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GENERAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY IN 
 
 1492: 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE DIVINE AGENCY, 
 
 In their Settlement, Growth, and Protection j and especially 
 in the late 
 
 MEMORABLE REVOLUTION. 
 
 EXHIBITING 
 
 A General View of the Principal Events, from the Discovery 
 of North America, to the Year 
 
 1765. 
 BY BENJAMIN TRUMBULL, D. D. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY FARUAND MALLORY, \ND CO. BOSTON 
 
 'Samuel T. Armstrong; Printer. 
 1810. 
 

3v 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 THE FIRST VOLUME. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction. Sketches of the principal discoveries of North America; 
 of the state of the country when discovered ; of the character, man- 
 ners, religion, government, language, probable numbers, and geo- 
 graphical situation of the natives --- page 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Attempts of the French and Spaniards to make settlements in Carolina, 
 Patent of Sir Walter Raleigh, and his attempts to plant a colony. 
 Sketches of the patents, discovery, and settlement of Virginia, New 
 York, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, and Rhode 
 Island : and, of the principal occurrences attending their settle- 
 ment - - 51 
 
 CHAPTER III, 
 
 Oppression of the Virginians under the administration of Sir John 
 Harvey. Another massacre by the Indians. War with them Con- 
 federation of the New England colonies. Their success in chris- 
 tianizing the natives. • Tlie Virginians refusing obedience to the 
 Lord protector, he despatclies an armament against them. They 
 capitulate. His different treatment of different colonies. Reduc- 
 tion of New York. Injury by the king's commissioners. The set- 
 tlement of New Jersey and the Carolinas. Indian war and depreda. 
 - tions in New England 113 
 
ly CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Customs imposed on the colonics by act of parliament. The adminis- 
 tration of Major Andros. Both oppress, and create general unea- 
 siness. Claims of the Major on Connecticut. The colony make 
 opposition and protest against his conduct. The Virginians distrcss- 
 
 • ed by the acts of trade, and government at New York ; the people 
 are thrown into tumult ; Bacon excites rebellion. Its unhappy 
 consequences. Andros' treatment of the Jerseys. Quowarrantos 
 arc issued against the New England charters. The oppressive ud- 
 minislration of Sir Edmund Andros. Sir Edmund seized by the 
 people at Boston. Joy excited by the accession of William and 
 Mary to the throne of Britain 151 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The first assembly in New York. King James' treatment of the colo- 
 ny. Leigler's usurpation. The settlement of New Hampshire, and 
 its separation from Massachusetts. The settlement of Pennsyl- 
 vania, The counties on the Delaware become a distinct juris- 
 diction. Revolution in the Jerseys. Intrigue and corruption in the 
 government of Carolina. Al)iiscofthe Frencii protestants. Estab- 
 lishment of episcopacy, and persecution of the dissenters — 178 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Ravages of the French .and Indians in king Willijim's and queen Anne's 
 wars. Destruction of Schcnectada, Salmon Falls, and Casco. The 
 reduction of Port-Royal. Sir William Phips' unsuccessful attempt 
 on Canada. Major Schuylei's expedition. T!)C distressed state of 
 New England. Armament from France, under the Marquisof Nes- 
 raond for the reduction f)f Boston and New York. Tlic remarka- 
 ble preservation of New York and the country in general. The un- 
 common cruelties of this war. Depredations and distressed state 
 of New England in queen Anne's war. Expedition of Colonel 
 Church. Expedition under Colonel Nicholson to Wood Creek. 
 Reduction of Port Royal and Acadia. Expedition against Canada, 
 under Admiral Walker and Brigadier Hill. The loss of New Eng- 
 land in these wars, and their general effect on the country --- 214 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Expedition against St. Augustine- Defeat of the French in Carolina. 
 Palatines settle in North Carolina Massacre by the Corees and Tus- 
 caroras. Expedition against thetn. General conspiracy of the In- 
 dians against the Carolinians. War with them. Distressed state 
 of the colony. It revolts from the proprietary government, and effects 
 a revolution. Under the government of Great Britain enjoyed safety, 
 prosperity, and general satisfaction 247 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Settlement of North Carolina. First voyage made to that country. 
 Interview with the Natives. Their kindness. Settlement of Al- 
 bemarle and Cape Fear. Revolt in Albemarle. Deed from the 
 proprietors. Constitution of the colony. Palatines plant themselves 
 on the Roanoke. The colony is purchased by the crown, and the 
 government becomes regal. The plan and patent for the settlement 
 of Georgia. Settlements made. Regulations of the trustees. Ex- 
 pedition against St. Augustine. Spaniards invade Georgia and are 
 defeated. The corporation surrender their charter and the govern- 
 ment becomes regal. General observations relative to Georgia and 
 the southern colonies 266 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 War with the eastern Indians. Brunswick destroyed. Canso sur- 
 prised, and seventeen vessels taken by the enemy Attempts to 
 engage the Five Nations in a war against the eastern Indians. The 
 English take and burn Norridgewock, Peace made with the In- 
 dians. Fi-ench war. Duviviere takes Canso. Expedition of the 
 New Englanders against Louisburg-. Remarkable deliverance of 
 New England - 295 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 French war, 1755. Reasons of the war. Colonel Washington's ex- 
 pedition. Convention at Albany. E xpedition against Nova Scotia, 
 Fort du Qiiesne, Crown Point, and Niagara. Success in Nova Sco- 
 tia. General Braddock defeated by the French and Indians. Baron 
 Dieskau defeated and taken by genera^ Johnson. Unhappy divis- 
 ion of the sovithern colonics. Colonel Bradstreet defeats a party of 
 the enemy. Oswego taken. Inactivity of Lord Loudon. Conduct 
 of the southern colonics. Comparison between the campaigns of 
 1755 .ind 1756 339 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Preparations for the campaign in 1757. Plan of operation in America 
 changed, and Louisbui-g becomes its only object. This is I'ein- 
 forced, and the expedition posti)oned. Fort William Henry taken 
 by the French. The country is alarmed, and great reinforcements 
 of militia sent forward to Albany and Fort Edward. Tlic campaign 
 closes witli loss and shame. The provincials lose all confidence 
 "fti the British commanders. Change of men, 1758. Armament 
 against Louisburg. Its siege and capture by general Amherst. 
 Defeat at Ticonderoga. DuQiiesne taken by general Forbes - 369 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Plan of the campaign, 1759. Expeditions against Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point, Niagara and Qiiebcc. Ticonderoga and Crown Point 
 abandoned. Niagara taken. Siege of Qjie bee. Action at the falls 
 of Montmorenci. The camp removes to point Levi. The troops 
 land above llie town. Battle of Qjiebec. Gener.ils Wolfe and Mont- 
 calm killed. Qiiobec surrenders. Movements of general Amherst 
 on lake Champlain 388 
 
CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 State of the garrison at Qiiebec. Designs of M. Levi. His prepara- 
 tions for tlie siege of tiie city. Marches with his army from Mon- 
 treal. Battle of Sillery, General Murray defeated, and Qiiebec 
 besieged. Lord Colville arrives with the Britisli fleet. The French 
 shipping is destroyed, and the siege raised. Plan and movements 
 of general Amherst. He goes down the river St. Lawrence, 
 Makes a junction with generals Murray and Haviland, at Monti'eal. 
 The city surrenders, and the whole country of Canada is con- 
 quered. War breaks out with the Cherokees. Their lower towns 
 destroyed. They take fort Loudon. Colonel Grant desolates their 
 country with fire and sword. They make peace, and the whole 
 country is quieted - 409 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE disposing of thousands of people to leave their 
 native country, their easy circumstances, and pleasant 
 seats, in Europe ; their effecting a settlement in a vast 
 wilderness, a land not sown, replete with savage beasts 
 and more savage men ; their preservation and rapid 
 increase in this part of America, were considered by 
 the fathers of New England, among the wonderful works 
 of God. They rej)iced greatly in the happy fruits of 
 their labours ; in beholding a wilderness converted into 
 gardens, orchards, and fruitful fields in the important 
 service thus rendered to the parent country; in being 
 made instruments of laying the foundations of new 
 colonies, enlarging the British eminre, and opening to 
 it new sources of commerce, opulence and power : but 
 still more in witnessingtheenlargement of the Redeem- 
 er's kingdom by churches on principles truly evangeli- 
 cal, and in transmitting them to posterity, as a rich in- 
 heritance, liberty and pure religion. In contemplating 
 the way, in which they had been led, and the salvations, 
 which they had experienced, they were deeply impres- 
 sed with a sense of the numerous interpositions of 
 providence in their behalf, and were anxious, that they 
 might be faithfully related, that the generations to 
 come might know them for their good, and that the 
 Supreme Ruler might be glorified. 
 
 This solicitude to have these events recorded for the 
 honour of God has been noticed by the writers of their 
 history, by the records of the United colonies of New 
 England, by the records of particular colonies, and 
 in other authentic documents. Especially, after the 
 revolutionary war, it was the desire of many pious men, 
 that the remarkable deliverances, which the United 
 States of America had experienced, might be fully ex- 
 hibited to the public, as a tribute of praise to their 
 great Deliverer, and for the instruction of posterity. 
 
 Vol. I. 1 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 For this purpose the General Association of the 
 State of Connecticut, after the Peace with Great Bri- 
 tain in 1783, by their vote expressed their desire, that 
 the author of the following work would write an histo- 
 ry of the remarkable events of the war, tracing the 
 footsteps of providence through the whole. 
 
 Though at first he declined the work, yet the Asso- 
 ciation having repeated ihcir desire, he yielded to their 
 wishes. 
 
 The first governor Trumbull, obtaining the knowl- 
 edge of the design observed, that the all governirig 
 hand of providence had been no less conspicuous in 
 the first settlement of the country, in its protection 
 and population, than in the Revolutionary war, and in 
 the est-ablishment of the United States of America, as 
 a sovereign, free, and independent Jiation, and expressed 
 his desire, that the divine superintendency might be 
 exhibited from the first discovery of America, and the 
 commencement of its settlement down to that time. 
 
 In deference to his opinion, and in compliance with his 
 wishes, the history commences with the discovery of A- 
 merica. It was considered, that this would more fully 
 comport with the desire of the first planters of the 
 country, would do more honour to the di\ ine govern- 
 ment, and render the history more complete, uselul, and 
 important. 
 
 The history has been written in compliance with the 
 wishes of good men, and with a particular view to an- 
 swer the pious purposes of that venerable body, the 
 General Association of the State of Connecticut. Its 
 object is to excite gratitude and praise in the hearts of 
 all believers in a divine providence, to confirm their 
 trust in Him, whose kingdom ruleth over all : and to 
 he a perpetual testimony of his goodness and wonder- 
 ful works, particularlv toward his American Israel. 
 Though few writers of profane history notice the great- 
 ness and government of the Almighty in the events, 
 which they relate, yet these are by far the n)ost impor 
 tant and useful part of history. The j>ioiis and cele 
 brated RoUiii, after mentioning a number of important 
 
l*RErACli. XI 
 
 uses of history, says; "But another object of infinitely 
 greater importance claims our attention; it proclaims 
 universally the greatness of the Almighty, his power, 
 his justice, and, above all, the admirable wisdom, with 
 which his providence governs the universe." With 
 these views ic was thought, that an history of the 
 United States of this kind, might be peculiarly useful. 
 It was hoped also, that it might bring the inhabitants 
 of our country into a more general acquaintance with 
 each other, awaken their mutual sympathies, promote 
 their union and general welfare. It was supposed, that 
 a view of the hardships, sufferings, and anxious care of 
 their ancestors, and of the vast labours and expense of 
 blood and treasure, with which they acquired and 
 handed down to their posterity so fair an inheritance; 
 such an extensive countr}^ such wise institutions, and 
 such distinguishing privileges, civil and religious, 
 might beget in them a just veneration for the fathers 
 of the country, and ten'^d to inspire them with the same 
 spirit of true liberty, magnanimity, and pious zeal to 
 perpetuate these invaluable blessings. 
 
 As authentic history in various ways is highly useful 
 to the countries and people, whose aftairs it relates, and 
 as almost every man feels himself particularly interest- 
 eci in the settlement of his own coimtry, in the lives 
 and adventures of his ancestors; in their morals, juris- 
 prudence, and heroism, and reads them with a kind 
 of filial pleasure; the author could not but persuade 
 himself, that such an history would be an acceptable 
 work, and make some little addition to the American 
 literature. Such are the leading motives, which in- 
 duced him to undertake this work, 
 
 But as no general history of the country had been 
 written, and scarcely any thing relative to some parts of 
 it, and as th.e materials for such a work were widely 
 scattered, the collection of them has been a work of time 
 and great labour. Another material circumstance, which 
 added greatly to the labour, was the connexion of the af- 
 fairs of the colonies with the history of Great Britain, 
 M'hich rendered a constant study of the history of that 
 
XU PREFACE. 
 
 country, as well as of America, necessary to authenti- 
 cate and eludicate the work. Much care and labour 
 have been enjployed to avoid errors, and to make it con- 
 spicuous and correct. 
 
 As the writing of the history of the American church 
 of every denomination, the time and place of their ori- 
 gin, their emigration into America, the period of it, the 
 places of their settlement, and their increase in this 
 country, was contemplated by the author, and consid-^ 
 erable progress made in collecting materials for that 
 purpose, and in compiling such an history, less notice 
 has been taken in this work of the ecclesiastical affairs of 
 the United States, than otherwise would have been done. 
 
 It was the author's design to comprise the history of 
 the United States in three volumes, the first to close 
 with the year 1764; the second with the capture of 
 General Burgoyneand his army, Oct. 17th, 1777; and 
 the third with 1"'92, the whole comprising a general 
 history of three complete centuries. 
 
 The author had written the first volume and part of 
 the second; but he had been so retarded, by writing the 
 history of Connecticut, and a number of unforeseen 
 events, that considering his advanced age, and the ne- 
 cessary labours still on hand, he judged that he should 
 not be able to complete the work himself, and therefore 
 some time since, committed his manuscript histories, 
 so far as they had been written, and his whole collec- 
 tion of papers and documents relative to them, into the 
 hands of a friend in \vhose ability and fidelity he places 
 an entire confidence, that they will be completed, as ear- 
 ly as the nature and magnitude of the work will^dmit. 
 according to its original plan and design. 
 
 Dec, 20. 1810. ' 
 
A 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Iiiti'oduction. Sketches of the principal discoveries of North America ; of I. 
 
 the state of the country when discovered; of the character, manners, re- _ 
 
 ligion, government, language, probable numbers, and geographical situation 
 of the natives. 
 
 V ERY conspicuous have been the exertions of 
 Providence in the discovery of the new world, in the 
 settlement, growth, and protection of the states and 
 churches of North America. These challenge a 
 grateful acknowledgment and perpetuation. It is 
 the design of these sketches to trace them through 
 the various periods, from the first discovery of the 
 continent, to the present era, and to transmit them 
 to succeeding ages, as a tribute of honour to their 
 great and beneficent Author. 
 
 In the prosecution of this design, it will be necessary 
 to notice the first and progressive discovery of the 
 country ; its state, with respect to cultivation, in- 
 habitants, natural fruits, and advantages, when it was 
 first known to the Europeans. The charters, boun- 
 daries, settlement, and constitution of the colonies 
 within the limits of the United States ; the dangers, 
 hardships, and magnanimity of the first colonists ; the 
 progress of settlement, cultivation, literature, and 
 population ; with the principal occurrences, civil, mil- 
 itary, and ecclesiastical, will also be exhibited. 
 
 Vol. I. 2 
 
l{) A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. After that long period of ignorance and inactiv- 
 ^' ity w hich succeeded the fall of the Roman empire, 
 it ^v•as the will of Providence, in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, to awaken mankind to a more inquisitive, bold, 
 and enterprising spirit, and to signalize this period 
 by some of the greatest, most memorable, and happy 
 events. Men now passed the limits within which 
 they had been confined, in preceding ages, discover- 
 ed new countries, and opened an immense field for 
 the display of genius and courage. The Portuguese 
 had the honour of leading in this career of usefulness 
 and glory. Their discoveries roused the attention of 
 Europe, and more and more fired its several nations 
 with the spirit of discovery and enterprise. Christopher 
 Columbus, a man of great and daring genius, highly 
 skilled in geography and navigation, became strong- 
 ly impressed with the idea of a westerly passage to 
 Discovery ^^^^ ludics and of unknown regions, which time, art, 
 ..f the new and enterprise would soon discover. With this im- 
 i2ti., 1492. pression, after a course of such persevering exertions 
 and magnanimity, as rarely find a parallel in the his- 
 tory of man, he obtained the sole honour of descrying 
 the western isles, and of communicating to Europe 
 the intelligence of a new world. 
 
 The Cabots, John and Sebastian, stimulated by 
 ihe noitii- ^\^^. success and glory of Columbus, made a success- 
 nc'nt/i49r. ful appUcatiou to king Henry VII. of England, for 
 ships and powers for the purpose of further discove- 
 ry. To them was reserved the honour of first ex- 
 ploring the great continent of North America. They 
 ranged her coasts, from the fifty seventh degree of 
 north latitude, to the Fioridas. They discovered 
 Canada, Nova Scotia, New-England and the south- 
 ern states. They erected crosses along the coast, 
 and took a formal possession of the country in behalf 
 of the crown of England.* This, in the course of 
 Providence, laid the foundation of the British claims 
 and settlements in America. Progressive discove- 
 
 • I'rlncc's Cluon. p 80, uiul Smith's hist. New Jersey, p. 7,24,25. 
 
 'I'lie Cabots 
 liscovci 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. H 
 
 ries were made by Other adventurers; especially by chap. 
 captains Gosnold and Smith. ^• 
 
 The Spaniards made early discoveries of some 
 parts of the continent. In fifteen hundred and twelve, Spanish 
 John Ponce de Leon discovered the continent in U'lT^"'^^ 
 thirty degrees and eight minutes of north latitude 
 and took possession of the country naming it Flori- 
 da. Twenty seven years after, Ferdinand de Soto 
 sailed from Cuba, with nine hundred men, for the 
 conquest of Florida. Arriving at Spiritu Santo, he 
 made a tour into the country, to the northward, four 
 hundred leagues, and discovered the great river Mis- 
 sisippi.* Dying in the country, his successor, Al- 1539. 
 verado, about three years after, constructed a num- 
 ber of vessels and sailed down the river, making dis- 
 coveries more than four hundred leagues. 
 
 While the Spaniards were making discoveries in 
 the southern parts of the continent, the French steer- 
 ed a more northerly course. Francis I. of France, 
 an enterprising prince, willing to share part of the 
 new world with his neie'hbours, despatched John Ve- I'l'^"*:'! '''«- 
 
 p. ' i . . coveries, 
 
 razina, with several ships to make discoveries in 15-24. 
 America. He sailed along the coast from twenty 
 eight to fifty degrees of north latitude. Ten years 
 after James Cartier was sent on the same business. He ^^^^'" 
 first came to anchor at capeBonavista,and thence rang- 
 ed the coast, to fifty degrees of north latitude. He made 
 a discovery of various commodious harbours ; but 
 found the climate so cold and the country so unin- 
 viting, that he sailed back to the gulf of St. Lawrence; 
 where, in the name of the most christian king, he 
 took possession of several parts of the country. He 
 made a voyage, the next year, and sailed up the riv- 
 er to the great falls, which were supposed to be three 
 hundred leagues from the mouth of St. Lawrence. 
 He visited the island of Montreal, which, at that 
 time, was the chief place of resort for all the Indians 
 in Canada. It was then named Hochelaga. He ^5^^- 
 
 * Prince's Chron. p. 92. 
 
J2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, spent the winter in the country and explored the parts 
 
 '• adjacent to the river.* 
 """" From these various discoveries, originated the op- 
 posite claims of the several courts of Britian, France, 
 and Spain ; and the wars, which, for so many ages, 
 embroiled this country, and occasioned such an ex- 
 pense both of blood and treasure. For nearly a cen- 
 Discovery tury, howcvcr, these claims lay dormant. In fifteen 
 ncgtcie . j-jm^(jj.£j ^j^(j nine, Henry the VII. was no more. 
 The affairs of divorce, matrimony, and the reforma- 
 tion, engrossed the whole attention of Henry VIII. 
 and the business of discovery, claim, and settlement 
 Reasons of was entirely neglected by the English court. The 
 thisnegicct. riches of the South drew the attention of the Spaniards. 
 The long and bloody wars between Charles the V. 
 emperor of Germany, and Francis I. gave the court 
 of France ample employment. Besides, no prince, 
 or statesman, in Europe, appears to have foreseen the 
 advantages of planting colonies in this northern con- 
 tinent. It presented no mines of gold or silver, nor 
 were its mountains covered with spicery and balm. 
 It was not conceivable, at that period, how nume- 
 rous hardy colonics, could give such strengtli, opu- 
 lence and grandeur to empires, as could never be de- 
 rived from the gold and rich productions of the south- 
 ern regions. Almost the only advantage arising from 
 the discovery of North America was the fishery on the 
 banks of Newfoundland. This was begun, by indi- 
 viduals, early in the sixteenth century, but the ad- 
 vantages, at first, were small. Many years elapsed 
 before it was ripened into a system and became a 
 national emolument. 
 
 When the Europeans made the first discoveries of 
 cilntiy '^'''^ North America, it was a vast and dreary wilderness, 
 when it was replete witli wild and savage beasts, and with men, 
 little less wild and savage than they. Here the pan- 
 ther, the catamountain, the tyger, the black and white 
 bear, the wild cat, the wolf, and other beasts of prey 
 
 • Prince's Cliron. p. 89, 90. and Wynn's liist. vol, I. p. 2.)7, 768. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 13 
 
 poured out their alarming roar. The buffalo and the elk, chap. 
 the moose and the carabo rushed through her thick- ^• 
 ets, the staa: and the fallow deer ranged her moun- 
 tains and leaped over her planis. 1 he wild anmials pect to aa- 
 lurking in her groves, the feathered tribes perching "''^'^• 
 on her boughs, and the various species of fowls cov- 
 ering her waters, were too numerous to particularize 
 in the present work. America hath her full propor- 
 tion of animals. Of two hundred species, which is 
 tlie whole number supposed to exist upon the globe, 
 the one half are aboriginal of America.* 
 
 The surface of the earth, destitute of cultivation, Cultivation, 
 was generally loaded with rank and exuberant vege- 
 tation. Hidden, for ages, by extensive forests, from 
 the purifying influence of the sun, the air became 
 stagnant. In many places, putrid exhalations rose 
 from the waters and low grounds, engendering dis- 
 ease and death. By reason of the fall of timber, 
 twigs, and foliage, little grass was to be found, except 
 in the marshes, low grounds, and tracts partially clear- 
 ed by the natives. However, the natural fruits and Fmits and 
 advantages of the country were many. On the shore "^ntjfes^'^" 
 of the sea, on the banks of the rivers, by the brooks, 
 and in the low grounds was an abundance of vines 
 and grapes. These were of various kinds. The grapes 
 are described, by the discoverers, as lying on the 
 green soil, on the plains, and sands, and as so hang- 
 ing over the shore of the sea, that the tides overflow- 
 ed them. They imagined, that in the whole world 
 besides there was not the like abundance. Say they, 
 " The woods are not such as you fiind in Bohemia, 
 Muscovia, or Hercynia, barren and fruitless ; but 
 the highest and reddest cedars in the world, better- 
 ing them of the Azores, Indies, or Libanus : Pines, 
 Cypress, Sassafras, the Lentisk bearing mastick, 
 and many other of excellent smell, "f In the south- 
 ern parts were both the black and white mulberry, 
 plumbs, crabs, melons, musk mellons, cucumbers, 
 
 * Jefferson's notes, p. 60. j Smith's liist. p. 2. 
 
14, A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, tobacco, corn, pease, beans, pumkins, squashes, pota- 
 '• toes, and various kinds of esculent roots in abundance.* 
 Acorns, walnuts, chesnuts, groundnuts, wild cher- 
 ries, currants, strawberries, whortle berries, and other 
 wild tiuits, almost innumerable, grew in all parts of 
 the United States. The discoverers relate, that the 
 sweet flavour of America met, and agreeably salut- 
 ed them, even before her shores or high lands were 
 presented to their view.f 
 
 The country abounded with rich intervals, exten- 
 sive and fertile plains, adapted to all the purposes of 
 husbandry, but none knew how to improve them. It 
 had the finest groves and timber in the world, for 
 building of every kind. It was interspersed with nu- 
 merous rivers and lakes. Some of the latter were little 
 inferior to the small seas of the old world, affordii^g 
 the most extensive iiiland navigation.^ Its coasts 
 were washed more than a thousand miles by the At- 
 lantic ocean. Its riches, in skins and furs, were 
 scarcely equalled by ti^.ose of any other part of the 
 globe. It possessed all natural advantages for build- 
 ing, trade, and navigation. But the Aborigines had 
 made no improvements. They were in total igno- 
 rance of their advantages. Beyond the hollow trough, 
 or canoe, burnt out with fire, and wrought with sharp 
 stones and shells, or made with the bark of birch 
 trees, with ribs, and pitched over with tar and tur- 
 pentine, they had made no advances in navigation. 
 Not known 'Y\^^. country yielded mines of copper, and abounded 
 
 to the na- . . i : • p 
 
 fives. in iron ores ; but they were so ignorant of arts and 
 manufactures, that they were not the possessors even 
 of a knife, nor of any instrument ol iron. 
 
 • Smith's hist. p. 22, 26, 27, and Beverly's hist. p. 124, 125. 
 
 I Smitli's liist. p. 2. Vovag'e of Amidiis and Barlow. 
 
 4 Tlie several western lakes, are said, upon an accurate calculation, 
 to contain the following- number of acres. 
 
 Lake Superior - - 21,952,780. Bav Puan - - 1,216,000. 
 
 Lake of the woods l,Jo3,800. Lake Huron - 5,009,920. 
 
 Luke Kaiii - . . 165,200. Lake Sinclair - 895,000. 
 
 *^«-'l I-'ke - - 551,000. I,:,ke Erie - - 2,622,800, 
 
 Lake Michigan . 10,368,000. Lake Ontario 2,390,000. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J5 
 
 No public roads, no regular towns nor villasfes, no chap. 
 gardens nor fields of inciosure, were to be found, in ^• 
 all the vast regions of this northern continent. Nei- 
 ther oxen, cows, horses, sheep, nor any of the do- 
 mesticated animals of the European nations, had 
 been ever seen in them. During the many ages, 
 which must have elapsed since the peopling of North 
 America, no active genius had appeared, among 
 its numerous nations, to teach and encourage arts, 
 industry, a civil and comfortable manner of living. 
 
 The waters of America are not less prolific than p-^^^ ^^^j 
 the lands. Its seas, lakes, and various rivers were ^wis, 
 replete with an uncommon variety and plenty of ex- 
 cellent fish. The whale, grampus, sturgeon, cod, 
 salmon, sole, plaice, herring, shad, perch, pickerel, 
 breams, trout, and numerous other kinds of fish, 
 sported in its waters. Lobsters, crabs, shrimps, mus- 
 cles, oysters, clams, and other shell fish enriched its 
 shores and sands. 
 
 An almost incredible number and variety of fowls 
 covered its waters. Among these were geese, ducks 
 of various kinds, widgeons, teale, and others suitable 
 for the first table entertainments. 
 
 The country was peopled with numerous tribes, Descriptioa 
 or clans of Indians. They were srenerallv tall, °f .^'"^' ''^°* 
 strait, well shaped men. There was not, indeed, in Their stat 
 the southern, the same uniformity, in stature, as in "^^" 
 the northern tribes. The Wighcocomicoes, and oth- 
 ers bordering on them, were small. The Sasquesa- 
 hanocks were uncommonly large. Smith saith, "such 
 great and well proportioned men are seldom ever 
 seen ; for they seemed like giants to the English." 
 Five of their werowances, or kings, made him a 
 visit. Of the largest of them he gives this descrip- 
 tion. " The calf of whose leg was three quarters of 
 a yard about, and all the rest of his limbs so an- 
 swerable to that proportion, that he seemed the 
 goodliest man we ever beheld."* The native in- 
 
 * Smith's hist. p. 24. 
 
16 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, habitants of the mountains, in North Carolina, were of 
 I- a gii^antick stature* The Indians, whether great or 
 
 small, have the best limbs, and a good proportion. 
 
 Complex- They are universally born white, but when grown, 
 ''""• are of a copper brown. Their hair is strait, long, 
 
 and very black. They have black eyes, a fine, white 
 set of teeth, and tolerably good features. Their fa- 
 ces and noses are generally broader, and less prom- 
 inent, than those of the English. They have com- 
 monly very thin beards, or none ; not so much from 
 nature, as from a custom, which they have, of pul- 
 ling them out by the roots, when they first make their 
 appearance. They are healthful, firm, and vigorous ; 
 Constitu- capable of uncommon fatigues and hardships. They 
 tion. jjj-e full of agility : travel and run with uncommon 
 
 ease and speed. f Their women are strong and mas- 
 culine ; more inured to exercise and labour than the 
 men : consequently they are more firm and capable 
 of hardship. They endure the pains of child bear- 
 ing without a groan.| Sometimes, soon after labour, 
 they take their children on their backs, and travel as 
 before. 
 Genius. With rcspcct to the general character of the na- 
 
 tives, they were quick of apprehension, ingenious, and, 
 in many instances, nothing could exceed their cour- 
 tesy and friendship. Gravity and eloquence distin- 
 guished them in council, bravery and address in war. 
 In general, they were not more easily provoked, tiian 
 the Europeans ; but when once they had received 
 an injury it was never forgotten. In anger, they 
 were not, like the English, talkative and boisterous, 
 but sullen and revengeful. Nothing indeed, when 
 they were exasperated, could exceed their revenge 
 and cruelty. Their personal and passive fortitude 
 was equal to their cruelty. They would defend 
 themselves against an host of enemies, or be killed, 
 rather than surrender even to those, who, they knew 
 
 * La\\-H()i»'s liist. of Nortli Carolina, p. 82. 
 f Hutch, vol. I. p. 405, i Ncal's hist. N. E. vol. I. p. 45. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 17 
 
 would give them good treatment. When in the chap. 
 power of their enemies, they were never known to beg i* 
 for Hfe : on the contrary they court death.* Though ' 
 
 they were gradually disjointed, or broken in pieces, 
 though flayed or burnt alive, they neither groaned, 
 nor exhibited any signs of timidity or sorrow.f They 
 nevertheless had a keen sensibility : not only their 
 women, but even their warriors, who wish to appear 
 superior to human events, wept bitterly, for the loss 
 of children and relatives.^ Treachery, indolence, 
 inconstancy and improvidence, were also conspicu- 
 ous traits in their character. § 
 
 Their dress was various. In summer they were Dress, 
 generally naked, except about the waist, which was 
 covered with a piece of leather, with grass or leaves. 
 In winter they clothed themselves with the skins of 
 wild beasts, thrown about ihem like a mantle. Some 
 clothed themselves with mantles of feathers, so cu- 
 riously wrought, with threads, that the feathers only 
 were discernible. These woe both warm and beau- • 
 
 tiful. Their sachems and chief men, on days of fes- 
 tivity and show, clad themselves with large mantles 
 of deer skins, embroidered with white beads, ^™^"^^*^t(i- 
 or copper ; or they were painted in various forms. 
 As signs of royalty, they wore chains of fish bones 
 about their necks, the skin of a wild cat, or some 
 other terrible creature on their arms, or about their 
 bodies. On the legs, hands, breasts, and faces of the 
 women, were the figures of various living creatures, 
 curiously wrought, with black spots, into the skim 
 and flesh. They wore pendants of bracelets, chains 
 and copper in their ears ; bracelets on their arms, 
 and chains on their legs. The men wore pendants 
 
 • Jefferson's notes, p. 108, 109. | Smith's hist. p. 38. 
 
 ^ Jefferson's notes, p. 109. 
 § Every part of this character might have been illustrated by parti- 
 cular examples, and they are omitted, only for the sake of brevity. 
 They may be found in Smitii's ani-.ient hisiory of Virginia, in Wood's 
 Prospect of New-Eng'land, in Coldeu's iilstory of C.mady, in Hub- 
 bard's narrative, in Jefferson's notes on Virginia, and in oth&r writers 
 on the subject. 
 
 Vol. T-. 3 
 
18 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Hnhita- 
 tions. 
 
 Utensils. 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 of copper, of living and dead animals in their ears. 
 On their heads they wore the feathers and wings 
 of fowls, with the rattles of snakes : and, sometimes 
 the whole skin of a hawk, or of some strange fowl 
 stuffed, with the wings spread. Their faces and 
 shoulders were painted in various forms, and he was 
 esteemed the bravest man, who could make the most 
 monstrous and horrible appearance.* 
 
 The Indian houses, or wigwams, were at best, 
 but poor smoky cells. They were constructed, like 
 arbours, of small young trees, bent and twisted to- 
 gether, and so curiously covered with mats, or the 
 bark of trees, that they were tolerably warm and dry. 
 In the center was their fire ; and an oi)ening at the 
 top emitted the smoke. For the convenience of 
 wood and water, they were commonly erected in 
 groves, and near some river, brook, or living spring. 
 When the wood failed, the owners changed their 
 quarters. 
 
 Their household furniture was as poor as their 
 dwellings. They had neither pot nor kettle ; nei- 
 ther chair nor stool, table nor napkin, but sat, ate, and 
 lodged on the ground. Their beds were mats, or 
 skins, on which, in the cold seasons, they lodged, 
 with their feet ahvays to the fire. Their hatchet was 
 a stone somewhat in the form of the English hatch- 
 et. Instead of an eye it had a neck, round which a 
 withe was fastened for a handle. Their knives were 
 sharp shells and the splinters of reeds. With these 
 they scalped their enemies, flayed and disjointed 
 their giime, cut their hair, trimmed their feathers, 
 sh.iped their shoes, buskins and mantles. They 
 planted and dressed tiieir corn with the shells of oys- 
 ters and clams, or with a stone hoe, or with a stick, 
 broad and sharpened at one end. Between their 
 hands and knees the women readily spun an even 
 thread or cord, of the bark of trees, of the Indian 
 hemp, or of the sinews of moose and deer. With this 
 
 Smitli's hist. p. 30. 38. 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. Ip 
 
 they made their lines and nets, for fishing, and the chap, 
 strings of their bows. Their nets were small, but ^ 
 as formally wrought as those of the Europeans. ■ 
 
 Their fish hooks were made of bones, bent, or oth- 
 erwise formed, much in the shape of the English 
 fish hook. 
 
 Their food was course and simple. Till the Eu- Food, 
 ropeans visited them, they had neither bread nor 
 salt. They fed on the flesh and entrails of moose, 
 deer, bears, and all kinds of wild be :sts and birds ; 
 on fish, eels, and creeping things. They had good 
 stomachs, and nothing came amiss. In the hunting 
 and fowling seasons, they had venison, moose, buf- 
 faloes, and fat bears : fish, turkeys, geese, and the 
 like. In the summer, they had green corn, beans, 
 pease and the various fruits which the country nat- 
 urally produced.* In the winter they subsisted on 
 corn, beans, fish, nuts, groundnuts, and other escu- 
 lent roots. 
 
 Their only way of cooking flesh or fish, was by Cookery. 
 roasting them on a stick, or broiling them on the 
 coals. In the winter, they most commonly ate their 
 corn parched. Sometimes, after parching they 
 pounded it into a kind of coarse meal. They term- 
 ed this Nuichicke ; which, saith Hutchinson, " Is 
 well enough translated Nocake." With a small 
 pouch of this they would support themselves, for seve- 
 ral days, in their hunts and long marches, when des- 
 titute of other supplies. They had no set meals ; 
 but, like other wild creatures, ate when they were 
 hungry. Sometimes they had little or nothing for a 
 day or two. But, when they had provisions, they 
 feasted : after fasting they indulged themselves free- 
 ly, and made up, at one meal, all they had lost be- 
 fore. 
 
 The various tribes waged, vvith each other, fierce ^^^_ 
 and implacable wars. They fought not for lands nor 
 
 * Pease and beans seem to have been natural productions of the 
 country. Ibid. p.28. See also Lawson's history of North CaroJina,p.76. 
 
gQ A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, riclics; but for glory, women, and, principally, for 
 I revcni2;c. Tiieir personal valour was great; but 
 
 they had little discipline. They had neither drum 
 
 nor trumpet : their throats served them, on all occa- 
 sions, ^\ here these \vere neccssar3\ Thcv had not 
 only a surprlsiii,^; faculty of raisinj^ their voices, in 
 wild and inarticulate sounds, but of making their 
 words understood at a great distance. Singular was 
 their address in ambusliing, ensnaring, and surpris- 
 ing their enemies. They commenced their battles 
 in a sudden, furious manner, with the war hoop, or 
 Indian yell, than which nothing could be more sav- 
 age and terrible. Whenever they gained a victory, 
 their route A\as marked \vitli promiscuous carnage 
 and destruction. The women and royalties of a con- 
 quered sachem, were esteemed the property, and re- 
 served for the use of the sachem, who made the con- 
 quest. The Indians, in general, scalped, cut oft' the 
 heads, and mangled the dead bodies of their enemies. 
 
 ^"^cfuves ^^"'^^" ^^^^y iTi^ide captives, they offered them no 
 mal-treatment ; but would rather starve themselves, 
 than sufter them to want. Whether they were to be 
 kept alive, or to be tortured to death, they fed them 
 as well as circumstances would permit : and, some- 
 times, feasted them previous to the most merciless 
 torments. No instance is to be found of their hav- 
 ing offered the least violence to the chastity of their 
 female captives. Notwithstanding, their wretched 
 j)risoners underwent severe punishments, at their 
 journey's end, before it was determined whether they 
 should live or die : if it was determined that they 
 should live, from that moment, they received the 
 kindest treatment ; but if the determination was 
 otherwise, they died in torments, to satiate the cruel- 
 ty and revenge of their captors.* 
 
 ^.j^y Their arms were bows and arrows, a wooden 
 
 sword, and a tomahawk. Their bows Avere con- 
 stnicted in the common form. Their arro\\'s were 
 
 ♦ Cplden's vol. i.p. 9, 10 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 21 
 
 made of straight sticks, reeds, or stalks of elder, chap. 
 headed with bone, or a hard, flinty stone, fastened ^• 
 with cords and glue.* They rarely missed their 
 mark, and their arrows did execution. Their toma- 
 hawk was either a club with a knob at one end, a 
 stone hatchet, or a stick with a piece of a deer's horn 
 fixed atone end, like a pickaxe. The southern In- 
 dians used round targets made of bark. f The Mo- 
 hawks covered themselves with the skin of the sea 
 horse, for a defence against the arrows of their ene- 
 mies.f 
 
 The Indian men M^ere indolent, and disdained to 
 labour. They diverted themselves with hunting. Diversions, 
 fishing, fowling, shooting at marks, leaping, dancing, 
 and the like exercises. At their dances, which were 
 commonly performed round a great fire, they were 
 painted and dressed in the most frightful manner ; 
 especially, in their war-dances. In these they sang 
 their o\^'n, and their ancestors' heroic feats ; repre- 
 senting the manner of their performance, and 
 wrought themselves up to an inexpressible degree 
 of martial rage and enthusiasm. 
 
 They put all the labour upon their women. They ^j^^^g ^j. 
 builded their houses, planted, dressed and gathered the women, 
 in their corn. They gathered their wood, and bore it, 
 on their shoulders to their wigwams. They bore home 
 the venison, fish and fowl, or whatever game their hus- 
 bands took in hunting or fishing. In journeying or 
 marching, they carried their children and bore their 
 burdens. Notwithstanding the churlishness and in- 
 humanity of their haughty lords, they wrangled not 
 with them, but were mild and obedient. They con- 
 tented themselves, with their helpless condition, es- 
 teeming it the woman's portion. 
 
 When a young Indian wished for conjugal connex- Counship 
 ions, he presented the girl by whom he was enam- age. "'^^"' 
 oured with bracelets, belts, and chains of wampum; 
 
 * Tliey inade g-lue of deer's horns and sinews, which Smith says^ 
 would not dissolve with cold water. Hist. Virginia, p. 31. 
 
 t Smith's hist. V'lrg. p. 31. * Hutch, hist, vol. i. 464. 
 
22 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and if she received them they lived together, for a 
 I timeontrial, enjoying the fruits of their love. If they 
 
 pleased each other, they were joined in marriage ; 
 
 but, if after a few weeks, they were not suited, the 
 man, leaving his presents, quitted the girl and 
 sought another mistress ; and she another humble 
 servant. Thus they courted until two met, who 
 were agreeable to each other. The accompanying 
 of a suitor in this manner, detracted nothing from the 
 honour of the girl. Before marriage, the consent of 
 the sachem was obtained, and he, always, joined the 
 hands of the young pair in wedlock. 
 Concu- Among the five nations polygamy was not custom- 
 
 ary ;* but the Indians in general kept many concu- 
 bines, and never thought they had too many wom- 
 en, f They chose them agreeably to fancy, and 
 put them away at pleasure. When a sachem grew 
 weary of any of his women, he bestowed them on 
 some of his favourites, or chief men. But the In- 
 dians had one wife, who was the governess of the 
 family, and whom they generally kept during life. 
 In cases of adultery, the husband either put away the 
 guilty wife, or satisfied himself by the infliction of 
 some severe punishment. Husbands and wives, 
 parents and children, lived in the same wigwam, with- 
 out any apartments, and made no privacy of such ac- 
 tions, as even the chaster animals keep from public 
 view. 
 Manner of The manner of burial, and mourning for the 
 ouriaJ- dead, seem to have been nearly the same, in all parts 
 of the continent. The most common way of burial 
 was to dig holes in the ground, with sharpened stakes; 
 in the bottom of which sticks were laid across, and 
 the corpse, wrapped in skins and mats, was laid up- 
 on them. The arms and treasures of the dead, 
 their utensils, paint, and ornaments, were put into the 
 same holes with themselves, and a mount of earth 
 was raised upon them all. In some parts of New- 
 
 • Colden's hist. vol. i. p. 13. f Ncal's hist. N. E. vol. i. p. 38. 
 
Ul^ITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^5 
 
 En.^land, and among the five nations, the dead were chap. 
 buried in a sitting posture, with their faces towards ^ 
 the east. Their women blacked their faces, with "*^*~- 
 coal and oil, on these mournful occasions, and dur- 
 ing the burial, the friends of the dead made the most 
 doleful and hideous lamentations. Their mourning 
 continued, night and morning for several days ; in 
 which all the relatives bore a part. 
 
 Some of the Indians had a custom, at certain peri- Bu"*! of 
 ods, of collecting the bones of their dead and of bury- ^^^' 
 ing them, in a sort of strata, or beds, one above 
 another, under covers of stone and earth, till they 
 raised a hillock eight, ten, or twelve feet in altitude. 
 Jefferson, in his description of one of these barrows, 
 as he terms them, says, " It was of a spheroidical 
 form, of about forty feet diameter, at the base, 
 and had been about twelve feet in altitude." Upon 
 examination, he conjectured that it contained a 
 thousand skeletons.* The bones lay in such pro- 
 miscuous confusion, as excited the idea, that they 
 were emptied from sacks or baskets, and buried in 
 that state of disorder. From the state of the bones, 
 in the several beds, it appeared that they were buried 
 at different times. These repositories of bones are 
 to be found all over Virginia. 
 
 The natives had a sort of money, called wampum. Money 
 It consisted of small beads, very curiously wrought 
 out of shells, perforated in the centre so that they 
 might be strung on belts, in chains, and bracelets. 
 These were of several sorts. The Indians in New- 
 England made black, blue, and white wampum. Six 
 of the white beads, and three of the black, or blue 
 ones, passed for a penny. The five nations make 
 another sort which are of a purple colour. The white 
 ones are wrought out of the inside of the great conchs; 
 and the purple, out of the inside of the muscle shell: 
 These are now woven, or strung in broad belts ; 
 
 * Notes on Viig. p. 173, 175. 
 
24 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and in their treaties, are 2;iven as a confirmation of* 
 ^' their speeches, and as the seals of friendship.* 
 B- , As tobacco was a natural production of the coun- 
 
 Pipes aud , . ' , .i^ , , 
 
 tobacco, try, the natives were great smokers. 1 obacco pouch- 
 es hung at their backs, and pipes were their insepar- 
 able companions. These pipes were made of wood 
 and stone. Some of them were wrought in a very 
 curious manner, and on them were carved the fig- 
 ures of birds and various living creatures. 
 
 Rjeiigion. 'f i^(j natives believed the existence of a God and 
 a future state. They worshipped a great variety of 
 deities ; such as the fire, water, thunder, and light- 
 ning, and any thing, which they conceived to be su- 
 perior to themselves, and capable of doing them an 
 injury. They even worshipped the horses, great guns, 
 and muskets of the Europeans, when they came first 
 among them. They believed that there was one su- 
 preme God, the Preserver and Lord of the universe. 
 But they payed their princij)al devotion to the evil 
 spirit, whom they called Hobbamocko. They seem 
 to have conceived, that the supreme God, whom 
 they called Kichtan,was good, and that Hobbamocko 
 was evil, and did them mischief ; and so, from fear,. 
 they worshipped him, to keep him in good humour. 
 They did not appear to have any notions of a sabbath, 
 or to regard one day more than another. In times 
 of great distress, on the account of famine, sickness, 
 or fear of their enemies ; and at times of triumph 
 and of the ingathering of their fruits, the whole 
 country, men, women, and ciiildren, came together 
 
 Manner of to tlicir solemnities. The manner of their devotion 
 
 devotion. ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ dauce rouud great fires, kindled 
 
 In their houses or fields ; sometimes, all shouting 
 aloud together. They often coniinued these exer- 
 cises incessantly, for four or five hours. f The 
 Powhatans, in Virginia, and the Narragansets, in 
 Khode-Ishind, appear to have been the most super- 
 stitious of all the Indians, on the continent. Smith 
 
 • Coldcn's Jiist, vol. i. p.3,4, a;ul 71. t SmiUi'.s liist. Virg. p 35,36. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 25 
 
 represents, that nearly three parts of the year, the chap. 
 Virginia Indians observed times and seasons.* In ^ 
 
 every territory of a Werowance there was a temple . 
 
 filled with the images of their kings and of evil 
 spirits. These temples were built arbour- wise, and 
 nearly sixty feet in length. They were esteemed 
 so sacred, that none but kings and priests might 
 enter them. The god whom the Indians of New- 
 England called Hobbamocko, the Virginia Indians 
 called Okee. A common savage durst not pass 
 one of his temples, even in boats, without solemnly 
 casting pieces of copper, white beads, or pocones 
 into the river, for fear he would be offended, and 
 revenge the affront. 
 
 Seven jiriests ministered in some of these temples. Priests. 
 The chief priest was distinguished, from the other 
 six, by his extraordinary head-dress. This was 
 made of twelve or sixteen snake skins, with the skins 
 of weasels and other vermin, the tails of which, 
 meeting on the crown of the head, formed a large 
 tassel. Round this was gathered a crown of feath- 
 ers. The skins hung down over his neck and 
 shoulders, and almost covered his face. The priests 
 were all painted in the most deformed manner which 
 could be devised ; and every one held a rattle. The 
 chief priest began their songs ; sometimes he broke 
 out into invocations, with starts and strange pas- 
 sions ; and when he paused the rest would utter 
 short groans f ^ 
 
 In Virginia, the Indians had altars, or large stones Altars and 
 on which they offered blood, deer's suet, and tobacco. Sacrifices. 
 These were erected by their houses, in the woods 
 and wilderness, where any thing extraordinary had 
 happened : and the}' served them not only as altars, 
 but as the best records of their antiquities. In great 
 storms, when the waters in the sea and rivers were 
 rough and tumultuous, they threw copper, tobacco, 
 and the like articles into the waters, with a kind of 
 
 • Smith's hist. Virg, p. 29. t p. 35. 
 
 Vol. I. 4 
 
25 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CH \p lnfcp>a] yell and invocation, to appease the incensed 
 I- sfods. They had also an annual sacrifice of male 
 
 " children. While the ceremony attending their 
 
 dedication was performing, the women wept and 
 cried out in the highest transports of female tender- 
 ness. They prepared mats, skins, moss, and other 
 articles for the funerals of their children. Whether 
 the cliildren were all slain, or whether part of them 
 w'ere reserved for priests and conjurers, could not be 
 determined. * So deluded were these unhappy men, as 
 to believe that unless they made this barbarous sacri- 
 fice, their Okce, and the other gods, would not suffer 
 them to have either harvests, venison, turkeys, or fish; 
 but that they would make great destruction among 
 them. 
 
 The Narrhagansetts, as well as the southern In- 
 dians,had their temples for devotion. These were shut 
 against all but the powaws, unless at the times of 
 their public solemnities. Then vast crowds flock- 
 ed to them, and offered their best treasures ; skins, 
 hatchets, and utensils of all kinds, in sacrifice to 
 their god. The priests took all their offerings, and 
 cast them into a great fire, in which they were 
 burned to ashes. Many of the devout Indians 
 dedicated their children to the gods, to be educated 
 for powaws, or priests. 
 
 Gove™- The Indian government, in general, was absolute 
 
 monarchy. The will of the sachem was his law. 
 The lives of his subjects were all in his power. 
 But in all important affairs, he consulted his coun- 
 sellors ; ^v]lo, when they had given their opinions, 
 referred the decision of every matter to him. What- 
 ever his dctt-rrninations were, they applauded his 
 wisdom, and without hesitation carried his orders 
 into execution. In council, the deportment of the 
 sachems Mas grave and majestic, even to admira- 
 tion. 'I'hc conduct of their servants was equally 
 
 TPaniesc, or rcspcctful and submissivc. The counsellors of the 
 
 Bounsellors. * 
 
 • Smith's hist. p. 36. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 27 
 
 sachem were not only the most wise and courageous, chap. 
 but, generally, the largest men, in his domniion. i- 
 They were not only his counsellors, but the im- — '^ 
 mediate guard of his person. The New- England 
 Indians, termed these counsellors, the paniese. To 
 keep up an order so honourable and important, as 
 these were esteemed among them, the most prom- 
 ising boys were chosen, and with great care trained 
 up in the observation of peculiar rites and customs. 
 They were made to abstain from all curious meats, 
 to drink the juice of bitter herbs; were beaten with 
 sticks on their legs, and obliged to run through 
 brambles and thorny bushes, to render them hard\% 
 and more acceptable to Hobbamocko.* Tliough 
 the natives had no written laws, yet they had cus- 
 toms, which, in some measure, obtained the force 
 of law. According to these, an attempt upon the life 
 of the Sachem, a gross act of disobedience, or insult 
 offered to his person, and murder, were capital 
 crimes. The punishment of the former of these, 
 was scalping, disjointing, and flaying them alive ; punj^jj 
 or binding and roasting them alive, on heaps ofments/ 
 burning coals.f The punishment of the latter was 
 knocking the murderer on the head. Injustice was 
 punished according to the number of times, in which 
 the delinquent had been found guilty. For the first 
 offence, he was, in the most disgraceful and hu- 
 miliating manner, reproached for his knaverj ; for 
 the second, he was cudgelled on the naked body; 
 for the third, besides a sound drubbing, his nose 
 was slit, that all for the future might know and 
 avoid him. The sachem was generally both the 
 judge and the executioner.l 
 
 The five nations were distinguished, by their gov- Govem- 
 ernment, from all the other Indians on the continent, fivenatioia 
 Tliis was entirely republican. The authority of 
 their rulers was gained and supported, by the opin- 
 
 * Neal's hist. N. E. vol. i. p. 39, 40. f Smith's hist. Virg-. p. 38. 
 \ Neal's hist. N. E. p. 42, 43. 
 
23 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ion, which the nation had of their wisdom, courage, 
 ' and integrity. Honour and esteem were then- re- 
 wards ; shame and contempt their punishments. 
 They were confederate nations, joined in a perpeiual 
 league, in which all had equal authority and influ- 
 ence. Their union was so ancient, that its origin 
 was unknown. Like the Romans, they always 
 strengthened themselves, by the admission and incor- 
 Estcem of poratiou of other nations among them. They imagine 
 themselves, thcmselvcs, by nature, supcrior to the rest of mankind. 
 They haughtily styled themselves OngueJiomve^ men 
 surpassing all others. For time immemorial, they 
 have been the terror of all the other Indians of 
 North America. Since the settlement of New- 
 England, if a single Mohawk was disco^•ered in the 
 country, the other Indians, from hill to hill, raised 
 the cry, A Mohawk ! A Mohawk ! Whatever dis- 
 parity there was in numbers, diey fled, without the 
 least resistance. Sometimes when they fled to the 
 English houses for protection, the Mohawks entered 
 with them, and knocked them on the head, in the 
 presence of the family.* But they did no injury 
 to the christians ; and, if the doors were shut, they 
 never made a forcible entry. 
 Indian eio- 1 '^c Indians, not only of the five nations, but 
 queuce. generally, were much given to sj)eech-makii;g. 
 With them, war and elo(juencc were the foundations 
 of all consequence. To these acquirements, there- 
 fore, the whole force of their genius was directed. 
 In council, their opinions were given in set speeches; 
 and to persons whom they respected, at meeting and 
 parting, they addressed their compliments in formal 
 harangues. The Indians of the five nations used no 
 labials ; but thought it laughable indeed, for men to 
 shut their mouths, that they might speak. 
 
 The Indian language was replete with gutturals 
 and strong aspirations, which rendered it peculiarly 
 bpid and sonorous. Their speeches, like those of 
 
 • Cqlden's hist. vol. i. p. 1, 2, 3. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 29 
 
 the eastern nations, abounded with metaphors, and chap. 
 some of them, perhaps, are equal to any recorded in ^ 
 ancient or modern history.* Their manner of speak- " 
 ing was with uncommon animation and vehemence. 
 Great was the deference which they observed in Deference 
 their conversation, one with another, and in their versatiott. 
 public speeches; especially in their treaties between 
 nations. In the former they w'ere pleased with sal- 
 hes of wit and humour, but in a public treaty, any 
 thing of this nature gave disgust, and left the im- 
 prt s.>ion of a light and inconsiderate mind. 
 
 The Indians have been represented by some wri- First treat- 
 ters, as the most sordid and contemptible part of the En"iish.^*^^ 
 human species ; as the very ruins and dregs of 
 mankind. Hov^ever, in justice to their character, it 
 ought to be observed, that on the first arrival of the 
 English, both in Virginia and New-England, they 
 treated them with great kindness. In Virginia, 
 they carried them on shore upon their backs, that 
 the}' might not wet themselves in wading from their 
 boats ; they washed their clothes and even their 
 feet ; and feasted them in the best manner of which 
 they were capable. The writers of those times say, 
 *' A more kind and loving people cannot be."t 
 In New- England, they made them welcome to their 
 cabins, by good treatment and the best provisions 
 they could furnish. They taught them . how to 
 plant and cultivate the Indian corn : and, w^hen 
 any of them were lost in the woods, and otherwise 
 must have perished, they fed, and conducted them 
 safely to their quarters 4 Faithless as they have 
 been represented, Massasoiet, and his successors, 
 kept good faith with the English for nearly half a 
 century. The five nations have maintained their 
 confederation, with each other, inviolate, for time im- 
 memorial. They maintained, with the utmost punc- 
 tuality, their treaties with the Dutch of New- York 
 
 * Witness the speech of Log.aii, published by Jefferson, and the 
 speech of Gurangula, published by Golden. Vol. i. p. 70, 73. 
 j Smith's Hist. Viri^. p. 3, 4. i Hutch. Vol. i.p. 468. 
 
30 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and Albany, from their commencement, till the 
 I- English became masters of the ])iovnice, and tlie 
 "^ Dutch government ceased. With equal punctuality, 
 did they afterwards keep them, with the English, un- 
 til the late memorable revolution. 
 
 The little progress which they had made in arts 
 and civilization, appears not to have been owing so 
 much to want of genius, as to a combination of other 
 circumstances. When their children have been put 
 to English schools, they have appeared no less active, 
 witty, and apt to learn, than the English boys. In 
 WTiting they have often excelled them. 
 Numbeisof With rcspcct to the nuniber of the natives, when 
 w^nes. ^^^ Europeans commenced an acquaintance with 
 them, it is impossible to give an accurate account. 
 Some of the accounts published have been rather ro- 
 mantic than judicious and accurate. Doctor Mather 
 represents, and from him Mr. Neal, that there were 
 millions of them. Indeed they represent the Mo- 
 hawks as having destroyed more than two millions, at 
 the westward, between New-England and the Missi- 
 sippi.* But it is not probable, that there was 
 one quarter of that number, in all that part of the 
 country, east of said river. In the wild manner in 
 which the natives lived, principally, by himting, fish- 
 ing, and the natural productions oi the earth, a large 
 tract was necessary for the support of a small number 
 of inhabitants. Their settlements could not be thick 
 and populous. 
 Kasiofthc From the several lists of their numbers, made by 
 Mteisippi. Croghan, Bouquet, Hutchins, and Dodge, in 1759, 
 1764, 1768, and 1779, it appears, that the whole 
 number, at that time, discovered within the limits, 
 and west and north of the United States, amounted 
 only to about eighty thousands. Full half this num- 
 ber inhabit within the boundaries of the United States. 
 ,. . , . Their numbers when the Europeans commenced 
 rrt Stilus, their settlements arc much more uncertain. Inere 
 
 * Mag-nalia and Neal's history of New England". 
 
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA. , ^^l 
 
 are, however, some data by which we may, perhaps, chap. 
 form a tolerable estimate. In Virginia they were, in ^• 
 part, numbered at an early period. In New Eng- 
 land, the Carolinas, and some other parts of the coun- 
 try at certain periods, calculations were made of the 
 nu mber of their warriors. These will reflect light on 
 the subject. According to captain Smith's account 
 of Virginia, the country from the sea coast to the 
 mountains, was inhabited by forty-three different 
 tribes of Indians."*" Thirty of these tribes spread 
 over a tract of country, south of the Patowmac, be- 
 tween the falls of the rivers and the sea coast, con- 
 taining about eight thousand square miles. These 
 were united in a grand confederacy under Powhatan, 
 the great werowance or sachem of the country. The 
 same author informs us that within sixty miles of 
 Jamestown, were five thousand people, and fifteen 
 hundred warriors.f The whole number of inhabi- Their pop- 
 tants between the sea coast and the falls seems to have yi'!^?'^. '" 
 been about eight thousand, and the number of war- " 
 riors about two thousand and four hundred. The pro- 
 portion of warriors, to the whole number of inhabi- 
 tants, was as three to ten. The Powhatan confeder- 
 acy consisted of eight thousand inhabitants ; about- 
 one to every square mile. This is about the twenti- 
 eth part of the population of Virginia, in the same ex- 
 tent of territory, about the fiftieth part of the popu- 
 lation of Connecticut, and a hundreth part of that of 
 the British islands. On supposition that the popu- 
 lation of the natives had been equal to one in every 
 square mile throughout the whole territory of the 
 United States, their numbers would have amounted 
 to a million of people. But, that they were every 
 where thus populous is not probable. Their princi- 
 pal settlements were evidently on the sea coasts, riv- 
 ers, lakes, and tracts peculiarly adapted to hunting, 
 fishing, and their wild manner of living. In many 
 parts of the country there were few or no settlements. 
 
 * Siwith'.s kist.. Virginia, p. 23, 2-1, 2». f HiSt. of Vil'ginia,,p 2*. 
 
32 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Probably, their population far back in the country 
 ^' was not very different from what it is at present. 
 Their diminution by strong drink, or any other sup- 
 posable cause, in the unsettled parts of it, since the 
 arrival of the Europeans, has not, perhaps greatly 
 exceeded the accessions made to them, by those who 
 have removed, or been driven back, from the sea 
 coasts and various parts now settled by the Ameri- 
 cans. 
 Probable Allowins^ their population in the New Enarland 
 
 numbers at o i i -i i i p 
 
 the time of Statcs, and a hundred miles back from the sea coast 
 settlement, j^^^ ^j^^ country in all the others, to have been equal 
 to that in Virginia, their numbers would have 
 amounted to a hundred and twenty three thousand. 
 In the New- England states are about forty-nine 
 thousand square miles. The states south of them 
 willmeasure,on a straight line, upon the sea coast,about 
 seven hundred and forty miles. If we reckon them 
 to extend back into the country a hundred miles, we 
 shall make seventy four thousand square miles. 
 These numbers added to each other will make the 
 number mentioned. If we estimate them by the 
 number of their warriors and some other circumstan- 
 ces of which we have tolerable information, their 
 numbers will not appear very different from the above 
 statement. 
 
 In Virginia, beside the Powhatan confederacy, 
 there were two others ; the confederacy of the 
 Mannahoacks, and that of the Monacans. These two 
 confederacies were united in one grand combination 
 against the Powhatans. Against these they main- 
 tained implacable and perpetual wars. This confed- 
 eracy consisted of thirteen tribes ; eight under the 
 Mannahoacks, and five under the Monacans. Though 
 this confederacy consisted of a less number of 
 tribes, than that of the Powhatans, yet it seems they 
 were nearly equal in numbers and power. Exclu- 
 in\iigM,.a. j.-j^.^ of these there were the Nottoways, Meherricks, 
 the Tutelocs and some other clans. Counting them 
 all to lie equal in number to the Powhatans, the Vir- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 33 
 
 ginia Indians may be estimated at sixteen thousands, chap. 
 
 The Indians in the Carohnas and Georgia were ^• 
 more numerous than in Virginia. In 1768, the 
 number of Indians in North CaroHna, was four in isTorth 
 thousand seven hundred. The Tuscaroras only, C'*'<^'"»"- 
 amounted to three thousands. Among these were 
 twelve hundred gun men. Two fifths of all these 
 Indians were accounted to be warriors or gun men.* 
 
 In South Carolina the Indians were very numer- in South 
 ous. In 1715, the warriors who rose against the c^'^*^""''- 
 colony were estimated at nearly seven thousands.f 
 As late as 1671, the Cherokees only were estimated 
 at six thousand bow men. J Besides these there 
 were several other powerful tribes ; as the Corees, 
 Stonoes, Westoes, Serannas, Yamosees, Cataw- 
 baws,ai id Congarees. All these tribes, according to the 
 accounts given of them, could not be less numerous 
 than the Cherokees. The number of Indians in this 
 colony,at the time of settlement, probably was not less 
 than thirty five or six thousands. If all the other In- 
 dians were equal in numbers to the Cherokees, there 
 would have been twelve thousand warriors. On an 
 average we may not reckon more than one warrior 
 to three inhabitants. This is a medium between the 
 estimates which have been made. 
 
 The number of Indians in Georgia, perhaps was in Georgia, 
 not very different from what it is at present. Great 
 accessions were made to their numbers by the Yam- 
 osees and other Indians driven from Carolina. In 
 1132, the Creeks only amounted to about twenty 
 five thousand souls. § Besides these there are the 
 Chickasaws,the Chacktaws, Alibamous, and Natchez. 
 Galphin in his history of numbers,in 1768,makes them 
 
 * Lawson's history of North Carolhia, p. 235. 
 t Hist. S. Carolina, vol. i. p. 201—223. t Ibid. p. 29r. 
 
 § Hist. S. Car. vol. ii. p. 20. These were always considered as in 
 South Carolina, until after the year 1761. The treaty of peace between 
 the Cherokees and the English was made by the governour of South 
 Carolina, and his council in 1761. I shall therefore speak of them, 
 as other historians have done, as being in South Carolina, until the 
 proclamation of George III. in 1763, in consequence of which they 
 ;u-e within the limits of Georgia. 
 
 Vol. I. 5 
 
of Potow 
 mac. 
 
 Tn the tract 
 between 
 
 34 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ten thousand two hundred and fifty. This seems to 
 ^" have been the number of their warriors. Morse in 
 his Geography reckons them at ten thousand four 
 hundred and seventy six fighting men, and at thirty 
 one thousand one hundred and twenty eight souls. 
 Some small clans are not in his reckoning. The 
 Indians in Georgia, at the time, when the English 
 settlements commenced, were not less than thirty 
 ^vhoie four or five thousands. Thus there appears to have 
 and soutii ' been about ninety thousand Indians in that tract of 
 country lying upon and south of the Potowmac. 
 
 In the country north of the falls of Potowmac to 
 the Kittatinney mountains, including the states of Del- 
 aware, and Pennsylvania, and that part of New- York 
 below the highlands, the Indians were much less nu- 
 merous. In a pamphlet entitled " A Description of 
 New-Albion," thirty kings are mentioned as living 
 Nc\v"Kn. ^vithin these limits. Particular mention is made of 
 gland. ten tribes and of their number of men extending along 
 the sea coast and rivers two hundred miles. Their 
 whole number amounted only to about nine hundred 
 men. The two Rariton kings are distinguished from 
 these, and are said to have twelve hundred. The 
 Susquehanna Indians, when captain Smith discov- 
 ered them, about forty years before, consisted of six 
 hundred men ; but at this period were reduced to 
 about one hundred. They and the Indians in alli- 
 ance with them amounted only to two hundred and 
 fifty. The largest number of warriors mentioned by 
 any author, in this tract, is two thousand. It is not 
 therefore probable that the whole number of natives 
 >vithin this territory exceeded eight or ten thou- 
 sands.* The five nations had, for a long time, terri- 
 bly harrassed and depopulated this part of the coun- 
 try. These, with the other nations north of this ter-. 
 ritory, within the limits of the state of New- York, 
 probably, amounted to ten thousands more. 
 
 • Maryland was originally of Virginia, and the Indians inliabiting 
 in that territory are included in Virginia, or the tract under the de- 
 scription of Ntw-Albion. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 35" 
 
 In Connecticut the Pequots and Mohegans had a chap. 
 thousand warriors. About the year 1670, the In- ^• 
 dian warriors, within the limits of Windsor, were i^"^"^. 
 estimated at two thousands. Besides these there icut. 
 were other large bodies of Indians in the colony. 
 Their numbers cannot be estimated at less than ten 
 or twelve thousands. 
 
 The Narragansetts, in Rhode- Island, were a nu- in Rhode 
 merous tribe. About the time, that the English set- * ''"^ ' 
 tied at Plymouth, their fighting men were computed 
 at five thousands.* This account was doubtless ex- 
 aggerated. From a more perfect knowledge of their 
 territory and numbers afterwards, it appeared im- 
 probable that their numbers were ever so great. In 
 1675, when the English had obtained a more accu- 
 rate knowledge of them they were estimated at two 
 thousand warriors. About one half of this number had 
 file arms.f The Wampanoags, a considerable tribe, 
 were partly within the limits of Rhode- Island. The 
 number of Indians therefore originally within the 
 limits of this state could not have been less than 
 eight thousands. 
 
 The Indians in the Massachusetts had been ex- in Massa. 
 ceedingly wasted both by sickness and war ; yet, in '^'''^*^"*- 
 some parts of it, they Avere considerably numerous. 
 It appears by governour Hinkley's account, in 1685, 
 that there were more than four thousand Indians 
 within the limits of the county of Plymouth. Ex- 
 clusive of these, there were many other tribes and 
 sachemdoms, within the limits of Massachusetts. It 
 is probable that the whole number was ten or twelve 
 thousands. 
 
 The New-Hampshire Indians had been greatly in New. 
 diminished not only in wars with the Massachusett *™^* "^* 
 and other Indians, but by civil wars among them- 
 selves. Probably their numbers did not exceed four 
 thousands. These computations make the whole Total 
 number within the limits of the United States a hun- an^ount, 
 
 * Prince's Chron. p. 116. f Hubbard's Narrative, p. 126, 
 
3(5 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, dred and forty six thousands. Accounting one third 
 '• to be bow men, there were nearly fifty thousand war- 
 riors ; twelve thousands in New-England, and nearly 
 diirty eight in the middle and southern states. Sup- 
 posing their original numbers were double to this, of 
 which there is no probability, from the most accu- 
 rate accounts given of them, they: were indeed small, 
 in comparison with the exaggerated accounts which 
 some have published. 
 Reasons of A combiuatioji of circumstances prevented 
 popiiaUon. ^^^^^ population. The poverty of their living was 
 extreme. To bread, butter, cheese, and every thing 
 of the milky kind, the}- were entire strangers. They 
 drank nothing more nutritious than the waters which 
 flowed in the brook, or spout>'d from the spring. 
 Not only in their parties of hunting and war, but 
 even at home, they often lived upon the gleanings of 
 the forest. At times they experienced famine some 
 parts of the year. This enfeebled and rendered them 
 less productive. A few fat pastures will produce 
 more cattle, than a whole country of forests will of 
 bears and buffaloes. The extreme hardships of the In- 
 dian women, their long and hungry marches and jour- 
 nies, rendered the bearing and nursing of children 
 extremely inconvenient. The furious and perpetual 
 wars of the natives among themselves also continu- 
 Oftheh-^^ ally lessened their numbers. After the arrival of the 
 Europeans, it was, in many instances, their wicked 
 policy, to promote these w^ars, for their own advan- 
 tage. They have been also exceedingly wasted in 
 their wars with the colonies. The driving of them 
 back from the sea coasts, and the great diminution 
 of wild game, of all sorts, since the settlement of 
 the country, has increased the povert}^ and wretched- 
 ness of their living, which has been a still further 
 check upon their j)opulation. Above all, they are 
 supposed to have been A\'asted, by the introduction 
 of strong liquors among them. From an union of 
 all these causes, they have been constantly diminish- 
 ing, from the first setUement of the country to the 
 
 diminution 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 37 
 
 present period. Of the numerous nations which chap. 
 spread the islands and sea coasts very few have now *• 
 an existence. Of the most of them there is not a 
 vestige. 
 
 Some notices of the geographical situation of the 
 Indian nations may render the present history more 
 perspicuous and agreeable. 
 
 The Povvhatans were situated on James river about Ceograph- 
 Henrico. The river was originally called Powhatan, tion.*'*^*^*' 
 from the great Werowance of the country and his 
 Indians. The seat of his hereditary dominions was 
 on the river about a mile below the falls. It was on 
 an eminence upon the north side of the river facing 
 two pleasant islands. From its extremely agreeable 
 situation, the English seem to have called it None- in Virginia. 
 such. He had another seat at Werowocomico. 
 This was on the north side of York river in the coun- 
 ty of Glocester, nearly opposite to the mouth of 
 Queen's creek, about twenty-five miles below the 
 fork of the river. 
 
 Powhatan was a tall, well proportioned man. His 
 constitution was exceedingly strong and hardy. His 
 countenance was grave and sour, and he possessed 
 great natural art and cunning. A guard of forty or 
 fifty of the tallest men, which could be found among 
 his warriors, constantly attended his savage majesty. 
 A regular sentry was kept every night on the four 
 quarters of his house. He kept as many women as 
 he pleased. His concubines were about as numer- 
 ous as his guards. When he slept one of his women 
 always sat at his head and another at his feet. When 
 he sat he had one at his right hand and another at his 
 left. When he dined or supped, one brought him 
 water to wash his hands, and another waited, with a 
 bunch of feathers, to wipe them. At times of show 
 he clothed himself with a robe of skins as large as 
 an Irish mantle, seated himself on a bed of mats, with 
 a pillow of leather embroidered with pearl and white 
 beads. Besides the two women on his right and 
 left, twenty others were ranged on each side the ro}- 
 
38 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, al house.* Powhatan, Arrowwhattoc, Appamattoc, 
 ^- Pamunkey, Youghtanund, and Mattapoment were 
 territories which descended to him from his ances- 
 tors. The other parts of his dominion were gained by 
 conquest. He was so jealous of the English, and 
 had so little pleasure in their neighbourhood, that soon 
 after their settlement at James town, he removed to 
 Orapakes, in the desert between Chickahominy and 
 Youghtanund. He also increased his guard to two 
 hundred men. 
 
 The Mannahoacks, with two other tribes in their 
 confederacy, Avere settled between Rappahanoc and 
 York rivers, in the counties of Spotsylvania and 
 Orange. The other tribes in that confederacy 
 spread over the counties of Faquier, Culpepper, and 
 Orange, between Potowmac and Rappahanoc. 
 
 The Monocans were settled abo\e the falls be- 
 tween York and James rivers ; and their confeder- 
 ates were principally in the territories of Fluvanna, 
 Bedford, Buckingham, and Cumberland. 
 laXo-th In North Carolina, Lawson mentions thirteen 
 Carolina, tribes, but scarcely any of them are worthy of notice 
 except the Tuscaroras. These were settled on Roa- 
 noke river, in Bertie and some other counties in the 
 districts of Edenton and Halifax. The next tribe 
 to the Tuscaroras, in number, was the W'accons, but 
 these did not exceed a hundred and twenty fighting 
 men. The other tribes, or clans had not more than 
 fifty and some not more than thirty gun men. The 
 Machapunga Indians were settled near the lake of 
 that name, in Hyde county. The Meherrins were 
 settled on Meherrin river, the Chawans, on Bennet's 
 creek, in Chowan county. The Pasquotank Indians 
 were settled on Pasquotank river, in the county of 
 that name. The Poteskeits were on the north river 
 in Currituck county. The Hatteras Indians were 
 seated on the banks of Cape Hatteras. In the year 
 1700 these Indians gave information that among 
 
 • Larson's history of North Carolina, p. 234, 235. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 39- 
 
 their ancestors were white people who could read. 
 This account probably was true, as many of those 
 Indians had grey eyes, by which they were distin- 
 guished from all other Indians on the continent* 
 They valued themselves extremely on their affinity to 
 the English, and were ready to do them event" kind 
 office.* Hence arises a probable conjecture that Sir 
 Walter Raleigh's people, who were lost in Virginia, 
 rt-movtd to the Cape and mingled with these Indians. 
 The Xcus and the Pamptico Indians were set- 
 tled, the former on the river Neus and the latter on 
 Pamptico sound. There were also the Jaupims settled 
 on Jaupim river. Lawson represents that besides these 
 original tribes there were five others consisting in the 
 whole of nearly a thousand Indians, who had lately 
 removed into the colony. Among these were the 
 Saponas, settled on a creek of that name, in Xash 
 count}- ; the Keiauwees on the north fork of the Sa- 
 vannah ; the Shoccories, on Shocco creek, in ^\ arren 
 county ; and the Occonechos on Occonechee creek, 
 ■near the town of Halifax. Of all these tribes there 
 are now remaining in North Carolina sixty Indians 
 only. These are the remams of the Tuscaroras, on 
 the Roanoke in Bertie county. For many years they 
 have been under legislative protection.? 
 
 In South Carolina were eight ver\- considerable in Skwtk 
 tribes. The Stonoes and AVe^toes, the Serrannas, ^*™*^^ 
 Cherokees, Catawbaws, Corees, Yamosees, and Con- 
 garees. But at this period it is impossible, with cer- 
 tainty, to determine the geographical situation of the 
 most of them. The Stonoes probably were settled 
 on the Stono. The A\'estoes were a formidable tribe 
 and peculiarly inimical to the English. They seem 
 to have been in the vicinity of Charleston, and be- 
 gan ver}- early to give the Carolinians much trouble. 
 In their distress, providence interposed and g'd^^ 
 tliem relief. About the year sixteen hundred and 
 
 • Lawson, p 62. 
 t Letter «f the Hon. Benjamin Hawkins member of Cong^ss 
 
s»» 
 
 40 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, seventy the Serannas made war upon them, and it 
 *• was managed with such implacable animosity and de- 
 struction, as terminated in the almost total extirpa- 
 tion of both nations. The Catawbaws were on Cataw- 
 baw river, a little south of the boundary line, between 
 North and South Carolina. TheChcrokees originally 
 inhabited as far down as the Eutaw springs, but they 
 have been driven between one and two hundred miles 
 to the westward. Their present situation is in about 
 ten degrees west longitude from Philadelphia, and in 
 about thirty four degrees and forty minutes of north 
 latitude.* The Congarees seem to have been seat- 
 ed on the river of that name. The Yamosees were 
 south of Charleston not far north of Savannah. 
 in^Geor- j,-j Gcorgia wcrc the upper and lower Creeks, the 
 Chickasaws, Chacktaws, Natchez, and Alibamons. 
 The Muscogee, or Creek Indians are seated about 
 mid way, between Savannah and the Missisippi. 
 Their principal towns lie in thirty two degrees 
 of north latitude, and eleven degrees and twen- 
 ty minutes west longitude from Philadelphia. Their 
 country is hilly but not mountainous. The soil is 
 in a high degree fruitful. The country abounds in 
 creeks and rivulets, whence the inhabitants derived 
 their name. They consist of three divisions, the up- 
 per and lower Creeks, and the Seminolas. The two 
 former are nearly in the centre between the north and 
 south line of the state. The Seminolas are seated 
 south easterly from them on tlie Appalachicola and 
 Flint rivers. Their country is flat, well watered, and 
 fertile. 
 
 The Chacktaws inhabit a fine extensive tract of 
 country, between the Missisippi and Alabama rivers. 
 Their country is hilly, interspersed with large fertile 
 plains. These from the shape of their heads, are 
 sometimes called flat heads. This peculiar shape is 
 not natural but artificial. As soon as the male chil- 
 
 ' By a laic d'n isidiial line between Soiitli Carolina and Georgia, 
 ih(if (-mintry now falls within tlic limits of Georgia. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 4X 
 
 dren are born, the nurse provides a wooden case, the chap. 
 top oi' which is made in the form of a brick. In ^ 
 this tlie child is laid on its back, with its head in 
 the upper part. In this it is gently compressed, by 
 a bag of sand on its forehead, until, from the tem- 
 ples upward, the head receives a form resembling 
 that of a brick.* 
 
 The Chickasaws are settled on the head branches 
 of the Tom beck be. Mobile, and Yazoo rivers, in the 
 north west extreniity of the state. Their central town 
 is in latitude thirty four degrees and twenty three 
 minutes, and fourteen degrees thirty minutes west 
 longitude. 
 
 i'he Alibamous are seated on the Alibama river, 
 partly between the Creeks and Chacktaws. 
 
 The Natchez are near the banks of the Missisippi 
 in the south western extremity. Charlevoix rep- 
 resents this to have been a great nation, once able 
 to raise four thousimd warriors. When he visited 
 them in 1721, he says they were not able to send 
 two thousand fighting men into the field. f In 1764, 
 Bouquet estimates them at no more than one hundred 
 and fifty. Churlevoix represents their country as 
 most fertile and pleasant. He recommends it, as the 
 best adapted of any place for the capital of Louisia- 
 na.J He intimates, that these Indians were afraid of 
 their French neighbours, and that the haughtiness 
 and cruelty of their chiefs, made them scatter and 
 remove as far from them as they possibly could. 
 When the chief died, all his guard must die also, 
 and go with him to the world of spirits. Numbers 
 of infants were sacrificed on the occasion, their little 
 corpses thrown on the ground and trodden to pieces, 
 while, in a horrible procession, the Indians carried 
 their dead chief to their temple. Sometimes the 
 death of one of these chiefs would occasion die death 
 of a hundred other persons. So infatuated were this 
 
 • Bartram's Travclp,p.517. jCharlevoix's Letters, vol.ii. p,260. tP-553- 
 
 Vol. T. a 
 
42 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, people, that they thought it an honour to be put to 
 ^ death, that they might accompany their sachem to his 
 paradise.* 
 Between The Indians inhabiting the tract of country north 
 and^New- ^^ Virginia, between that and Ncw-Enghmd, and as 
 England, far uorth as the Kittatinney mountains, seem to have 
 called themselves by the general name of Lenopi. 
 Charlevoix calls them Loups, in our language wolves. 
 • The English commonly called them Delawares. 
 
 They consisted of five general divisions. The Chi- 
 hohocki, Wenami, Munsey, Wabinga, or Mohick- 
 ander Indians, and the Mohiccons, or Mahattans. The 
 Chihohockies inhabited on the west of Delaware, 
 which they called Chihohocki. The Wanamies in- 
 habited ihe country of New-Jersey, from the Rariton 
 to the sea. The Munsies dwelt on the upper streams 
 of the Delaware, from the Kittatinney mountains 
 d(jMn to the western branch of the Delaware. The 
 Mohickandcrs, or Mahikanders, sometimes called 
 river Indians, inhabited on Hudson's river between 
 Albany and New Yorkjt and between Hudson's riv- 
 er and the west branch of Delaware. On the south 
 they bordered on the Rariton and Mahattan Indians. 
 The Mohiccons, Mahattans, or Manhantans occupied 
 York and Staten islands. Their chief seat was on 
 York island, which was originally called Manhattans. 
 This division of the Lenopies were closely connect- 
 ed with the Shawanese. This tribe was seated on 
 the Susquehanna and spread over the country west- 
 Avard as far as the Allegany mountains. After the 
 settlement of those parts, by the Dutch and English, 
 most of those clans gradually moved orF to the north- 
 ward and westward. The Mohickandcrs removed 
 into Canada, and some of them settled with the Ab- 
 cnaquics at St. l^ancis. Others of them appear to 
 have settled at Scahkook, with the Indians driven 
 iVom New-England. Some of the Mohiccons seem 
 to have removed to the east branch of the Susque- 
 
 • Churl. L. p. 250, 261, 262, 263, 264. f Colden's hist. vol. i. p. 260. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 43 
 
 hanna. The Munsies settled at Diahago and other chap. 
 viikiges up the north branch of the same river. Part ^ 
 of the Delaware Indians are settled at the same plac- " 
 
 es. Another part of them inhabit between Ohio and 
 lake Erie, and the branches of Bever creek, Cayaic- 
 ga, and Muskingum. 
 
 The numerous Indian nations of New- England i„ the 
 were distinguished by general names and divisions. l|^j'°^'"*^^ °' 
 The eastern Indians were known by the general name 
 of Tarrenteens. These had their residence on Ken- 
 ebeck and the other rivers in the province of Main, 
 and the adjacent, eastern country. The subdivisions 
 and names, which took rise from the several rivers 
 and places of their residence, as the Penobscot, Am- 
 oriscoggin, Norridgewock, Sauco, and St. John's In- 
 dians, were not kpown till many years after the com- 
 mencement of the English settlements. 
 
 The northern Indians, including those of New- 
 Hampshire and Massachusetts, were termed Abergin- 
 ians. Of these there were numerous subdivisions. 
 
 In New-Hampshire were the Newichewannocks, i„New- 
 on the principal branch of Piscataqua river. On Mer- Hampshir^e. 
 rimack river inhabited the Wainooset, Patucket, 
 Amoskeag, and Penicook Indians. At Newbury falls 
 was a noted clan. The Indian settlements extended 
 from the mouth of the river nearly fifty miles up in- 
 to the countr}'. Indeed, it is not improbable that 
 there were some scattering settlements as far up as 
 the very head of the river. 
 
 In Massachusetts, there was, near the mouth of inMassa= 
 Charles river, a general rendezvous of Indians. The '^'^^'^"^• 
 original name of this river was Massachusett. From 
 this the Indians and the country upon it derived their 
 name. Massachusetts mount, in the town of Dor- 
 chester, was the seat of the great Massachusett sa- 
 chem. His sachemdom spread not only over the 
 whole circle which forms the harbour of Boston and 
 Charlestown, round Maiden, Chelsea', Nantasket, 
 Hingham, Weymouth, Braintree, and Dorchester ; 
 but over Milton, Stoughton, and various other plac- 
 
44 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 es, on and aboir Charles river. At Agawam, which 
 the English named Ipswich, was another sachem 
 and tribe of considerable note. At Naumkeag and 
 Saugus, comprehending the towns of Salem, Marble- 
 head, and Lynn, was another division. 
 
 The Nipnets were an inland tribe, seated on sev- 
 eral large ponds and small rivers in Oxford and the 
 adjacent towns. Oxford was their chief seat. 
 
 . ithin the old colony of Plymouth were three 
 principal sachemdoms. One comprehended the ter- 
 ritory from Eell river, in Plymouth, to the south 
 shore of the caj)e, and from Wood's hole on the vvest» 
 to the eastern part of Barnstable. Within this were 
 several petty sachems and divisions, of which Mash- 
 pee was the chief. On the eastern part of the cape, 
 from Nobscusset, now Yarmouth, was another sa- 
 chemdom. The capital of this was Nan set, since nam- 
 ed Estham. Tliese were called the Nauset Indians. 
 
 The Nantucket Indians were numerous. Both 
 on this isl ind, and at Martha's vhieyard, were dis- 
 tinct tribes and sachems. 
 
 The situation of the Wampanoags, or Pokanock- 
 ets, afterwards called Philip's Indians, was on the 
 westermobt line of Plymouth colony. Their j^rinci- 
 pal seat was at Pokanocket, since named Bristol. 
 Here their great sachem Massasoict had his residence 
 when the English came to Plymouth. His territory 
 comprehended the towns of Bristol, Tiverton, Little 
 Compton, Swanze}-, and Barriiigton.* He had a seat 
 Qt Namasket, Middleborough, as well as at Bristol. 
 To him both the cape and Nipnet Indians were sup- 
 posed to be tributary, or in some kind of subjection. 
 Part of the tenitory of the Wampanoags, though the 
 \\ liole of it formerly was within the limits of Plym- 
 outh and Massachusetts, was, about the year 1741, 
 by commissioners from New- York, adjudged to 
 Rliodc Island. Their adjudication was afterwards 
 Conlirnicd by his British majesty in council. 
 
 • Hutch, vol.i. p. 403. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 45 
 
 The Tarrenteens waged perpetual war with the chap. 
 Massachusett Indians, and were not less terrible to ^■ 
 them, than the Mohawks were to the other Indians in 
 New-England 
 
 Inthe winter and spring of 1 6 1 7, the plague, or some Mortality- 
 other mortal dis.ease, broke out among the Iiidians,be- in(i"afg.* *' 
 tween the Narragansetts and Penobscot, and almost en- ■^^ir. 
 tircly depo)mIated that whole tract of country. So many 
 thousands of them died that the living could not bury 
 them. Their skulls and bones for several years af- 
 ter, were to be seen above ground at the principal 
 places of their residence.* This so weakened them, 
 that for the future they could make little or no resist- 
 ance against their enemy. After the English settled 
 in the country, they often fled to their houses for 
 protection. They reported, that the Tarrenteens, 
 when they had taken them, tied them to trees and 
 ate the flesh oflffrom their bones. Through the in- 
 fluence of French neighbourhood, they early imbib- 
 ed prejudices against the English, which never could 
 be eradicated. They were the first Indians, in Amer- 
 ica, who used fire arms. With these, and ammuni- 
 tion, they were supplied by the French. They were a 
 sore scourge to the province of Main and New-Hamp- 
 shire. Charle\oiK calls them Abenaquies. There- 
 mains of them fled from the coasts of New-England 
 and settled in Canada on the banks of St. Francis. f 
 
 The Indians on Long Island, and from the Wam- 
 panoags westward as far as the we tern line of Con- 
 necticut appear to have had the general name of the 
 soul hern Indians. The principal tribes in this gen- 
 eral division, were the Narragansetts, Pequots, Mo- 
 hegans, the river Indians, and the Meilowacks, or 
 Long Island Indians. 
 
 The Narragansetts were situated along the sea coast, Their situ- 
 round point Judith, on Narragansett bay, and nearly, Rho"(]e" isj. 
 \ as far westward as Stonington. They consisted of «"(>• 
 
 ' Prince's Chron. part i. p- 46. t Cliarl, vol. i p. 190, 191. 
 
46 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, six or seven principalities, under the great sachem 
 ^- Miantonomo. Wood represents them as the most 
 numerous Indian nation in New-England. They 
 were the most rich and industrious. They were the 
 most curious operators of the Wampumpeage, and 
 the general mart of all kinds of wild merchandize. 
 The northern, eastern, and western Indians pro- 
 cured all their corn from those southern mint-mas- 
 ters.* 
 
 The principal seat of the Pequots was at New 
 London and Groton. According to tradition, ihey 
 were originally an inland tribe, but came down from 
 the country, and by their prowess, seated themselves 
 along the sea coast, over that fine tract of country, ex- 
 tending from about the western boundary oi New Lon- 
 don,to the eastern line of Connecticut. They were the 
 most warlike Indians in New- England. They had 
 extended their conquests over a great part of Connecti- 
 cut. More than twenty Indian kings, were either 
 their tributaries, or subject to their control. 
 iiiCoimect- The Mohegans lay north of the Pequots. Their 
 chief seat was at Mohegan, between New- London and 
 Norw ich. These two tribes spread over the princi- 
 pal part of the country contained in the three coun- 
 ties of New London, Windham, and Tolland. 
 
 The river Indians were those settled on Connecti- 
 cut river. Of these the Windsor Indians were the 
 most numerous. Between thirty and forty years af- 
 ter the settlement of the town, the proi)ortion between 
 the Indians and white people was estimated at nine- 
 teen to one. At Hartford, Weathersfield, Middle- 
 town, and East-Haddam were considerable bodies 
 of Indians. In the towns of Farmington and Synis- 
 bury they were numerous. In the county of New 
 Haven were four considerable clans. There were 
 not less in the county of Fairfield. In almost ^very 
 town in Connecticut there were scattering settlements 
 
 • Wood's New-England's prospect, chap, iii, p. 72. 
 
 icut. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 47 
 
 of the natives. Most of the towns in the state have chap. 
 deeds from the Aborigines by which their lands ai'e ^• 
 holden. 
 
 The Indians west of Connecticut were generally 
 termed by the people of New-England, the western 
 Indians. Among the Indians of Connecticut they 
 were termed Mohawks. Agreeably to Roger Will- 
 iams, this name imports cannibals, and is derived from 
 the Indian word moho^ to eat. This seems to have 
 been a general name, sometimes given to the five na- 
 tions. They probably were thus named froiVi the 
 Mohawks, who formerly were the principal, and the 
 most warlike tribe among them. They were ex- 
 ceedingly terrible and troublesome to the Indians in 
 the western parts of Connecticut, They ran upon them 
 with this dreadful yell, Hadree, hadree, succomce, 
 succomce, We come, we come to suck your blood. 
 Wood relates that they delighted in human flesh and 
 sometimes ate their prisoners.* As these formida- 
 ble enemies came from the westward it seems to have 
 been a general name for all the western Indians. 
 
 The five nations were known among the English 
 b}'^ the names of Mohawks, Oneydas, Onondagoes, 
 Cayugas, and Senekas. The French called them Iro- 
 quois. Each of these nations was subdivided into 
 three tribes or families. They distinguished them- 
 selves, by three diflTcrent ensigns, the Tortoise, the 
 Bear, and the Wolf. W^henever the sachems, Or any 
 of the old men, signed any public paper, they put on 
 it the mark of their family. 
 
 The country of the Mohawks was on the Mohawk situation of 
 river. One of their principal castles was about eigh- ^atfo„? 
 teen miles west of Schenectada. The Oneydas were 
 settled on the east side of Oneida lake and head 
 branches of Susquehanna. The situation of the 
 Onondagoes was upon and eastward of the lake Onon- 
 dago. The Cayugas were settled near the north 
 branch of the Cayuga lake. The Senekas ^rere sit- 
 
 » Coldcn's hist. p. P6, 6", 6S, ^». 
 
4,8 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, uated on the southern banks of lake Ontario, on the 
 ^- Chenessee, and extended soutlnvard as f\ir as the head 
 waters of Susquelianna and the Ohio. They ex- 
 tended westward beyond the falls of Niagara.* The 
 five nations took this situation before the eommence- 
 ment of the English settlements. Their original seat 
 however, was on and about the island of Montreal. 
 But the Adirondacks, who then inhabited nearly 
 three hundred miles above the three ri\ers, gjive 
 them so much trouble, that about the beginning of 
 the seventeenth century, they removed thence, and 
 driving off the Satanas, settled on the ground which 
 they have since occupied. The S.itanas fled to the 
 banks of Missisippi, and are the people whom the 
 Their cou- FrcHch Call Shaovouous. The five nations conquer- 
 a""ts. ^^ ^j^^ Adarondacks and finally drove them from 
 their country. The}' are called by the French Al- 
 gonquins. They were one oi the most numerous 
 and warlike of all the Indian nations in North Amer- 
 ica ; but were nearly extirpated by the five nationsf. 
 One part of the remains of them now inhabit near Trois 
 Ri\ ieres, and another part of them towards the heads of 
 the Outawais river. The Hurons joined with the Adi- 
 rondaks in the \\ar with the five nations and suffered 
 no less than the latter. The five nations conquered 
 all the country west of lake Ontario as far as lake 
 Huron. They carried their conquests as far south- 
 ward as lake Erie. Charlevoix represents, that had 
 it not been for the interposition of the French, the 
 five nations would have not only destroyed those but 
 all the other nations in Canada, who ventured to op- 
 pose them. He says they set all Canada on fire. He 
 mentions the Abenaquies, as the only peo])le to 
 whose country they had not given disturbance. ij: 
 
 Within the limits of the United States, they con- 
 (jucrcd the whole territory of the LenojMcs, obliged 
 them to put themselves under their protection, de- 
 
 • Coidcn's map, in his history of ihi; five nations, vol. i. 
 I Golden, vol. i.p. 23 and 29. ^ A''<1. i- p. 308, 309. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 49 
 
 )[)rived them of the power of making war, and con- chap. 
 lined them to raising corn, hunting, and fishing for '• 
 subsistence. This the Iiulians termed reducing their 
 enemies to the state of women. This was the state 
 of those Indians when ti e English began the settle- 
 ment of the Jersies and Penns) Iviinia. The five na- 
 tions had spread their conquests over all the back 
 parts of Virginia, and penetrated nearly as far down 
 as the mouth of the Ohio. They had carried theif 
 conquests eastward nearly as fjr as Connecticut river. 
 The Indians on Long island, Hudson's river, and in 
 the western parts of Connecticut paid them an annu^ 
 al tribute.* Their limits were from the mouth of 
 the Sorel, at the north end of lake Cliampldin to the 
 south side of the lakes Erie and Ontario, and on both 
 sides of the Ohio, till it falls into the Missisippi. On 
 the north of those lakes they claimed the whole 
 country south of the river Outawais, as far west as 
 lake Huron ; and even beyond the streights between 
 that and lake Erie.f All this last mentioned exten- Cession t<» 
 sivc country, south of the river Outawais, the Five i^m^ 1701/ 
 Nations ceded to king William, June 19th, seven- 
 teen hundred and one. By virtue of this cession, 
 and the alliance of the five nations with Great Brit- 
 ain, the French settlements within this territory, or 
 any part of their country were considered as encroach- 
 ments on the English or their allies. 
 
 The war, in which the Five Nations made those Long trars. 
 conquests, was long and bloody. They seem to have 
 continued it, with very little intermission, either with 
 the Indian nations or with the French, and som.e- 
 times with both, for considerably more than half a 
 century. They not only in a manner extirpated the 
 nations round them, but greatly diminished them- 
 selves. Their enemies, sometimes, gave them terri- 
 ble defeats. It was only by the policy of adopting 
 their captives, whole clans, and sometimes whole na- 
 
 • Smilli'shist. N. York, p. 134, 135. | Ibid, p. 135, 136, 137. 
 
