it with seven'Salem, .ving uf righteousness, or Kinj; 
 heads and ten horns that carrieth thejof peace, without father or aioihei, 
 women referred to \n'!—Rev. 17/:A,nvithout decent, having neither begin- 
 5;/j, 7^/'i. !»inS ^'f ^^ys or end ot li.e, but mado 
 
 3Ist. What beast is it that has pow- like unto the son of God abideth a 
 er given him to make war with the priest continually ?-/:/eZ<. 7ih, 1 a"<f 2. 
 saints, and overcome them and all kin- 43J. When was the order ot^Mel- 
 dreds and tonjrues and nations ? — i?eu. chizJeck issued that Jesus Christ 
 i3th, 7th. Should be mado a high priest, like un- 
 
 32d. Wiiat beast was it that got to the son of God ? — Ileb. 1th, and 
 
 power over the saints of the Jewish 
 world ? 
 
 33J. What beast was it that fought 
 th.e bat lie of the great day of God Al- 
 mighty called Armageddeu ? — Rev. 
 I6(h, 1 4th and \6th. 
 
 34th. What angel was it that was 
 seen flying in the midst of heaven, 
 having the everlasting gospel to preach 
 to every nation, and kindred, and 
 tongue, and people ? — Rev. i4th, 6th. 
 
 35i.h. What beast with two horns 
 arose up out of the earth and Bpake as 
 a dragon ? — Rev. ISth, Wth. 
 
 36th. What beast is it that exerci- 
 
 setb all the power of the firat beast he-\Rev. <ilst., 2'Uh 
 
 nth, 2] St. 
 
 44th. Have the now heaven and 
 new earth been ere^.led yet ? — Rev. 
 2\st, \st. 
 
 4Gth. Has the Holy City, the nevr 
 Jerusalem, ever come down trom God, 
 out of lieavcn, prepared as a brido 
 a<iorucd for her husband 2— Rev. 2U^ 
 2d. 
 
 ' 46:h, When was the wall of the 
 city that had twelve foundations laid, 
 and in them the names of the tweiva 
 apostles of the lamb ? 
 
 47th. Whea were the nations saved 
 to walk in the light of this city ?— 
 
E M 16 A 'fl' ii . 
 Page S, Ist oolutnn, 7th line from bottom, read — ^xcUiJiag luduiaj not t;ix- 
 eii, three fifths of all other j^ersons. 
 Page 10, IsL column, 7th line, read — in going against carr^-ing out, &(i. 
 
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