 V«l. I. 7 
 
50 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, tions of Other Indians, that they, in any measure, 
 ^ preserved their numbers, and for so long a period, 
 continued formidable to the whole country. Impla- 
 inipiacabie c^blc was the animosity with which these savaere na- 
 tions loiis^nt. VV hen once they were victorious, one 
 scene of devastation encouraged and roused them to 
 another. Like hungry lions, the taste of blood en- 
 kindled their rage and inflamed their thirst. The pas- 
 sion of revenge seemed to possess their whole souls, 
 and hurry them on to mutual destruction. 
 
 They often travelled, singly, or in very small par- 
 ties, to the distance of three or four hundred miles, 
 and lurked about the parties and villages of each other 
 to shed blood, and revenge the deaths and wrongs of 
 their respective friends and nations.* 
 
 Reflections. How affccting is the portrait, which these savage 
 nations exhibit of the natural blindness, turpitude, 
 and misery of man ? How striking is the evidence 
 which they present of his need, both of human and 
 divine instruction ! Though, in his vanity, he would 
 be wise, yet is he not born like the wild ass's colt ? 
 Who can contemplate the habitations of darkness 
 and cruelty, but with a touching sense of the inesti- 
 mable preciousness of the blessings of civilization 
 and the gospel ? How much greater happiness do 
 mankind, in a very few years, enjoy, under their be- 
 nign influence, than in whole ages, where their 
 cheering and ennobling light have never shone ? 
 These only give the gentleman and the christian 
 their superiority to the wild American. These re- 
 cover the u'oman from slavery and abuse, to the 
 original dignity and tenderness of treatment, due to 
 that part of human nature, which was made of the 
 flesh and bone of man. These rescue her offspring 
 IVoin neglect and cruelty ; prevent them from falling 
 a bloody sacrifice to evil spirits ; provide for their 
 tender nursing, their civil and christian education. 
 The latter of these, only reveals the path of life, and 
 
 • Coldcn's liisl. vol. i. p. 26, 27 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 51 
 
 cheers the heart with the enHvening prospects of a chap. 
 bUssful immortaUty. Where is the christian or the i^- 
 gentleman, who can look upon the savage, and con- ~ 
 
 template who maketh him to differ, that no man hath 
 any thing but what he hath received, and not feel 
 his heart warm with gratitude to Him, from Avhom 
 is derived every good gift ? Can Americans be in- 
 nocent, if, while they enjoy an accumulation of 
 blessings, possess the country, and witness the 
 wretchedness of the Aborigines,they neglect any prop- 
 er measures, or spare any pains, to communicate to 
 them, the blessings of civilization, liberty, and chris- 
 tianity ? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Attempts of the French and Spaniards to make settlements in Carolina. 
 Fatent of Sir Walter Kaieigli, and hi)- attcmi)t3 to jilsnt a colony. Skt-tches 
 of the patents, discovery, and settlement of Virginia, New-York, Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, and lihode-Island : and, of the 
 principal occun'ences attending their settlement. 
 
 1 HE first attempts, for permanent settlements, in 
 any part of the United States, were made by the 
 French. Jasper Coligni, one of the principal com- French at- 
 manders of the protestant ai-mies in France, appre- JJ'^fJift^fn 
 hensive of the dangers in which he, and his adherents Carolina, 
 must be involved, should the cause in which he was 
 embarked prove unsuccessful ; projected the planting 
 of a colony in America. Probably, he designed this as 
 a retreat for himself and his friends whenever the ex- 
 tremity of their affairs should make it necessary. By 
 his influence, it seems that Chattillon, admiral of 
 France, despatched two ships, under the command 
 of John Ribault, in prosecution of the design. He 1562. 
 made a discovery of the river Albemarl,* and eight 
 others in that vicinity. He sailed up one, which he 
 named port Royal, many leagues, built a fort and 
 
 * Named by the French the river May, from the circumstance of 
 their enterinsj^ it on the first duy of that month. 
 
52 A GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 
 
 CHAP, left a colony, under the command of capt. Albert. 
 'I By his severity, he provoked the people to a mutiny, 
 in which he was slain, and the colony ruined. Two 
 years after, Chattillon despatched Rene Laudinier 
 with three ships to tiie river Albemarl. On this 
 he built a fort, and in honour to Charles IX. of 
 France, named it Carolina. From this circumstance 
 the Carolinas took their name. 
 1565. The next year Ribault arrived a second time in 
 
 Carolina, witli seven ships, to recruit their infant 
 plantation, and make a more sure footing in the 
 country. But, by this time, the Spaniards, who 
 claimed it, by virtue of the discovery of Ponce dc 
 Leon, were alarmed and began to meditate ven- 
 Arc massa- geaucc oji their rivals. Pedro Melendes arriving in 
 a'paniards'. the river, noon after massacred Ribault and his whole 
 company. Laudinier, getting intelligence of the 
 slaughter of his countrymen, made his escape to 
 France. Melendes took possession of the country, 
 erected three forts, and left twelve hundred men for 
 their defence. About three years after, to revenge 
 these injuries, the French despatched Dominique 
 French re- de Gourgcs to Carolina. He put most of the Span- 
 im^' iards to the s\\ ord, rased their forts and returned to 
 France.* These disastrous events appear to have 
 discouraged both nations from any further attempts 
 to make settlements in Carolina. For a complete 
 century, it remained a vast wilderness, reserved, in 
 providence, to be planted with English protestants, 
 and to form an extensive and important part of the 
 American empire. 
 
 Sir Walter Ritleigh was the first Englishman, who 
 attempted the plantation of a colony on the northern 
 Patent to continent. In fifteen hundred eighty four, queen 
 3ir Walter Elizabeth, 1d}- letters patent, granted to him all such 
 jsia'rch' lands as he should discover in North America, be- 
 25iii, 1584. twecn thirty three and forty degrees of north latitude, 
 to dispose of in fee simple, or otherwise to any of 
 
 » Prince's Chran. p. W, 100 ami 101. Hist. S. C vol. i. p. 18, li^, 21- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 53 
 
 her majesty's subjects. The only reservation made chap. 
 to the crown, by the patent, was a fifth part of the ^^• 
 gold and silver ore, which should be found in such 
 countries, in lieu of all other services whatsoever. 
 This was the general tenour of all the charters given 
 to the colonies. 
 
 He formed a society among his friends, by whose 
 assistance he was enabled early in the spring to send 
 out two ships, on discovery, commanded by the cap- 
 tains Amidas and Barlow. They arrived, the next 
 July, at the island of Wokoken, on the coast of 
 North Carolina, and taking possession of the country 
 named it V i r g i n i a , in honour of their virgin queen. 
 From this circumstance, the name of Virginia, was 
 for many years, given to the w^hole country of the 
 United States. They made a successful voyage ; 
 importing into England, furs, skins, sassafras, cedar, 
 pearls, and tobacco. The latter of these was a great 
 curiosity, as it was the first ever seen in England. 
 It was represented as a sovereign remedy for almost 
 every disorder, and as a plant of inestimable value. 
 
 The success of this voyage, gave Sir Walter and 
 his friends the idea, that the riches of the country 
 \vere immense. Therefore the next spring they isss, 
 filled out a fleet of seven sail under the command 
 of Sir Richard Greenville. In June, he arrived at 
 Wokoken, and having explored the country, he fix- 
 ed on the island of Roanoah, for a |)lantation. A 
 colony of 108 men, was left on the island, under the 
 command of Mr. Ralph Lane. In less than a year 
 they were reduced to such forlorn circumstances, 
 that Sir Francis Drake arriving on the coast, took 
 them on board his fleet, and transported them to En- 
 gland. Soon after they sailed Sir Richard Green- 
 ville arrived : and, though he could not find the first, 
 yet he ventured to leave a second colony. They 
 consisted of fifty men, who were plentifully furnish- 
 ed with all kinds of provisions for two years. 
 
 The next year. Sir Walter despatched a third com- i5»7. 
 pany to Virginia, with a charter of incorporation, ap- 
 
54 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, pointing Mr. John White governour, with twelve 
 " assistants. They were named the governour and 
 assistants of the city of Raleigh in Virginia. The 
 company consisted of 115 men, women, and children. 
 On their arrival, they found that the second colony 
 had been destroyed, yet they landed, determining 
 to brave all dangers in making a permanent settle- 
 ment in the country. These, however, were neg- 
 lected and all perished. After these disasters, no 
 further attempts were made to plant colonies on the 
 continent until the succeeding reign. 
 The first Jamcs I. in the fourth year of his reimi, by letters 
 
 Virginia ... •,.... o'.' ^ 
 
 patents, patent, made a division of Virginia into two colonies. 
 tm. ^^^^ ■'■'^^^ southern, lying between 34 and 41 degrees of 
 north latitude, which was called the first, he granted 
 to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Sommers, Rich- 
 ard Hackluit, clerk, prebendary of Westminster, and 
 others under the name of the London Company. 
 The northern, termed the second colony, between 
 38 and 45 degrees, he granted to the company of 
 Plymouth. 
 
 The London company fitted out three small ships, 
 under the command of captain Christopher Newport, 
 to make discoveries and plant a colony in south Vir- 
 ginia. 
 ,gf,- The company arrived in the bay of Chesiipeak, 
 
 Settlement on the 26th of June, 1607. They sailed up the 
 ^ovn!"""^^ river Powhatan, erected a fort, and began a plantation, 
 which, in honour to their prince, was named James- 
 town. The company consisted of one hundred 
 persons."* Their council were Bartholomew Gos- 
 nold, John Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher 
 Newj)ort, Jolin Ratcliftc, John Martin, and George 
 Kendal. Mr. Wingfield was elected president of 
 the council. They lirought over Mr. Robert Hunt 
 for tlicir minister. He was the first clergyman in 
 the United States : and appears to have been a man 
 of an excellent spirit, and singularly worthy character. 
 
 * Smilh's liist. Virg-. p. 43, 44. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 55 
 
 He had great influence in healing the divisions, and chap. 
 promoting the peace and welfare of the company. ^^• 
 
 Before their arrival the Indians had been exaspe- 
 rated, by the imprudent and cruel treatment which 
 they had received from the English. In 1585, Sir 
 Richard Greenville burnt a whole Indian town, and 
 destroyed their corn, merely to revenge their stealing 
 a silver cup. Mr. Lane and his company slew one 
 of their sachems, and killed and captivated several 
 of their men.* They therefore made repeated attacks 
 on the colony, and in a short time, killed and 
 wounded nearly twenty. By the middle of July i3jgt,.gss ^f 
 they were so distressed with the badness and scarcity the coioiry 
 of provision, with sickness, labour, and continual 
 guarding against the enemy, that scarcely ten of the 
 \\hole company could walk, or even stand alone. 
 By the end of the month fifty of them were no more. 
 Among the dead was that enterprizing gentleman 
 captain Gosnold, the projector of the whole scheme 
 of the plantation. 
 
 To increase their misfortunes the president em- 
 bezzled the public stores, and attempted to run away 
 with the company's bark, and to return to England. f 
 It was therefore found necessary for the common 
 safety, to displace him. Mr. Ratcliife was elected 
 to the presidency. But it very soon appeared, that 
 his abilities were, by no means equal to the exigen- 
 cies of the company. The weight of government 
 fell therefore on captain John Smith, a gentleman 
 singularly adapted to the management of their affairs. 
 He was a man of quick discernment, superior judg- 
 ment, undaunted courage, invincible industry and 
 resolution. With his whole ability he addressed 
 himself to build the town and retrieve their affairs. 
 He went first, and bore the largest share in labour, 
 hardship, and danger. By his industry and enter- 
 prize before winter, lodgings were provided for the 
 sick, and the whole company were tolerably housed. 
 
 • Smith's lilst, p.5, 6, 9. - P 46. 
 
56 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. But such was the badness and want of provisions^ 
 
 1^' that they were still feeble with hunger. While 
 
 ~~ . captain Smith was employing his utmost exertions 
 
 ea captive, and jeoparding his life, for the welfare of the colony, 
 he was captivated by the warriors of Powhatan. 
 After he had been carried, for some time, in triumph, 
 from place to place, the savage prince determined 
 upon his immediate death. 
 
 Having placed himself and his court in all the 
 majesty and terror, which savage state and magnifi- 
 cence could exhibit, two large stones were brought 
 before him, and captain Smith was dragged forward 
 and laid upon them, that his brains might be instantly 
 beat out with clubs. In this critical moment 
 providence wrought wonderfully, both for his own 
 and the colony's preservation. In the very instant 
 of execution, when no inireaties could avail, Poca- 
 
 savcd by houtas the emperor's darling daughter, with surpris- 
 ■ ing tenderness, flying to his relief, clasped his head 
 in her arms, and laid her own upon it, risking her 
 life for his. Such an effect had this on the emperor, 
 that he not only suffered him to live, but, with a 
 trusty guard, sent him immediately back to James- 
 town. He was careful to send back to the emperor, 
 to his women and children, such presents as should 
 give general satisfaction. 
 
 Distress of On his return he found the colony in the utmost 
 
 J;uncstown. ,. i p • tt i- i 
 
 distress and contusion. Hunger, discontent, and 
 mutiny all united their influence to make them mis- 
 erable. However, his authority and address, soon 
 recovered them to a better state. His little preserver 
 Pocahontas, with her wild train, once in four or five 
 days made him a visit, and brought him such quan- 
 tities of provision, as saved the lives of many, who 
 otherwise must have perished with famine. Thus, 
 by this humane savage, only about thirteen years 
 
United states op America. 57 
 
 <af age, it pleased the Supreme Ruler to save this chap, 
 distressed people.* 
 
 While these affairs were transactin,^ in the colony, 
 care was taken, by the company in London, to fur- 
 nish it with all necessary supplies. Captains Newport 
 and Nelson were despatched with provisions and men 
 to recruit the plantation. Captain Newport arrived 
 soon after the setting in of the winter, but Nelson 
 was driven off the coast to the West Indies. The 
 company supposed that he was lost. 
 
 The arrival of captain Newport gave great relief 1601?'. 
 and joy to the plantation. Instead of famine they 
 had a present supply of provisions. The care of 
 the company in London to send them all necessary 
 supplies, the addition m.ade to their numbers, and 
 the present apparent friendship of Powhatan and his 
 confederates, gave new spirits to the colony. Before 
 the arrival of captain Newport, their numbers were 
 reduced to forty men. The new recruits were a 
 great addition to their strengrii, and alleviated iheir 
 fears. They had erected them a church, and their 
 animosities, through the good offices of Mr. Hunt, 
 had been so quieted, that the ordinances of the gos- 
 pel were regularly administered, and the affairs of 
 the colony wore a more favourable aspect than they 
 had ever before done. But a variety of untoward 
 circumstances united their influence to disappoint 
 all these flattering prospects. Captain Newport's van- NewTJort's 
 ity and imprudence in visiting Powhatan in a kind vanity, 
 of princely state, lavishing his bounties upon him, 
 giving swords and almost every thing which he 
 asked, made him much more self important and in- 
 solent, and had a mischievous influence on the In- 
 dians in general. Beside other ill effects, it raised 
 their corn and all other commodities, which the 
 colonists had occasion to purchase of them, to a price, 
 ten or twelve times above what had before been us- 
 
 • Smith's hist. Virg. p. 49, 50, 51. See also his letter to queen 
 Ann, consort of James I. in 1616, preserved in Smith's and Beverly's 
 histories. 
 
 Y^oL. T. 8 
 
James 
 town 
 
 5g A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. ual. So much time was wasted in this unhappy 
 ^^' business, that the ship's crew consumed much ol" ihe 
 provision, which they brought for the colony. They 
 spent more weeks at Jamestown, than they ought to 
 have tarried days. To these unlucky circumstances 
 succeed a still greater misfortune. In tlie depth of 
 winter, their store house, in which their provisions 
 
 burnt. were chiefly lodged, took fire, and w ith their wliole 
 town, their fortifications, arms, aj)parel, bedding, and 
 a great quantity of private goods, we^re consumed. 
 The Rev. Mr. Hunt lost his whole lil^rary, and all 
 his furniture excepting the clothes which he wore. 
 Such however were his fortitude and patience, that it 
 is remarked, he was never once heard to complain. 
 The company were now reduced to a small allow- 
 ance of meal and \\ater. The winter was uncom- 
 monly severe, and by the loss of the town, they were 
 so exposed to the inclemencies of the weather, and 
 so pinched with famine, that by the spring more than 
 
 1608. one half of them were in their graves. The survivers, 
 when the warm season advanced applied tliemstlves 
 to the rebuilding of the town, church, and fortifica- 
 tions. While they were thus employed, captain 
 Nelson arrived from the West Indies, with the j)ro- 
 visions and recruits which had been sent out, 
 the last year, in company with captain Newport. 
 The whole number of men, which came over in these 
 ships to recruit the colony, were a hundred and 
 twenty. Nothing could be more welcome or give 
 greater joy to these famished pilgrims, than this un- 
 expected and seasonable relief. 
 
 Remarkable was the divine conduct towards them. 
 They sufiered correction, but were not destroyed. 
 When stripped of all external means of defence, en- 
 feebled wi;h famine, and thinned by the hand of 
 death, tliey might have been swallowed up quickly ; 
 but the SUV g nations were restrained and touched 
 them not. When naked and destitute, he who 
 clothes the gruss, and I'eeds the fowls, sent them sup- 
 
 })IJ€S. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^g 
 
 In September captain Smith, who was indeed the chap. 
 life of the colour, was chosen president, and took 
 on himself the administration of government. He 
 discovered the principal rivers in the southern slates 
 with the countries adjacent. 
 
 He obtained numerous victories over the Indians, 
 and made peace with their kings. He baffled all the 
 crafty designs of Powhatan, and induced him to 
 make peace with him and the colony, after he had 
 tried every stratagem, which his imagination could 
 dtvise for its extirpation. The planters travelled 
 with safety into every part of the country. Under 
 his administration the colony flourished, and became 
 foimidable to all the surrounding Indian nations. A 
 plantation was begun at the falls, and another at Nan- 
 semund. He had a peculiar presence of mind on 
 the most sudden and pressing emergencies ; a quick- 
 ness, penetration, and nobleness of thought peculiar 
 to himself. He had high ideas of the honour of his 
 country and of the public good. 
 
 Meanwhile the colony had its enemies both in Vir- 
 ginia and in England. A number of unprincipled, 
 idle, factious men were constantly disturbing its inter- 
 nal peace ; and gross misrepresentations were made ' 
 of it to the company in London. They were possess- 
 ed of a thousand golden dreams, and far more intent 
 on immediate gain, than on making a permanent set- 
 tlement in the country. Not receiving those profit- 
 able returns, which they idly expected, they were 
 filled with vexation and resentment. Therefore, Old char- 
 making interest with his British majesty, they obtain- ^^^^^Im^^ 
 ed a new charter, entirely abrogating the authority 23,i609. ' 
 and coimcil m Virginia : and, appointing Sir Thom- 
 as West, lord Delaware, captain general. Sir Thom- 
 as Gates lieutenant, and Sir George Sommers admi- 
 ral, with many other gentlemen, to various offices 
 for life. 
 
 They sailed from England the last of May, with a 1M9 
 fleet of nine ships, on board of which were five hun- 
 dred people. The admiral's ship, on board of which 
 
$0 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 were the three noblemen and a hundred and fifty oth- 
 er persons, was cast away in a hurricane, on one of 
 the Bermuda islands. A catch was lost at the same 
 time. The other shij)s arrived safe at Virginia. 
 Many of the company who came in them, were poor 
 gentlemen, broken tradesmen, rakes, and libertines, 
 much better calculated for the subversion, than for 
 the establishment of a commonwealth. Headed by a 
 number of seditious captains, they threw the colony 
 into such a state of anarchy and confusion, that it 
 was by the greatest feats of courage, and at the con- 
 tinual hazard of the president's life, that he was able 
 to stem the torrent of faction and immorality, which 
 they raised. In this state of affairs, he was exceed- 
 ingly burnt, by the accidental firing of a bag of pow- 
 der. Such were his wounds and agonies, that they 
 incapacifated him for those personal services which he 
 had rendered the colony ; and which, in its present 
 exigencies, were highly necessary. He therefore 
 went on board, and returned to England. 
 Sfatc of He left the colony furnished with three ships, good 
 thi '''>ion_v fortifications, twenty four pieces of cannon, arms, am- 
 munition, apparel, commodities for trading, and tools 
 • for all kinds of labour. At Jamestown there were 
 nearly sixty houses. The settlers had begun to plant 
 and to fortify, at five or six other places. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants was nearly live hundred. They 
 had just gathered in their Indian harvest, and, be- 
 sides, had considerable provision in their stores. 
 They had between five and six hundred hogs, an 
 equal number of fowls, some goats, and some sheep. 
 They had also boats, nets, and good accommodations 
 for fishing.* But such was the sedition, idleness, 
 and dissipation of this mad people, that they were 
 soon reduced to the most miserable circumstances. 
 No sooner was captain Smith gone, than the savages, 
 provoked by their dissolute practices, and encouraged 
 by their want of government, revolted ; hunted and 
 
 • Stylh's hist. p. 107- Smith's, p. 96 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 61 
 
 idew them from place to place. Nansemund, the chap. 
 
 plantation at the falls, and all the out settlements 
 
 were al)andoned. In a short time nearly forty of the i6oy 
 company were cut off by the enemy. Their time Wur.sick. 
 and provisions were consumed in riot, their utensils Ivfrnine!"" 
 were stolen or destroyed, their hogs, sheep, and fowls 
 killed and carried off by the Indians. The sword 
 without, famine and sickness within, soon made 
 among them surprising destruction. Wiihin the 
 term of six months, of their whole number, sixty on- ^g^^ 
 ly survived. These were the most poor famishing 
 wretches, subsisting chiefly on herbs, acorns, and 
 berries. Such was the famine, that they fed on the 
 skins of their dead horses ; nay, they boiled and ate 
 the flesh o^ the dead.* Indeed they were reduced 
 to such extremity, that hud they not been relieved, 
 in eight or ten days, the whole colony would have 
 been cxiinct. Such are the dire eflfects of idleness, 
 faction, and want of proper subordination. 
 
 Unhappy, indeed was it, that, during this whole 
 period, captain Piercy, on whom the government 
 devolved, was so very sick and weak, that he could 
 do little or nothing, for the support of government 
 or the relief of the plantation. 
 
 In this extremity Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George 
 Sommers arrived, from the Bermudas, with a hun- 
 dred and fifty people. But the colonists were so colony 
 dispirited, that they entirely broke up ; and, leaving breaks up. 
 the town and fortifications standing, embarked and 
 set sail for England. In this crisis providence again 
 interposed, to prevent the abandoning of this fine 
 country, and to plant it with protestant churches. 
 Before they were out of the bay, lord Delaware Returns, 
 meeting them, by his authority and address, prevail- 
 ed with them to return. 
 
 O.i the 10th of June 1610, his lordship went on 
 shore, and after attending public worship, published 
 his cominission. He made an oration to the people, 
 
 • Stytli's hist. p. 117. Smith's, p. 105, 106., 
 
^2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, pressing them to an immediate reformation, and as- 
 ^^ siiring them, that unless it should be effected, he 
 would cut off the delinquents by the sword of jus- 
 tice. He constituted all necessary officers, and ap- 
 pointed to every man his place and employment. 
 By severe government and his lordship's influence 
 the colony was reduced to a tolerable degree of in- 
 dustry, harmony, and subordination. 
 1510. A coincidence of events so remarkable, as conspir- 
 
 ed for the preservation of these distressed colonists, 
 could be ascribed to nothing but the divine superin- 
 tendence. Had Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George 
 Sommers arrived but a few days later they would 
 have all been famished. Had the town and fortifi- 
 cations been destroyed, at their embarkation, which 
 was prevented only by the solicitations and influence 
 of Sir Thomas Gates, it might have discouraged 
 them and prevented their return. At least it would 
 have subjected them to great labour and distress, 
 as they would have had neither houses to cover, nor 
 fortifications to defend them. Had they sailed soon- 
 er, or lord Delaware arrived later, probably, they 
 would not have fallen in with each other. Had the 
 town been deserted a longer time, the savages, doubt- 
 less, would have made the discovery, and set it on 
 fire. After a combination of all these circumstances, 
 had not his lordsliip brought with him a year's pro- 
 vision, their relaiiding would have been only to a 
 second destruction. 
 
 1611. 'j'|^(. j^pxt year they received a recruit of six hun- 
 dred people, more dian two hundred cattle, an equal 
 number of hogs, and a great variety of necessaries for 
 a new plantation.* Sir Thomas Dale began the 
 settlement of the second town in Virginia, which he 
 named Henrico, in honour to prince Henry, his maj- 
 esty's eldest son. Another plantation was also begun 
 
 1612. at Bermuda. The next year there arrived eighty 
 more to strengthen the colony and advance its set- 
 
 * Priucc's Cliron. part i. p. 33, 34, and Smiih, p. 109, 110. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 53 
 
 tlement. But the progress of settlement and cultiva- chap. 
 
 tion was exceedingly slow. The natives were very 
 
 inimical and troublesome. The supplies sent from 
 England were by no means adequate to the numbers 
 they were designed to support. This reduced the 
 colonists to such straits, that too often they plundered 
 the natives, or obliged them, by force of arms, to 
 deliver them their provisions. These practices begat 
 in them deep and lasting hatred, provoked them to 
 retaliation, and bred continual animosities and alarms. 
 Sir Thomas Smith, treasurer of the London company, 
 and others, concerned in supplying and ordering the 
 the colonists, sought their own private emokiment, 
 rather than the growth and prosperity of the colony. 
 Too many of those who came over, were men unac- 
 customed to business, and instead of labouring them- 
 selves, were either idle, or else employed considera- 
 ble numbers of the company merely in serving their 
 whims and pleasures. It was observed by one of 
 the planters, "That in Virginia, a plain soldier, that 
 can use a pickaxe and spade is better than five 
 knights." The planters were unexperienced in the 
 business of planting new countries. As yet they 
 had no farms, and did not consider themselves as 
 labouring for their own advantage. Five or six men 
 would not therefore accomplish more in a day, than 
 a single man would have done in his own service. 
 They were governed by a severe and bloody code of 
 military laws, which were made still more severe and 
 bloody, by the arbitrary manner in which they were 
 executed. All these circumstances combined their 
 influence to dispirit the colonists, beget discontent, 
 and retard the progress of settlement and cultivation. 
 
 In 1613 a very lucky circumstance took place, April 
 which for a numljer of years, put a more favourable ^^^"• 
 aspect on the affairs of Virginia. Mr. Rolfe, who 
 was afterwards made secretary of the colony, a ^^■orthy 
 gentleman, and Pocahontas, the Indian princess, who 
 liad once saved the colony, and at other times render- 
 ed it important services, fell deeply in love with each 
 
$4 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TJIE 
 
 CHAP other. No sooner was it known to Sir Thomas 
 
 Dale, than he set on foot a negociation of marriage. 
 
 Marriag-e "^^^^ cmpcror Powhatun gave his consent to the con- 
 
 of Poca- tract : and in April their hands were joined in w ed- 
 
 hontas, lock. On this commenced an alliance of friendship 
 
 and commerce between the English, Powhatan, and 
 
 his subjects, which continued during his life. 
 
 Great attention was given by Mr. Rolfc and the 
 Rev. Mr. Whitaker to the instruction of Pocahontas, 
 in the English language and christian religion. 
 Eager was her pursuit of knowledge, and her pro- 
 Gives ficiency was equal to her engagedness. She soon 
 peace to renounced her pas:anism and embraced Christianity. 
 She was baptized by the name of Rebekah, and was 
 afterwards generally known by the appellation of the la- 
 dy Rebekah. She was the first convert from among the 
 Aborigines of North America, to the christian pro- 
 testant faith. About three years after her marriage, 
 Mr. Rolfe made a visit with her to England. She 
 was introduced to her majesty queen Anne, and treat- 
 ed with great respect by lord Delaware, his lady, and 
 other persons of quality. The company in London 
 gave order for the maintenance both of herself and 
 her child. But, on this visit, she closed the scene of 
 life with a calm, joyful hope in the divine mercy. 
 She left a son, Thomas Rolfe, who had an honourable 
 1616, education in England. He came over to Virginia, 
 where he lived and died, in affluence and honour. 
 His descendants are among some of the most re- 
 spectable families in Virginia. 
 
 The colony under the auspices of peace, and the 
 judicious administration of Sir Thomas Dale, made 
 some considerable advances, and its aftliirs were j)ut 
 into an easy and prosperous train. But as he had 
 now been live years in the country, he had a great 
 desire, and it became necessary to return to England, 
 for the management of his own affairs. In April 
 ]61G, he therefore embarked, and the next June ar- 
 rived safe at Plymouth. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Q^ 
 
 Mr. George Yeardley was appointed deputy govern- 
 our in his absence, but was soon superseded by cap- 
 tain Samuel Argall. This was effected by the lord 
 Rich, an opulent and powerful member oi' the Vir- 
 ginia company- Argiill was a friend and relation of 
 Sir Thomas Smith the treasurer, and lord Rich was 
 one of the treasurer's peculiar favourites. He there- 
 fore not only procured for him an appointment to be 
 deputy governour of Virginia, but also to be admi- 
 ral of the country and seas adjoining. It was not 
 sufficient, that the Virginians were already under 
 martial law, but this was done to strengthen his arm 
 with more absolute despotism, that not a Virginian 
 might dare to move his tongue against him. Lord 
 Rich, having concerted his measures, entered into 
 partnership vvith captain Argall, and it appeared to 
 be their united design, to enrich themselves by the 
 government. 
 
 In May 1617, he arrived at the seat of government, 161? 
 in Virginia. He was a man of singular art and cun- 
 ning; his avarice, cruelty, and despotism were equal 
 to his subtilty. His whole art was employed for the 
 purposes of gain. Such was his rapacity, that in the 
 short term of about two years, he almost ruined the 
 colony. At the close of his administration, the state 
 of it, in some respects, was not so good, and but in 
 few others much better, than it was, at the departure 
 of captain Smith, nine years before. He had undone 
 almost every thing which lord Delaware, Sir Thom- 
 as Gates, and Sir Thomas Dale, had, wiih so much 
 labour and expense, acconijMishcd.* The compa- 
 ny's lands he had depopulated and ruined. After ex- 
 pending eighty thousand pounds sterling, after twelve 
 years labour and the loss of more than twelve hun- 
 dred lives they had settled onl)- six or seven towns. 
 Sixteen hundred and seventy souls had been import- 
 ed into the colony ; and, at this period, the inhabi- 
 tants amounted only to four hundred. The extreme 
 
 • Styth's history, and history of North America, published in the 
 n^w American Magazine, from 1758 to 1760 
 
 Vol. I. o 
 
55 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THEi 
 
 CHAP, sufferings of the people, by reason of sickness, fam- 
 ine, the plots and murders of the Indians, the oppres- 
 sion and rapacity of their governours, were almost 
 incredible. 
 
 It was with an ardent and im])atient desire, that 
 
 the people waited for the return of lord Delaware, to 
 
 the government. But he died on his passage, in 
 
 Death of igj^g ^1 mouth of Delaware bay. From this 
 
 lonl Del- . ' . . ,■',-. 
 
 aware. circumstancc it IS supposed to have derived its name. 
 Early in the year 1619, Sir George Yeardley was 
 1619. appointed governour. About the beginning of May, 
 Y "Inil ""' ^^^ arrived at the seat of government. It is not easy 
 arrives, to describe the joy which his arrival gave the Virgin- 
 ians. From that day they considered themselves as 
 emancipated from slavery, and restored to the rights 
 and happiness of English subjects. Affairs had tak- 
 en an entirely new and happy turn for the colonists. 
 Sir Edwin Sandys was elected governour and treas- 
 urer of the Virginia company, in London, instead of 
 Sir Thomas Smith. Mr. John Fanar was chosen 
 deputy treasurer. These were men of great abili- 
 ties and influence ; and their friendship to the colo- 
 ny, and zeal for its prosperity ■\\erc not inferior to 
 their powers and influence. An instrument was pre- 
 pared, giving the ancient planters a full discliarge 
 from all services to the colony, excepting those 
 which should be voluntary, or which, by the laws of 
 nations, they were obliged to render. There was al- 
 so granted to them a most ample confirmation of their 
 estates, both real and personal. 
 
 The chief cause of granting these privileges was 
 the rapines and personal impositions of captain Ar- 
 gall. Great compltiints were exhibited against him, 
 and governour Yeardley had orders to try iiim in the 
 colony, where the evidence of his mal-administration 
 could be exhii)ited.'*' But he got intelligence of it, 
 before the arrival of his lordship, made his escape to 
 England, and could never be brought to justice. A 
 
 • American Magazine, and Stylh's history. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 57 
 
 certain writer of his history observes, " He would chap. 
 have been hanged, had it been in any other reign "' 
 than that of James the first." 
 
 In this year there arrived in the colony 1216 per- 
 sons ; and four new towns were settled.* A plan 
 w^as also set on foot for sending over an hundred or 
 more young women for wives, to give greater con- 
 tentment and plant families in the colony. In this 
 and the next year about a hundred and forty were 
 sent over, and had a tract allowed them called Maids 
 town. 
 
 As the first planters of Virginia were generally 
 single men, they had no sooner made provision for 
 a comfortable subsistence, than they began to be sen- 
 sible that the want of wives was a capital inconven- 
 ience. Any woman therefore, who could produce 
 testimonials of her modesty and good qualities, hoAv- 
 ever poor, might depend on a good match in Virgin- 
 ia. The men were so far from expecting a fortune 
 with a woman, that it was not an uncommon busi- 
 ness for them to buy a deserving wife, at the price 
 of a hundred pounds. They flattered themselves 
 that they had a good bargain. f 
 
 On the 24th of June the governour summoned 1619; 
 the first General Assembly ever convened in Ameri- 
 ca. In this early period there was no county in Vir- 
 ginia. The representatives were chosen from towns, 
 or boroughs. This gave the lower house of assem- 
 bly the appellation of the House of Burgesses, a 
 proper name for the representatives of boroughs. 
 This name hath, from this circumstance, ever since 
 obtained, though the representatives of counties are 
 much more numerous than those of towns. From 
 this time the colonists were liberated from trials by 
 martial law, and restored to the rights of men, and 
 of PLnglish subjects. 
 
 Some idea of their distresses, prior to this happy 
 era, may be obtained from a declaration of the council 
 
 * Smith's hist. Virg. p. 127. f Beverlev's hist. Virginia, p. 248, 
 
58 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THK 
 
 and g;eneral assembly of Virginia, about five years af- 
 ter, uddressed to his British majesty, James the first. 
 In this they aver, " That in the twelve years of Sir 
 Thomas Smith's government, the colony for the most 
 part, remained in great want and misery, under 
 most severe and bloody laws, contrary to the express 
 letters of the king's most gracious charters ; and as 
 mercilessly executed here ; oftentimes without trial 
 or judgment : That the allowance for a man, in those 
 times,uas only eight ounces of meal and a pint of pease 
 a day, both the one and the other being mouldy, rot- 
 ten, and full of cobwebs and maggots, loathsome to 
 man, and not fit for beasts ; which forced many to 
 fly to the savage enemy for relief, and afterwards be- 
 ing retaken were put to sundry kinds of death, as 
 hanging, shooting, breaking u[Jon the wheel, and 
 the like : That others were forced, by famine, to 
 filch for their bellies, of whom one, for stealing two 
 or three pints of oat- meal, hud a bodkin thrust through 
 bis tongue, and was chained to a tree till he starved : 
 '1619. That if a man, through sickness, had not been able 
 to work, he had no allowance at all, and so conse- 
 quently perished : That many, to avoid cruel perse- 
 cutions, dug holes in the earth, and there hid them- 
 selves till they famished : That their want was some- 
 times so excessive, that they were constrained to eat 
 dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools, horse hides, and 
 what not : That many others fed on the corpses of 
 dead men : That the towns were only James city, 
 Henrico, Charles hundred, West and Siiirley hun- 
 dred, and Kickquotan ; all which were ruined in 
 those times, except ten or twelve houses in James 
 town: That if through the aforesaid calamities many 
 had not perished, there would, without doubt, have 
 been a thousand people in the colony, whereas when 
 Sir George Yeardley arrived governour, he found 
 not above four hundred, most of them in want of 
 corn, and utterly destitute of cattle, swine, poultry, 
 and other necessary ])rovisions." Such was the origi- 
 nal of the ancient and respectable state of Virginia, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 59 
 
 Before this time his majesty had issued his letters, chap. 
 
 to the several bishops of his kingdom, instituting a ' 
 
 collection forerecting a college in Virginia, for the edu- coUeffeim 
 cation of the children of infidels in the knowledge of stituted. 
 God. Fifteen hundred pounds had been contributed for 
 this pious purpose, and there were expectations of a 
 much larger sum. Ten thousand acres of land were ap- 
 propriated to its support. In this and the succeed- 
 ing year a hundred tenants were sent over to culti- 
 vate the lands. Half their profits were appropriated 
 to the college, to erect buildings, maintain instructors 
 and scholars. Mr. George Thorpe, of his majes- 
 ty's privy chamber, and one of the council of the 
 Virginia company in England, came over as the com- 
 pany's diputy and suierintendant of the college. It 
 was dcsiiJ:iied for the mutual benefit both of the En- 
 glish and Indians. 
 
 I'hib year was remarkable for great plenty and 
 great mortality. There died not less than three 
 huiidred inhabitants. 
 
 King James, in an arbitrary and unjust manner, oblig- 
 ed iht company, at their own charge to transport a hun- 
 dred convicts into Virginia. 1 hus early was the prac- 
 tice of transporting persons of dissolute and abandoned 
 characters into Virginia, as a place of disgrace and pun- 
 ishment. Styth has this remark upon it, "That it has 
 been a great hindrance to the growth of the colony, and 
 laid one of the finest countries in British America, un- 
 der the unjust scandal of being a hell upon earth, ano- 
 ther Siberia, only fit for malefactors and the vilest of 
 the people." 
 
 While this colony was making a firm settlement, the 
 business of more particular discovery had been pros- 
 ecuted in North Virginia, and preparations were mak- 
 ing for the plantation of colonies, in that part of 
 the continent. 
 
 In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the Hudson's 
 service of the Dutch East India company, discover- jJJJg^'^^^ 
 ed Hudson's river and ranged along the coast from 
 Cape Cod to thirty degrees of north latitude. This 
 
70 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, g-ave rise to the Dutch claims in this part of Amcr- 
 
 ^^ ica. 
 Grant of I" 1614, the Statcs General granted to certain 
 iiie States Dutch merchants a patent for an exclusive trade on 
 mT^^^ Hudson's river. For the convenience of trade they 
 erected two forts on tlie river, one at Albany and 
 another on the island of New- York. The court of 
 England disowned their claim, and captain Argall 
 making them a visit obliged them to submit to the 
 government of Virginia. However, the States Gen- 
 eral in 1621 made a grant of the country to the West 
 India company, who began to extend their settle- 
 ments, increase the number and strength of their 
 fortifications, and renounce all subjection to the gov- 
 ernment of En8;land. 
 
 In 1614, captain John Smith, who had been pres- 
 ident in Virginia, made particular discoveries of the 
 coasts of North Virs^inia, drew maps of the country 
 and named it New- England, 
 ^if ^i'^"" King James I. by his letters patent, November 3d, 
 tent, Nov. 1620, incorporated the Duke of Lenox, the mar- 
 3d, 1620. quises of Buckingham and Hamilton, the earls of 
 Arundel and Warwick, with divers other persons, 
 by the name of the Council established at Plymouth 
 in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, or- 
 dering, and governing New-England in America ; 
 and granted to them, their successors and assigns, 
 all that part of America, lying from 40 degrees of 
 north latitude, to the 48th degree inclusively ; and 
 in length of, and within all the breadth aforesaid, 
 throughout the main lands, from sea to sea. This 
 is the civil basis of all tlic patents and plantations 
 M'hich divide the New-England states. 
 Stttie- The settlement of New- England commenced the 
 
 inentof samc year, at the place named Plymouth. A com- 
 )mou 1. p,^,^y. Qf pious ])eople, to the number of a hundred 
 and one, arrived at Cape Cod on the 11th of Novem- 
 ber. They were a part of Mr. John Robinson's 
 church and congregation, who, by the heat of perse- 
 cution, had, some years before, been driven into 
 
 % 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 7JL 
 
 Holland. Their design was to make a settlement chap.. 
 
 on Hudson's river, or in the adjacent country. For • 
 
 these parts they had obtained a patent. But the 1520. 
 Dutch had determined to make a firm settlement on 
 the river, and therefore bribed the master of the ship 
 to carry them further to the northward. Finding 
 themselves widiout the limits of their patent, by vol- 
 untary compact, they formed into a body politic, 
 binding themselves, in the name of God, to submit 
 to such laws and officers, as should be judged most 
 subservient to the general good. They declared 
 themselves the lawful subjects of king James : That 
 they had undertaken the voyage, for the glory of 
 God, the advancement of the christian faith, and the 
 honour of their king and country. 
 
 Doleful was the condition of these pious strangers! Sad condi- 
 By the length and hardships of the voyage, they were *oioi°^^^*^- 
 reduced to an enfeebled and sickly state. They had 
 been betrayed with respect to the place of set- 
 tlement, were without a patent, or so much as a pub- 
 lic promise that they should enjoy their liberties 
 either civil or religious. In a distressing season they 
 were cast on an unknown and barbarous coast, des- 
 titute of every accommodation for their comfort. 
 There were no houses to cover them, no friends to 
 entertain them, no civilized town or city, whence on 
 any emergency they might derive succour : a vast 
 wilderness, replete with savage beasts and men, spread 
 itself horribly round them. 
 
 It was the middle of December before they arriv- 
 ed in the harljour wliich lies before the town. It 
 was the 25th of the month when they began to erect 
 the first house for a general store. The hardships 
 they endured in building themselves huts and un- 
 lading their provisions scLircely admit of description. 
 The harbour was so shallow, that their ship lay at 
 more than a mile's distance from the town ; and it 
 was often so stormy for several days together, as to 
 prevent all co nnm lica'ion b-Mween th'.-m. Tiiey 
 were often obliged, in this cold season, to wade and 
 
72 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, labour in the water to get their provisions and furni- 
 
 ture on shore. In less than three months, the scur- 
 
 Sickness vy and other diseases, which their long voyage, the 
 and mor- extremity of the weather, their excessive fatigues, 
 ^* '^^' the want of necessary provisions and habitations, 
 brought upon them, reduced them to one half of 
 their original numbers. So general was the sick- 
 ness, at some times, that there were only six or sev- 
 en well persons in the plantation. It was with great 
 difficulty that they were able to tend the sick and 
 bury the dead.* 
 
 A combination of circumstances, singularly prov- 
 idential, is observable in the settlement and preser- 
 vation of these pious pilgrims in New- England. On 
 1621. Hudson's river, and its vicinity, the Indians were 
 very numerous, and had thev not been disappointed 
 with respect to their original design, probably they 
 would have fallen a prey to savage cruelty. In New- 
 England providence had prepared the way for their 
 settlement. The uncommon mortality in 1617, had 
 in a manner depopulated that part of the country, in 
 which they began their plantation. They found 
 fields, which had been planted, without owners, and 
 a fine country round them, in some measure cultivat- 
 ed, without an inhabitant. The scattering Indians, 
 who survived, had been particularly exasperated at 
 the villanous conduct of captain Hunt. About 
 six years before, he had kidnapped twenty Indians 
 at this place, and seven at Nauset, and sold them for 
 slaves ; yet such were the restraints laid upon them, 
 that during the whole winter, not one of them came 
 into the town, nor were they seen but at a distance. 
 They meditated the extirpation of the colonists, met, 
 in great numbers and held a Pawaw in a hideous 
 swamp ; where, for three days together, they delib- 
 erated on the subject, and in their diabolical manner 
 poured out their execrations against them.| Had 
 they known their circumstances, they might have 
 
 ' Prince's Cliron. part i p. 103, 104. t H"''!- p!»i't '• P- 99. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 73 
 
 cut them off with the greatest facihty ; but of these chap. 
 the}^ had no intelligence. 
 
 The winter broke up sooner than usual, and as ig2i. 
 the warm season advanced the mortality began to 
 abate, the sick and lame to recover, and the people 
 to assume new life and courage. 
 
 On the sixteenth of March an Indian came boldly March 
 into the town, and to their surprize gave them this leth.Sam- 
 friendly salutation, Welcome Englishmen ! Wei- i^nU)the^ 
 come Englishmen ! He was a petty sachem, whose town, 
 name was Samoset, who had got a smattering of the 
 English language from the lishermen on the eastern 
 coast. They gave him a friendly reception, and 
 on his part, he communicated to them important 
 intelligence, respecting the country. The govern- 
 our despatched him to Massasoiet to invite him to 
 an interview with them at Plymouth. He proved a 
 faithful messenger, and on the twenty second of the 
 month he came to them in company with Squanto, 
 the only surviving Indian of that place. He was one 
 of'the twenty, whom captahi Hunt kidnapped and 
 sold in Spain ; but he had been brought back first to 
 London, where after living some time, he returned 
 to his native country. He was friendly and could 
 speak English. They reported that Massasoiet, the 
 greatest king of the Indians, was just at hand, with 
 his brother, Quadequina and their suit. He soon ^'^^^asoi- 
 
 1 Qj^ Visits 
 
 approached the town with an armed train of sixty the plan- 
 men. Governour Carver sent a message to him in- tatioa. 
 viting him into the town. After exchanging hosta- 
 ges, Massasoiet with twenty men unarmed advanc- 
 ed to the brook, where he was met by a file of 
 Musketeers, and conducted to a house, where, in 
 state, they seated him, with his train, upon a green 
 rug, and a number of cushions. Immediately came 
 the governour with drum, trumpet, and another file 
 of musketeers. Having passed friendly salutations 
 and kissed each others hands, they sat : and after an 
 entertainment prepared for the purpose, they entered Treaty tff 
 into a perpetual league of friendship, commerce, and pe^^^- 
 Vol. I. 10 
 
Y4 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, mutual defence. Massasoiet was to give notice of 
 ^^ the treaty to all his confederates, that they might not 
 j^,^j^j^ injure the plantation ; but enjoy all the advantages of 
 22d. tlie alliance. The governour conducted the Indian 
 prince to the brook, where he was received, and sa- 
 luting each other they parted. Quadequina and his 
 troop were then conducted into the to\vn, and enter- 
 tained in a manner highly pleasing to them and their 
 prince. Having finished their business, the hostages 
 were exchanged, and the royal train departed. The 
 savage king was a tall portly man, in the best period 
 of life, of a gi'ave countenance and sparing of 
 speech.* This treaty gave general peace to the 
 country, and laid a foundation for an amicable cor- 
 respondence with the original nations, not only high- 
 ly beneficial to Plymouth, but to all the future settle- 
 ments for many years. 
 
 Squanto stayed with the colonists, was their inter- 
 preter among the nations, instructed them in the man- 
 ner of planting and dressing their corn, and with re- 
 spect to the most advantageous places for their fishe- 
 ry. He was their guide to places unknown, their 
 assistant in matters of treaty and commerce, and be- 
 yond all expectation, an instrument of great public 
 good to the colony. He continued with them until 
 his death. t Another Indian named Hobbamock, 
 one of Massasoiet's pianese, a stout young man, and 
 of much influence among the Indian nations, came 
 and resided among them, and was not less faithful 
 and beneficial to the plantation than Squanto. Thus, 
 without their seeking, the Supreme Ruler, sent them 
 interpreters and messengers of peace ; and overruled 
 an instance of villany, w hich had thrown all the In- 
 1621. dians, In New-England, into a state of hostility to- 
 wards the English, for their advantage, and for the 
 benefit of all the future plantations. 
 April, Soon after the treaty with Massasoiet, the compa- 
 
 cTrver "' ny sustalucd a sore loss and afiliction, in the death of 
 
 • Prince's Chron. parti, p. 100 — 103. | New -England Memorial p. 27. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 7$ 
 
 Mr. John Carver their governour. He was a gentle- chap. 
 man of singular piety, condescension, fortitude, and ' 
 public spirit. He had been agent for the comjiany 
 in England, and had spent the greatest part of a good 
 fortune in the present enterprize. He had greatly 
 endeared himself to the colony, not only by many 
 important public services, but by his great humili- 
 ty, and numerous kind offices in private life. They 
 gave him all the honours at his funeral which were 
 in their power : and, under their afflictions exhibited 
 an example of brotherly love, patience, submission, 
 and fortitude, not less extraordinary than their suf- 
 ferings.* 
 
 Mr. William Bradford was chosen to succeed 
 him in the government, and Isaac Allerton was ap- 
 pointed his assistant. 
 
 Sensible of the importance of peace with the na- r. . „. 
 
 , ... V T 1 1 1 11 Embassa- 
 
 tives, the begmnnigot July the governour despatched dors sent 
 messengers with presents to Massasoiet ; more firm- ^". Massa- 
 ly to engage his friendship and establish the peace : ^ *'' 
 to view the country and obtain a more perfect knowl- 
 edge of its numbers and military strength. Among 
 other things they presented their royal ally with a 
 red cotton coat with lace trimmings, which very 
 highly pleased his savage majesty. In return, he 
 treated them with all the honours and civilities in his 
 power. Mr. Winslow was lodged in the royal bed, 
 which was constructed of a few planks, elevated 
 about a foot from the ground. At one end of it 
 lodged the king and queen, under a thin mat ; and at 
 the other, Mr. Hopkins the other embassador, with a 
 number of Massasoiet's grandees. The Indians in 
 the country, on their way, treated them with uncom- 
 mon kindness ; supplying them with provisions, car- 
 rying their baggage, and even conveying them on 
 their backs over the rivers and deep waters. 
 
 In November, their agent Mr. Cushman arrived 
 in the ship Fortune, with a recruit of thirty-five new 
 
 • N. Eng. Memorial, p. 33, 34. 
 
75 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, planters, unhappily she brought no provisions for the 
 " plantation, and was but poorly furnished for her own 
 1621. pt'opJ^' Her immediate return was necessary ; but 
 she could not sail, till she was victualled by this 
 needy people, who were in want themselves. Such, 
 however were their self-denial and exertions, that in 
 about a month she was victualled, and laden with furs 
 and other articles to a large amount. 
 
 By reason of the increase of their numbers, and the 
 diminution of their stores, it now became necessary, 
 to put all the planters on half allowance, for the term 
 of six months. They had enjoyed a great degree of 
 health during the summer and fall, and with exemplary 
 harmony and diligence, had prosecuted the various 
 business of the plantation. By the close of the year 
 they had built seven dwelling houses, and four for 
 public use. These small beginnings cost them not 
 only many lives, but nearly two thousand pounds 
 sterling, exclusive of all private expenses. 
 
 Early the next winter reports were spread that the 
 Narragansets were mediiating an attack, on the plan- 
 tation. It Avas therefore determined to empale the 
 whole town, inclosing the top of the hill under which 
 March it was built. By the beginning of March the fortifi- 
 .1622. cations were completed, the people assigned to their 
 respective posts, and every precaution was taken to 
 prevent a surprise. 
 
 Meanwhile great accessions had been made to the 
 colony in Virginia. Twenty-one ships had arrived, 
 in which came over 1300 men, women, and children. 
 This was effected principally by private adventurers. 
 They considered the work as truly christian and glo- 
 rious in itself, and of the highest consequence to the 
 realm of England. Sir Francis VVyat had been ap- 
 pointed governour, and came over with special di- 
 rections, that the colony should regard the service 
 of Almighty God, and train up the people in the prac- 
 tice of religion and virtue. But while the affairs of 
 the colony were assuming the most flattering aspect, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 7^ 
 
 it was, all on a sudden, surprised, and came near a chap. 
 total destruction. 
 
 Most of its settlements had been made in a scatter- ^^22. 
 ing manner, where the planters could find a rich vein 
 of land, or an agreeable situation. The Indians had 
 such constant familiarity with them, that they knew 
 every hut, field, and corner, where they might be 
 found. They were not insensible of the advantage, 
 which these circumstances afforded them, to surprise 
 and cut them all off" at one fatal blow. They saw 
 with pain the encroachments they were making on 
 their lands, and though they kept up the fairest ap- 
 pearances, yet they had laid up, in their revengeful 
 breasts, the remembrance of all the past injuries 
 which they had received. Opechancanough, succes- 
 sor to Pov\ hatan, was a haughty, politic, and bloody 
 man, intent on the destruction of the English, when- 
 ever a fair opportunity should present. He there- 
 fore concerted the plan of a general massacre of the 
 colony. So general was the combination, among all 
 his confederates, and so deeply laid the plot, that they 
 had warning through all their habitations ; and every 
 nation and party had their station and part assigned 
 them. 
 
 On the 22d of March, about noon, when the men Massacre 
 were generally unarmed and at work, they rose upon 1^* March* 
 them, and in one hour, nay, almost in the same in- 22d. 
 stant, three hundred and forty seven men, women, 
 and children fell by their bloody hands. So silent 
 and sudden was the destruction, that few perceived 
 the weapon by which they fell. In this general car- 
 nage six of their council were slain. The murderers 
 slew all before them, without pity or remorse, with- 
 out regard to age, sex, dignity, or friendship. This 
 massacre would have been much more dreadful than 
 it was, had it not been for a merciful interposition of 
 providence. A christian Indian had been solicited, 
 by his brother, the preceding evening, to kill one 
 Mr. Pace, with ^vhom he lived : and by this cir- 
 cumstance, became acquainted with the design which 
 
78 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, had been formed of extirpating the whole colony on 
 the mon-ovv. Instead of murderinar Mr. Pace he 
 
 1622. imniediately acquainted him with the plot. Intelli- 
 gence of it was communicated to Jamestown and 
 other places with all possible despatch. Wherever 
 it came, and the people were on their guard, the sav- 
 ages ran off abandoning their attempt. Such, how- 
 ever, was the slaughter, as gave a grievous wound 
 to this yet weak and infant colony. It spread such 
 general consternation, that the small plantations were 
 abandoned, and the people drawn together at fiv^e or 
 six of the best and most defensible towns. In the 
 burr}- and confusion of moving, many cattle and a great 
 quantity of goods were left, and afterwards destroyed 
 by the Indians. They plundered and burned houses, 
 mills, the iron works, and every thing which came 
 in their way. Mr. Thorpe the superintendant of the 
 college was slain, the college lands deserted, and that 
 benevolent institution, which was designed for their 
 benefit, was entirely defeated by their own hands.* 
 Some of the inhabitants sustained such losses, diat 
 they were reduced to famine. 
 
 While the Virginians were mourning their losses, 
 the people of New- Plymouth, who through the win- 
 ter, had subsisted at half allowance, began to ex- 
 perience the distresses of famine. 3y the beginning 
 of May, they had expended their provisions. With 
 all the earnestness of a people, on the point of fam- 
 ishing, they looked for supplies ; but they looked in 
 vain. The Fortune, which, with so much exertion 
 Great and sclf denial, they had fitted for sea, and by the 
 •carcity. return of which they expected a supply, just as she 
 arrived on the English coast, was taken, carried into 
 France, and robbed of every thing valuable. But in this 
 extremity, his liberal hand who supplies the wants 
 of every living thing, made provision for their relief. 
 Captain Hudson, who came, that spring, on a fish- 
 ing vo} age into the eastern parts of New- England, 
 sent to the governour an obliging letter, certifying him 
 
 • Styth's hist, from p. 208—213. 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 7^ 
 
 of the massacre of the Virginians ; and expressing CHAP, 
 his wishes, that the plantation might derive caution 
 and benefit, from the slaughter of their countrymen, j^gj^ 
 The governour immediately despatched Mr. Win- 
 slow to represent to him the pitiable state of the colo- 
 ny ; and, if possible, to obtain some assistance. Great 
 was the humanity, with which the captain treat- 
 ed Mr. Winslow. He not only furnished him 
 with what provisions he could spare, but used his 
 influence with others on the coast, to excite the 
 same benevolence. By these means, so much bread 
 was obtained, as amounted to four ounces a day, 
 for each person till the harvest. On the return of 
 Mr. Winslow, he found the people indeed in a most 
 miserable condition. Both their strength and their 
 flesh failed, for want of bread. Some began to swell, 
 and had it not been for the shell fish, which they 
 caught along the shore, they must have perished. 
 
 The Indians apprized of their weakness began to 
 insult them, boasting, that, in a short time, they 
 should be able to cut them ofl" with ease. The dis- 
 aster in Virginia, with these insults, so alarmed the 
 colony, that, in addition to their other works, they 
 built a strong and handsome fort, on the hill, which 
 overlooked the whole town. On this, they moun- 
 ted their cannon, and kept a constant guard. It was 
 erected not only with a view to the common safety, 
 but for the more secure and convenient celebration 
 of the public worship. 
 
 Though the colonists had employed their utmost ' 
 exertions in the cultivation of the earth, and in trade 1623. 
 with the Indians, to furnish themselves with provisions, 
 yet as they had no supplies from England, they 
 had again the next year, the sad experience of finn- 
 ine. In the months of February and March, Want ef 
 they were obliged to subsist chiefly on ground P^''^'^'*'"- 
 nuts, clams, muscles, and such miserable food as 
 could be obtained from the gleanings of the forest 
 and the sea shore. They therefore, this spring, de- 
 termined, if possible, to take such effectual measures 
 
go A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, to obtain a plentiful harvest, as should prevent their 
 ^^ languijihing, in future, as they had beiore done with 
 Exertions hunger and want. All the youth were ranged under 
 to prevent particular families, and each family had the encour- 
 famme. agement of enjoying the advantages of its own labours. 
 This drew the whole strength of the colony into ex- 
 ertion. The very women and children went into the 
 field. Such quantities of corn were planted, as much 
 exceeded what had been done in any of the preceding 
 years. 
 
 But by the time their planting was finished, their 
 provisions were spent, and they had neither bread nor 
 com for three or four months. At night they knew 
 not where they should find a morsel in the morning.* 
 Some were appointed to hunt, and others to fish, and 
 what could be obtained in these ways was amicably 
 divided among them. Thus they subsisted on wild 
 game and the natural fruits of the country till the 
 harvest. 
 
 In addition to this, a new scene of distress presen- 
 ted. Notwithstanding the care, which the people 
 had taken, for the securing of a plentiful harvest, yet, 
 about mid-summer their expectations seemed to be 
 wholly defeated. From the third week in May, till 
 the middle of July, they were visited with uncom- 
 mon drought and heat. Not only the blade, but the 
 stalks of the corn withered, as though they had 
 been entirely dead.f The ships and supplies, which 
 had long been expected from England did not arrive 
 Despond- and it was concluded that they were lost. The peo- 
 pncyofiiic pie therefore, seeing nothing but famine and certain 
 destruction before them, sunk into great discourage- 
 ment. They say, " The most courageous are now 
 discouraged. Now are our hopes overthrown, 
 our joy being turned into mourning." In these 
 depths of affliction they repaired to Him, who could 
 
 • Morton's Memorial, p. 49, 50. Prince'.s Cliron. p. ii. p. 135. 
 ■\ Page 137, 138, 139. Mr. Morion mislaking'g'overnour Bradtbrd, 
 has wronp;ly placed llii.s drought in llie preceding- year. Several oth- 
 ers have followed his mistake. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 81 
 
 furnish a table in the wilderness, and sought his chap. 
 
 merciful interposition. The morning of their fast, ]__ 
 
 was hot and fair without a cloud; but before the public jess, 
 solemnities were concluded, the heavens were overcast. 
 Soon the rain began to descend in gentle and plente- 
 ous showers which continued,by turns, for several days, 
 till the earth was thoroughly soaked. The corn revived 
 even to admiration, and promised a joyful harvest. 
 
 Soon after the long expected ships arrived. With 
 them came a good vessel, built for the service of the 
 plantation. 
 
 In these ships arrived sixty new planters, generally ^^'.^""1* 
 in good health. Some of them were the wives and chil- 
 dren of those, who came first to Plymouth. Some others, 
 Mr. Timothy Hatherly, Mr. George Morton, and Mr. 
 John Jenny, were men of considerable character, and 
 of singular importance and service to the colony. 
 
 It is impossible to describe that strange composi- Descrip- 
 tion of chagrin, sorrow, sympathy, and joy, which, ^|°". °^ 
 at this meeting presented themselves in the most meeting-. 
 lively colours. The first planters had received no 
 supplies of clothing since their arrival. They were 
 therefore not only pale with famine, but they were 
 miserably clothed. When the passengers came on 
 shore and saw their extreme poverty, they were fill- 
 ed with sadness and dismay. Some burst into tears, 
 and passionately wished themselves again in their 
 native country. In the poverty and distress of this 
 poor people, they imagined they foresaw their own 
 future miseries. Some felt the lively exercises of 
 sympathetic commiseration for the calamitous state 
 of their friends. Others greatly rejoiced at the pres- 
 ent interview. Parents and children, husbands and 
 wives, brethren and sisters, embraced each other, 
 with endearments peculiar to such relatives, after a 
 long and painful separation.* 
 
 The best dish, with which the colony were able 
 to furnish these welcome guests, was a lobster with- 
 
 • New-England Memorial, p. 54. 
 
 Vol. I. 11 
 
82 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THJ£ 
 
 CHAP, out bread or any other article, excepting a cup of 
 
 ^^ fair spring water. They made this remark on their 
 
 J manner of hving. " TJfie long continuance of this 
 
 diet, with our labours abroad, has somewhat abated 
 
 the freshness of our complexion, but God gives us 
 
 health."* The welcome harvest came, and the face 
 
 of affairs was changed. Plenty succeeded famine, 
 
 and their hearts were filled with food and gladness. 
 
 In the mean time the Virginians took an ample 
 
 revenge for the slaughter of their fellow colonists. 
 
 Massacre In the fall after the massacre, they burned several of 
 
 revenged, ^j^^ Indian towus, and took from them nearly 4,000 
 bushels of corn. In consequence of these depreda- 
 tions, the enemy the next winter were reduced to 
 famine and great distress. 
 
 July 23l1. ^I'he next July, four or five different parties were 
 detached to attack them, at the same time, in so 
 many different places. They all falling upon 
 them on the same day, made a very consider- 
 able slaughter. Some of their kings and war 
 captains were slain, their corn and settlements 
 destroyed. They were so weakened and brok- 
 en, that the planters, in confidence of their inabili- 
 ty to injure them, returned again to the towns and 
 settlements which they had abandoned. The har- 
 vest was plenteous, and the state of the colony be- 
 came easy and comfortable. 
 
 1624. The next spring Mr. Winslow, agent for the col- 
 
 ony of Plymouth, brought over a good supply of 
 clothing and some neat cattle. These were the first 
 imported into New-England. Goats, hogs^ and 
 poultry, had been transported into the country, and 
 had increased exceedingly. 
 
 London j^ ^^^q warranto was this year issued, by his Brit- 
 
 dissolved, ish majesty, agamst the great London company for 
 planting \^irginia. It consisted of more than a 
 thousand adventurers. More than two hundred of 
 them were earls, knights, and noblemen, of the first 
 
 • Prince's Chron. part ii. p. 140. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 33 
 
 rank and character in the nation. Many others were 
 
 merchants and gentlemen of principal figure and for- 
 
 tunes. But on the 15th of July, they were wholly ^524 
 broken up, by the king and his ministers. Their 
 records, books of account, and papers, were all seiz- 
 ed and taken from them. They had paid the great- 
 est attention to their business, and neglected their 
 own private affairs, to promote the gi'owth and pros- 
 perity of the colony. Beside all their time and 
 trouble, they had expended more than a hundred 
 thousand pounds of their own private property. 
 Great sums were due to the company. Nearly a 
 thousand pounds were due from Sir Thomas Smith, 
 their first treasurer. But they never could recover 
 their books, papers, nor debts. Neither could they 
 ever obtain any compensation, for the damage done 
 to them and the colony, by governour Argall.* 
 Previous to the incorporation of this company Sir 
 Walter Raleigh had expended, in his enterprises and 
 attempts to make settlements, 40,000/. without the 
 aid of a shilling from the crown. Nor had the gov- 
 ernment ever granted the least aid, nor been at the 
 least expense for the colony, from its commence- 
 ment to the then present time.f In the short period 
 of about seventeen years king James granted, super- 
 seded, or vacated three successive charters. The 
 first, to Sir Thomas Gates and others, was supersed- charters 
 ed, by his letters patent, May 3d, 1609, to the ^^^^ ^ 
 earl of Salisbury and others, incorporating them, by 
 the name of The treasurer and company of adventur- 
 ers and planters of the city of London, for the first 
 colony in Virginia. This grant conveyed to them 
 and their successors, all the lands in Virginia, two 
 hundred miles north and south of point Comfort, 
 along the sea coast : and this breadth, of four hun- 
 dred miles, throughout all the main land from sea 
 to sea. It also conveyed all the islands within one 
 hundred miles of any part of it ; with all the com- 
 
 • Styth's History, book V. f Jefferson's Notes, p. 194. 
 
§4 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, modities, juribdictions, royalties, franchises, and pre- 
 eminences within, or appertaining to the same ; in 
 1634 ^^ ample a manner as had been before granted to 
 an} adventurer. This territory was to be holden in 
 common soccageofthe king and his successors, giv- 
 ing one fifth part of the gc Id and silver ore in lieu of 
 all other services. The charter established a coun- 
 cil in England for the direction of the enterprise. 
 The members of it were to be chosen and displaced 
 by the voice of a majority of the com])any and ad- 
 venturers. They had also the nomination and revo- 
 cation of governours, officers, and ministers, which 
 they should judge necessary for the colony. They 
 were vested with plenary powers of estabhshinglaws, 
 forms of government, and magistracy, obligatory not 
 only in the colony, but on the seas, in passing from 
 the respective countries. It also granted to tlie col- 
 onists all the rights of natural subjects, as if born and 
 abiding in the realm of PLngland. It contained a de- 
 • ciaration,that,in all doubtful cases, these letters should 
 be construed in such a m nner as should be most 
 for the benefit of the grantees. This second, was 
 superseded by a third charter, March liith, 16 12, in 
 which were included all islands hi any part of the 
 ocean, between the 30th and 41st degrees of latitude, 
 and within three hundred leagues of any of the parts 
 afore granted. The design of this was, to give the 
 company and colony the Summer islands.* 
 Civil con- B}' virtue of the authorities given by these char- 
 of' virgin- ^'^^^' ^^^^ Company, on the 24th of July, 1621, estab- 
 ii.. lished a form of government under their common 
 
 seal. This, for the future, ordained, that there should 
 be two supreme councils in Virginia. One to be 
 called the council of state ; to be placed and displac- 
 ed, by the treasurer, council in England, and com- 
 pany, from time to time, whose office was to give 
 advice and assistance to the governour. The other, 
 was to be called the general assembly, to be convcn- 
 
 * Styth's History. In his appendix the charters may be seen at large. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. g5' 
 
 cd once annually by the governour, or oftener as cir- chap. 
 
 cumstances might render it necessary. This was to 
 
 consist of the council of state, and two burgesses out 1524. 
 of eveiy town, hundred, or plantation, to be respec- 
 tively chosen by the inhabitants. In the assembly 
 all matters were to be determined by a majority of 
 the votes present. The governour had a negative 
 voice. The assembly had the power of enacting 
 laws for the government of the colony, of treating, 
 consulting, and determining, on all emergencies, for 
 the common safety and happiness. Their laws and 
 government, were, as nearly as might be, to imitate 
 the laws and policy of England. No laws were to 
 have any validity till ratified in a general quarterly 
 court of the company in England, and returned un- 
 der their common seal. It was provided, nevertheless, 
 that after the government of the colony should be 
 well framed and settled, no orders of the council in 
 England, should bind the colony, unless ratified in 
 the said assembly. This was the ancient constitu- 
 tion of Virginia. The company transported more 
 than 9,000 English subjects into Virginia, which 
 cost them 150,000/. Besides this, and all private 
 expenses, the settlement of the colony cost about 
 4,000 lives.* King James, on the dissolution of the 
 company, took the colony into an immediate depend- 
 ence on the crown, to be governed by mere preroga- 
 tive. 
 
 At the close of this year the town of New-Plym- 
 outh contained thirty two dwelling houses, and one 
 hundred and eighty inhabitants. Such had been their 
 health, for the term of three years, that, among the 
 first planters, there had not been an instance of death. 
 
 In November 1626 this small and indigent people Nov. 1626. 
 came to a composition with the company in England. 
 For the consideration of 1800/. sterling, they made 
 a consignment of all their lands, stocks, shares, mer- 
 chandizes, and chattels to the colony. The other 
 
 • Styth's Hist. p. 306, compared with p. 311, 312. 
 
^0 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, debts of the colony were not less than 600/. Yet, 
 _■ such was the harmony and industry of this people, 
 jggg that in a few years, they effected the payment of the 
 whole debt. Such was their brotherly love, that they 
 were not only at the expense of bringing over their 
 brethren from Leyden gratis, but of furnishing them 
 after their arrival with a year's pro^isions.* The ex- 
 pense of this was considerably more than the whole 
 amount of their public debt.f 
 
 They obtained an ample patent, from the council 
 for New-England, conveying to them a considerable 
 territory, where they made their first settlements. 
 This was chiefly within the limits of the county of 
 Plymouth. It also conveyed another tract, under the 
 description of "All that part of New-England between 
 the utmost limits of Capersecont, or Camascecont, 
 which adjoineth to the river Kennebeck, and the falls 
 of Negumke, with the said river itself, and the 
 space of fifteen miles on each side between the boiuids 
 above said." The council granted the colony, as 
 ample powers of government, as had been granted to 
 them by his British majesty's letters patent. They 
 had no charter, or powers of government, from the 
 king; I but hi his letters to the colony their rights 
 were as fully recognized as those of the other colo- 
 Gonsihu- nies. Their government was entirely by voluntary 
 New riy- compact. On the 23d of March the govcrnour and 
 mouth, assistants were annually elected from among them- 
 selves. Till the year 1624, they had only a goverii- 
 
 • Pnncc's Cliroii. part ii.p. 166, 168, 169, 192. 
 
 •f They were brouglit over at four dificront times, October 9tli, 
 1621, 36 arrived ; July, 1623, 60 ; Aufjust, 1629, 35 with tlicir fami- 
 lies ; prol>al)ly about a hundred and seventy ])ersons. In May, 1630, 
 about 60 more arrived ; making in the wliolc 316. From accounts now 
 before me, it a])pears, tluit the whole expense of tiicir transportation 
 amounted to 2690/. siei ling'. The whole number of Mr. Robinson's 
 congregation, which came over, was about 417. The wiuile expense 
 of transporting this colony, with their arms and cfi'ects maybe esti- 
 mated at 4,690/ 
 
 4 Tiiey c,\j)ended 500/. sterling to obtain a royal charter; his maj- 
 esty consenteil, and the solicitor was ordered to draw it up, but the 
 agents petitioning ior an exemption from the customs for seven years 
 inward and twenty one outward, the lord treasurer refused, and it 
 Ticvcr passed the seals. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 87 
 
 our with one assistant. From this period five were chap. 
 
 annually chosen, and the governour had a double 
 
 voice. The number of assistants was afterwards in- ^526. 
 creased to seven. The governour and his assistants 
 went under the general name of the associates of the 
 colony of New- Plymouth. They were to all intents 
 the representatives of the people. All laws were en- 
 acted and all government managed by them for al- 
 most twenty years. In 1639 the towns, for the first 
 time sent deputies. Their first general assembly was 
 convened the same year on the fourth of June. They 
 had a few laws, which they termed general fundamen- 
 tals ; and some others adapted to their peculiar cir- 
 cumstances ; but, in general, they were governed 
 by the common law and statutes of England. Their 
 fundamentals secured to them all the rights of fi'ee 
 born English subjects. Agreeably to them, no acts, 
 laws, nor ordinances could be imposed on them, but 
 such as were enacted by the consent of the body of 
 the freemen or associates, or their representatives le- 
 gally assembled. No person could be endamaged 
 with respect to life, limb, liberty, name, or estate,- 
 but by some express law of the general court, or by 
 the laws of England. They secured to them the 
 right of trial by jury ; and made provision, that jus- 
 tice should neither be sold, denied, nor cause- 
 lessly deferred ; but imp:irtially administred to all. 
 Thus, after all preceding attempts to make settle- 
 ments, in this part of the continent, though made by 
 several noble personages, and at great expense had 
 failed, this small and indigent people, at their sole ex- 
 pense, by their union and industry accomplished a 
 firm settlement. They effected a general peace with 
 the natives, and established a free and permanent 
 government. 
 
 While the colony of New- Plymouth was rising in- 
 to public credit and importance, large bodies of re- 
 ligious people in England were making prepara- 
 tions for more extensive settlements rn New- England. 
 
88 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THZ 
 
 CHAP. On tlic 19th of March 1628, the council for New- 
 
 II . • 
 I],n.[^lancl granted unto Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John 
 
 1628. Young, knights, Thomas Southcoat, John Hum- 
 Massa- phreys, John Endicot, and Simon Whetcomb, their 
 pai'cnr^ heirs, assigns, and associates for ever, all that part of 
 Marcii New-England in America, which lies and extends 
 I9tii,i628. [j(^>t^veen Merrimack river and Charles river in the 
 bottom of Massachusetts-Bay, and three miles to the 
 north and south of every part of Charles river, and 
 three miles southward of the southermost part of said 
 bay, and three miles north of every part of Merri- 
 mack river, and "all lands and hereditaments what- 
 soever lying within the limits aforesaid north and 
 south, in latitude and in breadth, and in length and 
 longitude, of and \\ithin all the breadth aforesaid 
 throughout the main lands there, from the Atlantic 
 sea and ocean on the east part, to the south sea on 
 the west part."* 
 
 Mr. White, minister of Dorchester, in England, 
 was fixed in the design of making a settlement in 
 New-England, for the purposes of religion ; whither 
 nonconformists might transport themselves, and en- 
 joy the blessings of liberty in worship and discipline. 
 Therefore effecting an accjuaintance and association 
 between Sir Richard Saltonstall, Matdicw Cradock, 
 and John Venn, Esquires, who were of the Dorches- 
 ter grantees, and a number of religious gentlemen in 
 London and its vicinity, he negotiated a treaty for 
 the patent between them and the original patentees. 
 These associates; having made a purchase of the pa- 
 lent, sent over Mr. John Endicot, one of the original 
 patentees, a\ ith ()lanters and whatever was necessary 
 for the beginning of a new colony. In September he 
 arrived at Naunikeak and settled the town of Salem. 
 He M^as agent to transact all the afl'airs of the compa- 
 ny till the arrival of the patentees themselves. 
 
 • Govornovir Hutchinson fixes tli's in IG27, Imt, according to the 
 present manner of (Uain}^ it was KJ'.'H. U \v;is forniLil}' customary 
 not to hcpin the date ol" the new year, till nearly tiirce months after 
 l!ic lirst of January. 
 
United states of America, 39 
 
 The patent from the council of Plymouth convey- chap. 
 fed a complete right to territory, but no powers of ^^' 
 government. The associates therefore addressed ^509 
 j^in*^ Charles I. for a cliarter of incorporution, which 
 should confirm their patent and vest them Avith civil 
 powers. This passed the seals March 4th, 1629. This 1st diart- 
 oiduined, tliat there should be a governour, deputy sldmsetu 
 governour, and eighteen assistants annually chosen out panted 
 of the freemen of the company ; that they, and all j goo'^^'^ "^^^ 
 who should be made free of the compau}', should be 
 for ever a body corporate and politic, by the name of 
 the governour andcompany of the Massachusetts 
 Bay, in New-England, and have perpetual suc- 
 cession. Matthew Cradock was appointed the first 
 governour and Thomas Gofi' deputy governour. Both 
 the governours and magistrates were zealously engag- 
 ed to make a firm settlemen.t in New-England, for 
 the purposes of religion. Six ships were furnished 
 by the compan\', and despatched to New-England. 
 In them were brought over nearly 400 men, women, 
 and children. About 14© neat cattle, a number of 
 horses and goats, great quantities of provisions, arms, 
 and ammunition were also transported into the colo- 
 ny. TiiC expense of the transportation was 3,360/. 
 sterling.* 
 
 About a hundred of these planters began a planta- 
 tion at Mishawam, which they named Chahles- 
 
 TOWN. 
 
 The other planters settled at Salem, where the num- 
 ber fyf inhabitants was now between three and four 
 hundred. Heie a church was formed, and Mr. Skel- First 
 ton was ordained pastor, and Mr. Hii^ginson teacher, an'i'ordi. 
 This was the first completely organized church in nation. 
 New- England. Aug-. 6th. 
 
 Mean^vhile the Massachusetts company in England 
 were making vigorous j:)reparations for a much larger 
 ■embarkation than had yet been made; and, for the bet- 
 ter government of the colony and the encouragement 
 
 • Prince's Chron. p. 182, 183, 
 
 Vol. I. 12 
 
1630. 
 
 gn A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, of gentlemen of quality and religion, the company had 
 ^^' resolved on the transportation of the patent and cor- 
 poration itself from Old to New -iMigland. 
 
 Early the next spring fourteen ships were ready to 
 sail, furnished with all necessaries to plant a per- 
 manent colony. Three others were afterwards pro- 
 vided. Eleven of them arrived in New- England be- 
 fore the middle of July, and before the end of the 
 year the whole seventeen arrived. In these ships 
 came over more than fifteen hundred people.* Ma- 
 ny of them were gentlemen of estate and figure, edu- 
 cated in the best towns and cities in England. Be- 
 fore the sailing of the ships from England, there had 
 been a new election of governours and magistrates, of 
 such gentlemen as were willing to transport themselves, 
 and undertake the srovernment of the colonv. John 
 Winthrop, Esq. was chosen governour, and Thom- 
 as Dudley, Esq. deputy governour. The goxern- 
 Govcrn- Qy^^s arrived at Salem in the Arabella on the twelfth 
 5una^i2th. of June. Four of the magistrates, Sir Richard Sal- 
 tonstall, Mr. Johnson and his lady, William Cod- 
 dington and Charles Fines, Esquires, arrived with 
 them in the same ship. With the people came over 
 four ministers, Messrs. Maverick, Warham, Wil- 
 son, and Philips ; to illuminate the infant churches, 
 and proclaim in the wilderness the glad tidings of sal- 
 vation. Besides other cattle there were brought over 
 nearly three hundred kine. 
 
 The governour on his arrival found the colony in 
 vcr}' disagreeable circumstances. They had lost 
 eighty ot their numbers the preceding winter,and many 
 of the survivors were in a miserably weak, and sick- 
 ly condition. They had not corn enough to last them 
 more than a fortnight, and their other provisions 
 were very scanty. Such was the scarcity, that they 
 had liberated all their servants, that they might shift 
 for tliemselves. The whole number was a hundred 
 and eighty. They had cost them sixteen and twen- 
 
 • Hiilch. vol. i. p. 19. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 91 
 
 ty pounds a head. So diat diey sustained a loss of chap. 
 more than three thousand pounds. 
 
 Sometime in July the governour with about 1500 is^o. 
 people arrived at Charlestovvn.* Here and at Boston, Towns 
 a considerable number of the patentees fixed their ^^**^^^- 
 abode, under the pastoral care of Mr. Wilson ; Messrs. 
 Warham and Maverick with their people settled at 
 Dorchester. Sir Richard Saltonstall and his compa- 
 ny planted themselves at Watertown. Mr. Philips 
 was chosen their pastor. Mr. Pynchon with another 
 company settled Roxbury. The famous Mr. Eliot 
 and Mr. Weld, who came into New-England the 
 next year, were elected their ministers. 
 
 As several of the ships had a long passage of seven- 
 teen or eighteen weeks, many of the people came on 
 shore in a feeble and sickly condition ; and for want 
 of convenient food and lodgings, the sickness exceed- 
 ingly increased. So great was the mortality, that be- Mortality. 
 fore the close of the year two hundred of them were 
 in their graves. Among these were some of their 
 principal characters. With them was that excellent 
 and pious lady, Arabella, who was celebrated for ma- 
 ny virtues. Though she had been educated in a par- 
 adise of plenty and pleasure, in the family of the earl 
 of Lincoln, yet she sacrificed ease, friends, and life it- 
 self, for the noble purposes of planting liberty and 
 Christianity in the wilds of America. Mr. Johnson 
 her husband survived her but a few weeks. He died 
 at Boston in September with great composure and 
 triumph, rejoicing, that he had lived to see a church 
 gathered in America. He was the second in the 
 council, and had much the largest fortune of any, who, 
 at that time, came into New- England. He was high- 
 ly characterized for wisdom, piety, and benevolence. 
 Mr. Rossiter, another of the council, died in October. 
 
 The whole number of planters who arrived in the 
 colony, from the beginning, before the close of the 
 year was about 2000 ; of these 100 returned to Eng- 
 
 * Prince's Chron. p. 240. 
 
gf2' A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, land, 200 died, the remaining 1,700 settled eleven 
 
 towns or vilkiges,eacli consisting, on an average, of 150 
 
 igji inhabitants, neari}' thirty families.* 
 Exueme By the 24th of December the weather became ex- 
 «;oid. tremely severe. Tlie riAers shut over, and many of 
 the people froze. Such a Christmas as the succeed- 
 ing day they had never before seen. From this time 
 to the tenth of February it continued so extremely 
 cold, that they had sufficient employm.ent to keep 
 themselves in any tolerable measure comfortable. The 
 poorer sort of people, lying in tenis, hovels, and mis- 
 erable huts,suffered extremely indeed. Many of them 
 died of the scurvy and other diseases. By spring 
 they were generally reduced to a company of mourn- 
 ers. There was scarcely a family in which there had 
 not been a dea-h.t Beside the sickness and loss of 
 Scarcity. f,.j^j-jjs, they were reduced to great distress for want of 
 provisions. Several of the ships, which canie the last 
 year, neglected to bring their complement of provis- 
 ion ; and much of that which had been brought was 
 damaged. Many therefore, before the spring, were 
 obliged to subsist upon clams, muscles, and other shell 
 fish,with acorns and ground nuts instead of bread. So 
 great and general Avas the scarcity, that even at the 
 governour's house the last bread was in the oven. 
 Such were the extremities, to which people of the best 
 fortunes and characters were reduced, to plant church- 
 es in the wilderness, and transmit to posterity the in- 
 valuable enjoyments of liberty and undefiled religion. 
 Captain Pierce had been despatched, late in the fall, 
 to Ireland for provisions ; but the peoj)le imagined he 
 had been taken or cast away, and seeing no human 
 prospect of relief they fell into great fear and despond- 
 ency. A public fast had been aj^pointed on the sixth 
 of February, to seek the divine aid. He who delights 
 to appear in the greatest extremities and to magnil'y 
 his mercies by the seasonableness of them, gave this 
 pious people sweet experience of the faithfulness of 
 
 * Princi-'s Chron. vol. ii. p. 31. 
 f Ibid. vol. ii. p. 6, IS, 20. Hindi, vol. i. p. 23. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 9^ 
 
 his promise, " Before they call I will answer, and chap. 
 
 whiles they are yet speaking I will hear" The ' 
 
 very day before the appointed fast. Captain Pie^-ce 1531 
 arrived, in the ship Lyon, laden with provisions. She 
 had a stormy passage ; and, even after she got into 
 the harbour, rode amidst drifts of ice ; yet, in mercy Relief. 
 to this famishing colony, came safe into port. On 
 this joyful occasion, the governour appointed the 
 twenty second of the month a day of thanksgiving 
 throughout the plantations.* 
 
 The company had lost on board their ships in their 
 passage from England, and in the winter, more than 
 half their cattle. A milch cow was valued from , 
 
 twenty five to thirty pounds sterling. Provisions, 
 in England, were this year, excessively dear. Every 
 bushel of wheat flour cost fourteen shillings ster- 
 ling. Peas and Indian corn each bore the price 
 often shillings by the bushel. The threats and hos- 
 tile appearances of the Indians put the colony into 
 almost continual fear^ and alarm. It was happy in- 
 deed, that, in their feeble state, they were only alarm- 
 ed. On this account, however, they sustained no 
 inconsiderable damage. It disconcerted their plans, 
 retarded their building and settlements for several 
 months. By a combinatiori of these various circum- 
 stances the colony was exceedingly impoverished. Colony 
 The estates of the undertakers, in particular, receiv- J^^^^^**' 
 ed an essential injury. The stock, in which they 
 were jointly engaged, to the amount of three or four 
 thousand pounds, was reduced to so many hundreds.f 
 
 At a general court of election. May 18th, govern- 
 our Winthrop and governour Dudley were re-elected 
 to their respective offices, in which they continued 
 for many 3ears. 
 
 WHiile plantations were increasing in New- England 
 a plan had been concerted for the settlement of a new 
 colony in the northeast pan of Virginia.^ Sir George 
 Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who had been secretary to 
 
 • Prince's Cliron. vol. ii. p. 18. | Ibid. vol. ii.p. 9, 10. 
 
f4 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. James I. havinsr avowed his adherence to the Romish 
 
 faith, for the more undisturbed enjoyment of his re- 
 
 1632. hgion, made a voyage to Virginia. He was one of 
 the original associates of the Virginia company, and 
 a member of the corjjoration till its dissolution. In 
 Virginia therefore, he hoped to find a peaceful retreat. 
 But the Virginians were staunch churchmen, and 
 would tolerate no profession but their own. His lord- 
 ship received such ill treatment from them, as deter- 
 mined him upon another adventure. Finding that 
 there were large tracts of land on the Chesapcak, ac- 
 commodated with many fine rivers, without an Eng- 
 lish inhabitant, he conceived the idea of planting a 
 colony for himself. That he might observe what 
 would quadrate with his own inclinations, and more 
 accurately fix the boundaries of the colony which he 
 designed, he made a journey to the northward and 
 explored the country on the bay. On application to 
 Charles I. he made him a grant agreeable to his wishes. 
 April 15th But bcforc the patent passed the seals, his lordship 
 was no more. The patent therefore came out to his son 
 Cecil, bearing date June 20th, 1632. This was a con- 
 siderable defalcation of Virginia, originating entirely 
 from the treatment of lord Baltimore. It probably pav- 
 ed the way for the more capital ones which succeeded. 
 Settle- I'he next year lord Baltimore appointed his brother, 
 
 mcni of Leonard Calvert, Esq. governour ; who came over 
 1633. ^" ' ^^'^^l"* 'i^^out two hundred planters, and began the set- 
 tlement of the colony at Yamaco, an Indian town near 
 the mouth of the Patowmac. They were generally 
 Roman catholicks and gentlemen of good families. 
 Some of the princijial planters were the governour, 
 his brother George Calvert, Jeremiah Hawley, Thom- 
 as Cornw allis, Richard Gerrard, Edward Winter, and 
 Henry Vv'iseman, Esquires. These with several 
 others seem to have been of the governour's council. 
 Lord Baltimore gave his colony the name of Mary- 
 land, in honour to Henrietta Maria queen of King 
 Charles I. It is said that the cost of its settlement, 
 onK^ for the two first years, in the transportation of 
 
1634. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^5 
 
 planters, provisions, other stores, utensils, Sec. was ghap. 
 not less than 40,000/. sterling.* "' 
 
 Various circumstances united their influence to 
 advance the settlement of Maryland. The charter 
 of incorporation was one of the most ample, which 
 had been granted to any subject in the kingdom. It 
 not only conveyed the lands in the fullest manner, 
 but authorized a free assembly, without the least roy- 
 al interference. Liberty of conscience was allowed 
 to christians of all denominations. The country was 
 inviting. Presents were made to the Indians to their 
 satisfaction ; so that the colony was in perfect peace. 
 These circumstances, together with the rigid princi- 
 ples of the Virginians, and some of the other colo- 
 nists, had influence to expedite the settlement. Re- 
 markable it was, that under a Roman catholick pro- 
 prietary, puritans were indulged that liberty of con- 
 science, which was denied them by their fellow pro- 
 testants. Emigrants flocked in such numbers into the 
 colony, that it soon became populous and flourishing. 
 
 During the civil wars in England lord Baltimore 
 was deprived of the jurisdiction of Maryland. After 
 the restoration, his son Charles, Lord Baltimore, ob- 
 tained a confirmation of the grant made in 1632, but 
 as he was a Roman catholick, the crown retained ju- 
 risdiction and appointed all civil officers. The pro- 
 prietor afterwards became a protestant, and enjoyed 
 both property and jurisdiction. 
 
 The growing spirit of intolerance in England, made 
 it more and more necessary for puritans to seek an 
 asylum in America. In 1632 and the three suc- 
 ceeding years many worthy characters arrived in 
 Massachusetts, and the settlements were greatly in- 
 creased. The freemen became too numerous to meet 
 in general court, once every three months. Besides it 
 was by no means consistent with the safety of the colony, 
 as it exposed the plantations to a surprise by the In- 
 dians. In 1634 the freemen therefore elected deputies, The first 
 
 * Boag^las, v»l. u. p. 357, 3,38. 
 
96 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 II. 
 
 1634. 
 General 
 Assembly 
 in IvIussH- 
 chuselts, 
 May 1634. 
 
 Constitu- 
 tion of 
 Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Old patent 
 olConncc- 
 ticiit, 
 March 
 19th, 1631. 
 
 in their respective towns, who, at the general court in 
 May, met witli the magistrates in a general absent :iy. 
 It was the first ever convened in New-England. 
 Till this time, both the legislative, as well as execu- 
 tive po^ver, liad been almost entirely in the hands of 
 the governour and assistants. This was indeed agree- 
 able to the charter. It did not authorize a general 
 assembly. The freemen nevertheless concluded that 
 it implied an assembly, as it vested them with the 
 rights of P^nglishmen. At any rate they were de- 
 termined to secure their just and natural rights. It 
 was therefore resolved, that each plantation should 
 choose, and send, two or three of their number to 
 the general court: and that these dei)uties of the 
 several towns should have the powers and voices of 
 all the freemen in the commonwealth : that none but 
 the general court had po^ver to raise monies and 
 taxes, to dispose of lands and confirm the propriety, 
 to make laws and appoint ofiicers civil and military. 
 It was also resolved, that the general court should 
 not be dissolved, \vithout the consent of a majority 
 of the court. E\ery freeman was to give his own 
 voice in the election of governours and assistants, 
 but in all other matters their deputies acted for them. 
 It was soon found that four general courts in a year 
 were inexpedient, and it was determined that there 
 should be two only. The civil body, as thus settled, 
 continued without any material alteration till the 
 dissolution of their charter."* 
 
 Soon after the commencement of settlements in 
 the Massachusetts, a plan was conceived of planting 
 a colony on Connecticut river and the adjacent coun- 
 try. On the 19th of March, 163 l,t Robert, earl of 
 Warwick, president of the council of Plymouth, 
 granted inito the right honourable viscount Say and 
 Seal, Lord Brook, Sec. to the number of eleven, 
 their heirs, assigns, and associates for ever, " all 
 that part of New-England in America, \\hich lies 
 
 • HiUcli. vol. i. p. 3.5, ,16, 37. f Maich 19lli, 1630, according to 
 
 the old way of dating, was March iyili,l6Jl. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. gf 
 
 and extends itself from a river there, called Narra- chap. 
 
 gansett river, the space of forty leagues upon a straight [_ 
 
 line near the sea shore toward the southwest, west, and i^^s. 
 by south, or west as the coast lieth towards Virgin- 
 ia, accounting three English miles to the league, and 
 all and singular the lands and hereditaments whatso- 
 ever, lying and being within the lands aforesaid, 
 north and south in latitude and breadth, and in length 
 and longitude of and within all the breadth aforesaid 
 throughout all the mainlands there, from the west- 
 ern ocean to the south seas." 
 
 A number of capital characters, who had arrived 
 in the Massachusetts, some in 1630, and others in 
 1633, determined, with their companies, to make set- 
 tlements under this patent. Of this number were 
 John Haynes and Roger Ludlow, Esquires, Messrs. 
 Hooker, Warham, and Stone. In prosecution of their Settie- 
 design, on the 15th of October, 1635, about sixty ^^JJ*^ «f. 
 men, women, and children, from Dorchester, Cam- cut. 
 bridge, and Watertown commenced their journey,* 
 through the wilderness to Connecticut river, and 
 began the settlement of Windsor, Hartford, and 
 Weathersfield. In November Mr. John Winthrop, 
 agent for their lordships Say and Seal, Brook, &c. 
 arrived in the mouth of the river, built a fort at 
 Say-Brook, and took possession of the adjacent 
 country. 
 
 The next June Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone with 
 their people, Mr. Warham's from Dorchester, and 
 a number from Watertown, removed to the river. 
 About a hundred men, women, and children, with 
 packs, cattle, &c. took their departure from Cam- 
 bridge and travelled more than a hundred miles, 
 through a hideous and trackless wilderness, to their 
 new settlements. These companies, with no other 
 guide than the compass, made their way over moun- 
 tains, through swamps and rivers, not passable, but 
 with great difficulty. They had no covering but 
 
 * Governovir Winthrop's manuscripts. 
 
 Vol. I. IP. 
 
es 
 winter 
 
 98 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the heavens, nor were their lodgings much prefera- 
 ble to Jacob's pillow. They were nearly a fortnight 
 
 1636. ^^ th( ir journey. This adventure was the more 
 remarkable, as many in these companies, were per- 
 sons of high life, who had formerly lived in England 
 in honour, affluence, and delicacy. 
 Distress. Their suiferings the next winter were extreme. 
 
 "1/'^*^ The vessel, on board of which were their principal 
 stores, froze up in the mouth of the river. Num- 
 bers of them scattered down the river, if possible, 
 to discover their provisions. Some ventured back 
 into the Massachusetts, and others perished in the 
 wilderness. Their distresses were greatly increased 
 by the Pequot Indians, who, commencing hostilities, 
 killed their cattle, burned their dwellings, attacked the 
 fort at Say-Brook, slewand captivated their inhabitants. 
 Though the planters had been invited by the na- 
 tives to make settlements on the river, and had made 
 fair purchases of their lands, yet the Pequots deter- 
 mined to extirpate them. With policy, which would 
 have done honour to the greatest statesmen, they 
 attempted to conciliate the Narragansetts, with whom 
 they had been at war, and to unite them in the de- 
 sign of expelling the English from the country. They 
 represented that they, who were merely foreigners, 
 wtre overspreading the country, and depriving the 
 original inhabitants of their ancient rights and pos- 
 sessions : That unless they were soon prevented, they 
 would entirely dispossess the original proprietors : 
 That by a general combination, they could either 
 destroy or drive them from the country. To great 
 advantage, they represented the facility and safety 
 with which it might be effected : That there would 
 be no need of coming to open battles : That by kil- 
 ling their cattle, firing their houses, laying ambushes 
 on the roads, in the fields, and wherever they might 
 surprise and destroy them, they might accomplish 
 their wishes. They represented that if the English 
 should destroy the Pequots, they would also soon 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 99 
 
 root out the Narragan setts.* So just and politic chap. 
 
 were these representations, that nothing but that thirst 
 
 for revenge, which inflames the savage heart, could i53-r 
 have prevented their effect. 
 
 The colony, sensible of the immediate necessity ^-'P^- ^^* 
 
 f. , •'. . , , . , "^ son sent a- 
 
 oi the most vigorous measures with this enemy, des- g-mnst the 
 patched captain John Mason, with ninety English- Ptquots, 
 men and about seventy river and Mohegan Indians, ^^ 
 to attack the enemy in their fortifications. This 
 was a small force indeed to employ against an enemy, 
 who were the scourge and dread of almost every In- 
 dian nation in New-England. It consisted however 
 of nearly half the fencible men in the colony. Mofe 
 could not have been spared, consistently with the 
 safety of the infant plantations. Besides, such was 
 the scarcity of provisions, that these weie, with no 
 small difficulty, supplied. 
 
 On the 26th of May, 1637, towards the dawning Surprises 
 of the day, captain Mason surprised Mistic one of fjjif ^ay 
 the principal forts of the enemy. After a general fire 26th. 
 of the musketeers, he entered the fort sword in hand. 
 But notwithstanding the suddenness of the attack, 
 the blaze and thunder of their arms, the enemy made 
 a manly resistance. After a severe conflict, in which 
 many of the enemy fell, and a number of the En- 
 glish were sorely wounded, victoiy still hung in sus- 
 pense. The enemy from \* ithin, and behind their 
 wigwams, taking the adv£'ntage of every covert, 
 maintained an obstinate defence. In this critical 
 state of the action, the captain had recourse to a suc- 
 cessful expedient. He put fire into the mats with 
 which the wigwams were covered, and instantly re- 
 treating surrounded the fort. The fire spreading rap- 
 idly, before the wind, soon wrapped the houses i 
 one general flame. The enemy were seized with 
 astonishment. Some climbed the palisadoes and 
 were instantly killed by the fire of the English. Oth- 
 ers desperately sallying forth, from their burning cells, 
 
 * Hubbard's Nari'ative, p. 24,25. 
 
100 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, were immediately shot, or cut in pieces by the sword. 
 
 In about an hour the whole design was accomplish- 
 
 1637. ^^' ^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^ were seventy wigwams; and it was 
 supposed, between four and five hundred Indians. 
 
 The victory was complete, yet the victorious 
 army was in distress. The men were greatly fa- 
 tigued with watching, long marches, and the 
 sharpness of the action. The morning was hot, 
 and water hardly to be obtained. They had sus- 
 tained the loss of two men slain, and sixteen 
 wounded, nearly a quarter of the men in action. 
 They had about eight miles to march, with their 
 wounded men, to reach the shore, where they were 
 to meet their vessels. Beside, they were in con- 
 stant expectation of an attack, by a fresh and nu- 
 merous enemy, from a neighbouring fortress. No 
 sooner had they begun their march than they were 
 attacked by the enemy ; who hung upon their rear, 
 five or six miles, sometimes shooting from rocks 
 and trees, and at other times hazarding themselves 
 in the open field. At length the enemy finding that 
 they could gain no considerable advantage, and that 
 wounds and death attended every attempt, they gave 
 over the pursuit. 
 
 Soon after a detachment of nearly two hundred 
 men from the Massachusetts and New Pl}mouth 
 arrived, to assist Connecticut iji prosecuting the war. 
 On their way to Connecticut they obtained a victory 
 over some hundreds of the enemy, killing and taking 
 a considerable number. 
 
 Sassacus, the great Pequot sachem, and his wak^ 
 riors were so panic-struck, with the loss of Mistic, 
 that, burning their wigwams and the royal fortress, 
 they fled towards Hudson's river. The troops from 
 the Massachusetts and New l^lymouth, in conjunc- 
 tion with the Connecticut soldiers, under captain 
 Mason, pursued them as far as a great swamp in 
 Fairfield ; where they had another action. In this 
 the enemy were entirely vanquished. Many were 
 killed and more captivated. In the whole, first and 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. jqj 
 
 last, it was supposed that about 700 were killed and chap 
 taken. Others fled their country ; some united with ^^' 
 the Mohe^ans under Uncas, and some with other ^g^g 
 tribes. This conquest was of great importance to 
 the colonies. It rendered the English terrible to all 
 the Indian nations in New-England, so that they re- 
 mained peaceable for many years. 
 
 In this expedition the English became acquaint- 
 ed with the rivers, harbours, and pleasant country 
 west of Connecticut river. The report which was 
 made of it gave birth to the scheme of settling a 
 second colony under the old Connecticut patent. 
 
 The next year therefore, Mr. John Davenport, New Ha- 
 Theophilus Eaton, Esq. Francis Newman and their J'^^J^^ ^^*-^.^ 
 company, generally Mr. Davenport's people from i8tii',i638. 
 London, began the settlement of the town and gov- 
 ernment of New- Haven. 
 
 Mr. Henry Whitfield, William Leet, Esq. and a Guilford 
 larere number of passenarers from Surry and Kent ^"^i Mii- 
 
 • -^u A4 -nk * ^ *l 4- ford, 1639 
 
 were iii company with Mr. Davenport, ana the next 
 3^ear settled the town of Guilford. The same year 
 another part of Mr. Davenport's company began a 
 plantation at Milford. Of his company were Ed- 
 ward Hopkins and Thomas Gregson, Esquires. The 
 former was afterwards governour of Connecticut, 
 and the latter one of the magistrates of New-Haven. 
 This is supposed to have been one of the most afilu- 
 ent companies, which ever came into New- England. 
 Mr. Eaton had been governour of the East India 
 company, and for his good services, had received 
 ample rewards. He and Mr. Hopkins had been 
 merchants in London, and had acquired very hand- 
 some fortunes. Mr. Gregson and others were in 
 affluent circumstances. They laid out the town of 
 New-Haven, in a number of squares, in the form of 
 an elegant city. 
 
 Till the beginning of this year the colony of Con- 
 necticut had been governed chiefly by five or six of 
 their principal characters, who met in court, and 
 appear to have acted as magistrates, for the public 
 
1Q2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. weal. Roger Ludlow, Esq. a gentleman bred to 
 
 the law, and one of the magistrates in Massachusetts, 
 
 1639. till his removal to Connecticut, was the first magis- 
 trate. In the important affair of the Pequot war, 
 deputies from the respective towns were for the first 
 time admitted to act in the general court. But as 
 there was no fixed constitution of government, the 
 freemen on the 14th of January, by voluntary compact, 
 formed themselves into a distinct commonwealth.* 
 Constitu- f j^g constitution ordained, That there should be 
 Connect!- annually two general asscmljlies ; one on the second 
 cut, Jan. Thursday in April, and the other on the second 
 ' ' '^ ■ Thursday in September : That the first should be 
 called the Court of Election, in which the govcrn- 
 ours, magistrates, and other public officers should 
 be chosen. The governour and magistrates were to 
 be chosen by the whole body of the freemen. It 
 provided, That the towns should send deputies to 
 the several assemblies : That in the general court, 
 should consist the supreme power of the common- 
 wealth : That they only should have power to make 
 laws, grant levies, admit freemen, dispose of lands, 
 and to transact all matters respecting the good of the 
 commonwealth. 
 First gen- At the general election in April, John Haynes, 
 tk)n,A^prfi. -^^9' ^^'"^^ choscn govcmour, and Roger Ludlow, 
 Esq. deputy governour. Messrs. George Wyllys, 
 Edward Hopkins, Thomas Wells, John Webster, 
 and William Phelps were elected magistrates. The 
 towns sent twelve deputies. Of these consisted the 
 first general court or assembly in Connecticut. f 
 The laws of the colony ordained, that no man's life 
 should be taken away ; no man's honour or good 
 name be stained ; no man's person arrested, restrain- 
 ed, banished, dismembered, nor in any wise punish- 
 ed : That no man's wife, children, goods, or estate 
 
 • Tliis, agreeably to the old way of dating, is set in the record 
 January 14ili, 1638, hccanse the dale of the new year was not begun 
 till afier the 2ji1i of March. 
 
 I Records of Connecticut. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ]^Q3 
 
 should be taken from him; nor in uny wise endam- chap. 
 
 aged under colour of law, or countenance of author- 
 
 ity, unless by virtue of some express law of the jg3y 
 colony warranting the same, established by the gen- 
 eral court, and sufficiently published ; or in case of 
 the defect of such law, in any particular case, by 
 some clear and plain rule of the word of God, in 
 which the whole court should be agreed.* They 
 also ordained, that law and justice should be admin- 
 istered to all without partiality or delay : That no 
 person should be restrained or suffer imprisonment 
 until sentenced to it by law, excepting in crimi- 
 nal cases, contempt in open court, and when suffi- 
 cient bail was not obtainable. 
 
 On the 4th of June all the free planters of New 
 Haven assembled for the purpose of forming a JJo" ^^J^"' 
 constitution of civil government. Mr. Davenport New Ha- 
 introduced the business by a sermon from those ^^"' J""*^ 
 words of Solomon, "Wisdom hath builded her house, 
 she hath hewn out her seven pillars." After which 
 it was unanimously agreed, That the Scriptures were 
 a perfect rule, for the government of all men, in 
 commonwealth, as well as in matters of the church : 
 That in the choice of magistrates and officers, mak- 
 ing and repealing laws, dividing allotments of inher- 
 itance, and all things of the like nature, they submit- 
 ted themselves to the rules held forth in the Scrip- 
 ture : That church members only should be free 
 burgesses, and that they only should choose magis- 
 trates and officers among themselves, to have power 
 of transacting all the public, civil affairs of the plan- 
 tation ; of making and repealing laws, dividing inher- 
 itances, deciding differences that may arise, and do- 
 ing all things and businesses of the like nature. 
 
 Twelve men were chosen, for trial, out of which 
 they were to elect seven for the pillars of the 
 church, to whom all the other church members, or 
 free burgesses were to be gathered to complete the - 
 building. 
 
 * First Connecticut Law book. 
 
104 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Having thus laid the foundations, they proceeded 
 
 _^ in October, to their first general election. 
 
 1639. Theophilus Eaton, Esq. was elected governour. 
 First dec- Mcssrs. Robcrt Ncwman, Matthew Gilbert, Nathan- 
 liTven^ ^ ^^' Turner, and Thomas Fugill, were chosen his as- 
 Oct. 25th. sistants. It was agreed, that there should be a re- 
 newed choice of all officers at the general court to be 
 holden annually on the last Wednesday in October. 
 It was ordained, That the word of God shall be the 
 only rule to be attended unto in ordering the affairs 
 of government in the plantation.* 
 
 Two years after a deputy governour was chosen, 
 and in the year 1643, all the towns in the plantation 
 sent their deputies ; w hich practice continued as long 
 as the colony existed in a distinct capacity. This 
 general court appointed that there should be holden 
 two general courts annually ; to consist of the gov- 
 ernour, deputy governour, magistrates, and two dep- 
 uties from every town in the jurisdiction. The 
 general court was to meet on the first Wednesday in 
 April and the last in October. The same constitu- 
 tion of government, for substance, was now adopted 
 by New Haven, which had been established in Con- 
 necticut.! 
 
 The first planters of New Haven were men of let- 
 ters and enterprise. They designed it for a great 
 trading city. They planned and were about erecting 
 an academy ; but unhappily, their designs did not 
 succeed. They made purchases and began settle- 
 ments at Delaware bay, but the Dutch, to their great 
 loss and damage, seized on their buildings, persons, 
 \ and goods ; and entirely broke up their plantations. 
 
 At sea they lost a rich ship, and some of their jjrin- 
 \ cipal men. These losses, with the great expense of 
 
 \ settling a new country, so impoverished them, that 
 they were obliged to leave the accomplishment of 
 that to posterity, which they designed to have effected 
 themselves. 
 
 ,• Records of New Haven, C. | Records N.H, Fol. vol. i. p. r3,74,7'o. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 105 
 
 Mr. Roger Williams,who had been expelled the Mas- chap. 
 sachusetts, on die account of his religious sentiments, ^^' 
 began the. settlement of Providence in Rhode Island, isss 
 the same year in which plantations were begun in 
 Connecticut. 
 
 In 1638, Mr. William Coddington, John Clarke, Settle- 
 William Hutchinson, &c. to the number of eighteen, ri^o^^/i 
 voluntarily incorporated themselves for the purposes and. 
 of civil government. They elected Mr. Codding- 
 ton their magistrate. By the advice and friendly 
 offices of Mr. Wilhams, they made a purchase, and 
 obtained a deed of the island Aquetneck, of the 
 Indian sachems,* who were the original proprietors. 
 Thev began a settlement at Pocasset, on the east end 
 of the island. A considerable number of their friends 
 followed them, the succeeding summer : so that by 
 the next spring they had a sufficient number to be- 
 gin a second plantation, on die west end of the 
 island. Tlie island was divided into two townships, 
 Portsmouth and New- Port; and called Rhode 
 Island. t Various circumstances conspired to give the 
 colony a rapid settlement. The country was inviting, 
 and the natives, i; trough the influence of Mr. Will- 
 iams, ^vere entirely peaceable and friendly. He was 
 a gentleman of benevolence, and those who repaired 
 to him were sure of meeting with the kindest treat- 
 ment. Whatever his errors were, he was, in one 
 important point, more illuminated than his brethren ; 
 ** That to punish a man for any matters of conscience 
 is persecution." His followers imbibed the same 
 sentiments. It was therefore a fundamental article 
 with the Rhode Islanders, that "every man who sub- 
 mits peaceably to the civil authority, may peaceably 
 worship God according to the dictates of his own 
 conscience, without molestation." While the Mas- 
 sachusetts, therefore, were excommunicating and 
 banishing people, for their religious sentiments, here 
 they found a welcome retreat, 
 
 « The deed bears date March24th,1633. tCallender's Century Sermon, 
 
 Vol. I. 14 
 
106 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. As the plantation had no patent, Mr. Williams 
 
 went to England, and obtained of the earl of War- 
 
 1644 wick, a free and absolute charter of incorporation of 
 Patent of Providencc and Rhode Island Plantations. The 
 ^dMarcii ^"^'""^ ^^ government was left to the free choice of the 
 I7ih. colony. It was determined that the supreme pow- 
 Constitu- gj. iihould remain in the body of the people : That a 
 court oi commissioners, consisting or six persons, 
 chosen by each of the four towns of Providence, 
 Portsmouth, New-Port, and Warwick, should have 
 legislative authority ; whose acts were to bind the 
 colonists unless repealed by the major part of the 
 freemen. A president and four assistants were annually 
 to be chosen, as conservators of the peace. They 
 were the judges of the court of trials, with the as- 
 sistance of the two justices of the particulai' town, in 
 whicli, from time to time, the court should be holden. 
 Each town had a committee of six persons elected 
 to manage the affairs of the town, and to try small 
 causes. From this there was an appeal to the su- 
 preme court of president and assistants. This 
 was the constitution of Rhode-Island under their first 
 patent. The first general assembly was convened on 
 the 19tli of May, 1647. This assembly enacted a 
 body of laws and began a regular and pennanent 
 mode of government. In the first years of their set- 
 tlement, they, like their neighbours, were greatly dis- 
 tressed for want of the necessaries of life.* 
 Observa- Thus, in about thirty years, were all the old colo- 
 tions. nies settled, and those in New-England in less than 
 twenty from the first arrival at Plymouth. In this 
 short period a land which had not been sown, was 
 turned into gardens, fruitful fields, and pleasant hab- 
 itations. Colonies presented themselves along the 
 coast nearly a thousand miles. A world, which for 
 numerous ages, had been replete with the habitations 
 
 • J:iiuiavv 22cl, 1639, U was found that there were but 103 busliels oi' 
 corn to 96 persons : wliicli, at the projjortion of one busl»cl and half a 
 peck each, was not more than sirHcicnt to supply them six weeks, and 
 yet it was more tlian so many montlis to harvest. Callcnder's Sermon, 
 p. 94, 95. Fish, fowl, and venison prevented their famishing'. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 107 
 
 of darkness and cruelty, became illuminated with the chap. 
 
 light of life, and peopled with the disciples of Jesus. ^^ 
 
 His sanctuary was built like high places, and from 
 the regions, where beasts of prey and savage men 
 poured out their hideous roar, and devils had been 
 worshipped instead of God, there ascended prayers 
 and praises to his glorious name. There were his 
 ordinances constantly celebrated. The wilderness 
 and solitary place were glad, the desert rejoiced and 
 blossomed as the rose. 
 
 In view of these settlements, and of the important 
 revolution which they made in the new world, the 
 conduct of providence appears very conspicuous and 
 merits special attention. The time of the settlement 9" ^^^. 
 of the colonies appears to have been very providential; settle- 
 and an important step towards the liberty and happi- ment, 
 ness of which they are now, as states, in possession. 
 Had the settlement commenced directly after the dis- 
 covery of America, or at any period before the reform- 
 ation, the planters would have been Roman Catholicks. 
 The ignorance, superstition, bigotry, and slavish 
 principles of the Romish church, would have been 
 transported into America ; propagated, and, proba- 
 bly, fixed in the colonies. Had it been deferred to 
 a later period than that, in which it was accomplish- 
 ed, the French, probably, would have made the set- 
 tlement and annexed the country to the crown of 
 France. 
 
 As early as 1613 they had built a fort at Mount 
 Mansel, another at St. Croix, and fortified Port Roy- 
 al : and though captain Argall the same year reduced 
 them, and carried off their shipping, ordnance, pro- 
 visions, and cattle to Virginia,* yet Biencourt and a 
 small plantation of Frenchmen were at Port Royal 
 when the English came first to Plymouth.! The 
 French laid claim to Penobscot and the whole of 
 Acadia. In 1631, Cardinal Richlieu ordered several 
 companies to Nova Scotia. The next year they 
 
 • Prince's Chron. part i. p. 37, f P»i"t "■ P- 94, 
 
X08 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, sent a small vessel to Penobscot and robbed the En- 
 
 II 
 
 glish trading house. 
 
 The Dutch claimed a considerable part of Con- 
 necticut, and had not the English prevented them, 
 they would, the very next year, have made settle- 
 ments on the river. Tlie Spaniards laid claim to the 
 southern states, and built a fort at St. Augustint be- 
 fore the English made any permanent settlement in 
 Virginia. There is a great probability, that had not 
 the settlements commenced at the very period in 
 which they were effected, the English would not 
 have had the least possession on the continent of 
 North America. 
 
 At no other period could the country have been 
 planted with men of their noble spirit, and sentiments 
 of liberty and religion : nor with those who with 
 such care and pains, would have transmitted them to 
 posterity. 
 
 To no other cause than a special divine agency, 
 can that love of liberty and undefiled religion, that 
 courage, self-denial, and spirit of enterprise be as- 
 Qnthedif- cribed, which animated the first colonists. The 
 ficuityof difficulties of making settlements in new countries 
 tlements. ^^^ hardly conceivable. Little circumstances and 
 misfortunes, which in old countries would scarcely 
 be noticed, in distant and unctiltivated regions, pro- 
 duce consequences the most serious and alarming. 
 Small damages, a little Avaste of provisions, disaster 
 by fire or enemies ; the loss, or too late arrival, of a 
 single ship, drought or unfavourable seasons, by land 
 or sea, might produce famine, pestilence, mortality, 
 and such scenes of distress as admit of no descrip- 
 tion. It was making an imcommon sacrifice, and 
 required an extraordinary share of magnaminity 
 to leave their pleasant European seats and connex- 
 ions ; to conmiit their treasines, families, and lives 
 to the mercy of a vast ocean, and to encounter the 
 fatigues and dangers of making settlements in a wil- 
 derness, at the distance of three thousand miles from 
 their native country. Immense labour and patience 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1Q§ 
 
 are necessary to convert a wilderness into fruitful chap. 
 fields and pleasant habitations. It is a work of time 
 and requires great expense, to reduce an unculti- 
 vated country into profitable farms, to furnish them 
 with cattle and proper utensils for husbandry. Till 
 these could be accomplished, our venerable ancestors 
 were obliged to deny themselves many of the neces- 
 saries, and almost all the delicacies of life. The on- 
 ly grain, which, at first, was generally raised, in the 
 country, was Indian corn. This, when prepared in 
 the best manner, makes but the coarsest and poorest • 
 sort of bread. Till mills could be erected it was 
 only pounded in mortars, which rendered the bread 
 still worse.* Of orchards, the pleasant fruits and 
 liquors of Europe, for many years, they had little or 
 no enjoyment. They planted themselves in a cli- 
 mate, where for more than one third of the year, 
 winter reigns with a severity to which they had nev- 
 er been accustomed. Death in a few months de- 
 spoiled them of half their numbers. By turns, for 
 several years, they experienced the distresses of 
 famine. A vast wilderness, the roaring of savage 
 beasts and more savage men, presented scenes of 
 horror of which it is impossible for men unac- 
 quainted with them to form any tolerable conception. 
 Yet they were possessed of such magnanimity of 
 spirit, such love to purity of conscience and religion, 
 as enabled them to brave every danger, and rise supe- 
 rior to every discouragement. Under the greatest 
 difficulties, they maintained a firm and pious resolu- 
 tion : and relying on the providence of the Univer- 
 sal Governour, they shrunk not back from the busi^ 
 ness which they had so nobly undertaken. So far 
 were they from this, that they gloried in planting 
 churches and propagating Christianity in the wilder- 
 ness. They esteemed themselves richly compen- 
 sated in the enjoyment of liberty and undefiled relig- 
 
 * "The want of English grain, wheat, barley, and rye, proved a sore 
 affliction to some stonuichs, who could not live upon Indian bread and 
 water, yet they were compelled to it." — Johnson. 
 
110 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 c HAP. ion, and in the pleasing prospect of transmitting them 
 
 inviolate to their posterity. Who, in contemphuion 
 
 of these facts, must not ackno\v ledge a divine super- 
 intendence ? 
 
 The same superintendence was equally visible in that 
 remarkable coincidence of circumstances, by which 
 the Indians were restrained, more than fifty years, 
 from a general war with the New-England colonies. 
 They were never in general well affected towards 
 their English neighbours; but wished, and often 
 concerted measures, to extirpate them from the 
 country. A variety of circumstances prevented the 
 execution of their designs. The Tarrentecns had 
 surprised Bashaba, the sovereign prince of the eas- 
 tern Indians, about the river Piscataqua, and slain 
 him and all the Indians in his vicinity. The subor- 
 dinate sachems, having lost their head, commenced 
 war with each other and fought for pre-eminence. 
 By this they suffered a further diminution both of 
 their numbers and substance. In the year 1634, 
 the small pox made great desolation among the In- 
 dians in the Massachusetts and New-Plymouth.* 
 The Pequots had wasted and subjugated the Con- 
 - necticut Indians. Sassacus was monarch of the 
 country, and reigned over twenty" Indian kings. 
 He had maintained a long and successful war 
 against Miantonimo, and was terrible to the Narra- 
 ganset Indians. These mutual animosities, and 
 their implacable spirit of revenge, prevented all 
 union among themselves against the infant colonies. 
 At the same time they furnished motives to per- 
 suade them to confederate with the colonists and 
 court their favour and assistance. Miantonimo and 
 the Narragansets wished for an alliance with them, 
 that it might be a defence to them against their too 
 powerful neighbours, the Pequots. The Massachu- 
 setts sought it for a defence against the Tarrenteens. 
 All the New-England Indians hoped to profit by 
 
 * Morton's Mem. p. 100. Prince, pan ii. p. 67. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 it, as a security against the Mohawks, of whom they chap. 
 had the greatest imaginable dread. Besides, they ^^' 
 derived to themselves many advantages from an am- 
 icable commerce v/ith the colonies. 
 
 Another thing to be observed was the justice and 
 faithfulness of the first colonists towards them. 
 They generally made a fair purchase of their lands 
 of the natives, the original lords of the soil. They 
 were careful to pay them for all their commodities, 
 and faithful to support them as allies. When they 
 w^ere injured by individuals, the colonists lent an 
 ear to their complamts, and saw that justice was 
 immediately done them.* Various instances of this 
 may be seen on the public files. One is very re- 
 markable. Upon their exhibiting evidence that one 
 Moreton and his company had done them great and 
 repeated injuries, the court of Massachusetts order- 
 ed that part of his goods should be taken, and his 
 house burned before their eyes, to give them satis- 
 faction. f 
 
 Such was their remembrance of past injuries, 
 and such their thirst of revenge, as not only pre- 
 vented an union among themselves, but influenced 
 them to unite with the colonies against each other. 
 While some nations were plotting a general destruc- 
 tion of the plantations, others revealed the mischief. 
 In these ways did the Supreme Ruler give peace to 
 his people, oud cause them to dwell safely among 
 the Heathen. 
 
 Very observable indeed was the divine agency 
 in causing the cruelty and despotism of a persecu- 
 ting prince, of a bigotted and furious prelate to be 
 the means of the propagation and establishment of 
 that civil and religious liberty, that purity in wor- 
 ship and divine administrations, which it was their 
 design utterly to frustrate and abolish. What im- 
 mense blessings, through the wisdom and goodness 
 of the divine administration, have been derived to 
 
 * Prince's Chron. part ii. p. 21, 2'?. j Ibi'l. pari i. p. 248. 
 
112 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, millions, from that despotic, intolerant spirit which 
 
 drove our ancestors from their dear enjoyments in 
 
 the land of their nativity ? 
 
 That divine superintendency, which caused such 
 a variety of circumstances to unite their influence 
 in the settlement of protestant churches in America, 
 is not less observable in the appointment of their 
 habitation. By far the best part of America hath 
 been given them for their inheritance. Though they 
 were at first few in number, a feeble people, need- 
 ing little extent of country, yet their patents and 
 charters conveyed to them immense territories, 
 sufficient for one of the greatest empires. This ear- 
 ly circumstance laid the foundation for that extent 
 of country ceded to the United States. It is a 
 country so variegated with soil, climates, and sea- 
 sons, and so liberal to the husbandman, that it hath 
 never experienced famine or a general want of 
 bread, from the commencement of any considerable 
 cultivation to the present era. It is a country of 
 health and plenty, abounding with the necessaries, 
 and with many of the delicacies, of life. It is at a 
 great remove from the nations of the old world, 
 formed for independency, and happily adapted to the 
 genius of the people to whom it was to be given for 
 a possession. The States of America, though ca- 
 pable of independent subsistence, are yet in posses- 
 sion of advantages for extensive commerce, and a 
 general intercourse with foreign kingdoms. Their 
 coasts are waslied with the Atlantic ocean more than 
 a thousand miles. Their harbours are excellent: 
 and their numerous extensive rivers and spacious 
 lakes open an easy communication from the most 
 distant parts to the sea, and thence back to the in- 
 land countries. Their forests in height and ex- 
 tent are equalled by few, and exceeded by none, in 
 any of the European kingdoms. They abound with 
 oak, pine, turpentine, and tar, and furnish materials 
 for the most formidable navy. Wliom shall we ac- 
 kno\\ ledge in the enjoyment of such a country but 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. II3 
 
 Him, who not only made of one blood all nations, chap. 
 
 but determined the bounds of their habitation ? |___ 
 
 Who can contemplate the piety and magnanimity 
 of the fathers of the American republicks, and the im- 
 portant services they have rendered to posterity, 
 without a high degree of veneration ? How soon 
 would an imitation of their selfdenial, industry, 
 economy, and greatness of mind, extricate the Uni- 
 ted States from every embarrassment, and raise them 
 to such an elevation of dignity, opulence, and pow- 
 er, as would demand respect from foreign nations, 
 and make them formidable to the whole world ? 
 How should their expense of lives and treasures, 
 their sufferings and labours, to transmit the blessings 
 of undefiled religion, of civil and religious liberty, 
 endear, and render them venerable to all posterity ? 
 Doth not gratitude to God and men oblige Amer- 
 icans to be sincerely pious, and inviolably to main- 
 tain and perpetuate this glorious inheritance ? 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Oppression of the Vir.siinians under the administration of Sir John Harvey. 
 Another massacre by tlie Indians. War with them. Confederation of 
 the New-England colonies. Their success in chi'istianizing the natives. 
 Tlie Virginians refusing obedience to the Lord protector, he despatches aa 
 armament against them. They capitulate. His different treatment of dif- 
 ferent colonies. Reduction of New-York. Injury bj the king's commission- 
 ers. The settlement of New-Jersey and the Carolinas Indian war and de- 
 predations in New-England. 
 
 1 HE great Virginia company having been arbitra- 
 rily dissolved by king James, his successor Charles 
 I. who \vas possessed of the same high ideas of pre- 
 togative which had so strong!}" marked the charac- 
 ter and reign of his father, die May after his de- y^^y^ 
 mise named a new governour and council for Vir- 1625. 
 ginia. Notwithstanding all charter grants and se- 
 curities, he appears to h ive viewed the colonies in 
 the light of conquered countiic:, to be governed 
 only by the roy; i pleasure. The governour and 
 
 Vol. I. 15 
 
114 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 • CHAP, council were therefore invested with powers the 
 
 most absolute and arbitrary. They were authorized 
 
 to enact and execute laws, impose taxes, enforce 
 payments, and even to transport the Virginians into 
 England, to be tried for crimes committed in Vir- 
 ginia. They were bound by no law or rule of gov- 
 ernment. Neither the commission, nor instruc- 
 tions so much as mentioned or had an allusion to 
 their charters, to an assembly, the laws of England, 
 nor the acts of the colonial legislature. 
 1629. In 1629 Sir John Harvey was appointed govern- 
 our of tlie colony ; a man who possessed all the ar- 
 bitrary principles of his monarch. He was haughtr 
 and inflexible in his councils, covetous and severe 
 in his exactions, unjust, arbitrary, and oppressive, in 
 every part of his administration. By his contrivance 
 large tracts of land were conveyed away, not only 
 with their quitrents, but even with the authorities and 
 jurisdiction : not to adventurers, who designed to 
 make settlements, but to those, who sought them 
 Oppres- only for lucrative purposes. Nay, he proceeded so 
 eovenwur ^''^' "^ thosc arbitrary grants, as to include the settle- 
 Harvey, ments, which had been made by former adventur- 
 
 sion of 
 ir 
 
 ers. 
 
 For the purposes of his own emolument, he, with 
 rigour, exacted the fines and penalties, which the un- 
 wary assemblies of those times, had given, chiefly, 
 to their governours. By these unjust and cruel meas- 
 ures, he threw the colony into the utmost heat and 
 confusion. Matters arose to such a height, that the 
 council proceeded to arrest his person and send him 
 prisoner to London. Two of their members went 
 over to sujDport allegations against him. But so far 
 was kin^' Charles from redressing their grievances, 
 that he esteemed their conduct a presumptuous in- 
 fra ciiol* ^n the royal prerogative; and instead of 
 hei.ring their complaints, the king honoured him 
 with a new commission, confirming his former pow- 
 ers, and sent him back to his government. But the 
 dissatisfaction was so great and general, and the 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. X15 
 
 Glamours of the people so loud, that his majesty, on chap. 
 
 cooler reflection, was pleased to revoke his commis- 
 
 sion. The Virginians during the ten years of his 1(339 
 administration were treated more like the vassals of January. 
 an eastern despot, than like the subjects of a free gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The Indians jealous of their rights, and exaspera- 
 ted by the new and arbitrary grams of the govern- 
 our, took every advantage to annoy the colony. 
 Opechancanough, successor to Powhatan, a man of 
 great courage and subtilty, observing the tumultuous 
 state of the colony, laid the plan of another surprise 
 and massacre. While the attention of the colonists 
 was turned to their grievances, and they were con- 
 sulting the means of relief, the Indians fell on them, 
 and, at one stroke, cut off about 500 of the inhabi- 
 tants. This destruction fell, chiefly, on the south 
 side of James river, and on the heads of the other 
 rivers, especially, of York river, where was the seat 
 of this Indian prince. 
 
 In the beginning of 1639, Sir William Berkley April, 
 was appointed to the government of Virginia. The 
 change of affairs, at this time, in England, seems to 
 have made a prodigious alteration in colonial policy. 
 The governour was instructed to call a free assem- 
 bly, to enact laws for the government of the colony, 
 as nearly as might be conformable to the laws and 
 polity of England : To cause justice, agreeably to 
 the jurisprudence of the nation, to be immediately 
 administered to all : and to restrain foreign trade. 
 Once more were the Virginians restored to that sys- 
 tem of freedom, to which, both by charter, and as 
 English subjects, they had the clearest title. Sir 
 William employed all means in his power for the 
 increase, emolument, and happiness of the colony. 
 However, the Indian war, which succeeded the mas- 
 sacre, employing all the men which could be spared, 
 was a great obstruction to his benevolent attempts 
 for its advancement. Though the war was finally 
 successful, yet many years elapsed before the colony 
 
115 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, recovered from the unhappy consequences of the 
 
 " mal-administration of the preceding government. 
 jg^Q During the oppression suffered by the Virginians, 
 
 the New-England colonies enjoyed tolerable peace, 
 and greatly extended their settlements. By the year 
 1640, there came over in the whole into New-Eng- 
 land, about 21,200 souls, or 4,240 families. The 
 cost of the transportation of the planters and their 
 cattle, of their arms, artiller}^ and ammunition, pro- 
 visions, and materials for building, amounted nearly 
 to 200,000/. sterling.* With this number and its 
 increase, which in this period, probably, did not 
 much, if any thing, exceed the loss sustained by 
 the mortality of tlie Urst years, the several New- 
 England colonies had planted about forty towns. 
 These were spread nearly through the whole extent 
 of New- England. Each town, on an average, con- 
 sisted of about 500 inhabitants or 100 families, and 
 were able to muster 80 or 90 fencible men. The 
 settlements, for the accommodation of different com- 
 panies, had been much farther extended on the 
 rivers and sea coast, and made in a more scattering 
 manner, than was at first designed. They could 
 not with any convenience unite under one govern- 
 ment. Emigrations from England were now at an 
 end. After this period more people returned, than 
 came from thence into the colonies. Such were 
 the civil dissensions in their native country, that no 
 aid could be expected either from the king or par- 
 liament. The Dutch had so far extended their 
 settlements, made such claims to the country, and 
 in their conduct were so inimical, as gave a general 
 alarm. The Narragansett Indians appeared hostile, 
 and there were strong apprehensions of a general 
 
 • Mather in his Magnalla reckons the expense of transportation, 
 and articles mentioned above, at 192,000 pounds, in which the ex- 
 pense of transporting- the colony of New Plymouth, of their arms, 
 artillery, provisions, ami etlects seems not to Iiave been included ; nor 
 tliat of the transportation of the men, of the arms, artillery, and stores 
 for the building of the fort at Saybrook. These expenditures added to 
 the former, it is supposed,will make the whole amount 200,000 pounds. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 117 
 
 combination among the natives to extirpate the plan- chap. 
 
 tations. In this critical state of affairs, the colonies * 
 
 judged it to be matter both of expediency and duty, -^g^^^ 
 as it is expressed, "As they came into these parts 
 of America with one and the same end and aim, to 
 advance the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, 
 and enjoy the liberties of the gospel in purity and 
 peace," to confederate for mutual advice and assist- 
 ance ; and as they were one in nation and religion, 
 so that they be and continue one in a "firm and per- 
 petual league of friendsliip and amity, offence and 
 defence, mutual advice and succour upon all just 
 occasions, both for the preserving and propagating 
 the truth and liberty of the gospel, and for their own 
 mutual safety and welfare." 
 
 After a1:>out three years had been spent in prepar- union of 
 ing and ripening the matter, the articles were signed, En^f^n^ " 
 May 19th, 1643. By these the four colonies of colonies, 
 Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New- JJ^^^^*^* 
 Haven, with the plantations under their respective 
 jurisdictions, became one, by the name of The 
 United Colonies of New-England. By the 
 articles there was reserved to each colony a distinct 
 and entire jurisdiction. No two colonies might be 
 united in one, nor any other colony be received into 
 the confederacy, without the consent of the whole. 
 Each colony was authorized to elect two commis- 
 sioners to meet annually on the first Thursday in 
 September. These commissioners were vested with 
 plenary powers of determining " all affairs of war and 
 peace, of leagues, aids, charges, and number of men 
 for war," &c. They had not oivo' the power of 
 meeting annually, but on any emergency which 
 might render it necessary. Six of the commission- 
 ers might determine any point respecting the con- 
 federacy, though the other two should dissent. Up- 
 on notice that any of the confederates were invaded, 
 the rest were immediately to despatch assistance to 
 the colony in danger. The number of men, quan- 
 tity of provision, and charges of war, were to be 
 
11^ A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, proportioned to the number of male inhabitants in 
 
 each colony between sixteen and sixty years of aj^e. 
 
 1643. For the preservation of order a president was annu- 
 ally chosen. If either of the colonies should be 
 guilty of an infraction of the articles of confederation, 
 or injure one of the other colonies, the matter was to 
 be determined by the commissioners of the other 
 colonies.* 
 Effects of This union made the New- England colonies for- 
 * midable both to the Dutch and Indians. It was 
 happily adapted to promote h general harmony among 
 themselves, to maintain the peace and vindicate the 
 rights of the country. It subsisted more than forty 
 years, until the charters of the colonies were injuri- 
 ously vacated or sus^ -ended by James second, and 
 his commissioners. The union was acknowledged 
 from the beginning by the authority in England, and 
 received countenance from it until the restoration. 
 It was afterwards noticed in letters from king Charles 
 the second, without any exception to the establish- 
 ment. It was a happy event, by which providence 
 gave protection and peace to the churches and colo- 
 nies of New-England, when they were compassed 
 ^vith dangers, and there appeared no other means of 
 safety. 
 
 Providence was also pleased to use it, as one of 
 the most successful means of civilizing and chris- 
 tianizing the heathen. The society for prop- 
 agating the gospel among the Indians in New- 
 England, made the commissioners their correspond- 
 ents and agents for dispensing their charitable dona- 
 tions. This correspondence commenced in 1650, 
 and continued till the dissolution of the Union about 
 the year 1686. 
 Convcr- Somc time before, Mr. Mayhcw and the famous 
 ilidhins^'"^ Mr. Eliot had made considerable advances in civili- 
 zing the Indians, and in converting them to the chris- 
 tian faith. Before the commencement of the corres- 
 
 • Records of the United Colonies. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. H^ 
 
 pondence of the society with the commissioners, both chap, 
 these gentlemen had learned the Indian language ^^^' 
 and preached to the Indians in their own tongue. 
 In the Massachusetts there were two Indian towns 
 collected, for the purposes of civilization and Chris- 
 tianity. The Indians forsook their barbarous way 
 of living, and dressed themselves modestly in the 
 English manner. They were allowed a number of 
 simple laws, and rulers among themselves to put 
 them in execution. One of those towns Mr. 
 Eliot called, Noonanetum, rejoicing ; to express 
 the joy of the conversion of the natives to the 
 true God. Mr. Mayhew had been successful on 
 Martha's Vineyard, in turning numbers from their 
 heathenism to a prayerful and sober life. The In- 
 dians presented their children to be catechised and 
 schooled. For these purposes money, clothing, and 
 books were necessary. The news of these happy 
 beginnings were reported in England, and on the 
 27th of July, 1649, a board of commissioners, or so- 
 ciety for propagating the gospel among the Indians, 
 w^as instituted by act of parliament. The next year 
 the society sent over books, money, and other neces- 
 saries for the advancement of the work, to be distrib- 
 uted by the commissioners. Never were money 
 and articles more faithfully, or more successfully 
 applied. Great indeed was the opposition, w^hich 
 the Indians, almost universally, made to Christianity. 
 The sachems and powaws, or priests, were univer- 
 sally against the gospel, and used all their arts and 
 influence to prevent its propagation among them. 
 They threatened and insulted the missionaries. They 
 banished those from their society, who became chris- 
 tians, or so much as favoured Christianity. When 
 they i'Tiagined they could do it with safety, they put 
 them to death. Had it not been for their fear of the 
 united colonies, it is supposed that they would have 
 massacred all the new converts.* But notwithstand- 
 
 * Neat's hist. N. Eng'lar.d, vol. i. p. 230 to 234 
 
]^20 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ing these and other impediments, there were by the 
 • ^^^ year 1660 ten towns of praying Indians. About the 
 Indian" Y^^^ 1687, there were more than twenty assembUes 
 churches, of Indians, who worshipped God. There were six 
 Indian churches in which there was a regular admin- 
 istration of the sacraments and all gospel ordinances.* 
 In 1685 there were in the colony of New- Ply mouth 
 1439 praying Indians, exclusive of boys and girls 
 under twelve years of age, who were supposed to be 
 more than three times that number. f In 1695 there 
 were not less than three thousand adult Indian con- 
 verts in the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nan- 
 tucket, Much more was done to civilize and bring 
 the original nations to the knowledge and practice 
 of Christianity, in about fifty years, by the commis- 
 sioners and the New- England ministers, than has 
 ever been since effected, by all the missionaries which 
 have been employed and monies expended for that 
 charitable purpose. 
 
 During the civil war in England, and the admin- 
 istration of the protector, the general government of 
 New-England was managed by the commissioners; 
 and its several colonies were indulged in the full and 
 undisturbed enjoyment both of civil and religious 
 liberty. "^Tliey submitted, without difficulty to the 
 government in England, whether in the hands of the 
 parliament or the protector. But in Virginia and 
 Maryland it was entirely the reverse. They refused 
 all subjection and allegiance to the protector. A 
 squadron of men of war was therefore despatched by 
 Cromwell, under the command of captain Dennis, to 
 reduce them to obedience. Sir William Berkley, the 
 governour of Virginia, was a stanch royalist, and by his 
 many good services had gained the esteem and con- 
 fidence of the people ; he, therefore, having obtained 
 the assistance of several Dutch vessels, made a vig- 
 orous and brave defence. Captain Dennis however, 
 
 • Neal's Hist. p. 254. 
 t Governour Hinklc\'s Letter to the Corpor.ation in England. See 
 also the Maj^nalia, Book iii. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 221 
 
 obli,^ed him to capitulate on the terms of a general chap. 
 pardon. But the Virginians before they laid down ?J_ 
 their arms secured all their rights by an express and 
 solemn convention. It was, among other things, 
 stipulated, That the plantation of Virginia and all 
 the inhabitants thereof shall be and remain in due 
 subjection to the commonwealth of England : That 
 the grand assembly, as formerly, should convene 
 and transact the affairs of Virginia, in which nothing 
 was to be done contrary to the government of the 
 commonwealth of England : That there should be 
 a full and total remission and indemnity of all acts, 
 words, or writings, done or spoken against the par- 
 liament of England in relation to the same : That 
 Virginia should enjoy the ancient bounds granted 
 by die charters of the former kings : That all grants 
 under the seal of the colony, by the former govern- 
 ours should remain in their full force : and, that the 
 people of Virginia have as free trade as the people 
 of England, and should enjoy all privileges equally 
 with any English plantations in America. The 
 articles were signed the 12th of March, 1651. 
 
 Though the Virginians by this convention, with 
 arms in their hands, seemed to have secured their 
 rights in the amplest manner, yet the conduct of the 
 protector was entirely different towards them and 
 Maryland, from what it was towards the New- Eng- 
 land colonies. They paid dearly for their opposi- 
 tion. The preceding year, the protector had ob- 
 tained an act of parliament, prohibiting the planta- 
 tions from receiving or exporting any European 
 commodities, except in ships built and navigated 
 by Englishmen ; and inhibiting all correspondence 
 with any nation or colony, not subject to England. 
 The New- England colonies, nevertheless, were al- 
 lowed a free trade to all parts ; and were indulged 
 in the privilege of importing their goods and com- 
 modities into England, free from all the duties of 
 which others were obliged to make payment. This ex- 
 cited the envy of the other colonies, and created dissat- 
 
 VoL. I. ' 16 
 
1^2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 isfaction among the merchants in England ; yet the 
 indulgence was continued till the restoration.* But 
 care was taken, that in Virginia and Maryland the 
 acts of parliament should be rigorously enforced. 
 By these means they suffered no little distress and 
 impoverishment. The protector, more effectually 
 to accomplish his purposes, made a frequent change 
 of governours, lest they should enter into the feelings 
 of the people, and treat them with more lenity than 
 he wished. In Virginia they had not less than three, 
 Diggs, Bennet, and Matthews during the protector- 
 ship. f 
 
 Meanwhile, under the fostering hand of the pro- 
 tector, the New-England colonies made happy advan- 
 ces in the settlement and cultivation of the country, 
 in population and commerce. 
 March 14, Connecticut having considerably extended her 
 ^^^^' settlements, on the restoration, determined to peti- 
 tion king Charles II. for a charter of incorporation. 
 Governour Winthrop went to England, as agent of 
 Charter of the colony, to solicit the royal favour. According- 
 Connccti \y^ on the 20th of April, 1662, his majesty issued his 
 20tli,i662. letters patent under the royal seals, ordaining that 
 John Winthrop, John Mason, Samuel Wyllys, &c. 
 with such as then were, or should afterwards be 
 made free of the colony of Connecticut, should for 
 ever after be one body corporate and politic in fact 
 and name ; by the name of Governour and Compa- 
 ny of the English colony of Connecticut, in New- 
 England in America. The charter ordained that 
 there should be a governour, deputy governour, and 
 twelve assistants. These were to be chosen annu- 
 ally, on the second Thursday in May, by the whole 
 body of the freemen. The governour and deputy 
 governour were to be chosen by a majority of the 
 whole number present. The assistants were chosen 
 not by a majority, but by the greatest number. The 
 charter instituted two general assemblies annually. One 
 
 * Hut. vol. i. p. 195. f Hist.of N.America in the American Mag^azinc. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 123 
 
 on the second Thursday in May, the other on the sec- chap. 
 ond Thursday in October. The General Assembly con- "^' 
 sisfed of the governour, deputy goveniour, the twelve 
 assistants, and freemen of the colony. The freeivicn 
 met by representation. From each town, ihey gen- 
 erally elected and sent two of their principal men. 
 The assembly consisted of two houses. The gov- 
 ernours and assistants composed the upper, and ihe 
 freemen, the lower house of assembly. 
 
 In the General Assembly consisted the whole legislar 
 tive power of the colony. This enacted all laws, ap- 
 pointed all inferior courts and executive officers. The 
 charter,appointed the same governour, deputy govern- 
 our, and assistants, which had been chosen by die free- 
 men at the preceding election. The government 
 under the charter was essentially the same with 
 that, which the people had previously adopted by 
 voluntary compact. 
 
 In the first General Assembly, under the charter, pi,.gt ^^ 
 October 9th, 1662, it was publicly read, and declar- sembiymu 
 ed to belong to the freemen of the colony and their cha,.ter^, 
 successors. This assembly established all former Oct. 9th. 
 officers civil and military in their respective places ^'^^^• 
 and powers. It also established the former code of 
 laws, and the same common seal, which had been in 
 use before the charter. 
 
 The charter confirmed to the colony the whole 
 tract of country granted in the old Connecticut pa- 
 tent, by the council of Plymouth to the earl of War- 
 wick, and by him to lord Say and Seal, &c. from 
 Narragansett bay to the South Sea. This included 
 the whole colony of New-Haven; the planters of which, 
 no less than those of Connecticut, were the patentees 
 of lord Say and Seal, &cc. It was therefore natural 
 to include them in the same patent. This, at first, 
 ■was not agreeable to New- Haven ; yet, about two 
 years after, the colonies amicably united. The freemen Union of 
 of New-Haven were declared to be free of the colony ^uTan?*' 
 of Connecticut, and their officers civil and military New-Ha- 
 were confirmed in office. It was also determined, ""'^^ 
 
I24f A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^ n^^ by the general assembly of Connecticut, that the 
 magistrates of New- Haven should stand in the nom- 
 ination for the next election. A proper proportion 
 of the magistrates of that colony, were the next May, 
 elected to the same office in the colony of Connec- 
 ticut. 
 tJi&y,i665. May 11th, 1665, the colonies met, by their migis- 
 trates and representatives, in General Assembly. 
 The colony thus united consisted of nineteen tax- 
 able towns.* The number of representatives was 
 twenty -five. 
 
 The colony of Rhode Island made application 
 for charter privileges about the same time as Con- 
 necticut. Her application was equally successful. 
 The charter of that colony bears date July 8th, 
 1662. It appoints an assembly, consisting of ^ 
 governour, deputy governour, and ten assistants, 
 with the representatives of the several towns, all 
 chosen by the freemen. The first charter govern- 
 our was Benedict Arnold, Estp The deputy gov- 
 ernour was William Brenton. The assembly was 
 appointed to convene annually on the first Wednes- 
 day in May and the last Wednesday in October. 
 Their first general assembly met March 1st, 1663. 
 
 While affairs were thus transacted in the colonies, 
 the Dutch taking advantage of the distractions in 
 England, and of the weak state of the English plan- 
 tations, increased their settlements and set up their 
 claims to very extensive territories. They not only 
 claimed the whole country now included in the 
 several states of New- York, New-Jersey, and Del- 
 aware ; but a considerable part of Connecticut.! 
 They did great injury both to the New-England 
 and southern colonies. They furnished the Indians 
 with arms and ammunition, and taught them the man- 
 ner of English fighting. They attacked and plun- 
 dered the settlement made by the colony of New- 
 Haven on the Delaware, and took the inhabitants 
 
 * The grand list this year was 153,620/. I6s 5iL Records of the Colony, 
 I Srjilh's hist, of N. Jersey, p. 34. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA l^S 
 
 captive.* The English court ever disavowed the chap. 
 Dutch claims ; and as they were now become ' 
 
 troublesome to the colonies, soon after the restora- 
 tion an expedition was undertaken for their reduc- 
 tion. King Charles was well apprized of the ill 
 consequences of having a Dutch colony in the heart 
 of his American dominions ; and having formed the 
 resolution of dispossessing them, he made a grant of 
 the whole country, which they claimed, with some 
 other parts of North America, to his brother the duke 
 of York and Albany. The territory described m the 
 patent, is, " All that part of the main land of New- Patent to 
 England, beginning at a certain place called or orvoikt 
 known by the name of St. Croix, near adjoining March, 
 to New-Scotland, in America; and from thence ex- ^ ^*" 
 tending along the sea coast, unto a certain place 
 called Pemaquie or Pemaquid, and so up the river 
 thereof, to the furthest head of the same, as it ex- 
 tendeth northward ; and extending from thence to 
 the river of Kimbequin, and so upwards by the 
 shortest course, to the river Canada northwards ; and 
 also all that island or islands, commonly called by 
 the several name or names of Matowaks or Long 
 Island, situate and being towards the west of Cape 
 Cod, and the narrow Higansetts, abutting upon the 
 land between the two rivers, there called or known 
 by the several names of Connecticut and Hudson's 
 river ; together also with the said river, called Hud- 
 son's river ; and all the lands from the west side of 
 Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay." 
 The duke's concern for his property, and the 
 aversion both of the duke and of his British majesty to 
 the Dutch, made the expedition against them a mat- 
 ter of primary attention. Colonel Richard Nichols 
 had the chief command, George Cartwright, Esq. 
 Sir Robert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, Esq. were 
 appointed commissioners from his majesty to act 
 with him, not only in the reduction of the Dutch 
 
 * Records of the United Colonics. 
 
126 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, plantations, and the settlement of government in them, 
 ' but for visiting the New- England colonies ; hearing 
 and determining all matters of complaint, and for 
 settling the peace and security of the country. 
 
 Colonel Nichols arrived at Boston with the arma- 
 ment under his command the 23d of July, 1664. 
 After communicating his commission to the colonies, 
 and his majesty's requisition of troops, to assist in 
 the expedition against the Dutch plantations, he sail- 
 ed for the Manhadoes : and on the 20th of August, 
 made a demand of the town and forts on the island. 
 In his majesty's name he gave assurance to all the in- 
 habitants of the Dutch nation. That on their submis- 
 sion to his government, they should be secured with 
 respect to property, life, and liberty ; and enjoy all 
 the privileges of English subjects. The Dutch gov- 
 ernour, Stuyvesant, was a soldier, and had he been 
 prepared, would doubtless have made a noble resist- 
 ance ; but, as the expedition was undertaken sev- 
 eral months before the declaration of war against 
 Holland, he was unprepared for defence against the 
 royal armament. Troops were raised in the New- 
 England colonies ; and ready, if it should be found 
 necessary to march at the shortest notice. 
 
 On the 27th of August,* governour Stuyvesant 
 surrendered on terms of capitulation. The articles 
 provided. That *' the Dutch should enjoy the lib- 
 erty of their consciences in divine worship and Dutch 
 discipline." The Dutch governour and inhabitants 
 became E'nglish subjects, enjoyed their estates and 
 the privileges of Englishmen. Colonel Nichols 
 marched up the country to fort Orange,! which 
 surrendered without resistance. The ships under 
 the conmiand of Sir, Robert Carr were sent into 
 the Delaware to reduce the Dutch, in that quarter 
 to his majesty's obedience. On the 1st of Octo- 
 ber*, New-Amscl, now called New-Castle, willi the 
 inhabitants on the Delaware submitted to the English 
 
 • This -was old St) le. f Albany. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 127 
 
 government. In honour to the duke the two chap. 
 
 principal Dutch settlements were named New- York 
 
 and Albany. . 1664. 
 
 The duke on the 24th of June, 1664, made a grant 
 of New-Jersey to lord Berkley and Sir George Car- 
 teret. The tract of country described in the patent, 
 is " All that tract of land adjacent to New-England, 
 and lying and being to the westward of Long Island 
 and Manhattas island ; and bounded on the east part 
 by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river ; and 
 hath upon the west Delaware bay or river, and ex- 
 tendeth southward to the main ocean as far as Cape 
 May, at the mouth of Delaware bay ; and to the 
 northward as far as the northermost branch of the 
 said bay or river of Delaware ; which is in 41 de- 
 grees and forty minutes latitude, and crosseth over 
 thence in a straight line to Hudson's river, in 41 
 degrees of north latitude." Sir George had been 
 governour of Jersey : and, in 1649 held it for his 
 majesty Charles the second. In honour to him the 
 province was named New-Jersey. 
 
 Previously to the giving of this patent, large pur- 
 chases had been made of the natives. People of va- 
 rious nations had also made settlements on the lands. 
 The first settlement was made, about three or four 
 years after the settlement of Plymouth, by the Dutch 
 and Danes. They gave it the name of Bergen, after 
 the capital of the province of Bergen in Norway. 
 The inhabitants were considerably numerous at the 
 time of the surrender of the province to the English 
 government. 
 
 Soon after settlements were made on the Dela- 
 ware. Such reports of the pleasantness and fer- 
 tility of this fine countjy, had been made in Sweden, 
 that Gustavus Adolphus, in 1626, influenced his 
 subject^) to form a company for the purpose of mak- 
 ing settlements in those quarters. A company was 
 instituted, by royal authority, called the West India 
 company. The king Mm self, his lords, barons, 
 knights, the principal officers of his army, his bish- 
 
128 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ops, clergy, and many of the common peojDle of 
 ^" Swedeland, Finland, and Liffland, contributed for 
 the purpose. The next year the Swedes and Finns 
 came over, and landing, at Cape Inlopen, they were 
 so agreeably affected with the pleasant prospect it 
 presented, that they named it Paradise point. They 
 made purchases of the Indians, on both sides of the 
 river Delaware from the cape to the falls. They 
 called the river New Swedeland Stream ; and the 
 country New Swedeland. By presents and treaties, 
 they satisfied the Indians and enjoyed peace. They 
 made their first settlement at Christeen, on the west 
 side of the Delaware. Here they laid out a hand- 
 some town. They made settlements at Lewistown, 
 Tenecum, and Chester. It was apprehended from 
 the claims of the Dutch, that they might attempt to 
 dispossess them. Forts were therefore erected at 
 Christeen, Lewistown, Chester, and on the island of 
 Tenecum. The fortress on the latter was termed 
 New-Gottemburg. This seems to have been the 
 seat of their government. Here John Printz their 
 governour, built him an elegant seat, which he nam- 
 ed Printz 's Hall. The principal gentlemen had their 
 plantations also on this island. The Englisli began 
 a settlement at Elsingburgh on the east side of the 
 river. Kieft, governour of the Dutch planta- 
 tions, by the assistance of the Swedes, drove them 
 off and ruined their settlements. He also hired the 
 Swedes to keep them out of the river. The Swe- 
 dish governour seized this fair opportunity, and 
 buih fort P>lsingburgh, on the very ground, whence 
 the English had been driven. Tliis giving him the 
 command of the river, he brought too, and examin- 
 ed, at pleasure, all vessels which passed, whether 
 Dutch or of any other nation.* 
 
 The Dutch complained of this, and wishing for 
 the entire possession of the river and the adjacent 
 country they played the same game with them, which 
 
 • Smith's Hist. N Jersey, p. 21, 22, 23. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. y^^ 
 
 they had done some years before with the English, chap. 
 In 1655 Siuyvesant, the Dutch governour, attacking _]\i_ 
 them with seven vessels and six or seven hundred 
 men, made a complete conquest of all their forts and 
 settlements. The Dutch destroyed New Gottem- 
 burg, with the houses without the fort. They plun- 
 dered the inhabitants, killed their cattle, carried the 
 Swedish officers and principal inhabitants captives to 
 Holland. The common people, submitting to the 
 Dutch government, were permitted to remain in the 
 country.* The Dutch settled New-Castle, where 
 they had a house for public worship. The Swedes 
 had three ; one at Tenecum, one at Wicoco, and 
 another at Christeen. The English settlements, in the 
 state of Delaware, were all made after the conquest 
 of the Dutch in 1664. From this period the lower 
 counties on the Delaware were under the govern- 
 ment of New- York. 
 
 In 1664, befcjre the knowledge of the patent, giv- 
 en to lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, J'.)hn 
 Bailey, Daniel Denton, and Luke Watson made a 
 purchase of a considerable part of Elizabethtown, 
 of certain Indian sachems, who were the original 
 proprietors. The purchasers belonged to Jamaica 
 on Long Island. Soon after the purchase, the in- 
 habitants on the west end of Long I^land5 pretty 
 generally moved into New-Jersey. There was also 
 a considerable number of people, who removed into 
 those parts from New-England : so that Elizabeth- 
 town, Newark, Middletown, and Shrewsbury were 
 soon well settled. There were numbers of other 
 settlers from the neighbouring colonies, and a con- 
 siderable accession from Scotland. The inhabitants 
 of these towns and the circumjacent country in a few 
 years became numerous. 
 
 Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret appointed Govern- 
 Philip Carteret their governour of New-Jersey, "^j!^^^*''' 
 Just at the close of the summer, in 1665, he arrived rives, 
 
 1665. 
 * Smith's Hist. N. Jersey, p. 33, 34. 
 
 Vol. I. 17 
 
130 A GENERAL HISTORY OF JHE 
 
 at Elizabethtown ; which he made the seat of his 
 government. From this period New- Jersey com- 
 menced a jurisdiction distinct and separate from New- 
 York. On his arrival he made purchases of the na- 
 tives and administered government agreeably to the 
 concessions and constitution, which had been adopt- 
 ed by the proprietors for the settlement of the prov- 
 ince. This constituted a free assembly, consisting 
 of the governour, council, and representatives chosen 
 from each town or district in tlie province. The 
 council was never to consist of less than six, nor 
 more than twelve. All legislative power was vested 
 in the assembly : the executive was in the govern- 
 our and council. It was a fundamental article, that 
 there should not be imposed "any tax, custom, 
 subsidy, tallage, assessment, or any other duty what- 
 soever, upon any colour or pretence, upon said 
 province and inhabitants thereof, other than shall be 
 imposed by the authority of the general assembly."* 
 Equal security of liberty of conscience, and of all 
 civil rights and immunities was given to christians 
 of all denominations. The governour despatched 
 agents into New-England and other parts, to pub- 
 lish the constitution, or terms of settlement, and to 
 invite planters into the province. In consequence 
 of which many emigrated from New-England, as 
 well as from other ])arts of the country. Some made 
 settlements at Elizabeditown, others at Wood- 
 bridge, Newark, and Piscattaway. There were also 
 annuiilly arrivals of planters from England ; so that 
 the population of the province was very considerable, 
 till the year 1673. At this period the Dutch repos- 
 sessing themselves of the country gave it an almost 
 entire interruption. This however was of short 
 duration. By the pacification, at London, the next 
 year, it was restored to the British crown. Popula- 
 tion again revived and there Avas a great increase 
 both of inhabitants and cultivation. 
 
 • SmUh's Hist, of N.Jersey, from p. 512 to 518. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 131 
 
 The peace of the province, however, bore no 
 proportion to its population. Between the proprie- 
 tors and colonists there subsisted perpetual discord 
 and animosities. The inhabitants of EUzabeth- 
 town who had purchased the soil of the natives, pre- 
 vious to the proprietary government, with some oth- 
 ers, refused all payment of the quitrents. The con- 
 test was carried to such a length, that the people as- 
 sumed the government, and elected James Carteret 
 their governour. His father, Philip Carteret, the pro- ^^^~' 
 prietaiy governour, nominating Captain John Berry 
 for his deputy, made a voyage to England to repre- 
 sent the state of the province. In 1674, he revisited 
 his government and found the inhabitants in a more 
 amicable state, than when he took his departure. 
 He had obtained new concessions from the proprie- 
 tors ; on the publication of which the people w^ere 
 quieted and the proprietary government restored.* 
 
 After the reduction of New- York the kine;'s com- Commis 
 
 p , "^ , . sioners 
 
 missioners were an occasion oi great alarm, perplexi- aisuess 
 ty, and expense to the New-England colonies. They ^^^ coio 
 received complaints against them, from the Indians 
 and persons disaft'ected with the New- England gov- 
 ernment. They undertook the hearing of causes, 
 which had been regularly heard and determined by 
 courts authorized by law for that purpose. They 
 interposed even in criminal matters, and granted war- 
 rants of protection to persons under criminal prose- 
 cution. They made the colonies to stand upon a 
 level with criminals, on whom sentence had been 
 passed according to law : and that before a court of 
 which the constitution had no knowledge. Nay, they 
 went so far as to demand, that persons should be ad- 
 mitted to the privileges of freemen, to church mem- 
 bership and full communion, contrary to the laws of 
 the colonies and the established practice of the 
 churches. t They admitted no juries in their courts; 
 but conducted themselves as a court of oyer and ter- 
 
 • Dou.^lass, vol. ii. p. 269, 271, 272. 
 t Hutch. Hist. vol. 5. p. 234, 240,241, 246, 251. 
 
 nies. 
 
i3£ A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, miner. They appointed civil officers, claimed au. 
 . thority, and went into practices entirely incompatible 
 
 with the rights of the colonies. After giving them 
 unspeakable trouble they were recalled. Colonel 
 Nichols by his cool and discreet conduct recommend- 
 ed himself to the good graces of the people. Carr 
 and Cart^vright were wholly unqualified for the trust 
 reposed in them; and by their arbitrary and violent pro- 
 ceedings drew upon themselves universal abhorrence. 
 Maverick was ever inimical to the colonies; and, gov- 
 ernour Hutchinson observes, was added only to in- 
 crease the number, and to be subservient to others. 
 Carr and Cartwright, especially the latter, went home 
 incensed against the colonies ; but the former died at 
 Bristol soon after his arrival ; the latter was taken 
 by the Dutch and lost all his papers. These were 
 favourable circumstances for the colonies, and prob- 
 ably prevented a prosecution of them before his 
 majesty. Another circumstance which contributed 
 to their tranquillity, and the continuance of their 
 privileges, was the disagreement which arose be- 
 tween the king and parliament. This, with the na- 
 tional distractions subsequent upon it, gave him such 
 full employment that he could pay little attention to 
 colonial administration. By these means, it pleased 
 the Supreme Ruler to preserve both the civil and 
 religious liberties of the colonies. Had not these 
 circumstances prevented, nothing better could have 
 •been expected, from men of such characters as those 
 of Cluirles and the duke of York, who were murder- 
 ing the best men in the nation, and attempting the 
 subversion of the civil and religious constitutions of 
 three kingdoms, than a total subversion of the rights 
 of the colonies. 
 
 While the commissioners were spying out, and 
 
 infringing the liberties of the united colonies, a 
 
 plan was forming in England for the settlement of 
 
 Patents of the Carolinas. On application to the crown, king 
 
 •^''1663'' Charles H. made a grant, in 1663, to Edward earl 
 
 and 1665. of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 13^ 
 
 lord Craven, John lord Berkley, Anthony lord Ash- chap. 
 
 ley. Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkley, and '_ 
 
 Sir John Colleton, of all the lands lying between the junesoth. 
 31st and 36th degrees of north latitude. About two 
 years after, he confirmed this grant, by a second 
 charter, in which there was a great enlargement of 
 their boundaries. This made a conveyance of the 
 whole territory from the 29th degree of north latitude, 
 to 30 degrees and 30 minutes on the sea coast, and 
 thence running in parallel lines from these points, 
 due west to the Pacific ocean.* This included both 1664. 
 the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Floridas. Of this 
 vast territory the proprietors were made the absolute 
 lords. His majesty only reserved to himself, heirs, 
 and successors the sovereign dominion of the coun- 
 try. The lands were holden in free and common 
 soccage. The proprietors held the patronage and 
 advowson of all churches, and all the powers and 
 privileges which the bishop of Durham holds in 
 England. Liberty of conscience, however, was 
 granted to all denominations of christians, provided 
 they did not disturb the peace and order of the 
 province. 
 
 The famous Mr. Lock assisted the proprietors in Constltu- 
 the formation of a sreneral system of fundamental ll'"'"^ 
 
 , „„ , • 1 r- 1 1 1 1 ^ Carolina. 
 
 laws. 1 his consisted oi a hundred and twenty ar- 
 ticles, to the establishment and observation of which 
 they bound themselves and th^ir heirs for ever. 
 These ordained that the eldest proprietor should al- 
 ways be the palatine ; and that at his decease he 
 should be succeeded by the eldest of the seven sur- 
 vivers : that the palatine should sit as president of 
 the palatine's court : and that the palatine and three 
 other proprietors should constitute a quorum. This 
 court was to stand in the stead of the king, and by 
 their assent or dissent all the laws of the legislature 
 of the province, were lo be established or nullified. 
 The palatine had the power of nominating and ap- 
 
 •^ Hist. S. Carolina, vol. i. 
 
134 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, pointing a governour, who, on the royal approbation, 
 ^ became his governour in CaroHna, The upper 
 house of tlie assembly or parliament was to consist 
 of fourteen members ; seven of which were to be 
 the representatives of the seven oldest landgraves, 
 and of seven others chosen by the assembly. The 
 lower house consisted of the deputies chosen biennial- 
 ly by the freemen of the several towns. This was call- 
 ed the parliament. No act was valid unless ratified 
 in open parliament during the same session. Even 
 then it continued only till the next biennial parlia- 
 ment, unless in the mean time it should be ratified 
 by the hc^nds and seals of the palatine and three of 
 the proprietors. This was the ancient constitution 
 of the Carolinas, and continued about half a century. 
 
 Notwithstanding the express stipulation with the 
 Virginians in 16S1, that they should enjoy the an- 
 cient bounds granted by the charters of former 
 kings, they were now by this recent grant deprived 
 of nearly three quarters of their territory. 
 
 In 1669 two ships were sent to Carolina, \vith 
 a number of adventurers to make a permanent set- 
 tlement. They were furnished with provisions, and 
 utensils for building and cultivation ; with arms and 
 ammunition for defence. They made their settle- 
 ment on a neck of land between Ashley and Cooper 
 rivers. William Sa}'le, Esq. was the first govern- 
 our. The settlement was made with loss and diffi- 
 culty. The Indians gave them an unfriendly re- 
 ception. The Stonocs and Westoes, two powerful 
 nations, were particularly hostile. While one part 
 of the planters were erecting buildings, and attend- 
 ing to the various businesses of the plantation, 
 another was obliged to be constantly under arms, 
 watching the motions of the enemy. Sickness very 
 soon attacked them in that unhealthy climate and 
 thinned their numbers. Among others the govern- 
 our fell a sacrifice to the hardships of the enterprise 
 and the unhcalthfulness of the climate. Joseph 
 West, Esq. succeeded him in the government. TliQ 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I35 
 
 expenses of this first embarkation and settlement chap. 
 amounted to twelve thousand pounds. 
 
 Various were the circumstances, which contribut- 
 ed to the population of the colony. Two years be- 
 fore, a treaty had been concluded with Spain, in 
 which, among other articles, it was stipulated, "That 
 the king of Great Britian should always possess, in 
 full right of sovereignty and property, all the coun- 
 tries, islands, and colonies, lying and situate in the 
 West Indies, or any part of America, which he and 
 his subjects then held and possessed, insomuch 
 that they neither can, nor ought thereafter to be con- 
 tested on any account whatsoever." This secured 
 the colony against all future claims from the court 
 of Spain. After the surrender of New- York many 
 of the Dutch, uneasy with their situation, repairing 
 thither contributed much to the population and cul- 
 tivation of the colony. 
 
 On the restoration of king Charles, a total change 
 of manners took place in the nation. From a state 
 of purity, in point of morals, the people became pro- 
 fane, dissolute, and abandoned. The puritans, now 
 treated by the royalists with contempt and revenge, 
 ardently wished for some distant retreat where they 
 might enjoy religion in its original purity, and take 
 shelter from that storm of divine judgments, which 
 they imagined just ready to burst on a profligate na- 
 tion. From maxims of policy lord Clarendon and 
 many others of the king's council, encouraged their 
 emigration. From this quarter the colony received 
 its earliest and most numerous acquisitions. A great 
 majority of the adventurers were puritans. But 
 their enemies also found motives for emigration. 
 Many of the zealous loyalists had either been ruined 
 or greatly reduced, by their attachment to his majes- 
 ty, in the civil wars. They were willing to accept 
 of lands and try their fortunes in America. The 
 royal compassion exercised itself in giving them ad- 
 Vantages and honours in the new world. 
 
136 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^nt^' The edict ofNantz and the violent proceedings 
 against the protestants in France, brought great num- 
 bers of them into England. Some of them were 
 men of wealth, and bringing their property with 
 1690. them made large purchases of the proprietors. Un- 
 der the countenance of William and Mary, they em- 
 igrated to Carolina, and sat down under more ad- 
 vantageous and easy circumstances, than most of 
 the English emigrants. Their settlements were 
 principally in Craven county. They were a sober, 
 industrious people, some of the best inhabitants in 
 the colony. This combination of circumstances, in 
 the settlement of Carolina, annually brought into it, 
 men of the most opjjosite characters both in religion 
 and politics. This laid the foundation for embroiling 
 the colony, and produced those violent divisions and 
 animosities, which, for many years, rendered it a 
 scene of violence and misery. 
 
 Some of the first years, after the settlements com- 
 menced, the Carolinians experienced the complicat- 
 ed evils of poverty and famine. The hostility of the 
 Indians augmented their miseries. While for their 
 subsistence, they gathered nuts, shell fish, and what- 
 ever might afford them support, with one hand, they 
 were obliged to bear arms in the other. Such were 
 their distresses that they fell into mutiny, and press- 
 ed the governour to return with them to England. 
 But supplies arriving they were relieved, and again 
 reduced to some tolerable order. 
 
 Their first assembly or parliament was not holden 
 until three or four years after the commencement of 
 the settlement. Till this time they were under a 
 kind of military government.* 
 
 Notwithstanding that union of circumstances which 
 favoured the planting of Carolina, yet, for more than 
 thirty years, the progress of settlement and popula- 
 tion was exceedingly slow. The impolicy and cru- 
 elty of the proprietors, the bigotry and persecuting 
 
 • Hist. Carol, vol. i. 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. I37 
 
 spirit of some of the palatines, with the haughtiness chap. 
 and vindictive spirit of some of king Charles' cava- ' 
 
 liers, did as much to prevent the growth and happi- 
 ness of the colony as all the other circumstances 
 contributed to its emolument. In the beginning of 1701. 
 the present century the whole munber of white in- 
 habitants did not exceed five or six thousands. In 
 Charleston there were only two clergymen, an epis- 
 copalian, and a puritan. Among the people in the 
 country tliere was no such thing as public 'j^orship, 
 nor even schools for the education of children.* 
 
 In 1710 numbers of palatines, who had been har- 
 rassed and reduced to indigence, by the wars in Ger- 
 many, came into America, and began settlements in 
 North Carolina. t About twent}'^ years after the 
 Irish settled Williamsburg near the Santee. The 
 Swedes nearly at the same time planted Purysburg. 
 Not far from the middle of the present century large 
 numbers more of the palatines came over and made 
 settlements at Orangeburg, Congaree, and Wateree. 
 However, the period of the greatest population, in 
 the Carolinas was not till after the peace of Paris in 
 1763. In ten years from this time settlements 
 were made a hundred and fifty miles to the west- 
 ward, beyond all which had been effected in a whole 
 century before. 
 
 While the Carolinians were suffering the hardships Reasons of 
 and dangers of new settlements the New-Englanders ^arJn*^^^" 
 were not without their troubles. Scarcely were they New- 
 delivered from the evils produced by the king's com- E"&iand. 
 missioners, before others arose which threatened their 
 very existence. For several years the Indians had 
 been forming a general conspiracy for the extirpa- 
 tion of the New-England colonies. They consider- 
 ed themselves as a people free and independent. 
 Their sachems were men of high and jealous spir- 
 its ; and viewed themselves in the light of sovereign 
 and independent princes. They claimed to be the 
 
 * Hist, of Car. vol. i. f See the same histgry. 
 
 Vol. II. 18 
 
138 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, original lords and proprietors of the country. While 
 '^^' therefore they saw the English, in almost every 
 1675. quarter, extending their settlements over the domin- 
 ions of their ancestors, they could not but kindle in- 
 to resentment, and adopt counsels to prevent the loss 
 both of their liberties and their country. Though 
 they had entered into treaties with the colonies, and 
 acknowledged themselves the subjects of the kings 
 of England, yet it is by no means probable that 
 they deigned by any of these treaties to give up 
 their independence, or any of their natural rights. 
 They viewed themselves not as the subjects, but as 
 the aJlies of England. To be called to an account, and 
 to be thwarted in their designs, by the colonies ; or 
 to be held amenable to them for their conduct was a 
 treatment which their haughty spirits would not 
 brook. These were reasons which might make them 
 generally wish for the destruction of their English 
 neighbours. Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, 
 grandson and successor of Massasoiet, was the prin- 
 cipal incendiary. Besides the general reasons men- 
 tioned, there were others which, with him, proba- 
 bly, had a still more immediate and powerful opera- 
 tion. John Sausaman a christian Indian, had made 
 a discovery of the mischiefs which he had been plot- 
 ting against the colonies. Philip fired with revenge 
 procured the murder of Sausaman. The murderers 
 were detected and executed. Philip, conscious of 
 his own guilt, enraged at the trial and punishment 
 of his subjects by the English laws ; and, probably, 
 apprehensive for his personal safety, armed his own 
 warriors, the Wampanoags, and such strangers as 
 would join in his measures ; and, with great appear- 
 ances of hostility, marched up and down in the coun- 
 try. For several years, the colonies had been ap- 
 prized of the designs forming against them : and, by 
 treaties and such other measures as to them appear- 
 ed wise and pacific, had been attempting to prevent 
 the storm. However, in 1675, it burst upon them 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 139 
 
 with uncommon fury. Its destruction was wide and chap. 
 
 III. 
 
 dreadful. 
 
 Philip's numbers increasing, from various quar- iqys- 
 ters, gave him fresh courage, and proportionally in- 
 creased his insolence. On the 20th of June the In- 
 dians commenced hostilities upon Swanzey, a fron- 
 tier town of New Plymouth, bordering on the terri- 
 tories of Philip. They insulted the inhabitants, 
 killed their cattle, and rifled their houses. Four days 
 after, on a day of fasting and prayer, some of the in- 
 habitants were fired upon, as they returned from the 
 public worship, and others while they were in quest 
 of a surgeon. Three were killed and several others 
 wounded. Six others were barbarously murdered.* 
 The country was immediately alarmed. The troops 
 of the colony flew to the defence of the town. In 
 four days they were reinforced with several compa- 
 nies from Boston. On the 29th the body of the 
 troops were drawn forth against the enemy, who im- 
 mediately fled before them, for a mile or two, and 
 took refuge in a swamp. The next day major Sav- 
 age, who had arrived from Boston with more troops 
 and a general command, marched into the Indian 
 towns to give them battle, and surprise their head 
 quarters. They found the Indian towns, and even 
 the seat of Philip, deserted with marks of the great- 
 est precipitation. The enemy as they fled, marked 
 their route with the burning of buildings, the scalps, 
 hands, and heads of the English, cut off" and fixed up 
 on poles by the way side.j- The army, however, 
 not finding them, returned to head quarters at Swan- 
 zey. The Narragansetts favoured Philip. To them 
 he and his warriors had sent off" their women and 
 children. They were supposed only to wait for a 
 convenient opportunity to declare for him. It was 
 therefore determined that the Massachusetts forces 
 should march into the Narragansett country, to treat 
 with them sword in hand. Commissioners were sent 
 
 • Hubbard's Nar. p. 59. f Ibid. p. 63, 63. 
 
1675. 
 
 14© A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, both from Boston and Connecticut, with powers to 
 ^^^' treat with them on terms of peace. On the 15th of 
 July a treaty was concluded between the six Narra- 
 gansett sachems, the sunk squaw, or old queen of the 
 Narragansetts, and the united colonies. Perpetual 
 peace was stipulated between the parties. It was 
 agreed, that all stolen goods should be returned : 
 That neither Philip, nor any of his subjects should 
 be harboured by the Narragansetts ; but, that upon 
 their entering their lands, they should kill and de- 
 stroy them, till a cessation of hostilities should be 
 concluded between Philip and the colonies : That 
 the commissioners should give the Narragansetts for- 
 ty coats of cloth for Philip, delivered to them alive, 
 and twenty for his head : That two coats should be 
 given for every subject of Philip delivered alive, and 
 one for his head. On the part of the sachems, hos- 
 tages were given for the true performance of the 
 treaty.* 
 
 This, at best, was but a forced business, the con- 
 ditions were imposed by the army. On the 17th, 
 the army returned to Taunton. Here intelligence 
 was received, that Philip with his warriors was in 
 a swamp at Pocasset. The Massachusetts and Ply- 
 mouth troops making a junction, attacked them 
 the next day in their dark and advantageous retreat. 
 As the army entered the swamp, the enemy retired 
 deeper and deeper into it ; till the army were led 
 into such a hideous thicket, that it was impossible 
 for the men to keep their order. They were in 
 danger from each other, firing at every bush which 
 appeared to shake. The action was continued till 
 night, when they were obliged to retreat. The at- 
 tempt was very unfortunate. Sixteen men were 
 killed, and the enemy encouraged. Shortly after 
 there was a general rising of the Indians throughout 
 New-England, for an extent of nearly three hundred 
 miles. As they lived promiscuously Avith the Eng- 
 
 • Hubbard's Nar. p. 65, 66, 67. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 141 
 
 lish, in all parts of the country, they were gener- chap. 
 
 ally, as well acquainted with their dwellings, fields, 
 
 times and places of worship, their roads and places 1575 
 of resort, as they were themselves. They were at 
 hand to watch their motions, attack them at every 
 difficult pass, and every unguarded moment. Ex- 
 cepting the thickest settlements and the centre of 
 the towns, the country was a vast wilderness ; this 
 enabled the enemy, in large bodies, to make their 
 approaches undiscovered to their towns ; and, un- 
 der the covert of the night, to creep into their barns 
 and gardens, to conceal themselves under their fen- 
 ces, and lie in wait for them in their fields and on the 
 roads. Sometimes they concealed themselves be- 
 fore their very doors. No sooner did they open 
 them, in the morning, than they were instantly shot 
 dead. From almost every quarter they were ready 
 to rise upon them ; at midnight, in the morning, or 
 whenever they could obtain an advantage. While the 
 English were hunting for them in one place, they 
 were plundering, burning, and murdering in another. 
 In a few hours they would plunder and burn a town, 
 murder and captivate the inhabitants, and retire in- 
 to swamps and fastnesses, where it was dangerous 
 to pursue, difficult to discover, and impossible to 
 attack them but at the greatest disadvantage. 
 
 Notwithstanding every exertion, Avhich the colo- 
 nies could make, they continued plundering, burn- 
 ing, killing, and captivating, in one place and anoth- 
 er, and kept the whole country in perpetual fear and 
 alarm. There was no safety to man, woman, nor 
 child ; to him who went out, nor to him who came 
 in. Whether they were asleep or awake, whether 
 they journied, laboured, or worshipped, they were 
 in continual jeopardy. 
 
 Beside other damages, not so considerable, cap- 
 tain Hutchinson, who had been sent with a party of 
 horse to treat with the Nipmuck Indians, was near Aug. 2d, 
 Brookfield drawn into an ambush and mortally 
 wounded. Sixteenof his company were slain. The 
 
142 A GENERAL HISTORY OF Tlffi 
 
 CHAP, enemy rushed in upon the town, burnt all the dwell- 
 
 '_ ing houses, except one which was defended by the 
 
 1675. garrison, with the barns and out houses. 
 
 In September, Hadley, Deerfield, and Northfield, 
 on Connecticut river, were attacked and numbers 
 of the inhabitants killed and wounded. Most of the 
 buildings in Deerfield were burnt, and Northfield 
 was soon after abandoned to the enemy. Captain 
 Beers was surprised near Northfield by a large 
 body of the enemy, and slain with twenty of his 
 company. 
 
 The officers who commanded in this part of the 
 country, finding that by sending out parties they 
 sustained continual loss, and effected nothing of im- 
 portance, determined to collect a magazine at Had- 
 ley and to garrison the towns. At Deerfield there 
 were two or three thousand bushels of wheat, which 
 they determined to bring down to the magazine at 
 Hadley. While captain Lothrop, with a chosen 
 , body of young men, the flower of the county of Es- 
 sex, was guarding the teams employed in this ser- 
 vice, seven or eight hundred Indians attacked and 
 cut him off, with his whole company. A number 
 of the teamsters were slain. Not less than ninety 
 or a hundred men were killed on the spot. Captain 
 Mosely with his company, marched from Deerfield 
 to reinforce captain Lothrop, but arrived too late for 
 his rescue. He fought the whole body of the ene- 
 my several hours ; till major Treat, with a hundred 
 and sixty men came to his assistance, and put the 
 enemy to flight. The fall of captain Lothrop and 
 such a fine corps of young men, was a heavy blow 
 to the country ; especially to the county of Essex ; 
 which filled it with great and universal lamentation. 
 
 During the term of forty years the Indians about 
 Springfield, had lived in the greatest amity with the 
 English, and still made professions of entire friend- 
 ship : yet they, about the same time, with three 
 hundred of Philip's Indians, whom they had treach- 
 erously received into their fort the preceding even- 
 
 Scpt. 18. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 143 
 
 ing, made a sudden and furious attack upon that chap. 
 town. Major Treat from Westfield, and the soldiers ' 
 from the neighbouring garrisons, marched with great 1675. 
 despatch and repulsed the enemy. The town never- 
 theless sustained great damages. Thirty two dwel- 
 ling houses besides barns were burned. Major Pyn- 
 chon and Mr. Purchas sustained the loss of a thou- 
 sand pounds sterling each.* 
 
 On the 19th of October seven or eight hundred 
 Indians, with great fury, fell on the town of Hatfield. 
 They made their assault, at the same time, on almost 
 every part of the town. But they met with so warm 
 a reception, that they were soon put to a total flight. 
 This so disheartened them, that they soon withdrew 
 from the towns on the river, and held their general 
 rendezvous in the Narragansetts. 
 
 Soon after hostilities were commenced by Philip, 
 the Tarrenteens began their depredations in New- 
 Hampshire and the Province of Main. . They rob- 
 bed the boats, and plundered the English houses of 
 their liquors, ammunition, and whatever they could 
 carry off with facility. In September they began to 
 murder and captivate the inhabitants, to burn their 
 buildings and lay waste their settlements. They 
 fell on Saco, Scarborough, and Kittery ; killed be- 
 tween twenty and thirty of the inhabitants ; burned 
 their houses, barns, and mills, marking their route 
 with a general carnage and desolation. Elated with 
 these successes, they then advanced towards Pisca- 
 taqua, doing the same mischiefs at Oyster river, Sal- 
 mon Falls, Dover, and Exeter. Before winter the 
 English in this quarter sustained the loss of more 
 than sixty of their inhabitants, and nearly as many 
 buildings, besides the loss of cattle and all other 
 damages. 
 
 The Indians in those parts had real grounds of Reasonsot 
 complaint against the English, which they alleged thehostih- 
 
 as the reasons of their hostility. One Squando, sa- eastern In- 
 diana. 
 
 * Hutch, vol. i. p. 295. 
 
X44 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, chem of the Saco Indians, was the great incendiary 
 
 |_ in those parts. The rash and foohsh conduct of a 
 
 •1675. number of EngHsh seamen, gave him an affront which 
 he never knew how to pardon. They had heard it 
 reported, that the Indian children could swim as 
 naturally as an}" other young creatures. To make 
 the experiment, they either overset the canoe in 
 which his squaw and child were, or cast the child 
 into the river. The royal mother instantly dove to 
 the bottom and brought up her babe unliarmed. But 
 sometime after it died, as il might have done had 
 no such insult been offered. But the sachem seem- 
 ed willing to impute its death to some injury which 
 it then received : and, by all means in his power, 
 sought an ample revenge. Beside this the Indians 
 about Cape Sables had received an injury of a more 
 criminal nature. A number of them had been enticed 
 on board a vessel, carried off, and sold into slavery.* 
 This fired them with just and universal resentment. 
 The legislatures of the colonies utterly disapproved 
 this conduct, and were not unwilling to redress their 
 injuries. But the enemy immediately commenced 
 hostilities, seeking redress by war, rather than by 
 negotiation. At the same time, they were instigated 
 and assisted by their French neighbours. 
 
 The Narragansetts, in direct violation of the treaty, 
 had given a friendly reception to Philip's men, and 
 other hostile Indians. It was believed, that during 
 the late troul^les they had been in actual hostility 
 against the colonics. They were supposed to have 
 two thousand warriors and nearly a thousand mus- 
 kets. Should they all engage in open hostility, in 
 the spring, and scatter, as they might, in all parts of 
 the country, it was judged that all the forces which 
 the colonics could bring into the field would not be 
 able to match the united strength of the enemy. In the 
 summer past, one com ])any after another had wasted 
 away. Future prospects \vere not more favourable. 
 
 • Hubbard's Namitivc, p. 2?1, 232,233. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J45 
 
 The commissioners of the united colonies, therefore, 
 determined to march a thousand men, in the dead of 
 winter, into the Narragansett country, and to attack ~[^_ 
 the head quarters of the enemy. The Massachusetts 
 furnished a corps of about five hundred and thirty 
 men, consisting of six companies of foot and a 
 troop of horse, commanded by major Appleton. 
 Plymouth raised two companies under the command 
 of major Bradford. The corps from Connecticut 
 consisted of five companies, commanded by major 
 Treat. The whole was commanded by governour 
 Winslow of Plymouth. On the 18th of December, 
 the troops made a junction, at Pettyquamscot, about 
 sixteen miles from the enemy. The buildings had 
 all gbeen burned by the enemy a few days before 
 their arrival. Though the evening and night were 
 cold and stormy, yet the army were obliged to re- 
 main uncovered in the open field. The next morn- 
 ing at the dawn of day, they began their march to- 
 ward the enemy, wading through the snow, in a se- 
 vere season, till one o'clock, without halting, without 
 fire to warm, or food to refresh them, excepting what 
 was taken upon tlie march. By this time they had swamp 
 nearly reached the seat of the enemy. This was a fight.Dec. 
 rising ground in the centre of a large swamp, forti- ^^^'** 
 fiedvvith palisade and compassed with a hedge without, 
 of nearly a rod's thickness. The only entrance which 
 appeared to be practicable was over a long tree five 
 or six feet high. This opening was commanded, in 
 front by a log house, and by a flanker on the left. 
 As the army entered the skirts of the swamp the ene- 
 my commenced a sudden i^re on the advanced par- 
 ties, retiring before them till they were led to the 
 very entrance. The captains with great spirit led on 
 their men, mounted the tree, and entered the fort. 
 But they were so galled from the block house, and 
 received such a furious and well directed fire, from 
 almost every quarter, that they were obliged to re- 
 tire without the fort. Captains Johnson and Daven- 
 port of the Massachusetts, who led the van, with ma- 
 VoL. I. 19 
 
146 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ny Other brave men, were shot dead upon the tree. 
 ^^^ The Connecticut corps which formed in the rear, 
 1675 coming up fresh to the charge, entered the fort and 
 dro\ e the enemy from the log house and flanker.* 
 This so checked their fire, on those who were advanc- 
 ing to sup])ort the front, that they came on with less 
 danger. Such numbers soon poured in upon the en- 
 emy, that after a sharp and bloody action they were 
 driven from the fort. As they retired the soldiers 
 set fire to their wigwams. Five or six hundreds of 
 which were instantly consumed. Their corn stores, 
 old men, women, and children perished in the con- 
 flagration. The loss of the enemy was 300 warri- 
 ors slain, 350 taken prisoners, and 300 women and 
 children. It was nevertheless a dear bought victory. 
 Six brave captains fell in the action. Not less than 
 eighty were either killed or mortally wounded. 
 About 150 were wounded, who afterwards recover- 
 ed, f After this fatiguing march and sharp action, 
 of three hours, the army, in the dusk of the evening, 
 left the fort and carrying their dead and wounded, 
 marched back to head quarters. Hie night was cold 
 and snowy, and numbers of the v/ounded, who oth- 
 erwise might have recovered, perished with cold and 
 the inconveniencies of so long a march. After ly- 
 ing tlie preceding night in the open field, besides the 
 exertions of this long and hard fought battle, the ar- 
 my in less than twenty four hours, marched through 
 snow and a pathless wilderness, between thirty and 
 forty miles. The courage exhibited and hardshijjs 
 endured are hardly credible, and rarely find a paral- 
 lel in ancient or modern ages. The season was so 
 severe that many of the men were frozen and their 
 limbs much swollen. The Connecticut troops ia 
 their route to the army, and march homewards, kill- 
 ed and captivated more than forty of the enemy. The 
 Massacluisetts troops remained in the country most 
 of the winter. They captivated a considerable num- 
 
 * Maiuiscripls of tlie Rev. Thomas Riigjjlcs. 
 t Hubbard's Nar. p. 108 ; and Hutch, vol. i. p. 299 to 305. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 147 
 
 ber of the enemy, brought in their corn, burned their chap. 
 
 wigwams and stores ; but did nothing brilliant orde- ]_ 
 
 cisive. ^ 167&. 
 
 Meanwhile the enemy were not idle. The latter 
 end of January they drove off from one man sixteen 
 horses, fifty neat cattle, and two hundred sheep. The 
 next month the Nipmuck and Narragansett Indians, Feb. loth. 
 fell upon Lancaster, plundered and burnt most of 
 the town, and either killed or carried into captivity 
 forty of the inhabitants. About twenty days after 
 they made an assault on Medfield, slew twenty men, 
 and laid nearly half the town in ashes. March was a 
 month of still greater disasters. The towns of 
 Northampton and Springfield, of Chelmsford, Gro« 
 ton, Sudbury, and Marlborough, in the Massachu- 
 setts, and of Warwick and Providence, in Rhode- 
 Island, were assaulted : and some of them j^artly and 
 others totally destroyed. Many of the inhabitants 
 were killed and others led away into a miserable cap- 
 tivity. Captain Pierce, with fifty English and twen- 
 ty friendly Indians, was drawn into an ambush and 
 surrounded with a numerous body of the enemy, 
 who slew every Englishman and the greatest part of 2511^ * 
 the Indians. Two days after the enemy made an 
 attack on Rehoboth ; burnt forty dwelling houses, 
 besides barns and other buildings. In April, cap- April 
 tain Wadsworth, marching with fifty men, to the re- 
 lief of Sudbury, was surrounded by the enemy and 
 slain with his whole party. The success of the ene- 
 my was now at its height. Their affairs soon took a 
 very different turn. 
 
 Captain George Dennison of Stonington, with a nu m- 
 ber of volunteers from Connecticut, and a party of 
 friendly Indians, made several successful excursions in- 
 to the Narragansett country, in which he killed and cap- 
 tivated a hundred and twenty of the enemy. This suc- 
 cess was rendered much more important on account of 
 the slaughter of a number of their chief captains, 
 and the capture of Canonchet, the chief sachem of 
 all the Narragan setts. He was the son of the great 
 
148 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, sachem Miantonimo, inheritor of all his pride, inso- 
 
 lence, and hatred against the English. 
 
 J575 Major Talcot marching with the Connecticut 
 
 troops, from Norwich to make a junction with the 
 Massachusetts forces at Brookfield, killed and capti- 
 vated sixty of the enemy. Eighty more were not long 
 after killed or taken, by the Connecticut detach- 
 ments, which had been left at Norwich and Stoiiing- 
 ton, for the defence of that part of the colony. The 
 Massachusetts and Plymouth soldiers, in ranging the 
 country after Philip, killed and took a hundred and 
 fifty more. In a short time between four and five 
 hundred of the enemy were killed and made prison- 
 ers. They were now hunted, distressed, and broken 
 in every quarter. One chief was killed and taken 
 after another. A complication of evils conspired 
 to effect their destruction. 
 
 In the winter and spring, their com, beans, pro- 
 visions, and wigwams had been prett}' generally de- 
 stroyed. They had not been able to plant or fish, 
 as usual, for their subsistence. By lying together in 
 swamps, feeding on horse flesh and on groundnuts, 
 which in the summer are soft and unhealthful, they 
 began to be swept off by various diseases. So dis- 
 tressed were they with famine, so harrassed and 
 broken by the English, who hunted them from 
 swamp to swamp, and from one lurking place to 
 another, that, in July and August, they came in some- 
 times two or three hundred in a week and surrendered 
 themselves to the mercy of the conquerors. On the 
 12th of August Philip himself was killed by a par- 
 ty under captain Church, that famous partisan. This 
 was a finishing stroke. Of the scattering parties 
 which remained many were soon captivated, others 
 surrendered themselves, and numbers fled to the 
 French and to Indians of strange and distant nations. 
 By the close of the year, the peace of the west- 
 ern and middle parts of New-England, was again 
 tolerably well restored. 
 
UNITED STATES Or AMERICA. 149 
 
 At the eastward however the war was continued chap. 
 
 till the spring of 1678. The preceding summer '_^ 
 
 captain Swett was defeated and slain. Sixty of his Apriii2th, 
 men were left with him on the field. The victo- 1578. 
 rious enemy the same summer surprised and took 
 about twenty fishing vessels, with their crews, and 
 made them an easy prey. Their success continued 
 until most of the settlements were swept away and 
 the country was reduced to their dominion.* The 
 English agreed to make the Indians a small acknowl- 
 ment annually, for their lands. Thus peace was 
 once more restored, and the inhabitants returned to 
 their deserted settlements. 
 
 Very great indeed were the losses sustained by this ^^"^gjj^"^ ' 
 predatory war. Nearly 600 of the inhabitants, the the war. 
 greatest part of wliom were the flower of the coun- 
 try, either fell in battle, or were murdered by the 
 savages. Many others were led away into a most 
 miserable captivity. Most of the country was in 
 deep mourning. There was scarcely a family or 
 individual who had not lost some relative or friend. 
 Twelve or thirteen towns were wholly destroyed, 
 and others greatly damaged. About 600 buildings, 
 chiefly dwelling houses, were consumed with fire.f 
 An almost insupportable debt was contracted by the 
 colonies, at a time when their live stock and all oth- 
 
 * Belknap's H. vol. i, p. 157, 159. 
 \ This statement of the loss of lives and buildings is made out, by 
 an accurate enumeration of the various numbers particularly men- 
 tioned, as lost, in the ancient histories of those times. But as there 
 were, doubtless, many lives lost of which there is no particular ac- 
 count, so the loss of lives must have been greater than is here stated. 
 The loss of buildings will still much more exceed the number specified. 
 The ancient histories rarely mention the number of barns, stores, and 
 out houses which were burned : and, sometimes they notice the burn- - 
 
 ing of parts of towns and of the buildings in such and such a tract, with- 
 out any specification of the numbers. The whole number of inhabi- 
 tants, at this time, in New-England, probably, did not exceed 60,000. 
 Estimating five to a family, and every fifth person to be a soldier, they 
 amounted to 12,000 families ; and to the same number of fencible 
 men. Agreeably to this estimation nearly one family in twenty were 
 burnt out ; and the country sustained the loss of nearly a twentieth 
 part of their fencible men. This war, probably was not less distress- 
 ing or impoverishing to the United Colonies, than the late war has 
 been to the United States. 
 
150 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, er resources had suffered a very great diminution. 
 
 The whole of this loss and expense was borne solely 
 
 by the colonies. 
 
 Various providential circumstances rendered this 
 scourge of the heathens less terrible than otherwise 
 it might have been. The christian and friendly In- 
 dians gave early notice of the plots and designs of 
 the enemy. This probably preserved the New- Eng- 
 land colonies from such massacres as were perpe- 
 trated on their southern neighbours. They had warn- 
 ing and time to put themselves into a state of de- 
 fence. The Mohegans and Pequots, who had been 
 suffered to incorporate with them, continued entire- 
 ly friendly during the war. Large numbers of them 
 served under the Connecticut officers and performed 
 very essential services. Many of the christian In- 
 dians bore a faithful part in the war ; and they all 
 continued peaceable. The capture of the Narragan- 
 sett fort, the destruction of the stores and dwellings 
 of the enemy, in that severe season, was a blow from 
 which they never recovered. In the height of the 
 war the Mohawks fell upon Philip and slew about 
 fifty of his warriors. When affairs began to turn 
 against the enemy they fell into divisions and sep- 
 arated. Some to conciliate the English and obtain 
 good terms for themselves betrayed their fellows, 
 and took arms against them. By these means the 
 war was brought to a speedy issue ; and terminated 
 in the total reduction and overthrow of the Indians 
 in New-England. At the same time it opened a 
 wide door to extensive settlement and population. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ]51 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Customs imposed on the colonies by act of parliament. The adminis- 
 irat.ion of Major Andros. Both oppress, and create general unea- 
 siness. Claims of the Major on Connecticut. The colony make opposi- 
 tion and protest against his conduct. The Virginians distressed by 
 the acts of trade, and government at New-York ; the people are 
 thrown into tumult ; Bacon excites rebellion. Its unhappy conse- 
 quences. Andros' treatment of the Jerseys. Quowarrantos are is- 
 sued against the New-England charters. The oppressive administra- 
 tion of Sir Edmund Andros. Sir Edmund seized by the people at 
 Boston. Joy excited by the accession of William and Mary to the 
 throne of Britain. 
 
 W HILE the united colonies were engaged in a bloody ^^^^• 
 and arduous war for the possession of the soil and ___/_ 
 defence of every thing dear to men, they had other 
 enemies to combat, who were sapping the very foun- 
 dations of their government and liberties. All the 
 colonies were soon sensibly injured by their influence, 
 and the impolitic and arbitrary measures of the king 
 and parliament. As early as 1672, customs were impos- 
 ed on the colonists, to be collected by revenue offi- 
 cers resident among them for that purpose. By the 
 act of 25th of Charles II. for the better securing of the 
 plantation trade it was ordained, " That if any vessel 
 wliich by law may trade in the plantations, shall take on 
 board any enumerated commodities, and a bond shall 
 not have been given with sufficient security to un- 
 lade them in England, there shall be rendered to his 
 majesty, for sugars, tobacco, ginger, cocoa nut, indi- 
 go, log\v'ood, fustic, cotton wool, the several duties 
 mentioned in the law, to be paid in such places in the 
 plantations, and to such officers as shall be appointed 
 to collect the same : and for their better collection, 
 it is enacted, that the whole business shall be manag- 
 ed and the imposts be levied by officers appointed 
 by the commissioners of the customs in England." 
 The colonists considered the act as injurious, impol- 
 itic, arbitrarv, and cruel ; and on various accounts 
 
152 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^^v^' ^^'^^"^ Utterly opposed to its nature and influence. 
 
 The colonies were poor and greatly in debt, on the 
 
 account of their Indian wars. They needed encour- 
 agement and assistance. At such a time to be load- 
 ed with customs was oppressive and cruel. It was 
 the more injurious, as duties were imposed on all 
 the enumerated articles when exported only from 
 one plantation to another, no less than when ex- 
 ported to foreign ports. The injury was still in- 
 creased, in that the revenue arising from the act 
 was not applied to the benefit of the plantation in 
 \vhich it was raised, but entirely conveyed away for 
 the benefit of others. Indeed the act seemed to 
 serve no other purposes than to burden trade, dis- 
 tress the colonies, and create a good income to the 
 officers. For half of the duties went to the collector, 
 and a quarter to the comptroller, the other fourth 
 was sub-divided into salaries till it was swallowed 
 in the vortex of office. At the same time, the 
 colonies considered the act as a contravention of 
 their charters ; and, as they had no representation in 
 parliament, inconsistent with their natural rights as 
 Englishmen. Governour Nicholson of Maryland 
 wrote to the board of trade, "I have observed that a 
 great many people in all these provinces and colonies, 
 especially in those under proprietaries, and the two 
 others under Connecticut and Rhode Island, think 
 that no law of PLn eland ousfht to be in force and 
 ' binding to them without their own consent ; for they 
 foolishly say, they have no representatives sent from 
 themselves to the parliament of England ; and they 
 look upon all laws made in England, that put any 
 restraint upon them, to be great hardships." On all 
 these accounts the colonists were utterly opposed to 
 the act, and were willing by all means to prevent 
 its operation. For several years they paid very little 
 attention to its requirements. As the commission- 
 ers increased their profits, in proportion to the sums 
 they collected, they were zealous for enforcing the 
 act. The evasion and obstinacy of the colonies, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 153 
 
 awaking their resentments, they commenced spies chap. 
 
 and complainers, constantly acting against, and in- _^ 
 
 juring them, in their most essential rights. 1573 
 
 After the pacification with the Dutch, major Ed- 
 mund Andros was appointed governour of New- 
 York : and in October, 1674, the Dutch resigned 
 the government to him. He was a man of arbitrary 
 principles, and high notions of government, breath- 
 ing the same spirit with the duke of York and his 
 royal master. Therefore though New- York was re- 
 gained, yet the inhabitants were nevertheless enslav- 
 ed. He admitted them to no share in the legislature, 
 but governed them by laws to which they nev- 
 er had given their assent. Such was the degree of 
 servitude to which he degraded the colony, that it 
 gave to persons of all denominations universal dis- 
 satisfaction. But New- York was not the only gov- 
 ernment, which felt the weight of his oppression and 
 despotism. Connecticut and other colonies felt its 
 mischievous influence. 
 
 About two years after king Charles had confirmed 
 the ancient boundaries of Connecticut, granted in 
 the old patent to lord Say and Seal, lord Brook, &c. 
 by his ro}'al letters patent, he made a grant of all the 
 territory west of Connecticut river, as far as Delaware 
 bay, to his brother the duke of York and Albany ; 
 together with all the islands, which had been so re- 
 cently granted by him to the colony of Connecticut. 
 In consequence of the possession which the Dutch 
 afterwards had of the country, the validity of this 
 grant was rendered doubtful. The duke therefore, 
 after the pacification with the Dutch, took out a new 
 grant of the same territory. By virtue of this, major Major Ah^ 
 Andros claimed jurisdiction over all that part of ^i^ims iu- 
 Connecticut west of the river ; and coming into the i isdiction 
 river's mouth, with an armed force made a demand [[1,^°""'^^' 
 of the fort at Say-Brook. 
 
 The governour and council having previous no- 
 tice of his designs, despatched captain Bull with a 
 number of bold men to Snv-Brook, at all hazards to 
 
 Vol. I. -20 
 
154 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, clefend tlie fort and country against him. A special 
 
 ^ assembly was called on tlje 9th of July, 1675. The 
 
 16-5 assembly unanimously protested against his claims 
 The as- and proceedings, and warned him at his peril to 
 prSeit a ^^^^^^t from his attempts against the colony. They 
 gainst i>is declared that they would use their utmost exertions 
 conduct, to defend the good people of the colony against his 
 attempts. They prohibited all his majesty's sub- 
 jects, of the colony of Connecticut, from attending, 
 countenancing, or obeying the said major Andros, 
 or any under him, in any order, instruction, or com- 
 mand contrary to the laws of the colony, as they 
 should answer it at their peril.* 
 
 Captain Bull conducted the business of his com- 
 mission with great address and resolution. Major 
 Andros hoisted the British flag on board his ship, 
 and drawing up before the fort, with all appearances 
 He de- of hostility, demanded. That it should be delivered 
 fbrtatVav^ to him as his majesty's governour. Captain Bull 
 brook. ' erected the British standard in the fort, and made 
 proper dispositions for a vigorous defence. His 
 men appeared wTth the best countenance, prompt 
 and determined to execute their orders. Both par- 
 ties, however, were unwilling to fire on his majesty's 
 colours and subjects. The major finding, that an 
 attem])t to possess himself of the fort, by force, might 
 be hazardous and bloody, had recourse to strata- 
 gem. He imagined that if he could obtain admit- 
 tance on shore, and read his commission, it might 
 prevent all furtlier opposition. He therefore made 
 propositions of an amicable intervie^v on shore. 
 Captiiin Bull apjirehcnsive of his designs conducted 
 the affiiir with such vigilance and firmness as entire- 
 ly to defeat them. The major, though defeated in 
 his attempts, could not but admire the man, who had 
 executed his trust with such fidelity and heroism. 
 It is therefore reported, that understanding his name 
 to be Bull, he declared, That it was a pity, that his 
 hprns were not tipped with silver. The assembly 
 
 * Rccord.s of llie colony of Connecticut. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I55 
 
 of Connecticut considered this attempt of the major chap. 
 as a gross injury and insult. The spirit of the peo- ^^' 
 pie on this occasion will appear in a proclamation is- iqj^ 
 sued under the great seal of the colony, which con- 
 tained the following declaration : " Forasmuch as 
 the good people of this, his majesty's colony of Con- 
 necticut have met with much trouble and molesta- 
 tion from major Edmund Andros, his challenge and 
 attempts to surprise the main part of said colony, 
 which they have so rightfully obtained, so long pos- 
 sessed and defended against all invasions of Dutch 
 and Indians, to the great grievance of his majesty's 
 good subjects in their settlements ; and to despoil 
 the happy government, by charter from his majesty 
 granted to themselves, under which they have en- 
 joyed many halcyon days of peace and tranquillity, 
 to their great satisfaction, and the content of his maj- 
 esty graciously expressed by letters to them, so 
 greatly engaging their loyalty and thankfulness, as 
 makes it intolerable to be put off from so long and 
 just settlement under his majesty's government by 
 charter."* Major Andros finding that the people of 
 Connecticut were utterly opposed to his government, 
 and determined to resist it to the last extremity, 
 gave the matter up, and made no further attempts on 
 the colony. 
 
 However the people of New- England had their 
 enemies both on this and the other side of the water, 
 who were busily employed in measures subversive 
 of her governments and liberties. Complaints were 
 exhibited against them in England, and inquiries 
 set on foot by which they were continually harassed. 
 Complaints were exhibited, by Gorges and Mason, 
 against the Massachusetts, respecting the extent of 
 their patent lines and government. Edward Ran- 
 dolph from year to year, exhibited complaints against 
 the united colonies, for their opposition to his maj- 
 esty's commissioners, and non-compliance with the 
 
 * Records of the colony of Cannecticiit. 
 
tgg A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, acts of trade. Notwithstanding the distresses and 
 ^^' impoverishment of the war, his majesty required 
 1675 ^^^^^ agents should be sent over to England to answer 
 to the matters alleged against them. He reprimand- 
 ed the colonies for their non-compliance with the 
 acts of trade. The colonies had indeed, for the rea- 
 sons which have been mentioned, declined an obser- 
 vation of them. But on receiving express injunc- 
 tions fiom his majesty, that the acts of trade and 
 navigation should be punctually observed, acts were 
 made providing for a punctual conformity to them. 
 These acts on the account of the tobacco trade very 
 greatly injured Virginia and Maryland. The Vir- 
 ginians were the most stanch royalists of any sub- 
 jects in the colonies. In 1642 the assembly by a 
 formal act declared, " That they were born under 
 monarchy, and would never degenerate from the con- 
 dition of their births, by being subject to any other 
 government." So highly agreeable was this act, that 
 when it was presented to the king, he gave the col- 
 ony the fullest assurances that they should always be 
 immediately dependent upon the crown, and that their 
 form of government should never be changed. They 
 resisted the government of the parliament, and of the 
 Lord protector, till by force they were reduced to 
 obedience. After the death of the protector's govern- 
 our, Matthews, they set up governour Berkley, and 
 with one unanimous voice declared that they would 
 venture their lives and fortunes for king Charles. 
 Sir William Berkley assumed the government ; and 
 proclaimed Charles the second, king of England, 
 Scotland, France, Ireland, and Virginia. He caused 
 every process to be issued in his majesty's name ; 
 so that he was king in Virginia before he was actu- 
 ally so in England.* Fortunately for the Virgini- 
 ans, the restoration soon followed ; otherwise they 
 would not have escaped a severe chastisement. 
 
 ♦ Hiatorj of Novth America, in llic New American Mag. p.250,251. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 157 
 
 Notwithstanding this singular attachment to royal- chap. 
 ty, no colony more severely felt the mischiefs of a 
 
 despotic kingly government than Virginia. In di- 1575 
 rect contravention of their rights by charter, the col- 
 ony was split into parts, and conveyed away in pro- 
 prietary grants. These were not grants barely of 
 uncultivated woodlands, but of plantations, which 
 for many years had been improved under the coun- 
 tenance and encouragement of kings and charters. 
 These grants began to be put in execution nearly at 
 the same time with the acts of trade and navigation. 
 The Virginians remonstrated against these grants. 
 The assembly of Virginia drew up a humble address Burdens 
 to his majesty complaining of them, as derogatorj'^f "[. ^^F^. 
 the precious charters and privileges granted to that ans. 
 colony by his majesty and his royal progenitors. To 
 defray the expense of prosecuting the affair before 
 his majesty, a tax of fifty pounds of tobacco was 
 laid on each poll during the term of two years. 
 Amercements were also laid of thirty, fifty, and sev- 
 enty pounds of tobacco, agreeably to the nature of 
 the cause, on every law case tried in the colony. 
 The low price of tobacco, these taxes and amerce- 
 ments all united their influence, with the duties im- 
 posed by tlie acts of trade and navigation, to distress 
 the colony. The poor people were not able, by the 
 effects of their industry, to feed and clothe their 
 wives and children. After waiting under all these 
 pressures, for a considerable time, there was no en- 
 couragement from their agents in England, that 
 they should ever be eased of their heavy impositions. 
 These created such great and general uneasiness, as 
 rendered the people almost desperate. 
 
 Another unhappy circumstance served to augment 
 their miseries. While the Dutch held New York 
 the Virginians drove a very profitable trade with the 
 Indians. But after the English became the posses- 
 sors, and understood ihe advantages of the trade, ihcf 
 took measures to draw it off from Virginia to New 
 York. Thcv so disaffected tlie Indians towards the 
 
158 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, Virginians that instead of coming amicably among 
 
 them, for trade, as had been usual, they began to 
 
 rob and murder them.* So that an Indian war was 
 added to their other calamities. Under this com- 
 plication of evils the people became tumultuous, 
 collected in large bodies, running from one planta- 
 tion to another, without a leader or any proper ar- 
 Coi.Bacon raneremcnt. At Icnp^th one colonel Bacon, a bold 
 beiHon. activc youug man, of a good education, handsome 
 presence, and powerful elocution, was chosen their 
 general. He had been brought up at one of the 
 inns of court in London ; and on account of his ex- 
 traordinary qualifications, had been chosen into the 
 cOTincil, before he had been three years in the coun- 
 try ; and was held in great honour and esteem among 
 tlie people. He gave his followers the strongest as- 
 surances, that he would never lay down his arms, 
 until he had avenged their suiferings, on the Indians, 
 and obtained a redress of all their grievances. 
 Among his followers, there was a perfect unanimity, 
 and they were all at his devotion. His preparations 
 were soon completed, and having despatched a mes- 
 senger to governour Berkley, to send him a commis- 
 sion to go against the Indians, he began his march 
 depending on the authority and influence of the peo- 
 ple. But very contrary to his expectations, the gov- 
 ernour instead of sending him a commission sent 
 positive orders, that he should dismiss his men and 
 come down to him in person, on pain of being de- 
 clared a rebel. Bacon however, depending on his 
 strength, and interest with the people, determined 
 to prosecute Iiis designs. Though he did not dis- 
 miss his men, yet taking about forty, on whom he 
 could depend, he went down in a sloop to Jamestown 
 lo wait on the f^overnour. He found him with his 
 council. But the colonel's matters not succeeding 
 agreeably to his wishes, he expressed himself so 
 warmly that the goveniour suspended him from the 
 
 • Hist. N. America in llic New American Magazine, p. 256, 257 
 and Bcvcrlov's liist. p. 61 lo 68. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. X59 
 
 ii:ouncil. Upon this he went off, in a rage, with his chap. 
 
 sloop and men. Tlie governour pursued him, and 
 
 adopted such measures, that he was taken at Sandy iqjq 
 Point and sent down to Jamestown. The govern- 
 our had gone beyond his instructions in suspending 
 him ; he therefore now kindly received, and gladly 
 admitted him again to his council. He hoped, that 
 by this all matters might be quieted. But colonel 
 Bacon still insisted upon a commission, to be gener- 
 al of the volunteers, and to go out against the In- 
 dians. In vain did the governour labour to dissuade 
 him from his purpose. He had the fortune to be 
 countenanced in his importunity by the news of fresh 
 murders and depredations committed by the Indians. 
 But as he could not carry his points by fair means, 
 he got privately out of town, and putting himself at 
 the head of six hundred volunteers, marched direct- 
 ly to Jamestown, where the assembly were then sit- 
 ting. Drawing up his men before the house, in which 
 the assembly were convened, he presented himself 
 to the members, urged his preparations, and alleg- 
 ed that if the commission had not been so long de- 
 layed, the w^ar against the Indians, might have been 
 finished. In these circumstances the assembly judg- 
 ed it most expedient to grant his commission ; and 
 the governour, though with great reluctance, put 
 his hand to the instrument, which constituted him 
 general of the forces of Virginia. Colonel Bacon hav- 
 ing gained his point, immediately marched off his 
 men. But no sooner were they at such a distance, 
 as that the assembly judged it safe to proceed against 
 him, than they advised the governour to issue a 
 proclamation of rebellion against him. A proclama- 
 tion was issued commanding his followers to deliver 
 him, and immediately disperse themselves. At the 
 same time, orders were given for raising the militia 
 of the country against him. But the people were so 
 exasperated by their burdens, and general Bacon had 
 such an entire dominion over their hearts, that they 
 unanimous! V resolved, that an hair of his head shoiild 
 
ICO A GENERAL HISTORY OF THfi 
 
 CHAP, j-iot be touched, and much more that they would noL 
 
 deliver liim up as a rebel. They therefore kept their 
 
 1676. i^rms, and instead of proceeding against the Indians, 
 marched back to Jamestown. Their fury was now 
 directed against all, who were in opposition to their 
 measures. The governour was obliged to flee over 
 the bay to Accomack. Hither he hoped the infec- 
 tion of Bacon's rebellion had not spread. But even 
 here the people, instead of receiving him with open 
 arms, in remembrance of his former good services, 
 began to make terms with him for the redress of 
 their former grievances, and for freeing the trade 
 from the burdens and embarrassments laid upon it by 
 acts of parliament. Thus Sir William, who had 
 been almost the idol of the people, M'^as, by reason 
 of their burdens and jealousy, in a great measure 
 abandoned. For some time he could make no head 
 against Bacon, who ranged through the country at 
 Aug-. 3d. pleasure. He first called a convention, and after- 
 wards issued Vv^rits, signed by himself and four of 
 his council, and convoked an assembly. By this 
 time the governour had collected a small party, and 
 furnished them with sloops, arms, and ammunition. • 
 The command was given to major Robert Beverly, 
 who crossed the bay to oppose tlie malecontents. 
 Thus civil war commenced, skirmish after skirmish 
 happened, in which some were killed and others 
 wounded. While the parties were thus laying waste 
 their infant country, and destroying one another, it 
 pleased the Supreme Ruler, to put an end to these 
 mischiefs, by the natural death of general Bacon. 
 The rebels, having lost their head, soon fell into 
 confusion and began to disperse. Lieutenant gen- 
 eral Ingram, and major general Walklate surrender- 
 ed on condition of pardon for themselves and foUow: 
 ers. The generals, though j^ardoned, were obliged 
 to submit to the incapacity of never bearing ofliee in 
 the country for the future. The people returned to 
 their habitations, and internal peace was again restor- 
 ed to the pro\inec- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 161 
 
 Terrible were the effects of this civil dissension, chap. 
 Jamestown was burnt to the ground, by Richard ^^' 
 Lawrence, one of Bacon's seditious captains. Great j^-g 
 havock was made among the stocks of cattle ; and, 
 during the insurrection, there was an almost total 
 neglect of husbandry ; so tliat the people had the 
 dreadful prospect of famine.* 
 
 The Indians taking advantage of the confusion in- 
 to which the colony was thrown, so desolated the 
 frontiers and murdered the inhabitants, that for near- 
 ly thirty years afterwards the improvements were ex- 
 tended but very iitde further than at the time of the 
 rebellion. Nor did the unhappy consequences 
 of the rebellion end here. The governour had writ- 
 ten to England for a regiment of soldiers to be sent 
 over to suppress the insurrection. After the colony 
 was quieted, they came over, and were kept on foot 
 in the country about three years. With them were 
 sent commissioners, to inquire into the occasion and to 
 take cognizance of the authors of the rebellion. Soon 
 after their arrival Sir William Berkley made a voy- 
 age to England, where he died not long after his ar- 
 rival. 
 
 About the year 1679 lord Culpepper was sent 
 ever governour, with certain laws, drawn up by the 
 ministry in England, to be enacted by the assembly 
 in Virginia. Miserable indeed was the dilemma to i-ord Cul- 
 which the Virginians were now reduced. For though prrs^ses"^'" 
 his lordship had instructions to pass an act of pardon theVir- 
 for all who had been in the late rebellion, yet, it was S"^'^^*- 
 on condition, that the assembly should first pass the 
 laws, ^vhich he had brought over from the British 
 ^ministry. On their refusal, he had commissioners 
 ready to try and hang them as rebels ; and a regi- 
 ment of soldiers on the spot, to support him in these 
 faithless and arbitrary proceedings. Having the lives 
 of the planters in his hand, it was not difficult for 
 him to eft'ect his purposes. One of the laws brought 
 
 * Beverlc\'.3 hist. p. 69 to 75. 
 VoT,. J\ 21 
 
162 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THfi 
 
 over, Avas an act, for raisin i^ a public revenue for the 
 support of government. The act made the duties 
 1679. perpetual, to be at the sole direction of his majesty, 
 for the supj)ort of government. When he had 
 effected this, he obtained out of the duties a salary of 
 two thousand pounds annually, instead of one thou- 
 sand, which had been the usual allowance. He also 
 obtained a hundred and sixty pounds annually for 
 house rent. Besides, he demanded of every vessel 
 under a hundred tons, twenty shillings, as a duty, 
 and thirty shillings for all above that burden, to be 
 paid to him, as a perquisite, by the captain of the 
 vessel, for every voyage at port clearing. It had 
 been customary for captains of vessels to make pres- 
 ents to the governour of liquors and other articles for 
 house keeping, but he obtained a certain sum, and 
 made it perpetual.-^ 
 , He also oppressed the people by causing them to 
 
 receive a light coin in payments, at the same rate 
 with that which was full weight. This oppression 
 he continued for his own emolument, till the peo- 
 ple began to treat him in his own way, by paying 
 the duties and his perquisites in the same light pieces. 
 By this practice they caused the law, by which he had 
 compassed this mischief, to operate against him, 
 and in this way obtained its repeal. 
 
 While these matters were transacted in Virginia, 
 inij^ortant events were taking place in the Jerseys and 
 in New-England. One half of the province of New- 
 Jersey belonged to lord Berkeley. In 1674, he made 
 a conveyance of this half to John Fenwick, in trust 
 for Edward Billinge and his assigns. The next year 
 nunt of Fenwick came over with a number of families and 
 AVcstNcw servants and began the settlement of West Jersey, on 
 1675^^' '^ ^^^^^^ ^^"^^ l^lcasant tract, which he named Salem. 
 Some of the i)rincipal planters, who came with Fen- 
 wick, were Edward Champness, Edward and Samu- 
 el Wade, John Smith, Sanuiel Nichols, Richard 
 
 ' Hist, of N. America ]Mihlislied in the Magfuzine, p. 257 to 2C>2; and 
 Bcvci-ley's liisl. p. 76 and 7S'. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 163 
 
 Guy, Noble, and Hancock. Billinge agreed to pre- chap. 
 sent his interest, in the province of New Jersey, to 
 
 his creditors, as he could make them no other satis- iq^g. 
 faction. WiUiam Penn, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicho- 
 las Lucas, were appointed trustees, to dispose of the 
 lands for that purpose. In 1676, they agreed upon Divisiorial 
 a division with Sir George Carteret. The divisional ^'"^' 
 line ran from the east side of Little Egg Harbour 
 directly north, through the country, to the utmost 
 branch of the river Delaware. All that part on the 
 east of said line was New East Jersey, and all on the 
 west of it was called New West Jersey.* There 
 subsisted a difference between Fenwick and Billinge, 
 which seems, for nearly two years, to have retarded 
 the settlement. At length the trustees, by their 
 good offices effected a composition. The West Jer- 
 sey was divided into one hundred proprieties ; ten 
 of which were conveyed to John Fenwick, for his 
 satisfaction, relative to the purchase which he had 
 made of lord Berkeley. The ninety remaining parts, 
 were sold for the benefit of the creditors of Billinge. 
 Two companies of friends, one in Yorkshire, and 
 the other in London, purchased considerable shares 
 in West Jersey. In June 1677, about a hundred 
 and thirty passengers, belonging to these companies, 
 arrived at Neu'- Castle. They landed at Rackoon 
 creek, where the Swedes had made some scattering 
 settlements. For want of houses they were obliged 
 to stow away their beds and furniture in hovels, 
 cow^stalls, and the like miserable apartments. In 
 these poor shelters they suffered many inconvenien- 
 ces. Commissioners were sent over by the proprie- 
 tors to make purchases of the Indians, to inspect the 
 rights of those who claimed property, and to direct 
 the affairs of settlement. They made three consid- 
 erable purchases of the Indians ; and after exploring 
 the country, both companies agreed to settle a town 
 on the island called Chygoes, vvkich they named 
 
 • Smith's hist. N. Jersey, p. 79, 80, and to 89. 
 
164 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 IV. 
 
 1680. 
 
 Free con- 
 stitution. 
 
 Andres u- 
 surps gov- 
 rnimentin 
 the Jer- 
 seys, 
 
 Imposes 
 duties at 
 the Hoar- 
 kill. 
 
 Burlington. Many of them, at first, lived in 
 wigwams built in the Indian manner. They sub- 
 sisted chiefly on Indian corn and venison, with which 
 they were supphed by the Indians. 
 
 Their constitution of government secured to them, 
 in the amplest manner, which words could well ex- 
 press, both civil and religious liberty. No tax, as- 
 sessment, nor duty whatsoever, might on any pretence 
 be imposed on the province or the inhabitants of it 
 but what should be imposed by the general assem- 
 bly.* But, besides all the hardships of settling a 
 new country, the people of the Jerseys, soon very se- 
 verely felt the dreadful effects of arbitrary power. 
 Powers of government had been as fully granted by 
 the duke of York to lord Berkeley and Sir George 
 Carteret as the soil, and they had made an ample 
 grant of both to the proprietors. Neither the duke, 
 nor his governour, had any colour of right either to 
 soil or government. Yet major Andros, governour 
 of New York, usurped government both in East and 
 West Jersey. He obliged the commissioners for 
 the settling and general government of the West 
 Jersey, to receive a commission from him to act 
 as magistrates in that jurisdiction. He threaten- 
 ed to defend the government against them, by 
 the sword, before he would suffer them to gov- 
 ern by their own right. John Fenwick neglect- 
 ing to take out a commission from him, with respect 
 to the government of his tenth, was arrested and car- 
 ried prisoner to New York.f Nay, Andros carried 
 the matter so far, that in 1680 he disputed the com- 
 mission of governour Carteret of East New Jersey, 
 and sending an armed force siezed him, at Elizabeth 
 Town, and carried him prisoner to New York.J Be- 
 sides all these violences he imposed a duty of 10 per 
 cent, on all goods imported at the Hoar-kill, and 5 
 per cent, on the settlers at their arrival, or afterwards, 
 at the officer's plep.oure. This duty was not upon 
 
 • Smith's hist. N. Jersey, p S2&. 1 1^'^^' P- ^'i- * ^^'^'^- P- 68. 
 
•UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 1^5 
 
 the neat cost of the goods, but upon the foot of the in- chap. 
 
 voice as shipped in England.* Nothing could be ]__ 
 
 more illegal and arbitrary than this act. This con- i^qq 
 duct strongly marks the character of the duke of 
 York, who was at the bottom of this business, as a 
 covetous, designing knave and merciless tyrant. 
 When complaints were made to him of this oppres- Com- 
 sion and cruelty, he still put the matter off, referring ^^^'"^^^j, ^*' 
 it to commissioners, when he could not but know them, 
 that he had made the fullest conveyance of all pow- 
 ers of government to the proprietors, who had made 
 the purchase of the country. The proprietors were 
 put to the trouble and expense of appearing before 
 the commissioners. The sum of the arguments Argu- 
 presented to the duke's commissioners against the ments 
 customs were. That the king granted to the duke thelmpo- 
 of York a tract of land in America, with such pow- sition. 
 ers and authorities as were necessary to govern and 
 preserve the territory when planted : That the duke, 
 for a competent sum of money, had sold, and in as 
 ample manner granted the country to the lord John 
 Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, as it had been 
 granted by the king to the duke : That " in the 
 conveyance made to them powers of government 
 were expressly granted." They say, " That only 
 could have induced us to buy it ; and the reason is 
 plain, because to all prudent men, the government of 
 any place is more inviting than the soil ; for what is 
 good land without good laws; the better the' worse: and 
 if we could not assure people of an easy, and free, 
 and safe government, both with respect to their spir- 
 itual and worldly property, that is, an uninterrupted 
 liberty of conscience, and an inviolable possession of 
 their civil rights and freedoms, by a just and wise 
 government, a mere wilderness would be no encour- 
 agement : for it were a madness to leave a free, good, 
 and improved country, to plant in a wilderness ; and 
 there adventure many thousands of pounds, to give 
 
 * Smith's hist. N. Jersey, p. 116. 
 
[65 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, an absolute title to another person to tax us at will 
 
 '_ and pleasure." "Natural right and human ])rudence, 
 
 1680. appose such doctrine all the world over ; for what 
 is it but to say that people free by law under their 
 prince at home, are at his mercy in the plantations 
 abroad." The king's grant to the duke of York is 
 restrictive to the laws and government of England. 
 Now we humbly conceive it is made a fundamental, 
 in our constitution and government, that the king of 
 England cannot justly take his subjects' goods with- 
 out their consent. This needs no more to be prov- 
 ed than a principle ; tis Jus indigeiie, an home born 
 right, declared to be law by diverse statutes, as in 
 the great charter, eh. 29, and 34. Ed. III. ch. 2 ; 
 again, 25 Ed. ch. 7. Upon this were many of the 
 parliament's complaints grounded, particularly that 
 of the same king's reign. To give up the power of 
 making laws is to change the government, to sell or 
 rather resign ourselves to the will of another ; and 
 that for nothing : for we buy nothing of the duke if 
 not the right of colonizing, with no diminution, but 
 expectation of some increase, of those freedoms and 
 privileges enjoyed in our own country. We hum- 
 bly say, that we have not lost any part of our liberty, 
 by leaving our country, but we transplant to a place 
 with express limitation to erect no polity contrary to 
 the government (of England,) but as near as may be 
 to it ; and this variation is allowed, but for the sake 
 of emergencies ; and that latitude bounded widi 
 these words,yor the good of the planter or adventiirery 
 They urged that custom, in all governments, was laid 
 upon trade, not uj)on planting, not upon going to a 
 man's habitation and carrying home families and pro- 
 perty ; not for hazarding in the improvement of a 
 wilderness : and that the custom imposed on them 
 was without precedent or parallel : That it was not 
 to be found in the duke's conveyance, but was an af- 
 ter business : That, had they foreseen it, they would 
 rather have taken up in any other plantation in 
 America. Besides, they say, "there is no end of this 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA- Jgy 
 
 power ; for since we are by this precedent assessed chap. 
 
 without any law, and thereby exckided our English " 
 
 right of common assent to taxes ; what security jggj 
 have we of any thing we possess ? We can call 
 nothing our own, but are tenants at will, not only 
 for the soil, but for all our personal estates. This sort 
 of conduct has destroyed government, but never 
 raised one to any true greatness."* 
 
 These arguments and representations clearly de- 
 monstrate the sentiments of the first settlers of the 
 country relative to taxation, and the rights of Eng- 
 lishmen in the colonies, as well as in Great Britain. 
 In support of these arguments the authors of them 
 quote not only magna charta and various acts of the 
 ancient kings of England, but authorities from Brac- 
 ton, Fortesque, and the Petition of Rights. The com- 
 missioners to whom the duke referred the matter, it 
 seems, judged the customs illegal and oppressive. 
 For the}^ were immediately taken off, after the matter The ca^* 
 had a hearing before them. Edward Billinge was toms^tak. 
 appointed governour. He appointed Samuel Jen- 
 nings deputy governour ; and as the West Jersey was 
 by this time become populous, he summoned a gener- 
 al assembly, November 25th, 1681. This assembly First as- 
 enacted a number of laws, which were to be funda- semblyiR 
 mental to themselves, and to their posterity. They jg^gj^^^ 
 were not to be violated by any person, nor upon any "1681. 
 pretence. These ordained, that there should be an- ^"""^^ 
 nually a general, free assembly, chosen by the free laws. 
 people of the province : That the governour should 
 not defer the signing and sealing of the acts of the 
 assembly : That he should not, on any account raise 
 war, or any military force within the province ; nor 
 prorogue, nor dissolve the assembly, nor enact any 
 lav/, nor impose any custom, nor raise money without 
 the consent and concurrence of the general assem- 
 bly.f These also ordained, that no assembly should 
 give to the governour of the province any tax or 
 
 * Smith's his*.. N, Jersey, p. 117, 123. f Iblrl. p. 126,1 2S,12!\ 
 
1681. 
 
 igg A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CH A. custom, for a longer time than one complete year ; 
 ^^* That all officers of trust should be nominated by the 
 general assembly : and that no man should be con- 
 demned or hurt, without the judgment of twelve ju- 
 rymen. 
 
 During these transactions in the southern and mid- 
 dle colonies, affairs were growing worse and worse 
 in New-England, and rapidly advancing to an unhap- 
 py crisis. As early as the year 1678, Randolph, that 
 busy tool of government, came over with powers 
 from the commissioners of the customs, to make 
 seizures and exhibit informations, for breaches of 
 the acts of trade. In 1681, he obtained a commis- 
 sion from the crown, to be collector, surveyor, and 
 searcher of the customs in New-England. His 
 measures and complaints were highly injurious and 
 distressing to the colonies. Bv reason of complaints 
 exhibited by him and others, the province of Mas- 
 sachusetts had been at the expense of supporting 
 two agents in England for nearly the term of three 
 years. Connecticut hud sent an agent who was tak- 
 en by the Algerines. On the return of the agents 
 of the Massachusetts they were required immediate- 
 ly to send over others. They excused themselves 
 from sending a second time ; pleading the dangers of 
 the sea, the great losses which they had sustained by 
 the Indian war; and that they were loaded with such 
 a debt in consequence of it, as, in a manner, rendered 
 them incapable of the expense. But, this year, they 
 received a letter under his majesty's sign manual, in- 
 timating his displeasure that agents had not been 
 sent over; and requiring that thc}^ should be sent 
 within three months from the reception of his letter. 
 Agreeably to his requisition, agents were appointed, 
 and sailed in May, for England. A public fast Avas 
 appointed, throughout the colony, to pray for the con- 
 tinuation of their charter and the success of their 
 agency. The New-England colonies all addressed 
 his majesty, in the most suppliant manner, for the 
 continuation of their charters and privileges. But 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 169 
 
 addresses however suppliant, with him had no ef- chap. 
 
 feet. He demanded a surrender of their charters, ^ 
 
 and a submission to the royal pleasure, with respect ^^q^. 
 to such alterations in their mode of government, as 
 should be necessary for his service. The agents of 
 the Massachusetts represented the case of the colony 
 as desperate, and left it with the court to determine 
 whether it were most advisable to suffer a quo war- 
 ranto to issue, or to submit to his majesty's pleas- 
 ure. The city of London and Bermudas had refus- 
 ed, and quo warrantos had been issued against them. 
 Many cities had submitted to the royal pleasure. It 
 was not difficult to discover thr»t his majesty was 
 determined in violation of charters, compacts, the 
 constitution, and rights of the people, to assume all 
 government into his own hands. In this state of 
 affairs, the agents, probably, thought that the Mas- 
 sachusetts would be able to determine what would 
 be most expedient.. Upon the intelligence which 
 they had given, this became the great question, 
 not only in the general court, but through the colo- 
 ny, whether they should submit, or not. The gen- 
 eral determination was, not to die by their own 
 hands. The agents were instructed " to make no 
 concessions of any privileges, conferred upon the 
 colony by charter." On the reception of this final 
 resolution of the court, the agents found that their 
 business was at once accomplished. There was an Q}io "w^ar* 
 immediate determination, that a quo warranto should ga'inst^the 
 be issued against the charter. Randolph, who by charier of 
 all means in his power, had for several years been ^^^gg^'tg 
 attempting the subversion of the New-England gov- i683. 
 ernments, was to be the messenger of death, and of 
 his own triumphs. 
 
 The agents arrived at Boston the 23d of October, 
 1683. The same week Randolph arrived with the quo 
 warranto, and a declaration from his majesty, that if the 
 colony, before prosecution, would make full sub- 
 mission and entire resignation to his pleasure, he 
 would regulate the charter for his service and their 
 
 Vol. I. 22 
 
170 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, good, with no other alterations than should be ne- 
 ^^ cessary for the support of his government in the col- 
 1683 ^"y* '^^^^ governour and major part of the assist- 
 ants despairing of success in a suit with his majesty, 
 voted humbly to lay themselves at his feet, in sub- 
 mission to his pleasure.-^' But the deputies adhered to 
 their former resolutions, determining not to be their 
 own executioners. A scire facias was received, by 
 the colony, the next September; but the time of 
 their appearance at Westminster, was elapsed be- 
 fore the reception of the writ : and judgment was 
 entered against their charter. 
 1685. In 1685, the attorney general was directed, by an 
 
 order in council, to bring writs of quo warranto 
 against Connecticut and Rliode Island ; which colo- 
 nies, it seems, had been impeached of high misde- 
 meanors. The next year the writs were served on 
 both the colonies. Rliode Island resolved, in gener- 
 al assembly, not to stand suit with his majesty, but 
 wholly to submit themselves and their charter to the 
 royal pleasure. 
 
 Connecticut received intelligence of the writ issu- 
 ed against their charter before its arrival. A spe- 
 cial assembly was convened, on the 6th of July, to 
 consult what measures to adopt in this important 
 crisis. A letter was addressed to his majesty couch- 
 ed in the most loyal and submissive language, be- 
 seeching his majesty to pardon their faults in govern- 
 ment, and continue them a distinct colony, with the 
 indulgence of their civil and religious privileges. 
 They pleaded their charter, the indulgence of his 
 royal brother, and his commendation of the colony. 
 They besought his majesty to recal the writ whidi 
 they heard had been issued against their charter.f 
 Soon after the writ arrived and was served by Ran- 
 dolph. This occasioned another special assembly, 
 on the 28th of the same month. The assembly ap- 
 pointed Mr. White their agent to appear for diem 
 
 • Hutch, hist. vol. i. p. 336, 339. 
 t Recordeof the colony of Connecticut, vol. iii.p. 182, 183 
 
UNITED STATES GF AMERICA. 17J 
 
 in the court of Britain, to certify his majesty of the chap. 
 quo warranto, to pray his majesty to stop all further '^' 
 proceedings in law against the colony, and pray to be ^^^y. 
 continued distinct and entire. They instruct their 
 agent to make a full representation of the great inju- 
 ry, which a division of the colony might be to the 
 inhabitants. They pray that if they might not be 
 continued a distinct colony, that there might be a 
 continuation of their properties, houses, lands, and 
 religious privileges. Their agent wrote them that 
 if they would defend their charter at law, they must 
 send over one or more of their own number for that 
 purpose. The assembly voted against sending an 
 agent, thanked Mr. White for his past services, and 
 desired him to continue his good offices in favour of 
 the colony. The assembly considered their case as June l5tb. 
 desperate. Affairs were managed in die court of 
 king James in such a lawless, haughty, and despotic 
 manner, that it was with reluctance, that agents made 
 their appearance in it, to solicit favours, or even to 
 defend the lawful and natural rights of the subject. 
 Propositions had been made to Connecticut of an- 
 nexing them either to New- York or the Massachu- 
 setts. In a letter, written with reference to the sub- 
 ject, they prayed for the continuance of their privi- 
 leges ; but if these might not be continued, to be 
 annexed to the Massachusetts. This was judged a 
 surrender of their charter. 
 
 As the colony of New- Plymouth, had only a patent 
 from the great Plymouth company, without powers 
 of government from die king, their only support was 
 his approbation. They acted therefore with great 
 circumspection. They were in high favour with 
 king Charles the second. After the conquest of 
 Philip, he made a grant of mount Hope, the princi- 
 pal seat of the Wampanoags to them, their heirs and 
 successors for ever. They prayed for charter privi- 
 leges similar to those of Connecticut ; and, from time 
 to time, were amused with assurances, that his majes- 
 ty v/ould grant their petition. While his majesty 
 
112 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, was violently infringing the rights of the whole na- 
 
 ' tion, and of the colonies in general, he was far 
 
 lesf). enough from granting such immunities to New-Plym- 
 outh. All New-England was despoiled of her liber- 
 ties and subjected to the despotic will of his majesty 
 and his commissioners. After all the hardships and 
 dangers they had endured in planting a wilderness, 
 after all their expense of blood and treasure, they 
 had no better security of life, liberty, or property, 
 Sir Ed- than the will of an unfeeling, bloody tyrant. 
 jTiund An- gjj. Edmund Andros, by commission from Ivins: 
 
 uros gov- J .,'•' p-vrT^i? 
 
 ernour of J'lrnes, was appointed governour oi New- England. 
 N. Eng, Just at the close of the year 1676, he arrived at Bos- 
 rived Dec. ^^n and liis commission was made public on the day 
 20th, 1 686. of his arrival. At the beginning of his administra- 
 tion the prospects were flattering. He made high 
 professions of his regard for the public good, and 
 gave directions to the judges to administer justice 
 according to the former customs. However, it is 
 well observed by governour Hutchinson, That 
 *' Nero concealed his tyrannical disposition more 
 years, than Sir Edmund and his creatures did 
 months." Very soon a restraint was laid on the 
 liberty of the press. One far more grievous still 
 was laid on marriages. Marriage was prohibited, 
 unless bonds were previously given, with sureties, 
 His op- ^^ ^^^^ governour ; which were to be forfeited, in 
 p;ession. casc there should afterwards appear to have been 
 any lawful impediment. Magistrates only were suf- 
 fered to join people in the bands of wedlock. The 
 people were menaced, that their meeting houses 
 should be taken from them, and that public wor- 
 ship in the congregational way should not be tol- 
 erated. Contrary to the wills of the proprietors, Sir 
 Edmund used one of the meeting houses, in Boston, 
 for the church service ; and threatened, if lie should be 
 refused, to shut up the doors, and to punish any man 
 who should give two pence towards the support of 
 ;i non-gonformist minister.* The fees of all officers 
 
 • Hutch, hist. vol. i. p. 355, 356. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 173 
 
 under this new administration were exorbitant. The ^^^^' 
 
 common fee for the probate of a will was fifty shil- 
 
 lings. The widow and fatherless, how distant soev- jgss. 
 er, were obliged to go to Boston to transact all busi- 
 ness relative to the settlement of estates. *^ This was 
 a grievous oppression of the widow and fatherless. 
 But these were but the beginnings of oppression and 
 sorrow. They soon had a wider spread and were 
 greatly increased. 
 
 The October after his arrival at Boston, Sir Ed- 
 mund made a visit to Connecticut, demanded the char- 
 ter, and assumed the government. The charter was 
 brought and laid on the table ; but, all on a sudden, 
 the lights were extinguished, the charter was carried 
 off and secreted. The general assembly were sit- 
 ting and closed their records in the manner follow- 
 ing: '' His excellency Sir Edmund Andros, Knight, Assumes 
 captain general and governour of his majesty's tcrrito- the gov- 
 ries and dominions in New-Ensrland, by order from e;'™«^"tof 
 
 o * J (J on II cell- 
 
 his majesty James the II. king of England, Scot- cut, Oct. 
 land, France, and Ireland, the Slst of October, 1687, 3i. i68r. 
 took into his hands the government of the colony of 
 Connecticut, it being by his majesty annexed to the 
 Massachusetts and other colonies under his excel- 
 lency's command."! 
 
 Having thus grasped the whole government of 
 New- England, it was soon given out, that as the 
 charters had been vacated, all titles to estates were 
 become invalid. Not the fairest purchases of the 
 soil from the natives, no dangers, labours, nor dis- 
 bursements, in subduing and cultivating a wilder- 
 ness, and turning it into orchards, gardens, and 
 pleasant fields, no grants by charter, nor declarations 
 of preceding kings, promising them the quiet en- 
 joyment of their houses and lands, no expense of 
 blood and treasure, nor fifty years quiet possession, 
 were pleas of any validity with Sir Edmund and 
 his creatures. The original purchasers and culti- 
 
 • Hutch, hist. vol. i.p. 358. |Recoi'ds of Connecticutj vol. iii. 
 
174 
 
 CHAP. 
 IV. 
 
 1688. 
 His op- 
 pression 
 grows 
 more In- 
 tolerable. 
 
 Colonics 
 petition 
 the king. 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 vators were obliged to make application to them, 
 who had not the least title to the lands, for new ])a- 
 tents. For these, in some instances, they required 
 a fee of fifty pounds. Writs of intrusion were 
 brought against persons of principal character, who 
 refused an application for new patents. Govem- 
 our Hutchinson observes with reference to the Mas- 
 sachusetts, that men's titles were not all questioned 
 at once. Had this been the case, according to the 
 computation then made, all the personal estate in the 
 colony would not have paid the charge of the new 
 patents.* At the same time. Sir Edmund, with four or 
 five of his council only, imposed taxes on the people at 
 pleasure. He and his courts also fined and impris- 
 oned the inhabitants, in the most unjust and arbitra- 
 ry manner. The selectmen of Ipswich for voting 
 *' That, inasmuch, as it is against the privileges of 
 English subjects to have money raised without their 
 consent, in an assembly or parliament, therefore they 
 would petition the king for liberty of an assembly 
 before they make any rates," were imprisoned and 
 fined some twenty, some thirty, and some fifty 
 pounds, as the judges, instructed by Sir Edmund, 
 saw fit to determine. t Some of the principal men 
 in the Massachusetts were imprisoned for renion- 
 strating, in an address against the taxes as a public 
 grievance. The people were also denied tlie benefit 
 of the act of habeas corpus. Under these lawless 
 and cruel proceedings the most humble and loyal pe- 
 titions were addressed to his majesty, from the colo- 
 nies, from towns and corporate bodies, that he would 
 (luiet thein in the possession of all property, both in 
 houses and lands ; and, after praying for the privi- 
 lege of assemblies until they found, that his majesty 
 was determined that there should be no more assem- 
 blies in New-England, they supplicated him, that 
 the council might consist of such persons as should 
 be considerable proprietors of lands, and that there 
 
 Hutch, hist. vol. i. p. 359, 
 
 t Hutch, p. 365, 366, 
 
tTNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 171^ 
 
 xnight be one such in every county. As Sir Ed- 
 mund paid no attention to the majority of his coun- 
 cil, but imposed such laws and taxes as he, and Ran- 
 dolph, and three or four more of the same character 
 judged most for their purposes, they also prayed, 
 that no acts might pass for law, but such as should 
 be voted by the majority of the council. One of the 
 petitions closeth in this suppliant language : " Royal 
 Sir, we are a poor people, and have no way to 
 procure mone}^ to defend our cause in the law, 
 nor know we of friends at court, and therefore unto 
 your royal majesty, as the public father of all your 
 subjects, do we make this our humble address for 
 relief, beseeching your majesty graciously to pass 
 your royal act for the confirmation of your majesty's 
 subjects here, in our possessions to us derived from 
 our late governour and company of this your majes- 
 ty's colony. We now humbly cast ourselves and 
 the distressed condition of our wives and children at 
 your majesty's feet, and conclude with that saying of 
 queen Esther, If we perish, we perish." 
 
 But in the reign of king James the second, neither 
 the most reasonable and humble petitions from New, 
 nor the warmest solicitations from Old England, 
 were of any avail. Sir Edmund too well knew the 
 disposition of his prince to fear any complaints or 
 petitions, which might be exhibited against him. 
 Matters were therefore carried with a high hand. 
 Randolph, in his letters, made his boast, " that the} 
 were as arbitrary as the great Turk." Massachu- 
 setts was the principal seat of this despotism and 
 suffering. The other colonies were less obnoxious. 
 As Sir Edmund and his principal abettors had their 
 residence chiefly at Boston, the other New-England 
 colonies were much less under their inspection and 
 influence. But there was in them all for more than 
 two years, a total suppression of all charter govern- 
 ment. Their state was indeed distressful. Their 
 enemies triumphed, and all probable means of relief 
 
 CHAP. 
 IV. 
 
 1688. 
 
X76 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, failed them. Their case appeared as hopeless as it 
 ^^' • was distressing. But in the midst of darkness light 
 1688. sprang up. While in vain they made their com- 
 plaints and prayers to men, Providence wrought glo- 
 riously for their and the nation's salvation. On the 
 5th of November, 1688, the prince of Orange landed 
 at Torbay, in England, and immediately published 
 his declaration. A copy of it was received at Bos- 
 ton the April following. The fire which had 
 been long kindling now burst forth into a violent 
 
 The eo- ^^^^^• 
 
 pie fly to The people flew to arms, and possessed them- 
 arms.take selvcs of the castle, of the fortifications in Boston, 
 mund into *^^^^ the Rosc frigate of forty guns, in which Sir Ed- 
 custody mund had arrived from England. Sir Edmund, 
 1689.^ ^ Randolph, and such others of his council and abettors, 
 as had made themselves most obnoxious, were tak- 
 en into custody. The whole number consisted of 
 fifty persons. -The old magistrates were reinstated, 
 while their haughty oppressors were committed to 
 close confinement. When the people once more 
 saw their former venerable governour Bradstreet 
 among their rulers, they filled the air with their ac- 
 clamations. The influence of the former magistrates 
 was of absolute necessity to preserve the peace of 
 the country. The people rushed into town in such 
 heat and rage, as made all tremble for fear of the 
 consequences. With difliculty it was, that the mag- 
 istrates were able to satisfy the people without put- 
 ting Sir Edmund in irons. But such was their ven- 
 eration for those who had governed them in their 
 better days, that through their influence no blood 
 was shed, nor any considerable mischief done. Let- 
 ters were immediately despatched to the other colo- 
 nics acquainting them with the transactions at Boston, 
 
 Connecii- ^" ^^^^ ^^'^ °^ ^^^y ^'^^ colony of Connecticut re- 
 cut and sumed their ciiarter and government. About the 
 Rhode isl- same time Rhode Island also resumed their charter, 
 suniiitheir and procccdcd in their usual forms of government. 
 charttis. j,j (hc Massachusctts the governour and magistrates 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I'T^ 
 
 wJio had been chosen in 1686, at the desire of the chap. 
 people, and for the conservation of their peace and ^^' 
 safety, took on them the administration of govern- ;^ggg 
 ment agreeable to the charter, till there should be an 
 orderly settlement of the government in England. 
 
 King William and queen Mary were proclaimed 
 in England the 13th of February, 1689. Advice of 
 it was received at Boston on die 26th of the suc- 
 ceeding May. Never were more joyful news re- 
 ceived in New- England. The bands of oppression 
 were loosed, the fears of the people subsided, and 
 hope and joy brightened every countenance. The 
 quo warrantos were judged to be illegal, and a vote 
 passed the house of commons for the restoration of 
 the charters. By a letter from his majesty, to the colo- 
 ny of the Massachusetts they were authorized to ex- 
 ercise government according to their ancient charter 
 until a new one should be granted. At the same 
 time an order was received, that Sir Edmund An- 
 dros, Randolph, and others, who had been put under 
 confinement, should be sent to England to answer 
 for such misdemeanours as should be alleged 
 against them.* 
 
 Thus while the glorious revolution, by William 
 ctnd Mary, saved three kingdom^ from popery and 
 despotism, it brought an equal salvation to America. 
 It is ever to be considered as a grand event, in prov- 
 idence, by which the religion and liberties of the 
 United States have been preserved. Its influence, 
 doubtless has not been small in the late memorable 
 revolution. Had James succeeded in his measures 
 he would probably have established the religion of 
 the Romish church and slavery, not only in England, 
 but in the colonies. The colonists would have been 
 reduced to such poverty and ignorance, and their 
 spirits would have been so enslaved and broken, 
 that they never would have enterprised the late rev- 
 ©lution, nor have risen to their present importance 
 
 * Hutch, hist . vol. i p. 388, 390, 391. 
 
 Vol. I. 23 
 
173 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 and glorw It was an era which our fathers saw 
 with great gladness and thanksgiving ; and it will 
 ever challenge the devout and grateful acknowl- 
 edgements of their posterity. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The firet assembly in New York. King James' treatment of the col- 
 ony Leisler's usurpation. The settlement of New Hampsliire, and 
 its separation from the Massachusetts. The settlement of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Tlie counties on the Delaware are become a distinct jurisdic- 
 tion. Revolution in the Jerseys. Intrigue and corruption in the 
 government of Carolina. Abuse of the French protestants. Estab- 
 lishment of episcopacy, and persecution of the dissenters. 
 
 Treat- DURING almost twenty years from the reduction 
 went of Qj New York the people were allowed no part in leg- 
 of NeT' ^ islation or government. In 1681, the dissatisfaction 
 York. of the colony became so great and universal, that the 
 council, the court of assizes, and the corporation of 
 New York made a joint application to the duke for a 
 participation in the government. The duke, not- 
 withstanding his peculiar aversion to assemblies, the 
 next year, gave encouragement that he would allow 
 them an assembly. In 1682 colonel Dungan was 
 appointed governour. He had instructions for the 
 calling of an assembly. This was to consist of a 
 council of ten, and of a house of representatives, 
 chosen by the freemen, consisiing of eighteen mem- 
 bers. The assembly was empowered, to enact laws 
 for the pcoj)lc, agreeable to the general jurispru- 
 dence of the realm of England. However, they 
 were not to be of any force witliout the ratification 
 of the proprietary. The views of the duke, in granting 
 an assembly, were not for the advancement of pub- 
 lic liberty and happiness ; but for his own private 
 ends. He was in expectation, that the inhabitants, 
 by this measure, would be induced to raise money 
 for the discharge of the public debts, and provide 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICTA. 179 
 
 such a fund in future as might be sufficient for the chap. 
 
 maintenance of the garrison and the government. '^ 
 
 On the arrival of governour Dungan, in 1683, an 
 assembly was convoked. As the people, then in- 
 habiting the province, consisted of various nations, 
 this assembly, to give them equal privileges, passed 
 an act of general naturalization. Two other acts 
 were also passed : one declarative of the liberties of 
 the people ; and another for defraying, for a limited 
 time, the necessary charges of government. The 
 legislature was convened again the next year. These 
 seem to have been the only assemblies convoked m 
 New York before the revolution. 
 
 No sooner was the duke made king of England 
 than he refused to confirm the privileges, to which 
 he had agreed in a humbler station. He once more 
 reduced the province to the deplorable condition of 
 a conquered people. With her sister colonies she 
 felt the iron yoke of a despotic administration. 
 
 Colonel Dungan, his governour, was a professed 
 Roman catholic, and, under his countenance, pa- 
 pists began to settle in the colony. The collector 
 of the revenues and several principal officers threw 
 off the mask and openly avowed their attachments 
 to the Romish faith. A Latin school was set up un- 
 der a tdacher suspected to be a Jesuit. The whole Theirgen- 
 colony began to tremble for the protestant cause, ^nd unea" 
 A general disaffection to the government prevailed sjness. 
 among the people. Before the arrival of gov- 
 ernour Dungan the inhabitants on Long Island, 
 who were principally from Connecticut, and 
 had enjoyed the mild government of that colony till 
 the reduction of New York, had been so disgusted 
 with the government of colonel Nichols, as to threat- 
 en the total subversion of the public tranquillity. 
 To extinguish the fire of discontent, impatient to 
 burst into a general flame, governour Dungan, on 
 his first arrival, assured them, that no laws nor taxes 
 should be imposed, for the future, but by a general 
 assembly. But his sovereign soon after prohibiting as- 
 
18Q A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, semblies, they found their expectations disappointed, 
 ^' and they, with the people in general, became ripe for 
 an immediate revolution. 
 
 The news of the seizure of Sir Edmund Andros, at 
 Boston, gave a spring to the general disaffection, and 
 roused the people to action. Several captains of the 
 militia convened at New York, to concert measures 
 in favour of the prince of Orange. Among these 
 Leisler's the most active was Jacob Leisler. He possessed a 
 tron'^^^ moderate fortune, and was in reputation among the 
 people, but far from possessing those qualifications 
 necessar)' for great and shining actions. Jacob Mil- 
 bom, his son-in-law, directed all his counsels, Avhile 
 he held an absolute control over the officers. Their 
 first plan was to seize the garrison. This was guard- 
 ed every night by the militia, a circumstance entire- 
 ly favourable to Leisler's designs. He entered it 
 with about fifty men and determined to hold it fear 
 the prince till the whole militia should join him. 
 
 Governour Dungan a little before this, had re- 
 signed the government to Francis Nicholson, the 
 lieutenant governour, and ^vas embarked in the bay 
 for England. The lieutenant governour, council, 
 and civil officers vigorously opposed Leisler. This 
 opposition, from gentlemen of principal figure in the 
 colony, at first, made many of his friends fearful of 
 openly espousing his cause. But on the third of 
 *^^^ ' June, 1689, he was joined by six captains and four 
 hundred men, in the city of New York, and by 
 another company of seventy, from East Chester. 
 These all signed a declaration, in which they mutu- 
 ally covenanted to hold the fort for the prince of Or- 
 ange. Nicholson and his party, finding themselves, 
 unable to contend with such an opposition, abscond- 
 ed, and Leisler took on him the supreme command. 
 No sooner did he receive the news of William and 
 Mary's accession to the throne, than he sent home 
 an address to their majesties, representing the griev- 
 wces of the people, the measures Avhich tlicy had 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ;[gj 
 
 taken for their own security, and recognizing their chap. 
 sovereignty over all the British dominions, ^' 
 
 Leisler's investiture of supreme power, and the jggg 
 probability that his conduct would meet the appro- 
 bation of his majesty, did not fail to excite the envy 
 and jealousy of the council and magistrates, who re- 
 fused to join in the glorious work of the revolution. 
 Hence sprang up in them and all their party, a deep 
 aversion to the man and all his measures. Colonel 
 Bayard and the mayor of the city were at the head 
 of the opposition. Finding it impossible to raise a 
 party against him in New York, they soon retired to 
 Albany and there employed all their influence to fo- 
 ment the opposition. 
 
 Leisler fearful of their influence, and to extin- 
 guish all jealousy in the people, judged it expedient 
 to admit several trusty persons to a participation 
 with him, in that government which the militia had 
 committed solely to himself. These were called a 
 committee of safety. In conjunction with them, he 
 exercised the government, assuming to himself 
 no more than the honour of president in their coun- 
 cils. 
 
 Meanwhile the people at Albany determined to Conven. 
 hold the garrison and city for king William inde- ^Ibany 
 pendent of Leisler. On the 26th of October they Oct. 26thv 
 formed themselves into a convention for that purpose. 
 They wrote a copy of their resolution, to a number 
 of the principal gentlemen in New York, assuring 
 them of their determination to maintain the garrison 
 for the king, and that they would not admit any men 
 from Leisler to command either in the garrison or 
 city. As the people both of New York and Alba- 
 ny had determined to hold their respective garrisons 
 for king William, till his definitive orders should ar- 
 rive, the great point was settled, and by whom they 
 should be holden was of no considerable importance. 
 To embroil the colony and sow the seeds of perpetu- 
 al hatred and animosity, on so trifling a point was 
 the height of madness. But such was the folly of 
 
182 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TH£ 
 
 CHAP, both parties, that they were determined to dispute 
 ^ the point. Tliis not only brought mischief on the 
 "jggp parties, but entailed great and lasting evils on the 
 province. 
 
 In December a letter arrived from the lords Car- 
 marthen and Halifax, directed " To Francis Nichol- 
 son, Esquire, or in his absence, to such as, for the 
 time being, take care for preserving the peace and 
 administring the laws, in their majesties province of 
 New York, in America." This letter bore date the 
 29th of July. It was accompanied with another^ 
 from lord Nottingham, which was written on the 
 thirtieth. This vested Nicholson with the chief 
 command, directing him to appoint as many of the 
 principal freeholders and inhabitants for his assist- 
 ants as he should judge expedient. It also requir- 
 ed him "To do every thing appertaining to the office 
 of lieutenant governour, according to the laws and 
 customs of New York until further orders."* 
 
 As the lieutenant governour was absconded, when 
 these letters came to hand, Leisler considered them 
 as directed to himself, and from this time took on 
 him the title and authority of lieutenant governour. 
 At the advice of the committee of safety he swore in 
 a number of gentlemen for his council. 
 
 All the southern part of the province, excepting 
 the inhabitants of the eastern part of Long Island, 
 now cheerfully submitted to his command. These 
 inhabitants had no aversion to Leisler, nor were they 
 in favour of any other party in the colony, but they 
 wished for an incorporation with Connecticut, 
 whence they had colonized, and the effects of whose 
 free and happy government they had formerly expe- 
 rienced. While they were privately soliciting Con- 
 necticut to take them under her government, they 
 gave Leisler such hopes of their submission as pre- 
 vented his taking arms against them. As soon as 
 ihcy found that Connecticut declined a compliance 
 
 ' Smilh's liist.Ncw Yovk, p, 60. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J03 
 
 with their wishes, they openly espoused the cause of chap, 
 Leisler. ^- 
 
 But as Albany held out against him, Milborn, his ^gg^ 
 son-in-law was commissioned to reduce it to obedi- 
 ence. On his arrival at Albany, great numbers of 
 its inhabitants armed themselves and repaired to the 
 the fort. This was commanded by Mr. Schuyler. 
 After haranguing the people, and finding that he 
 could make no impressions by the arts of persuasion, 
 Milborn, with about fifty men, advanced towards 
 the fort. Schuyler was supported not only by the 
 inhabitants, but by the Mohawks, who were then in 
 Albany, and devoted to his service. It was with 
 great difficulty, that he prevented either from firing 
 on Milborn and his party. Milborn, perceiving his 
 critical situation, retreated and soon left Albany. ^^^®' 
 But taking a more favourable opportunity, the next 
 spring, when that part of the country were distress- 
 ed, by an irruption of the French and Indians, he 
 carried his point. No sooner was he master of the 
 garrison, than most of the principal members of the 
 convention absconded. Mr. Livingstone a princi- 
 pal agent for the convention retired into Connecticut, 
 to solicit the aid of that colony for the protection of 
 the frontiers against the French and Indians. The 
 effects of the members of the convention were arbi- 
 trarily seized and confiscated. This so highly exas- 
 perated the sufferers, that their posterity can hardly 
 speak of those troubles without the bitterest in- 
 vectives against Leisler and all his adherents. 
 
 On the 19th of March, 1691, colonel Sloughter covr. 
 arrived at New York, in the capacity of the king's sioug^hter 
 governour. Though he had been commissioned the Merch^ 
 preceding year, and Leisler had sufficient informa- I9tii,i69i. 
 tion of his appointment, yet such was his intoxica- 
 tion with the love of power, that instead of congrat- 
 ulating the governour on his arrival and conciliating 
 his favours, he refused to surrender the fort to him, 
 or to release the lieutenant governour Nicholson and 
 colonel Bayard, whom he there held in imprison- 
 
Ig4 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. ment. These imprudent measures at once ruined his 
 
 '___ influence. From this moment, the governour be- 
 
 1691. came his enemy and joined the party against him. 
 He soon abandoned the fort and the governour im- 
 mediately took possession. Nicholson and Bayard 
 were released from their confinement and sworn of 
 his privy council. Leisler, Milborn, and many of 
 their adherents were apprehended. A commission 
 of over and terminer issued to Sir Thomas Robin- 
 son, colonel Smith, and others for their trials. 
 Trial of In vaiu did they plead the merit of their zeal and 
 
 LTmu. services for king William, after they had been mad 
 born. enough to oppose his governour. In vain did Leis- 
 ler plead, that the letters he had received authorized 
 him to act in the quality of lieutenant governour. 
 Something very singular appears both in his trial 
 and execution. The judges were so far from giving 
 their opinion on that part of his defence, which re- 
 spected the letters received from their lordships, 
 that they referred it to the governour and council, 
 Whether the letter from lord Nottingham, " or any 
 other letters or papers, in the packet from White- 
 Hall" could " be understood, or interpreted, to be 
 and contain, any power, or direction to captain Leis- 
 ler, to take the government of this province upon 
 liimself, or that the administration thereupon be 
 holden good in law ?" This was putting the prison- 
 ers, at once, into the power of their implacable ene- 
 mies, heated with resentment for recent injuries. The 
 Their con- ^nswcr was in the negative. Leisler and his son 
 demnation were Condemned to death for* high treason. Kxen 
 ueasSll ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ satisfy the enemies of these unhappy 
 men. They felt themselves so deeply interested in 
 their destruction, that they pressed the governour to 
 order their immediate execution. The governour 
 fearful of the consecjuences of such violent measures 
 against men, who had so vigorously appeared for the 
 king and so signally contributed to the revolution, 
 chose rather to defer their execution. Wlien there- 
 fore they found that the governour, by fiiir means, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J35 
 
 could not be persuaded into a compliance with their chap. 
 wishes, they, on design, invited him to a sumptu- ^' 
 ous feast ; and, when his reason was drowned in his 1591 
 cups, prevailed with him to sign their death warrant. 
 Before he recovered his senses, the prisoners were Execu- 
 executed.* These violent measures, drove many ^'""• 
 of the warm friends of the revolution, into the neigh- 
 bouring colonies. This was so detrimental to the 
 province, that it was found necessary, soon after, to 
 pass an act of general indemnity. The province 
 nevertheless was thrown into violent parties, which 
 for many years, greatly injured its general peace and 
 prosperity. 
 
 The revolution however restored to them, in com- 
 mon with their fellow subjects the natural rights of 
 Englishmen. Governour Sloughter convoked an Constitu- 
 ^ssembly which met on the 9th of April, 1691. NewYork" 
 This among other acts formed a constitution, or de- April, 
 claration of rights, which began their provincial code. ^^^^• 
 The principal articles were for substance. That the 
 kings of England only are invested with the right of 
 ruling this colony ; and that none can exercise any 
 authority over this province, but by the king's imme- 
 diate authority under the broad seal of the realm of 
 England : That the supreme legislative power and 
 authority, under the king, shall be in the governour, 
 council, and representatives of the people in general 
 assembly :t That the exercise and administration of 
 the government shall be in the governour and coun- 
 cil, with the consent, at least, of five of the council ; 
 to govern according to the laws of the province, or 
 in defect of them, by the laws of England : That 
 every year an assembly should be hoiden : That 
 during the sessions the representatives may adjourn 
 themselves and purge their own house. It was also 
 declared, that the laws of the assembly should con- 
 tinue in force, till disallowed by his majesty, or till 
 
 * Smith's hist New York, p 72- 
 f Before this time it had heen matter of dispute whether the col- 
 ony h:'d any right to an assembly. 
 
 Vol. I. 24 
 
186 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the time of their expiration. All trials were to he 
 by the verdict of t^velve men of the neighbourhood, 
 and every man to be judged by his peers. No tax 
 or imposition might be laid, but by the general as- 
 sembly. No freeman, tavern-keepers excepted, might 
 be compelled to entertain any soldier or mariner, un- 
 less in times of actual war. All lands in the province 
 were to be accounted as freehold, and inheritance in 
 free and common soccage, according to the tenure 
 of East Greenwich in England. All christians, 
 Roman Catholics excepted, behaving peaceably, 
 were to enjoy a free toleration.* 
 
 While the old colonies had been deprived of their 
 natural and charter rights, and were grievously suf- 
 fering under the heavy hand of despotism, New- 
 Hampshire was made a distinct jurisdiction. The 
 settlement of some parts of it was almost as early as 
 the settlement of New-Plymouth. Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges and captain John Mason, who were both mem- 
 bers of the great council of Plymouth, men of singu- 
 lar activity and enterprise, obtained several patents 
 of part, or of the whole of New- Hampshire. As 
 jje\v. early as 1621, captain Mason obtained a grant, from 
 Hamp. the council of Plymouth, of all the land from the riv- 
 ^ ""^' er Naumkeag, since called Salem, round Cape Ann 
 to the river Merrimack ; thence up each of those 
 rivers to the furthest head of it ; thence running from 
 the head of the one to the head of the other ; with all 
 the islands within three miles of the coast. The next 
 year a grant was made to Gorges and Mason jointly, 
 of all the lands between the rivers Merrimack and Sa- 
 gadehock, running back to the great lakes and river 
 of Canada. Under the authority of this latter grant, 
 the grantees, in conjunction with several London, 
 Bristol, Kxetcr, Plymouth, and other merchants, at- 
 tempted the establishment of a fishery and colony on 
 Its settle- thi' river Piscat;)qua. In the spring of 1623, David 
 rticnti623. Tliompsou, Edwitrd and William Hilton, with num- 
 
 • Douglass, vol. ii.p. 251, 252. King William about six years af- 
 ter repealed tliis law or declaration. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I37 
 
 bers of other people, furnished with all necessaries chap. 
 
 for a plantation, were sent over to accomplish the ' 
 
 design. They consisted of two companies and made j^j ^ywi. 
 two different settlements. One company landed on 1629. 
 the southern shore, at the river's mouth, erected salt 
 Avorks and the house termed Mason-Hall. The Hil- 
 tons, with their company, planted themselves eight 
 miles above, on a neck of land since named Dover. 
 
 Sometime after a number of scattered planters in 
 the Massachusetts desirous of making a plantation, 
 within the limits of the former grants, made a pur- 
 chase of the Indians of " all that part of the main 
 land bounded by the river Piscataqua and the river Mer- 
 rimack, to begin at Newickwannock falls, in Piscata- 
 qua river aforesaid, and down said river to the sea, 
 and all along the sea-shore to Merrimack river; and 
 up said river to the falls at Pantucket ; and from 
 thence upon a north west line twenty English miles 
 into the woods : and from thence upon a straight line 
 north east, till it meet with the main rivers that run 
 down to Pantucket falls, and Newickwannock falls 
 aforesaid ; the said rivers to be the bounds from the 
 thwart or head line to the aforesaid falls, and from 
 thence the main channel of each river to the sea to 
 be the side bounds ; together with all the islands 
 within the said bounds ; as also the isles of Shoals 
 so called." The Indian conveyance was made to 
 the Reverend John Whelewrith, Augustin Stor- 
 er, Thomas Wight, William Wentworth, and Thom- 
 as Leavit. Whelewrith was obliged by the condi- 
 tions, within ten years to begin a plantation at Squam- 
 scot falls. 
 
 The same year Mason obtained a new patent, un- 
 der the common seal of ihe council of Plymouth, of 
 the land " from the middle of Piscataqua river, and 
 up the same to tlie farthest head thereof, and from 
 thence north westward until sixty miles from the 
 mouth of the harbour were finished, also through 
 Merrimack river to the farthest head thereof, and so 
 forward up into the land westward, until sixty miles 
 
X8g A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, were finished ; and from thence to cross over land 
 ' to the end of sixty miles accounted from Piscataqua 
 river ; together with all islands within five leagues of 
 the coast." This tract comprehended the whole of 
 Whelewrith's purchase, and was called New Hamp- 
 shire.* 
 
 The same lands, and much more, had been con- 
 veyed, in prior grants, to Mason and Gorges. The 
 only reason therefore of this grant, seems to have 
 been, either to frustrate Whelewrith, or because the 
 other grants, either having not been witnessed or not 
 sealed, were considered as having no validity in 
 law. I 
 
 In 1638 Mr. Whelewrith, who had been banished 
 from the Massachusetts, on account of his antino- 
 mian tenets, with his adherents, began the settle- 
 Govern- ment of Exeter. By voluntary compact they form- 
 fbrmed b ' ^^ thcmselves into a body politic, chose their rulers 
 voluntary and cxcrcised government among thcmselves. The 
 compact, same year Hampton was settled, principally by peo- 
 ple from Norfolk in England. They were nearly 
 sixty in number, and had for their ministers Messrs. 
 Stephen Belcher and Timothy Dalton. 
 i640. Two years after, tlie inhabitants of Dover and 
 
 Portsmouth, after the example of Exeter, formed 
 themselves into a body politic, binding themselves 
 to submit to the laws of England and such others as 
 a majority of their number should enact. Another 
 voluntary government was formed at Kittery on the 
 north side of the river. But these governments 
 were but of short duration. The people were so di- 
 vided in opinion, so factious, and the government 
 was so weak, that they were soon convinced that it 
 afforded no prospect of permanent utility. The 
 most discerning among them therefore wished to be 
 under the protection and government of tlie Massachu- 
 setts. A treaty was concluded by which the part- 
 ners of the two patents resigned tlie jurisdiction of 
 
 • Belknap's hist. p. 12, 13, 14. j Hutch. Hist. vol. i. p. 113. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^89 
 
 tlie whole to the Massachusetts. Their junction chap. 
 
 with the Massachusetts was the more agreeable to _^ 
 
 that colony, by reason of a certain construction put dissolve 
 upon their charter limits, by which New Hampshire and unite 
 was included in them. A line drawn from east to ^^^^gj^ 
 west at the distance of "three miles to the northward chusetts, 
 of Merrimack river and of any and every part f/h\54i 
 thereof" will comprehend the whole of New Hamp- 
 shire and most of the province of Maine. But in 
 1679 the four towns of Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter, 
 and Hampton, were adjudged by his majesty in 
 council to be within captain Mason's claim. 
 
 The same year a commission was issued by his Separa- 
 
 •i . , T TT 1 • T • tion irom 
 
 majesty constitutuig New Hampshn-e a distmct gov- the Mas- 
 ernment. The commission appointed John Cut, sachusetts 
 Esquire, the first president of the province. The assembly, 
 first assembly in New Hampshire was in March March 
 1680. The assembly consisted of the president and i^th.ieso. 
 council, appointed by the crown, and of eleven rep- 
 resentatives from the four towns. By the commis- 
 sion the president might nominate his deputy and have 
 the assistance of nine counsellors. The continuance Consiitu- 
 of an assembly was during his majesty's pleasure, till, ^'''"• 
 by inconvenience arising from it, he or his heirs 
 should see cause to make an alteration. All laws 
 were to be approved by the president and council, 
 and then to be in force till disapproved by his maj- 
 esty, who had the prerogative of disannulling them 
 at pleasure.* 
 
 The president and council all belonged to the The sepa- 
 province, and were gentlemen of principal figure and at^reeabk! 
 influence among the people ; but the separation from 
 the Massachusetts was notwithstanding disagreeable 
 to themselves and to the people in general. Under 
 the government of the Massachusetts, for almost 
 forty years, they had enjoyed the privilege of 
 choosing their own rulers, and great harmony and 
 satisfaction, in an impartial and faithful government ; 
 
 * Belknap's hist. vol. i. p. 170, 172. 
 
X9Q A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. aii(3 they wished to continue in the enjoyment of the 
 
 same privileges, possessed by the other colonies in 
 
 1680. New- England. The president and council were 
 men of too much discernment not to discover, that 
 their appointment was not from any respect to them, 
 or favourable designs to the people, but only to give 
 a more facile introduction to a new mode of govern- 
 ment. This they knew was to serve particular pur- 
 poses, and would be a source of embarrassment and 
 distress. It was therefore, with great reluctance, 
 that they received and acted under their new com- 
 missions. They found themselves under an una- 
 voidable necessity of acting under them, to prevent 
 the appointment of others to the government, who 
 were entirely inimical to the province and to the 
 country in general. It was to a small, discontented 
 party, only, that the change of government was any 
 real gratification. 
 
 On the meeting of the assembly they took care 
 to express their sentiments relative to the change of 
 government, to assert their just rights, and form a 
 good system of laws. A letter was addressed to the 
 general court of the Massachusetts, with acknowl- 
 edgments of the kindness of that colony, in the pro- 
 tection and good government which they had experi- 
 enced under their jurisdiction. It assured them, 
 that their compliance with the present separation, 
 was so far from being agreeable to their o^vn wishes, 
 that it was merely in submission to divine Providence 
 and his majesty's commands. The first law which 
 the assembly enacted evinces, that it possessed the 
 same idea of the rights of freemen, which had been 
 generally entertained by all the assemblies in the sis- 
 ter colonies. It appeared not only to possess senti- 
 ments worthy of freemen, but courage, even in the 
 reign of Cliarlcs the second, to make an explicit de- 
 claration of them. The law was, " That no act, im- 
 position, law, or ordinance, should be made or impos- 
 ed upon them, but such as should be made by the 
 assembly and approved by the president and coun- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. igi 
 
 cil." But neither this nor any other law, could se- Chap. 
 cure the liberties of the people under an arbitrary ^' 
 prince, and the government of men of the same un- 7682~ 
 just and arbitrary spirit. In about two years the change of 
 • government was entirely changed. By the artifice s^"^^^^- 
 of Mason, and to serve his purposes, Edward Cran- 
 field was appointed lieutenant governour and com- 
 mander in chief of New Hampshire. To effect this 
 Mason surrendered to the king one fifth of the quit- J^"* 25i^. 
 rents which should become due on his lands, which 
 he secured to his majesty by a deed enrolled in the 
 court of chancery. These quitrents, with the fines and 
 forfeitures, which had arisen to the crown, since the 
 establishment of the province, and which might after- 
 ward arise, were appropriated to the support of the 
 governour. As they were sensible this was but 
 a precarious foundation, Mason mortgaged the 
 whole province to Cranfield for twenty one years, 
 as a security for the payment of one hundred and 
 fifty pounds annually for the term of seven years. 
 Cranfield's commission, which bore date the 9th of 
 May, vested him with powers of calling, adjourning, 
 proroguing, and dissolving general courts ; of nega- 
 tiving all acts of government, of suspending any of 
 his council, of appointing a deputy governour, 
 judges, and all officers, by his sole authority. He 
 had also the powers of vice admiralty.* Mason was 
 appointed one of the council. Most of the former 
 council were appointed with him. The sole design Desig-n of 
 of these novel powers was to facilitate the entry of this 
 Mason upon the lands, which others held by virtue *^'^^"^^- 
 of grants from the same authority, by which he 
 claimed ; who had made fair purchases of the orig- 
 inal Indian proprietors, had at their sole labour and 
 expense subdued a wilderness, defended their fami- 
 lies and estates against a savage enemy, and main- 
 tained their possession more than half a century. 
 His majesty seems, in effect, to have received a 
 
 " Belknap's hist. p. 188—191. 
 
192 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, bribe in favour of Mason. The governour^s sup- 
 
 port depended on putting Mason in possession of the 
 
 1683. province, at the expense of justice, mercy, and all 
 the designs of good government. If he failed in this 
 grand object he lost his support, and his majesty the 
 quitrents of one fifth of the lands. He \A'as clothed 
 with powers for such an extraordinary purpose ; and 
 he made no secret of his design, to enrich himself 
 by accepting the government. Within six days 
 after his arrival he suspended two of the old counsel- 
 Cran- lors. Not loug after he suspended a third and dis- 
 pressionr solved the assembly, because they did not comply 
 with his wishes. In a short time others were sus- 
 pended and the whole council modelled according to 
 his pleasure.* 
 February The govcmour, by advertisement, called upon the 
 i4tb. inhabitants to take out leases from Mason, or he 
 should certify the refusal to his majesty. Having 
 filled the judicial courts with officers, who would 
 favour his designs, suits were then instituted against 
 all the principal landholders in the province. As the 
 jurors were all interested persons, and as the cause 
 ought to have been determined by his majesty, and 
 not by a jury, they universally declined to make any 
 defence. Judgment was as universally given against 
 them. Cranfield did not stop here, but taxed the 
 people without their consent, and assumed legisla- 
 tive powers. He kept back the salaries of the min- 
 istry : not only such as were due after, but even 
 before, he came into the government. He threaten- 
 ed them with six months imprisonment for not ad- 
 ministering the sacrament according to the liturgy. 
 Cruelty to He required Mr. Moody minister of Portsmouth to 
 Mr. Moo- administer the sacrament to himself and some others 
 ^* ' according to tlie liturgy : and on his refusal he or- 
 dered a prosecution against him. By undue influ- 
 ence with the judges he obtained a sentence against 
 liim of six months imprisonment, without bail or 
 
 • Belknap*3 hist. vol. i. p. 190, 123. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 193 
 
 mainprize.* By said judgment his benefice was chap 
 
 declared to be forfeited to the crown. Nothing ^ 
 
 could liave been a more direct violation of liberty, i684, 
 of conscience, of law, or reason. Mr. Moody was 
 not episcopally ordained, and therefore could not, 
 without an open violation of law, administer the sa- 
 crament according to that mode. He received no 
 maintenance by virtue of the statutes of England : 
 and besides, the king's commission granted liberty of 
 conscience to all protestants, and the governour, by 
 his commission, was obliged to protect them in its 
 undisturbed enjoyment. Besides these violences, 
 Cranfield imprisoned the inhabitants without law, or 
 any just cause; exacted exorbitant charges, and 
 even ventured to alter the value of silver money. 
 Under these grievous oppressions, the people des- 
 patched an agent, with complaints against him, to 
 his majesty. On a hearing before the lords of trade, ^^^^' 
 March 10th, 1685, their lordships reported to his 
 majesty, " That Cranfield had not pursued his in- 
 structions with regard to Mason's controversy ; but 
 instead thereof had caused courts to be held and ti- 
 tles to be decided with exorbitant costs ; and that 
 he had exceeded his power in regulating the value 
 of coins." He had the year before suspended Ma- 
 son's suits till the question respecting the legality of 
 the courts should be decided. By the report of the 
 lords of trade, these were determined not to be agree- 
 able to his instructions. His majesty excepted the 
 report. The great controversy therefore, between 
 Mason and the inhabitants of the province, remained 
 in the same state of suspense and uncertainty, in 
 which it was, when Cranfield was appointed to the 
 government. After all his artifice and oppression, 
 he was baffled in all his prospects, and totally disap- 
 pointed with respect to the gains which e expected. 
 After he was certified of the determination of his 
 
 * Belknap's Hist. vol. i. p. 205, 208. 
 
 Vol. I. 2.5 
 
194 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TH£ 
 
 CHAP, majesty he embarked privately for the West In^ 
 
 dies. 
 
 1684. The next year Sir Edmund Andros arrived and 
 
 began his administration of government, under whose 
 rapacious conduct New Hampshire had her share of 
 sufferings with her sister colonies. 
 
 Nearly at the same time that the four towns of 
 Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter, and Hampton were ad- 
 judged to be within captain Mason's claim, the prov- 
 ince of Maine, by an adjudication of the king in 
 council, was confirmed, both as to soil and jurisdic- 
 tion, to the heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. For 
 the silencing of future disputes and the gratification 
 of the inhabitants of the province, the Massachusetts 
 employed John Usher to purchase the right of the 
 said heirs. He effected the purchase for twelve hun- 
 dred pounds sterling, and made a consignment of it 
 The prov- to the govcmour and company.* In the charter of 
 Mahie William and Mary, granted 1691, it was confirmed 
 and New to tlic Massacliusctts. By the same charter, the col- 
 '^^^or""!^^ ony of New Plymouth was also incorporated with 
 rated with that provincc. Dr. Increase Mather, who was agent 
 Massa- f^^J. ^^-^^ Massachusetts, and indefatigable in his la- 
 bours for the welfare of New- England, finding that it 
 was put into a charter then preparing for New- York, 
 by his influence, procured the crasement of it from 
 that, and its annexation to the Massachusetts. Thus, 
 this ancient colony, after planting herself by such 
 exertions, industry, harmony, and fortitude, as rare- 
 ly find a parallel in the history of man, after an exhi- 
 bition of the most striking example of piety and 
 brotherly love, and after she had by mere voluntary 
 compact, for more than seventy years, maintained 
 an orderly and effective government, became only a 
 county in the province of the Massachusetts. 
 
 While a new province had made its appearance in 
 the northern extremities of New-England, another 
 was forming in a more central situation. Mr. Will- 
 
 * Hutcli. vol. i.p. 312. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I95 
 
 . iam Penn who had been employed in the purchase chap. 
 and settlement of West New Jersey, while negotiat- ^' 
 ing those matters, became accurately acquainted 
 with the country west of the Delaware, and conceiv- 
 ed the plan of settling the province of Pennsylvania. 
 In 1680, he preferred a petition to king Charles II. 
 representing, that he was son to admiral Penn, and 
 that there was a large debt due to him when the ex- 
 chequer was closed: That he should, in time, be 
 able to settle a province, which might repay his 
 claims, and serve the national interests : and, for 
 these purposes, humbly praying for a patent. This 
 passed the seals March 4th, 1681. It bore a near Penn's pa= 
 resemblance to the charter of Maryland, and made a *T^^^.^"*;*^ 
 conveyance 01 both ample territories and privileges. 
 This conveyance greatly encroached on the patent 
 both of Maryland and Connecticut. Both these pa- 
 tents were older, by half a century, than Mr. Penn's, 
 and on each of the territories which they conveyed 
 there had been made very considerable settlements. 
 As the patents were construed, that of Mr. Penn en- 
 croached on the territoiy granted to lord Baltimore 
 one whole degree, or sixty nine English miles and 
 a half. It granted a tract of country on the north- 
 ern part about 290 miles across the whole territory 
 conveyed in the ancient patent, fifty years before to 
 Connecticut. These encroachments occasioned 
 long and expensive disputes between these colonies 
 with respect to boundaries. Two other conveyances Grant of 
 were made to Mr. Penn by the duke of York, ^ji^ Coun^ 
 One was a bill of sale of New Castle, and a territory ijeiaT^ 
 of twelve miles round it, August 24th, 1683. The ware, 
 other was a bill of the same date granting to Mr. ^^^'^' 
 Penn a tract south of the former as far as Cape 
 Henlopen. These two deeds made a grant of the 
 whole state of Delaware. The territory conveyed 
 by these and the charter extends from Cape Henlo- 
 pen to the 43d degree of north latitude, about 160 
 miles in breadth ; and west, from the Delaware, 5 de- 
 grees, 288 miles in length. As the lines have since 
 
195 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 been settled, they comprise a territory of 44,900 
 square miles. The reasons of this ample grant to 
 Mr. Penn are represented in the charter. It is 
 said to be given with regard to the memory and 
 merits of his father, Sir William Penn, in divers ser- 
 vices; particularly, in his courage and conduct, 
 under the Duke of York, in the sea fight against the 
 Dutch in 1665. That it was for the enlargement 
 and benefit of the English empire, and by gentle and 
 just manners to reduce the savage natives to the 
 love of civil society and the christian religion.* 
 
 The patent made provision for the preservation of 
 the king's sovereignty, and for the observation of 
 • the acts of parliament respecting commerce, nav- 
 igation, and customs. It vested the proprietary and 
 governour with powers for assembling the freemen, 
 or their delegates, in such manner as he should judge 
 most convenient : for the levying of monies and 
 enacting of all such laws, as should be for the bene- 
 fit of the province, not repugnant to the laws of Eng- 
 Difier- I'l"*! "or the rights of the kingdom. There were 
 ence be- two remarkable dift'erences between Mr. Penn's and 
 iSn"suiKi ^^^ ^^^^ other colonial patents. It subjected the colo- 
 tiie other uy to parliamentary taxation, and contained no ex- 
 patents, press Stipulation that the inhabitants should be con- 
 sidered as English subjects, born within the realm 
 of England. It is said, that the lawyers judged that 
 such stipulations were inferred by law, and conse- 
 quently were nugatory. It seems therefore, that, in 
 their opinion, the right of parliamentary taxation in 
 the colonies, could not have been inferred by law, 
 otherwise the making of express provision for that 
 would have been also equally nugatory. In May, 
 1681, the proprietary despatched one Markham, with 
 a small number of emigrants to take possession of his 
 • country and make preparations for a more numerous 
 settlement. For the encouragement and security of 
 Ihose who were willing to emigrate, the proprietary 
 
 • Colden's Hist. vol. ii. p. 164. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. jgy 
 
 made various concessions relative to the location of chap. 
 their lands and the laying out of high ways, towns, ^' 
 and cities. These also secured to the purchasers 
 the waters, woods, quarries, and mines within their 
 respective purchases. It was stipulated, that the 
 laws respecting "slanders, drunkenness, cursing, 
 pride in apparel, trespasses, distresses, replevins, 
 weights and measures shall be the same as in Eng- 
 land, till altered by law in this province." That 
 within three years after the grant of it every thous- 
 and acres should settle one family. In this instru- 
 ment, provision was also made for the peace of the 
 settlers by a just and amicable treatment of the na- 
 tives. Ii was agreed that ail commerce with them 
 should be in a public market : That no abuse or 
 wrong should be done to them : That whoever should 
 injure one of them, should suffer the same penalty, 
 as if the injury had been done to a fellow planter : 
 and that all differences between them and the plant- 
 ers shall be decided by twelve men, six of whom 
 were to be planters and the other six natives.* 
 
 But the proprietary, found something more than 
 mere concessions necessary, that even friends might 
 be induced to emigrate with him to the new world. 
 They insisted on charter rights and privileges. He 
 therefore published a charter, or frame of gov- Frame of 
 ernment, providing, that the government should ^JmAprii 
 be in a provincial general assembly, consisting 25th, 1682. 
 of the governour, a provincial council and gen- 
 eral assembly. The provincial council were to 
 consist of seventy two counsellors, chosen by the 
 freemen, twelve out of each county. The general 
 assembly was to consist of delegates, chosen by the 
 freemen, not exceeding two hundred. By this pro- 
 vincial council and assembly all laws were to be 
 enacted, oflicers appointed, and public affairs ti-ans- 
 acted. The proprietary and governour, or his dep- 
 uty was ah\'ays to preside, and to have a treble voice. 
 
 * CoWcn's Hist. vol. ii. p. 20"— 212. 
 
198 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. All bills were to be prepared and deliberated upon, 
 courts erected, and oflicers appointed by the provin- 
 cial council. This was also vested with the whole 
 executive power. The general assembly, or two 
 hundred deputies had the power ot passing or nega- 
 tiving the bills prepared by the council.* The 
 enacting style was, "By the governour, with the as- 
 sent and approbation of the freemen in provincial 
 comicil and general assembly. "f 
 Funda- Bcsidcs Certain fundamental laws were made and 
 mental agreed upon, in London, between the proprietary 
 p^^^ °^i ^"^ the freemen, of which there was to be no altera- 
 vania,' tiou without the consent of the governour, his heirs 
 May oih, or assigus, and six parts of seven of the freemen, 
 met in provincial council and general assembly. 
 These confirmed the charter given to the freemen by 
 Mr. Penn. They ordained, that all who should pay 
 scot and lot to the government, profess faith in Christ, 
 and were not of ill fame, should be freemen and ca- 
 pable of sustaining all offices in the province : That 
 all persons in the province, who should acknowl- 
 edge one Almighty Eternal God, Creator, Upholder 
 and Ruler of the world, and hold themselves obliged, 
 in conscience, to live peaceably and justly in society, 
 should in no ways be molested, or prejudiced for 
 their religious persuasion or practice, in matters of 
 faith and worship, nor be compelled, at any time, to 
 frecjuent, or maintain any religious worsliip, place, or 
 minister whatsoever : that every first day of the week 
 people shall abstain from their common labours : 
 *' That no money or goods be raised upon, or paid 
 by any of the people of this province, by way of 
 public tax or contribution, but by a law for that pur- 
 pose made ; and whosoever shall levy, collect, or pay, 
 am money or goods contrary thereto shall be held a 
 public enemy to the province, and a betrayer of the 
 / 
 
 • See the frame of government at large in Colden's History, vol. ii. 
 ]). 187, 197, 204. 
 
 f Douglass, vol. ii. p. 300. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 199 
 
 liberties thereof:" That all courts shall be open, chap. 
 
 and justice shall neither be sold, denied, nor delay- 
 
 ed. They made provision for trials by a jury of the 1532, 
 vicinage, and that all fees and fines should be moder- 
 ate : That all prisoners, except in capital cases, 
 should be bailable on sufficient sureties : That all 
 persons wrongfully imprisoned, or prosecuted at law, 
 shall have double damages against the inform- 
 er or prosecutor : That no person shall enjoy more 
 than one public office at the same time : That seven 
 years quiet possession shall give an unquestionable 
 right, except in cases of infants, lunatics, married 
 women, and persons beyond sea. To promote chas- 
 tity and population, they ordained, that all marriages 
 not prohibited by the divine law should be encour- 
 aged : That before the solemnization the parties 
 should be published, and that the solemnization 
 should be before credible witnesses. For the pre- 
 vention of idleness, the support of individuals, and 
 the public emolument, they required, that all chil- 
 dren should have some useful trade or skill.* 
 
 These fundamental laws do honour to the compil- 
 ers, as statesmen, christians, and friends to the liber- 
 ties and happiness of mankind. 
 
 The proprietary having given these encourage- 
 ments and securities, a large body of friends, with 
 some people of other denominations, engaged in 
 making an immediate settlement of his province. 
 On the 24th of October, he arrived on the banks of the 
 Delaware, with about two thousand planters. These 
 were principally quakers. On his arrival he found 
 three thousand inhabitants on the river, consisting of 
 Swedes, Finlanders, Dutch, and English. These, 
 in distinction from the parts of the province included 
 in the charter, were termed the territories. Imme- 
 diately on his arrival he entered into a treaty, and 
 settled an amicable correspondence with the natives. 
 Such purchases were made of them as he judged 
 
 » Colden's Hist. vol. it. n. 207, 2\'-. 
 
OQO A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 c HAP. necessary for his purpose. He began his principal 
 ^' settlement at Philadelphia, the capital of the prov- 
 jgg2 i'^ce. He convened his first assembly at Chester, 
 Act oi set- the December following. By an instrument termed, 
 iiemcnt at ^j-j ^(^j- Qf settlement, made at Chester, 1682, a con- 
 siderable alteration was made, in the frame of gov- 
 ernment, agreed upon by Mr. Penn. Seventy 
 two members only, were returned from the prov- 
 ince and territories; twelve for each county into 
 which they had been divided. The freemen and 
 sheriffs represented, That the fewness of the 
 people, their inability in estate, and unskilfulness 
 in government, would not permit them to serve 
 in so large a council and assembly, as by charter was 
 expressed. They therefore prayed that out of the 
 twelve deputies, chosen for each county, three might 
 serve for the provincial council, and nine for the 
 general assembly ; and that these numbers might be 
 allowed and taken, to all intents and purposes, for 
 the provincial council and general assembly of the 
 province. This was granted, and the charter, with 
 the alterations made by the act of settlement, was 
 declared to be thankfully received, and the council 
 and assembly bound themselves to an observance of 
 its principles. Mr. Penn, however was not pleased 
 with his own scheme of government. He altered it 
 the very next year. Though it was so modelled, as 
 that the governour with one third of the council re- 
 siding with liim, sliould, from time to time, have 
 the care and management of all public aftliirs relat- 
 ing to the peace, justice, and improvement of the 
 province and territories, yet, with the freemen, it ob- 
 tained an easy reception. It promised more in ap- 
 pearance than it really gave. Like the famous Mr. 
 Locke's it was found by experience too complex and 
 perplexing either for uiility or convenience. Great 
 discontent, and heavy comi)hiints and charges against 
 the proj)rietar3', warm contests, and animosities be- 
 tween the council and the assembl} arose under it, 
 which were of loijg continuance. In less than twenty 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 201 
 
 years it was given up, and a new plan of govern- chap. 
 liient introduced. '^ 
 
 A variety of circumstances combined their influ- 1539 
 ence to give this province a rapid population and set- Reasons 
 tlement. The fertility of the soil, the goodness of ^^^^^^^^^J 
 the climate, its central situation in the colonies, the popuia- 
 eivil and religious liberties, which the charter and *'""• 
 fundamental laws held out to men of all religious de- 
 nominations, the persecution of protestants in Eu- 
 rope, the civil and religious tyranny which distracted 
 the nation in the reign of Charles the second, and 
 especially of James, his successor, all united their in- 
 fluence to cause men of all nations, and of all denom- 
 inations of christians, to flow into Pennsylvania* 
 There was sometimes, in a single year, an importa- 
 tion into the province of five or six thousands of peo- 
 ple of various nations.* The intolerance and divis- 
 ions of some of the sister colonies also contributed 
 to the numbers, cultivation, and opulence of this 
 flourishing province. These circumstances have 
 brought together such a collection of different na- 
 tions and sectaries in Pennsylvania, as, perhaps, can- 
 not be found in any other part of America. At the 
 same time they have made Philadelphia, in point of 
 numbers, wealth, and improvement the capital of the 
 United States. 
 
 There are some singularities in the history of this singukri- 
 province. Though it was strongly enforced, yet t'5^ '" t'^^ 
 there was never a communication of the fundamental Penn^syi ° 
 laws, frame of government, nor of any other of the vania. 
 laws of the province to his majesty for his approba- 
 tion. Such were the attachments of the proprietary 
 to James the II. and so warm were the contests be- 
 tween the council and the assembly, that neither 
 seem to have paid any attention to the revolution, 
 which transferred their allegiance and the govern- 
 ment to William and Mary. The laws and govern- 
 ment of the province were administered in the name 
 
 * Douglass, vol. ii. p. 326. 
 
 Vol. I. 26 
 
202 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, of the abdicating monarch, long after their accession 
 ^ to the throne, and after a formal proclamation 
 
 1692. of ^^ ^^ ^^^ Other colonies. In consequence of these 
 attachments to king James, Mr. Penn fell under the 
 imputation of being a Roman catholic and Jesuit, un- 
 der the mask of a quaker. William and Mary view- 
 ed him as an inveterate enemy to the protestant suc- 
 cession, excepted him from their acts of grace, and 
 suspended him from the privilege of appointing a 
 deputy for Pennsylvania. By the same commission 
 colonel Fletcher was appointed govemour both of 
 New York and Pennsylvania.* In his commission 
 no regard seems to have been had to the original con- 
 stitution of the province. I'he assembly were not 
 constitutionally convoked by the governour, but con- 
 siderably curtailed with respect to their numbers. 
 No sooner therefore were they convened, than they 
 unanimously resolved, "That the laws of this prov- 
 ince, which were in force and practice, before the 
 arrival of tliis present governour are still in force : 
 
 1696. and that the assembly have a right humbly to move 
 the governour for a continuation or confirmation of 
 the same." So inflexible were the determinations 
 of this and subsequent assemblies, for the security 
 of their rights, that no arts nor influence of govern- 
 ours could eflfect an alteration. 
 
 Mr. Penn had the address to vindicate his charac- 
 ter, and to conduct his affliirs to such advantage in 
 the court of William and Mary, that, in 1696, he 
 obtained a restoration of his former privileges. In 
 1699 he came a second time into America. On his 
 arrival he found that there was great complaint and 
 disaftection under his government. The assembly 
 insisted on better security both with respect to prop- 
 erty and privileges. His answers were evasive and 
 gave the colonists no satisfaction. They therefore 
 pressed him for a new charter of ampler rights and 
 better securities. This produced his third charter, 
 
 • Douglass, vol. ii, p. 343. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 203 
 
 October 28th, 1701. This differed materially from chap. 
 the former. It made provision, that on the first of ^' 
 October annually an assembly should be chosen, con- penn's 
 sisting of four persons out of each county, or of a third char- 
 greater number, as the governour and assembly gsth^iroi 
 should agree. The assembly was always to con- 
 vene on the 14th of the month at Philadelphia. The 
 governour had the nomination of his own council, a 
 negative on the assembly, and the whole executive 
 povver. The council had no negative. They were 
 only assistants of the governour. The assembly 
 possessed the right of originating, amending, 
 and rejecting all laws and bills ; of impeaching 
 criminals and redressing grievances, and all other 
 privileges of an assembly according to the rights of 
 the free born subjects of England, and the customs 
 observed in any of the king's plantations in Ameri- 
 ca.* This continued to be the constitution of Penn- 
 sylvania till the late revolution. But it was far from 
 giving satisfaction. The territories rejected it, and Delaware 
 dividing from the province, became a distinct juris- hecomes a 
 diction. No measures could be adopted to effect a juristic. 
 reconciliation. From this time they held a distinct tion. 
 assembly, consisting of eighteen members ; six 
 from each county, elected annually on the first day 
 of October. Their sessions always commenced on 
 the fourteenth. Though they enjoyed a colonial ju- 
 risdiction, yet they had the same governour with 
 Pennsylvania. He exercised the same power in the 
 assembly of Delaware as in that of Pennsylvania. 
 Notwithstanding the separation the proprietary stip- 
 ulated. That the inhabitants both of the province and 
 of the territories should enjoy separately all liberties, 
 privileges, and benefits granted to them jointly by 
 the charter. t Though they became separate juris- 
 dictions yet their government was nearly the same. 
 Notwithstanding the assembly of Pennsylvania 
 voted their thankful reception of this third charter, 
 
 * Colden's Hist. vol. ii. p. 246. f Ibid, vol. ii. p. 250, 
 
204 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 V. 
 
 1701. 
 Uneasi- 
 ness of the 
 province 
 \inder the 
 thu-d 
 chartei*. 
 
 The as- 
 sembly re- 
 monstrate 
 against 
 the pro- 
 prietary, 
 1704. 
 
 from their proprietary and governour, yet the same 
 violent disputes and animosities, which had before 
 embroiled the province, were continued with equal 
 heat and virulence. The proprietaries notwithstand- 
 ing their ample territories were poor. The whole 
 province of Pennsylvania was once mortgaged by 
 the proprietary to one Mr. Gee and others for 
 6,600/. sterling.* Poverty was naturally an induce- 
 ment strongly operating on them, to extend their 
 power, and accumulate property, by obtaining grants 
 from the people, by exempting their lands from tax- 
 ation, and by other lucrative measures. Attempts 
 of this nature created constant jealousies and strug- 
 gles between the proprietary and the assembly. 
 The assembly opposed diem with an unshaken firm- 
 ness and perseverance, and thus preserved the rights 
 of the province. Even the Friends manifested, that 
 they had the feelings of other men, and that some- 
 times they were neither peaceable nor friendly. 
 About the year 1704, the assembly of the province 
 brought heavy charges against the proprietary, com- 
 plaining, with great grief, That he had undermined 
 his own foundations ; and by a subtle contrivance, 
 laid deeper than the capacities of some could fathom, 
 found a way to lay aside the act of settlement, and 
 dissolve his second charter : That he had extorted 
 great sums of money from the province : That they 
 were abused by surveyors, clerks of the court, and 
 justices of the peace, who, they said, were all put in 
 by the proprietary ; so that he became his own 
 judge in his own cause. They charged him with 
 oppression, and with falsifying his word with the 
 provincials in almost every respect.f These with 
 several other matters were the substance of ten res- 
 olutions unanimously passed in the assem1:)l3', and 
 transmitted in the form of a remonstrance to the pro- 
 prietary in England. Whatever may have been the 
 
 • Douphiss, vol. ii. p. 306. 
 f Gordon's Hist, vol.i. p. 81, from Chalmcr, and the Modern Uni- 
 versal History. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 205 
 
 designs of the proprietary, or the complaints of the chap. 
 people, it doth not appear, but that the government ^' 
 had been generally mild, and the burdens of it very j^q^ 
 tolerable. 
 
 In 1713, Mr. Penn, by a certain agreement 
 made over all his rights in Pennsylvania to the crown, 
 for the consideration of 12,000/. sterling : but be- 
 fore the instrument of surrender was executed, he 
 was no more.* In consequence of this circum- 
 stance, the propriety of Pennsylvania continued in 
 the family of the Penns till after the revolution in 
 America. 
 
 Proprietary government was never agreeable to 
 any of the American colonists. It was particularly 
 disagreeable to the inhabitants both of East and 
 West Jersey. As early as the year 1672 titles from 
 the natives, the original possessors of the soil, were 
 set up against the proprietors, and many of the in- 
 habitants were utterly opposed to the payment of the 
 quitrents. The proprietors, by reason of the sale of 
 small parts of their respective shares, and by the di- 
 vision of them among the children of the several 
 families to which they descended, became so nume- 
 rous, and the shares were so subdivided among them, 
 that it created great difficulty and confusion in the 
 management of the general proprietors ; and with re- 
 spect to the appointment of governours. Some of 
 the proprietors had not more than one fortieth part 
 of a forty eighth part of a twenty fourth share. The 
 inhabitants, from one cause and another, were so 
 uneasy and inclined to mutiny, gave the proprietors 
 so much trouble, and appeared to be so rapidly ad- 
 vancing to a dangerous crisis, that they determined 
 to surrender the government to the crown. Accord- 
 ingly, their agents, Sir Thomas Lane for West, and 
 Mr." William Dockwra for East Jersey, on the 17th 
 of April, 1702, made a public surrender of it to her 
 majesty queen Anne. She accepted the surrender, 
 
 * Douglass, vol. ii. p. 3G6. 
 
206 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and appointed lord viscount Cornbury governour of 
 New Jersey. He was grandson of the greut chan- 
 cellor Clarendon. By his commission East and 
 West Jersey were united in one government. From 
 this time the government of the province became 
 regal. The governour and council were appointed 
 by the cro\vn, and the house of representatives were 
 chosen by the freemen. The council consisted of 
 twelve, and the house of representatives of twenty 
 four members. 
 Divisions In the Carolinas proprietary government was more 
 mCaroh- disagreeable than in the Jerseys. It was unjust, 
 oppressive, cruel, and persecuting. It bred among 
 the people discontent, hatred, violent struggles, and 
 divisions, which terminated in a revolution. At an 
 early period two parties were formed in the colony. 
 One party insisted, that the laws and regulations of 
 the proprietors, in England, respecting government, 
 ought to be implicitly and punctually obeyed. The 
 other maintained, that respect ought to be had to lo- 
 cal circumstances ; and that the freemen were under 
 no obligations to obey them, any further than they 
 were consistent with the interest of individuals, and 
 the general happiness of the community. Both par- 
 ties were warm and determined. In this unhappy 
 state of the colony, it was difficult for any ruler, long 
 to support his power and influence. James Colleton, 
 one of the proprietors, was governour ; but in this 
 heat of affairs he entirely lost his influence, and the 
 people were so exasperated against him, that nothing 
 but his banishment could appease them. 
 
 Scth Sothel was chosen his successor. It was 
 soon found, that he was destitute of every sentiment 
 either of integrity or honour. His avarice was un- 
 satiable. He took bribes from felons and traitors, 
 and broke over all restraints of decency and common 
 justice, till the people, distracted with his extortion 
 and mal-administration, compelled him for ever to 
 abjure his government and country. Till this time 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 207 
 
 the community had been little else than a scene of chap. 
 
 continual animosity and misery. 
 
 In this state of affairs, Philip Ludwell, a Virgini- jsg^/ 
 an, was appointed governour. He was a gentleman 
 of so much humanity, knowledge, and experience, 
 that, for a short time, he had the good fortune to 
 allay the ferment among the people, and effect a tem- 
 porary reconciliation between them and the proprie- 
 tors. But no sooner had their affairs assumed this 
 favourable aspect, than there sprang up a new source 
 of discontent 'and animosity. The French protes- 
 tants, who had settled in the county of Craven, were 
 a large body of industrious, pious people. Some of 
 them had made large purchases and were men of 
 principal estates in the colony. They had a number of 
 pious ministers for whom they had the greatest ven- 
 eration. Under their influence they conducted them- 
 selves in a peaceable and exemplary manner. With 
 the English they had mutually shared in the hard- 
 ships, dangers, and expense of clearing and cultiva- 
 ting a hideous wilderness. The governours receiv- 
 ed and treated these exiles from their native country, 
 with civility and tenderness. The proprietors judg- 
 ed it reasonalDle, that they should enjoy the same 
 privileges with the English colonists. Accordingly, 
 the governour was instructed to give them their pro- 
 portion of representatives, in the parliament or gen- 
 eral assembly. But the English, instead of treating Abusive 
 them with compassion and generosity, as christian ofThr^" 
 brethren, who had fled from the iron hand of oppres- French 
 sion, and sought an asylum in the wilderness, became ^"^^"S^®^* 
 envious against them ; revived the odious distinctions 
 and antipathies of the two nations, and treated them 
 as aliens and enemies. While every feeling of compas- 
 sion, every tie of humanity, interest, and religion 
 bound them to give them a cordial welcome, they 
 began rigorously to execute upon them the laws of 
 England against foreigners. Abusive as this treat- 
 ment was, this mad party proceeded still further in 
 their violence. They insisted that the laws of Eng- 
 
208 '^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, land allowed no foreigner to purchase lands in any 
 ^' part of the empire, and that no authority, but that of 
 the parliament, could incorporate aliens and vest 
 them with the rights of Englishmen. That, as their 
 clergymen had not obtained episcopal ordination, 
 their marriages were illegal and their children bas- 
 tards. They averred, that these aliens could not 
 be allowed a voice in their elections, or a seat in 
 their parliament, nor be returned to serve on any 
 jury for the trial of issues between subject and sub- 
 ject. When the election for the assembly came on 
 they were not allowed a single representative in the 
 coimty of Craven.* Greatly were these pious stran- 
 gers alarmed and discouraged, not knowing for 
 whom they were labouring, nor to whom their es- 
 tates would finally descend. Meanwhile, under the 
 countenance of the governour, who gave them fair 
 promises and kind treatment, they prosecuted their 
 settlement with diligence, and remained peaceable 
 and inoffensive. In the favour of the governour, 
 they found a partial relief. At the same time, a con- 
 stant struggle was kept up between the people and 
 the proprietors and their officers. Notwithstanding 
 all the wisdom and exertions of successive govern- 
 ours, the colony continued in such a state of divis- 
 ion and turbukjice, that it was determined, that 
 nothing but the appointment of one of the proprie- 
 tors, with full ])owers to redress all grievances, and 
 compose all difliculties, could restore union and tran- 
 icyj. c|uillity to the colonists. Therefore, in 1695, John 
 Archdale, one of the proj^rietors, was sent over with 
 plenary powers for these purposes. With his exten- 
 sive powers, singular wisdom and address, he was so 
 happy as to settle all matters of general concern, ex- 
 cepting the liberties of the French refugees, to gen- 
 eral satisfaction. But he found that the national an- 
 tipathy of the English settlers against them was so 
 great, that it was absolutely necessary, for the peace 
 
 • History of Curoliiia, vol. i. p. Ill, 112, 113. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 209 
 
 of the colony, to exclude them from all concern m chap. 
 the legislature. But he recommended it to the Eng- ^' 
 lish freeholders, to consider them in the most friend- 
 ly point of light, and to treat them with lenity, mod- 
 eration, and compassion. He made but a short visit 
 to the colony, embarking the same year for Eng- 
 land. Joseph Blake succeeded him in the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The national prejudices against the French prot- 
 estants gradually abated. Their industry, quiet and 
 inoffensive deportment, won upon the people and 
 daily increased their favour. They began to con- 
 sider, that with themselves they had defied the hard- 
 ships and dangers of the wilderness, that they had 
 given the amplest proofs of their fidelity to the pro- 
 prietors, of their love to their fellow settlers, and 
 zeal for the success of the colony. The governour 
 and their friends, observing these favourable dispo- 
 sitions, advised them to petition the legislature for 
 an act of incorporation with the freemen of the colo- 
 ny. The petition met a favourable reception, and, 
 on taking the oath of allegiance to king William, 
 they were admitted to the privileges of English sub- 
 jects. From this period the French and English 
 subjects united in interest and affection, and have liv- 
 ed together in peace and harmony.* 
 
 Till about the year 1700 the colony enjoyed a tol- 
 erable degree of union and harmony. But there was 
 then a revival of jealousies and dissentions, which in 
 a few years arose to an uncommon height. From this 
 period, various intrigues and corruptions crept into 
 the seat of government, and flagrant encroachments 
 were made both on the civil and religious rights of 
 the colonists. Lord Granville, a bigoted churchman, 
 was palatine. For all denominations of dissenters he 
 had conceived a supreme contempt. Therefore, 
 though it was a fundamental article in the colonial 
 constitution, that " no person whatsoever shall dis- 
 
 » History of Carolina, vM. i, p. V20, 1.S9, 140. 
 Vor.. I. 27 
 
 1696. 
 
210 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, tiirb, Tiiolest, or persecute another, for his speculative 
 
 opinions in religion, or his way of worship," yet he 
 
 IYQ2 made the establishment of the church of England, 
 and the suppression of all other modes of worship, 
 in the colony, the chief object of his zeal and atten- 
 tion. James Moore, a poor, ambitious man, was 
 governour. He was careful to make his own profits, 
 and was a fit tool for the palatine. They united their 
 arts and influence to obtain the establishment of epis- 
 copacy by a provincial law. A very great majority 
 of the colonists were dissenters, who had fled from 
 their native country on the account of the rigorous 
 acts of conformity. They were prepared, with all 
 their feelings and influence to oppose such an estab- 
 lishment. The only way in which the palatine, gov- 
 ernour, and their tools could eflect their purpose was 
 by introducing corruption in the election of the 
 members of the assembly. One half of these were 
 chosen from among the dregs of the people, and 
 were utterly unqualified to be legislators.* But 
 after all his exertions governour Moore was not able 
 to carry his point. This inglorious business was 
 left for his successor, Sir Nathaniel Johnson. He 
 appointed a new election in which far greater irregu- 
 CoiTUj)- larities were practised than in the former. All sorts 
 iioii m ^jf people, aliens, Jews, servants, common sailors, and 
 negroes were admitted to vote in the election. The 
 governour and his adherents by undue influence and 
 violence obtained a majority in the house. They 
 iistabiish- fi"a"^^'(^ -^ bill establishing episcopacy, and excluding 
 inent of all disscutcrs from the house of representatives. It 
 tpiscopa- ^jgQ rccjuired, that eveiy man, who should afterwards 
 be ch.osen a member of the assembly, should take 
 the oath and subscribe the declaration, appointed by 
 law, to conform to the religion and worship of the 
 church of England, and to receive the sacrament of 
 the Lord's sujiper according to the rites of that 
 church. It passed in the lower house by a majority 
 
 * History oCCaroVma, vol. i. p. 151, 152 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 211 
 
 0f one only. In the upper house landgrave Morton chap. 
 
 was denied the privilege of entering his protest ' 
 
 against the bill. An act was also passed for erecting ^^qo. 
 churches. The colony was divided into ten parishes, 
 glebes were granted, with monits for building 
 churches, and salaries for the different rectors, pay- 
 able from the public treasury. Nor did the business 
 stop here ; the governour determining, at any rate, 
 to finish what he had undertaken, instituted, what 
 the people termed a high commission court, similar 
 to that of James II. It was enacted, that twenty 
 laymen, be constituted a corporation, for the exercise 
 of ecclesiastical jurisdiction ; with full powers to de- 
 prive ministers of their livings, at pleasure; not bare- starcham- 
 ly for immorality, but for imprudence, or on the oiina"^^^' 
 account of unreasonable prejudices against them.* 
 
 The colony was immediately thrown into a state 
 ©f the utmost tumult and distraction. Some formed 
 resolutions of abandoning the colony. Others deter- 
 mined to petition their lordships, the proprietors, to 
 redress their grievances. The inhabitants of Colle- 
 ton county, who were chiefly dissenters, adopted 
 this measure. They stated their grievances and Theinhab- 
 prayed for a repeal of the oppressive acts. The pe- itants 
 titioners were computed to be at least two thirds J"'^y .^'^^ 
 of the inhabitants of the whole colony. John Ash, tors to re- 
 one of the most zealous men in the opposition, was ^^^'^?^ 
 appointed to go with the petition to England. The .rHevan- 
 governour and his party employed all their art and ces. 
 influence to prevent his passage in any ship from 
 Carolina. But he found means of getting to Virgin- 
 ia, whence he embarked for England. 
 
 On his arrival he addressed lord Granville, the 
 palatine on the subject of his message, and gave the 
 proprietors all the information in his power. But as 
 his lordship was at the bottom of the whole aflfair, he 
 met with an unfavourable reception, and the griev- 
 ances were not redressed. 
 
 • History of Carolina., ml. i. p. 152, to 166, 170, &c. 
 
212 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. When the bills arrived in England, Archdale^ 
 '_^ who had lately been governour in Carolina, and ren- 
 dered both the colony and the proprietors very essen- 
 tial services, made an able and spirited opposition 
 against them. He insisted, that the dissenters had 
 not yet forgotten the hardships which they had suffer- 
 ed in England, by acts of conformity : that the right 
 of private judgment in religion, was the birthright 
 of every man : that the charter granted undisturbed 
 liberty of conscience to every inhabitant in Carolina: 
 that acts of conformity, with penalties annexed to 
 them, had generally been destructive of the cause 
 they were designed to promote : that they were ut- 
 terly inconsistent with the principles of protestants : 
 that they were unjust and oppressive, as well as un- 
 popular ; and therefore, on the principles of justice, 
 sound policy, and religious liberty, ought to be re- 
 pealed. The debate ran high ; but the palatine, 
 m-ie^torir ^^^ ^^^ equally a tyrant and a bigot, declared that 
 not with- he would head the party in support of the bill. It 
 standing, y^,.,^^ therefore confirmed by a majority of the propri- 
 iui. etors.* This rash, impolitic, and ill timed measure, 
 with others of a similar nature, ruined the influence 
 of the proprietary government in Carolina, and ripen- 
 ed the inhabitants for a total revolt. 
 
 The dissenters saw themselves at once despoiled 
 of the dear enjoyments, for which they had left their 
 native countries, and braved the dangers of planting 
 a wilderness. Great was their discouragement and 
 vexation. Some were for an immediate removal of 
 themselves and families to Pennsylvania, to set down 
 under Penn's free and indulgent government. Oth- 
 ers preferred an application to the house of lords in 
 Tlic dis- England. Accordingly a petition was addressed to 
 senters their lordships, representing the securities given 
 tbe'^hTuise them, both by charter, and in the fundamental con- 
 of lords, stitution, agreed to by the proprietors, granting a 
 full toleration of all christians; and that no person 
 
 • History of C'uvolina, vol. i. p. 170. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 213 
 
 should be disturbed, on the account of any specula- chap. 
 
 tive opinion in religion ; and that no person should, ' 
 
 on that account, be excluded from a seat in the gen- i^oe, 
 eral assembly, or from any office in the administra- 
 tion : that under these encouragements they trans- 
 ported themselves and their families into America, 
 and settled in Carolina ; and that by means of these 
 encouragements the greatest part of the inhabitants 
 were protestant dissenters. How the elections were 
 managed, and the bills carried in the assembly, was 
 evinced. It was also represented that the colony, 
 under these grievances, was in a languishing and dan- 
 gerous situation, and that its ruin would be a great 
 damage to the commercial interests of the kingdom. 
 Joseph Boon was their agent to negotiate their affairs 
 with their lordships. His agency was successful. 
 Their lordships having heard the parties on the peti- 
 tion, resolved that the act relative to the establishment 
 of the church of England, was not warranted by the 
 charter, was not consonant to reason ; that it was re- Their 
 pugnant to the laws of the realm, and destructive of "'.{[i^^^n 
 the constitution of the church of England. With the act, 
 respect to the other part of the act relating to the re- 
 ception of the sacrament, &c. they resolved that it 
 was founded in falsity, in matter and tact, was re- 
 pugnant to the laws of England, contrary to the 
 charter of the proprietors, an encouragement to athe- 
 ism and irreligion, destructive of trade, and tended 
 to the depopulation and ruin of the colony. Their 
 lordships addressed queen Anne, on the subject, 
 praying her majesty to redress the grievances to which 
 the colonists had been subjected. 
 
 Her majesty referred the matter to the lords of 
 trade and plantation, who reported, that the charges 
 brought against the provincial government and the 
 proprietors were well grounded : that they had abus- 
 ed their powers and forfeited their charter. They de- 
 sired her majesty, by a scire facias, to resume the 
 
elares it 
 void 
 
 214 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, government. The queen accepted the report and 
 
 declared the laws to be void.* 
 
 Her maj. I'^ ^^^^ c^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ J^^^ 1^07 lord Granville was 
 estyde- no morc, and lord Craven commenced palatine. 
 He was far from possessing the tyrannical, intolerant 
 spirit of lord Granville. He entertained more fa- 
 vourable sentiments of the dissenters, and gave in- 
 structions, for the adoption of the most conciliating 
 measures, that the inhabitants, as far as possible, 
 might be brought into a state of harmony, mutual es- 
 teem, and confidence. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Ravages of the French and Indians in king William's and queen 
 Anne's Wars. Destruction of Schenectada, Salmon Falls, and Casco. 
 The reduction of Port-Royal. Sir William Phips' unsuccessful 
 attempt on Canada. Major Schuyler's expedition. The distressed 
 state of New-England. Armament from France, undcrthe Marquis 
 ofNesmond for the reduction of Boston and New York. The re- 
 markable preservation of New York and the country in general. The 
 uncommon cruelties of this war. Depredations and disti'essed state 
 of New-England in queen Anne's war. Expedition ol'Colonel Church. 
 Expedition under Colonel Nicholson to Wood Creek. Reduction of 
 Port-Royal and Acadia. Expedition against Canada, under Admir- 
 al Walker and Brigadier Hill. The loss of New-England in tliese 
 wars, and their general effect on the country. 
 
 1689. oC ARC ELY had the colonies emerged from one 
 scene of troubles, before they were involved in anoth- 
 er. The revolution, by William and Mary, restored 
 ihcir liberties ; but immediately involved ihcm in 
 war. While Lewis the XIV. attempting to support 
 king James, kindled the flames of war between 
 France and England, the French and Indians com- 
 menced hostilities against the colonies of New- 
 Xune2rth. England and New York. In June, 1689, the In- 
 dians surprised Cocheco, part of tlie town of Dover, 
 in New Hampshire ; killed and captivated about fifty 
 
 • Hist. Carolina, vol. i. p. l~4, 175. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 215 
 
 of the inhabitants. Twenty three were slain, among chap. 
 whom was major Waldron, a worthy man, who had ^^' 
 performed many good services for his country. The 
 enemy marked their route with destruction, burning 
 houses, and mills, and doing every thing in their 
 power to make the country desolate. 
 
 This disaster spread a general alarm. Vigorous 
 measures were adopted, with the utmost despatch, 
 for the defence of the frontiers. A considerable 
 body of troops was sent from the Massachusetts, 
 garrisons were placed at convenient places, some of 
 the scattering enemy were slain, and their corn was 
 destroyed. But while the forces were on their march, 
 the enemy surprised and burnt the garrison house 
 at Oyster-River, and slew more than twenty of the 
 inhabitants. Depredations were committed in sev- 
 eral parts of the county of York, in the province of Aug.28th. 
 Maine, and the fort at Pemaquid was taken by the 
 enemy. The Indians were instigated by the French 
 from Canada, as well as Acadia ; who joined them 
 in plundering and burning the country. From Aca- 
 dia privateers were fitted out, who took many ves- 
 sels and kept the sea coasts in constant alarm. There 
 was no safetv bv land or sea.* The distressed in- 
 habitants wished for the approach of \vinter, when 
 they hoped that the deep snows and severities of the 
 season would give them respite, from continual 
 alarm and desolation. But great was their disap- 
 pointment and surprise, when they found that even 
 the winter afforded them no defence. 
 
 Count Frontenac, a brave and enterprising officer, 
 was governour of Canada. Inflamed with the resent- 
 ments of his master, against king William and the 
 revolution, he was zealous of distinguishing him- 
 self in enterprises against his American subjects. 
 Therefore, in the dead of winter, three expeditions 
 were planned and parties of French and Indians des- 
 patched from Canada, on different routes, to the 
 
 * Hutch, vol i. p. r,96. Belknap's Hist. p. O'lS, 25':). 
 
216 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, frontiers of the English colonies. One of the par- 
 
 ^^' ties, in the month of February, fell on Schenecta- 
 
 Feb. 8th. d^5 ^^ village on the Mohawk river. Such was the 
 
 i6yo. fatal security of the people that they had not so 
 
 Sci.euec ^^^^h as shut their s:ates. The enemy made the at- 
 
 tada stir- . i i • r i • i i i • i i • 
 
 prised. tacK m the dead time of the night, when the mhabi- 
 tants were in a profound sleep. Care was taken by 
 a division of the enemy into small parties to attack 
 every house at the same instant. Before the people 
 were risen from their beds the enemy were in pos- 
 session of their dwellings, and commenced the most 
 inhuman barbarities. In an instant the whole vil- 
 lage was wrapped in a general flame. Women were 
 ripped uj), and their infants dashed against the posts 
 of their doors, or cast into the flames. Sixty per- 
 sons perished in the massacre, and about thirty were 
 captivated. The rest fled naked in a terrible storm 
 and deep snow. In the flight, twenty five of these 
 unhappy fugitives lost their limbs through the se- 
 verity of the season. 
 
 The enemy consisted of about two hundred French, 
 and a number of Caghnuaga Indians, under the com- 
 mand of D'Aillebout, De Mantel, and Le Moyne. 
 Their first design was against Albany, but having 
 been two and t\venty days on their march, they were 
 reduced to such straits, that they had thoughts of 
 surrendering themselves prisoners of war. The In- 
 dians therefore advised them to Schenectada : and it 
 seems that the accounts, which their scouts gave 
 them of its fatal security, was the only circumstance 
 which determined them to make an attempt even 
 upon this. The enemy pillaged the town, and went 
 off with the i)lunder and about forty of the best 
 horses. The rest, with all the catde they could find, 
 were left slaughtered in the streets. The success of 
 the enemy seems to have been principally owing to 
 the dispute between Leisler and the people of Alba- 
 ny, in consequence of which this post was neglected. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 217 
 
 The Mohawks joining a party of young men from chap. 
 
 Albany pursued the enemy and falling on their rear, V 
 
 killed and captivated nearly thirty.* 1590 
 
 Another party from the Three Rivers, commanded Destruc- 
 by the Sieur Hertel, the succeeding: month made an *1°!." ^V^n ' 
 
 •^ , /^ , V- 11 1 1 . "^o'^ rails 
 
 attack on Salmon r alls, a settlement on the nver March 18- 
 which divides New Hampshire from the Province of 
 Maine. The inhabitants flew to their arms and made 
 a nobk defence. But after nearly thirty of their 
 bravest men were slain, the rest, consisting chiefly 
 of women and children, surrendered at discretion. 
 Fifty four were carried into miserable captivity. 
 The houses, mills, barns, and a great number of cat- 
 tle were burned. f 
 
 A third party, from Quebec, making a junction Mayirth. 
 with Hertel, in May, attacked and destroyed the fort 
 and settlement at Casco. An hundred people were 
 either killed or taken. After the destruction of this 
 settlement, the eastern settlements were all deserted 
 and the people retired to the fort at Wells.J 
 
 One grand design of these expeditions was to de- 
 tach the Five Nations from the British interest, raise 
 the depressed spirits of the Canadians, encourage the 
 Indians already in the interest of the French, and fix 
 them more firmly in their views. As the Five Na- 
 tions were in alliance with Great Britain, and had 
 given the French much trouble, they had in some 
 preceding years employed nearly the whole force of 
 Canada against them, with a view totally to subdue 
 and extirpate them. But so far had they been from The Five 
 accomplishing their wishes, that the Five Nations, Nations 
 but two years before this time, had nearly made a thiSnd. 
 conquest of Canada. In 1688, twelve hundred of^^^ont- 
 their warriors landed on the south side of the island jy^'' gg. 
 of Montreal, and while the French were in perfect 
 security, making a violent attack upon them, slew all 
 the men, women, and children without the skirts of 
 the town. Not less than a thousand French were 
 
 • Smith's Hist. N. Y. p. 66, 67. f Belknap's Hist. p. 257, 258. 
 + Ibid. p. 259, 260. Hutch, vol. i, p. .396, 397. 
 
 Vol. I. 28 
 
218 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, slain in this invasion. Twenty six they carried int® 
 ^'^' captivity and burnt alive. They plundered and burnt 
 jggg all the plantations. But this did not satiate their rage 
 and thirst for blood, for in October they made ano- 
 ther descent on the island, destroyed all the lower 
 part of it and carried off a much larger number of 
 captives.* 
 Conse- These expeditions had the most dismal conse- 
 
 quences of quejices on the affairs of the French in Canada. For 
 pi-eda.*^ iio sooner had the news of the destruction at Mon- 
 tions. treal, reached the garrison at lake Ontario, than they 
 set fire to the two barks, which they had on the lake, 
 and abandoned their fort. They left in the fort twen- 
 ty seven barrels of powder and their stores, which 
 were all seized by the Indians of the Five Nations. 
 At their departure the French set a match to their 
 powder, with a design to blow up their works ; but 
 the match went out, and the whole became the booty 
 of their enemies. They made their flight down the 
 Cadarackui river in seven birch canoes ; but such 
 was their panic that they went off in the night, and in 
 shooting the falls, one of their canoes overset, and, 
 with all the men on board, was lost. 
 
 These were not the only misfortunes which befel 
 the French in this war with the Five Nations. They 
 sent numerous scouts into their country, by which 
 thousands of their inhabitants w ere cut off, and large 
 tracts made desolate. These repeated depredations 
 prevented cultivation, and produced a distressing fa- 
 mine through the country. Nothing but the ignor- 
 ance of the Five Nations, at that time, in the art of 
 attacking forts, saved Canada from a total destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Unspeakably fortunate was it for the French, and 
 as unfortunate for the English colonics, that through 
 the malignant influence and execrable measures of 
 king James, they might not, at that time, give the 
 least assistance to these faithful allies. 
 
 • CoUlen's Hist. vol. i. p. 90, 91. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 219 
 
 However, providence very singularly overruled chap. 
 
 their victories for the preservation of the English co- 
 
 lonies. They rendered them secure from the in- 1589. 
 roads of the enemy, till the work of the revolution Means of 
 was nearly accomplished, and probably saved New fn^^'tjj'e 
 York from a general destruction. A scheme had colonies. 
 been jjrojected for the conquest of that province ; 
 and Caffiniere had been despatched with a fleet and 
 troops for that design. The fleet and troops arrived - 
 at Chebucta in September.* Count Frontenac, who 
 had the chief command, on the arrival of the fleet 
 proceeded immediately to Canada. Cafiiniere had 
 orders to sail to New York, and continue in the bay, 
 in sight of the city, but out of the reach of its can- 
 non, till the first of December ; when, if he should 
 receive no intelligence from the count, he was, after 
 unlading his ammunition, stores, and provisions, at 
 Port Royal, to return to France. The land force for 
 this enterprise was to consist of thirteen hundred re- 
 gulars and three hundred Canadians. The land ar- 
 my was to take their loute by the river Sorel and lake 
 Champlain. When the count arrived in Canada, the 
 news of the victories of the Five Nations, the loss of 
 his favourite fort on lake Ontario, and the distressed 
 state of the country, dashed his designs and broke 
 up the expedition. t 
 
 In the state in which count Frontenac found Cana- 
 da, the expeditions which he planned, and which 
 succeeded so much to his wishes, were excellently 
 adapted to his purposes. The destruction of Sche- 
 nectada so alarmed the people, that they were on the 
 point of abandoning the country and even Albany it- 
 self But the Mohawk sachems in a noble speech 
 urged their stay, pressed an union of all the colonies 
 against the enemy, and roused them to a vigorous 
 war. I 
 
 The colonies considered Canada as the source of 
 all their troubles. An expedition was therefore plan^ 
 
 ' September, 1688. f Smitli's Hist. New York, p. 64, 65. ^ 
 i Colden's Hist. vol. i. p. 125, 126, 
 
220 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ned, both against Port Royal and Quebec. The 
 
 chief command of the forces, appointed for these 
 
 1690. purposes, was given to Sir William Phips. In 
 
 April, a fleet of small vessels, with about eight hun- 
 
 Aprii28tii. ^^^^^ men, sailed for the reduction of Port Royal. Of 
 
 Port Roy- this they made an easy conquest ; and Sir William 
 
 ai taken, ^^^j, posscssion of the wholc coast from Port Royal 
 
 to Penobscot and the New-England settlements. 
 
 The whole business was finished, and the fleet and 
 
 army returned in about a month. The plunder was 
 
 so considerable, that it was judged equal to the whole 
 
 expense of the expedition. 
 
 This cheap and easy acquisition, confirmed the 
 colonies in the prosecution of their designs against 
 Canada. The continual ravages of the French and 
 Indians, on the frontiers, made the necessity of the 
 Expedi- enterprise appear in a strong point of light. It also 
 tion a- appeared highly necessary for the encouragement 
 Ca'nada. ^f the Fivc Nations, and for the preservation of their 
 friendship. For the French were now, by every art, 
 attempting to divide and detach them from the inter- 
 ests of the colonies. The Massachusetts were influ- 
 enced by a still further motive ; they wished to 
 recommend themselves to the good graces of his 
 majesty, and to obtain the establishment of their 
 government. Every exertion was therefore made for 
 the equipment of a force adequate to the service. It 
 was designed that two thousand men should penetrate 
 into Canada by lake Champlain, and attack Mont- 
 real at the same time that the armament by sea 
 should invest Quebec. The fleet consisted of thir- 
 ty-two sail of vessels, great and small. The largest 
 was a 44 gun ship, with two hundred men. The 
 whole number of men was nearly two thousand. 
 The success of the expedition depended principally 
 on a division of the French force. The fleet sailed 
 from Nantasket on the 9th of August. A combina- 
 tion of untoward circumstances defeated the design. 
 The troops, which were destined for Montreal were 
 not supplied either with battoes or provisions suffi- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 221 
 
 cient for crossing the lake. The fleet was early dis- chap. 
 covered in the river St. Lawrence, and unfortunately ^^^' 
 did not arrive at Quebec till the 5th of October. "^5^ 
 Two or three days were spent in idle consultations. 
 The army which was to march by the lake had now 
 retreated. Count Frontenac had time to arrive from 
 Moiitreal with considerable force, and was now able 
 to employ the wliole strength of Canada against this 
 little army. He therefore despised the summons of 
 the English knight to surrender the town, contem- 
 ned both king William and his subjects. He refus- 
 ed any other answer, than by the mouths of his can- 
 non. On the 8th, all the effective men, amounting 
 to a little more than twelve hundred, were landed and 
 began their march for the town. Though their 
 march was through a thick wood in which were am- 
 buscades of French and Indians, yet they continued 
 their march till night, and advanced again the next Unsuc- 
 day. The ships also were drawn up before the town; *^^^^*"^' 
 but they were so galled by the fire of the enemy, 
 that they were drawn off the next day, without doing 
 them any considerable damage. On the 11th, the 
 troops re -embarked. Another attempt was designed ; 
 but the season was cold, and tempestuous weather 
 coming on drove many of the vessels fi^om their an- 
 chors, and so scattered the whole fleet, that they were 
 obliged to give over the enterprise. Some of the 
 vessels were afterwards driven off to the West In- 
 dies, and three or four were lost.* 
 
 A French writer observes, that had the English 
 made the descent while the count was at Montreal, 
 or within two days after his arrival at Quebec, they 
 would have gained the city without striking a blow. 
 He says there were not two hundred men in it, and 
 that it lay open and exposed on all hands.f The 
 French applauded the valour of the troops, but univer- 
 sally censured the conduct of Sir William . They at- 
 tributed their deliverance to the immediate hand of 
 
 • Hutch, vol. i. p. 399 to 402. Smith's Hist. N. Y. p. 68, 69. Col= 
 den's Hist. vol. i.p, 137, 138. f Le Hontan. 
 
^2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, providence. From the ill success of this enterprise 
 
 it has been treated, both by English and French 
 
 1690. writers, with ridicule and contempt. The defeat of 
 it has been generally imputed to the want of conduct 
 in Sir William Phips. But on a fair statement of 
 the case it will appear, that considering the state of 
 the country, his achievements were honourable ; and 
 that the expedition was defeated more by the fault of 
 others than by his own. 
 
 In the two preceding years the colony of the 
 Massachusetts only, had kept more than seven hun- 
 dred men in pay for the defence of the country. The 
 expense of the colony amounted to more than twen- 
 ty thousand pounds. Many of the eastern settle- 
 ments had been totally swept away. The frontiers 
 were in such continual alarm, and so many men call- 
 ed into public service, that cultivation was exceed- 
 ingly diminished. Provisions were scarce and dear, 
 and many of the poor people were in want of bread.* 
 Yet, in this state of the country, such were his exer- 
 tions, that he had conducted an exjiedition against 
 Port Royal, and in tolerable season had prepared for 
 a second against Quebec. The plan of it appears to 
 have been good : and the fleet would have sailed at 
 an earlier period, had not Sir William waited some 
 time for provisions and military stores from England. 
 For these the colony had made an early and pressing 
 application. 
 Chief rea. Ncw York wcrc to have furnished battoes and pro- 
 dtsap^ ^^^^ visions for the army, which was to march by the 
 pointraent. lake ; but, by reason of Leisler's usurpation of the 
 government, that colony was in an unhappy state of 
 division and tumult. Milborn his son-in-law was 
 commissary, and made no effectual provision of eith- 
 er. The army were not able to pass the lake, nor 
 even to keep the field. Such was the want of pro- 
 visions that they were soon obliged to return to Al- 
 bany. This circumstance contributed more than 
 
 • Letter of Dep. Gov. Danforth to Sir H. Ashurst, April 1, 1690. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^^i 
 
 any Other to defeat the enterprise.* Even, agreea- chap. 
 
 bly to the French writers, had the army advanced, '__ 
 
 or had they only kept the field, so as to have detain- jggQ 
 ed count Frontenac a few days longer at Montreal, 
 it would have been crowned with success. On the 
 19th of November Sir William arrived at Boston. 
 About two hundred men had been lost ; thirty by 
 the enemy, and the rest by sickness. 
 
 This was a humbling stroke to New- England, 
 and involved them in almost inextricable difficulties. 
 No preparation had been made for the return of the 
 fleet. The colonies seem, not only to have presum- 
 ed on success, but to have depended on the spoils 
 of the enemy, to defray the expense of the expedi- 
 tion. The soldiers upon their return were on the 
 point of mutiny for their wages. It was not possible 
 in a few days to raise a sufficient sum to make them 
 payment. The poverty of the people, the heavy 
 debt brought on the colonies, the extreme difficulties 
 to which they were now reduced, for the first time, 
 drove them to the necessity of emitting bills of pub- 
 lic credit. These in a short time had a rapid depre- 
 ciation, did great injury to the soldiers and other 
 creditors. It proved a source of complicated and ex- 
 tensive mischiefs. 
 
 The failing of the expedition had other unhappy 
 consequences. It had an ill effect on the Five Na- 
 tions, who were a great check upon the enemy, and 
 defence to the colonies. They blamed the English 
 for their inactivity, and appeared more inclinable 
 to make peace with the French. It encouraged the I69i. 
 enemy, and exposed the frontiers to still greater 
 ravages. 
 
 To keep up the spirit of our Indian allies, and to Major 
 prevent, as far as might be, the ravages of our fron- f,^]^^^' 
 tiers, Major Peter Schuyler the next year, with about dltion,^^*' 
 three hundred men, nearly half Mohawks and Scha- 
 
 * T'lie author of tlie life of Sir William Phips gives this as a I'easoii 
 of the ill success of the flet*, and says, they were unproviflcd \vitl\ 
 battoes. 
 
224 A GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 
 
 CHAP, kook Indians, passed lake Cliamplain, and made a 
 ^^' iDold attack on the French settlements north of the 
 jgg^ lake. Meanwhile, De Callieres, the governour of 
 ^lontreal, spared no pains to give him a proper re- 
 ception. He crossed the river with twelve hundred 
 men, and encamped at La Prairie. Schuyler attack- 
 ed and put to flight his out posts and Indians, pursu- 
 ed them to the fort, and on that commenced a brisk 
 attack. He had a sharp and brave action with the 
 French regulars, and afterwards forcing his way 
 through a Ijody of the enemy, who intercepted him, 
 on liis return, made good his retreat. In these several 
 conflicts, the major slew of the enemy thirteen officers, 
 and in the whole three hundred men ; a greater num- 
 ber than he carried with him into the field.* 
 
 The warriors of the Five Nations, continued their 
 incursions through the whole summer, all along the 
 river St. Lawrence, from Montreal to Quebec, and 
 kept the country in continual alarm. Count Fron- 
 tenac enraged at these incursions, for several years, 
 employed almost his whole force against these na- 
 tions, till by his expensive expeditions against them, 
 and their repeated incursions, Canada was reduced a 
 second time to famine. The French surprised sev- 
 eral of their castles, and sometimes seemed to have 
 the advantage ; and then the Five Nations, in their 
 turn, with redoubled fury, would attack their settle- 
 ments and scouting parties, and like an impetuous 
 torrent carryall before them. In these ways did prov- 
 idence in a great measure, defend the northern fron- 
 tiers from the ravages of a barbarous enemy. 
 
 But the eastern were extremely harassed. The 
 enemy, in that quarter, kept a constant watch on the 
 inhabitants, crej)t privately into their towns and vil- 
 lages, waylaid them on the roads and in their fields, 
 hunted them from place to place, surprised and slew 
 them, whenever they could find an advantage. 
 Large bodies of men were employed for their de- 
 
 * CoMen's Hist, vol. i. p. 135, 136, Smith's Hist. N. Y. p. 78. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 225 
 
 fence, and ranging parties scoured the woods from 
 one post to another. But notwithstanding their ut- 
 most exertions scarcely a year passed without repeat- 
 ed damages by the enemy. 
 
 On the 25th of January the town of York was de- York des- 
 stroyed. Fifty of the inhabitants were killed, and 25th illi' 
 about a hundred captivated. The people of the ' 
 country were at this time greatly dispirited. The 
 war had already brought on them a heavy debt, 
 which was still increasing. Considerable numbers 
 of their best men had been slain, and such large 
 bodies were called out for their defence, as greatly 
 impeded their husbandry, many of their towns and 
 cattle had been destroyed, their trade and all theu' 
 resources were exceedingly diminished. Poverty 
 and ruin, at least, seemed to look them in the face. 
 The people of New Hampshire, in particular, on 
 whom the storm fell with the greatest severity, were 
 on the point of abandoning the province. The gov- 
 ernour was obliged to impress men to guard the out 
 posts, and even then such was the scarcity of provis- 
 ions, that, sometimes, the officers were under the 
 necessity of dismissing them.* In these distressed 
 circumstances application was made to Connecticut 
 for provisions and men. Sometime after troops were 
 sent from Connecticut, under the command of major 
 Whiting, and acted in conjunction with those of the 
 Massachusetts, in defence of the eastern frontiers. f 
 Nothing but the influence of some men of greater 
 magnanimity and perseverance than others, the un- 
 ion of the colonies in the common defence, with the 
 hope of better times, kept up the spirits of the people, 
 and prevented their total depression. 
 
 In 1694, the Sieur De Villieu, with a body of two juiy i^^r 
 hundred and fifty Indians, surprised Oyster river, 1694. 
 part of the town of Dover; killed and captivated 
 
 * Belknap's Hist. p. 265, 266. 
 •f Contributions of provisions and money were also made, by Con- 
 necticut and others, for the relief of the poor and of the frontiers, jfjS 
 in the late war. Magnalia, book vii. p. 115, 
 
 Vol. I. 29 
 
^26 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, nearly a hundred persons, and burned about twenty 
 ^ '' houses. Before the close of the war, several other 
 places shared a similar fate. 
 
 Sir William Phips, at great expense, had built a 
 fort at Pemaquid for the defence of those parts, and 
 to encouarge the inhabitants not to desert them. But 
 1696. an armament was fitted out at Quebec, under the com- 
 mand of Iberville, who captured the fort ; and thea 
 sailing to Newfoundland took possession of St. 
 John's and its other harbours. 
 
 But the next year, 1697, was much more alarm- 
 ing and distressful than any of the preceding years 
 of the war. The preceding winter had been one of 
 the severest which the country had known from its 
 first settlement to that period. Never had the coun- 
 try sustained greater losses in commerce, nor had 
 provisions, in any period of the war, been more 
 scarce, or borne a higher price. In these circum- 
 stances, the people were in daily expectation of a 
 general invasion by a powerful armament from 
 . France, in conjunction with the whole force of 
 Canada. 
 
 The Marquis of Nesmond, an officer of high re- 
 putation, was despatched from France with ten ships 
 of the line, a galliot, and two frigates. It was ex- 
 pected that count Frontenac would join him, at Pe- 
 nobscot, with fifteen hundred men. Immediately 
 after the junction they were to make a descent on 
 Boston. This taken, they were to range the coun- 
 try- as far as Piscataqua, carrying destruction as far 
 back into it as should be in their power. They had 
 orders to range the eastern coast of Newfoundland, 
 take and burn all the English shipping, which should 
 fall in their way. To finish their work of destruc- 
 tion, they were to take New York, and the troops, 
 under the count, were to march through and lay 
 waste that province, in their return to Canada. It 
 was expected by the court of France, that the Eng- 
 lish would send a fleet to America, early in the 
 spring, to recover what they had lost the preceding 
 
U'NITED STATES OF AMERICA. 227 
 
 year. This fleet the marquis had orders to attack chap. 
 
 and defeat. The French king had this expedition * 
 
 so much at heart, that he gave permission to the ^^gjr 
 marquis, to augment his fleet with a number of ships, 
 destined for another expedition in Hudson's bay, if 
 he should meet them at Placentia, the place of their 
 destination. 
 
 There was little hope in New England, of any 
 assistance from Great Britain. The inhabitants 
 therefore were thrown into great consternation. The 
 utmost exertions were made, to be in a state of pre- 
 paration for the enemy. The castle at Boston was 
 strengthened with such additional works as the time 
 would permit. The militia of the country were hol- 
 den in immediate readiness to march to the sea 
 coasts. Five hundred men were despatched to the 
 eastern frontiers, for their protection. But in this 
 terrible crisis, a power above human, interposed, 
 and overruled that which had been devised for the 
 destruction of the country, for its more effectual pre- 
 servation. De Nesmond sailed too late for the ac- 
 complishment of these purposes ; and, meeting with 
 contrary winds, it was nearly August before he ar- July 34th. 
 rived at Placentia. There he heard no news of the 
 English fleet, which he expected on the coast. A 
 grand council was now called to determine whether 
 they should immediately proceed to the attack of 
 Boston. Every voice was in the negative. This 
 was judged an imprudent measure, while they were 
 ignorant of the state of their enemy.* Beside, 
 should there be the greatest despatch in giving notice 
 to the count De Frontenac, he would not be able to 
 form a junction at Penobscot before the 10th of Sep- 
 tember : and by this time it was computed, that the 
 fleet would have fifty da}^s provisions only, and would 
 not be able to effect any matter of consequence. 
 Count Frontenac, vv^ith his formidable army, lay most 
 of the summer in a state of inaction, waiting for or- 
 
 • Hutch, Hist. vol. ii. p. 101—105. 
 
228 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP ders. Thus were the colonies preserved from their 
 
 depredations. They stood still and saw the divine 
 
 ^5()jr. salvation. 
 Peace of The pacification of Riswick, the December fol- 
 Dec 'i?th ^^^^^"S» K^^^ them rest from a ten years predatory 
 and most distressing war. Nearly a thousand of the 
 frontier inhabitants were either killed, or carried into 
 the most miserable captivity. Man}' towns and vil- 
 lages had been plundered and burnt. Extensive 
 and fine tracts of country had been made desolate, 
 and great numbers of cattle and horses destroyed. 
 Such numbers of men had been employed in the war, 
 that husbandry had greatly declined. Commerce 
 was, in a manner, annihilated. So long a war in 
 which so many men were employed, and in which 
 such exertions had been made, had involved the 
 northern colonies in an almost insuperable debt: 
 when their numbers and resources had been exceed- 
 ingly diminished. In the discharge of this debt they 
 stood alone. They received no assistance from the 
 English court. 
 
 In this war the enemy perpetrated the greatest bar- 
 barities, which had ever been knov»^n in New-Eng- 
 land. Women, far advanced in pregnancy, were 
 generally ripped up, and the tender babe dashed 
 against a stone or tree. Infants, when they became 
 troublesome, were despatched in the same manner. 
 Sometimes, to torment the tender mother, the Indians 
 would whip the child unsufferably, or hold it under 
 water till it was strangling, and then throw it to the 
 mother to hush and quiet. If she was not so happy, 
 as soon to still its weeping, it was quieted with the 
 hatchet, hung in the crotch of a tree, or left to be 
 torn in pieces by dogs or wild beasts. Some of the 
 captives were roasted alive ; others had the fleshy 
 parts of their bodies cut into deep gashes, and then 
 brands and sticks on fire were thrust into the wounds, 
 till, in this lingering manner they were tortured to 
 death. Poor children of both sexes were murdered ; 
 and, in derision, left hanging by their rags, about on 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 22& 
 
 the fences. In one instance an infant was tied to the ^"'^^• 
 
 corpse of its parent, and left to perish sucking the 
 
 breasts of its dead mother.* Terrible was the con- 1697. 
 dition of those who fared the best. They were sub- 
 jected to the hardships of travelling half naked and 
 barefoot, through pathless deserts, over craggy moun- 
 tains, through horrible swamps and thickets. They 
 were obliged to endure frost, rain, and snow, and all 
 the inclemencies of the season, both by night and day. 
 Famine was not an uncommon attendant on these 
 doleful marches and captivities. No pity was shown, 
 nor allowance made, for the aged or infirm. Such 
 as, through infirmity, hunger, fatigue, or sorrow, 
 fainted under their burdens, or could not keep pace 
 with the enemy, in their hasty marches, were com- 
 monly soon despatched with the tomahawk. f Such 
 were the hard things, which our ancestors endured 
 for the defence of the country, and for the preserva- 
 tion of that fair inheritance, which they have, with 
 such honour and magnanimity, transmitted to their 
 posterity. If the very history of their sufferings 
 wound our feelings, and awake our sorrows, how 
 dreadful was their condition, who actually saw and 
 suffered these evils. 
 
 Scarcely had the colonies wiped their tears, and 1702. 
 recovered from the wounds and impoverishment of 
 the former, before they were involved in the horrors 
 of a new war. The seeds of it, indeed, were amply 
 sown both in Europe and America. The exorbi- 
 tant power of Lewis XIV. threatened the liberties of 
 all Europe. His seating his grandson, the duke of 
 Anjou, on the throne of Spain, and proclaiming the 
 pretender king of England, were flagrant violations 
 of former treaties. The latter was a grand indignity 
 to the nation and crown of England. In America, 
 he not only claimed all Acadia, but gave orders to 
 his governour, Villebon, to extend the limits as far 
 as Kennebeck. He claimed an exclusive right of 
 
 • Col. Church's Hist p. 159. 
 t Magnalia, book 7- Belknap's Hist. p. 282—285. 
 
230 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^vi^^ fishing on the coasts, and gave express orders for 
 '__ the seizing of all English vessels, which should lie 
 
 1702. found fishing upon them. On the 4th of May, 1702, 
 War pro- war vvas proclaimed both against France and Spain. 
 M^y4tii. The Five Nations, who were in alliance with the 
 against English, had entered into a treaty of neutrality with 
 and'spain. ^^^^ French, in Canada. Therefore, though war was 
 
 proclaimed, yet the province of New York, was so 
 far from being harassed on her frontiers, that, for 
 sometime, she carried on an advantageous trade with 
 the Indian nations. But with Massachusetts and New 
 Hampshire it was far otherwise. Against these un- 
 happy provinces, during a ten years war, the strength 
 and fury of the French and Indians were almost 
 wholly employed. 
 
 1703. On the 28th of February, 1703, a party of three 
 Destruc- hundred French and Indians, commanded by Hertel 
 cTerfieid ^^ Rouvillc, surprised the town of Deerfield, on 
 Feb. 28tii. Connecticut river, slew about forty persons, burned 
 
 the town, and took nearly a hundred captives. More 
 than twenty of the captives, unable to keep pace with 
 the enemy, were killed before they reached Canada. 
 Mr. Williams, minister of the town, was seized by 
 the enemy as he rose from his bed, and in that cold 
 season, kept standing in his shirt only, the space of 
 an hour. During which time his house was plun- 
 dered, two of his children and a negro woman mur- 
 dered. His wife and five other children were suftl r- 
 ed to put on their clothes, and then he vvas allowed 
 to dress and prepare for a long and sorrowful march. 
 The enemy having plundered and burned the town, 
 made an hasty retreat, fearing that they should be 
 overtaken by a superior force. Mrs. Williams was 
 hardly recovered from her h ing-in, and was in a fee- 
 ble state. On the second day she acquainted Mr. 
 Williams that she could not keep pace with the ene- 
 my any farther. He knew what would be the con- 
 sequence. Words cannot express his wishes to be 
 with and assist her ! But no leave could be obtain- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 231 
 
 ed. He was carried from her, and her savage mas- chap. 
 ter soon plunged his hatchet in her head.* j^ 
 
 There were suspicions, that the Indians on the -^^os. 
 eastern frontiers were plotting new mischiefs against 
 the colonies. Governour Dudley therefore, with 
 commissioners from two of the colonies, held a con- 
 ference at Casco, with delegates from the tribes of 
 the Norridgewock, Penobscot, Pigwacket, Pena- 
 kook, and Amariscoggin Indians. They assured the 
 governour, that, " As high as the sun is above the 
 earth, so far distant was their design of making 
 the least breach of the peace." As an expression of 
 their sincerity they presented a belt of wampum. 
 Both parties gave the strongest assurances of their 
 peaceable and friendly purposes. The Indians de- 
 clared the union " firm as the mountains, and" that 
 it " should continue as long as the sun and moon." 
 
 Notwithstanding on the 10th of August, a body Eastern 
 of five hundred French and Indians, dividing into ments 
 several parties, attacked all the settlements, from depopuia- 
 Casco to Wells; killed and took a hundred and thir^ loth.^"^' 
 ty people, burning and destroying all before them.f 
 Soon after a number more were killed at Hampton 
 village. The whole country from Deerfield to Cas- 
 co was kept in continual alarm and terror by small 
 parties of the enemy. The women and children 
 were obliged to retire into garrisons, the rnen to go 
 armed to their labours, and constantly to post centi- 
 nels in their fields. Troops of horse were posted, 
 and large scouting parties, employed on the frontiers. 
 Expeditions were undertaken to beat up the head 
 quarters of the enemy, and to desolate their country. 
 But when they were hunted in one place, they fled 
 to another. Sometimes while the troops were seek- 
 ing them in this quarter, they would be plundering 
 and burning in another. The country was inter- 
 spersed with such extensive groves, hideous swamps, - 
 and fastnesses, that notwithstanding the utmost ^•igi- 
 
 • Hntch. val. ii. p. 138, 131). t Belknap's Hist, p, 330, 331. 
 
232 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Ianceandexertions,bothof the soldiers and inhabitants; 
 ^^' they would penetrate undiscovered far into the coun- 
 1704. ^'*y» ^° ^^^ mischief they designed, and make their 
 escape. 
 
 Colonel Church, the next year, was despatched 
 with about six hundred men, on an expedition into 
 the eastern country. He destroyed the towns of 
 Minas, Chignecto, and some other settlements on 
 the eastern rivers. He also did considerable damage 
 to the enemy at Penobscot and Passamaquoddy. He 
 alarmed and insulted Port Royal. 
 Attempt Three years after Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Rovar'^ and New Hampshire, with about a thousand men 
 May I'sth, made an attempt for the reduction of that fortress. 
 1707. 'pi^g army embarked at Nantasket in twenty three 
 transports, under convoy of the Deptford man of 
 war, and the Province Galley. Colonel March had 
 May 26tii. the chief command. In a few days the army arrived 
 before Port Royal ; and landed in two divisions. 
 Colonel March landed on the harbour side, with sev- 
 en hundred men; and Colonel Appleton, with three 
 hundred, on the other. As March advanced the next 
 day, he was opposed by a party of French, posted on 
 an eminence, with Subercase, the governour, at 
 their head. He attacked them with such spirit, that 
 the governour's horse was soon killed under him, 
 and the party retreated. Colonel Appleton put the 
 Canadians and Indians to flight on the other side. 
 The out posts were driven in, and all the inhabitants 
 forsook their habitations and retired to the fort. 
 This was so strong and so well garrisoned with dis- 
 ciplined troops, that it was determined, in a council 
 of war, to be more than a match for their raw and 
 undisciplined army. Therefore, after a destruction 
 of French estates and settlements, about the fort, to 
 Jiiuc7ih. a very considerable amount, the army le-embarked, 
 and sailed to Casco Bay. Some officers went to 
 Boston for further orders.* 
 
 • Hutch. Hist, vol. ii. p. 165—171. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 233 
 
 Governour Dudley, highly chagrined and angry, chap. 
 
 ordered the troops to return to the place of action. ' 
 
 On the iOlh of August, after a sharp conflict with ^q^. 
 the enemy, they made good their landing. But nei- 
 ther the land nor naval force was sufficient for the 
 enterprise. The officers and men were dissatisfied 
 with the service, as, in their opinion, there was no 
 prospect of success. No means could inspire them 
 with union and firmness. In about ten days they 
 re-embarked, and returned sickly, disheartened, and 
 ashamed. 
 
 While this unfortunate expedition was in hand the 
 frontiers were kept in continual alarm. Oyster riv- 
 er, Exeter, Kingston, and Dover, in New Hampshire, 
 Berwick, York, Wells, Winter-Harbour, Casco, and 
 even the town of Marlborough, in Massachusetts, 
 were alarmed and considerably damaged by the en- 
 emy. 
 
 Besides the expeditions mentioned, several winter 
 campaigns were undertaken, and troops marched up 
 the rivers to the principal towns and forts of the 
 eastern Indians, but they found their towns and 
 forts abandoned, and the enemy, for greater security 
 drawn off" to Canada. No very considerable blow 
 could therefore be given them. It was computed, 
 that every Indian killed or taken, during the war, 
 cost the country a thousand pounds. 
 
 Such were the distresses of the country in these 
 times, that they are not easily described or conceiv- 
 ed. While large quotas of their best men were in 
 service abroad, the rest were harassed by the enemy, 
 subje('ted to continual service in garrisons and scouts 
 at home. The inhabitants could till no lands, but 
 such as were within call of their forts and garrisoned 
 houses. They lay down and rose up in fear, and 
 procured their bread at the continual hazard of their 
 lives. 
 
 Canada was considered as the source of all these 170S. 
 miscliiefs, and the reduction of that as the only effect^ 
 ual remedy against them. The assemblv of the 
 
 Vot.. I.' ' 30 
 
iro9. 
 
 234 ^ GENERAL HISTURY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Massachusetts addressed her majesty on the subject, 
 ^^- praying for an armament from England to co-operate, 
 in conjunction with the troops of the colonies, for 
 the reduction of Canada. A plan was concerted by 
 the ministry, not only for the reduction of Canada, 
 but of Acadia and Newfoundland. Early the next 
 spring, the earl of Sunderland communicated to the 
 colonies her majesty's design. A requisition of two 
 thousand seven hundred men was made of the colo- 
 nies for this purpose. Twelve hundred from Mas- 
 sachusetts andR hode Island, were to join a squad- 
 ron of ships and five regular regiments from Eng- 
 land, and make an attack upon Quebec. The oth- 
 er fifteen hundred were to march by lake Cham- 
 plain, and invest Montreal, at the same time the des- 
 Expedi- cent should be made on Quebec. Colonel Nichols, 
 tion to vvho had been deputy governour of New York, and 
 Creek. governour of Virginia, was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the land army, and marched to Wood 
 Creek. The colonies, Pennsylvania excepted, made 
 great exertions for the public service. Beside their 
 quota, independent companies were raised and sent 
 on to the army. More than a hundred battoes and 
 as many birch canoes were constructed for crossing 
 the lake. Three forts, several block houses, and 
 stores for provisions, were erected. The colonies 
 provided transports, boats, and provisions, as well as 
 furnished and paid their men, at their own expense. 
 The province of New York signalized herself by her 
 zeal for the public service. Besides raising some 
 independent companies, she procured and maintain- 
 ed six hundred Indians of the Five Nations, and vic- 
 tualled a thousand of their wives and children, at 
 Albany, while they were employed in the campaign. 
 The armament from England was to have been 
 at Boston by the middle of May. But before it sail- 
 ed the Portuguese were defeated, and the allies of 
 England were reduced to very great straits. The 
 force, therefore, which was designed for America, 
 was ordered to Portugal, and the enterprise was de- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 235 
 
 feated. Great sickness and mortality prevailed in chap. 
 
 the army at Wood Creek, and the general, receiving '^ 
 
 no intelligence of the armament from England, re- ^-.q9 
 turned to Albany. The troops were kept in pay 
 till about the middle of October, when it was too 
 late to employ them in any enterprise of importance. 
 
 This fruitless business was a prodigious loss and 
 expense to the colonies. The province of New 
 York only expended more than twenty thousand 
 pounds.* 
 
 The expectations of the people had been wrought 
 up to a high degree of assurance, that the expedition 
 would be successful. They anticipated the fall of 
 Canada, and an honourable issue of all their troubles. 
 When tlierefore, from all this exertion and expense, 
 they received nothing but loss and disappointment, 
 their chagrin and depression were proportionably 
 great. 
 
 However the importance of driving the French 
 out of Canada, and the necessity of immediate exer- 
 tions to keep up the spirit and friendship of the 
 Five Nations, which only could preserve the fron- 
 tiers from becoming a field of blood, induced them 
 to keep this object still in view. General Nicholson 
 made a voyage to England to solicit assistance from 
 the British court. 
 
 The assembly of New York addressed queen Anne 
 on the subject. Colonel Schuyler was so impress- 
 ed with a sense of the necessity of prosecuting vig- 
 orous measures against th>. French, and so extremely 
 chagrined at the late disappointment, that he deter- 
 mined on a voyage to England, at his own private 
 expense, to represent to her majesty the absolute 
 necessity of reducing Canada under the crown of 
 Great Britain. He also determined to carry over 
 with him fiye Indian chiefs, that they might impress 
 the same on her majesty. No sooner were the as- 
 sembly apprised of his design, than they resolved that 
 
 • Smith's Hist. N. Y. 119, 120. 
 
236 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, he should be the man to present the address of the 
 
 governoLir, council, and general assembly to her maj- 
 
 1709. ^'^^y* -^'^^^ arrival of the Indian sachems in England, 
 
 was matter of great curiosity and noise through the 
 
 kingdom. Her majesty dressed them in the English 
 
 manner, and, instead of a blanket, they had each a 
 
 scarlet cloth mantle, edged with gold, thrown over 
 
 April their other garments. In this dress they were intro- 
 i9tii ino • 
 
 ' ' duced into the royal presence. They represented 
 
 the long wars, which, in conjuction with her children, 
 they had waged against their enemies, the French : 
 That they had been a strong wall of defence to them, 
 even to the loss of their best men : That when they 
 heard their great queen was about to send an army 
 to Canada, with one consent, they joyfully hung up 
 the kettle and took up the hatchet, and assisted col- 
 onel Nicholson. They declared, that the reduction 
 of Canada was of so great weight to their free hun- 
 ting, that if their great queen should not be mindful 
 of them, they must, witli their families, forsake their 
 country, and seek other habitations, or stand neuter, 
 either of which would be much against their inclina- 
 tions.* Nicholson and Schuyler used their utmost 
 influence with her majesty, for the same purpose. 
 
 An expedition against Canada, it seems, was again 
 in contemplation. In July conmiodore Martin ariiv- 
 cd at Boston, in the Dragon, with the Falmouth, a 
 bomb ship, tender, and two or three transports. 
 With commodore Martin, Nicholson, Schuyler, and 
 the Indian kings returned. It was expected that this 
 squadron would have been joined, by a fleet under 
 lord Shannon, who, in Jul)', was under sailing orders 
 for America. But the westerly winds, it seems, pre- 
 vented his sailing till the season was too far advanc- 
 ed. The reduction of Port Royal therefore became 
 the only object of the campaign. 
 Sept. 18th. In September a fleet sailed from Boston, consisting 
 of three fourth rates, the Dragon, Chester, and Fal 
 
 • Smith's Hist. N. Y. p. 121, ^22. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 237 
 
 mouth, of two fifth rates, the Loostaff and Feversham , c ha p. 
 
 with the Star bomb and provmce galley, fourteen ]_^ 
 
 transports m the pay of Massachusetts, five in that of j^i^ 
 Connecticut, two in the pay of New Hampshire, and Expedi- 
 three in that of Rhode Island, designed for Port *^'°^s\' 
 Royal and the coasts of Nova- Scotia. These, with PonRoy- 
 the tender and transports from England, made thirty ^^' 
 six sail. Commodore Martin in the Dragon com- 
 manded the whole. The army consisted of a regi- 
 ment of marines, commanded by colonel Redding ; 
 of four regiments raised in New-England ; two com- 
 manded by Sir Charles Hobby and colonel Tailer of 
 Massachusetts, one by colonel Whiting of Connect- 
 icut, and the other by colonel Walton of New Hamp- 
 shire. Nicholson was general. On the 24th, the 
 fleet and army arrived at Port Royal. The troops 
 landed without opposition, and made an eas}' con- 
 quest. On the 21st of October the engineers open- 
 ed three batteries, of two mortars and twenty four 
 cohorns in the whole. The Star bomb at the same 
 time plying the enemy with her shells. The next surren- 
 day Monsieur Subercase surrendered the fort and ^^^'^^ ^'^'^- 
 country to the crown of Britain. General Nichol- 
 son left a sufficient garrison under the command of 
 colonel Vetch, his adjutant general, who was appoint- 
 ed to the government of the country. From this 
 time the name of the port was changed to Annapolis - 
 royal.* 
 
 Besides the troops employed in this expedition, 
 the colonies had considerable bodies of men scouring 
 the woods during the w^hole summer. Colonel Wal- 
 ton after his return from Annapolis, with a hundred 
 and seventy men ranged the eastern coimtry, killed 
 the sachem of Norridgewock and some other Indians, 
 The enemy notwithstanding did mischief in various 
 places. 
 
 Nicholson, animated with his late sticcess at An- 
 napolis and some other at Newfoundland, went again 
 
 * Hutch. Hist. vol. ii. d. 180—184. 
 
238 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 VI. 
 
 1711. 
 
 June 8. 
 
 Canada 
 expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 to England, to solicit another expedition against Can- 
 ada. The country in general had no expectation 
 that his solicitations would be successful. They did 
 not imagine that queen Anne's new tory ministry 
 would attempt any thing of that nature for New-En- 
 gland. But, contrary to all expectation, the matter 
 was resumed. In June general Nicholson arrived 
 at Boston with the news that a fleet might soon be 
 expected from England, and with orders, from her 
 majesty, that the several governments of New-Eng- 
 land, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 
 should have their quotas in immediate readiness for 
 the expedition. 
 
 A general meeting of the governours of the sever- 
 al colonics was immediately appointed at New Lon- 
 don. Within sixteen days after the arrival of gener- 
 june 24. al Nicliolson, the fleet arrived at Boston. But very 
 extraordinary it was, that the fleet had neither pro- 
 visions nor pilots. Ten weeks provisions were re- 
 quired, at Boston, for the army. Before this it had 
 been suspected, that it was not d«jsigned, that Cana- 
 da should be reduced. These circumstances much 
 increased the suspicion. It was doubted whether 
 in the then state of the country, it were possible, in 
 so short a time, as was necessary, to procure such a 
 quantity of provisions. There was, at the same time 
 a suspicion, that if the expedition should miscarry, 
 that the blame was to be thrown upon New- Eng- 
 land. Whether this suspicion was well grounded 
 or not, sure it is, that it had great influence, togeth- 
 er Avith the zeal which the colonies had for the ser- 
 vice, to draw forth their utmost exertions. When 
 the fleet arrived the general court of Massachusetts 
 was convened at Boston, and the governours were 
 met at New London, to concert measures for for- 
 warding the expedition, with the greatest harmony 
 and despatch. A punctual compliance with her maj- 
 esty's orders, was universally recommended. Not 
 only the governments, but private persons exerted 
 themselves beyond what had been known upon any 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 239 
 
 Other occasion. The assembly of Massachusetts is- chap. 
 sued bills of credit to the amount of forty thousand ^' 
 pounds, and that of New York to the amount of ten ^-ru 
 thousand.* Acts were made stating the price of all 
 articles of provision, necessary for the army, and even 
 for impressing them wherever they could be found. 
 In a little more than a month, from the arrival of the 
 fleet, the new levies and provisions were ready. On 
 the 30th of July, the fleet, consisting of fifteen men 
 of war, twelve from England, and three which had 
 been before stationed in America, forty transports, 
 six store ships, a fine train of artillery, and all manner 
 of warlike stores, sailed from Boston for Canada. 
 The land army on board consisted of five regiments, 
 from England and Flanders, and two regiments rais- 
 ed in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hamp- 
 shire, amounting in the whole nearly to seven thous- 
 and men. The fleet was commanded by Sir Hoven- 
 den Walker, and the army by brigadier Hill, broth- 
 er to Mrs. Masham, the queen's favourite, after the 
 disgrace of the dutchess of Marlborough. The land 
 force, in number, was about equal to that, which, 
 under general Wolfe, reduced Quebec ; though, at 
 this time it was not half so strong, as it was when re- 
 duced by that general. 
 
 Not long after the sailing of the fleet general Nich- 
 olson appeared at Albany at the head of four thous- 
 and men, from the colonies of Connecticut, New 
 York, and New Jersey. 1'he regiments were com- 
 manded by colonels Whiting, Schuyler, and Ingolds- 
 by. Colonel Schuyler had procured six hundred of 
 the Five Nations. More than this, in so short a time, 
 could not have been reasonably expected. 
 
 On the 14th of August the admiral arrived in the 
 mouth of St. Lawrence. But that he might not lose 
 the company of the transports, as was pretended, he 
 put into the bay of Gaspy, where he continued till the 
 20th of the month. On the 22d, two days after, he 
 
 • Hutch. Hist. vol. ii, p. 190, 19" Smith's Hist. NY. p. 128, 131. 
 
Aug. 22. 
 
 240 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, sfiiied from the bay, the fleet appeared to be in the 
 
 '__ utmost danger. It was without soundings, without 
 
 1711. sight of Lmd; the sky was darkened with a thick fog, 
 and the wind was high at east south east. In this 
 situation the fleet brought to, with the heads of the 
 ships to the southward. This was done with an ex- 
 pectation, that tiie stream would drive them into the 
 ^^^'P'. . midst of the channel. But, instead of this, about 
 
 wreck in • , • i i t , , in 
 
 St. Law- midnight, the seamen discovered, that the ileet was 
 rence,^ drivcu Oil the iiorth shore among rocks and islands, 
 on the verge of a total shi]:) wreck. Eight or nine 
 of the B -itish transports, on board of which were 
 about seventeen hundred officers and soldiers, were 
 cast away. Nearly a thousand men were lost. The 
 admiral and general saved themselves by anchoring; 
 but such was the violence of the storm, that they 
 lost several anchors. On this disaster the fleet re- 
 turned to Spanish river bay, where in a council, both 
 of land and naval officers, it was unanimously deter- 
 mined, that as they !iad but ten weeks prrjvisions, 
 and could not expect a supply from New-England, 
 to make no further attempts. The fleet sailed for 
 England, and on the 9th of October, arrived at Ports- 
 mouth. Here the fleet suffered another misfortune. 
 The Edgar, a 70 gun ship blew up, having on board 
 four hundred men, besides many persons who came 
 on a visit to their friends. As the cause of this event 
 was wholly unknown, jealous minds were not with- 
 out suggestions, that even this was not without 
 design. 
 
 It was pretended that both the Engli.sh and French 
 pilots advised to the fleets coming to, in the manner 
 it did, when the transports were lost ; but the pilots, 
 from New-lMigland, declared, upon oath, that they 
 gave no such advice, if any such advice was given 
 it must have l^een by the Fiench pilots, on board, 
 either upon design or through mistake. Charlevoix 
 says, " there was on board the admiral, a French 
 ])risoner, one Paradis, an old seaman who was per- 
 l\;clly acquainted with the river St. Lawrence: this 
 
 I 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 24L 
 
 man cautioned him, when he was off the seven chap. 
 
 islands, not t venture too near the land, and he ' 
 
 obliged him to make frequent tacks and keep near the j^j j 
 wind, which did not favour him. At length the admiral, 
 tired out, and, perhaps, suspecting the pilot only de- 
 signed to wear out his men, refused to come to stays," 
 and so was driven ashore. Thus other accounts 
 were entirely different from the admiral's. But the 
 blame, at any rate, was imputed wholly to New-Eng- 
 land. No notice was taken of the exertions of the 
 colonies, nor of the extraordinary measures to sup- 
 ply the army : measures to which, probably, nei- 
 ther the people of England, nor even of Ireland would 
 have submitted. 
 
 The whigs in England, in general, censured the 
 ministry for their conduct respecting this expedition. 
 When the plan of it was concerted the parliament 
 was sitting, yet it was never laid before the members. 
 It was said that this was for the greater secrecy, and 
 that for the same reason the army were not victual- 
 led. But lord Harley represents the whole affair, as 
 a contrivance of Bollingbroke, More, and the lord 
 chancellor, Harcourt, to cheat the public of twenty 
 thousand pounds. Lord Harcourt was pleased to 
 say, " No government was worth serving that would 
 not admit of such advantageous jobs." Another 
 English v/riter observes upon it, that, " If the minis- 
 try were sincere in the prosecution of the war, they 
 were certainly the most consummate blunderers that 
 €ver undertook the government of state."* 
 
 General Nicholson had not proceeded far on his 
 march, before he received intelligence of the loss 
 sustained by the fleet, and the army soon returned. 
 
 The marquis De Vandreuil, governour of Canada, 
 received intelligence of the arrival of the fleet from 
 England, and of the preparations making in the colo- 
 nies for the invasion of his country, and had omitted 
 nothing in his power to put it in the best state of de- 
 
 • Rider's Hist, of England, vol. »sxn. p. 189, 1^. 
 
 Vol. I. CA 
 
242 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, fence. No sooner was he apprised of so many ships 
 ^^" Avrecked, and so many bodies with red coats driven 
 "lYiT upon the shore, and that the river was clear of ships^ 
 than he ordered the whole strength of Canada to- 
 wards Montreal and lake Champlain. At Chambly, 
 he formed a camp of three thousand men, to oppose 
 general Nicholson. Had the general crossed the 
 lake, it might have been difficult for him to return. 
 
 Very providential it was, that the provincial trans- 
 ports were all preserved. A small victualler only 
 was cast away, but her crew were saved. Yet the 
 loss and disappointment were exceedingly grievous 
 to the colonies. After so many attempts had been 
 blasted, some pious minds gave up all expecta- 
 tions of the conquest of Canada. They imagined 
 that it was not the design of Providence that this 
 northern continent should belong wholly to any one 
 European nation.^ 
 
 Upon tlie return of general Nicholson's army, and 
 the report of Vandreuil's force, the inhabitants of the 
 country were not only disappointed, but thrown in- 
 to a state of general fear and alarm. They were ap- 
 prehensive, that the enemy in different parties, by 
 different routes, would, with redoubled fury, harass 
 and desolate the frontiers. New York kept part of 
 her troops in pay the ensuing winter, for the repair 
 and defence of their out posts. The New England 
 colonics took proper measures for their defence. 
 Colonel Walton was sent, with considerable force, 
 as far as Penobscot ; where it was expected the en- 
 emy would make an attack. He burned several of 
 the enemy's vessels, designed for privateers, and took 
 some prisoners. 
 
 Though the expedition against Canada was unsuc- 
 cessful, yet it probably prevented the fall of Annapolis- 
 royal into the hands of the enemy. Such had been 
 the mortality among the soldiers, that of the four or 
 five hundred New Englandmen left to garrison the 
 
 ♦ Hutch, vol. ii. p. 193, 196, Smith's Hist. N. Y, p. 130, 131. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 245 
 
 fert, not more than one in five survived. The gar- chap. 
 
 rison was reduced to a handful of men. They were ^ 
 
 in fear even of the Acadians alone, without any ad- 171J 
 ditional force. The French court, sensible of their 
 mistake, in not paying a more particular attention to 
 that country while it was in their hands, had sent 
 pressing orders to Vandreuil to exert himself for its 
 recovery. Troops were raised and on the point of 
 marching from Canada for this purpose, when the 
 news of the arrival of the British fleet, and of the 
 preparations in New- England reached him ; and 
 they were detained, at home, for the defence of Can- 
 ada. The French inhabitants of Acadia, having in- 
 telligence of the force designed for their assistance, 
 grew so insolent, that it was not safe for an English- 
 man to go from the fort. But as soon as they 
 knew, tjiat the force which they expected was coun- 
 termanded, they acknowledged their faults and be- 
 came submissive. At the same time, however, they 
 acquainted Vandreuil, that their submission was a 
 matter of mere necessity, and that the French king 
 had no better subjects than they were. 
 
 Sometime after, captain Pigeon, one of the regular 
 officers, going up the river to destroy some French 
 houses, and to cut timber for the repairs of the fort, 
 was surprised by a great number of Indians, vvho 
 killed the major of the fort, the engineer, and the 
 whole boat's crew, besides taking nearly forty of the 
 garrison prisoners. This stroke so encouraged the 
 Acadians, that they again took up arms. Five hun- 
 dred of them, with as many Indians as they could 
 collect made preparations for attacking the fort. 
 They expected to have been headed by an experi- 
 enced officer from Placentia. But the governouc 
 was not able to affiard them any assistance, and they 
 laid down their arms.* 
 
 Early the next spring the enemy began their de- iri2. 
 predations on the frontiers. They made spoil on. 
 
 * Hutch. Hist. vol. ii. p. 199. 
 
244 ^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Oyster river, Exeter, Kittery, York, and Wells. 
 
 The frontiers this year were well guarded, in some 
 
 J7JO of the colonies, one half of the militia were on duty 
 in the garrisons and ready to march at a minute's 
 warning. Scouts were kept out ranging from one 
 post to another. On the eastern coast, spy-boats 
 were constantly employed, to watch and to give notice 
 of the appearances and motions of the enemy.* 
 Nevertheless, the countenance of public affairs, wore 
 an uncommon gloom. Though numbers of the en- 
 emy were killed and the country was guarded with 
 such spirit and vigilance, scattering parties of the 
 enemy nmrdered more or less of the inhabitants, 
 both on the eastern and northern frontiers. The 
 French emissaries were daily seducing the Five Na- 
 tions from the British interest. The late ill success 
 gave powerful influence to their solicitations. The 
 Senacas, Shawanese, and even the Catt's Kill In- 
 dians, became disaffected ; so that there was a gen- 
 eral apprehension of their falling on the inhabitants, 
 and desolating tlie country all along upon Hudson's 
 river, f 
 March But the pacification of Utrecht, the next year, re- 
 
 sjst, 1713. lieved the appiehensions of the country, and put a 
 welcome period to a ten years most expensive and 
 distressing war. By the treaty of peace France ced- 
 ed Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New-Britian, Hud- 
 son's Bay, and the French part of the island of St. 
 Christophers to Great Britain. It was also stipu- 
 lated, that "the subjects of France inhabiting Cana- 
 da, and others shall hereafter give no hindrance or 
 molestation to the Five Nations, or cantons of In- 
 dians subject to the dominion of Great Britian, nor 
 to the other nations of America, who are friends to 
 the same." By this article, the French gave up all 
 claim to the Five Nations and to all parts of their 
 territories ; and, as far as it respected them, entitled 
 
 ♦ Belknap, p. 355. j Smith's Hist. N. Y. p. 158. 
 
ONITED STATES OF AMERICA. ,245 
 
 the British crown, to the soverei2:ntv of the coun- ^^,^^' 
 try. 
 
 After the peace was known in America, the east- 1712. 
 crn Indians sent a flag and desired peace. The Peace 
 governour of Massachusetts, with his council, and i^^^ianst 
 that of New Hampshire, met them at Portsmouth ; juiy isth. 
 where, by their chiefs and deputies, they renewed 
 articles of submission and pacification, asking par- 
 don for their perfidy and rebellion, and promising, 
 for the future, to demean themselves as fi\ithful sub- 
 jects of the crown of Great Britian. 
 
 Though, in these long and distressing wars the 
 colonies and churches of New England and New 
 York were grievously chastised, yet they were not 
 forsaken. In various respects the care and good- 
 ness of Providence were conspicuous. These were 
 to be seen in tht* admirable preservation of their cap- 
 tivated countrymen, sons, daughters, and dearest 
 connexions ; in their tedious marches to the remote 
 settlements of the Indians, and to Canada; in the 
 kindness of the French in purchasing them out of 
 the hands of barbarians, and making their captivity 
 comfortable by humane and generous treatment ; 
 and in restoring such numbers of them, after a long 
 captivity, to the embraces of friends and the bosom 
 of their country. These were manifest in their sup- 
 port under such an accumulation of evils, and of 
 such long continuance : and especially, in those in- 
 terpositions, which apparently delivered them from 
 destruction, at times, when it could not have been 
 done, but by that Power only which is more than 
 human. The same were conspicuous in the season- 
 ableness of the peace and its great advantages to the 
 country. 
 
 For about five and twenty, years the colonies had 
 enjoyed hardly four years peace. During more than 
 twenty years of this long term there had been no peace 
 to him who went out or came in, to him who slept 
 or awoke. For several years of the war not less than 
 a fifth part of all the inhabitants, able to bear arms. 
 
246 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, -vvere in actual service ; and at sometimes half of the 
 
 militia. Those who were not in service, were oblig- 
 
 1713. ^d to guard their own fields and families at honie, 
 and were subject to constant alarms. The fields 
 were untilled, and fine extensive tracts desolated. 
 The loss of men was great. Few families were so 
 happy as not to be in mourning, either for their slain 
 or captivated friends. The resources of the country 
 were exceedingly diminished and its debts were 
 enormous. The aspect of affiiirs grew more and more 
 gloomy. In these circumstances, what could be 
 more seasonable, or a greater blessing than peace ? 
 Kemarkably providential was it, diat when a most 
 abandoned ministry were at helm, and the peace for 
 the nation in general, was much less favourable than 
 might have been expected, that such ample territo- 
 ries were ceded to the English, in America, and such 
 advantages were procured for the colonies, both with 
 respect to fishery and commerce. 
 
 Our fathers saw these events and were glad. In 
 their most public solemnities they celebrated them 
 with admiration and praise. Will they not ever chal- 
 lenge of their posterity a religious remembrance, as 
 important jDarts of that great chain of events, by 
 which, under the divine administration, have been 
 handed down to them, their extensive countr}^ their 
 distinguished privileges and happiness ? 
 
 The country had already, by their wars, been re- 
 tarded in wealth, in extent of settlement, in popula- 
 tion and literature, not less than twenty-five or thir- 
 ty years. 
 
 The country in general, in twenty, or at farthest 
 in twenty- five years, doubled its inhabitants : yet 
 such were the losses sustained by the Massachusetts 
 and New Hampshire in particular, that after the pa- 
 cification, in 1713, there were not double the num- 
 ber of inhabitants, within the limits of the two col- 
 onies, that there were half a century before. At a 
 moderate computation, not less than five or six thou- 
 sand of young men, the flower of the country, in 
 
UNITES STATES OF AMERICA.. 247 
 
 tliose colonies, fell by the sword of the enemy, or chap. 
 
 by diseases contracted in the public service.* In the ' 
 
 whole of New England and New York the numbers, 1-13 
 probably, were not less than eight or nine thousand. 
 Nine tenths of these, it is reasonable to suppose, 
 might have been heads of families, and in forty years 
 have increased to a hundred and fifty thousand 
 souls. 
 
 The support of the war, of civil government, of a 
 regular and constant worship of the SupremeBeinc 
 in the churches, undoubtedly, occasioned an annual 
 burden greater than any felt, by any other subjects 
 of Great Britian. Under this pressure our venera- 
 ble ancestors had not the least relief nor compensa- 
 tion from the crown. Surely great were their mer- 
 it and magnanimity, and ought to be had in perpet- 
 ual remembrance and admiration. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Expedition against St. Augustine. Defeat of the French in Carolina. 
 Palatines settle in North Carolina. Massacre by the Corees and Tus- 
 cororas. Expedition against them. General conspiracy of the In- 
 dians against the Carolinians. War with them. Distressed state of 
 the colony. It revolts from the proprietary government and effects 
 a revolution. Under the government of Great Britain enjoyed safe- 
 ty, prosperity, and general satisfaction. 
 
 New ENGLAND and New York were not alone 
 in the distresses of queen Anne's war. Carolina, 
 which was then the southern frontier, had her full 
 share in its expenses and dangers. Immediately af- 
 ter the commencem.ent of hostilities, between Eng- 
 land and Spain, governour Moore, thirstingfor Spanish 
 gold and plunder, used all his influence with the as- 
 sembly to engage them in an expedition against St. 
 Augustine. Numbers of the principal members 
 ^v'ere against the measure ; but the governour and 
 
 * Hntt'h. Hist, v&l.ii.n. 201. 
 
248 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, his party obtained a majority in the house ; and two 
 
 thousand pounds sterhng was voted for the expedi- 
 
 1702. ^^^"- -^^^ army of twelve hundred men, one half 
 Expedi- militia, and the other half Indians were raised and 
 RainsTst ^^'"^^<^^ ^^^ the enterprise. A sufficient quantity of 
 Augus- shipping was impressed for the transportation of the 
 line, 1702. army, stores, and provisions. Colonel Daniel, an 
 enterprising officer, with a party of the militia and 
 Indians, marched by land, while the governour, with 
 the main body, proceeded by water. Daniel arrived 
 before the governour, entered and plundered the 
 town. But the Spaniards having Ijeen apprised of 
 the expedition, had laid in four months provisions in 
 the castle ; to which on his approach they repaired 
 with all their money and most valuable effects. On 
 the arrival of the governour with the main body, 
 the harbour was blocked up, and the castle com- 
 pletely invested, with a force against which, the ene- 
 my could make no appearance. They therefore 
 kept themselves snug in their fortress. The govern- 
 our had no artillery sufficient to dislodge them, and 
 therefore found himself under the necessity of dis- 
 patching colonel Daniel to Jamaica for cannon, mor- 
 tars, and shells for that purpose. Before his return 
 two large Spanish ships appearing off the mouth of 
 the harbour, struck the governour with such a panic, 
 that he instantly raised the siege, and abandoning his 
 shipping, made a precipitate retreat into Carolina. 
 Instead of enriching himself with gold and plunder, 
 which was one principal object of the expedition, 
 the ships, provisions, and military stores, became the 
 1)ooty of his enemies. Colonel Daniel, having no 
 intelligence that the siege was raised, on his return, 
 stood in for the harbour of St. Augustine, and very 
 narrowly escaped the enemy. 
 
 In consequence of this rash and unfortunate enter- 
 prise, a debt of six thousand pounds sterling was 
 entailed on that then poor colony. This gave rise 
 to the first pupt r currenc}- in Carolina. The defeat 
 of the enterprise and the ill effects of the currcnqy 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 249 
 
 united their influence to fill the colony with dissen- chap. 
 tion and tumult. The governour, instead of sharing ^^^' 
 heaps of gold, had a large portion of public odium "jjo^ 
 and reproach. 
 
 Soon after a new calamity arose. The Appala- 
 chian Indians, in consequence of their connexions 
 with the Spaniards, became insolent and hostile. An Expedi- 
 expedition against them became necessary. Govern- gakiitKe 
 our Moore, at the head of a body of white men Appaia- 
 and Indian allies, marched into the heart of their set- *^^"^"^ 
 tlements. The towns of those tribes, who lived be- 
 tween the rivers Alatamaha and Savannah were laid 
 in ashes. Many of the savages were captivated, and 
 others obliged to submit to the English government. • 
 
 By this expedition the governour served two pur- 
 poses of considerable importance to himself. He 
 willed away the reproach and odium occasioned by 
 the former ; and, by employing the Indian captives 
 in cultivating his fields, or selling them for his pri- 
 vate advantage, he obtained a handsome personal 
 emolument.* 
 
 Though this enterprise was successful, yet dan- 
 gers more alarming arose from another quarter. In 
 1707 the colony was thrown into a state of general ^'^^" 
 consternation and distress, by the news of a designed 
 invasion from the French and Spaniards. No soon- 
 er was this intelligence received than every precau- 
 tion in the power of the colony, was taken for its 
 defence. The militia were mustered and trained ; 
 the fortifications at Charleston were repaired ; 
 James island was fortified, trenches were opened at 
 White Point ; and at such other places as were judg- 
 ed necessary. The colony, nevertheless, was in a 
 feeble state to resist a powerful and enterprising 
 enemy. 
 
 The necessity of all their exertions and precaution French in- 
 soon appeared. Monsieur le Feboure, captain of aj^^^^*^*"' 
 
 • H'.story of Car, p. 152, 157. 
 
 Vol. I. 32 
 
250 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. French frigate, with four armed sloops, appeared oft* 
 ^'' Charkslon bar. The French had been assisted in 
 1707.' ^^P^ enterprise by tlie governours of Havannah and 
 St. Augustine. The land army consisted of about 
 eight hundred men, under the command of Mon- 
 sieur. Arbuset. Le Feboure had received intelli- 
 gence that great sickness prevailed at Charleston, 
 and, imagining that this might prevent the marching 
 of the troops of the country into it, he sailed sooner 
 from St. Augustine than otherwise he would have 
 done, expecting to take the town without opposition. 
 In this haste, it seems the general, Arbuset, was left 
 to come on with as much expedition as possible. 
 On the appearance of the enemy, signals from the 
 sliore announced their arrival and the number of their 
 ships. On the first day of their arrival they hovered 
 on the coast without passing the bar. The next day 
 was spent in sounding the south bar. This delay 
 was of the utmost consequence to the colony, as it 
 gave time to alarm the country, and march the mili- 
 tia to the town. Sir Nathaniel Johnson was now 
 governour, a man excelling in courage and military 
 skill, and by his presence he checked the general 
 consternation of the people, inspired them with fresh 
 courage, and roused them to action. The next 
 morning after tlie enemy had sounded the bar, they, 
 with four ships and a galley, with a fair wind and 
 tide, crossed the bar and sailed directly for the town. 
 But when they had advanced as far up the river, as 
 to discover the fortifications, they stopped short, and 
 casting anchor a little above Sullivan's island, sent 
 a flag, demanding a surrender of the town. By this 
 time the militia were generally collected, at or near 
 the town, and a number of Indian allies were come 
 in for its defence. Besides a privateer, which lay in 
 the harbour, guns were put on board five other small 
 ships, and the gallant sailors were directed, in their own 
 way, to assist in the defence of the town. The govern- 
 our therefore answered the flag, that it was his determi- 
 nation to defend Uic town to the last extremity. On 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^5| 
 
 the reception of this answer, the enemy seemed to ^" ^^• 
 
 hesitate, and, instead of advancing towards the town, _! 
 
 kept their station and effected nothing that day. The 1^07. 
 tiext, they landed a party on James' island, and 
 burnt a village by the river's side. Another party 
 went ashore on the opposite side of the river, and 
 plundered and burnt all before them. The next day 
 the enemy were driven from James' island ; and the 
 other party, consisting of about a hundred and sixty, 
 were surprised by the militia, and mostly either kill- 
 ed, wounded, or taken. 
 
 This success so animated the Carolinians, that 
 they determined to try their fortune by sea, as well 
 as upon the land. The ships were corhiriahded by 
 William Rhett, a man of spirit and conduct. With 
 his little squadron he set sail, and bore down upon 
 the enemy ; but, instead of preparing for action, they French 
 immediately weighed anchor, recrossed the bar, and defeated. 
 soon disappeared. Such was the precipitation with 
 which Monsieur le Feboure made his departure, that 
 a scattering party was left on shore and taken. 
 
 Some days after, Monsieur Arbuset appeared on 
 the coast, with a ship offeree, and landed a number 
 of men at Sewee bay. Rhett with the privateer and 
 an armed sloop put to sea, and sailed for the bay. 
 Captain Fenwick, at the same time, crossed the river 
 and marched to attack the enemy by land. He 
 found them advantageously posted, but after a brisk 
 and sharp fire they gave way and fled to their ship. 
 Rhett soon coming to his assistance, took the ship 
 and about ninety prisoners. Among these was 
 Monsieur Arbuset, commander in chief by land, and 
 a number of sea officers. These, together, offered 
 ten thousand pieces of eight for their ransom. 
 
 Thus ended Monsieur Feboure's invasion of South 
 Carolina ; little to his own honour, and as little to the 
 credit of his men. The militia conducted them- 
 selves with great spirit, and their exertions wen^ 
 crowned \vith uncommon success. Of eight hun- 
 
252 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, dred men who came a.^ainst the colony nearly three 
 
 '_ hundred were eitlicr killed or taken prisoners.* 
 
 1707. 'Tiie divine interposition was very conspicuous in 
 this happy event. The Carolinians, in letters which 
 they wrote to their friends on the subject, represent- 
 ed their deliverance as marvellous. Feboure's sail- 
 ing too hastily, before he was prepared for the enter- 
 prise, and leaving general Arbuset to come after him, 
 were happy circumstances for the Carolinians. As 
 this was in consequence of the intelligence which he 
 had received of the mortality at Charleston, this 
 circumstance, contrary to all human expectation or 
 foresight, seems to have had a principal share in de- 
 feating the enemy. It brought them on presumptu- 
 ously without necessary preparation, and was of no 
 essential disservice, with respect to the defence of 
 the town. Though the governour, at first, marched 
 the militia only to the environs of it ; yet, as soon as 
 it became necessary ; he, notwithstanding the sick- 
 ness, ordered them in for its defence. The delay of 
 the enemy after they apj)eared off the bar, their hesi- 
 tation on receiving the governour's answer, their land- 
 ing their men in small parties, instead of making a 
 general attack with their whole force, were all cir- 
 cumstances as favourable to the Carolinians as 
 if they themselves had planned the whole affair. The 
 panic which seized the enemy at the approach of 
 Rhett's little squadron ; the ignorance of general Ar- 
 buset of what had happened when he came on the 
 coast ; the landing of his party and the stay they 
 made, seemed not less ])rovidcntial than if they had 
 all been particularly designed b}' tlie Supreme Ruler 
 to give the province a signal triumph, and a striking 
 demonstration that the counsels of the enemy had 
 been turned into foolishness. 
 j„ne^ In 1709, about six or seven thousand Palatines were 
 
 1709. transported into England. As they had been perse- 
 cuted by the French, and driven from their country, 
 
 • Hist. S. Carolina, vol. i. p. 180—181; 
 
UNITED STATES 0F AMERICA. 25B 
 
 on the account of their religion, they were recom- chap. 
 
 mended as pecuHar objects of charity. Queen Anne's 
 
 exemplary liberality to these people was not less ser- ^^^g 
 viceable to the colonies than beneficial to themselves. 
 As by the tedious wars in Germany, they had been 
 reduced to circumstances of great indigence and mis- 
 ery, tier majesty assisted them in making settlements 
 in America. On application to the proprietaries a 
 considerable body of them were encouraged to make 
 settlements in Carolma. Ships were prepared for 
 their transportation ; and governour Tynte, who then 
 presided over the colony, had instructions to provide 
 for every man, woman, and child, a hundred acres 
 of land free of all quitrents for ten years, and that 
 the rent annually should never be more than one pen- 
 ny per acre.*- The territory granted them was in Palatines 
 North Carolina, on Roanoke, in the counties of Al- !J"i°f^jr 
 bemarle and Bath. Here commenced a third con- oiina, 
 siderable setdemcnt in that colony. f ^7io. 
 
 The same year, nearly three thousand of the same 
 people, came over with governour Hunter to New 
 York. Some settled in the city, where they built the 
 old Lutheran church. Others settled on a pleas- 
 ant tract of several thousand acres, in Livingston's 
 manor. Some others went into Pennsylvania. The 
 flattering accounts of the country, which they trans- 
 mitted to Germany, was the occasion of the transmi- 
 gration of so many thousands of their countrymen, 
 afterwards into that province. They were protestanis; 
 some were men of wealth, and all well affected to 
 the government. In the several governments m 
 which they settled, they have been industrious and 
 peaceable. 
 
 But scarcely had those who setded in North Car- 
 olina, seated themselves comfortably in a hideous 
 wilderness, and begun to please themselves with the 
 prosjjects of liberty and peace, when they were over- 
 taken with a miserable destruction. 
 
 * Hist, of S. Car. vol. j. 199. f See its history in a subsequent chapter. 
 
254. A GENERAL HISTQUY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Though it had been strongly recommended to the 
 ^" Carolinians to take all the Indians, within four 
 J710 hundred miles of Charleston, under their protec- 
 tion, and to treat them in the most friendly manner ; 
 yet neither the assembly, nor the people would com- 
 ply with the recommendation. The friends of those, 
 who had been tortured and slain by the Indians, 
 were sO incensed against them, that they breathed 
 nothing but vengeance and implacable resentment. 
 Besides other acts of violence, the people, at some 
 periods, had, without restraint, kidnapped and shipped 
 them off to the West Indies.* The remembrance of 
 past injuries, and the encroachments which they saw 
 making by new settlements, probably, induced them to 
 .1712. form a general conspiracy against these new planters, 
 eonspira- ^j^i soou aftcr against the whole province. I'liose pow- 
 TmilansT GTful tribcs, the Corees and Tuscaroras, with other In- 
 dians, united with a determination, to expel all the 
 European intruders. Their plan was formed with 
 admirable cunning and secrecy. For the security 
 of their own families, they surrounded their princi- 
 pal town with a breast- work. Here the warriors of 
 different tribes met, to the number of twelve hun- 
 dred bow-men. The plan which they had concert- 
 ed was, all on the same night, to begin their work 
 Massacre of destruction. When the fatal night came, they is- 
 »f tiic Pal gyg^ Q^^ -j^ different parties, and on different roads, 
 and coming under the mask of friendship, almost at 
 the same instant, to the houses of the planters, mur- 
 dered men, women, and children, without mercy or 
 distinction. To prevent the spreading of an alarm, 
 they ran, like bloody tygers, from house to house, 
 carrying death and carnage wherever they came. 
 None knew what had happened on that dreadful 
 night to his hapless neighbours, till the barbarians 
 brought destruction to his own doors. About Roa- 
 noke, in one night, a hundred and thirty seven of 
 the inhabitants fell a sacrifice to their savage fury. 
 
 • Hist, of S. Car. vol. i. p. 91, 93. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 255 
 
 A Swiss baron and a great part of the Palatines were chap. 
 among this unhappy number. Some escaped and 
 
 gave the alarm, next morning, to their neighbours, j^jg. 
 This prevented the total destruction of these infant 
 settlements. The people were all collected at one 
 place, and, night and day, the militia kept watch 
 around them. 
 
 No sooner had the news of this sad disaster reach- 
 ed South Carolina, than governour Craven, with 
 great exertion and despatch, raised an army of near- 
 ly a thousand men. It consisted of six hundred 
 militia, and of three hundred and sixty six Indians 
 of various tribes. Colonel Barnwell commanded 
 the whole. Hideous were the woods through which 
 it was necessary for the colonel to pass, that he might 
 give seasonable relief to his distressed countrymen. 
 Neither could horses pass with carriages, nor could 
 the men carry their arms and the provisions necessa- 
 ry for their support. The Indians by hunting, fur- 
 nished them with provisions, on their march. The 
 colonel came up with the enemy, and, after a consid- 
 erable action, entirely defeated them. Three hun- 
 dred were slain, and a hundred taken prisoners. No 
 sooner had the Tuscaroras made their escape to their 
 fortified town, than the colonel surrounded, and, with 
 great spirit, attacked them. After numbers had 
 been slain the remainder capitulated. It was com- 
 puted that nearly a thousand of the enemy were kill- 
 ed, wounded, and taken. Colonel Barnwell's loss 
 was not very considerable. Five of the militia only 
 were slain and not a large number wounded. Thirty 
 six Indians were killed, and nearly seventy wounded. 
 
 On this severe chastisement the Tuscaroras fled 
 their country, and were incorporated with the Five 
 Nations.* 
 
 Singular mercies were here to be seen in the midst 
 ©f judgment. That there was not a general conspir- 
 acy and rising among the Indians in South, as well 
 
 * Hist. S. Cav. vol. i. p. 201, 20.^. Coldcn's Hist. vol. i. p. 5. 
 
256 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, as North, Carolina, as soon after happened ; that so 
 
 many of them should offer themselves, and act so 
 
 1712. friendly and faithful a part, in the defence of the 
 country, could be owing to nothing but a divine in- 
 fluence. To what could the safe conduct of the ar- 
 my, through a horrible wilderness, and the victories 
 won, be ascribed, but to a divine interposition ? To 
 what other cause could it be ascribed, that the re- 
 mains of the slaughtered settlements, should, with 
 such wisdom and fortitude, defend themselves till 
 they were succoured by their neighbours ? Their 
 magnanimity and spirit of defence were eminent. 
 
 The assembly voted four thousand pounds for the 
 service of the war. Governour Craven, who had 
 but lately been invested with the government, was a 
 man of great integrity, wisdom, and courage, and 
 seemed providentially to have been fixed at the helm 
 for such a time ; and for the still more stormy sea- 
 son which soon after commenced. By his wisdom 
 and justice he conciliated the affections and gained 
 the confidence of the people. The elections were 
 again conducted with regularity, without riot and 
 tumult. 
 Genci-ai Bqj; scarcely had the ]5Cople forgotten their former 
 cv"and^' sorrows, and emerged from the late dangers and ex- 
 rising of pense, when others far more general and threatening 
 diatib'iVis ^^''ose. The Yamosees, a powerful tribe of Indians, 
 the Creeks, Cherokees, Appalachians, Catawbaws, 
 Congarees, and all the Indian tribes from Florida to 
 Caj)e Fear river, formed a conspiracy for the total 
 extirpation of the Carolinians. The 15th of April, 
 1715, was fixed upon, as the day of general destruc- 
 tion. With such secrecy and aj)pearances of friend- 
 ship was the affair managed, that the English imag- 
 ined that all was jieace and safety. Even the tra- 
 ders slept, the preceding night, with the king and 
 war-captains in the chief town of the Yamosees. All 
 was peace and silence till the dreadful morning rose. 
 Then, all on a sudden, as the day broke, the traders, 
 one man and boy excepted, were siain by one vol- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 257 
 
 ley. The war captains were instantly out in arms chap. 
 
 calling upon their fellows, and proclaiming in their 
 
 terrible manner the designs of their vengeance. The 1715^ 
 young warriors in a flame of passion flew to their Destruc- 
 arms, and like a conflagration bore down all before in^iai!'^'^ 
 them. In a few hours they massacred about a hun- 
 dred christians in the town of Pocataligo and the 
 neighbouring plantations. They advanced in two 
 parties ; one fell upon Port Royal, the^^ other on St. 
 Bartholomew's parish. The man and boy who were 
 not killed in the first fire, though the former was 
 much wounded, made their escape to Port Royal, 
 and gave the alarm. On this short notice, about 
 three hundred souls escaped, on board a ship to 
 Charleston. The women and children, from both 
 these places, generally made their escape to this town. 
 Some families fell into the hands of the enemy and, 
 in their barb rous manner, were tortured and murder- 
 ed. Their effects were generally abandoned to the 
 enemy, and their buildings burnt, or otherwise des- 
 troyed. 
 
 While the Yamosees, Creeks, and Appalachians 
 were advancing against the southern frontiers, mark- 
 ing their route with terror and desolation, the Con- 
 garees, Catawbaws, and Cherokees, came dovvn in 
 formidable numbers on the northern. It was com- 
 puted that the southern division of the enemy consist- 
 ed of six thousand bow-men ; and the northern of 
 between six hundred and a thousand. So scattered 
 were the settlements, and so sudden was the dan- 
 ger, that the people had not time to collect in sufficient 
 numbers, to miike any stand against the enemy ; but 
 each one consulting the safety of himself and family 
 fled to the capital. 
 
 In this distressed state of the colony, the assembly 
 authorized the governour to impress men, arms, hor- 
 ses, and whatever might be necessary for the com- 
 mon defence. He was impowered even to arm the 
 negroes on whom they could depend, for assistance 
 in the common defence. Wisdom, despatch, firm- 
 
 Vol. I. 3-3 
 
258 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ness, and caution marked his conduct. He marohefl 
 ** v_ against the southern division of the enemy with twelve 
 
 irii. hundred white men, and such negroes as could be 
 trusted. These were the whole number on the mus- 
 ter rolls able to bear arms. It was judged that such 
 was the strength of the fortifications at Charles- 
 ton, that the inhabitants would be able to defend 
 themselves in his absence. Doleful was the day when 
 the whole strength of the colony was called to ac- 
 tion with a numerous, subtile, and merciless foe. 
 When its very existence depended on the success of 
 this little army. 
 
 Meanwhile, ijie northern division of Indians were 
 destroying the countrj^ and making an inroad to- 
 wards Goose creek. Captain Barker with a corps of 
 ninety horse was sent against them ; but he was be- 
 trayed by the treachery of an Indian whom he trust- 
 ed, drawn into an ambush in a thick wood, slain, 
 and his party defeated. The enemy penetrated the 
 country as far as Goose creek. The whole tract 
 was deserted, excepting one or two plantations, which 
 were fortified. Seventy white people and about for- 
 ty faithful negroes, who had compassed themselves 
 with a small breast-work, for some time bravely de- 
 fended themselves against the whole force of this 
 northern division ; but afterwards, unwarily hearken- 
 ing to the enemy's proposals of peace, were betray- 
 ed and massacred. Flushed with success, the enemy 
 destroyed all before them, till they were met by 
 captain Chicken at the head of the Goose creek militia; 
 when, after a long and hard fought battle, they were 
 totally dtrfeated. This happily secured the country 
 on that side from all further ravages. 
 
 Goveniour Craven, apprised of the arts of the ene- 
 my, and sensible how much the safety of the whole 
 colony depended on his success, marched with every 
 precaution. His army was guarded in the strictest 
 manner. As he advanced, the straggling parties fled 
 before him. At Saltcatches lu- came upon their 
 great camp. Here comiiienced a sharp and blood}' 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 25^ 
 
 battle. The enemy fought from behind trees, bush- 
 es, and every cover, setting up their terrible 
 war whoops and yells : sometimes retiring, and then 
 again and again, with redoubled fury, returning to the 
 charge. Notwithstanding their hideous yells and 
 superior numbers, the governour, keeping his troops 
 close at their heels, drove them before him. He 
 drove them from their settlements, at Indian land, 
 and pursuing them over the Savannah wholly ridded 
 the country of this formidable body of savages. The 
 Yamosees fled to the Sjjanish territories in Florida, 
 What numbers were killed in this battle on either 
 side is not known ; but during the war nearly four 
 hundred of the inhabitants were slain.* 
 
 On the return of the governour to Charleston, the 
 people were raised from the depths of despondency 
 to the highest tide of joy. Providence had indeed 
 wrought wonderfully for them, and given them a 
 great and memorable salvation. 
 
 Though the termination of the war was honoura- 
 ble and happy for the Carolinians, yet the effects of 
 it were long and heavy. Many of them had lost 
 their negroes, and had none to assist them in raising 
 provisions for their families. Those who had not 
 lost them, were called into service and could not 
 oversee them, so that their plantations were unculti- 
 vated- Many were driven from their estates, and 
 their dwellings and effects were destroyed. The 
 harvest v/as so inconsiderable, that they were obliged 
 to send to the northern colonies for the necessaries 
 of life. The colony had sustained a great loss both 
 of men and treasures. By the two recent wars, it 
 had contracted a debt of not less than eighty thous- 
 and pounds. Applications were made to the propri- 
 etors, either in whole, or in part, to re-imburse the 
 colony; but they would advance nothing for the 
 purpose. The assembly considered the Indian lands 
 
 * Most of the particulars of this war are taken from the History of 
 South Carolina, vol. i. p. 219 — 230. Some few are from Dr. Hum- 
 phrey's History of Missionaries in South Carolina, p. 96 — 101. 
 
26© A GENERAL H'STOHY OF THE 
 
 ckAP. as conquered by the colony; and that, in justice, 
 
 '__ they ougiit to be iipj)Hed to the pubUc emolument. 
 
 j-j(- They therefore appropriated them to their own ad- 
 The insh vantage, for the encouragement of new settlers. In 
 ^"^fro"" consequence of the acts of the assembly, five hun- 
 tiers. dred people transported themselves from Ireland, 
 and made settlements on the frontiers. At this junc- 
 ture, this was a happy acquisition, forming, for the 
 colony, a strong barrier against the incursions of the 
 savages. But the injustice, cruelty, and violence of 
 the proprietors, frustrated all the hapjiy consequences 
 of the wise and salutary measures adopted by the 
 province ; and at once involved it in a state of dis- 
 traction and misery. Though they had expended 
 nothing in the war, and had represented both to the 
 lords and to his majesty, that they could not provide 
 for the defence of the colonv ; yet they insisted on 
 their right to the conquered lands ; repealed the acts 
 of the assembly, and ordered the lands to be laid out 
 in large baronies, for their own use. 
 Are ruin- By this means they violated the faitli of the colo- 
 ed by tlie ny ^^^1 totally milled die Irish emip'rants. Many 
 tors. of them had spent the little nKjney they had, in their 
 
 transmigration and settlement; and by this means were 
 reduced to the greatest misci y, and actually perished 
 for want. Otiiers removed to the northern colonies. 
 The old settlers having lo.">t this imj)ortant barrier 
 on the frontiers, deserted their plantations, and left 
 the country open to the incursions of the enemy. 
 This revivtd and greatly increased the former aver- 
 sion and hatred of the ])eople, to the proprietors and 
 their government. With more earnestness and im- 
 patience than ever did ihey wish for the protection of 
 the crown. 
 
 This }ear governour Craven, who had performed 
 such important services for the colony, and by mer- 
 it gained the highest love and esteem of the Caroli- 
 nians, left the government, to take care of hisdomes- 
 ijir. tic affairs in England. Robert Daniel succeeded him 
 in the chair. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. QQ\ 
 
 At this time of general discontent, nothing could chap. 
 
 exceed the impolicy and injustice of the proprietors. ]^ 
 
 Instead of redressing, fhey increased the grievances i^n. 
 of the people. Oi^e Trott, a cunning, supercilious, 
 oppressive man, was chief justice of the colony, and 
 of the court of vice admiralty. William Rhett, his 
 brother-in-law, was receiver general and comptroller 
 of his majesty's customs, both in Carolina and the 
 Baliama islands. Their cunning, many offices, and Trott and 
 enioiunients, gave them great influence in the colony. ^^.'^^^J Jfj 
 New insti uctions wer^ given by the proprietors re- people, 
 specting the eitciions, which were contrary to the 
 constitution. These men employed all their art to 
 serve the oppressive designs of the proprietors, and 
 had an undue influence in the elections. In the 
 assembly they opposed all popular bills, and 
 whenever they could not prevent their passing, they 
 made such representations of them to the proprietors, 
 as to prevent their approbation of them. The aftairs 
 of government w ere so managed, that the public ex- 
 penses ate up all the fruits of the people's labour : 
 and these artful men, made such representations to 
 the proprietors, as to prevent all means of relief. 
 So great and numerous were the grievances of the 
 people, and the instances of Trott's maleadministra- 
 tion, that governour Daniel joined with them in 
 their complaints, and both he and a majority of the 
 council joined the commons in their charges against 
 him. But no redress could be obtained. The pro- 
 prietors continued Trott in his office, and even 
 thanked him for his good services. They displaced 
 the old counsellors, nominated twelve others, appoint- 
 ed a new governour, and repealed a number of the 
 laws. They also ordered a new election of the as- 
 sembly. These were finishing strokes to the pro- 
 prietary government, threw the people into a state of 
 general perplexity and tumult, and ripened them for 
 an immediate revolt. 
 
 When the new assembly met, 1719, with a manly 1719. 
 firmness and true spirit of patriotism, they dctermin- Nov. 28th. 
 
262 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^^-'''^ ed to pay no attention to the instructions of the pro- 
 
 prietors ; but at all hazards, to execute their own 
 
 1719. ^^^'^^ ^"d defend the rights of the province. The as- 
 sembly absoUitely refused to transact any business 
 with the proprietary governour and his council. The 
 governour, at this time, was Robert Johnson, son of 
 Nathaniel Johnson, who formerly held the same office, 
 and left him a good estate in the colony. He was a 
 man of address and high in the affections and esteem 
 of the people ; but, with all his address and influ- 
 ence, he could not persuade the assembly to depart 
 from their resolution. No regard for personal cliar- 
 acters could make them forget the weakness, injus- 
 tice, and contemptibleness of the proprietary govern- 
 ment. They preferred the public good, their own 
 liberty and safety to every personal consideiation. 
 They had impeached Trott, before the assembly, in 
 more than thirty articles of maleconduct ; and the 
 articles of charge were supported with strong evi- 
 dence. It was alleged, that he had been guilty of 
 many partial judgments: that he hiid contrived ways 
 of multiplying and increasing his fees : that he had 
 contrived a fee for continuing suits from one term to 
 another ; and had put off the hearing of them for years : 
 that he had given advice in cases depending in his 
 own court, with many other matters of like nature. 
 Governour Johnson, with a majority of his council, 
 as governour Daniel had done before, joined the as- 
 sembly in the charges against him. To give further 
 weight to them, before the proprietors, Francis 
 Yonge, one of the council, was appointed agent, 
 fully to represent the whole matter to their lord- 
 ships ; but Trott was still continued to oppress the 
 people. 
 
 War was this year proclaimed between England 
 aiid Spain, and the colony was threatened with an 
 immediate invasion from the Spaniards. The mili- 
 tia, just before the meeting of the new assembly, had 
 been called to a general review at Charleston. The 
 officers and soldiers took this opportunity, t» 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 263 
 
 subscribe a general association and firm agreement, chap. 
 
 to stand by each other, in the defence of their com- ^__ 
 
 mon rights, against the oppression and tyranny of 1719 
 the proprietors. A determination having been form- 
 ed to revolt, and put themselves under the crown, 
 the affair was conducted with uncommon address 
 and resolution. The assembly while they utterly 
 refused to transact any thing with the governour, un- 
 der the proprietors, expressed the highest esteem 
 for his person, and in an obliging and genteel man- 
 ner, made him repeated offers of the government, 
 intreating him to hold the reins of it for the king, 
 till his pleasure should be known. The governour 
 absolutely refused, and issued his proclamation dis- 
 solving the house. The representatives ordered it 
 to be torn from the hands of the marshal, met under 
 the name of a convention of the people, and proceed- 
 ed to do their own business. Colonel James Moore 
 was elected governour. He was a bold man, excel- 
 lently qualified for a popular leader in perilous ad- 
 ventures. The governour had suspended him from 
 his office in the militia, for espousing the cause of 
 the people. To him therefore he was no friend, to 
 the proprietors he was an inveterate enemy, and in 
 whatever enterprise he engaged, he was firm and 
 inflexible. On the 21st of December, 1719, the con- Revoiit- 
 vention and militia marched to the fort in Charleston, **«" ''l^^^,' 
 and proclaimed him governour, in his majesty's name, gist.' 
 and till his pleasure should be known. With this 
 popular assembly, or convention, he assumed the 
 powers of government, and put the colony in a state 
 of defence against the invasion which was every 
 day exj^ected. It was the design of the Spaniards 
 to possess themselves of both sides of the gulf of 
 Florida, and to command the navigation through the 
 strciuii. The capture of Providence island, as well 
 as the reduction of Carolina was an object of their 
 expedition. They sailed from the Havannah, with 
 fourteen ships, and twelve hundred men. They 
 commenced their operations against Providence. 
 
264 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THfe 
 
 ^vn^ Captain Rogers, who commanded the island, receiv- 
 
 ing them with great spirit and conduct, gave them a 
 
 1719. severe repulse. Soon after they were overtaken by 
 a storm, in which most of the fleet were lost. In 
 this singular manner, did the Great Disposer of 
 events interpose, and give safety to his people.* 
 
 The Carolinians having assumed the government 
 in behalf of his majesty, referred their complaints to 
 the royal ear. On a full hearing of the ill govern- 
 ment and oppression of the lords proprietors, and of 
 the proceedings of the people, before his majesty, it 
 was judged, that the proprietary charter had been 
 1721. forfeited, and the colony was taken under the royal 
 protection. 
 Govei-n- From this period the government became regal, 
 mentbe-^ and Continued under that form till the late revolution, 
 gal. The governour was appointed by the crown, and vest- 
 
 ed with its constitutional powers civil and military. 
 He had a negative on all bills passed by the assemblies, 
 with the power of convoking, proroguing, and dis- 
 solving them. He was vested with powers of chancery, 
 admiralty, supreme ordinary, and of appointing all 
 officers civil and military. To him was also entrust- 
 ed the execution of the laws. A council was ap- 
 pointed him, by the crown, to advise and assist him 
 in legislation. The assembly consisted of represen- 
 tatives chosen by the free suffi'ages of the people. 
 The government was formed, as nearly as circum- 
 stances would admit, on the plan of the British con- 
 stitution. 
 
 Francis Nicholson was appointed the first kingly 
 governour. In the beginning of 1721, he arrived in 
 Carolina and took on him the administration of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 He found the colony in a low and pitiable condi- 
 tion. The proprietors, during the half century of 
 their government, had built no churches, erected no 
 schools, done nothing for the civilization or chris- 
 
 • Hist, S. Carolina, vol. i. p. 287— 290. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 265 
 
 lianizing of the heathen, nor even for the support of chap. 
 
 that mode of worship, which in such an undue and 
 
 0})j)ressive manner they had estabhshed in the colo- 1721. 
 riy. The people in general grew up in great ignor- 
 ance, and some were almost entirely strangers to pub- 
 lic worship. 
 
 At the term of fifty four years from the arrival ofi72i. 
 the first planters, the number of white inhabitants in 
 the colony amourited only to fourteen thousand. 
 This low degree of population was owhig to various 
 causes. The principal ones were the unheaithiness 
 of the country, the massacres and depredations com- 
 mi'ted by the Indians, and the weak, impolitic, and 
 oppressive government of the proprietors. 
 
 Nicholson was a popular governour ; and, under 
 his administration, the affairs of the colony took a 
 new and happy turn. Though he was naturally pas- 
 sionate and headstrong, and, having been bred a sol- 
 ,. dier, was profane ; yet so strong was his conviction 
 of the importance of religion, to the happiness of civ- • 
 il society, that he made liberal provision, for the en- 
 couragement of public worship, for the erecting and 
 support of schools ; and in these respects, by bis in- 
 fluence and example, did great good to die colony. 
 
 In 1728, the crown made a purchase of seven 1728. 
 eighth parts of Carolina, both of lands and quitrents, of carojf, 
 for a little more than twenty two thousand and five naby the 
 hundred pounds sterling. Lord Carteret retained his •^■'own. 
 right in the property and quitrents, but resigned his 
 right of jurisdiction. The next year the proprietors Sun-en- 
 made a formal surrender of the country to his majes- ^^w^'g^^P*' 
 tv.* From ihis p*riod :he government of the Car- 
 olinas became regui. Four years after, the patent of 
 Georgia passed the royal seals, and a plan was adopt- 
 ed for its speedy settlement. 
 
 At the time of settlement, and for half a century 
 from that period, few colonies endured greater hard- 
 ships and dangers than South Carolina ; but after it 
 
 * Hist. S. Carolina, vol. i. p. 31S, 119. 
 
 Vol. I. 34 
 
2(56 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, became a royal government, it, in general, enjoyed 
 
 ' great prosperity. On the north it was secured from 
 
 1721. ^'^^ ravages of the Indians, by its sister colonies, and 
 on the south Georgia, soon after, became an import- 
 ant barrier against the southern tribes. The inhab- 
 itants enjoyed peace, and were safe in their persons 
 and property. The fertility of the soil generously 
 repaid the labours of the husbandman, made the 
 poor to sing, and industry every whereto smile. The 
 inhabitants were entirely satisfied with the govern- 
 ment and protection of Great Britain, gloried in her 
 as their mother country ; and through a tliousand 
 channels wealth poured in upon them. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Settlement of Nortli Carolina. First voyages made to tliat country 
 Interview wiih tlie Natives. Their kindness. Settlement of Al- 
 bemarle and Cape Fear. Revolt in Albemarle. Deed from the 
 proprietors. Constitution of the colony. Palatines plant the niselvcs 
 on tlie Roanoke. The colony is purchased by the crown, and the 
 government becomes regal. Tlie plan and patent for tlie settlement 
 of Georgia. Settlements made. Regulations of the trustees. Ex- 
 pedition against St. Augustine. Spaniards invade Georgia and are 
 tlefcated. The corporation surrender their charter and the govern- 
 ment becomes regal. General observations relative to Georgia and 
 the southern colonies. 
 
 1 HE first voyages to any part of the territories of 
 the United States, were made to North Carolina. 
 Here the French and S]:)aniards attempted to make 
 settlements, and alternately destroyed each other. 
 To this part of the continent Amidas and Barlow- 
 made their voyage in fifteen hundred eighty four. 
 They first landed at Wococon, and afterwards visit- 
 ed Roanoke. On the north end of the latter were 
 nine houses, built of cedar and fortified with sharp- 
 Indian ened trees. The Indian name of the country was 
 name of Wingaudacoa, the king of it was Wingina. His 
 tryini584 c'"*-"^ town \vas six days journey from Wococon. 
 His Ijiother, Ganganameo resided at the village on 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 267 
 
 Roanoke. The third day after the arrival of the ch\p, 
 
 English at Wococon some of the natives made their ' 
 
 appearance, in a small boat, and one of them, of his 15^4 
 own accord, after making a considerable speech, of 
 which they understood not a word, went boldly on 
 board tlie ships. The English gave him a shirt, hat, 
 wine, and a good meal. He appeared to be highly interview 
 pleased, and soon made them a grateful return, nlnl-es^ 
 Paddling off, at a small distance from the ships, he 
 soon loaded his boat with fish, and returning to the 
 point, he divided his cargo into two parts ; and point- 
 ing one to one ship and the other to the other, took 
 leave of his new friends. The next day, Gangana- 
 meo came, with his train of about fifty men. They 
 had fine limbs and a good stature. They appeared 
 exceedingly civil and harmless. Though the Eng- 
 lish appeared in arms, he manifested no signs of fear, 
 but spreading his mat on the point, sat dovv^n and 
 •made signs for them to sit with him. He gently 
 stroked his own, and their heads and breasts, in to- 
 ken of his cordial friendship, and that their heads and 
 hearts should be one. After he had addressed them 
 in a long speech, they presented him with a number 
 of toys, with which he manifested the highest satis- 
 faction. Then opening a trade with him they re- Trade 
 ceived twenty deer skins, worth twenty crowns, for '^^^^ithem, 
 a pewter bason. Charmed with its glitter and nov- 
 elty he made a hole through it, and hung it about 
 his neck for a breast plate. He conceived it to be 
 a very princely ornament. They sold him a copper 
 kettle for fifty skins more, worth fifty crowns. Thus 
 they made their gain of this friendly and simple 
 people. 
 
 Some days after Ganganameo made a visit with visit of 
 his wife and children. They were of low stature, *^''^&^"at 
 but modest and handsome. His wife, the princess, 
 wore a coat of leather, and before a short apron of 
 the same. About her forehead was a band of white 
 coral, and in her ears bracelets of pearls, of the big- 
 ness of large peas, hanging down to her middle, 
 
1584. 
 
 258 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. The only distinction, in dress, between the prince 
 ^^^^' and his wife, was the manner in which they wore 
 their liair. His was long on one side onlj^, hers, 
 agreeably to nature, ^vas long on both. 
 
 Ganganameo was greatly respected by his people : 
 none traded, sat, or spake, wht- n he was present, ex- 
 ce})t some of his ciiief men. In whatever the Eng- 
 lish trusted him he was punctual and faithful. He 
 commonly sent them daily a brace of bucks, conies, 
 hares, fish, and, sometimes, n;elons, cucumbers, 
 peas, walnuts, and various kinds of esculent roots. 
 He was so charmed with the English arms, that he 
 would have engaged a bag of pearls only to have 
 been armed. 
 Courtesy When the English went to Roanoke, they made a 
 of an In- yisit at his house. As he was from home, his wife 
 ces's.^'" " ^'^^^ ^^ meet them, and ordered her men to bear them 
 on their backs to the land. As the season was rainy 
 and tempestuous she ordered their boat to be drawn 
 on shore, that it might not be injured by the waves, 
 and the oars to be carried into the house, that they 
 might not be stolen. In the house were five rooms. 
 Having brought them into one of these, she washed 
 their clothes and feet, and \vhen they had warmed and 
 dried themselves, by a good fire, she introduced 
 them into another, where, on a long board, she had 
 spread a table for their refreshment. Here she en- 
 tertained them with a kind of frumenty, boiled ven- 
 ison, roasted fish, boiled roots, melons, and divers 
 kinds of fruit, \\nien they repaired to their boat, in 
 the evening, she appeared to be much grieved, and 
 sent them mats to cover them from the rain. Ma- 
 ny other courtesies did she show them. Say the 
 voyagers, "A more kind, loving people cannot be."* 
 Cruel wars now raged among the Indians, in those 
 parts, and W'ingina lay, at his chief town, recover- 
 ing from the wounds he had received in battle. 
 
 • Voyage of Amiclas and Barlow ; Smith's History of Virginia,p.3,4. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 269 
 
 Governour Lane, with the second compan}'^ of Sir chap. 
 
 Walter Raleigh, on the seventetnth of August, fif- '_ 
 
 teen hundred eight}- five, fixed his residence at Roan- Discove- 
 oke. He made discoveries to the southward as far nes of 
 as Secotan, wliich was about eighty miles. This was the L^^^ifeTSX 
 soutliern boundai v of the counirv called Win2:andacoa. 
 His passage was through Pamtico sound. Through 
 Currituck sound, he went to tlie northward, and ex- 
 plojed the country as far as the town of the Chesa- 
 peaks, one hundred and twenty miles. To the noith- 
 west, proceeding through Albemarle sound, he made 
 discoveries as far as Choanoke, since called Chow- 
 an. This was estimated a hundred and thirty miles. 
 Choanoke was, at that time, the greatest town on the 
 river, and was suj:>posed to be able to muster seven 
 hundred warriors.* 
 
 About sixty five years after these discoveries, a Settie- 
 permanent settlement was made in North Carolina. ""^"'^ i" 
 
 o II • 1 1 p X7- • • 1 the county 
 
 beveral substantial planters h-om Virginia, and some ofAibe- 
 other plantations, emigrated and began a settlenient ^'^^)'^^' 
 in the county of Albemarle, chieflv in Chowan pre- 
 <:inct. They found the winters niild and the coun- 
 try fertile beyond expectation. Every thing which 
 they planted yielded a prodigious increase. Their 
 horses, cattle, swine, and sheep, breeding at an un- 
 common rate, and passing the winter without the 
 care of the husbandman, they soon found themselves 
 living in ease and plenty. With these encourage- 
 ments, though few in number, settled at considera- 
 ble distances from each other, and surrounded witli 
 numerous Indian nations, they unanimously deter- 
 mined to keep their ground. From the flattering 
 descriptions given of the country, in a few years, a 
 considerable number of families were induced to em- 
 igrate and make settlements in the colony. They 
 soon commanded a number of articles, such as wheat, 
 Indian corn, beef, pork, tallow, hides, deer skins, and 
 furs, for exportation. These they exchanged with 
 
 * Smith's Kislory of Virg'iiiia, p. 5, 6. 
 
270 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the Bermudians and New Englanders, for rum, su- 
 '__ gar, salt, molasses, and wearing apparel. The lat- 
 ter was obtained at an exorbitant price. 
 
 As the soil was liberal to the planters so were they 
 to all who visited them. Most ot them living nobly, 
 gave away more to coasters and guests than they ex- 
 pended in their own families.* 
 Settle- 111 sixteen hundred sixty one,settlements were made 
 
 xncnt at at and about Cape Fear, by a number of adventur- 
 I66i!^'^' ers from Massachusetts. They obtained a transfer 
 of their lands from the natives, the orighial proprie- 
 tors of the soil. This, with occupancy, they esteem- 
 ed a good title to their lands, without deeds or pa- 
 tents from the crown. They judged themselves 
 entitled to the same privileges which they enjoyed 
 in the country, \vhence they em.igrated. For some 
 time they were exceedingly distressed for want of 
 necessary subsistence. On application to the gen- 
 eral court of Massachusetts, an extensive contribu- 
 tion was ordered for their relief. 
 
 Some of these planters, it seems, gave such offence 
 to the Indians, by sending off a number of their chil- 
 dren, under the pretence of instructing them in the 
 principles of Christianity, that they drove them off 
 with their bows and arrows. | 
 
 The grant of Carolina, to their lordships Claren- 
 don. Craven, &c. having passed the royal seals, 
 March 4th, 1663, these noblemen held a meeting in 
 May,l663. May, and, at the desire of the New England people 
 settled within the limits of their grant, published 
 general proposals for planting the country. They 
 gave assurance to all who should plant themselves in 
 Carolina, of the most perfect freedom in religion ; 
 that they should be governed by a free assemblv, 
 enjoy the same exemption from customs, granted 
 by the charter ; and, that every freeman, during the 
 term of five years, should be allowed a hundred 
 acres of land lor himself, and fifty for every servant, 
 
 * I^awson's Mislory of North Carolina, p. 62, 63. 
 ■}■ Manuscripts of tlic Hon. Bciijamiii Huwkiii?. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 271 
 
 paying only an acknowledgment of a halfpenny an chap. 
 acre. 
 
 The same year three men, Anthony Long, Will- 15^3 
 iam Hilton, and Peter Fabian were sent from Bar- 
 badoes to make discoveries in North Carolina. They 
 came to anchor in Cape Fear road, on the 12th of 
 October. They spent some time in going up the 
 branches of the river, especially the north east. 
 They discovered some rich lands at a place which 
 they named Rocky Point. It is probable, that in 
 consequence of their discoveries, some settlements 
 were made in those parts from Barbadoes.* 
 
 The proprietors by virtue of their patent claimed The pro- 
 all the lands in Carolina, and jurisdiction over all pi-'.etois 
 who had made settlements on them. And, as the risdictioH* 
 planters in the county of Albemarle w^ere principally over the 
 emigrants from Virginia, and till this time had been fi7ry^*^* 
 within the limits and jurisdiction of that colony, the 
 proprietors appointed Sir William Berkley, then 
 governour of Virginia, superintendant general of 
 their county of Albemarle. He repaired to the 
 county, granted and confirmed lands on the condi- 
 tions published by the proprietors. He also appoint- 
 ed officers for the government of the people. He al- 
 lowed them a general assembly, and appointed Mr. 
 Drummond their governour. 
 
 Two years after, the people who had settled at sir John 
 and about Cape Fear were made a distinct county "^e^™=A"s 
 by the name ot Clarendon county. 1 his was ex- of ciaren- 
 tended, on the coast, from Cape Fear to the river St. «^o" *=«""- 
 Madieo, though it does not appear, that there were, ^^' 
 at this period any settlers south of little river, the 
 southern boundary of North Carolina. John Yea- 
 mans, a respectable planter, from Barbadoes was cre- 
 ated a baronet and appointed commander in chief of 
 this county. 
 
 The inhabitants of Albemarle were not well pleas- inhabit- 
 ed with the new claims of their lordships. They i^"'^^ o^^^- 
 
 *■ •' bemarle 
 
 * Exiricts from their journal now before me. Lawson's Hist. N. n! j^^^'^' 
 C.p. 65-7S ^^^- 
 
272 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, liad endured the hardships and dangers of making 
 
 new settlements in a vast wilderness. They had set- 
 
 1655 tied to the general satisf.iction of the natives, the 
 original proprietors of the soil. They planted them- 
 selves under the old Virginia patent, and had enjoy- 
 ed about fifteen years quiet possession. To be eject- 
 ed now, or become tributaries to the proprietors, ap- 
 peared to them not only palj^ably inconsistent with 
 every idea of justice, but in a high degree iiihuman. 
 They were neither pleased with the claims, nor gov- 
 ernment of such men. Indeed they were on the 
 Petition point of a general revolt. In this state of their af- 
 ^j'^^l\ fairs the general assembly preferred a petition to their 
 ships, lordships, the proprietors, praying that the people of 
 1666. Albemarle might hold their possessions on the same 
 terms on which thev were holden in Virciiua. Their 
 lordshi'ps d'. laying to grant their petition, the colony 
 revolted for nearly two years.* 
 Oct 1667, In October, 1667, Samuel Srephens was ap])ointcd 
 
 ^, ''*''" ffovernour of Albemarle. But he does not apj^ear to 
 
 P'^^'"* 1 11 IIP 1 
 
 govcrnour have convoked an assembly, tor nearly two yearo, on 
 
 the constitution of the proprietors. Something 
 more was yet necessary to be done to quiet the plant- 
 ers. One Colepepjier, who had been active in the 
 revolt, with another person, was despatched to Eng- 
 land with a promise, on certain conditions, of the 
 submission of the colony to the jjroprietaries. To 
 quiet the inhabitants the proprietaries executed the 
 follov/ing deed to the colony. 
 Grand To our trusty and well beloved Samuel Stephens, 
 
 Deed to Y.^n^ Gfovemour of our countv of Albemarle, and the 
 Cun.iina, islcs aiiu islcts withm ten leagues thereor, and to our 
 Miiv isi, trustv and well beloved counsellors and assistants to 
 
 1G68. • r^ 
 
 our governour, (jrreetmg : 
 
 Whereas we have received a petition from the 
 grand assembly of our coimty of Albemarle, praying 
 that the inh.abitants of the said county may hold 
 their lands upon the same terms and conditions, that 
 
 * CiiMlm^-T's Poliliciil Annuls. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 273 
 
 thfe inhabitants of Virginia hold theirs ; and foras- chap. 
 
 • VIIT 
 
 much as the said county doth border upon Virgin- ^ 
 
 ia and is much of the same nature, We are con- ^g^g 
 tent, and do grant that the inhabitants of the said coun- 
 ty, do hold their lands of us, the lords proprietors, 
 upon the same terms and conditions that the inhabi- 
 tants of Virginia hold theirs. 
 
 Wherefore be it known unto all men by these 
 presents, that we, the said lords and absolute proprie- 
 tors of the county within the province aforesaid, 
 have given, granted, and by these presents do give 
 and grant full power and authority unto you the said 
 governour, for the time being, or that shall hereafter 
 be by us appointed, full power and authority, by 
 and with the consent of our council then being, or 
 the major part thereof, to convey and grant such 
 portions of land as by our instructions and conces- 
 sions annexed to our commission, bearing date in 
 October, Anno Domini 1667, we have appointed to ' 
 
 such persons as shall come into our said county to 
 plant and inhabit." 
 
 The proprietaries allowed them a general assem- Constitii^ 
 bly, which was to consist of the £^overnour, twelve *'°" °^ 
 counsellors, and twelve delegates annually chosen by ment. 
 the freeholders. The governour was appointed by 
 the proprietaries, half the council were chosen by 
 the governour, and half by the assembly. The gov- 
 ernour was obliged to act agreeably to the advice of 
 a majority of his council. No taxes were to be im- 
 posed without the consent of the assembly. All 
 men, taking the oath of allegiance to the king, and 
 of fidelity to the proprietaries, were declared to have 
 a title to equal privileges. 
 
 In sixteen hundred sixty nine governour Stevens First as- 
 eonvokcd the first assembly on this constitution, cord'ilf/to 
 Besides various regulations for the security of it, 1669. 
 property and tlie good government of the colony, 
 it was enacted, " None shall be sued, during five 
 years, for any cause of action arising out of the 
 country ; and none shall accept a power of attor- 
 
 Voj,. I. n5 
 
274 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1669. 
 
 Colepcp- 
 pei- u-icd 
 for high 
 treason. 
 
 Palatines 
 settle on 
 Roanoke, 
 
 ino. 
 
 Are mas- 
 sacred, 
 1712. 
 
 Enacting 
 style in 
 1715. 
 
 ney, to receive debts contracted abroad." Hence 
 this colony was, for a time, considered as the refuge 
 of the criminal, and tlie common asylum of the fu- 
 gitive debtor. 
 
 After Colepepper had executed his trust, and was 
 about to return, he was impeached, by the commis- 
 sioners of the customs, for acting as collector with- 
 out their authority, and embezzling the king's reve- 
 nue in Carolina. He was seized, on board a vessel 
 in the Downs, carried back, and tried by virtue of 
 the statute of Henrv VHI. on-an indictment of hiQ:h- 
 treason committed out of the realm. Lord Shaftes- 
 bury, who was then in the height of his popularity, 
 undertook his defence. His lordship insisted "That 
 there never had been any regular government in Al- 
 bemarle, that its disorders were only feuds between 
 the planters, which could only amount to a riot." 
 On this ])lea Colepepper was acquitted, though it was 
 contrary to the plainest facts. 
 
 In seventeen hundred and ten a considerable num- 
 ber of Palatines were settled in the colony, on and 
 near Roanoke, in Albemarle and Bath counties. 
 These were a considerable accession to the strength 
 and numbers of the colony. But its population was 
 exceedingly slow. Though it was now sixty years 
 from its first settlement yet the whole number of 
 fenciblc men did not exceed twelve hundred. Two 
 years after the colony sustained a great loss both of 
 lives and property, in the horrible massacre perpe- 
 trated by the Corccs and Tuscaroras. The expense 
 of defending the colony against the enemy, till the 
 arrival of colonel Barnwell and his troops from 
 South Carolina, and the summer follou ing, was very 
 considerable. 
 
 The enacting style of the colony from about the 
 year sixteen hundred fifteen was, " Be it enacted, by 
 his excellency the palatine, and the rest of the true and 
 absolute lords j^roprictors of Carolina, by and with 
 the consent of the general assembh , now met at Lit- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 275 
 
 tie River, for the northeast of the said province, and ^^j^j^- 
 it is hereby enacted." \ 
 
 There appears ever to have been a government in 1729. 
 this colony distinct from diat in South Carolina. 
 During the whole term of the proprietary govern- 
 ment the colonies appear to have had different gov- 
 ernours. The last governour in this colony, under 
 the proprietaries, in seventeen hundred twenty nine, 
 was Sir Richard Everard. At the same period the 
 government of South Carolina was vested in Ardiur 
 Middleton, president of the council. 
 
 In September the payment of seventeen thousand The Caro- 
 and five hundred pounds sterling was completed, in [.'"nde^i^d 
 behalf of the crown, for seven eighths of the Caroli- to the 
 nas. Seven eighths of the quitrents due from the col- g^YiS. 
 onists, amounting to more than nine thousand pounds 
 sterling, were purchased for five thousand. A 
 clause in the act of parliament, respecting the pur- 
 chase, reserved an eighth share of the property and 
 quitrents then in arrears, to John Lord Carteret, 
 which continued to be legally vested in his family.* 
 All his share in the government he surrendered to the 
 crown. The other proprietors made a surrender 
 both of property and jurisdiction. 
 
 From this period the government became regal, 
 similar to that of the other royal governments. The Boundai-y 
 boundary line between North and South Carolina, li"^^. 
 begins at a cedar stake, by the sea side near the 
 mouth of Little River, which is the southern ex- 
 tremity of New Brunswick, and thence runs a north 
 west course through the boundary house in thirty 
 three degrees and forty six minutes, to thirty five de- 
 grees north latitude ; and thence, agreeably to the 
 ancient charters, a west line to the South Sea. The 
 north line between this colony and Virginia begins 
 on the sea shore in thirty six degrees and thirty min- 
 utes north latitude, and runs west parallel with the 
 other west hne to the same western boundary. 
 
 * His eightli share lay in North Carolina, and since became tlip 
 property of Lord Greenville. 
 
■27S A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 < 
 
 CHAP. The first royal governour was George Barrington. 
 
 He continued in office till seventeen hundred thirty 
 
 1729. four. He had five successors before the American 
 revolution.* 
 
 From the period in which his majesty assumed 
 the immediate care and government of the Carolinas, 
 a new era commenced in that country, which the Car- 
 olinians esteemed the era of their freedom, security, 
 and happiness. That the colonists might apply 
 themselves to industry with vigour and success, it 
 was the first object of the royal concern, to establish 
 the peace of these colonics upon the most sure and 
 ander ^^ permanent foundations. For this purpose Sir Alex- 
 Cumming ander Gumming was commissioned and sent out to 
 tiT-^ch^'^'' treat with the Cherokees. They spread over the 
 kees. ° lands at the head of Savannah river and back into the 
 1730, Appalachian mountains. They claimed an immense 
 tract of country, as their hunting grounds, and its 
 boundaries had never been clearly ascertained. Their 
 numbers, at that period, were estimated at twenty six 
 thousand. It was supposed that, on any emergency, 
 they were able to send into the field six thousand 
 warriors. An alliance with them was an object of 
 prime importance. Sir Alexander arrived in the 
 beginning of the year, and widi despatch made his 
 journey to the distant hills. When he arrived at 
 Chowee, about three hundred miles from Charleston, 
 li€ was met by the chiefs of the lower towns, and a 
 general congress of the chiefs of the nation were 
 summoned to meet him at Nequasset. In April the 
 congress met. The chiefs, upon their knees, prom- 
 ised fidelity and obedience to the great king George, 
 calling upon every thing terrible to fall upon them if 
 they should violate their promise. By the unani- 
 mous consent of the nation, Moytoy was appointed 
 commander in chief. Numerous presents were 
 
 • Gabriel Johnson from 1734 — 1752. M:ittlie\v Rowan president 
 of the council till 1754. Arthur Dobbs till 1764. William Tryon till 
 1771. Josiah Martin till 1774. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 2<jty 
 
 made to the Indians ; and they brought the crown, chap. 
 with five eagle tails and four scalps of their enemies, ^^^^' 
 from Tennassee, their chief town, and Moytoy pre- ^^3^ 
 sented them to Sir Alexander, praying him to lay 
 them at his majesty's feet. Sir Alexander proposed 
 that a number of their chiefs should be deputed to 
 accompany him to England, to do homage in person. 
 Six were appointed, and sailed with him for Eng- 
 land. They arrived at Dover in June. As a pledge 
 of their loyalty, the crown of their nation, the feath- 
 ers of glory, and the scalps of their enemies, were 
 laid at his majesty's feet. A treaty was drawn up, 
 and signed by Alured Popple, secretary to the lords 
 commissioners of trade and plantations, on the part 
 of his majesty, and the Cherokee chiefs in behalf of 
 their nation. The chief articles were for substance, 
 That the king's children of Carolina should trade with 
 the Indians, and furnish them with all goods they 
 should want ; and make haste to build houses and 
 plant corn from Charleston towards the Cherokee 
 towns behind the great mountains : That the Chero- 
 kees should be always ready to fight against any na- 
 tion of white men or Indians, who shall hurt or mo- 
 lest the English : That the trading path should be 
 kept clean from blood : That the Cherokees shall 
 trade with no people but the English, nor admit any 
 to build forts, or cabins, or to plant among them : 
 That if any should attempt to do it, they shall give 
 notice of it to the English governour : That if any 
 Englishman shall kill an Indian, he should be pun- 
 ished by the English laws, as if he had killed an 
 Englishman ; and that when an Indian should kill a 
 white man, he should be delivered up and punished 
 in the same manner. Every article was accompa- 
 nied with prcsents of different kinds, such as cloth, 
 guns, shot, vermilion, flints, hatchets, &c.* This 
 peace was kept inviolably by the Cherokees nearly 
 thirty years. 
 
 * Hist. S. Carolina, vol ii. p. 6, 7, 8. 
 
278 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. The first governour of South CaroHna, under the 
 ^^^^ crown, was Robert Johnson. He arrived at his seat 
 ~^^ of government the beginning of the year seventeen 
 hundred thirty one. With him returned the Indian 
 chiefs, with such ideas of the power, greatness and 
 generosity of the EngHsh nation, as imagination can 
 better paint than language express. 
 
 For the encouragementof theCaroHnians,his mFijes- 
 ty granted them several indulgences. The restraints 
 on rice, an enumerated article, were partly taken off, 
 and the parliament allowed a discount on hemp. The 
 arrears of quitrents, amounting to more than nine 
 thousand, were remitted as a bounty from the crown. 
 Seventy pieces of cannon were sent over by his maj- 
 esty, and the governour had orders to build a fort at 
 Port Royal, and another on the river Alatamaha. 
 An independent company of foot was allowed for 
 their defence by land, and ships of war were stationed 
 for the protection of trade. For the encouragement 
 of commerce, the colony was allowed to continue, 
 and very considerably to increase, their bills of credit. 
 Till this period the cultivation of the Carolinas 
 was very inconsiderable. Says a writer of their his- 
 tory, " The face of the country appeared like a des- 
 ert, with little spots here and there cleared, scarcely 
 discernible amidst the immense forest;" but after 
 this, under the royal smiles, they began to emerge 
 frc^Ti a state of poverty and oppression, to a state of 
 freedom, ease, and affluence, 
 rian for '*^^Q^'' ^-^^^^ the establishment of the two distinct 
 the settle- goveriiments of South and North Carolina, a plan 
 gIoI^I. ^^'^^ concerted for the settlement of a colony, be- 
 tween the rivers Alatamaha and Savannah. Till 
 this time that extensive country had remained a 
 wilderness, without an inhabitant, except the savage 
 natives. In the settlement of this, two principal 
 objects were had in view ; the relief of the indigent 
 inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland ; and the 
 more effectual security of the Carolinas. To South 
 Carolina especially, it would form an important bar- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 279 
 
 rier, both against the Indians and Spaniards. The chap, 
 
 plan was conceived by a number of charitable people, ^ 
 
 who raised monies for the purpose of transporting 1732 
 valuable families made miserable by misfortune and 
 poverty, at home, into this part of America. The 
 design was not only to transport, and give them lands 
 in America, but to clothe, and furnish them with 
 utensils necessary to make a permanent settlement. 
 
 On application to his majesty, for his countenance 
 and a legal execution of their design, his letters 
 patent were granted, incorporating twenty one per- 
 sons, by the name of Trustees for the settling and 
 establishing of the colony of Georgia. These letters patent for 
 passed the seals June 9th, 1732. The charter of *''^^ I'T'^^^ 
 incorporation made a grant of all that part of Caro- g^\^^' 
 lina, lying between the most northerly stream of 
 Savannah river, along the sea coast, to the most 
 southern stream of Alatamaha river ; westward from 
 the heads of these rivers respectively in direct lines 
 to the South Sea, inclusively, with all islands within 
 twenty leagues of the same. The present boundaries 
 are the Atlantic ocean on the east, the Fioridas on 
 the south, Missisippi on the west, and South Car- 
 olina on the north, and northeast. The state is 
 about 600 miles in length and 250 in breadth. 
 
 The trustees having exhibited an ample charity, 
 by making large contributions themselves, under- 
 took the solicitation of contributions from others ; 
 for the purposes of clothing, arming, purchasing- 
 utensils for cultivation, and for the transportation of 
 such needy families, as would consent to emigrate, 
 and begin the settlement of the colony. Their views 
 were not confined to British subjects only, but it was 
 their design to open a door for indigent and oppress- 
 ed protestants of other countries and denominations. 
 
 To prevent all abuse and misapplication of those 
 charitable donations, they agreed to deposit the m.on- 
 ey in the bank of England ; and to enter in a book 
 the names of the donors, with the sums contributed 
 l\v each of them. They also obliged themselves, 
 
1732. 
 
 230 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and their successors in office, to lay a statement of 
 ^^^^' the money, received and expended, before the lord 
 chancellor of England, the lords chief justices of the 
 king's bench and common pleas, the master of the 
 rolls, and the lord chief baron of the exchequer. 
 These generous trustees offered their time, labour, 
 and money, wholly for the good of others ; seeking 
 no other reward for themselves than the noble satis- 
 faction of virtuous actions, and of doing good to in- 
 dividuals and the public. Doubtless, they may chal- 
 lenge the annals of any nation to produce a more 
 charitable and worthy undertaking. 
 
 The trustees held their first meeting in July, 1732, 
 elected lord Percival president, and appointed a com- 
 mon seal. Besides the liberal donations made by 
 the gentry, clergy, and nobility, the parliament grant- 
 ed ten thousand pounds for carrying the design into 
 immediate effect. The November following, a hun- 
 dred and sixteen emigrants offered themselves, and 
 embarked for Georgia. James Oglethorpe, one of 
 the trustees, a zealous and active promoter of the 
 january^^ colony, embarked with them. The next January 
 i5th,i7oo. ^j^gy arrived, in good health, at Charleston in South - 
 Carolina. The Carolinians sensible of the vast ad- 
 vantages, which might be derived to them, from the 
 settlement in contemplation, gave it a generous en- 
 couragement. They made the emigrants a present of 
 a hundred breeding cattle, with some other live stock, 
 and twenty barrels of rice. They also furnished 
 them with a party of horse, and with scout boats for 
 their conveyance to Savannah, and assistance in the 
 SctUc- exploration of the country. Governour Bull accom- 
 ment of panicd Mr. Oglethorpe and the emigrants, to Savan- 
 eorgia. ^^^j^ _ ^^_^^ ^^^^ Carolinians assisted, with their labours 
 as well as purses, in planting this new colony. Af- 
 ter exploring the country they began their settle- 
 ment on the high pleasant bluff, on which the town 
 of Savannah now stands. A regular town was mark- 
 ed out, on the south side of the ri\'cr ; and, near its 
 bank, a fort was erected and guns mounted, for the 
 
the u-us- 
 tees. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 281 
 
 defence of the inhabitants. The town was named chap. 
 Savannah from the Indian name of the river which ^^''^' 
 washed it on the north. 1^33 
 
 Mr. Oglethorpe concluded a treaty of friendship 
 with the Creeks, that numerous and powerful tribe 
 of Indians. He embodied all the men capable of 
 bearing arms, arranged them under proper officers, 
 and equipped them for service. 
 
 While these things were effected in the colony, the Re^iia- 
 trustees had been forming a plan of settlement, and tjons of 
 establishing such regulations, as in their opinion, 
 were best adapted to answer the purposes of their in- 
 corporation. As the military strength of the colony 
 was one principal object of its settlement, they con- 
 sidered the inhabitants both as planters and soldiers ; 
 to be furnished, no less with arms for defence, than 
 with tools for cultivation. Each grant of land 
 was viewed as a military fief, for which the 
 possessor, whenever called, was to appear in arms 
 and take the field, for the common defence. It was 
 determined, that the lands should be granted in tail 
 male ; and, that on the termination of the estate in tail 
 male, it should revert to the trust, and should be re- 
 granted, as the trustees should determine. They 
 were however, especially to regard the widows and 
 daughters of those who had made settlements on the 
 lands thus reverting. The widows during life were 
 entitled to the mansion house and one half of the 
 lands, which had been improved by their husbands. 
 Allowances were also to be made to daughters, es- 
 pecially if they had not been previously provided for 
 in marriage. If any of the lands granted, should not 
 be cleared, improved, and well inclosed within eigh- 
 teen years from the date of the grant, they were al- 
 so to return to the trust. All forfeitures for non- 
 residence, treason, felonies, &c. were to the trustees, 
 for the emolument of the colony. The use of ne- 
 groes and the importation of rum were absolutely 
 prohibited . There was also a prohibition of all trade 
 
 \'oL. I. 36 
 
282 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, with the Indians, unless by virtue of a special licence 
 ^ for that purpose. 
 
 1733 As this new settlement was designed as a barrier 
 against the Spaniards, and numerous and .potent 
 tribes of Indians within the limits of the colony, it 
 was imagined that negroes would disserve a princi- 
 pal object in view. Rum was viewed as injurious 
 to health, and destructive to the peace and interests 
 of a new settlement. It is not improbable, that the 
 trustees had also in the prohibition of this article, a 
 charitable regard to the peace and life of the Indians. 
 It was imagined that a free trade with them would 
 be productive of wars, and expose the colony to de- 
 struction. These were some of the reasons, which 
 induced these humane and liberal gentlemen, to 
 adopt such an uncommon system of fundamental 
 regulations. Scarcely could the human mind have 
 formed one less adapted to the condition of the poor 
 settlers, more impolitic, or in its consequences more 
 destructive of the population and prosperity of the 
 province. 
 
 1734. Notwithstanding there came over the next year 
 live or six hundred emigrants to advance the settle- 
 ment. But it was soon found by experience, from 
 these first embtukations of poor people, from England, 
 collected from the refuse of towns and cities, that 
 these were not the people to fell the mighty groves 
 of Georgia, and turn the wilderness into gardens and 
 pleasant fields. Those who had been irresolute, idle, 
 and useless members of society at home, were found 
 to be no better abroad. A more enterprising and 
 hardy race of men were to be sought, that the ends 
 in view might be answered. The trustees therefore 
 determined to introduce upon their lands, a number 
 of Scotch and German labourers. To effect this 
 proper inducements were necessary. The trustees 
 therefore resolved that eleven townships, each con- 
 sisting of twenty thoui^and acres should be laid out in 
 square plats, upon the principal rivers in the colony. 
 Two were to be laid out on the Alatamaha, two on 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 283 
 
 the Savannah, two on the Santee, and the other on chap. 
 
 Pedee, Wacamaw, Wateree, and Black rivers, as they ^ 
 
 were then called. Each town was to be divided in- 1^34 
 to fifty acre shares ; of which every man, who would 
 make a settiement, had one share.* On the publi- 
 cation of these terms Switzers, Scotch, and Germans 
 became adventurers in the colony. 
 
 By the influence of John Peter Pary, of Neufchat- 
 el, in Switzerland, a number of Switzers came over 
 and made settlements in the colony. Nearly at the 
 same time about a hundied and seventy Saltzbergers, 
 protestants from Germany, emJgrated and made a 
 settlement on the Savannah, which they named Eben- 1735. 
 ezer. The same year about a hundred and sixty 
 Scotch Highlanders were transported into Georgia, 
 and settled on the Alatamaha. They built a fort, 
 which they called Darien. About this they settled 
 a small town, v^'hich, in memory of that whence they 
 emigrated, was named New Iverness. 
 
 In 1736, Mr. Oglethorpe, who made it his busi- ir36. 
 ness to overset and advance the settlement of the 
 colony, brought over with h?m a recruit of three 
 hundred planters. With these he settled Fred- 
 erica, on the island St. Simon, the west side of which 
 is washed by the river Alatamaha. Great pains 
 were taken to strengthen the southern parts of Geor- 
 gia. In addition to the ten thousand sterling, grant- 
 ed 1732, the parliament made a second grant of 
 twenty six thousand pounds for the encouragement 
 of the colony. About fourteen hundred planters, 
 in the term of three years, had been transported into 
 the colony. Under these favourable appearances, 
 the trustees flattered themselves, with expectations of 
 soon seeing their new colony in a flourishing state 
 of population, wealth, and power. But sadly were 
 their expectations disappointed. Not all the liberal- 
 ity of individuals, nor the countenance and generous 
 
 * Hist. S. Car. vol. ii. p. 42, 45 By comparing the grants with the 
 number of men who made settlements, as they are set down from^-eav 
 to year, I find about 60 «cres and a half granted to each man. 
 
284 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, grants of parliament, could, under their regulations, 
 ^'"' raise the colony from an affecting jstate of poverty 
 i^.j and Avretchedness. 
 
 In 1737, on a rumour that the Spaniards, at 
 the Havannah and St. Augustine, were making 
 preparations for the invasion of the colony, the 
 government, at the request of the trustees, sent 
 over a regiment of six hundred men for its defence. 
 Each soldier, at the end of seven years, might be 
 discharged with a title to twenty acres of land. The 
 parliament also made another grant of twenty thous- 
 and pounds, enabling the trustees to transport into 
 the colony a fresh embarkation of persecuted protes- 
 tants. Within the term of seven years, from June, 
 1732, to June, 1740, the British parliament granted 
 Donations /. 94,000 for the settlement of Georgia. The bene- 
 pendt-^ factions made to the corporation for that purpose, in 
 turesin Great Britain, amounted to /. 16,704,6,3,2. and those 
 menrof^^'^" Carolina to /. 1,296,5,9. The whole sum given 
 Georgia, was 7.112,000,12,0,2. Of this, during the seven 
 years, the trustees expended /.106,081,4,5,2. They 
 had settled in the colony 687 men, and 834 women 
 and children, 1521 persons; equal to 304 families, 
 reckoning five to a family. Of this number 915 
 were originally poor British subjects, and 606 were 
 poor foreign protestants. The settlement of each 
 person cost the nation about 70/. and each family 
 about /.350. Widiin the same period, it appears 
 from the quantity of lands granted, allowing the same 
 proportion to rich and poor, that they had settled 
 977 rich people. So that in 1 740, there were 2,498 
 inhabitants, equal to 500 families.*'' This is, on sup- 
 position that all the lands granted were settled, and 
 that none of the planters were dead. Neither of 
 tliese can be supposed : but it is probable, that the 
 increase of the planters amounted to all deficiencies 
 by death or otherwise. 
 
 • I have before me an account of l)cncfactions, expenditures, ajid 
 grants made, and of the poor people sent over to the colony the first 
 seven years. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^35 
 
 Besides the expenditures which have been stated, chap. 
 
 the nation was at the expense of transporting a reg- '_ 
 
 iment of 600 men into Georgia, and of arming, cloth- 
 ing, victualling, and paying them during three of the 
 seven years. This, probably, amounted to as much 
 as all the other expenses. We may therefore esti- 
 mate the cost of settling every person for the term of 
 seven years at /.70 at least, and of each family at 
 1.550 At this time nothing had been received, by 
 way of compensation, nor was any thing received for 
 many years after this period. The corporation af- 
 terwards expended /.5, 919,7,7 the balance remaining 
 on hand in 1740, in advancing the settlement of the 
 colony. At the same time the nation were at great 
 and constant expense for its protection. 
 
 Upon the declaration of war against Spain, Mr. 
 Oglethorpe was vested with a general command. 
 As the Spaniards had been bad neighbours in peace, 
 and as it was expected they would be much worse in 
 war, he undertook an expedition against Florida. 
 Assisted by Virginia and the Carolinas, he marched Ogie- 
 with an army of more than two thousand men, con- tiiorpe's 
 sistmg of regulars, provincials, and Indian allies. Uon, 
 He took two Spanish forts, Diego and Moosa. He '^^io. 
 invested St. Augustine, cannonaded and bombarded it 
 for a considerable time. By sea he was assisted by 
 captain Vincent Price, with several twenty gun ships; 
 but after all their exertions, the general was obliged 
 to raise the seige and return with considerable loss. 
 
 Two years after, the Spaniards in their turn in- 1742. 
 vaded Georgia. In May, 1742, two thousand land 
 forces, under the command of Don Antonio de Ro- 
 dando, from the Havannah, under a strong convoy, 
 firrived at St. Augustine. This armament was dis- Spanish 
 covered on its passage, by captain Haymer of the =*i'"=^- 
 Flamborough man of war, who was cruising on the "^^"^' 
 coast, and advice was immediately sent to general 
 Oglethorpe of its arrival in Florida. The general Prepara- 
 sent intelligence, with the utmost expedition, to gov- ^1°"^^^°^' 
 ernour Glen of South Carolina, desiring him, with tion. 
 
286 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, all possible despatch, to collect, and send on to his 
 
 assistance, all the force in his power. He also re- 
 
 1742. quested him to despatch a sloop to the West Indies, 
 to acquaint admiral Vernon with the intended inva- 
 
 , sion of the country. Georgia, Port Royal, and the 
 
 inhabitants of the southern frontiers of South Caroli- 
 na, began to tremble. Many of the inhabitants of 
 the latter deserted their habitations ; and, with their 
 families and eflects, repaired to Charleston. But 
 the Carolinians though exposed to the same dangers 
 with their fellow subjects, in Georgia, and though it 
 was their policy to keep the enemy at a distance, yet 
 having imbibed prejudices against general Oglethorpe, 
 on the account of his late unsuccessful expedition 
 against St. Augustine, determined to provide for 
 their own defence, and leave him to act alone, in 
 opposing the superior force which was coming against 
 him. 
 
 Meanwhile the general made all possible prepara- 
 tions for a vigorous defence. Message after mes- 
 sage was sent to his Indian allies, who, as they had a 
 great esteem for his person, flocked to his camp. 
 With his own regiment, such rangers and highland- 
 ers as could be mustered in Georgia, amounting on- 
 ly to seven hundred men, exclusive of his Indians, 
 he fixed his head quarters at Frederica, determining 
 in case of an attack, to sell his life as dearly as pos- 
 sible, in defence of the province. At the same time 
 he had no doubt of a reinforcement from Carolina, 
 for ^vhich he every day waited with anxious expec- 
 tation. The Spanish armament after a considerable 
 reinforcement from St. Augustine, on the last of 
 
 iifvad" ^ June came to anchor off Simon's bar. The fleet 
 
 Georgia, consisted of thirty two sail, having on board more 
 than three thousand men, commanded by Don Man- 
 uel de Monteano. After they had spent some time, 
 in sounding the channel, and found a sufficient depth 
 of water, with the tide of flood, they stood in for 
 Jckyl sound. The general, who was now at Simon's 
 fort, fired upon them and made every exertion in his 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 23 J 
 
 •power to prevent their passing up the river. The cha.p. 
 Spaniards returned the fire from their ships, and pro- ^"^- 
 ceeded up the river Alatamaha, beyond the reach of ~[^ 
 his guns. Hoisting a red flag at the mizzen-topmast- 
 head of the hirgest ship, they landed on the island 
 and erected a battery of twenty eighteen pounders. 
 Among their land forces was a fine artillery compa- 
 ny, under the command of Don Antonio Rodondo. 
 General Oglethorpe finding that he could not pre- 
 vent the enemy's going up the river, and that their 
 force was so great that it was unsafe, with his hand- 
 ful of men, to remain at fort Simon's, nailed up his 
 cannon, burst his bombs and cohorns, and destroying 
 the stores, retreated to his head quarters at Frederica. 
 He perceived, that the most he could do, was, by ^^^^^^^^^ 
 vigilant and vigorous measures, to act on the defen- and diffi- 
 sive, to plan all means of retarding the enemy and of ^"|,^g^.^j°^ 
 gaining time till he should receive a reinforcement, ogie- 
 This he constantly expected from Carolina. While thorpe, 
 his main body were working on the fortifications, 
 and making them as strong as possible, in their cir- 
 cumstances, scouting parties were kept out to watch 
 every motion of the enemy. Night and day the In- 
 dian allies, assisted by the highlanders, ranged through 
 the woods, harassed the out posts, and, as far as pos- 
 sible, obstructed the approach of the enemy. The 
 general was pressed with difficulties. He not only 
 wanted men but provisions. These were neither 
 good nor plentiful. The enemy commanded the 
 river, and he was at so great a distance from the 
 settlements, that there was no prospect of a supply. 
 But to prolong the defence, which was of the utmost 
 consequence, not only to Georgia, but to Carolina, 
 the general concealed from the army every discourag- 
 ing circumstance. To inspire them with vigour and 
 perseverance, he exposed himself to the same hard- 
 ships and fatigues with the meanest soldier. The 
 enemy made several attempts to pierce through the 
 woods to the attack of the fortress at Frederica ; but 
 they met with such opposition from deep morasses 
 
288 A GENEKAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and dark thickets, lined with fierce Indians and wild 
 
 '_ highlandcrs, that, in every instance, they were re- 
 
 1742. pulsed. Numbers of their ofiicers and best troops 
 were slain, and more than a hundred men taken pris- 
 oners. On this the Spanish general kept his men 
 under cover of his cannon, and proceeded up the 
 river with a number of galliesto reconnoitre the fort, 
 and to draw the attention of general Oglethorpe to that 
 quarter. To counteract this design the general detach- 
 ed parties of his Indians to lie in ambush in the woods, 
 along the shore, to prevent the enemy's landing. 
 Learning that there was a difference in the Spanish 
 army, so that the troops from Cuba, and those from St. 
 Augustine, formed two distinct camps, he conceived 
 the plan of surprisiiig one of them. His knowledge 
 of the woods gave him great advantage for the exe- 
 cution of his design. He marched out under the 
 cover of night, with a number of chosen men, and 
 having advanced within two miles of the enemy's 
 camp, he halted his main body, and advanced 
 with a small party to view the situation of the enemy. 
 While he w-as conducting every thing with the ut- 
 most secrecy a Frenchman in his service, firing his 
 piece, deserted and gave the alarm to the enemy. As 
 the general's plan was defeated, by this perfidy, he 
 retreated to head quarters. But deeply apprehen- 
 sive of the mischief which this treacherous villain 
 might effect, by discovering his weakness, he began 
 to devise means to defeat the credit of his informa- 
 tions. With this view he addressed a letter to the 
 French deserter, desiring him to acquaint the Span- 
 iards with the defenceless state of Frederica, and how 
 practicable it would be to cut him and his small gar- 
 rison in pieces ; and begged him, as his spy, to 
 Qgle- bring them on to the attack. If he could not, he 
 iiioipc's desired him to use all his art, to persuade them to 
 strat:ii-c;m ^.j^^y ^|. j^ast, thrcc davs morc at fort Simon's, inti- 
 ofUif one- matnig that wiilnn that tmie he sliould receive such 
 "^■^' a reinforcement from Carolina, \\ith six British 
 
 sliips of war, that he should be able to give a good 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 289 
 
 account of the Spaniards. At the same time, he urg- 
 ed him not to mention a word of admiral Vernon's 
 
 coming against St. Augustine. He concUided with 1742. 
 assurances, that for his services he should receive an 
 ample compensation. This letter was entrusted to a 
 Spanish captive, who for the sake of obtaining his 
 liberty and for a small reward, engaged to deliver 
 it to the French deserter. But instead of delivering 
 it to him, he, agreeably to the wishes of the general, 
 conveyed it directly to the commander of the Spanish 
 army. 
 
 Great was the perplexity, various the conjectures Their per- 
 and speculations, which this letter occasioned in the piexity 
 Spanish camp. The commander himself was not a f",^ ^^^^' 
 little perplexed. The deserter was put in irons, and 
 a council of war \vas called, to deliberate on the 
 measures to be taken, in a case so puzzling and ex- 
 traordinary. Some of the officers were of opinion, 
 that it was only a stratagem to deceive them, and 
 prevent the attack of Frederica. Others imagin- 
 ed that the matters mentioned in the letter were 
 probable ; that the English general might wish for 
 an attack, and to detain them till a reinforcement 
 should arrive, or till admiral Vernon should make 
 himself master of Augustine. They were therefore 
 for dropping a plan of conquest attended with so 
 many difficulties, and for consulting their own safety 
 and that of Augustine ; lest, while they were at- 
 tempting conquests, they should be conquered them- 
 selves, and lose Florida. While the Spaniards were 
 employed in these deliberations, and embarrassed 
 with contrary opinions, an event, entirely providen- 
 tial, took place, which at once united their councils. 
 Three ships of force, sent out by the govecnour of 
 Carolina, at this nick of time, appeared on the coast. 
 This corresponding with the intimations given in the 
 letter, convinced the Spanish general of the truth of 
 its contents. The Spaniards, in imasrination, saw a SudJen 
 
 * t i*etre3,t to 
 
 vast reinforcement at hand, and w^ere so panic struck, Av,gu3- 
 that the}- immediately set fire to the fort, and em- tine. 
 Vol. I. r>7* 
 
290 -^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THL 
 
 CHAP, barked in such hurry and confusion, that some can- 
 
 '_ non, a (juantity of provision and miUtary stores were 
 
 1742. ^^f^ behind.* 
 
 In tliis very providential and remarkable manner, 
 was Georgia delivered from the very jaws of des- 
 truction. Fifteen days was Don Manuel de Monteano 
 on the small island, on which Frederica stands, with- 
 out eftecting any thing of importance. He was fright- 
 ed, and all his designs defeated, by a mere stratagem, 
 in which general Oglethorpe lost not a man. 
 
 In this resolute defence, general Oglethorpe dis- 
 played both personal courage and military skill ; and 
 not only saved Georgia, but, probably, a considera- 
 ble part of South Carolina from destruction. He 
 performed singular services for the country, and 
 merited an equal degree of applause and thanks from 
 both colonies. 
 
 It is not improbable that the principal designs of 
 the Spaniards were against Carolina ; and had they 
 succeeded in Gegrgia, Port Royal, the southern fron- 
 tiers of South Carolina, and Charleston itself, might 
 have fallen an easy prey to their victorious arms. It 
 was by far the most formidable armament ever employ- 
 ed against that part of the country. It was in a pecu- 
 liar manner calculated to distress and ruin Carolina. 
 Augustine, before the war, had been the grand re- 
 sort of all runagate negroes. The governour of Au- 
 gustine had not only refused, on application, to deliver 
 them uj) to their masters, but had proclaimed pro- 
 tection and liberty to all who should repair to him.f 
 The Spaniards had now a negro regiment whose of- 
 ficers were negroes clothed in lace, and bore the 
 same rank as the white officers, and with the same 
 familiarity walked and conversed with the Spanish 
 general. Many, if not the principal part of these 
 were icfugecs from Carolina. Had the Spaniards 
 penetrated into that province, where, at that period, 
 there were more than 40,000 negroes, they might. 
 
 " HiBt. S. Car. xol. ii. p. 112— 119. t IhiJ. vol. ii. p. 71. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^.Ql 
 
 with such an example, have soon acquired numbers chap. 
 against whom, no force in CaroUna could have made ^^^^' 
 any effectual resistance. 17^2. 
 
 Though the Carolinians exhibited as little good 
 policy as good neighbourhood in this affair, yet they, as 
 well as the inhabitants of Georgia, under the all gov- 
 erning hand of Providence, experienced a very mem- 
 orable deliverance. 
 
 The inhabitants of Port Royal and its vicinity ex- 
 pressed their deep sensibility of it, in their address 
 to general Oglethorpe, on this occasion. In it are ' 
 
 the following sentences : 
 
 " We, the inhabitants of the southern parts of Car- 
 olina, beg leave to congratulate your excellency on 
 your late wonderful success, over your and our in- 
 veterate enemies, the Spaniards, who so lately invad- 
 ed Georgia, in such a numerous and formidable 
 body, to the great terror of his majesty's subjects in 
 these southern parts. It was very certain, had the 
 Spaniards succeeded in those attempts against your 
 excellency, they would also have entirely destroyed 
 us, laid our province waste and desolate, and filled 
 our habitations with blood and slaughter ; so that 
 his majesty must have lost the fine and spacious har- 
 bour of Port Royal, where the largest ships in the 
 British nation may remain in security on any occa- 
 sion." 
 
 So inglorious was this event to the Spanish arms, 
 that on the return of the troops to the Havannah, the 
 commander was imprisoned, that he might take his 
 trial for his conduct, during the expedition. Though 
 the enemy threatened to renew the invasion, yet they 
 seem, never since, to have made any attempts to get 
 possession of the country by force of arms. 
 
 Provisions and succours of all kinds were near 
 at hand ; and, on any emergency, might be obtained 
 of the sister colonies. But when the first colonies 
 were planted, these were not to be had short of a 
 voyage of three thousand miles across the Atlantic. 
 
292 A -GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. However, after all this national expense, the colo- 
 ny remained in a languishing^ and distressed condi- 
 tion. Notwithstanding the liberal and noble designs 
 of the trustees, they imposed on it so many impoli- 
 tic, though well meant restrictions ; subjected the 
 inhabitants to so many forfeitures and hardships, as 
 reduced them to a state of discouragement and 
 wretchedness too great for human nature long to en- 
 dure. The Carolinians, in pity, invited them over 
 the river Savannah to settle under their government. 
 While some abandoned the colony, others A\ho re- 
 mained fell into a state of tumult and confusion. In 
 view of their unhappy condition, and wearied with 
 their reiterated complaints, the trustees made a sur- 
 render of their charter to the crown. 
 1752. In 1752, the government became regal, similar to 
 that of the other royal governments in America. 
 John Reynolds, a naval officer, was appointed their 
 governour. 
 
 At this period, almost twent)^ years from its first 
 settlement, the vestiges of cultivation were hardly 
 perceptible in the forests of Georgia. In England 
 all conmiercc with the colony was not only neglect- 
 ed, but even despised. The whole amount of its 
 annual exports fell short of ten thousand sterling. 
 Nor did it, under the royal government, for many 
 years, emerge from its poverty and various embarrass- 
 ments. 
 
 The poverty of the southern colonies, and their slow 
 progress in cultivation and improvement, after their 
 first settlement, was principally owing to these causes, 
 Their unskilfulness in husbandry, their ignorance 
 of the productions, which were natural to the coun- 
 try and most profitable to the planter, their indolence 
 and want of a spirit of enterprise. 
 General Virginia is one the finest countries both for wheat 
 obsciva- ^Y\d cattle, yet for more than a century from the 
 ii°e souUi- commencement of its settlement, a great proportion 
 ei» coio- of the people lived on pone, Indian bread, rather 
 "''^'*' than be at the trouble of sowing and fencing a field 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 293 
 
 of wheat. With respect to their cattle, rather than chap. 
 be at the pains to make proper provision for them, in ^^^^' 
 winter, they would suffer them to be so pinched 
 with hunger, as nearly to die, and so stint their 
 growth, as to prevent their ever being so large and 
 fat, or in other respects so profitable as otherwise 
 they might have been. Hence their beef and mut- 
 ton were not so good as in England or the northern 
 colonies. Whereas with a small degree of care and 
 feeding in the winter, they would have been as large 
 as the English cattle, and the beef, perhaps, equal to 
 any in the world. The Virginians had the best lands 
 for hemp and flax ; their sheep increased plentifully, 
 and yielded good fleeces ; the mulberry tree grew as 
 naturally as the weed, and the silk worm would thrive 
 exceedingly without danger ; yet, they brought their 
 clothing of all kinds, linen, woolen, silk, hats, and 
 leather from England. They had a plenty of hides, 
 but most of them lay and rotted. Their slieep were 
 shorn only to cool them. They abounded in deer skins 
 of the best quality, but he was a rare economist, who 
 manufactured a pair of leather breeches. Nay, 
 though they had the finest groves of timber, yei at 
 the distance of a hundred and fifteen or twenty years 
 from their first settlement, they imported all their 
 wooden ware, not only their cabinets, chests, tables, 
 chairs, and boxes, but even their cart-wheels, bowls, 
 and brooms from England.* 
 
 In the Carolinas and- Georgia, the case was very 
 similar, for many years after their first plantation. 
 It was not till after their respective governments be- 
 came regal, that either of them made any considera- 
 ble progress in cultivation. After this period, some 
 of the most enterprising among the inhabitants, be- 
 gan to discover their richest lands and what were 
 their most natural and profitable productions. These 
 were now looked out with that keenness of sight, 
 secured and cultivated, with that avidity and ardour, 
 
 * Beverley's Hist. Virg-, p. 252, 253, 255, 256. 
 
294 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, ^vhich the prospects of wealth natu'-ally inspire. 
 
 '_ Tradesmen and artificers began to be introduced 
 
 among the planters, and both the plantations and 
 buildings began to assume a better appearance.* 
 
 As late as the year 1756, Georgia remained little 
 better than a wilderness. The rich swamps on the 
 rivers were not cultivated, and the planters had not 
 found their way into the interior parts of the country, 
 where the lands are not only more fertile than those 
 on the sea coast, but the climate is far more health- 
 ful and pleasant. The whole amount of the exports 
 from Georgia, at this period was only 16,776 pounds 
 sterling. 
 
 Governour Wright, by his example and success, 
 first gave spring, to a spirit of industry and emula- 
 tion, to the inhabitants of this province. He was 
 not only a father to it, but discovering the excellen- 
 cy of its low lands and river swamps, and the mode 
 of cultivation, in a few years, made himself master 
 of a handsome fortune. The planters, thus taught 
 the road to wealth, eagerly seized and cultivated the 
 rich lands, and soon after the peace of Paris, 1763, 
 rose to a state of ease, respectability, and opulence. 
 At this period the whole amount of its exports were 
 no more than 27,021 pounds sterling. From this 
 time the increase was so rapid, that in 1773 the 
 amount of the exports of its staple commodities was 
 121,677 pounds sterling.f The colony enjoyed an 
 increasing state of prosperity, till the commence- 
 ment of hostilities between Great Britain and her 
 colonies. 
 
 • Hist. S. Cur. vol. ii. p. 15, 16. f Ibid, vol. ii. p. 267. 
 
CHAP. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 29i 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 War with tlxe eastern Indians. Brunswick destroyed, Canso sur- 
 prised and seventeen vessels taken by the enemy. Attempts to 
 eng'age the Five Nations in war against the eastern Indians. The 
 Eng-lish take and burn Norridgewock. Peace made with the In- 
 dians, French war. Duviviere takes Canso. Expedition of the 
 New Englanders against Louisburg. Remarkable deliverance of 
 New England. 
 
 1 HE peace concluded with die Indians, in seven- 
 teen hundred thirteen was of short duration. Some 
 dissatisfaction seems to have arisen, as early as the ix 
 year seventeen hundred seventeen. Even before 
 this time some injuries had been done to the English. 
 Colonel Shute, governour of the Massachusetts, wish- 
 ing to prevent hostilities, met the Indians in a general 
 treaty at Arowsick. They complained that encroach- 
 ments had been made on their lands, and expressed 
 their dissatisfaction that so many forts had been built, 
 at one place and another. They also complained that 
 trading houses had not been erected for the purposes 
 of taking off their commodities, and supplying them 
 with necessaries. The governour promised them, 
 that trading houses should be built, that armorers 
 should be sent down, at the expense of the province, 
 and that for their commodities, they should be sup- 
 plied with provision, clothing, and other necessaries. 
 There was a renewal of former treaties and an ami- 
 cable conclusion of the conference. 
 
 It was expected that the general court ^vould have 
 adopted measures, to carry the several matters, stip- 
 ulated by the governour, into immediate execution. 
 But such was the general disaffection to the govern- 
 our, that it induced the court, sometimes, to oppose 
 his measures, even when they were wise and saluta- 
 ry. The treaty was therefore disapproved, and 
 nothing was done for the performance of a single ar- 
 ticle which had been stipulated. The private trad- 
 
296 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TRE 
 
 CHAP, ers, by their frauds and other mjiiries, irritated the 
 "^' Indians, and the French Jesuits among them roused 
 1721 them to war.* Some damages were done to the 
 English. 
 August '^'^^ general court therefore resolved, that three 
 
 1721. hundred men should be sent to the head quarters of 
 the Indians, and that proclamation should be made, 
 commanding them, on pain of being prosecuted with 
 the utmost severity, to deliver up the Jesuits, and 
 the other heads and fomenters of the rebellion, and 
 to make satisfaction for the damages they had done. 
 If they should refuse a compliLUice, it was ordered, 
 that as many of their principal men, as the command- 
 ing officer should judge expedient, should be seized 
 and sent to Boston. If opposition should be made, 
 they were to repel force by force. The governour 
 and judge Sewel, one of the council, scrupled the 
 lawfulness and prudence of a war with' the Indians, 
 and therefore the troops were not sent, as the court 
 had resolved. 
 
 At the next session the house manifested their 
 dissatisfaction that the troops were not sent out ; 
 j^Q^, 3^ and resolving " That the government has still suf- 
 ficient reason for prosecuting the eastern Indians 
 for their many breaches of covenant," a party of 
 inen was ordered up to Norridgewtsck, their chief 
 town. Here was an Indian church, and father Ralle, 
 a Jesuit, whom the Indians, in a manner, idolized, 
 was their pastor. The party effected nothing more 
 than the bringing oft* some of the Jesuit's books and 
 papers. His faithful disciples took care for the se- 
 curity of his person and fled to the \voods. 
 
 This attempt was such an insult as the Indians 
 could not brook. From this time they meditated 
 .Tiine,ir22. nothing but revenge. The next June, about sixty 
 of them captivated nhie families at Merrymeeting 
 bay. A small party took the collector of the cus- 
 toms, at Annapolis royal, jNlr. Newton, John Adams, 
 
 ' Hiilcli. vul..ii. p. 218, 2:J, 27'0. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 297 
 
 captain Blin, and a numlDer of passengers, who put chap. 
 in at one of the Passimaqu idles, in their way from ^^' 
 Nova Scotia to Boston. Another party burned a 
 sloop at St. George's river, made a number of pris- 
 oners, and attempted to surprise the fort. Soon 
 after the enemy burnt Brunswick, a village between 
 Casco bay and Kennebeck, Captain Harman, who 
 had been posted with a party on the frontiers, pur- 
 sued the enemy, killed a considerable number, and ^ 
 took their arms. 
 
 Upon this war was proclaimed against the enemy, July 25. 
 and became general. The Norridgewocks, Penob- Y^^ ^^^^'' 
 scot, St. Francois, Cape Sable, and St. John's In- em in- 
 dians, all united i:i hostilities against New England.* '^"'^"'5. 
 They ravaged all the frontiers, from Nova Scotia to 
 Connecticut river. For three years large numbers 
 of men were employed in ranging the enemy's 
 country, and guarding the frontiers. Connecticut, 
 though not immediately exposed, as the Massachu- 
 setts and New Hampshire were, assisted her sister 
 colonies in this, as she had done in all the preceding 
 Indian vvars.f Her troops were employed princi- 
 pall}^ in the. defence of the frontier towns of the 
 Massachusetts in the county of Hampshire. 
 
 The country was now much stronger than in the 
 former Indian wars ; the fortresses on the frontiers 
 were more numerous, and much better furnished 
 with men and provisions. The experience which 
 had been gained hi former wars, taught the colonists 
 more skill and foresight in fighting Indians, than 
 they had before employed. The Indians were less 
 ninnerous, more scattered, and generally at a greater 
 distance than in former wars. They nevertheless 
 
 * Hutch, vol. ii. p. 294, 295. 
 I From the year 1688 to 1695 the colouy expended about, 5,000/. in 
 expeditions, aids, and succours for the defeuceof the province of New 
 York. Within the same period the colony expended nearly 2,000/. for 
 the defence of the Massachusetts. From tlie year 1703 to 1706, Con- 
 necticut expended nearly 11,0 JO/ m(jre in the defence of the same 
 province. The currency in tliese times was about three fourths the 
 value of sterling- money Reasons in bthalf of Connecticut against par- 
 liamentary taxation, /;. 29. 
 
 Vol. I. 38 
 
298 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, killed many of the inhabitants and did the New 
 _^ England colonies very essential injuries. 
 
 Feb. iiih, -^^ February, colonel Westbrook was despatched 
 1723. with a hundred and thirty men, to Kcnnebeck ; and 
 with whale boats and small vessels, ranged the coast 
 as far as Mount Desert. On his return he saiietl up 
 Penobscot river; and about thirty two miles above the 
 anchoring place, for the transports, discovered the 
 Indian castle. It was seventy feet in length and 
 fifty in breadth. Within were twenty three well 
 finished wigwams. Without was a handsome church 
 sixty feet long and thirty broad. There was also a 
 commodious house for the Roman catholic priesto 
 But these were all deserted, and nothing more was 
 accomplished by the expedition, than the barbarous 
 business of burning this Indian village. 
 
 Captain Harman, about the same time, was sent, 
 with a hundred and twenty men, on an exj^edition 
 to Norridgewock ; but the rivers were so open, and 
 the ground so full of water, that they could not pass 
 either by land or water. After they had, ^vith great 
 difficulty reached the upper falls of Amascoggin, 
 they divided into scouting parties and returried with- 
 out seeing an enemy. 
 
 Afterwards -captain Moulton went up with a party 
 of men to Norridgewock ; but the village was en- 
 tirely deserted. He was a brave and prudent man, 
 and, probably, imagining, that moderation and hu- 
 manity might excite the Indians to a more favour- 
 able conduct towards the English, he left their houses 
 and church standing. Some books and papers of 
 Ralle, the Jesuit, were brought off, by which it was 
 discovered that the French were instigators of the 
 war. 
 
 April. As soon as the spring began to open the enemy 
 
 renewed their hostilities. Eight persons were kiiicd 
 or taken, at Scarborough and Falmouth. Among 
 the dead was a sergeant Chubb, whom the Indians 
 imagining to be captain Harman, against whoni they 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 299 
 
 had conceived the utmost mahgnity, fifteen aimmg chap. 
 
 at hi*r>, at the same instant, lodged eleven bullets in [__ 
 
 his body. 1^23. 
 
 Besides other mischief, the enemy, the summer 
 following, surprised Casco, with other harbours in 
 its vicinity, and captured sixteen or seventeen sail of 
 fishing vessels. The vessels belonged to the Mas- 
 sachusetts; but governour Philips of Nova Scotia, 
 happening to be at Casco, ordered two sloops to be 
 immediately manned and despatched in pursuit of 
 the enciuy. The sloops were commanded by John 
 Eliot of Boston, and John Robinson of Cape Anne. 
 As Eliot was ranging the coast he discovered seven 
 vessels in Winepang harbour. He concealed his 
 men, except four or five, and made directly for the 
 harbour. Coming nearly up to one of the vessels, 
 on board of which were about sixty Indians, in high 
 expectation of another prize, they hoisted their pen- 
 dants and cried out, " Strike English dogs and come 
 aboard, for you are all prisoners." Eliot answered 
 that he would make all the haste he could. As he 
 made no attempts to escape, the enemy soon sus- 
 pected mischief, cut their cable and attempted to 
 gain the shore ; but immediately boarding them he 
 prevented their escape. For about half an hour they 
 made a brave resistance, but Eliot's hand-grenadoes 
 made such havock among them, that at length, those 
 who had not been killed took to the w'ater, where 
 they were a fair mark for the English musketeers, 
 Five only reached the shore. Eliot received three 
 bad wounds, had one man killed and several wound- 
 ed. He recovered seven vessels, several hundred 
 quintals of fish, and fifteen captives. Many of the 
 captives had been sent away, and nine had been mur- 
 dered in cold blood. The Nova Scotia Indians 
 were characterized as more cruel than the other In- 
 dian nations. 
 
 Robinson re-took two vessels and killed several of 
 the enemy. The Indians had carried the other ves- 
 sels so far up the bay, above Malagash harbour that 
 
300 ^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, it was not safe to pursue them, as he had not a sufE- 
 ^^' cient number of men to land and put to flight the 
 ^723 niore numerous enemy. 
 
 The loss of such a number of men determined the 
 enemy to seek revenge on the poor fishermen. Twen- 
 ty of these yet remabed in their hands, at the har- 
 bour of Mala2:ash. These were all destined to be 
 sacrificed to the manes of the slaughtered Indians. 
 At the very time, that the powawing and other cere- 
 monies, attending such horrible purposes, were just 
 commencing, captain Blin, who sonietime before 
 had been a prisoner among them, arrived oft' the har- 
 bour; and made the signal, or sent hi the token, 
 which it had been agreed between them, should be. 
 the sign of protection. Three Indians cahie on 
 board, and an agreement was made for the ransom 
 both of the ships and captives. These were deliver- 
 ed, and the ransom paid. Thus providentially 
 were these poor men rescued from an untimely and 
 barbarous death. 
 
 This Nova Scotia aftair, was, by no means, fortu- 
 nate to the Indians. Besides the loss m hich they 
 had already sustained, captahi Blin, in his way to 
 Boston, captivated a number of them, near Cape Sa- 
 bles ; and captain Southack a number more, which 
 they brought on with them to Boston. 
 Sept. 16. Before the close of the year, four or live hundred 
 Damage Indians made a descent on the island of Arowsiek. 
 The soldiers, guarding the labourers in the fields, 
 discovered them, and gave the alarm so seasonably 
 to the inhabitants, that they had time to shelter them- 
 selves in the fort, and also to secure part of their 
 goods, before the enemy came upon them. They 
 commenced an immediate attack on the fort; but 
 finding after they had fired some time, that they 
 could i]Ot cnrry their point with respect to this, they 
 fell to plundering and burning the houses and de- 
 stroying the cattle. About fifty head were killed, and 
 thirty dwelling houses were burnt. With pain did 
 the inhabitants behold, this destruction, lamenting 
 
 at Arow- 
 siek. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 301 
 
 their want of numbers to make a sally and prevent chap. 
 
 the mischief. But the garrison consisted of forty ]_ 
 
 men only, under the command of captains Temple 1723. 
 and Penhallovv. These were no match for such 
 numbers. The enemy drew off, in the night, and 
 retired to head quarters at Norridgewock.* 
 
 From April till the last of December, the enemy 
 kept the country in contirmal alarm. More than 
 forty people were killed and taken, in various places, 
 besides those which have been mentioned. The 
 most of them were killed. 
 
 Attempts had been made, by the Massachusetts, 
 to engage the Five Nations and Scatacook Indians in 
 the war. For this purpose commissioners had 
 been sent to Albany, with such proposals, as were 
 judged proper to induce them to take up the hatchet 
 against the eastern Indians. The Indians conduct- Neg'otia- 
 ed the affliir with great art. All the encouragement ^j°" p^^^ 
 obtained was, that the Five Nations would send a Nations, 
 number of delegates to Boston, to treat on the sub- Aug. 21. 
 ject. Accordingly, not less than sixty of them went 
 to Boston, at the session of the general court. A 
 very formal conference was holden with them, in the 
 presence of the whole court. But the delegates 
 would not involve their principals in war. After 
 they had amused the commissioners, and drawn a . 
 large sum in valuable presents from the government, 
 they answered, that if any of their young men were 
 inclined to go out with parties of the English, they 
 might do as they pleased. Thus after high expec- 
 tations, much trouble and expense, the affair issued 
 without contributing, in the least, either to the honour 
 or defence of the province. 
 
 In the beginning of the next year the war ^vas less 
 favourable to the English, than it had been in the 
 preceding. Their losses, on the whole, exceeded 
 those of the enemy. However, before the close of 
 the year, they received several such blows, as made 
 
 * Hutch, vol. ii. p. 294—297. 
 
302 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 IX. 
 
 1724. 
 
 April 30. 
 Captain 
 "W inflow 
 killed. 
 
 Indian 
 feats by 
 water. 
 
 them weary of the war, and disposed them to an ac- 
 commodation. 
 
 Ill March they began to alarm and kill the inhabi- 
 tants ; and in little more than two months, they 
 killed people at Cape Porpoise, at Black Point, on 
 Kennebeck river, at Berwick, Lamprey, and Oyster 
 rivers, and at Kingston. 'I'hey also killed and cap- 
 tivated several on Connecticut river. 
 
 Captain Josiah Winslow, who had been stationed 
 at the fort on St. George's river, with part of his 
 company, had been surprised and cut off. He went 
 out from the fort with two whale boats, fourteen 
 white men, and three Indians. It seems the enemy 
 watched their motions, and on their return, suddenly 
 surrounded them, with thirty canoes, whose com- 
 plement was not less than a hundred Indians. The 
 English attempted to land, but were intercepted, and 
 nothing remained, but to sell their lives as dearly as 
 possible. They made a brave defence, but every 
 Englishman was killed. The three Indians escaped 
 to report their hapless fall. 
 
 Flushed with this success, the enemy attempted 
 still greater feats on the water. They took two shal- 
 lops at the Isles of Shoals. They then made seiz- 
 ures of other vessels in different hiu-bours. Among 
 others they took a large schooner carrying two swiv- 
 el guns. This they manned and cruised along the 
 coast. 
 
 It was imagined that a small force would be able 
 to conquer these raw sailors. A shallop of sixteen, 
 and a schooner of twenty men, under captains Jack- 
 son and Lakeman, were armed and sent in pursuit 
 of the enemy. They soon came up with them, but 
 raw as they were, they obliged tiie I^nglish vessels 
 to sheer off, and leave them to pursue their own 
 course. The vessels returned much damaged in 
 their rigging by the swivel g\ins. Jackson and sev- 
 eral of his men were wounded. '* 
 
 Captain Durel, of the Seahorse man of war, was, 
 at that time, on the Boston station. His lieutenant, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 303 
 
 master, and master's mate, each of them took the ^^^^^• 
 
 command of a small vessel, with thirty men, and 
 
 sailed in quest of the Indian seamen ; but they soon 1724. 
 grew weary of the business, and returned without 
 giving any intelligence of the enemy. The Indians 
 took eleven vessels and forty five men. Twenty 
 two they killed, and the others they carried into 
 captivity. 
 
 While this part of the enemy were accomplishing 
 these feats by water, other parties were alarming the 
 inland country, killing and captivating the inhabit- 
 ants. Mischief was done at Groton, Rutland, North- 
 ampton, and Dover. In all these places more or 
 less were killed, some were wounded, and others 
 carried into captivity. 
 
 Weary and discouraged with fruitless attempts to 
 intercept the Indians, by ranging the frontiers, it was 
 determined to make another attempt to surprise them 
 in their capital village at Norridgewock. Four com- 
 panies, consisting in the whole, of two hundred and 
 eighty men, under the command of captains Har- 
 man, Moulton, Bourn, and lieutenant Bean, were 
 despatched up the river Kennebeck. On the twen- Aug. 29. 
 tieth of August they arrived at Taconick. Here 
 leaving their boats, under a guard of forty men, they 
 marched, the next day, for Norridgewock. In the 
 evening they discovered two women, the wife and 
 daughter of Bomazeen, the fomous warrior and 
 chieftain of Norridgewock. They fired upon them 
 and killed his daughter, and then captivated his wife. 
 By her they obtained a good account of the state 01 
 the village. On the twenty third they came near it, 
 and as they imagined that part of the Indians would 
 be in their corn fields, at some distance, it was thought 
 expedient to make a division of the army. Harman, 
 who was chief in command, marched with eighty 
 men to the fields. Moulton with the remainder 
 marched flirectly for the village. About three o'clock 
 it opened suddenly upon them. The Indians were 
 all in their wio-wams entirely secure. Moulton 
 
304 ' A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, marched his men in the profoiindest silence, and or- 
 
 d( red, that not one of them should fire at random, 
 
 ij,4 through the wigwams, nor till they should receive 
 Suipiisai ihe enemy's fire ; as he expected they would come 
 rld^e- '-'"^ "^ '^ pap.ic and overshoot them. At length an 
 ■wock, Indian stej^ping out discovered the English close 
 Aug. 23. upon them. He instantly gave the war whooj), and 
 sixty warriors rushed out to meet them. The In- 
 dians fired hastily, without injuring a man. The 
 English returned the fire with great efFect, and the 
 Indians instantly fled to the river. Some jumped 
 into their canoes, others into the river, which the 
 tallest of them were able to ford. Moulton closely 
 pursuing them, drove them from their canoes, and 
 killed them in the river, so that it was judged, that 
 not more than fifty of the whole village reached the 
 opposite shore. Some of these were shot before 
 they reached the woods. 
 
 The English then returning to the village, found 
 father Ralle, the Jesuit, firing from one of the wig- 
 wams on a small number of men, who had not been 
 in the pursuit of the enemy. One of these he wound- 
 ed ; in consequence of v/hieh, one lieutenant Jaques 
 burst the door and shot him through the head. Cap- 
 tain Moulton had given orders not to kill him. Ja- 
 ques excused himself, afiirming that Ralle was load- 
 ing his piece, and refused to give or receive quarter. 
 With the English there were three Mohawks. Mog 
 a famous Indian warrior firing from a wigwam kill- 
 ed one of them. His brother in a rage flew to the 
 wigwam, burst the door, and instantly killed Mog. 
 The English followed, in a rage, and killed his 
 squaw and two heli)lcss children. Having cleared 
 the village of the enemy they fell to plundering and 
 destroying tlic wigwams. 
 
 After the actic^n was over Harman and his party 
 came in from the fields, and the army lodged in the 
 village. In the morning they foijud twenty six dead 
 bodies besides that of the Jesuit. Among the dead 
 Avcre Bomazeen, Mog, Carabeset,Wissememet, and 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 305 
 
 Bomazeen's son-in-law, all famous warriors. Char- chap. 
 
 levoix says there were no more than thirty killed, 
 
 and fourteen wounded. The English not only plun- 17-24. 
 dered the village, but brought oiF the plate from the viikg-e 
 Roman catholic church, and, in their zeal against JnTburn? 
 idolatry, broke the crucifixes and images with which 
 it was adorned. After the English had marched off, 
 one of the Mohawks was either sent back, or of his 
 own accord, returned and burnt the wigwams and 
 the church. This is the English account.* 
 - Charlevoix says, the English finding they had 
 no body to resist them, fell first to pillaging and tlien 
 burning the wigwams. They spared the church, 
 so long as was necessary for their shamefully profan- 
 ing the sacred vessels and the ardorable body of Je- 
 sus Christ, and then set fire to it. He says, when 
 the Indians returned to the village, they made it their 
 first care to weep over the body of their holy mis- 
 sionary. They found him shot in a thousand places, 
 scalped, his skull broke to pieces with the blows of 
 hatchets, his mouth and eyes full of mud, the bones 
 of his legs fractured, and all his members mangled 
 an hundred different ways. Thus was a priest treat- 
 ed in his mission, at the foot of a cross, by those 
 very men who have so strongly exaggerated the pre- 
 tended inhumanity of our Indians, who have never 
 made such carnage upon the dead bodies of their 
 enemies. There is, doubtless, in this account, some 
 mistake and exaggeration ; but according to our 
 own, are there not sad marks of inhumanity ? Do 
 not the instances of firing on the defenceless women, 
 killing the daughter of Bomazeen, the wife and chil- 
 dren of Mog, and father Ralle, appear to have been 
 unnecessary and cruel ? Have not a promiscuous 
 plundering and burning of towns and churches, the 
 slaughter of defenceless women and children, been 
 ever considered by Americans as barbarous, espec- 
 ially when they have been the sufferers ? Can these 
 
 * Hutch, vol. ii.p. 211, ?13. 
 
 Vol. I. 39 
 
1724. 
 
 306 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, be less barbarous when they are the perpetrators ? 
 ^^' When sliall we be so happy, as to banish revenge 
 from our rancorous hearts, and possess such benev- 
 olence and greatness of spirit, as to treat our ene- 
 mies with that justice, compassion, and humanity, 
 which we think reasonable, and wish to have exer- 
 cised towards ourselves ? 
 
 To do justice to this story it should be observed, that 
 Ralle had used his influence with the Norridgewocks, 
 which was very great, and with the Indians in gen- 
 eral, to engage them in the war. When the English 
 attacked the village, he had with him an English boy, 
 whom tlie Indians, about six months before, had 
 captivated. This boy he had shot through the thigh, 
 and afterwards, stabbed in his body. Captain Har- 
 man, under oath, witnessed this act of cruelty.* The 
 boy was brought home and cured of his wounds. 
 
 Ralle was venerable for age, having been nearly 
 forty years a missionary among the Indians. He 
 was master of the learned languages, and from 
 his letters, appeared to have been a man of superior 
 natural powers. He held a correspondence with 
 some of the ministers in Boston. His letters to them, 
 written in Latin, were pure, classical, and elegant. 
 Pride was the grand foible of his heart. He con- 
 temned the English, often threatened and provoked 
 them. He met death in that very war, of which he 
 had been a principal incendiary. He had a great tal- 
 ent at ingratiating himself with the Indians. To 
 them he was dear as their own lives. He was indeed 
 their idol. Charlevoix represents their esteem of 
 him in the following sentence : " After his converts 
 had raised up and oftentimes kissed the precious 
 remains, so tenderly and so justly beloved by them, 
 they buried him in the same place where, the even- 
 ing before, he had celebrated the sacred mysteries, 
 namely, where the altar stood before the church was 
 burnt." < 
 
 • Hutch, vol. ii. p. 312. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 307 
 
 This was a fatal blow to the Norrid.^ewocks. The chap. 
 tribe dwindled and never made any figure afterwards. 
 
 Encouraged by the success of this expedition, J724, 
 others of a similar nature were immediately set on foot. 
 Colonel Westbrook, with three hundred men, march- 
 ed across the country, from Kennebeck to Penobscot. 
 Other parties were ordered up to Amesaconti and 
 Amarescoggin : but no Indians could be found at 
 the principal places of their common resort. The 
 frontiers were nevertheless still harassed, and small 
 numbers were killed and taken. 
 
 From the commencement of the war, the govern- 
 ment had given premiums for every Indian scalp or 
 captive. This was now increased to a hundred 
 pounds for each. At this encouragement, John 
 Lovewell raised a company of volunteers to hunt 
 the Indians. On his first attempt he brought in one Jan. 5, 
 scalp and a captive. He made a second, in which ^^^^• 
 he discovered ten Indians about a fire, all in a deep 
 sleep. He ordered a part of his men to fire, who 
 killed three. As the other seven arose they were all 
 shot dead, by the rest of the company, who reserved 
 their fire for that purpose. In a little more than two March 3. 
 winter months, he and his party had made twelve 
 hundred pounds in hunting Indians. 
 
 Flushed with repeated success, he made a third 
 expedition with a company of thirty men. The In- 
 dians, in the mean time, were not idle, but vigilantly 
 sought to revenge the blood of their slaughtered 
 brethren. In May, as Lovewell and his company Love- 
 were ranging the country, a prompt Indian presented well's 
 himself, on a point of land adjoining to a large pond, May'g^ 
 on purpose to decoy them. Captain Lovewell soon 
 suspected his design, and that a body of Indians were 
 near at hand. He ordered his men to lay down their 
 packs and prepare for action. The Indian kept still 
 in view, gradually leading them round the pond, till 
 he had drawn them a sufficient distance from their 
 packs, and then suffering them to approach within 
 gun shot, he discharged upon Lovewell, wounded 
 
308 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, him and one of his men. The Indian was instantly 
 ^^ shot dead and scalped. Meanwhile a body of In- 
 1-25. dians who lay concealed seized the packs, and at a 
 place chosen for their purpose, waited the return of 
 the English. When they came to the place, about 
 eighty Indians arose, yelled, fired, and in great fury, 
 rushed upon them with their hatchets. Lovewell 
 and his company made a gallant defence, and soon 
 taught the enemy the danger of approaching too near 
 tliem. To secure their rear and prevent the enemy's 
 surrounding them, they retreated to the pond ; where, 
 , notwithstanding the numbers and rage of the enemy, 
 they fought them six hours, till night came on and 
 finished the combat. Captain Lovewell, his lieuten- 
 ant, aiid ensign were soon mortally wounded ; and, 
 with five more, were left dead on the place of action. 
 Sixteen escaped unhurt. Eight were wounded and 
 left in the woods without provisions. Of these two 
 only came in, the others perished with hunger and 
 their wounds. Though the English sustained great 
 loss, yet the Indians were totally disappointed, and 
 probably sustained a loss still much greater. Such 
 brave men cannot be supposed to have fought six 
 hours without doing important execution. 
 
 This unfortunate enterprise, however, finished the 
 business of scalping parties. Both the English and 
 the Indians were weary of the war. Ralle was now 
 dead, and the Indians were left to pursue their own 
 inclinations. 
 Peace In June hostilities ceased. Four Indians soon af- 
 
 iniwn^^ ter came to Boston ; and, in behalf of the Indian 
 tribes, whom they represented, signed a treaty of 
 peace. This was afterwards ratified, at Falmouth 
 in Casco bay, by Mr. Dummer, lieutenant govern- 
 our of the Massachusetts, John Wentworth, I^squire, 
 lieutenant govcrnour of New Hampshire, and Paul 
 Mascarene, J'Lsquirc, of the council of Nova Scoti^, 
 • commissioners from their respective governments. 
 This treaty was succeeded by a long and happy peace 
 with the Indians, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 309 
 
 This has been applauded as the most judicious chap 
 
 treaty ever concluded with them. But its happy 
 
 consequences were not at all owing to any thing in 1705 
 that, more than had been in other treaties. The ar- 
 ticles were substantially the same. The pacific con- 
 duct of the Indians was owing to a very different 
 cause ; the justice and punctuality of the govern- 
 ment in the fulfilment of its several articles.* Pro- 
 vision was made for the support of trading houses, 
 at Kennebeck, Saco, and St. George's rivers. Acts 
 were made for the restraining of private trade with 
 the Indians. They soon found that they were sup- 
 plied with goods, not only on better terms, than they 
 could purchase them of the French, but than they 
 could purchase them even of the private English 
 traders. This was, at once sufficient, and much more 
 effectual to prevent private fraud and commerce than 
 all the laws which could have been made for that 
 purpose. This was not only a source of peace, but in 
 another view, it was a public emolument. It turned 
 the channel of the skin and fur trade, from the French 
 to the English merchants. Would it not be happy 
 were a similar policy immediately adopted w^ith res- 
 pect to the Indians, in every part of the United 
 States? Were they, at places of public trade, most 
 convenient for them, to be furnished with all arti- 
 cles, at a lower price than they could be obtained else- 
 where, would it not, at once, prevent private fraud 
 and commerce, increase the Indian trade, conciliate 
 the affection and esteem of the Indian nations, and be 
 the most effectual, and by far the cheapest mode of 
 defence, though thousands of pounds should be sac- 
 rificed for the purpose ? 
 
 From this period to the commencement of the 
 Spanish and French war the colonies experienced 
 the blessings of general tranquillit}^ Their advances 
 in the extent of their settlements, in cultivation, 
 commerce, wealth, and population were very consid- 
 erable. 
 
 * Hatch, vol, ii. p. SIT. 
 
310 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, The war \vith Spain in seventeen hundred thirty 
 
 nine, soon began to interrupt this tranquil and pros- 
 
 1725 perous state of the colonies. The southern colonies 
 
 War with were in immediate danger. Its effects with respect 
 
 Spam pro- ^^ them have already been noticed. 
 
 claimed, ^ ,..•'. a-.ii 
 
 Oct. 23, In the expedition against Cuba the northern colo- 
 
 J^^^- iiies furnished a considerable number of troops, and 
 sustained a great loss of men, as they were mostly 
 carried off by the uncommon mortality which pre- 
 vailed in the army.* 
 
 It was the general expectation, every year, that 
 France would unite with Spain in prosecuting the wai- 
 against Great Britain. It was therefore judged ex- 
 pedient to be in readiness for such an event. The forts 
 on the frontiers were put in a good state of defence. 
 Castle William, the key of the Massachusett's colo- 
 ny, was not only effectually repaired, but a new bat- 
 tery of twenty forty two pounders was added to the 
 works. A much larger magazine and greater sup- 
 plies of powder than had before been usual were 
 provided at the expense of the province. The can- 
 non, mortars, shot, and other stores were the boun- 
 ty of the crown. 
 
 1744. Upon a representation of the defenceless state of 
 
 Annapolis and Nova Scotia, by Mr. Mascarene, 
 tM'o hundred men were despatched by the Massa- 
 chusetts, to reinforce the garrison on that station. 
 
 March 31. Though war had been declared against France 
 early in the spring, yet it was not known in New- 
 England, till the beginning of June. The French 
 at Louisburg, it seems, had the knowledge of it at 
 an earlier period. Duvivicr made an expedition 
 from thence, with nine hundred men, and on the 
 thirteenth of May surprised Canso. With another 
 
 • T!ic sickness seems to have Ijccn almost as mortal as tlie plague. 
 According to tlie j^cncral's account, no less than three thousand tour 
 jiuiulred and forty five died, during the short space of two days. This 
 ■was considerably more than a fourtli part of the whole army. Of 
 nearly a thousand men from New England, not more than ninety or a 
 luintlred returned. Of five hundred from Massaclmsctts fifty only 
 ix'turjied. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 311 
 
 party he soon after made an attempt on Annapolis; chap. 
 but as it had been reinforced from the Massachu- 
 
 setts, his expectations were disappointed. While 1744, 
 the French were thus attacking us by land, many 
 of our vessels were taken by their privateers and 
 men of war, and carried into Louisburg. It became so 
 dangerous to prosecute the fishery, that the fishermen 
 gave up the design of going on their voyages the 
 next summer. It was imagined, that no maritime 
 business could be carried on but under convoy. 
 
 In the fall of the year it became the general voice, 
 that Louisburg must be taken. It was not however 
 the apprehension of any, that it could be effected 
 even by the united strength of the colonies. It was 
 the general opinion, that application must be made to 
 his majesty, both for a naval and land force, to carry 
 it into execution. As the winter came on, sugges- 
 tions were broached, that the place might, probaoly, 
 be taken by surprise. Some who had been prison- 
 ers at Louisburg, and professed to be well acquaint- 
 ed with the fortifications and garrison, favoured this 
 opinion. Mr. Vaughan, who had been a trader at 
 Louisburg, was sanguine in the opinion, that it might 
 be taken by a coup du main. It was the general 
 opinion, that if the fortress could not be taken by 
 surprise, yet, that the provisions for the garrison were 
 so scant, that it would be impossible for it to stand a 
 siege till the usual time for the arrival of supplies 
 from France. At the same time it was talked, that 
 a naval force might be provided to cruise off the 
 harbour, sufficient to prevent the entrance of any 
 chance vessels which might arrive. 
 
 While this was the conversation abroad, it seems 
 that Mr. Vaughan, who was zealous in the affair and 
 has been called the projector of the expedition, pro- 
 posed it togovernour Shirley. The governourmade 
 diligent inquiry of those who had been traders and 
 prisoners at Louisburg, concerning the condition of 
 the fortress, the usual time of the arrival of supplies 
 ftom Europe, the practicability of cruising before the 
 
112' A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, harbour, and whatever else might be necessary to 
 
 obtain the fullest information relative to the affair. 
 
 1744^ Before this time, he had written to the ministry, 
 representing the necessity of a naval force, early in 
 tke spring, for the preservation of Annapolis. If 
 this should arrive, he hoped, that the commander, 
 with that, would be willing to cover the provincial 
 troops. Commodore Warren, with several capital 
 ships, was cruising at the leeward islands. It was 
 thought probable, that when he should be acquainted 
 with the expedition, he would either come with his 
 whole force, or, at least, send part of it to the assist- 
 ance of the colonies. These, at most, were no more 
 than probable conjectures, yet these were all the 
 chances, which the colonies had of a naval force, in 
 the spritig, sufficient to cope with a single capital 
 ship, which might arrive at Louisburg. The minis- 
 try <Vould indeed, by an immediate express, be ac- 
 quainted with the expedition, but the distance be- 
 tween Europe and America, was too great to expect 
 any timely assistance. 
 Plan of the The plan of the expedition was, that a land force 
 tSnl^' ^^ ^'^"^ thousand troops, in small transports, should 
 gainst proceed to Canso ; and, the first favourable oppor- 
 Louis- tunity, be landed in Chapeaurouge bay. They were 
 " ^' to be furnished with cannon, mortars, ammunition, and 
 all necessaries effectuully to carry on the siege. To pre- 
 vent the arrival of provisions and stores for the enemy, 
 a number of vessels, as soon as the season would per- 
 mit, were to be despatched to cruise before the har- 
 bour of Louisburg. An estimate was made of all 
 the naval force v/hich the colonies could furnish. 
 The largest ship which they could employ mounted 
 no more than twenty guns ; and the whole number 
 ■ of armed vessels did not amount to more than ten or 
 twelve. With this land and sea force, it was said 
 there was a good chance of success. If, agreeably 
 to their expectations, the men of war should arrive, 
 it was insisted, that there was every imaginable rea- 
 son to expect the reduction of the place. The whole 
 
United states of America. 313 
 
 affair was so providential and extraordinary, and the chap. 
 
 consequences so great, that it deserves a particular '__ 
 
 relation. J745 
 
 In the beginning of January, when the general 
 court was sitting at Boston, governour Shirley com- 
 municated the plan of the expedition to both houses. 
 But he previously represented^ that the message he 
 was about to communicate was of such importance, 
 that it required the utmost secrecy, and he wished 
 the members to put themselves under an oath, not 
 to divulge it, for such a time as the house should 
 think proper. Without any scruple they bound 
 themselves to secrecy, though it was the first in- 
 stance, in the house of representatives. Many of the ■ 
 members, who had heard little or no conversation on 
 the subject, were struck with amazement at the bare 
 proposal. They imagined that it was an enterprise 
 vastly too great, though there were a fair prospect of 
 success. They were apprehensive, that it would 
 create an expense which would ruin the country. 
 But how wild and extravagant soever the scheme 
 appeared, yet, in deference to the governour's recom- 
 mendation, there was an appointment of a commit- 
 tee of both houses to take the proposal into consid- 
 eration. For several days it was deliberated with 
 great attention. By those who were for the expedi- Debate on 
 tion, it was insisted, that if Louisburg should con- the Louis. 
 tinue in the hands of the French it would infallibly pe^f^Jo^' 
 prove tlie Dunkirk of New England : That the 
 French trade had always been inconsiderable : 
 That their fishery was on the decline, and that for 
 several years, they had bought fish cheaper of the 
 English, at Casco, than they could catch and cure 
 them ; and that by privateering they might enrich 
 themselves with the spoils of New England. It was 
 also urged that in addition to these dangers, there 
 was that, also, of losing Nova Scotia, which would 
 instantly cause an increase of six or eight thousand 
 enemies. It was also pleaded, that the garrison at 
 Louisburg was disaffected, that provisions were 
 Vol. i. 40 
 
1745. 
 
 314 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, scarce, the works mouldering and decayed, and the 
 ^^ govcrnour an old man, unskilled in the arts of war; 
 and that now was the only time for success. It was 
 said, that in another year the town of Louisburg 
 would be so fortified as to become impregnable : 
 That there was nothing to fear from any force al- 
 ready there, and that before any could arrive from 
 France, the garrison must be forced to surrender. It 
 was also urged, that there was nO probability of the 
 arrival of any capital ship from France, so early in 
 the year : That if any one should arrive separately, 
 five or six of our small ones might be a match for 
 her ; but that there was a greater probability that 
 English men of war, from England or the West In- 
 dies, would arrive before any from France. It was 
 observed that there was always uncertainty in war, 
 and that, if we were disappointed, we were able to 
 bear the whole expense. It w^as said that if the ex- 
 pedition succeeded it would be glorious. It would 
 save the coasts of New England from molestation, 
 and might give peace to Europe. To obviate the 
 objection relative to the expense, it was observed, 
 that Great Britain would reimburse the whole. 
 
 On the other part it was replied. That we had bet- 
 ter suffer in our trade, than by such an expensive 
 measure, to deprive ourselves of all means of trade 
 for tlie future : That we could annoy the enemy in 
 their fishery, as much as they could us, in ours : 
 That in a short time both parties would be willing 
 to leave the fishery without molestation : That the 
 accounts given of the works and garrison at Louis- 
 burg could not be depended on : That the garrison 
 at Louisburg were regular troops, who, though une- 
 qual in numbers, would, in the field, be more than 
 a n\atch for all the raw, unexperienced militia, which 
 could be sent from New England : That it was so 
 difficult, at that season of the year for vessels to keep 
 their station, and the weather was frequently so thick, 
 that tweniy cruisers would not prevent supplies from 
 going into the harbour of Louisburg. It was further 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 315 
 
 said, that there was no sufficient ground, for the ex- ch \p» 
 
 pectation of any men of war to cover our troops : 
 
 and that if one sixty gun ship should arrive, from 17-45 
 France or the French islands, she would be more 
 than a match for all the armed vessels, which the 
 colonies could provide : That our transports at Cha- 
 peaurouge bay would be all destroyed, and the army 
 on Cape Breton would be obliged to surrender to 
 the mercy of the French : That the colonies would 
 be condemned by the British court, for engaging in 
 such an enterprise, without their knowledge or ap- 
 probation ; and that they would be unpitied in their 
 misfortunes, as they would be the natural effects of 
 their own rash and wild measures. To these argu- 
 ments it was added, that there was no certainty that 
 such a number of men, as had been proposed, could 
 be raised, or that provisions, artillery, military stores, 
 and transports sufficient for the expedition, could be 
 obtained : That the season of the year was a great 
 discouragement, as, in the winter, it frequently hap- 
 pened, for many days together, that no business 
 could be done abroad ; and that, though bills of pub- 
 lic credit should be emitted to carry the expedition 
 into effect, yet they would depreciate in a great de- 
 gree, probably in proportion to the whole sum emit- 
 ted. Finally, it was said, that if the enterprise should 
 be successful, it would be a national benefit, in which 
 the colonies would have no share, in any measure, 
 proportionate to the vast expense of treasure, and it 
 might be, of the lives, which the acquisition might 
 cost them ; and that if it should prove unsuccessful, 
 it would give the country such a shock, that it would 
 not, in half a century, recover its present state. 
 
 On mature deliberation the arguments against the 
 expedition preponderated, and the committee report- 
 ed against the proposal. The houses accepted the re- 
 port ; and, for some days the members laid aside all 
 thoughts of the expedition. 
 
 Though the heart of the governour was wholly in 
 the affair, and he ardently wished that his proposal 
 
31(5 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, might have met the approbation of the general court, 
 
 }et he judged it inexpedient any further to press the 
 
 1745 affair either by message, or by private influence with 
 Mer- the members. He adopted a measure more prudent 
 titfon Uie ^"^ influential ; the forwarding of a petition, from 
 general the merchants and men of influence, to the general 
 court. court on the subject. This was signed by many of 
 the merchants in Boston ; but more generally by 
 those of Salem and Marblehead ; and prayed, that 
 for reasons therein expressed, especially, for the 
 preservation of the fishery from ruin, that the houses 
 would reconsider their vote, and comply with the 
 governour's proposal. This produced another com- 
 mittee, who reported in favour of the expedition. A 
 whole day was spent in debating the subject. A 
 Vote pass- votc finally passed in favour of the expedition, but 
 ^* *" J:^: it was by a majority of one voice only. Never was 
 expedi- an affliir deliberated with more calmness and moder- 
 tioii. ation. There appeared no other division, than what 
 resulted from a real dift'crence in opinion, upon the 
 true interest of the province and nation. 
 LSnion and No sooucr was thc great point determined, than 
 success in ^^^c was an immediate union, of both parties, in the 
 
 pre para- . ' ' ,' , 
 
 tioii. measures necessary to carry it most enectually into 
 
 execution. An embargo was laid on every harbour 
 in the province. Despatches were immediately for- 
 warded to all the colonies as far as Philadelphia. 
 But none, except the New England colonies, could 
 be persuaded to engage in the enterprise. The 
 Massachusetts raised three thousand two hundred 
 and fifty men, exclusive of commissioned officers. 
 Connecticut raised five hundred and sixteen, and 
 Rhode Islar.d and New Hampshire three hundred men 
 each. 
 
 The time for preparation was short ; but from 
 the day that the vote passed in favour of the enter- 
 prise, every circumstance so remarkably contributed 
 to its success, that a Divine Providence seemed eve- 
 ry where to watch over it for good. The winter was 
 so clement and favourable, that business could be 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 3l7 
 
 done abroad, as well, and nearly with the same des- ^^^ ^' 
 
 patch, as at other seasons. Colonel Pepperel was 
 
 appointed commander in chief. He was a gentleman of 1745. 
 a great landed interest, and largely employed in com- 
 merce. The second in command was Roger Wol- 
 cott, Esq. deputy governour of the colony of Con- 
 necticut. They were popular men, and the sacrifice 
 of private ease and interest, which they made, in ac- 
 cepting the appointments, with the esteem in which 
 they were holden among the people, had great influ- 
 ence on inferior officers and private soldiers, for a 
 season, to sacrifice domestic ease and their private 
 affairs to the more important service of their country. 
 Many of the private soldiers were freeholders, and 
 others the sons of wealthy farmers, who could have 
 no other views in their enlistment than the public 
 welfare. 
 
 It soon appeared that it would be next to impos- 
 sible to clothe and victual the men, and to procure 
 warlike stores necessary for the expedition. Com- 
 mittees of war were authorized, by warrant, to en- 
 ter houses, cellars, and all places, wherever these ar- 
 ticles were to be found, and to take them for the use 
 of the army. During the preparation many vessels 
 unexpectedly arrived, with more or less of all the ar- 
 ticles of which the country were in want. Such was 
 the general zeal and union, that the people submit- 
 ted to any measures, which appeared necessary for 
 the general good. The chief men in government 
 appeared willing to run all risks, and to be at any 
 expense, to accomplish the enterprise in view. 
 
 All the shipping employed in the service was in- 
 sured by government. None could be engaged but 
 on this condition. The whole naval force which 
 New England could furnish, consisted only of twelve 
 ships and vessels. These were the Connecticut and 
 Rhode Island sloops of war, a privateer ship of about 
 two hundred tons, and a snow of less burden be- 
 longing to Newport ; a new snow, captain Rouse, a 
 ship, captain Snelling, a snow, captain Smethhurst;, 
 
318 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, a brig, captain Fletcher, three sloops, captains Saun- 
 ^ • ders, Donahew, and Bosch, and a ship of twenty 
 1745. g'^^^s, captain Tyng, who was commodore, and com- 
 manded the whole. Several of these sailed as early 
 as the middle of March, to cruise off the harbour of 
 Louisburg. As a sufficient artillery could not be 
 obtained in New England, governour Shirley, with 
 much difficulty, on loan, procured ten eighteen pound- 
 ers from New York. In two months the army was 
 enlisted, clothed, victualled, and equipt for service. 
 
 On the twenty third of March, an express boat, 
 which had been sent to commodore Warren, in the 
 West Indies, returned to Boston. She brought ad- 
 vice from the commodore, that as the expedition was 
 '<vholly a colonial affair, without orders from Eng- 
 land, and as his squadron had been weakened, by the 
 loss of the Weymouth, he must excuse himself 
 from any concern in the enterprise. This must have 
 struck a great damp upon the governour and L^eneral ; 
 but they secreted the advice : and as the army was 
 embarked, and the general on board, they sailed, the 
 March 24. ncxt morning, from Nantasket, as though nothing 
 discouraging had happened. The governour doubt- 
 less hoped that if the reduction of Louisburg should 
 not be effected, Canso would be regained, Nova 
 Scotia preserved, the French fishery destroyed, and 
 the New England and Newfoundland fisheries res- 
 tored. 
 April 4. On the fourth of April the fleet and army arrived 
 safe at Canso. The New Hampshire troops arrived 
 four days before them. The troops from Connecti- 
 cut, under governour Wolcott arrived on the twenty 
 fifth. The land army now consisted of more than 
 four thousand men in health and high spirits. 
 
 Though the advice from commodore Warren was 
 truly discouraging, yet, under the all governing hand 
 of the Supreme Ruler, every thing was proceed- 
 ing in the happiest train. 
 
 Soon after the sailing of the express boat for Bos- 
 ton, commodore Warren received orders from Eng- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 319 
 
 land, to repair, with such ships as could be spared, chap. 
 to Boston, and to concert measures with governour ^^• 
 Shirley for his majesty's general service in North 
 America. The commodore sailed immediately for 
 Boston, and despatched an express, ordering such 
 ships as were in these seas to join him. The Eltham 
 of forty guns was at Portsmouth in New Hampshire, 
 as convoy to the mast fleet. When the express ar- 
 rived, she had sailed with the fleet. She was soon 
 overtaken by an express boat, when the captain, re- 
 manding the fleet into port, sailed directly for Canso. 
 On the twenty third of April he arrived to the great Commo- 
 joy of the whole army. Commodore Warren, on ^^^""^ "^Y^r- 
 
 L- • -IT 1 . .1 n ^ I 1 I'en arrives 
 
 his passage, meetmg intelligence that the fleet had at Canso, 
 sailed for Canso, proceeded directly to the same port ; April 23. 
 and arrived the same day in the Superb of sixty guns, 
 with the Lauceston and Mermaid of forty guns each. 
 High was the tide of joy, which, at once, arose 
 through the whole fleet and camp. There was now 
 a sufficient force for their defence : a force equal to 
 any which was expected from France. After a short 
 consultation with the general, the commodore, with 
 the men of war, sailed to cruise before Louisburg. 
 
 Before this time, the ships and vessels, sent to 
 cruise before the harbour, had done important ser- 
 vices. They had taken several vessels bound into 
 Louisburg with provisions and West India goods. 
 They had also engaged the Renommee, a French April ij. 
 ship of thirty six guns, which had been sent with 
 despatches from France. For some time she kept 
 uj) a running fight with the small ships, as she could 
 easil}'' outrun them ; but, after making several at- 
 tempts to enter the harbour, she put back to France, 
 to report what she had discovered. She fell in with 
 the Connecticut troops, under convoy of their own 
 and the Rhode Island colony sloops. She had force 
 suflicient to have taken them both ; but after ex- 
 changing a feyv shot, and somewhat damaging the 
 Rhode Island sloop, she made off" to France. 
 
320 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. The fleet and army soon iblloucd the men of war, 
 
 and, on the thirtieth of Apri), arrived in Cha- 
 
 1745. peaurougc bay. The enemy had not received the 
 least intimation of any desiii:n against them, till, 
 early in the morninji;, they discovered the transports 
 from the town. The cruisers had indeed, almost 
 every day, been seen before the harbour ; but they 
 imagined them to have been privateers, in quest of 
 their fishing and trading vessels. 
 
 The sight of the transports gave the alarm to the 
 French, and Bouladrie was detached with a hundred 
 and fifty men to oppose the landing of the troops. 
 But while the general amused die enemy by a feint 
 at one place, he was landing them at another. Bou- 
 ladrie vvith his detachment soon attacked them, but 
 as a number of his men were killed on the spot, 
 himself and others taken prisoners, the rest were 
 obliged to niake a precipitate flight, that they might 
 not be instantly swallowed up by the provincials, 
 who were landing in great numbers. 
 
 The next morning, four hundred men marched 
 round behind the hills to the northeast harbour, set- 
 ting fire to all the houses and stores, till they came 
 witliin a mile of the grand battery. Some of the 
 stores had in them so much tar, and so many other 
 combustibles, that such a cloud of smoke arose, as 
 made it diflicult to discover an enemy, only at the 
 distance of a few rods. The French therefore, ex- 
 ])ecting the whole army upon them, threw their pow- 
 der into a well, and deserted the grand battery. Our 
 troops took possession without any loss. The can- 
 non, which were forty tvv'o pounders, were turned 
 upon the town ; and, for some time, a constant fire, 
 upon it, was kept up from the grand battery. This 
 greatly damaged the town ; but the expense of pow- 
 der was so great, that it was judged advisable to stop 
 the fire, and reserve the ammunition for the fascine 
 batteries. 
 
 The army had nearly two miles to drag their can- 
 non, mortars, shot, and the like, through a morass. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 321 
 
 in which oxen and horses would bury themselves in chap. 
 mudj and could be of no service. This was to be ^^' 
 performed by mere dint of labour. Men of the ^^^^ 
 firmest hmbs, and who had been used to draw pine 
 trees for masts, were appointed to this service. By 
 the twentieth of May the troops had erected five fas- 
 cine batteries. One of them mounted five forty two 
 pounders. This did great execution. The New 
 Englanders knew nothing of regular approaches, but 
 took the advantage of the night and went on in their 
 own natural way. 
 
 While the troops were thus busy on shore, the 
 fleet was equally vigilant and active, in cruising off 
 the harbour. 
 
 The Vigilant, a French sixty four gun ship, was 
 met by the Mermaid, whom she immediately engag- 
 ed ; but as she was of inferior force, captain Doug- 
 lass, the commander, suffered himself to be chased 
 till he drew the Frenchman under the command of 
 the commodore and the other ships. On which she May 18. 
 struck to the British flag. She was commanded by 
 the Marquis de la Maison Forte, and had on board 
 five hundred and sixty men, with stores of all kinds 
 for the garrison. This capture was of great conse- 
 quence, not only as it increased the naval force before 
 the town, and aftbrded considerable supplies of mili- 
 tary stores, but more especially, as it was a capital loss 
 and disappointment to the enemy. It deprived them 
 of all expectations of further supplies or succour, and 
 tended to accelerate the capitulation. 
 
 But a few days before this capture, a propoj-^al had 
 been made, that the men of war should anchor in 
 Chapeaurouge bay, and that the marines, and as ma- 
 ny of the sailors, as could be spared, should land 
 and assist the army. Had this bten done, the Vigi- 
 lant would have got into the harbour, and defeated 
 the expedition. Such were the prodigious labours 
 and hardships of the siege, that a greater number of 
 troops were wanted ; arid yet, by the service, the 
 numbers employed Aveie dailv diminishing. This 
 
 Vol. I. 41 
 
322 ^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, however was in a measure compeiisated, by the con- 
 ^^' tinual increase of the naval force before the town. 
 j.^^_ Four days after the capture of the Vigilant the Prince 
 May 22. Mary of sixty and the Hector of forty guns arrived. 
 ?"d^i2' Soon after arrived the Canterbury and Sunderland of 
 sixty and the Chester of fifty guns. There were now 
 eleven men of war. One sixty four, four sixty, one 
 fifty, and five forty gun ships. Such was the naval 
 force, that it was determined, that, on the eighteenth 
 of June, the ships should go into the harbour, and 
 with the arm} , make a joint attack upon the town. 
 Before this, the island battery had been neai'ly si- 
 lenced, and was considered as not long tenable. The 
 west gate of the town was much damaged and near- 
 ly beat down, and a breach is said to have been made 
 in the adjoining wall. The circular battery of six- 
 teen guns, and the principal one against ships, was 
 nearly ruined. The northeast battery was much 
 damaged, and the enemy driven from the guns. 
 The west flank of the king's bastion was almost de- 
 molished. From the preparations on board the men 
 of war, the enemy expected a general and furious as- 
 sault. This, it seems, they were unwilling to risk. 
 Surrender On the fifteenth of June they desired a cessation 
 of Louis- of hostilities, that they might enter on the consider- 
 jiine'17. ation of articles of capitulation. On the seventeenth, 
 after a siege of forty nine days, the city of Louis- 
 burg and island of Cape Brt-ton, were delivered up 
 to his Britannic majesty. Neither the inhabitants nor 
 garrison were to bear arms, for twelve months, 
 against Great Britain, nor her allies. They were 
 embanked on board fourteen cartel ships, and trans- 
 ported to Rochfort. 
 
 Nothing could have been more timely than this 
 capitulation. Notwithstanding the capture of the 
 Vigilant, laden with stores, the besiegers were in 
 want of powder ; and such were the hardships and 
 length of the siege, that greater numbers of men 
 were found to be necessary. The general had sent 
 off despatches for a recruit botli of men and ammuni- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 323 
 
 tion. The Massachusetts sent off four and Connec- chap. 
 ticut two hundred recruits, with all the powder, ^^' 
 which they could purchase; but these, with the 1745 
 troops from Rhode Island, did not arrive till after the 
 capture of the island. The very day after the sur- 
 render, the rains began, and continued incessantly 
 for ten days. These must have greatly impeded, if 
 not broken up the siege. They must also have been 
 fatal to many of the men, as they had no better 
 lodgings than the wet ground, and, as their tents, 
 generally made of common oznaburgs only, did not 
 secure them against a single shower. But, by this 
 opportune surrender, Providence housed them in the 
 city, in dry and convenient barracks. 
 
 During this long and severe siege, the men, on 
 all occasions, at landing, in skirmishes with the 
 French and Indians, and in their approaches to the 
 city behaved well. In embarking in the enterprise 
 they exhibited a noble spirit; and in the prosecution 
 of it, a steadiness, perseverance, and magnanimity, 
 which before had no parallel in the affairs of Ameri- 
 ca. So remarkable was the hand which watched 
 over them, that the whole loss, during this uncom- 
 monly long and dangerous siege, by sickness and 
 the enemy, was no more than a hundred and one. 
 Sixty of these were lost in an unfortunate attack on 
 the island battery. 
 
 The news of this important success arrived in 
 Boston on the third of July, and flew instantly through 
 the colonies. The joy which it diifust- d was great 
 and universal. Those colonies, which had no share 
 in the honours and dangers of the enter[)rise, were not 
 insensible of the importance of the acquisition, nor 
 that they were deeply interested in the event. Penn- 
 sylvania, therefore, contributed four. New Jersey 
 two, and New York three thousand pounds in money 
 and provisions for the support of the troops. 
 
 To France Louisburg was a place of capital im- 
 portance. It had been fortified with prodigious art 
 and expense. With propriety it might be termed 
 
324 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the American Gibraltar. The fosse, or ditch, roimd 
 ^^' the town, was eighty feet wide, and the ramparts 
 1745, thirty hisrh. On these, round the town, were mount- 
 ed sixty five cannon of different sizes. Tlic en- 
 trance into the harbour was defended by the grand 
 and island batteries. On the former were mounted 
 thirty cannon carrying a forty two pound ball : and 
 on the latter an equal number carrying a ball of 
 twenty eight pounds. The garrison, at the time of 
 the surrender, consisted of six hundred regular 
 troops, and thirteen hundred militia. There were 
 ten thirieen, and six nine inch mortars. There were 
 provisions and ammunition for five or six months. 
 Neither by the combined armies of Great Britain 
 and her allies, nor by her formidable fleets, had France 
 from the commencement of the war, received so 
 deep and sensible a wound. No event had taken 
 place, l)y Avhich her schemes had been so entirely 
 disconcerted and deranged. The acqtiisition was 
 grand, and its consequences were vast and import- 
 ant. 
 Conse- i he value of the prizes taken, in consequence of 
 
 quencesof the expedition, was little, if any thing, short of a mil- 
 ture^^of Jioi'' sterling. The place \vas taken, at a time, when 
 Louis- ships and vessels from all parts, were expected in 
 ^"''^* the harbour. To decoy them, the French flag was 
 kept fl\ ing. Beside the Vigilant, and the other 
 prizes taken before, and during the siege, two East 
 India ships, and another from the South Sea were 
 taken, which together were estimated at six hundred 
 thousand pounds sterling.-^ Besides, Nova Scotia 
 and the English fisheries, in America, were preserv- 
 ed, and those of France were totally ruined. At the 
 same time the colonies themselves and their trade 
 were rendered much more secure. 
 
 • July 24tli :in E:isl India sliip from Bengal was taken, estimated at 
 75,000/. Another East Indianian was soon after taken, valued at 
 125,000/, Tlie Soiitli Sea sliip was decoyed by the Boston packet, 
 captain Fletcher, tinder the c^inisof the men of war, and taken, August 
 22d. She was estimated at 400,000/, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 325 
 
 Indeed the colonies were delivered from inimedi- chap. 
 
 ate dangers, of which, at that time, they had no |__ 
 
 knowledge. Duvivier, the winter after the surprise 1^45. 
 of Canso, went home to France, on the business of 
 soliciting an armament for the reduction of Nova 
 Scotia. On this application he was despatched with 
 seven ships of war for that purpose. On his passage 
 he took a prize, on board of which was lieutenant 
 governour Clarke of New York. By him he receiv- 
 ed intelligence of the reduction of Louisburg, and re- 
 turned to France. In expectation of this fleet, Mon- 
 sieur Marin, with nine hundred French and Indians, 
 from Canada, appeared before the fort at Annapolis ; 
 but, finding no shipping for his assistance, he soon 
 retired.* Thus by this enterprise were the plans of 
 France dashed, and the colonies secured. This en- 
 abled Great Britain, afterwards, more honourably to 
 treat of peace, and seems to have restored to her a 
 great part of wJiat she had lost in Germany. 
 
 In this enterprise, first and last, New England em- 
 ployed more than five thousand men. From the 
 time of the surrender, till the twenty fourth of May 
 following, about eleven months, the place was kept 
 wholly by the New England troops. During part 
 of this period, great sickness and mortality prevailed; 
 and New England sustained a very considerable loss 
 of men. After that time, the garrison consisted 
 partly of regular troops, drawn from the garrison at 
 Gibraltar and partly of New Englandmen ; both 
 piiid by the crown. Notwithstanding these import- 
 ant services, the colonists had no share in the prizes 
 nor in any thing taken on the island of Cape Breton, 
 excepting a small sum allowed captain Fletcher, who 
 led in the South Sea ship.f 
 
 In consequence of the signal success attending thi.s. 
 expedition, a shade was thrown over the imprudence 
 and rashness, with Avhich it seems to have been un- 
 
 « Douglass, vol. i. p. 562. 
 t Hutch, vol. ii. p. 416—423. Douglass, vol. i. p. S42, 347—356. 
 JliJer's Hist. vol. xxxviii. p. 124, 126. 
 
326 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, dertaken. On both sides of die water pious people 
 
 could not, but with grateful admiration notice the 
 
 1745. remarkable coincidence of circumstances, which 
 contributed to this great event. Governour Shirley, 
 in his speech to the general court, observes, that 
 *' scarce such an instance is to be found in history." 
 The annual convention of the New England min- 
 isters in their address to his majesty term it " the 
 wonderful success, God has given your American 
 forces." A clergyman, writing from London, hath 
 this observation, " this prosperous event can hardly 
 be ascribed to any thing short of an interposition 
 from above, truly uncommon and extraordinary." 
 Eff'ects on Both to Great Britain and France, the reduction 
 *fEn °kmi °^ Louisburg, by New England, was an affair of no 
 andFrance Small surprise. In each of these courts it was pro- 
 ductive of grand plans of operation. Great Britain 
 flushed with victory, thought of nothing less, for the 
 business of the next campaign, than the reduction 
 of Canada, and the extirpation of the French from 
 the northern continent. The French fired with re- 
 sentment, by the losses which they had sustained, 
 meditated the recovery of Louisburg, the conquest 
 of Nova Scotia, the destruction of Boston, and the 
 ravaging of the American coast from Nova Scotia to 
 Georgia. 
 1746. It was the plan of the British court, that eight bat- 
 
 talions of regular troops, in conjunction with the 
 provincials to be raised in New England, should 
 rendezvous at Louisburg ; and with a squadron, un- 
 der admiral Warren, proceed up St. Lawrence to 
 Quebec. From New York, and the southern colo- 
 nies, as far as Virginia, another army was to be com- 
 posed, which was to rendezvous at Albany. This, 
 under the command of general St. Clair, was to 
 cross the country to Montreal. No proportion was 
 fixed for the several colonies, but they were left to 
 show their zeal for the common cause, by raising 
 such numbers as they pleased. It was expected, at 
 least, that thev would send five thousand men int» 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 32J 
 
 the field. The four New England colonies granted five chap, 
 thousand three hundred men. The other colonies 
 
 agreed to raise two thousand and nine hundred. 1745. 
 Eight thousand and two hundred in the whole.* 
 Notice of the plan was given to the colonies, the be- 
 ginning of June, and in six weeks most of the New 
 England troops were ready to embark. 
 
 A powerful armament under the command of 
 Richard Lestock, admiral of the blue, was prepared, 
 at Portsmouth, with transports having six regiments 
 on board, to co-operate with the provincials in car- 
 rying the great plan into execution. The fleet had 
 orders to sail the first opportunity ; but its depar- 
 ture was unaccountably delayed, till it was judged 
 that the season was too far advanced to risk the great 
 ships on the boisterous coast of North America.f It 
 is not improbable, that the landing of the young 
 pretender, the rebellion in Scotland, and the appre- 
 hensions of an invasion from France, were occasions 
 of this delay. 
 
 That this armament, which consisted of nearly 
 thirty ships of war, might not be wholly useless to 
 the nation, it was despatched against the coast of 
 Brittany, with a view to surprise port L'Orient, the Sept. 14, 
 grand repository of all the stores and ships belonging 
 to the French East India company. But nothing- 
 was effected worthy of notice. 
 
 Meanwhile, France, notwithstanding all her other 
 preparations, fitted out her fleet and troops for Amer- 
 ica. The duke D'Anville, a nobleman, in whose 
 courage and conduct, the French had reposed the 
 greatest confidence, was appointed to command the 
 expedition. The armament consisted of eleven ships Arma- 
 of the line, and of thirty smaller ships and vessels, J{^e^i"the"' 
 from thirty to ten guns ; and of transports carrying duke D'- 
 three thousand one hundred and thirty land forces. Anviiie, 
 
 * The proportions were very unequal. New Hampsliire raised 500, 
 Massacliusetis 3,500, Rliode Island 300, Connecticut 1.000, New 
 York 1,600, New Jersey 500, Pennsylvania 400, but not by act of gov- 
 ernment. Man land ra'iscd 300 and' Virginia 100. 
 
 t Rider's Hist. vol. xxxix. p. 50. 53." Dousflass, vol. i. p. 302. 
 
328 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. These, at Nova Scotia, were to form a junction with 
 _J__ sixteen hundred Canadian French, and Indians. 
 1746. Monsieur Pomeret commanded the land forces. As 
 early as the beginning of May, this formidable arma- 
 ment was ready to sail ; but it was so detained by 
 contrary winds, that the admiral could not leave the 
 coasts of France, till the twenty second of June. 
 Admiral Martin ^vaited, ^vith a fleet of observation, 
 to prevent his sailing, but he got out of the harbour 
 unnoticed, and proceeded without molestation. The 
 duke D'Anville had detached Monsieur Conflans, 
 with three ships of the line and a frigate, to convoy 
 the trade to Cape Francois in Hispaniola. Conflans 
 was to join him at Chcbucto, and in his passage, 
 near Jamaica, fell in with the British fleet, command- 
 ed bv commodore Mitchel ; but the commodore 
 conducted in such a dastardly manner, that he let 
 the French pass without any considerable injury. 
 He seemed to refuse taking them, when it was in his 
 power.-* It was now, therefore, left to Him only, 
 ^v•ho disappointeth the devices of the crafty, and 
 taketh the prey from the mighty, without human aid, 
 to save the colonies from ruin. Let us with grateful 
 admiration behold how seasonably and how power- 
 I'ully he wrought for their salvation. 
 Disustc-.s He not only laid an embargo on the enemy, and, 
 attending f^^j, morc than six weeks, prevented their sailing, but 
 caused their ])assage to be stormy and tedious. 
 Like the chariot wheels of Pharaoh, they moved 
 heavily. It was not till the third of August, that 
 they passed the western islands. On the twenty 
 fourth, when they were three hundred leagues from 
 Nova Scotia, one of the great ships complained so 
 much that they were obhged to burn her. In a vi- 
 olent storm, which overtook ihem on the fust of 
 September, tlie Mars a sixty four gun sliip, was so 
 much damaged, in her masts, and became so leaky, 
 that she bore away for the West Indies. The Al- 
 
 " Hi. lev's Hist- vol. xxxix, p. o ?. Douglass, vol. i. p. j23. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 329 
 
 side, another sixty four, was so damaged, that she ^^^^* 
 
 was sent off to keep her company. Soon after the 
 
 crew of the Ardent, a third sixty four, became so 1745. 
 sickly, that she put back to Brest. 
 
 It was not till the twelfth of September, that the Arrives at 
 duke D'Anville arrived at Chebucto, in the North- sept.^2.°* 
 umberland, accompanied with one ship of the line, 
 the Renommee, luid three or four transports only. 
 One ship only had arrived before him. This lon^^ 
 and disastrous })assage hud totally deranged his 
 whole plan. Conflans, who came on the coast in 
 August, hearing nothing of the duke, had before this • 
 time sailed for France. 
 
 While the colonies were, with impatience, waiting 1746. 
 the arrival of the British fleet under admiral Lestock, 
 the squadron under Conflans was discovered, and the 
 news of it brought to Boston, by several fishermen, 
 who had made their escape from the ships at Chebuc- 
 to ; but their report was not credited. But, the be- 
 ginning of September the colonies had authentic 
 news of the sailing of this formidable armament for 
 America. Reports were soon after brought them, 
 that a great fleet was discovered to the westward of 
 Newfoundland ; but the colonies still flattered them- 
 selves, that it was the English fleet, under admiral 
 Lestock. On the twenty eighth, however, there ar- 
 rived an express at Boston, with certain intelligence, 
 that these ships were the French fleet. The report 
 was, that it consisted of fourteen sail of the line, and 
 twenty smaller men of war ; and, that the rest were 
 fire ships, bomb tenders, and transports. It was said, 
 that there were eight thousand regular troops on 
 board.* 
 
 England was not more alarmed with the Spanish Alarms 
 armada, in fifteen hundred eighty eight, than Boston, New Engl- 
 and New England were on the report of the arrival 
 ©f D'Anville 's fleet at Chebucto. The first advi- 
 ces of imminent danger often shake the firmest 
 
 • Hutch, vol. ii. p. 425. 
 
 Vol. I. 42 
 
330 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, minds. Every practicable measure for the defence 
 ^^ of the country was immediately adopted. In a few 
 1746. ^"^y^ ^^^ thousand and four hundred of the inland 
 militia were brought in, to reinforce Boston. Six 
 thousand more, from Connecticut, if occasion should 
 require it, were on the first notice to have been des- 
 patched to the assistance of their brethren at Bos- 
 ton.* At that period, this was nearly half the mili- 
 tia of the colony. The militia on the sea coasts wefe 
 kept at home for their own defence. But as New 
 England had no intelligence of what Providence had 
 been effecting for the country, in the storms and dis- 
 asters which had attended the French armament, the 
 chief dependence, under the divine conduct, was on 
 a fleet from England, sufficient, in conjunction with 
 the squadron at Louisburg, to defeat the French ar- 
 mament. But with respect to this, and all other hu- 
 man aid, they were totally disappointed. 
 
 That irresistible hand, which already had wrought 
 so conspicuously for the relief of the country, com- 
 Sept. 16. pleted its salvation. The duke D'Anville waited 
 till the 16th of the month for the arrival of the re- 
 mainder of his fleet, and not one ship of war, nor 
 any of the fleet, except three transports, arriving, he 
 The duke was SO afibcted with disappointment and chagrin, 
 dic^"scpt. ^^^^^ ^^ brought on an apoplectic fit, or he drank poi- 
 16. son, and died suddenly the same morning. 
 
 In the afternoon after his death the vice admiral, 
 D'Estournelle, with four ships of the line, came into 
 port. As the French troops had been long on board, 
 before they sailed, and had a tedious passage, they 
 arrived in an extremely sickly and miserable condi- 
 tion. The admiral was dead, and Conflans returned 
 to France. Of four cajiital ships, the Ardent, Ca- 
 ribou, Mars, and Alcide, tliey had been deprived. 
 The Argonaute fue ship was also missing. In these 
 circumstances D'Estournelle, on the eighteenth, call- 
 ed a council of his ofiicers, and, as they had not half 
 
 • Douglass, vol. i. p. 322, 323. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ,g§j 
 
 the force designed for the expedition, proposed to chap. 
 
 return to France. Monsieur de la Jonquiere, govern- ' 
 
 our of Canada, was on board the Northumberland, u^^^^ 
 and next in command to the vice admiral ; he, Division 
 with others of the council, for seven or eiarht '"\''^^"^- 
 hours, strenuously opposed the vice admirars pro- cU. 
 posal. They insisted, that the sick men, with fresh 
 air and provisions, would soon recover, and that they 
 were able, at least, to reduce Annapolis and Nova 
 Scotia : That after that they might winter safely in 
 Casco bay, or return to France, as might best suit 
 their inclinations. The debate issued in the rejec- 
 tion of the admiral's proposition. This so extreme- 
 ly agitated his spirits, that it brought on a fever 
 and threw him into a delirium. A divine terror 
 seemed to fall upon him. He imagined he was D'Estour- 
 among tiie English, ran 'himself through and was "piie kiUs 
 no more.* Jonquiere, a man of skill and experi- ^'™*^^* 
 ence in war, succeeded him, and the expectations 
 of the fleet and army were much raised. From this 
 time the reduction of Annapolis and Nova Scotia, 
 became the object of the expedition. 
 
 The troops were landed with a view to the recov- Mortality 
 ery of their health, and the Acadians and Indians am- f^Tc^^* 
 ply furnished them with fresh provisions. Neverthe- and in- 
 less dysenteries and a scorbutic, putrid fever occa- '^'*"^- 
 sioncd a very great mortality among them. The 
 Nova Scotia Indians took the contagion, and by it 
 lost not less than one third of their whole number.-]- 
 
 Governour Shirley, supposing that he had receiv- 
 ed authentic intelligence of the sailing of admiral 
 Lestock for America, sent off an express to carry 
 the intelligence to Louisburg. The packet was tak- 
 en by the French, and carried into Chebucto, on the 
 eleventh of October. This probably accelerated 
 their sailing, and determined them to return directly 
 to France, without making any attempt upon Annap- 
 olis. On the 13th of October, they sailed from 
 
 • Hutch, vol. ii. p. A27, 428. i Douglass, vol. i. p. 322. 
 
SS2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Chebucto. Two days after sailing they were over- 
 
 ■ taken with a severe cold storm, which, without in- 
 
 1746. termission, continued to increase for two days, so 
 Oct. 13, that the fleet was exceedingly scattered. Two only, 
 sau^for"^'' a fifty and a thirty six gun ship, got into the bay of 
 France. Fuudi. The latter came into the bason, and put on 
 shore an express certifying De Ramsay, that the 
 French fleet were returning to France. These ships 
 were discovered from the ibrt at Annapolis, and the 
 Chester man of war, the Shirley frigate, and a small 
 armed vessel, well manned with troops from the garri- 
 son, went out in chase of them ; but they made their 
 Succes- escape to France. Thus having buried two admirals 
 sionofdis- and nearly half their army at Chebucto, they returned, 
 *^ "*• without effecting the least enterprise against the col- 
 onies. The French burnt the Caribou, the Mars was 
 taken,on her return, by the* Nottingham, just as she ar- 
 rived on the coast of France. The Alcide was driven 
 on shore by the Exeter and burnt. This was the 
 fate of the grand French armada, sent against New 
 England. 
 
 Such a succession of disasters as pursued the 
 French, from the day they sailed from France, till 
 they returned, is rarely to be found in the history of 
 human events. The restraints put upon this mighty 
 armament, and the protection of New England, was 
 little less remarkable, than the defeat of the Assyrian 
 monarch, and the defence of Jerusalem, when, after 
 his vast preparations and haughty menaces, he was 
 not suffered to go against her, nor to shoot an arrow 
 there. Like him, the enemy returned with uncom- 
 mon loss and shame, to their own land. 
 C-he res- '^y\^Q ministrv well knew of the sailinsr of this for- 
 
 cue ol the • i i ■ , ^ i i- 
 
 colonies to micUible armament, yet seem to have cared very lit- 
 bc ascnb- tie what might be the consequence to the colonics, 
 vine'inter- '^^e onl\ mcasure which they seem to have taken in 
 position, consequence of its sailing, was an order to admiral 
 Townshend to sail with his scjuadron, from the 
 West Indies, to reinlbrcc commodore Knowles at 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 335 
 
 Louisburg.* These combined squadrons were more chap. 
 
 than a match for the French fleet, in their distressed |_ 
 
 circumstances; but they made not the least attempt ^-.^g 
 for its destruction or annoyance. No admiral on 
 the American station, this year, appears to have act- 
 ed with any tolerable spirit. Indeed there was no 
 exertion of military skill or prowess, no employment 
 of policy, nor the adoption of a single measure, in 
 Europe or America, which appeared to have had the' 
 least influence in the preservation of the country. 
 The whole glory of that remarkable salvation, which 
 it experienced, appeared to be due to Him only, whose 
 kingdom ruleth over all. Pious men saw this in a 
 strong point of light, and in their most lively and 
 public devotions ascribed the glory to Him. 
 
 When it appeared that the expedition against Can- 
 ada was likely to fail, governour Shirley's enterpris- 
 ing genius influenced him to project an attempt, in 
 conjunction with the other colonies, upon the French 
 fortress at Crown Pomt. For this purpose four 
 months provisions, fifteen hundred men, tents, ord- 
 nance, and ammunition were forwarded to New 
 York ; but the great sickness which prevailed in Al- 
 bany, and the alarm which D'Anville's armament 
 spread through the colonies frustrated the design. 
 
 A considerable part of the troops, raised for the 
 expedition against Canada, were kept in pay till 
 September, seventeen hundred forty seven. Some 
 were sent to reinforce the garrison at Amiapolis, 
 others were employed for the defence of the frontiers, 
 but a considerable part were wholly inactive. 
 
 De Ramsay, who had got together an army of j)eRj^,o, 
 sixteen or seventeen hundred French and Indians at say de- 
 Annapolis, receiving intelligence that the French fleet '^^""P^- 
 were returned to France, decamped, and returned 
 to Minas. His design was to canton his men here, 
 and at Checonicto, that he might have them in read- 
 iness to join the armament, which he expected from 
 
 * Douglass, vol. i. p. 343, 344. 
 
334 A GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 
 
 CHAP. France the next spring, for the reduction of An- 
 ' napolis. 
 1746. Governour Mascarene of AnnapoHs having rep- 
 resented that a thousand men, to reinforce that and 
 the neighbouring posts, might be sufficient not only 
 for their defence, but to drive the enemy from that 
 quarter, the three colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, and New Hampshire, voted the complete 
 number. The Massachusetts sent on five hundred 
 men. The three hundred from Rhode Island were 
 shipwrecked on their passage, near Martha's Vine- 
 yard ; and the troops from New Hampshire, after 
 they were on their passage, put back, and never 
 proceeded. These failures were the occasion of what 
 afterwards befel the Massachusetts soldiers. 
 
 They ^vere cantoned in a loose manner at Minas. 
 De Ramsay having advice of their situation, detached 
 about six hundred men under M. Culon and M. La 
 Mina?^^^ Com, With a vicw to disposscss them of that post. The 
 surprised, last of January, they surprised, killed, and captivated 
 jan.si, about a hundred and sixty of the men, who were 
 scattered in small parties. Colonel Noble who com- 
 manded the corps was among the slain. By this 
 time the main body were collected, but as they had 
 lost their commander, were inferior in numbers, and 
 had little ammunition, they capitulated, engaging not 
 to bear arms against the French, in Nova Scotia, 
 during one year. They were to march off with six 
 days provision, arms shouldered, drums beating, 
 and colours flying. 
 Prepar.i- Notwithstanding the uncommon misfortunes at- 
 lions of tending the duke D'xA-nville's fleet, the last year, the 
 French. French determined to renew their attempts against 
 the British settlements, both in North America and 
 the East Indies. With this view two squadrons 
 were equipped. That for North America was com- 
 manded by Dc la Joncjuiere, governour of Quebec : 
 that destined for the East Indies, by M. de St. George. 
 The fleets made a junction, and early in the spring sail- 
 ed from Rochelle. The whole consisted of six ships 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. S^5 
 
 of the line, six frigates, and four East India ships fit- ^"^^• 
 
 ted like men of war ; with twenty nine merchant 
 
 ships and transports. The ministry despatched the 1747. 
 admirals, Anson and Warren, with thirteen ships of 
 the line and several frigates in quest of the enemy. De la jon- 
 On the third of May, they came up with the French qui.eve's 
 squadrons ; when the English commenced a furious May^s! 
 engagement. De la Jonquiere maintained it with 
 equal courage and conduct, till finally, overpowered 
 with numbers, he was obliged to strike to the Brit- 
 ish flag. Ten shij)s were taken, the six ships of the 
 line, and the four East Indiamen. De la Jonquiere, 
 four or five thousand men, some bullion, and large 
 sums of money, were taken with the ships.* Thus 
 did Providence again interpose for the preservation 
 of the English colonies in America. 
 
 De Ramsay, on advice of the defeat of De la Jon- 
 quiere, returned to Canada, and the French gave no 
 further trouble in Nova Scotia. 
 
 During this war the Canada, Cape Sable, St. 
 John's, Penobscot, and Norridgewock Indians were 
 hostile, so that the frontiers did not escape alarms 
 and molestation. They burnt the fort and a num- 
 ber of dwelling houses at St. George's, and destroy- 
 ed a great number of cattle. They in a man- 
 ner destroyed Saratoga the last year, and had 
 been so troublesome this, that the garrison abandon- 
 ed the place, brought off" the stores and ordnance, 
 and burnt the fort. Damages were also done on 
 Connecticut river, on the frontiers of the Massachu- 
 setts and New Hampshire. But the frontiers suffer- 
 ed very little in comparison with what they had done 
 in former wars. The Indians were greatly dimin- 
 ished in their numbers, and many were withdrawn 
 to the frontiers of Canada. Sometimes they were 
 kept at home for the defence of that country, and, 
 at others, they were engaged to be in readiness to 
 assist the French, in their great enterprises against 
 
 • Rider's Hist. vol. xxxix. p. 92, 93. 
 
336 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the English colonies. These prevented their doing 
 ^^' mischief in small parties. 
 
 1748. Towards the close of this year a general inactivity 
 
 and languishment appccired among the belligerent 
 
 powers, indicating that they were nearly exhausted, 
 
 and verging towards a general pacification. 
 
 April 30, Accordingly, the next April, preliminaries were 
 
 1748. signed at Aix la Chapelle, and in a few days a cessa- 
 
 Definitive tion of hostilities was proclaimed. The definitive 
 
 treaty, treaty was completed on the seventh of October. 
 
 Prisoners on all sides were to be released without a 
 
 ransom, and all conquests to be restored. 
 
 Thus after nearly ten years war, in which there 
 had been a vast expense of blood and treasure, the 
 parties had gained nothing. On cool reflection, it 
 could hardly be told for what reasons a war had been 
 undertaken, which had so embroiled, exhausted, and 
 depopulated so considerable a part of Europe. In 
 this manner do princes play off the peace, treasures, 
 and lives of their subjects. 
 Expense The expenses of the northern colonies, including 
 of the ^var. ^Jg^y England and New York, during this war, can- 
 not be estimated at less than about a million sterling. 
 The bills issued by the Massachusetts for between 
 two and three years of the war, amounted to between 
 two and three millions currency. At the time of 
 emission, five or six hundred pounds were equal to 
 one hundred sttTling. Governour Hutchinson sup- 
 poses, that the real consideration, which the govern- 
 ment received from the people, was nearly four hun- 
 dred thousand pounds sterling.* He gives it as his 
 opinion, that, for the term of between two and three 
 years of the war, the province of the Massachusetts 
 paid two hundred thousand pounds sterling, besides 
 the annual taxes, which were as high as the people 
 could bear. By the account which Douglass gives, 
 the expense of that province, in the expedition against 
 Cape Breton, was not less than four hundred thou 
 
 ■ Ihitch. Hist. vol. ii. p. 4.3J. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Q20 
 
 Cfide, another sixty four, was so damaged, that she chap. 
 
 was sent off to keep her company. Soon after the [__ 
 
 crew of the Ardent, a third sixty four, became so ij4,q^ 
 sickly, that she put back to Brest. 
 
 It was not till the twelfth of September, that the Arrives at 
 duke D'Anville arrived at Chcbucto, in the North- si'pMr* 
 umberland, accompanied with one ship of the line, 
 the Renommee, and three or four transports only. 
 One ship only had arrived before him. This long 
 and disastrous passage hud totally deranged his 
 whole plan. Conflans, who came on the coast in 
 August, hearing nothing of the duke, had before this 
 time sailed for France. 
 
 While the colonies were, with impatience, waiting 1746. 
 the arrival of the British fleet under admiral Lestock, 
 the squadron under Conflans was discovered, and the 
 news of it brought to Boston, by several fishermen, 
 who had made their escape from the ships at Chebuc- 
 to ; but their report was not credited. But, the be- 
 ginning of September the colonies had authentic 
 news of the sailing of this formidable armament for 
 America. Reports were soon after brought them, 
 that a great fleet was discovered to the westward of 
 Newfoundland ; but the colonies still flattered them- 
 selves, that it was the English fleet, under admiral 
 Lestock. On the twenty eighth, however, there ar- 
 rived an express at Boston, with certain intelligence, 
 that these ships were the French fleet. The report 
 was, that it consisted of fourteen sail of the line, and 
 twenty smaller men of war ; and, that the rest were 
 fire ships, bomb tenders, and transports. It was said, 
 that there ^vere eight thousand regular troops on 
 board.* . 
 
 England was not more alarmed with the Spanish Alarms 
 armada, in fifteen hundred eighty eight, than Boston, ^^j Eng. 
 and New England were on the report of the arrival 
 of D'Anville's fleet at Chebucto. The first advi- 
 ces of itpminent danger often shake the firmest 
 
 • Hutcli. vol. ii. p. 425. 
 
 Vol. I. 42 
 
330 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, minds. Every practicable measure for the defence 
 ^^" of the country was immediately adopted. In a fip\v 
 jj,^^ days six thousand and four hundred of the inland 
 militia were brought in, to reinforce Boston. Six 
 thousand more, from Connecticut, if occasion should 
 require it, were on the first notice to have been des- 
 patched to the assistance of their brethren at Bos- 
 ton.* At that period, this was nearly half the mili- 
 tia of the colony. The militia on the sea coasts were 
 kept at home for their own defence. But as New 
 England had no intelligence of what Providence had 
 l.)een effecting for the country, in the storms and dis- 
 asters which had attended the French armament, the 
 chief dependence, under the divine conduct, was on 
 a fleet from England, sufficient, in conjunction with 
 the squadron at Louisburg, to defeat the French ar- 
 mament. But with respect to this, and all other hu- 
 man aid, they were totally disappointed. 
 
 That irresistible hand, which already had wrought 
 
 so conspicuously for the relief of the country, com- 
 
 Sept. 16. plcted its salvation. The duke D'Anville waited 
 
 till the 16th of the month for the arrival of the re» 
 
 mainder of his fleet, and not one ship of war, nor 
 
 any of the fleet, except three transports, arriving, he 
 
 The duke was SO affcctcd witli disappointment and chagrin, 
 
 Ses"sept ^^^^^ ^^ brought on an apoplectic fit, or he drank poi- 
 
 16. ' son, and died suddenly the same morning. 
 
 In the afternoon after his death the vice admiral, 
 D'Estournelle, with four ships of the line, came into 
 port. As the French troops had been long on board, 
 before they sailed, and had a tedious passage, they 
 arrived in an extremely sickly and miserable condi- 
 tion. Tiie admiral was dead, and Conflans returned 
 to France. Of four ca))ital ships, the Ardent, Ca- 
 ribou, Mars, and Alcide, they had been deprived. 
 The Argonaute fire ship was also missing. In these 
 circumstances D'Estournelle, on the eighteenth, call- 
 ed a council of his oHicers, and, as they had not half 
 1 
 
 • DongUiss, vol. 1. p. 312, 323. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 331 
 
 the force designed for the expedition, proposed to chap. 
 
 return to France. Monsieur de la Jonquiere, goverxi- 
 
 our of Canada, was on board the Northumberland, 1745. 
 and next in command to the vice admiral ; he. Division 
 with others of the council, for seven or eight my'scoun* 
 hours, strenuously opposed the vice admiral's pro- cii. 
 posal. They insisted, that the sick men, with fresh 
 air arid provisions, would soon recover, and that they 
 were able, at least, to reduce Annapolis and Nova 
 Scotia : That after that they might winter safely in 
 Casco bay, or return to France, as might best suit 
 their inclinations. The debate issued in the rejec- 
 tion of the admiral's proposition. This so extreme- 
 ly agitated his spirits, that it brought on a fever 
 and threw him into a delirium. A divine terror 
 seemed to fall upon him. He imagined he was D'Estoui-- 
 among the English, ran himself through and was npue kiUs 
 no more.* Jonquiere, a man of skill and experi- ''"'^^"• 
 ence in war, succeeded him, and the expectations 
 of the fleet and army were much raised. From this 
 time the reduction of Amiapolis and Nova Scotia, 
 became the object of the expedition. 
 
 The troops were landed with a view to the recov- Mortality 
 ery of their health, and the Acadians and Indians am- F^e°n"ch^^^^ 
 ply furnished them with fresh provisions. Neverthe- and in- 
 less dysenteries and a scorbutic, putrid fever occa- ^''^"^• 
 sioned a very great mortality among them. The 
 Nova Scotia Indians took the contagion, and by it 
 lost not less than one third of their whole number.f 
 
 Governour Shirley, supposing that he had receiv- 
 ed authentic intelligence of the sailing of admiral 
 Lestock for America, sent off an express to carry 
 the intelligence to Louisburg. The packet was tak- 
 en by the French, and carried into Chebucto, on the 
 eleventh of October. This probably accelerated 
 their sailing, and determined them to return directly 
 to France, without making any attempt upon Annap- 
 olis. On the 13th of October, they sailed from 
 
 * Hutch, vol. ii. p. 427, 428, | Douglass, vol. i. p. 322, 
 
332 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 GHAP. Chebucto. Two days after sailing they were over- 
 taken \vith a severe cold storm, which, without in- 
 1746. termission, continued to increase for two days, so 
 Oct. 13, that the fleet was exceedingly scattered. Two only, 
 safuS"^^ a fifty and a thirty six gun ship, got into the bay of 
 France. Fundi. The latter came into the bason, and put ou 
 shore an express certifying De Ramsay, that the 
 French fleet were returning to France. These ships 
 were discovered from the fort at Annapolis, and the 
 Chester man of war, the Shirley frigate, and a small 
 armed vessel, well manned with troops from the garri- 
 son, went out in chase of them ; but they made their 
 S'ucces- escape to France. Thus having buried two admirals 
 sion of dis- and nearly half their army at Chebucto, they returned, 
 ^^^^^' without effecting the least enterprise against the col- 
 onies. The French burnt the Caribou, the Mars was 
 taken,on her return, by the Nottingham, just as she ar- 
 rived on the coast of France. The Alcide was driven 
 on shore by the Exeter and burnt. This was the 
 fate of the grand French armada, sent against New 
 England. 
 
 Such a succession of disasters as pursued the 
 French, from the day they sailed from France, till 
 they returned, is rarely to be found in the history of 
 human events. The restraints put upon this mighty 
 armament, and the protection of New England, was 
 little less remarkable, than the defeat of the Assyrian 
 monarch, and the defence of Jerusalem, when, after 
 his vast preparations and haughty menaces, he was 
 not suffered to go against her, nor to shoot an arrow 
 there. Like him, the enemy returned with uncom- 
 mon loss and shame, to their own land. 
 The res- ^i\-^q niinistrv well knew of the sailing: of this for- 
 
 cue or the • i i i "^ , " i .• 
 
 colonics io miuable armament, yet seem to have cared very Iit- 
 bcuscnb- tie wliat might be the consequence to the colonics. 
 vine°inter- '^^^ ^'^'.^ "i^'^^iirc" which they seem to have taken in 
 position, consequence of its sailing, was an order to admiral 
 Townsliend to sail with his squadron, from the 
 West Indies, to reinforce commodore Knowles at 
 
UNITED STATES ®F AMERICA. 334 
 
 Louisburg.* These combined squadrons were more chap. 
 than a match for the French fleet, in their distressed ^^' 
 
 circumstances ; but they made not the least attempt ^--^g 
 for its destruction or annoyance. No admiral on 
 the American station, this year, appears to have act- 
 ed with any tolerable spirit. Indeed there was no 
 exertion of military skill or prowess, no employment 
 of policy, nor the adoption of a single measure, in 
 Europe or America, which appeared to have had the 
 least influence in the preservation of the country. 
 The whole glory of that remarkable salvation, which 
 it experienced, appeared to be due to Him only, whose 
 kingdom ruleth over all. Pious men saw this in a 
 strong point of light, and in their most lively and 
 public devotions ascribed the glory to Him. 
 
 When it appeared that the expedition against Can- 
 ada was likely to fail, governour Shirley's enterpris- 
 ing genius influenced him to project an attempt, in 
 conjunction with the other colonies, upon the French 
 fortress at Crown Point. For this purpose four 
 months provisions, fifteen hundred, men, tents, ord- 
 nance, and ammunition were forwarded to New 
 York ; but the great sickness which prevailed in Al- 
 bany, and the alarm which D'Anville's armament 
 spread through the colonies frustrated the design. 
 
 A considerable part of the troops, raised for the 
 expedition against Canada, were kept in pay till 
 September, seventeen hundred forty seven. Some 
 were sent to reinforce the garrison at Annapolis, 
 others were employed for the defence of the frontiers, 
 but a considerable part were wholly inactive. 
 
 De Ramsay, who had got together an army of ^g R^m- 
 sixteen or seventeen hundred French and Indians at sav de- 
 Annapolis, receiving intelligence that the French fleet ^*"'P*" 
 were returned to France, decamped, and returned 
 to Minas. His design was to canton his men here, 
 and at Checonicto, that he might have them in read- 
 iness to join the armament, which he expected from 
 
 * Douglass, vol, i. p. 343, 344. 
 
334 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 IX. 
 
 1-46. 
 
 Troops at 
 Minas 
 surprised, 
 Jan. 31, 
 1747. 
 
 Prepara- 
 tions of 
 the 
 French. 
 
 France the next spring, for the reduction of An- 
 napolis. 
 
 Governoiir Mascarene of Annapolis having rep- 
 resented that a thousand men, to reinforce that and 
 the neighbouring posts, might be sufficient not only 
 for their defence, but to drive the enemy from that 
 quarter, the three colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, and New Hampshire, voted the complete 
 number. The Massachusetts sent on five hundred 
 men. The three hundred from Rhode Island were 
 shipwrecked on their passage, near Martha's Vine- 
 yard; and the troops from New Hampshire, after 
 they were on their passage, put back, and never 
 proceeded. These failures were the occasion of what 
 afterwards befel the Massachusetts soldiers. 
 
 They were cantoned in a loose manner at Minas. 
 De Ramsay having advice of their situation, detached 
 about six hundred men under M. Culon and M. La 
 Corn, with a view to dispossess them of that post. The 
 last of January, they surprised, killed, and captivated 
 about a hundred and sixty of the men, who were 
 scattered in small parties. Colonel Noble who com- 
 manded the corps was among the slain. By this 
 time the main body v/ere collected, but as they had 
 lost their commander, were inferior in numbers, and 
 had little ammunition, they capitulated, engaging not 
 to bear arms against the French, in Nova Scotia, 
 during one year. They were to march off with six 
 days provision, arms shouldered, drums beating, 
 and colours flying. 
 
 Notwithstanding the uncommon misfortunes at- 
 tending the duke D'Anville's fleet, the last year, the 
 French determined to renew their attempts against 
 the British settlements, both in North America and 
 the East Indies. With this view two squadrons 
 were equipped. That for North America was com- 
 manded by De la Jonquiere, governour of Quebec : 
 that destined for the East Indies, by M. de St. George. 
 The fleets made a junction, and early in the spring sail- 
 ed from Rochelle. The whole consisted of six ships 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 335 
 
 6f the line, six frigates, and four East India ships fit- ^^i^^- 
 
 ted like men of war ; with twenty nine merchant 
 
 ships and transports. The ministry despatched the 1747. 
 admirals, Anson and Warren, with thirteen ships of 
 the line and several frigates in quest of the enemy. Delajon- 
 On the third of May, they came up with the French qui^ie's 
 Squadrons ; when the English commenced a furious MayV. 
 engagement. De la Jonquiere maintained it with 
 equal courage and conduct, till finally, overpowered 
 with numbers, he was obliged to strike to the Brit- 
 ish flag. Ten ships were taken, the six ships of the 
 line, and the four East Indiamen. De la Jonquiere, 
 four or five thousand men, some bullion, and large 
 sums of money, were taken with the ships.* Thus 
 did Providence again interpose for the preservation 
 of the English colonies in America. 
 
 De Ramsay, on advice of the defeat of De la Jon- 
 quiere, returned to Canada, and the French gave no 
 further trouble in Nova Scotia. 
 
 During this war the Canada, Cape Sable, St. 
 John's, Penobscot, and Norridgewock Indians were 
 hostile, so that the frontiers did not escape alarms 
 and molestation. They burnt the foit and a num- 
 ber ofdwelling houses at St. George's, and destroy- 
 ed a great number of cattle. They in a man- 
 ner destroyed Saratoga the last year, and had 
 been so troublesome this, that the garrison abandon- 
 ed the place, brought off the stores and ordnance, 
 and burnt the fort. Damages were also done on 
 Connecticut river, on the frontiers of the Massachu- 
 setts and New Hampslure. But the frontiers suffer- 
 ed very little in comparison with what they had done 
 in former wars. The Indians were 2:reatlv dimin- 
 ished in their numbers, and many were withdrawn 
 to the frontiers of Canada. Sometimes they were 
 kept at home for the defence of that country, and, 
 at others, they were engaged to be in readiness to 
 assist the French, in their great enterprises against 
 
 * Rider's Hist. voLxxxix. p. 92, 93. 
 
336 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the English colonies. These prevented their doing 
 ^^' mischief in small parties. 
 
 jjr4g Towards the close of this year a general inactivity 
 
 and ianguishmcnt appeared among the belligerent 
 
 powers, indicating that they were neajly exhausted, 
 
 and verging towards a general pacification. 
 
 April 30, Accordingly, the next April, preliminaries were 
 
 1748. signed at Aix la Chaptlle, and in a few days a cessa- 
 
 Definitive tion of hostilities was proclaimed. The definitive 
 
 treaty, treaty was completed on the seventh of October. 
 
 Prisoners on all sides were to be released without a 
 
 ransom, and all conquests to be restored. 
 
 Thus after nearly ten years war, in which there 
 had been a vast expense of blood and treasure, the 
 parties had gained nothing. On cool reflection, it 
 could hardly be told for what reasons a war had been 
 undertaken, which had so embroiled, exhausted, and 
 depopulated so considerable a part of Europe. In 
 this manner do princes play off the peace,' treasures, 
 and lives of their subjects. 
 Expense The expcuscs of the northern colonies, including 
 New England and New York, during this war, can- 
 not be estimated at less than about a million sterling. 
 The bills issued by the Massachusetts for between 
 two and three years of the war, amounted to between 
 two and three millions currency. At the time of 
 emission, five or six hundred pounds were equal to 
 one hundred sterling. Governour Hutchinson sup- 
 poses, that the real consideration, which the govern- 
 ment received from the people, was nearly four hun- 
 dred thousand pounds sterling.* He gives it as his 
 opinion, that, for the term of between two and three 
 years of the war, the province of the Massachusetts 
 paid two hundred thousand pounds sterling, besides 
 the annual taxes, which were as high as the people 
 could bear. By the account which Douglass gives, 
 the expense of that province, in the expedition against 
 Cape Breton, was not less than four hundred thou- 
 
 • Hutch. Hist. vol. ii, p. 45.5. 
 
 erf the war. 
 
UNfTED STATES OF AMERICA. 337 
 
 sand pounds sterling. That province therefore, chap. 
 during the war, must have been at the expense of ^^' 
 more than half a million sterling. The other three ^,48 
 New England colonies, with New York, probably 
 expended nearly an equal sum. The expenses of 
 South Carolina were very great, as has been noticed 
 in a preceding chapter. All the colonies suffered 
 in their trade and husbandry. 
 
 In the close of the war especially, they sustained Lossofthe 
 very great losses in their shipping and commerce, colonies. 
 The ships which had been stationed on the coast 
 for the protection of the trade, were called off to 
 form a squadron under admiral Knowles, for the re- 
 duction of St. Jago, the capital of Cuba. While the 
 coasts w^ere left bare, the French privateers seized 
 their opportunity, and carried off from the colonies 
 many of their vessels without the least molestation. 
 They became so bold as to sail up Delaware river 
 almost to Philadelphia. They ventured up many 
 leagues into Chesapeak bay, and sailed up Cape Fear 
 river in North Carolina.* 
 
 In the expeditions against Cuba and Louisburg, 
 in garrisoning the latter, and in the defence of Nova 
 Scotia, New England lost three or four thousand of 
 her young men. Such were the losses of the two 
 colonies of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 
 in this and the last Indian war, that from seventeen 
 hundred twenty two, to seventeen hundred forty 
 nine, a term of twenty seven years, there had been 
 no increase of their numbers. This was a term in 
 which, otherwise, they would have more than doubled 
 the number of their inhabitants. At the time, when 
 governour Hutchinson wrote his history, f he ob- 
 served, " It is probable that there would have been 
 two hundred thousand souls more than there are at 
 this time, in New England, if the French had been 
 expelled from Cinada an hundred years ago." The 
 wars \\-ith the French and Indians of Canada, first 
 
 * Douglass, vol. i.p. 343, 344, and 564. f irSg. 
 
 Vol. I. 43 
 
338 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and last, swept off great numbers of the inhabitants 
 
 ^ of New York, as well as of New England. The 
 
 1743 employment of so many men in the late war, and for 
 so many years, with the loss sustained, was a great 
 check to population, exceedingly retarded the exten- 
 sion of settlement and the cultivation of the country. 
 
 In this war the colonies had exhibited the most 
 striking evidences of their loyalty and zeal, in his 
 majesty's service. But neither from these, nor from 
 all their losses and expenditures, did they derive any 
 considerable advantage to themselves. Though it 
 be true, that the crown, in some good pai't, repaid 
 the bare expense of the expedition to Louisburg, 
 yet this did by no means compensate the coun- 
 try. She had nothing to compensate her loss 
 of men, or the damages sustained by the depre- 
 ciation of the currency, nor her numerous other 
 losses and services. Great Britain engrossed all the 
 advantages of the reduction of Louisburg. It was 
 finally given up, to recover what had been lost in 
 Germany, and to purchase peace for the nation. 
 The prodigious quantities of clothing, arms, and 
 ammunition purchased by the colonies, for their sol- 
 diery, while it greatly impoverished them, increased 
 the trade of Great Britain, and was no inconsiderable 
 emolument to the parent state. 
 
 The colonies were obliged, during the war, to 
 emit such sums in bills of credit, that they were 
 scarcely able to redeem them before the commence- 
 ment of the next French war. Before the complete 
 redemption of the bills, in those colonies where 
 their credit was the best supported, the depreciation 
 Avas nearly twenty for one. This was a great injury 
 to commerce, public credit, and the morals of the 
 people, for years after the termination of the war. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. S39 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 French war, 1755. Reasons of the war. Colonel Washington's ex- 
 pedition. Convention at Albany. Expedition against Nova Scotia, 
 Fort du Qiiesne, Crown Point, and Niag-ara. Success in Nova Sco- 
 tia. General Braddock defeated by the French and Indians, Baron 
 Dieskau defeated and taken by general Johnson. Unhappy divis- 
 ion of the southern colonies. Colonel Bradstreet defeats a party of 
 the enemy. Oswego taken. Inactivity of Lord Loudon. Conduct 
 of the southern colonies. Comparison between the campaigns of 
 1755 and 1756. 
 
 _L/URING the term of about seven years after the chap. 
 treaty of Aix la Chapelle the colonies enjoj^ed generd ^' 
 tranquillity. They vigorously addressed themselves """" 
 to the arts of peace. By industry, economy, popula- 
 tion, the extension of their settlements, and ihe in- 
 crease of commerce, they were muking strenuous 
 exertions to recover themselves from the losses 
 and impoverishment, which they had sustained by 
 the preceding war. As the great number of bills of 
 credit, which had been thrown into circulation, had 
 injured trade, wounded the public credit, and had an 
 ill effect on the morals of the country, particular at- 
 tention was paid to the restoration of public credit 
 and the remedying of these evils. These were mat- 
 ters of capital importance to the general prosperity. 
 While the colonies were prosecuting these great 
 objects, the French were making encroachments 
 on their eastern, northern, and western frontiers : 
 They were also attempting, in such a manner, to ^^.^^^h. 
 compass the colonists with a line of posts and fortifi- encroach, 
 cations, as, that, in case of war, their frontiers would ™^"^^- 
 be exposed to the continual alarms and devastation 
 of the French and their Indians. Though the whole 
 country of Acadia or Nova Scotia, had been expressly 
 ceded to Great Britain, by the twelfth article of 
 the treaty of Utrecht, and that cession had been 
 confirmed by all subsequent treaties ; yet the French 
 
340 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, claimed a considerable i^art of that country ; and in 
 
 several places, were erecting fortifications. At the 
 
 1749. northward, they had encro'iched on the English, by 
 the settlement and fortifiearions at Crown Point. At 
 the westward, they were not only attempting to com- 
 plete a line of forts, from the head of St. Lawrence 
 to Missisippi, but were encroaching far on Vir- 
 ginia. 
 Reasonsof While Under the auspices of peace, agriculture 
 the war. ^^^^ muritline conmerce flourished on her coasts, 
 the Indian trade drew many of her wandering traders 
 far into the inland country, beyond the great moun- 
 tains. Here they found themselves in a delightful 
 climate, exuberantly fruitful, and watered with many 
 fair and navigable rivers. It was apprehended, tliat 
 these advantages, in conjunction with the Indian 
 trade, would amply compensate its distance from tlic 
 sea. A number of noblemen, merchants, and plant- 
 ers of Westminster, London, and Virginia, called 
 the Ohio company, obtained a charter grant, of 
 six hundred thousand acres, on and near the Ohio 
 river. In pursuance of the terms of their patent, the 
 1751. lands were surveyed, about two years after the grant, 
 and settlements were soon made. 
 
 The governour of Canada, had early intelligence 
 of the transactions of the compan}^, and was alarmed 
 with apprehensions, that they were prosecuting a plan, 
 which would effectually deprive the French ojf the 
 advantages, which they derived from their trade with 
 the Twightwees ; and what was still worse, would 
 cut off" the communication between the colonies of 
 Canada and Louisiana. The French claimed all the 
 country from the Missisippi, as far in upon A'^irginia, 
 as the i^lleghany mountains. This claim was found- 
 ed on the pretence, that they were the first discover- 
 ers of that 1 ivcr. To secure their claims and pre- 
 serve the communication between their two colonics 
 of Canada and Louisiana, they had not only erected 
 a fort on the south side of lake Erie, but one 
 about fifteen miles south of that, on a branch of the 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ,34^ 
 
 Ohio, and another at the conflux of the Ohio and the chap. 
 Wabache. Nothing could be more directly calcu- 
 lated to dash a favourite plan of France, than the set- 
 tlement of the Ohio. 
 
 The governour of Canada therefore wrote to the 
 governours of New York and Pennsylvania, represent- 
 ing that the English traders had encroached on the 
 French, by trading with their Indians, and threatening 
 that if they would not desist, tb.at he would seize 
 them wherever they should be found. 
 
 The Indian trade had been managed principally by 
 the Pennsylvanians; but the Ohio company were now 
 about to divert it to a different channel. By opening 
 a road through the country, and erecting a trading 
 house at Will's creek, they were, by the Patomac, 
 conducting it directly to Virginia. The Pennsyl- 
 vanians, influenced by a spirit of selfishness and re- 
 venge, gave early intelligence, both to the French 
 and Indians, of the designs and transactions of the 
 company. The French governour, therefore, put 
 his menaces into ej<ecution. A party of French 
 and Indians seized the British traders, among the 
 Twightwees, and carried them to their fort on the 1753. 
 south side of lake Erie. The Twightwees, resenting 
 the injury done to the British traders, their allies, 
 made reprisals on the French, and sent several of 
 their traders to Pennsylvania. The French however 
 persisted in their claims and continued to strengthen 
 their fortifications. 
 
 The Indians at the same time, jealous that settle- 
 ments were about to be made on their lands, without 
 purchase or consent from them, threatened the set- 
 tlers. These claims and encroachments of the 
 French, and threats of the Indians, struck at the very 
 existence of the Ohio company. Complaints were 
 therefore made to lieutenant governour Dinwiddie, 
 of Virginia, r.nd the province began to interest 
 themselves warmly in the affair. The Indians were, 
 in some measure, pacified, by a pretended m.essage 
 delivered them from the king. M;ijor Washington 
 
342 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, •^vas despatched to Mr. St. Pierre, the French com- 
 
 ' mandant on the Ohio, to demand the reasons of his 
 
 57-54 hostile conduct, and, at the same time, to insist on 
 the withdraw ment of his troops. A party of Virgin- 
 ians were also sent forward to erect a fort at the con- 
 flux of the Ohio and Monongahela. 
 
 The French commander denied the charge of hos- 
 tility, and was so far from withdrawing his forces, 
 that he made an absokite claim of the country, as the 
 property of the French king, and declared that, 
 agreeai)ly to his instructions, he would seize and 
 send prisoner to Canada, every Englishman, who 
 should attempt to trade on the Ohio or any of its 
 branches. 
 
 Before the Virginians had finished their designed 
 fortifications on die Ohio, the French came upon 
 them, and, driving them out of the country, erected 
 a regular fort on the very ground where they had 
 begun their fortifications. This fortress, which was 
 called du Quesne, very much commanded the en- 
 trance of the whole country on the Ohio and Missi- 
 sippi.* This gave a general aUu'm not only to the 
 colonies, but to Great Britain. 
 
 It was easily foreseen, that if the French should 
 unite Canada with their settlements at the mouth of 
 the Missisippi, by a possession of that vast country, 
 which lies between them, that the colonies would not 
 only sustain the loss of a great part of their country, 
 and all share in the Indian trade ; but, that in time 
 of war, their frontiers would be exposed to continual 
 alarm and danger. They must also be subjected 
 to the ruinously expensive and imj^racticable de- 
 fence of a frontier more than a thousand miles in 
 length. On the contrary if the designs of France on 
 Nova Scotia and the Ohio, could be defeated, it 
 
 • In these ravages the Frcncli destro)ed all tlic English traders but 
 two, and plundered them of skins and otlier coinnioditics to the 
 amount of twenty thousand pounds. They finally came on from Ve- 
 nang'o, with a thousand men, and ( ighteen pieces of cannon, in three 
 hundred canoes, drove oil' the Virginians and built fort du Qiicsnc. 
 Rider's Hist. vol. xl. p. 71. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 343 
 
 would entirely disunite their colonies : and, as the chap. 
 entrance into the one, is in the winter season shut up ■^• 
 by frost, and as that into the other is always difficult, by ~^^ 
 reason of the banks, at the mouth of the Missisippi, 
 ihey would consequently become of little value to 
 France. It was also foreseen that the fortune of 
 these colonies would immediately affijct their settle- 
 ments in the West Indies. As these points were 
 fully comprehended by both nations, they were 
 equally determined to maintain their respective 
 claims. 
 
 No sooner therefore were the British ministry ac- 
 quainted with the claims and conduct of the French, 
 than they instructed the Virginians, by force of arms 
 to resist their encroachments. Orders were given 
 that several independent companies in America should 
 assist the Virginians. Major Washington was ad- 
 vanced to the rank of a colonel, and appointed to coione! 
 command the troops destined to remove the French Washing- 
 encroachments on the Ohio, On the first notice *o"'s ex- 
 captain James Mackay marched with his independent 
 company from South Carolina, to the assistance of 
 the Virginians. Two other companies were ordered 
 from New York on the same service. Colonel Wash- 
 ington, without waiting for the companies from New 
 York, determined to advance with the Virginians and 
 Mackay 's company, consisting of about four hundred 
 men. In May the colonel fell in with a party from Ma)' 28. 
 fort du Quesne, under the command of one Jamon- defeats ja- 
 ville, whom he totally defeated. De Villier, who 
 commanded at fort du Quesne, incensed at this de- 
 feat, marched down upon him, with nine hundred 
 men besides Indians. The colonel had thrown up 
 some imperfect works, which were with propriety 
 termed fort Necessity ; hoping to defend himself in 
 his post, till he should be reinforced, by the compa- 
 nies expected from New York. Within these works, 
 he made so brave and obstinate a defence, that De 
 Villier finding he had desperate men to combat, of- 
 
344 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, lered him an honourable capitulation. This he ac- 
 ''"' ceptud, and retreated with his party to Virginia. 
 1754. Instructions had been sent early the same year, 
 July 3. from the lords oi' trade and plantatioud, recommend- 
 ing a meeting of commissioners, from the several 
 colonies, to concert a plan of union and defence 
 against the common enemy ; and, in his majesty's 
 name, to effect a league of friendship betv\een the 
 colonies and the Indian nations bordering on them. 
 The colonics generally manifested a cheerful com- 
 pliance with the recommendation. But, as in former 
 wars, some colonies had done nmch, and others scarce- 
 ly any thing, to the great injury of the common cause, 
 it was now earnestly wished tliat each colony might 
 be obliged to do its equal projjortion. It was also 
 desired, that, as the Five Nations of Indians had 
 been under the direction of particular governours 
 and states, and had been too often influenced to 
 measures subservient to the interests of individual 
 persons, or of particular colonies, rather than to such 
 as were beneficial to the general interest, the man- 
 agement of their affairs might be under some general 
 direction ; which should contribute to the safety 
 April 10. anj welfare of the colonies collectively. The gen- 
 eral court of the Massachusetts presented their de- 
 sires to governour Shirley, that he would " Pray his 
 majesty, that affairs which related to the Six Nations 
 and their allies, may be put under some general di- 
 rection, as his majesty shall think proper : That the 
 several governments may be obliged to bear their 
 ])roj)ortions of defending his majesty's territories 
 against the encroachments of the French, and the 
 ravages and incursions of the Indians." 
 j„i^. In the summer there was a general convention of 
 
 GciK r:.i governours and principal men of the several colonies 
 convcM- .jj. 4i[)Q,-,y^ It ^yj^y ^\^^. unanimous opinion of the 
 
 lion ut Al- .- . ,. 11 1 1 • 
 
 baiiy. convention, that an union oi all the colonies was 
 absolutely necessary, for the common defence. The 
 plan which, the convention proposed was, " That a 
 grand council should be formed of members chosen 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 345 
 
 by the assemblies, and sent from all the colonies, chap. 
 
 which council, with a governour general, to be ap- '__ 
 
 pointed by the crown, should be empowered to make ^734 
 general laws, to raise money in all the colonies for Pianofihe 
 the defence of the whole."* Could such an estab- c'^nven- 
 lishment be once effected, the colonies imagined 
 themselves competent to their own defence against 
 the combined force of the French and their Indians. 
 Several of the colonies, in former wars, had defended 
 themselves against them, unassisted eitlier by Great 
 Britain or their sister colonies. Their united force 
 therefore, they judged, would certainly be sufficient. 
 But this plan did not meet the approbation of the Rejected 
 ministry. They were too cautious to trust such ^l ^]^^ 
 
 •'.,,•'. . ministry. 
 
 powers With the Americans. 
 
 They had formed a very different plan. It was Minister!. 
 that the governours of the colonies, with one or more ai plan. 
 of their council, should form a convention, to concert 
 measures for the general defence, erect such fortifi- 
 cations, and raise such numbers of men, as they 
 should think proper, with power to draw on the Brit- 
 ish treasury for such sums as they judged necessary, 
 and that the colonies should reimburse the treasury, 
 by taxes imposed on them by acts of parliament. A 
 subtle and base contrivance, to provide for favour- 
 ites, sap the liberties, and engross the wealth of the 
 colonies, and at once to fix them down in perpetual 
 poverty and slavery. The colonies too well knew 
 the imprudence and rapacity of king's governours, 
 their embezzlement of public monies, their igno- 
 rance of the true interests of the colonies, their want 
 of affection for the people ; and how many of them 
 came into America to make their fortunes, tamely to 
 commit their liberty, property, and safety, to their 
 management. They were at an equal remove from Disap- 
 resigning their property to the disposal of a British proved by- 
 parliament. In the colonies it received not the least nigs!^ °' 
 countenance, but met the universal disapprobation. 
 
 * The j^cntlemcn from Connecticut dissented from this plan as dan- 
 gerous to tlie liberties of the colonics. 
 
 Vol. I. 4i 
 
346 ^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. On the reception of the news of colonel Washing- 
 ^' ton's defeat, the British court remonstrated against 
 1754 ^^^^ conduct of the French : but receiving nothing 
 but evasive answers and professions of peace from 
 the court of France, gave orders for a vigorous 
 preparation for war. The colonics were directed to 
 arm, and act with united exertions against the ene- 
 my. Four expeditions were planned. One against 
 the French on the Ohio, under the command of gen- 
 Generai g^al Braddock, a second against Nova Scotia, a third 
 embujks agaiust Crown romt, and a fourth agamst Niagara, 
 for Amt-r- About the middle of January, general Braddock em- 
 1755 " barked at Cork, with fifteen hundred regulars for 
 Virginia. After a passage of about six weeks he 
 arrived at the place of destination. 
 
 The French, while they spoke nothing but peace, 
 made vigorous jireparations for the support of dieir 
 French ar- claims in America. F^arly in the spring they had a 
 powerful armament ready to sail for Canada. It 
 consisted of twenty ships of the line, exclusive of 
 frigates and transports. On board were great quan- 
 tities of military stores, and four thousand regular 
 troops, under the command of baron Dieskau. 
 Admiral Admirals Boscawen and Holborn, with seventeen 
 BoscHwen gj^jpg gf t]^g i^j-jg jjud scvcu frisfatcs, with six thou- 
 
 SHI is tor ^ o ' 
 
 New- sand land forces, were despatched to watch the mo- 
 ibuiidknd. iiQi^^ of the enemy.* Admiral Boscawen sailed di- 
 rectly for Newfoundland. Soon after his arrival the 
 French fleet, under the command of M. Bors de la 
 MoUie, came also to the same station. But the thick 
 fogs which j)revail on the coasts, especially at that 
 season of the year, prevented the fleets from dis- 
 covering each other. One part of the French fleet 
 escaped up the river St. Lawrence, while anoth- 
 er part went round and got into the river by the 
 French straits of Belleisle. But while the English squad- 
 ddrami ''"'^ ^'^Y ^^ Capc Race, the southernmost point of 
 Ly» taken. Newfoundland, two Frencli ships, the Alcide of sixty 
 
 • Rider's Hist. vol. xl. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 347 
 
 four guns and four hundred and eighty men, and the chap. 
 
 Lys, pierced for sixty four, but mounting twenty two 
 
 guns only, having on board eight companies of land 1755 
 forces, fell in with the Dunkirk, captain Howe, and 
 the Defiance, captain Andrews ; and, after a sharp en- 
 gitgement, which lasted several hours, were taken. 
 On board were found a considerable number of offi- 
 cers, engineers, and about eight thousand pounds in 
 money. The other French ships and troops arrived 
 safe in Canada, and were the principal means of the 
 misfortunes which, for sometime after, attended the 
 English colonies. 
 
 In the spring the colonies, especially the northern, 
 were all activity and exertion, in making preparations 
 for the several expeditions which were to be carried 
 into execution. Acts were passed prohibiting all 
 commerce with the French colonies. The Massa- 
 chusetts very early detached a considerable body 
 of troops to Nova Scotia. The expedition in this 
 quarter was under the command of colonel Monck- 
 ton. 
 
 About the latter end of May, he proceeded up the Monck- 
 bay of Fundy, with a large body of troops, covered ton's expe^ 
 by three frigates and a sloop, under the command of lain"t No- 
 captain Rouse, to dislodge the enemy from that quar- va Smtia. 
 ter. On his arrival at Malagash, he found the pas- 
 sage up the river, defended by a large number of 
 French troops, Acadians, and Indians. Four hun- 
 dred were placed in a log house with cannon mount- 
 ed. The rest of the troops were defended by a strong 
 breast- work of timbers thrown up as an out-work to 
 the block house. The English attacked them with 
 such impetuosity that in about an hour they aban- 
 doned their works, and the passage up the river was 
 opened. The army advanced, and on the twelfth of 
 June, invested the French fort of Beau-Sejour. The Beau-Se- 
 fort was taken after a bombardment of four days. jourtak^BM 
 The French had t^yenty six pieces of cannon mount- 
 ed and ample supplies of ammunition. The garris'- 
 
348 -^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, on were sent to Louisbiirg on condition of not bear- 
 
 ing arms in America for the term of six months. 
 
 i;r55 No sooner was the fort provided with a proper 
 garrison, than colonel Monckton marched still further 
 into the country, and reduced the other Frencli fort 
 on the river Gaspereau, which runs into bay Verte. 
 This was the principal magazine for supplying the 
 French Indians and Acadians with arms, ammuni- 
 tion, and all other necessaries for war. Here there- 
 fore large quantities of provisions and stores of all 
 Acadians kinds fell luto the hands of the conquerors. The coJo- 
 disarmed. j^el then proceeded to disarm the Acadians to the 
 number of fifteen thousand men.* Great numbers 
 of them were afterwards brought off into the New 
 Enghmd colonies. 
 
 Meanwhile captain Rouse, and the ships under his 
 command, sailed to St. John's river to dislodge the 
 enemy from that post. At the mouth of the river 
 they were erecting a new fort. On his approach they 
 burst their cannon, blew up their magazine, arid, as far 
 as time would permit, destroyed their works, and then 
 abandoned the post to the English. Thus, by this 
 successful expedition, the English possessed them- 
 selves of the whole country of Nova Scotia, and its 
 tranquillity was restored and put on a firm establish- 
 ment. 
 
 The two expeditions against Crown Point and Ni- 
 agara were forwarded with gieat exertion and des- 
 patch by the colonies of New England and New 
 York. The troops, for each of these enterprises, 
 were ordered to rendezvous at Albany. Most of 
 Johnson ^^^^m arrived before the end of Jime. The command 
 and Ly- of tlic expedition to Crown Point was given to gen- 
 mnnd tlT* ^^^^^ Johusou and Lyman. The troops midcr their 
 cxpedi- command, raised by New England and New York, 
 tion a- amounted to between five and six thousand men. 
 Cmwii Besides, they were joined by Hendric, sachem of the 
 Toint. Mohawks, with a considerable body of Indians. Ma- 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xl.p. 100, 102. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 349 
 
 jor general Lyman soon marched with the main body chap. 
 
 of the army along Hudson's river as far as the carry- 
 
 ing place, about fourteen miles from the south end ^,55 
 of lake George. General Johnson tarried at Albany 
 to forward the artillery, battoes, and other necessa- 
 ries for the enterprise. At the carrying place, where 
 the artillery, provisions, stores, and battoes were to 
 be landed, it was judged necessary to build a fort 
 and cast up entrenchments for their security. The 
 accomplishing of these works, carrying on the can- 
 non, provisions, stores, and battoes employed the ar- 
 my five or six weeks before they could be in readi- 
 ness to advance to the lake. 
 
 While the New Englanders were humbling the 
 French in Nova Scotia, and advancing towards 
 Crown Point, the Virginians and general Braddock Expedi- 
 had been slowly making preparations for the expedi- ^'""^""f ^^ 
 tion against the French on the Ohio. Though this Braddock. 
 with the ministry, was the favourite expedition, and 
 though the general arrived soon enough to have be- 
 gun his operations early in the spring, yet it was the 
 tenth of June before he began his march from fort 
 Cumberland, which the Virginians had built at Will's 
 Creek. This is said to have been owing to the di- 
 latoriness of the Virginians, whom he had em- 
 ployed as contractors for his army. They were al- 
 most tliree months in procuring provisions, horses, 
 and a number of waggons sufficient for the con- 
 veyance of his baggage. Some waggons were ob- 
 tained from Pennsylvania, yet, after all, but about 
 half the number for which he had contracted, were 
 procured for his service. He began his march 
 with about two thousand and two hundred men. 
 When he arrived at the great meadows, he receiv- 
 ed intelligence that the French, at fort du Quesne, 
 were in expectation of a reinforcement of five 
 hundred men. This induced him to quicken his 
 march. That he might proceed with greater expe- 
 dition, he left colonel Dunbar, with eight hundred 
 men, to bring up the provision and heavy baggage, 
 
350 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, while he pressed- forward with the rest of the army, 
 
 and Aviih such provisions and necessaries as might 
 
 1755. barely serve him, till colonel Dunbar should bring 
 up the rear. 
 Precau- Before his departure from England, much pains 
 enhim!^ had been taken to make him cautious and prepare 
 him for his command. Colonel Napier furnished 
 him with an excellent set of military instructions, 
 which he had received from the duke of Cumber- 
 land. Indeed his royal highness, in person, fre- 
 quently premonished him to be particularly watchful 
 against an ambush or surprise. When he was on his 
 march colonel Washington intreated him, with earn- 
 estness, to suffer him to precede the army, and scour 
 the woods with his rangers. But the general treated 
 this generous and necessary proposal with contempt, 
 and rashly pressed on, through thickets and danger- 
 ous defiles, without reconnoitring the woods, or ob- 
 taining any proper knowledge of the country through 
 which he was to pass. By the eighth of July, lie had 
 advanced nearly sixty miles forward of colonel Dun- 
 bar, and within twelve or fourteen miles of fort du 
 Quesne. In this situation his officers, especially Sir 
 Peter Halket, earnestly besought him to proceed with 
 circumspection, and to employ the friendly Indians, 
 in his army, as an advanced guard, against ambus- 
 cades and surprise. But he was too haughty and 
 self-sufficient to derive any benefit, even from the ex- 
 perience or wisdom of the greatest characters. The 
 next day, without any knowledge of the situation of 
 the enemy, or without any of the precautions, to 
 which he had been so repeatedly advised, he pressed 
 Braddock q,-,^ j^jji Q^jQut twclvc o'clock ; whcu he was, all on a 
 July 9^ ' sudden, saluted with a heavy and deadly fire in front 
 and on the whole of his left flank. The enemy art- 
 fully concealed themselves, and kept their fire, till 
 the whole army had time to enter the defile. Though 
 the yell and fire were tremendous, yet there was 
 scarcely an enemy to be seen. The suddenness of 
 the attack, the horrible scream of the Indians, and 
 
tiNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 35i 
 
 the slaughter made by the enemy's first fire, threw chap, 
 
 the advanced guard into the utmost panic, so that |__ 
 
 rushing back on the main body they threw the whole . 1755. 
 of the regular troops into irretrievable confusion. 
 The general at once exhibited the greatest intrepidi- 
 ty and imprudence. Instead of retreating from the 
 defile and scouring the thickets with his cannon, or 
 ordering the Virginians to drive the enemy from his 
 Hanks, he remained on the spot, giving orders for the 
 few gallant officers and men, who remained with him, 
 to form regularly, and advance to the attack of their 
 invisible enemy. But as the enemy kept up an in- 
 cessant and deadly fire his officers and men fell thick 
 about him, and five horses were killed under him. 
 The obstinacy of the general seemed to increase 
 with the danger, till at last he received a musket 
 ball through his right arm and lungs. As he fell the 
 few who remained fled in the utmost confusion. 
 The general was carried from the field, by the brav- 
 ery of lieutenant colonel Gage and another of his 
 faithful officers. 
 
 The artillery, ammunition, baggage, and the gener- 
 al's cabinet, with all his letters and instructions fell 
 a prey to the enemy. Of the latter, the French court 
 availed themselves, in their public memorials and 
 declarations. The s-eneral died of his wounds 
 four days after the defeat. Thus the loss of his own 
 life and the ruin of a fine army, were but the natural 
 consequences of his unparalleled self-sufficiency, im- 
 prudence, and obstinacy. The enemy consisted only 
 of about four or five hundred men, chiefly Indians, 
 and were not a match even for the Virginians, could 
 they have been allowed to fight in their own way. 
 
 One of the most remarkable circumstances of this Remarka- 
 unfortunate expedition, remains yet to be told. The '^'"5°^;, 
 V n'gmia militia, who had been so despised by the virginl- 
 general, and disdainfully kept in the rear, though ^'^^* 
 equally exposed with the regular troops, amidst all 
 this confusion, stood firm and unbroken. They 
 alone advanced agaiiist the enemy ; and, under col- 
 
352 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE. 
 
 CHAP, onel Washington, covering the retreat, seem to have 
 ■^" preserved the regulars from a total destruction. 
 J ^^ The loss of officers and men was very great. Sir 
 
 Loss of" Peter Halket was killed, at the head of his regiment, 
 "'cn. \yy the first fire ; and the general's secretary, son of 
 governour Shirley, soon after fell. The loss of offi- 
 cers much exceeded the common proportion. The 
 loss of men was not less than seven or eight hundred.*" 
 The flight of the army was so precipitate that it 
 never stopped till it met the rear division. This, on 
 their junction, was instantly seized with the same 
 general panic, which affected those who had been in 
 the action ; and though no enemy had been seen 
 Extraordi- during the engagement, nor afterwards, yet the army 
 and'r?"'*^ Continued retreating, without making any stand or 
 treat. considerable halt, till it reached fort Cumberland. 
 This was little less than a hundred and twenty 
 miles from the place of action. Had the troops, 
 even here, so recovered their spirits as to have made 
 a stand, they might, in some measure, have guarded 
 the frontiers, and prevented those devastations, inhu- 
 man murders and barbarities, which the French and 
 Indians, during the rest of the summer, perpetrated 
 on the western borders of Virginia and Pennsylvania. 
 But instead of adopting this prudent and salutary 
 measure, colonel Dunbar, who succeeded in com- 
 mand, leaving the sick and wounded at this post, 
 under the care of the Virginians, marched off with 
 fourteen hundred men to Philadelphia. f 
 August. Towards the last of August the army under general 
 ern army Johnson having got ou their artillery, battoes, and pro- 
 advances visions to the carrying place, at fort Edward, advanc- 
 " ^^ ** ■ ed fourteen miles to the south end of lake George. 
 Here ])reparations were making with all possible des- 
 patch for crossing the lake, as soon as the battoes 
 and cannon could be brought on. In the mean time 
 the army was encamped on a rising ground, covered 
 on the flanks by a thick wood iuid swamp, by the lake 
 
 ' Rider says he lostlialf his army, vol. xl.p. 110. | Rider, vol. xl.p.llL 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 353 
 
 in the rear, and havins^ a breast- work of trees in the chap. 
 
 front. While tlie army lay in this bituation, the In- 
 
 dian scouts, which, every day, the {general sent out ^j^^ 
 to make discoveries, brought him intelligence of a 
 large body of the enemy advancing, from Ticon- 
 deroga, by the south bay, towards fort Edward. 
 Here was a garrison of about five hundred of the 
 New York and New Hampshire troops, under the 
 command of colonel Blanchard. Immediately on the 
 reception of this intelligence, the general, compre- 
 hending the design of the enemy, to destroy the pro- 
 visions and stores at fort Edward and cut off the re- 
 treat of the army, sent expresses, one after another, 
 to the colonel, ordering him to call in all his detach- 
 ed parties and to keep his whole force within the 
 fort and entrenchments. About midnight one of 
 the expresses returned with an account that the ene- 
 my were advanced within four miles of fort Edward. 
 A council of officers was summoned, and, agreeably 
 to their opinion, early in the morning a part}-^ of a 
 thousand men, with Hendric, the Mohawk sachem, 
 and his Indians were detached to intercept the ene- 
 my. The party was commanded by colonel Will- Detach- 
 iams of the Massachusetts and colonel Whiting of |Jf"c"oL 
 Connecticut. Baron Dieskau, who marched from \viiliams. 
 Ticonderoga, with a view to cut oft' the garrison at 
 fort Edward, when he had advanced within a few 
 miles of the fort, receiving information that it was 
 fortified with cannon ; and, that the army at the lake 
 had neither lines nor cannon, agreeably to the unan- 
 imous desire of his troops, came to the resolution of 
 attacking the main camp. As he was advancing 
 within about three miles of it, his advanced parties 
 discovered the corps undrr colonel Williams, and 
 lie immediiitely laid an ambush to surprise him. 
 Notwithstanding the vigilance and keen sight of the 
 Indians the whole party were drawn into the snare. 
 The enemy instantly rose, and from almost every 
 t|uarter poured in upon them a tremendous fire. 
 Colonel Williams, the Indian sachem, and many 
 Vol. L 45 
 
554 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY Of THE 
 
 CH \P. 
 
 X. 
 
 1755. 
 Col kill- 
 ed, de- 
 tachment 
 repulsed, 
 Sept. 6. 
 
 Battle at 
 lake 
 George, 
 Sept. 6. 
 
 Other officers and men instantly fell. Under these 
 disadvamages, and pressed with superior numbers, 
 it was with the utmost difficulty, that colonel Whi- 
 ting, who succeeded in command, extricated his men 
 from this dangerous defile and secured his retreat in- 
 to the Ccimp. The enemy pressed so hard that ma- 
 ny fled singly, and some whole companies soon fol- 
 lowed their example. To prevent an entire over- 
 throw the whole were obliged to retreat with as 
 much haste as possible. 
 
 A close firing was heard in the camp, which was 
 judged to be at three or four miles distance, and ap- 
 peared to approach nearer and nearer. From this 
 circumstance, it was rightly conjectured, that the de- 
 tachment was repulsed and retreating into camp. 
 The utmost exertions were made to give the enemy 
 a proper reception. A few cannon had been 
 brought on, but diey were at the south landing 
 of the lake, half a mile, or more, from the breast- 
 work. The camp was alarmed and parties were 
 sent to bring forward such pieces of cannon as could 
 be moved with the greatest facility and despatch. 
 Fugitives from the retreating detachment, soon 
 came running into the camp. These were followed 
 by company after company, in the utmost hurry and 
 disorder. The whole party were soon in, and the 
 enemy, following close upon them, appeared in reg- 
 ular order, advancing towards the centre of the camp. 
 At about thirty rods distance, they made a litde halt, 
 and began the attack, with a brisk and heavy firing 
 of platoons. The Canadians and Indians covered the 
 flanks of the regular troops, and commenced a brisk 
 though irregular fire. The confusion in which the 
 detachment had retreated, the reports of the loss they 
 had sustained, and of the great numbers of the ene- 
 my, with the bold countenance and regularity with 
 which they began the attack, for a few minutes caus- 
 ed such a general jxmic, that it required the utmost 
 exertions of the generals to keep the men at the 
 lines ; but they had received but a few fires before 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. $55 
 
 their spirits began to rise, and they io Light with great ch \p, 
 resolution. The hnes became one continual biaze ' 
 and roar. Some pieces of artillery began to play, u^^^ 
 and so intimidated the Canadians and Indians that 
 they were scattered and retired behind trees and 
 bushes, firing at too great a distance to do execution. 
 Baron Dieskau finding that he could make no im- 
 pression on the centre of the camp, moved first to 
 the left, and then to the right, attempting, by every. 
 exertion of military art and prowess to force a pas- 
 sage. But as he was not supported by his irregu- 
 lars, and as from every part of the lines, which he at- 
 tempted to penetrate, he received a heavy and des- 
 trvictive fire, he was obliged to give over his at- 
 tempts. The provincials perceiving that the fire of 
 the enemy abated, and that they were in confusion, 
 without waiting for orders, leaped their breast-works, 
 and attacked them on all sides, with such resolution 
 and firmness, as put them to an entire rout. 
 
 When the action commenced the number of the b. Dies- 
 enemy amounted to about two thousand. Of these fj^^^g^^^'mi 
 seven hundred were killed and thirty made prisoners, taken. 
 Among the latter was baron Dieskau himself, who 
 was found at a little distance from the field, danger- 
 ously wounded, supporting himself by the stump of 
 a tree. 
 
 The loss of the provincials was about two hun- 
 dred. These were principally of the detachment 
 under colonel Williams. Of this there were killed 
 besides privates, colonel Williams, major Ashley, 
 six captains, and several subalterns. Among the 
 slain were the brave king Hendric and about forty 
 of his Indians. The only officer of distinction kill- 
 ed in the attack on the camp was the brave colonel 
 Tidcomb, who, about ten years before, had signal- 
 ized himself at the siege of Louisburg. The gen- 
 eral and major Nichols were wounded. 
 
 The next day captain M'Guines marching from M'Guines 
 fort Edward, with a detachment of a hundred and p^rtyof^ 
 twenty New Hampshire men, as a reinforcement to theFrench 
 
356 
 
 A GENERAL HISTOHY OF THE 
 
 1755. 
 
 Small cir. 
 cumstun- 
 ces occa- 
 si :n the 
 victory. 
 
 the camp, discovered between three and four hun- 
 dred of the rt- mains of the enemy, sitting by a pond 
 not far from the place where colonel Williams had 
 been defeated. Though his numbers were so infe- 
 rior to the enemy's, he made such dispositions and 
 attacked them with such impetuosity and good con- 
 duct, that after a sJiarp action, he put them to an 
 entire flight. They fled with such precipitation as 
 to leave many of their packs and other articles to 
 the conquerors. The brave captain, liowever, un- 
 fortunately received a wound, of which he died a 
 few days after his arrival in the camp.* 
 
 Several small circumstances, which seem to have 
 been merely providential, probably saved fort Ed- 
 \vard and the arm}' ; and occasioned the defeat of the 
 enemy. The report of a prisoner, whom the French 
 had taken, that the camp was entirely defenceless, 
 without lines or cannon, determined them to make 
 the attack on the main army, and probably saved 
 fort Edward : That they made not the attack two 
 days sooner, when the camp was, in fact, in the sit- 
 uation, which the prisoner had reported : and that 
 the enemy halted and began the attack at so great a 
 distance, as rendered their fire in a great measure 
 ineffectual, till the provincials had recovered their 
 spirits, and were prepared to make a manly resist- 
 ance, \vere very favourable circumstances. Had the 
 enemy reserved their fire and advanced directly to 
 the lines, without hesitation, it is not improbable, 
 that they would have gained a complete victory, with 
 less loss than they finally sustained. Had not the 
 provincials strengthened their camp w'nh lines, and 
 brought on their cannon at that very juncture, or 
 had any of these circumstances been otherwise than 
 they were, the army might have been ruined. It is 
 the glory of Providence, by small means and cir- 
 cumstances, to produce great events. The neighing 
 of a horse gave an empire to Darius. 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xl. p. 120. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 357 
 
 The action at the lake gave an immediate alarm to chap. 
 
 the country. Large reinforcements were draughted 
 
 from the militia- of the colonies, and forwarded to 1755 
 the army, with the greatest expedition. But the ab- 
 solute necessity of strong forts and gaiTisons, at the 
 carrying place, and at the lake, in which provisions 
 and stores might be safely- lodged, and by which a 
 cojnmunication might be maintained between the ar- 
 my and Albany, nov/ appeared in a much stronger 
 point of light than it had ever before done. It was Necessity 
 from Albany only that it could be supplied with pro- f^^?^'"^^^^"^" 
 visions, or be reinforced on any emergency. It was 
 only by keeping this communication open, that the 
 retreat of the army could be secured. Therefore, 
 though it was reinforced, it was judged unsafe to pass 
 the lake till a good fort was erected at the south land- 
 ing of lake George, and the works at fort Edward 
 were strengthened and rendered more complete. 
 
 It was easily foreseen, that, by the time the ne- 
 <;essary preparations could be made, it would be too 
 late to proceed to Crown Point this campaign, and 
 all thoughts of it v/cre laid aside. But that every 
 thing might be in the best state of readiness, as soon 
 as the spring should open, the army addressed them- 
 selves, with the utmost diligence, to complete the 
 works proposed. A fort was erected at lake George, 
 and the works at fort Edward were completed. The 
 army were employed in these services till the latter 
 end of November. The troops then decamped, and, 
 excepting those who kept garrison, returned to their 
 respective colonies. 
 
 Though the expedition against Crown Point had 
 failed as to its main object, yet the management of it, 
 had been with such spirit and prudence, as was high- 
 ly applauded b}' his majesty and the whole nation. General 
 From his majesty the general received the honour J'^'^nson 
 of a baronet, and from the British parliament a pres- ^^'" ° 
 ent of five thousand pounds.* 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xl. p. 121. 
 
358 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. The army commanded by governour Shirley cou- 
 
 sisted of two thousand and five hundred men. But 
 
 1755 his preparations were deficient and his measures so 
 Expedi- slow and dilatory that he effected nothing of any great 
 cainst Ni- i'^npo^tance. It was towards the middle of July be- 
 agarafaiis. fore the first division of his army marched from Al- 
 bany. It was the eighteenth of August before the 
 general arrived at Os\\ ego, and it was the last of the 
 month before the artillery and the rear division of 
 the army arrived. The great distance betAveen Al- 
 bany and Oswego, made the transportation of pro- 
 visions, ammunition, and stores an exceedingly diffi- 
 cult business. On the news of general Braddock's 
 defeat many of his battoe men dispersed and ran 
 home, by reason of which a sufficient quantity of 
 provisions could not be carried on for the troops. 
 Therefore, though a number of good vessels 
 and a vast number of boats were built, to con- 
 vey the army across the lake to Niagam, and 
 though the general hud brought on a fine tram 
 of artillery, yet he could not proceed for want of 
 provisions. Even as late as the twenty sixth of 
 September, he had hardly provisions sufficient to 
 proceed with six hundred ujcn only. Beside the 
 rainy season was now come on, and it was judged 
 impracticable to proceed. The rest of the season 
 was therefore spent in erecting barracks and two 
 new forts. The ground on which the old fort was 
 built, in seventeen hundred twenty seven, was 
 chosen rather for the agreeableness of its situation, 
 than for defence against a regular siege. One fort 
 therefore, was built on the east side of the river On- 
 ondago, called fort Ontario. This was about four 
 hundred and fifty yards distant from the old fort, and 
 was designed to command that and the entrance of 
 the harbour. The oth"er was four hundred and fif- 
 ty yards west of the old fort called Os\vego. Colo- 
 nel Mercer and seven hundred men were left at Os- 
 wego to garrison the forts ; and the rest of the army 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 359 
 
 decamped on the twenty fourth of October and return- ch ap. 
 cd to Albany. |__ 
 
 Thus ended the campaign of seventeen hundred 1755 
 fifty five. Notwithstanding the prodigious exertions 
 of the colonies, the French were not dispossessed of a 
 single fortress, on their northern or western frontiers. 
 They and their Indian allies, not only ravaged the Ravages 
 western frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania dur- ^J|^^"p^nn* 
 ing the summer, but they continued plundering, syivanla. 
 burning, and laying them waste, murdering and cap- 
 tivating the inhabitants, during the whole winter.* 
 
 Doubtless it will appear extraordinary, if not, in a 
 measure, unaccountable, that while New England 
 and New York, were raising such powerful armies, 
 the wealthy and numerous colonies of Pennsylvania, 1756. 
 Maryland, and Virginia, should suffer a small num- 
 ber of French and Indians, with impunity, to be thus 
 continually alarming and wasting the country, capti- 
 vating, murdering, and committing all manner of 
 barbarities on their inhabitants. This is to be ac- 
 counted for, principally, on the account of their di- 
 visions. These originated partly from clashing Divisions 
 interests between the colonies, but chiefly from differ- soiitifem 
 ences between the people, and royal and proprietary colonies. 
 governours. Pennsylvania were entirely opposed to the 
 Ohio company for reasons which have been men- 
 tioned. Her inhabitants seem rather to have en- 
 couraged the French and Indians at first. After- 
 wards, when they themselves felt the effects of their 
 inhumanity, the misunderstanding between them and 
 governour Morris frustrated their best concerted 
 plans. When the assembly of the province became 
 convinced of the absolute necessity of erecting forts 
 and maintaining a standing military force, for the 
 defence of their western frontier, and passed a bill of 
 fifty thousand pounds, for that purpose, he absolute- 
 ly refused giving his assent to it, because the estates 
 of the proprietors were taxed equally with the estates 
 
 • Rider's Hist, vol. x1. p. 127. 
 
560 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, of the inhabitants. He insisted, that he had express 
 ' orders from the proprietors, to oppose all taxes upon 
 1756 their lands. The assembly judged it so reasonable, 
 that the proprietaries should pay an equal tax witli the 
 inhabitants, as their estates were equally in danger, 
 and as they would be equally benefitted by the com- 
 mon defence, that they could not be willing to alter 
 the mode of the bill. 
 
 Between governour Dinwiddie and the Virginians, 
 there was a violent animosity, on the account of his 
 rapacity and extravagant fees for grants of land. The}' 
 carried tlie matter so far as to prefer a complaint 
 against him to his majest}'. 
 
 Maryland was less exposed than the other tw^o col 
 onies, and not very zealous in carr}ing on the war. 
 While they therefore would not unite in their own 
 defence it could not be expected that she should un- 
 dertake it separately. Hence for want of union noth- 
 ing could be done to any good purpose. 
 jun. 28. His majesty was so well pleased with the zeal of 
 New England, and some of the other colonies, that 
 he recommended it by a message to the house of 
 Encoiir- commous, To take into consideration the faithful 
 trn^Ncw services of the people of New England, and of some 
 England. Other parts of North America, and grant them a suit- 
 able re\vard and encouragement. In consequence 
 of his majesty's recommendation, the parliament vot- 
 ed one hundred arid fifty thousand pounds for those 
 purposes.* 
 
 As governour Shirley had not answered the ex- 
 pectations of his majesty the last cam]3aign ; and as 
 lie determined to make his principal efforts in Amer- 
 ica, where the first hostilities commenced, and where 
 it ^\"as imagined the strongest impressions could be 
 made, general Abercrombie was appointed to suc- 
 ceed him. But as it was imagined that a general 
 command o^•er all the otierations in North America, 
 would be subservient to the general interest, the earl 
 
 • Rider's Hi.-,t. \',]. \\ p. IJl, 152. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. QQl 
 
 of Loudon was appointed commander in chief of that chap. 
 department of the war. Besides his general com- 
 
 mand, he was appointed governour of Virginia, and 1755 
 colonel of a royal American regiment, which was to 
 be raised in the country. He was viewed as a no- 
 bleman of an amiable character, and had formerly 
 distinguished himself in the service of the nation. 
 He was vested with powers little short of a viceroy. 
 
 General Abercrombie took his departure for this 
 country in March, but the earl of Loudon, who was 
 to direct the grand plan of operation, never left Eng- 
 land till the last of May. By this time he ought to 
 have been in America. 
 
 All the hostilities of the preceding years had been Prockma- 
 Carried on without any proclamation of war, by Eng- '^^ons of 
 land or France. The latter had, during the whole ^^ * 
 time, made the most pacific professions. But on the 
 eighteenth of May, Great Britain proclaimed war 
 against France. Early in June, the king of France J""^ ?■ 
 in his turn, proclaimed war against Great Britain. 
 
 The plan of operations in America, had been con- 
 certed the last year, in a general council of war, at 
 New York. It was to attack Niagara and Crown 
 Point. And to facilitate these operations, a body of 
 troops was to be detached up Kennebec river to alarm 
 the capital of Canada. These enterprises were to 
 have been effected by the northern colonies, in con- 
 junction with a body of regular troops. At the same 
 time the southern colonies, assisted by some regular 
 regiments, were to besiege fort du Quesne on the 
 Ohio. The plan was extensive, but the colonies 
 united, with men of skill and enterprise to lead 
 them, were well able to have carried it into execu- 
 tion. 
 
 Niagara, without exception, was one of the most 
 important posts in North America. Its situation 
 was on the south side of lake Ontario, at the very- 
 entrance of the strait, which joins this to lake Erie, 
 and forms the only water comn\unication between 
 them. It was the grand link which connected the 
 
 Vol. L 46 
 
fi^2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, t^vo colonies of Canada and Louisiana. It was the 
 
 ._^ only way, by which the Indians, for several hundred 
 
 1756. "lilcs from the northwest, could pass with safety to 
 the southern parts of America ; or by which the 
 Indians south of the lake could communicate with 
 the northern. Whoever commanded this post 
 must, in a greater or less degree, not only influence 
 and command the Five Nations, and the Indians north 
 of the lake, but all those scattered on the banks of 
 Ouabache and the Missisippi. By cutting off this 
 post all communication between Canada, the Ohio, 
 and Louisiana would be cut off, and the English 
 would in a great measure, command all the Indians 
 on their western frontiers. At the same time it 
 would greatly facilitate the reduction of the enemy's 
 fortresses on the Ohio, and all their other posts south 
 of the lakes. 
 
 Crown Point, which ^vas erected about the year 
 1731, secured the absolute command of lake Cham- 
 plain, and guarded the only passage into Canada. 
 Through this lake, b} the route of Crown Point, the par- 
 ties of French and Indians made their ancient bloody 
 incursions upon the fiontiers of New England and 
 NewYork. This post brought the enemy much nearer 
 to the colonies, and served them as a retreat on emer- 
 gencies. It furnished them with a magazine of pro- 
 visions and ammunition at hand, and greatly facilitated 
 their works of destruction. By the reduction of this, 
 the frontiers of those colonies, would be, in a great 
 measure, rendered secure. The enemy would be 
 driven back into their own territories, north of the 
 lakes, and the way would be opened, the very next 
 campaign, to penetrate into the heart of Canada. 
 
 Governour Sliirley, though he was not able to 
 proceed to the attack of Niagara, the last campaign, 
 yt I had made ample preparations to proceed to it 
 immediately in the spring. The New Englanders 
 under general Johnson had not only carried on a fine 
 artnUryand ample stores to lake George, but had 
 built boats for crossing the lake, and forts to pre- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 353 
 
 serve the communication betweenHhe array and the chap. 
 
 country, so that every thing was in the happiest train ' 
 
 to proceed to an immediate attack on the enemy's 1^5^ 
 posts. The last campaign, every thing was to be 
 done, roads were to be made, the rivers were to be 
 cleared of their obstructions, the battoes, boats, and 
 vessels were all to be built, and forts were to be 
 erected ; but now all was prepared to the hand of 
 the officers, who succeeded in command. The co- 
 lonial foi'ces were early in readiness for the field. 
 Four regular regiments with a number of indepen- 
 dent companies had been in the country all winter. 
 The great distance between Albany and Oswego 
 required that the operations of the campaign should 
 commence as soon as possible. Besides, as the 
 French had tv/o forts on the lake, and Monsieur 
 Montcalm, a brave and skilful officer to conduct 
 their operations, there was every reason to expect^ 
 that unless the English generals took the field at ai> 
 early period, he would make a descent upon the forts 
 at Oswego, and not only frustrate the expedition, 
 but possess himself of that important post. The 
 attention of Great Britain was, with eagerness, turne4 
 towards America, v/hich was designed to be the 
 chief scene of military operation. America was big 
 ■with expectation. 
 
 In this happy state of preparation and of high and 
 universal expectation, the new generals dashed all 
 the schemes of Great Britain and the American 
 colonies. Like the touch of the torpedo on the 
 human body, for nearly two years, they occasioned 
 a general torpor in ail the English troops and milita- 
 ry operations in America. 
 
 General Abercrombie delayed his operations, or 
 even so much as joining his army, till the latter part 
 of June. He pretended to be waiting for two regi- 
 ments from England. At length they arrived, and, 
 on the twenty fifth of the month, the general pro- June 21, 
 ceeded to Albany. Here he found himself at the 
 head of six regular regiments, a number of indepen- 
 
364 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, clent companies, the New England, New York, and 
 New Jersey troops, with four companies from North 
 jjr^g Carolina. But still, with this fine army, such an 
 one, probably, as had never before been assembled in 
 America,* nothing' of consequence was undertaken. 
 Neither of the proposed expeditions were attempted, 
 nor were the out posts seasonably reinforced. 
 
 Meanwhile the eneniv acted with vigour and des- 
 patch. They had not only time to make prepara- 
 tions against future attacks, but to begin offensive 
 operations. Even before this period they had re- 
 duced a small fort in the country of the Five Nations. 
 The gairison consisting of twenty five Englishmen 
 were massacred to a man, in the midst of those In- 
 dians, who had been long considered as the allies of 
 Great Britain and her colonies. At the same time 
 they carefully watched all the motions of the English. 
 Havinp- received intellierence that a considerable con- 
 voy of provisions was on the way from Schenectada 
 to Oswego, they laid an ambush in the woods and 
 thickets, on the north side of the Onondago river, to 
 intercept and cut off the party. Just as the enemy 
 came to the place, they heard that the convoy was 
 past ; but they determined, if that were the case, to 
 wait the return of the detachment. This was com- 
 manded by colonel Bradstreet, an officer of courage 
 and enterprise. He had been apprehensive of such 
 Col. Brad- an cvcnt, and was not unprepared. As he was sailing 
 street at- aloug the rivcr, with his battoes formed in three 
 biit dc- divisions, he was saluted with the Indian wiw ^vhoop 
 feats tiie and a general discharge of musketry from the north 
 Julys' shore. He immediately ordered his men to land on 
 the opposite shore, and with part of them he took 
 possession of a small island. The enemy instantly 
 forded the river and attacked him ; but he gave them 
 so warm a reception that they were soon repulsed. 
 Finding that another body of the enemy had crossed 
 a mile higher up, he ad\'anced against them with two 
 
 • It consisted of about 10,000 men, .iiid in tlic cjarrisons at Oswego 
 ^d the forts south of lake George were about two thousand more. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 365 
 
 hundred men, and attacked them sword in hand, with chap. 
 
 such fury, that those who were not slain upon the '__ 
 
 spot, were driven with precipitation and confusion 1755 
 into the river, and considerable numbers were drown- 
 ed. Hearing that a third party had crossed still 
 higher up the river, he marched against them with 
 almost incredible despatch, and put them to a total 
 rout. In these actions, which lasted nearly three 
 hours, about seventy of his men were killed and 
 wounded. About twice that number of the enemy 
 were killed and seventy taken prisoners. 
 
 From the prisoners the colonel learned that a large 
 body of the enemy had taken post on the east side of 
 lake Ontario, furnished with artillery and all imple- 
 ments for the siege of Oswego. Colonel Bradstreet 
 returned immediately to Albany, and gave general 
 Abercrombie an account of this intelligence. Gen- 
 eral Webb with one regiment was ordered to hold 
 himself in readiness to march to the relief of that 
 garrison. But on the twenty ninth of July, when the 
 earl of Loudon arrived at Albany, he had not begun 
 his march. By this time about seven thousand of 
 the New England and New York troops under gen- 
 eral Winslow had advanced to the south landing at 
 lake George. They were in high spirits, perfectly 
 harmonious, and waited with impatience to be led on 
 to the attack of Crown Point. Great numbers of 
 battoe men lay at Albany, Schenectada, and other 
 places convenient for the service. The generals had 
 with them about three thousand regulars at Albany. 
 With such a force, officers of skill and enterprise inactivity 
 might have penetrated into the heart of Canada. But g^j.J[_^^j^ 
 the British generals, with most of the regular troops, generals. 
 continued at Albany till the middle of August, if not ^ug. 12. 
 till sometime after ; and general Webb never began 
 his march for Oswego till the twelfth of the month. 
 
 Meanwhile the Marquis de Montcalm invested the Montcalni 
 forts at Oswego, with about three thousand men, Slwego, 
 regulars, Canadians, and Indians. He blocked up 
 the harbour with two large armed vessels, and post- 
 
366 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, cd a strong party on the roads between Alban}- and 
 tlie forts, to cut oft all communication of succour or 
 ^^T^ intelligence. Having made the necessary prepara- 
 tions, on the twelfth of August, he opened his trench- 
 es before fort Ontario, which had been built for the 
 purpose of securing fort Oswego, on an eminence, 
 by which it was commanded. The English, firing 
 away their shells and ammunition, and spiking up 
 their cannon, unaccountably retired, the very next 
 day, across the river into fort Oswego, where they 
 were much more exposed than they were in the fort 
 whicli they had abandoned. The enemy possessed 
 of this commanding ground, soon began an incessant 
 fire on fort Oswego. On the thirteenth colonel Mer- 
 cer, who commanded, was killed with a cannon shot ; 
 the officers were divided in opinion, and the garri- 
 it smien- son panic struck, so that the enemy made an easy 
 dcrs, Aug. conquest of one of the most important posts which 
 the English had in America. On the fourteenth of 
 Loss at August the garrison capitulated. A hundred and 
 twent}' one pieces of cannon, fourteen mortars, great 
 quantities of ammunition and warlike stores, two 
 frigates or sloops of war, which had been built to 
 cruise on the lake, and to cover the troops in the ex- 
 pedition against Niagara, two hundred boats and 
 battoes, with a garrison of sixteen hundred men were 
 delivered into the hands of the enemy.* The vic- 
 tors immediately dismantled the forts, and carried off 
 this grand booty to strengthen their own lines and 
 fortresses on the lake. 
 Conse- By the fall of this post the enemy obtained the sole 
 
 quences commaud of the lakes Ontario and Erie, and the 
 capture, '^vhole country of the Five Nations, which it was de- 
 signed to cover. The settlements at the German 
 flats, and all that fine tract of country on die Wood 
 Creek and Mohawk rivers were laid open to their in- 
 cursions. 
 
 • Rider's Hist. vol. xli. p. IG — 27. "Wright's Historj' of the Frenck 
 War, vol. i. p. 17, 18. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 36^ 
 
 When sfeneral Webb had advanced as far as the chap. 
 carrying place, between Mohawk river and Wood 
 
 Creek, he received the news of the capture of Os- i^sG. 
 wego. Apprehensive of an attack by the enemy, he 
 began to fell trees and throw them into the river, 
 and to render it impassable even for canoes. The 
 French ignorant of his numbers, and dreading an at-" 
 tack by him, used the like precautions to prevent 
 his advancing. He was left therefore to retreat in 
 the same leisure manner in whi -h he had advanced. 
 
 Lord Loudon now pretended, tliat it was too late 
 to attempt any thing against the enemy, though it 
 was nearly three months to the time of the usual de- 
 campment of the army. The troops were advanced 
 to the south end of lake George, and might, at any 
 time, within a few days have made an attack on Ti- 
 conderoga or Crown Point. 
 
 He spent the remainder of the season, in pretend- 
 ed preparations for an early campaign the next spring. 
 The forts, Edward and fort William Henry, were 
 made more defensible, and furnished with numerous 
 garrisons. The provincials returned to their respec- 
 tive colonies, and the regular troops who were not 
 employed in the garrisons went into winter quarters at 
 Albany. Thus ended the northern campaign of 
 1756. 
 
 The last year the provincials under their own gener- comparl- 
 als had advanced far upon the enemy, erected forts, son be- 
 built ships, and many hundreds of boats and battoes, campaigns 
 defeated one army of their enemies and taken their of '^755, 
 general captive. They had also made grand prepar- ^" ' ' 
 ations for opening the campaign, at the earliest pe- 
 riod, this year. The British generals, with the finest 
 army ever collected in America, with the advantage of 
 roads and rivers, cleared for their passage, to the very 
 forts of the enemy, and with all the other prepara- 
 tions of the last year, had lost one of their most im- 
 ponunt posts, had nof advanced one foot upon the 
 enemy, nor effected any thing honourable or important. 
 
368 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 X. 
 
 1756. 
 Conduct 
 of the 
 southern 
 •colonies. 
 
 General 
 (lisa]i- 
 point- 
 inent. 
 
 The management of affairs in the southern colo- 
 nies was not more fortunate than it had been in the 
 northern. Permsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia did 
 not resolve on any regular plan of defence. Fort 
 Granville, on the confines of Pennsylvania, was sur- 
 prised and taken. The French and Indians, in small 
 parties, making frequent incursions into the frontier 
 settlements, in' these colonies, committed many- 
 shocking murders on the defenceless inhabitants, 
 without regard to distinction of character, sex, or age. 
 
 In South Carolina the slaves were so much more 
 numerous than the white people, that it was thought 
 unsafe for them to spare any of their troops abroad 
 upon a general enterprise. 
 
 Great expectations had been formed of the earl of 
 Loudon and general Abcrcrombie. In the principal 
 towns through which his lordship passed, the first 
 characters flocked round him, and, with great cere- 
 mony, congratulated him on his safe arrival. At 
 New Haven, Mr president Clap and the principal 
 gentlemen of the town, waited on him in the most 
 respectful manner. Tlie president presented his 
 lordship with their joint congratulations on the safe 
 arrival of a peer of the realm, in North America, 
 How prodigious then was their disappointment, how 
 cutting their chagrin, when they found that these 
 \ery men, from whom they expected so much, 
 liad disconcerted and dashed all their plans, and em- 
 ployed ten or twelve thousand men about nothing ? 
 Had, through their inactivity, lost more men, by 
 diseases, than probably would have been lost in a 
 vigorous, active campaign, in which they might have 
 engaged in severe and hord fought battles, and done 
 the most essential services to their country ? It was 
 not difficult to discern, that from such men, the 
 enemy had nothing to fear, and the colonies nothing 
 to expect, but loss and disappointment. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 359 
 
 XI. 
 
 1757.' 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Preparations for tlie campaign in 1757. Plan of operation In America 
 clianj^ed, and Louisbm-g' becomes its only object. This is I'ein- 
 forced, and the expedition postponed. Fort William Henry taken 
 by the French. The country is alarmed, and great reinforcements 
 of militia sent forward to Albany and Fort Edward. The campaign 
 closes with loss and sliame. The provincials lose all confidence 
 in the British commanders. Change of men, 1758. Armament 
 against Lnuisbiirg. Its siege and capture by general Amherst. 
 Defeat at Ticonderoga. Du Quesne taken by general Forbes. 
 
 Notwithstanding the disappointments of chap. 
 
 the last, the British pariiament made great prepara- 
 tions this year, for a vigorous prosecution of the 
 war in America. In May admiral Holbourn and Prepara* 
 commodore Hohnes sailed from Cork, for America, ^^""^ ^°^ 
 
 the c3,Tn^ 
 
 with eleven ships of the line, a fire ship, bomb ketch, paign. 
 and fifty transports, having on board more than six 
 thousand regular troops. The land force came out 
 under general Hopson. The armament arrived safe 
 at Halifax the ninth of July. The colonies expect- 
 ing, that after such long and great preparations, for 
 that purpose, that .they should be led on to the con- 
 quest of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, had been 
 zealous in raising their full complement of men. 
 Great therefore was their mortification when they 
 found that the design against Crown Point was laid 
 aside, and that the reduction of Louisburg was be- 
 come the sole object of the expedition. They were 
 unwilling that their troops should be removed out of 
 the colonies and be employed against Louisburg. 
 It appeared to them extremely impoUtic, after the 
 expense of so much time and money, in preparations 
 for an expedition to the northward, now to lay it 
 aside. Such inconstancy and fluctuation appeared 
 to them childish, and calculated to prevent the ac- 
 complishment of any thing decisive or important. 
 Vol. I. 4.7 
 
370 A GENERAL HISTOUY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Besides, it did not appear safe for the colonies, in 
 ^-^' this manner to draw off their troops. They had not 
 j---r been able the last year, with an army of nearly twelve 
 thousand men, to maintain their ground. The ene- 
 my were now stronger than they were at that time, 
 and, by the loss of Oswego, all the western country 
 was laid open to tlieir ravages. There was reason 
 to fear, that the frontier posts and settlements would, 
 one after another, be swept away ; and, that the pre- 
 parations, which had been made for an early attack 
 on the eneniy, would be swept away with them. 
 The colonies however were obliged to submit, 
 July 9. and lord Loudon sailed from New York, with six 
 thousand land forces, and joined Holbourn and Hop- 
 son at Halifax. Here was now a land army of more 
 than twelve thousand men, exclusive of officers, aid- 
 ed by a po^verful fleet ; but they were so dilatory in 
 their measures, that before they were ready to sail, 
 the Brest fleet, of seventeen sail of the line besides 
 frigates and transports, arrived at Louisburg ; and 
 ExpetU- the garrison was so reinforced, that it amounted to 
 lion a- more than nine thousand men. On the receiJtion of 
 
 gainst 1 • • II' • 'IT* T 
 
 Louis- this mtelligence, it was judged mexpedient to pro- 
 burf^given cecd, and the expedition was given up.* 
 
 Had the earl of Loudon been a man of enterprise, 
 had he wished to have distinguished himself in his 
 majesty's service, or to have rendered himself popu- 
 lar in the colonies, he might, by the beginning of 
 September, have conducted this powerful army to 
 Ticondcroga, and carried ail before him in that quar- 
 ter. At least he might have sent on large detach- 
 ments for the defence of the frontiers. With his Prus- 
 sian majesty, an Amherst, or a Wolfe, these would 
 have been but natural and common achievements. 
 But he returned to New York, and effected nothing. 
 The miserable consequences of this irresolution and 
 inactivity, began soon to appear in a strong point of 
 
 light. 
 
 • Rider's Hist. vol. sUi. p. 6, 7 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 37I 
 
 The British generals in x\merica, did more, by chap. 
 
 their pusillanimity, the weakness and inconstancy 
 
 of their counsels, than the French otherwise could 1757. 
 have done by all their conquests. As though they 
 had not been satisfied with the loss of Oswego, they 
 destroyed the fortifications at the great carrying place, 
 and filled Wood Creek with logs and trees. They 
 cut oft' all communication between the colonies and 
 the Five Nations, the only body of Indians which pre- 
 served even the appearance of friendship to them, 
 and abandoned their whole country to the mercy of 
 the enemy. Nothing could be done to prevent their 
 collecting the Indians from all quarters ta act against 
 the colonies. 
 
 Monsieur Montcalm did not neglect to improve 
 the advantages which he had gained, and which the 
 conduct of the British commanders aftbrded him. 
 Finding that the troops were drawn oft' to Halifiix, 
 he at once determined on the siege of fort William 
 Henry, and the destruction of the vessels and battoes, 
 at the south landing of lake George. Bodies of In- 
 dians were collected, and preparations made with 
 despatch for the enterprise. 
 
 Meanwhile colonel Parker with four hundred men, 
 in battoes, was detached from this post, to surprise an 
 advanced guard of the enemy at Ticonderoga. Land- 
 ing at night, on an island not far distant, he sent three 
 boats to reconnoitre, directing them where to meet 
 him in a general rendezvous. The enemy, waylaying 
 and intercepting the boats, got perfect intelligence 
 of the colonel's designs, and concerted measures to 
 decoy him into their hands. Having laid an am- 
 bush of three hundred men behind the point where 
 he designed to land, they sent three boats to the 
 place appointed for rendezvous. The colonel mis- 
 taking them for his own boats eagerly put to shore, 
 and was instantly surrounded with the enemy, who 
 were now reinforced with four hundred men. They 
 attacked him on aJl sides, with such incessant vio* 
 
372 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 1757. 
 
 William 
 Henry 
 taken, 
 Aug. 9. 
 
 lencc, that seventy private men and two officers only 
 made their escape. 
 
 Elated with this success, Monsieur Montcalm 
 hastened to the siege of fort William Henry. Hav- 
 ing drawn together all his forces from Crown Point, 
 Ticonderoga, and the adjacent posts, witli a greater 
 number of Indians than the French had ever before 
 employed, on any occasion, he passed the lake, 
 Augusts, and regularly invested the fort. His whole army 
 amounted to nearly eight thousand men. The gar- 
 rison consisted of about three thousand, and the for- 
 tifications were good. At fort Edward la}- general 
 Webb with about four thousand troops. Yet in six 
 days was this important fortress delivered to the en- 
 emy. All the vessels, boats, and battocs on the lake, 
 vi^hich, at so much expense and labour, for two years, 
 had been preparing, fell into the hands of the enemy. 
 Though general Webb had seasonable intimations 
 of their designs, yet he never sent to alarm the coun- 
 try, and bring on the militia. He never reinforced 
 the garrison, nor made a single movement for its re- 
 lief. So far from this was he, that he sent a letter to 
 colonel Monro, who commanded the fort, advising 
 him to give it up to the enemy.* Montcalm inter- 
 cepting the letter sent it into the fort to the colonel. 
 The garrison was allowed to march out with their 
 arms, baggage, one piece of artillery, and all the usu- 
 al honours of war. The troops were not to serve, 
 against the most christian king, during eighteen 
 months, unless exchanged for an equal number of 
 French prisoners. The French Indians paid no re- 
 gard to the capitulation, but falling on the English, 
 as they marched out, stripped them of their baggage 
 and few remaining effects ; and the Indians in the 
 English service were dragged from the ranks, toma- 
 hawked, and scalped. Men and women had their 
 throats cut, their bodies ript open, and their very 
 bowels, with insult, thrown in their faces. Infants 
 
 Part of the 
 
 tjarrison 
 
 murdered. 
 
 ♦Rider's Hist. \ol. xlii. p. 9— 12. Wriglit's His'., of War, vol. i, p. 41 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 373 
 
 and children were wantonly taken by their heels and chap. 
 
 their brains dashed out against stones and trees.* |__ 
 
 The Indians pursued the English half way to fort 1^57. 
 Edward, where most of them at last arrived, in the 
 most forlorn condition. Is it not admirable, that 
 between two and three thousand troops, with arms 
 in their hands, should, contrary to the most express 
 stipulation, suffer these insults ? 
 
 When it was too late, general Webb alarmed the country 
 countr}^ and put the colonies to great expense in alarmed, 
 sending on large detachments of the militia for the 
 defence of the northern frontiers. The sudden cap- 
 ture of the fort, the massacre made by the enemy's 
 Indians, suspicions of treachery in general Webb, 
 and apprehensions that Montcalm would soon force 
 his way to Albany, filled the country with general 
 consternation. People never were more alarmed 
 during the war. At the same time, there was never 
 a more general and manly exertion. The small col- 
 ony of Connecticut detached a body of about five 
 thousand men. She had fourteen hundred in service 
 before. General Webb, notwithstanding the great 
 numbers of men with which he was reinforced from 
 Connecticut, New York, and the other northern col- 
 onies, did not make any effectual provision for the 
 defence of the frontier settlements. No sooner had 
 the enemy finished one expedition, than another was 
 undertaken. Soon after the capture of fort William 
 Henry, the enemy, with fire and sword, desolated German 
 the fine settlements at the German flats, and on the fro^yed^^' 
 Mohawk river. On the American station there were 
 about twenty thousand regular troops, and a large 
 body of provincials in service, and yet one fortress 
 and settlement after another was swept away, and 
 every where the enemy rioted and triumphed with 
 impunity. This was the end of the campaign, this 
 year, in America. 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xlii. p. 14. Wright's, vol. i. p. 41. 
 
574 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Amidst this succession of misfortunes on the 
 
 northern frontiers, the aifairs of the southern colo- 
 
 J757 nies, in some respects, took a more favourable turn. 
 The governour of Pennsylvania concluded a peace 
 with the Delaware Indians inhabiting on the banks 
 of the Susquehannah, and in some measure covering 
 the frontiers of that province. At the same time 
 Virginia found means of conciliating the Cherokees 
 and Catavvbaws, and of obtaining a league of friend- 
 ship and alliance with those powerful tribes. At 
 that time they were supposed to be able to furnish 
 three thousand gun men. From these treaties the 
 southern colonics derived very considerable advan- 
 tages, and their frontiers seem to have suffered much 
 less in this, than in the two former years. 
 
 The colonies by this time, had very much lost all 
 confidence in the British commanders in America. 
 They appeared, so dilatory, so destitute of all foresight 
 and spirit of enterprise, as utterly to disqualify them, 
 for the important command which they held. To 
 their incapacity and pusillanimity, wholly did they 
 impute the capture of fort William Henry, and their 
 other losses on the frontiers. Notwithstanding all 
 the reinforcements, which France had sent to Cana- 
 da, they had, every campaign, a force much superior 
 to the enemy. Had they been men of military gen- 
 ius, skill, and enterprise, instead of the losses they 
 sustained, they might have led on the troops under 
 their command to conquest and glory. Had the colo- 
 nies been left to themselves, they would, probably, 
 have done much better. Two years of great ex- 
 pense to them, were worse than lost. In short they 
 considered the generals so incompetent to the busi- 
 ness with which they were entrusted, that they did 
 not very cheerfully submit to their commands. 
 
 The province of Massachusetts, for sometime, de- 
 clined a compliance with the orders of lord Loudon, 
 relative to the cjuarteriiig of his troops. Such a mis- 
 understanding and dispute grew between them, that 
 his lordship threatened to dragoon them into his meas- 
 
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 375 
 
 iires. He wrote to them in this high strain ; " I ha\«e chap. 
 
 ordered the messenger to wait but forty eight hours 
 
 in Boston ; and if, on his return, I find things not -^j^y. 
 settled, I will instantly order into Boston, the three 
 regiments from New York, Long Island, and Con- 
 necticut ; and if more are wanted, I have two in the 
 Jerseys at hand, beside three in Pennsylvania." The 
 assembly notwithstanding, did not express an imme- 
 diate compliance, and he ordered the troops to march. 
 The general court perceiving how n^iatters were go- 
 ing, and unwilling to push them to extremity, express- 
 ed their compliance, and the march of the troops 
 was countermanded. 
 
 Had the old ministry been continued, and the men 
 which they had appointed to the chief command in 
 America, still held their places, it is impossible to 
 say, what would have been the fate either of Great 
 Britain, or her colonies. But, by a most favourable Chang-e of 
 turn, in Providence, those incomparable men Mr. measm-esr 
 Pitt, Mr. Leg, and their friends, had been fixed in 
 the ministry, had now time to concert their meas- 
 ures, and choose the men to carry them into execu- 
 tion. Every thing therefore, now took a new and 
 surprising turn. The dispute relative to the Ohio, 
 Crown Point, and territory in America, had involved 
 most of the kingdoms of Europe in the flames of a 
 destructive war. The fire had kindled in both the 
 Indies, and spread its dreadful effects beyond the 
 Ganges. The preparations necessary for the sup- 
 port of a war of such extent were almost immense. 
 However, the abilities of these great men, and the 
 national resources, under their management, soon 
 appeared adequate to these grand objects. 
 
 Not discouraged with the disappointments of for- 
 mer years, they determined on the reduction of 
 Louisburg, with a view of cutting off the communi- 
 cation between France and Canada, of destroying 
 the French fishery, and of securing the trade and 
 fisheries of Great Britain, and of her colonies in 
 America. At tlie same time to gratify the colonies, 
 
376 A GENERAL HISTORY OF Trft 
 
 CHAP, and draw forth all their strength and exertion, it was 
 
 determined, that expeditions should be also under- 
 
 jjr^g taken against Crown Point and fort du Quesne. 
 Arma- The Lirmament for the reduction of Louisbnrg, 
 
 mem for gailcd from Eng-land in February. Admiral Bos- 
 
 the rcduc- i i i • , i a i 
 
 tionof cawen commanded the naval, and general Amherst 
 Louis- ti^e i^i^(j operations. Under general Amherst was 
 Felfig! ' brigadier general Wolfe. These were gentlemen of 
 singular characters. General Amherst had the cool- 
 ness and abilities of the Roman Fabius, w^hile gen- 
 eral Wolfe possessed the magnanimity and fire of 
 the Scipios. From such men great achievements 
 were expected, and their successes equalled the most 
 sanguine expectations. 
 
 On the twenty eighth of May, the whole fleet, con- 
 sisting of a hundred and fifty seven sail, took its de- 
 parture from Halifax, and on the second of June ap- 
 peared before Louisburg. The land army, including 
 some light troops amounted to about fourteen thou- 
 sand men.* For six days the weather was so bad, 
 and the surf was so prodigious, that no boat could 
 live near the shore. The landing of the troops was 
 impracticable. On every part of the coast, where a 
 landing was judged possible, the enemy had drawn 
 entrenchments. In places most convenient for the 
 purpose they had erected batteries, and mounted can- 
 non. During the whole time, after the discover}- of 
 the fleet till the landing of the troops, the enemy 
 were strengthening their works. These they lined 
 with a numerous infantry. General Amherst in 
 ])erson, with a number of his generals, reconnoitred 
 the shore. 
 Troops On the eighth the weather became more favoura- 
 
 huid, 1^]^ thouHi there was vet a considerable swell and 
 suri. 1 he general, deternnnnig not to lose a mo- 
 ment, catched the opj)ortunity. Before break of 
 day, the troops were embarked in three divisions. 
 The admiral and general made their dispositions with 
 
 • Wright's Hist. vol. i. p. 95. Rider's Hist, vol. xliii. p. 127. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 3^7 
 
 consummate judgment. To distract the enemy, by chap. 
 
 drawing their attention to different parts, the troops 
 
 were disposed in three divisions. That on the left 1^53^ 
 was designed for tlie real attack, and was commanded 
 by general Wolfe. The divisions on the right and 
 in the centre were designed only for feints. Five 
 frigates and some other ships of war commenced a 
 furious fire not only in the centre, but on the right 
 and left of the enemy, to rake them on their flanks. 
 When these had fired about fifteen minutes, general 
 Wolfe with his division pressed to the shore. The 
 enemy reserved their fire till the boats were iiearly 
 in shore, and then poured on them the united blaze 
 and thunder of their musketry and cannon. Many 
 of the boats Avere broken in pieces, and others were 
 overset. The men leaped into the water ; and while 
 some were killed, and others drowned, the rest, sup- 
 ported and animated by the noble example and con- 
 duct of their gallant commander, pushed to the shore, < 
 and with such order and resolution rushed on the 
 enemy, as soon put them into confusion, and drove 
 them from their entrenchments. When general 
 Wolfe had made good his landing, the centre moved 
 to the left, and the right following the centre, the 
 landing was completed in excellent order. 
 
 The weadier was so bad, the swell and surf so 
 great, that for many days, scarcely any of the artillery 
 or stores could be landed. It was with great diffi- 
 culty, that provisions and implements for the siege 
 were got on shoi-e. A great man}'^ boats were lost 
 in the service. The ground was exceedingly bad ; 
 in some places rough, in others boggy and wet. 
 These obstacles, with a brave resistance from the 
 enemy, caused the operations of the siege, for some- 
 time, to proceed very slowly. The enemy had five 
 ships of the line in the harbour, and could bring all 
 their guns to bear upon the troops in their ap- 
 proaches. But no discouragements were judged 
 insurmountable, by such generals as Amherst and 
 Wolfe. Bv the twelfth of June, general Wolfe had 
 
 Vol. I.' 48 
 
278 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, secured the point ctilled the liglit house battery, and 
 
 all the i:)Osts in that quarter. On the twenty fifth he 
 
 1758. ^^'^^' silenced the island battery : but the shipping in 
 the harbour kept up their fire upon him, till the 
 twcnt}' first of July ; when one of the ships blew up, 
 and setting fire to two others, they burnt to the 
 water's edge. This was to the enemy an irrepara- 
 ble loss. 
 
 General Amherst had, by this time, made his ap- 
 j)roaches near to the city ; so that they were in good 
 forwardness for making lodgments on the covered 
 way. The town in many places was consumed to 
 the ground, and in all it had suffered much. The 
 fire of the enemy languished exceedingly, yet they 
 made no proposals of capitulation. One bold action 
 more was necessary to biing them to terms. The 
 admiral determined to sei^d into the harbour a de- 
 tachment of six hundred men, in boats, to burn or 
 bring off the two remaining ships. In the night 
 between the twenty fifth and the twenty sixth of the 
 month, the attack was made, under the conduct of 
 two young captains, Laforey and Balfour. Under 
 the darkness of the night, making their way through 
 a terrible fire of cannon and musketry, they, sword 
 in hand, boarded and took the ships. One running 
 aground, they burnt, the other they towed out of the 
 harbour in triumph. 
 
 July 26. ^^^^^ "^^^ morning the governour proposed terms 
 
 of capitulation. The garrison, consisting of five 
 thousand seven hundred and thirty seven men, sur- 
 rendered prisoners of war. One hundred and twen- 
 ty one cannon, eighteen mortars, and large quantities 
 of stores and ammunition were taken. The enemy 
 lost five ships of the line and four frigates, besides 
 other vessels. St. John's was given up, with Lou- 
 isburg, and the Enghsh became masters of the coast, 
 from St. Lawrence to Nova Scotia.* This was the 
 
 • Rider's Hist, vol. xliii.p. 127—135. Wriglit's Hist. vol. i. j). 95— 
 103 (Jeiicra! ,\nihi.'i st's JDuniul oi" il>e sicjjc of Lonishurj^, iiiul arti- 
 cles of capitulation. At St. John's 4,100 inhabitants submitted an'^ 
 broiij;-hl in their arms. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 379 
 
 most effectual blow to France, which she had receiv- chap. 
 ed since the connnencement of the war. It was a 
 
 deep wound to her navy, and especially to her colo- 1755 
 nies and interests in America. It very much cut 
 off her communication with Canada, and greatly fa- 
 cilitated the reduction of that country. 
 
 As the reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 
 was a favourite object with the northern colonies, they 
 made early and great exertions, for carrying it effec- 
 tually into execution. Beside the assistance which 
 they gave in the reduction of Louisburg, they fur- 
 nished about ten thousand troops for the northern 
 expedition. In conjunction with between six and 
 seven thousand regular troops, they had, by the be- 
 ginning of July, got into lake George more than a 
 thousand boats and battoes, a fine train of artillery, 
 provisions, and every thing necessary for an attack 
 on the fortresses of the enemy. General Abercrom-. 
 bie had the chief command. 
 
 On the fifth of July, the army, consisting of fifteen Embarka. 
 thousand three hundred and ninety effective men, tionbrTi= 
 
 , , ' • conclero- 
 
 embarked in nme hundred battoes and one hundred ga, July 5 
 and thirty five whale boats. Besides, there were 
 several rafts on which cannon were mounted to 
 cover the landing of the troops. Early the next 
 morning, they landed at the north end of lake George 
 without opposition. The army formed in four col- 
 umns and began their march for Ticonderoga. The 
 woods were thick, and the guides unskilful, so that 
 the troops were bewildered, and the columns falling 
 in one upon another were entirely broken. In this 
 state of confusion, lord Howe advancing at the head 
 of the right centre column, fell in with the advanced 
 guard of the enemy, consisting of about four hun- 
 dred regulars and a few Indians, who had deserted 
 their advanced camp near the lake, and were precip- 
 itately fleeing from our troops ; but had lost their 
 way, and were bewildered in the same manner, as 
 they were. The enemy fired and killed lord Howe, Ho'^ek^ju. 
 the first fire. The Indian yell, suddenness of the at- ed, July a 
 
380 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, tack, and fall of lord Howe, threw tlie regulars, uho 
 
 ]__ composed the centre columns, into a general panic 
 
 1758. '^"<^ confusipn ; but the provincials, who flanked 
 them, were more acquainted with such kind of 
 fighting, and soon defeated the party. About three 
 hundred were killed, and one hundred and fortv eight 
 taken. Among the prisoners were five officers and 
 three cadets. The loss of the English was incon- 
 siderable as to numbers; but inconsequences it was 
 great and terrible. The loss of that gallant officer, 
 loid Howe, was irreparable. From the day of 
 his arrival in America, he had conformed himself, 
 and made his regiment conform, to that kind of ser- 
 vice, which the country required. He was the first 
 to endure hunger and fatigue, to encounter danger, 
 and sacrifice all personal considerations to the public 
 service. While rigid in discipUne, by his affiibility, 
 condescending and easy manners, he conciliated affec- 
 tion, and commanded universal esteem. Indeed he 
 was considered very much as the life and idol of the 
 army. The loss of such a man, at such a time, can- 
 not be estimated. To this the provincials attribut- 
 ed the defeat and unhappy consequences which 
 ensued. 
 
 As the troops for two nights had slept little, were 
 greatly fatigued, and needed refreshment, the general 
 ordered them to return to the landing place, where 
 jaiy r. they arrived at eight in the morning. Colonel Brad- 
 street was soon after detached with a strong corps to 
 take possession of the saw mill, about two miles from 
 Ticonderoga, which the enemy had abandoned. 
 Towards the close of the day the whole army march- 
 ed to the mill. The general having received infor- 
 mation, that the garrison at Ticonderoga consisted of 
 about six thousand men, and that a reinforcement of 
 three thousand more was daily expected, determin- 
 ed to lose no time in making an attack upon their 
 lines. He ordered his engineer to reconnoitre the 
 ground and intrenchments of the enemy. He made 
 a favourable report of their weakness, and of the 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 33X 
 
 practicability of forcing the lines with musketry only, ch ap. 
 
 On this groundless report a rash and fatal resolution 
 
 was taken to attempt the lines without bringing up ^.^g 
 the artillery. 
 
 The army advanced to the charge with the great- E^/^^^^^ 
 est intrepidity, and for more than four hours, with r„ga, July 
 incredible obstinacy maintained the attack. But the 8. 
 works, where the attack was made, were eight or nine 
 feet high, and impregnable even by field pieces. For 
 nearly a hundred yards from the breast-work trees 
 were felled so thick and so wrought together, with 
 their branches pointing outwards, that it rendered 
 the approach of the troops, hi a great measure, im- 
 practicable. In this dreadful situation, under the 
 fire of about three thousand of the enemy these gallant 
 troo])s were kept, without the least prospect of suc- 
 cess, till nearly two thousand were killed and wound- 
 ed.* They were then called off; and to this rash 
 and precipitate attack succeeded a retreat equally un- 
 advised and precipitate. t By the evening of the 
 next day the army had reached their former camp at July 0. 
 the south end of lake George. 
 
 Nothing could have been more contrary to the 
 opinions, or more mortifying to the feelings of the 
 provincials, than this whole affair. They viewed The gene- 
 the attack upon the lines, without the artillery, as ]^\ ^^' 
 the height of madness. Besides, it was made under 
 every disadvantage to the assailants. The enemy's 
 lines were of great extent, and on the south towards 
 South bay, and on the north, especially at the east 
 end towards the waters which form the communi- 
 cation between South bay and lake Champlain, they 
 were weak, and might have been approached under 
 the cover of a thick wood. The army was suffi- 
 ciently numerous to have attacked the lines in their 
 
 * of the regulars were killed 464, of the provincials 87. In the! 
 •whole 548. Of the regulars were wounded 1,117; of the provincials 
 239. In the whole 1,356. There were missing 29 regulars and 8 pro- 
 vincials. The wliole loss in killed, wounded, and missing was 1,941. 
 Gen. Abercrombic's return. 
 
 t Wright's Hist. vol. i. p. 109, 113. Rider's, vol. xliii. p. 136,141. 
 
382 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, whole extent at once. But unhappily the attack 
 
 was made only on a small part of them, where they 
 
 i7oii. ^^■^f"C by far the strongest and most inaccessible. 
 As no attacks or feints were made in other parts, 
 the enemy were left to pour their whole lire on a 
 small spot, to which but a small part of the army 
 could advance. Besides, the general never ap- 
 proached the field, where his presence was indis- 
 pensably necessary ; but remained at the saw mill, 
 w-here he could see nothing of the action, nor know 
 any thing but by information, at the distance of two 
 miles. In consequence of this the troops for hours 
 after they should have been called off, were pushed 
 on to inevitable slaughter. 
 
 But especially did the provincials reprobate the 
 retreat. They esteemed themselves as more than a 
 match for the enemy should their pretended rein- 
 forcement arrive. The whole army after this bloody 
 affair, amounted to nearly fourteen thousand men. 
 After all the pompous accounts of the numbers of 
 the enemy, they never amounted to but little more 
 than three thousand. When the general retreated 
 he had more than four effective men to their one. 
 He had a fine train of artillery. There were strong 
 grounds on which he might have encamped with 
 the utmost safety. There ^vere eminences which 
 commanded all the works of the enemy ; whence he 
 might have enfiladed their front, and poured des- 
 truction on their whole lines and camp. 
 
 The provincial officers were therefore clearly of the 
 opinion, that there was the fairest prospect of success, 
 notwithstanding their misfortune, could the expedi- 
 tion only be prosecuted with energy and prudence. 
 But the general took his own way, without advising 
 with them, and appeared to retreat with the utmost 
 perturbation. 
 i alls into The general never had been lugh in the esteem of 
 intcmpt. ^i^g provincials, after the loss of Oswego, but now he 
 sunk into contempt. They generally called him 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 383 
 
 mistress Nabycrombie ; importing that petticoats ^\^^' 
 
 would become him much better than breeches. 
 
 To repair, as far as might be, the defeat at Ticon- 1753. 
 deroga, the general detached colonel Bradstreet with 
 three thousand [)rovincials against fort Frontenac. 
 The expedition was planned by the colonel, and un- 
 dertaken at his desire. He proceeded to lake Onta- 
 rio, where he embarked his troops, and landing 
 them safely within a mile of the enemy, immediately 
 invested the fort. The enemy made no opposition, Frontenac 
 but after two days surrendered themselves prisoners ^i3"2r- 
 of war. This important post was on the north 
 side of the river St. Lawrence, just were it takes its 
 rise from lake Ontario. The fort not only com- 
 manded the entrance of the river from the lake, but 
 was the grand magazine for supplying Niagara, dii 
 Quesne, and all the enemy's southern and western 
 garrisons. But as no attack had been expected in 
 this quarter, the troops had been drawn off for the 
 defence of Ticonderoga and their southern posts. 
 The garrison consisted only of a hundred and thirty 
 men. But there were in the fort sixty cannon, six- 
 teen small mortars, and an immense quantity of pro- 
 visions and goods. They were valued by the French 
 at eight hundred thousand livres. Nine armed ves- 
 sels, from eight to eighteen guns were also taken. 
 This was the whole naval force which the enemy 
 had on the lake. The colonel, after he had destroy- 
 ed the fort, stores, provisions, and all the vessels ex- 
 cepting tAvo, returned with them richly laden to 
 Oswego.* 
 
 This fortunate event, together with the attempt on 
 Ticonderoga, frustrated the expedition of Monsieur 
 Levi against the settlements on the Mohawk river ; 
 recovered the communication between Albany and 
 Oswego ; and once more gave us the command of 
 lake Ontario. It greatly obstructed the communica- 
 
 • Bradstreet's Letter to s^eneral Amherst. Wright's HislO'v of the 
 War, vol. i p V?A, ns 
 
S84 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XI. 
 
 1758. 
 
 General 
 Forbes' 
 expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 Jane 30, 
 marches 
 for llie 
 Ohio. 
 
 About eight thoiisiind men had 
 June the general 
 
 tiou between Canada, Niagara, and all their southern 
 and western posts and settlements. 
 
 General Amherst, having placed a strong garrison 
 at Louisburg, and made the dispositions necessary 
 for the security of the adjacent country, no sooner 
 heard of the disaster at Ticonderoga, than he pro- 
 ceeded to Boston, and thence, at the head of six reg- 
 iments, about the middle of September, began his 
 march through the country, to reinforce the army at 
 the lake. He designed, it" the season should not be 
 too far advanced, to achieve something further for 
 the service of his country. 
 
 While these matters were transacted in the north- 
 ern department, general Forbes was, with great cau- 
 tion, activity, and fatigue, advancing to the conquest 
 of fort du Quesne. 
 been assigned to this service. In 
 marched from Philadelphia for the Ohio. His march 
 lay through a prodigious tract of country very little 
 known, destitute of roads for the marching of armies, 
 incimiljcred with wood, morasses, and mountains al- 
 most impassable. It was with incredible difficulty 
 that he prociu'ed provisions and carriages, for the 
 expedition : That he formed new roads, extended 
 scouting parlies, secured camps, and surmounted 
 the numerous obstacles, which presented themselves 
 in his tedious march. In addition to the other diffi- 
 culties the enemy's Indians kept a constant watch 
 upon all his movements ; and, in small detachments, 
 neglected no opportunity to harass and impede him 
 in his progress. 
 
 When the general had advanced to Rny's-town, 
 about ninety miles from du Quesne, he sent colonel 
 Bouquet Mith a detachment of two thousand men to 
 Lyal Henning, within about forty miles of the fort. 
 The colonel, from this post, detached m;iJ2'" Grant 
 with eight hundred men to reconnoitre the fort and 
 out works of liie enemy, and if ])raciicable to reduce 
 the j)()ht by a coup de main. The tnemy havinti^ in- 
 telligence of their approach, detached a body of 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 385 
 
 troops sufficient completely to surround them. A chap. 
 severe action commenced, which, for three hours, ^^• 
 the English with great spirit maintained against so ~^7^ 
 great a superiority of numbers. But finally they 
 were overpowered, obliged to give way, and retreat- 
 ed with disorder to Lyal Henning. About three 
 hundred men were killed and taken. Among 
 the latter was major Grant and nineteen other offi- 
 cers who were carried prisoners to fort du Quesne. 
 
 This severe check made no alteration in the reso- 
 lution of general Forbes. He still advanced with 
 the same persevering firmness and circumspection, 
 which had marked his whole conduct. The enemy 
 finding that it was impossible to surprise and defeat 
 him, on his march ; and that their numbers were in- 
 sufficient to defend the fort against him ; on the 
 twenty fourth of November, after desti'oying their ouQuesiie 
 works, abandoned them to the general. His light taken, 
 troops took possession, the following evening. The ^^^' ^'*' 
 next day, the general arrived with the whole army, 
 and the British flag was once more erected at fort du 
 Quesne. The French made their escape down the 
 river, partly in boats and partly by land, to their forts 
 and settlements on the Missisippi. 
 
 General Forbes repaired the fort, and changed the 
 name to Pittsburg. Having concluded treaties of 
 friendship and alliance with the Indian nations, in- 
 habiting that extensive and fine country, and appar- 
 ently reconciled them to the English government, he 
 committed the care of the fort to a garrison of pro- 
 vincials, and took his departure for Philadelphia. On 
 his return he erected some small fortresses, at Lyal 
 Henning, for the defence of the western frontiers of 
 Pennsylvania. •'^ The incredible fatigues of this cam- ^^ctith of 
 paign, so broke the constitution of this vigilant and general 
 brave commander, that he returned to Philadelphia ^^'"'^^5* 
 in a very enfeebled state, where, after languishing a 
 short time, he died universally lamented. 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xliii. p. 143,145. Wright's Hist, vol.i. p. 125,126, 
 
 Vol. T. £9 
 
1753. 
 
 386 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. When general Amherst arrived at the lake the 
 ^^' season was so far advanced, and he found so large a 
 detachment drawn from the army under colonel 
 Bradstreet, that he judged it not advisable to make 
 any further attempts against the enemy, during that 
 campaign. 
 
 Notwithstanding the defeat at Ticonderoga, the 
 campaign closed with great honour and advantage to 
 the colonies, and to the nation in general. In this 
 fourth year, after the commencement of hostilities, 
 the English had not only reduced Louisburg, St. 
 John's, and Frontenac ; but they had made themselves 
 the undisturbed possessors of that fine tract of coun- 
 try, the contention for which, had been the principal 
 occasion of kindling up the flames of a war so gen- 
 eral and destructive. Success had attended the Brit- 
 ish arms not only in this, but in almost all quarters 
 of the globe. The successes in America, besides 
 many other important advantages, paved the way for 
 that series of successful events, which terminated in 
 the entire reduction of Canada. 
 Treaty Another favourable occurrence of this year, Avhich 
 
 with the ^y |. ^yitjiout its influence in that s^reat event, 
 
 Indians, - -r • -iitt 
 
 Oct. 8. was a general treaty and pacmcation with the Indian 
 nations inhabiting between the Appalachian moun- 
 tains and the lakes. A grand assembly for this pur- 
 pose met at Easton, about ninety miles from Phila- 
 delphia. The managers of the treaty, on the part of 
 Great Britain and the colonies, were the governours 
 of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Sir William John- 
 son, deputy for Indian aflliirs, four members of the 
 council of Pennsylvania, six members of the assem- 
 bly, and two agents for the province of New Jersey. 
 They A\ere attended by a great number of planters 
 and citizens of Philadelphia. They were met by 
 the deputies and cliiefs of the Mohawks, Oneidocs, 
 Onondagoes, Cayugas, Senacas, Tuscaroras, Nanti- 
 coques, and Coniiys, the Tutcloes, Chugnuts, Dela- 
 wares, Unamies, Minisinks, Mohicons, and Wap- 
 pingers. The whole number, including the women 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 387 
 
 and children, amounted to more than five hundred, chap. 
 
 On the eighth of October the conferences were J__ 
 
 opened. The Six Nations complained that some of ^-53 
 their nations had been killed by the English, that 
 others had been captivated and imprisoned in time 
 of profound peace. The Delawares and Minisinks 
 complahied, that the English had encroached on their 
 lands, and driven them from their hunting grounds ; 
 and they respectively declared, that these were the 
 things which had imbittered their hearts and provok- 
 ed them to hostilities. The objects, particularly in 
 view of the English governours, at this congress, 
 were to ascertain the boundaries of the lands in 
 dispute ; to reconcile the Six Nations with their 
 nephews, the Delawares ; to remove every cause of 
 misunderstanding between the English and Indians, 
 detach them from the French interest ; establish a 
 firm peace ; and to induce these nations to use all 
 their influence, to persuade the Twightwees, who 
 would not come to the general congress, to accede 
 to the treaty no^v made with themselves. The con- 
 ferences continued till the twenty sixth of the month. 
 Governour Denny made satisfaction for the lands to 
 which the Indians laid claim, by the payment of a 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 All former treaties were confirmed, and lasting 
 peace and friendship stipulated. The Indians were 
 presented with a considerable quantity of goods, and, 
 to gladden their hearts, the business was finished by 
 an ample treat. The Indians the next day departed Oct. 2?. 
 in peace.* 
 
 This treaty trith the Indians, had a happy influ- 
 ence, in facilitating the operations against Canada 
 the next year. 
 
 In review of the events of the present, and of past 
 years, it appears very remarkable, that under the old 
 ministry and their general officers, nothing but loss> 
 disappointment, and shame attended every enterprise^, 
 
 • Rider's Hist, vol, xlv. p. 55i 65. 
 
388 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 1758. 
 
 CHAP, ^ot one general officer, originally of their appoint- 
 •^" ment, in America, ever achieved any thing manly 
 or honourable ; but hesitation, delay, and disappoint- 
 ment attended all their measures. On the contrary, 
 under the new, and the generals originally of their 
 appointment, every enterprise was crowned with suc- 
 cess. A series of the most important and brilliant 
 successes, from every quarter, like a steady, all- 
 cheering stream, flowed in upon the nation. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 I*Ian of llie campaif^n, 1759. E^^pcditions apainst Ticoiuleroga anii 
 Crown Point, Niag-ara, and Qjichec. TicondcToga and Crown Point 
 abandoned Niag-ara taken. Siege of Qiiebec Action at the falls 
 of Montniorenci. The camp removes to point Levi. Tlie troops 
 land above the town. Battle of Qiiebcc. Generals Wolfe and Mont- 
 calm killed Qtiebec svu-renders. Movements of general Amherst 
 on lake Champlain. 
 
 1 HE successes of the la.st campaign opened the way 
 to the very heart of Canada. The belligerent powers, 
 in Europe, maintained the same hostile dispositions, 
 Plan of which operated the last year. The British minis- 
 operation ^j.y^ therefore, determined to improve the advantages, 
 which they had gained in America ; and, if possible, 
 the next campaign, to reduce the whole country of 
 Canada. For this purpose, it was determined to at- 
 tack all the strong posts of the enemy, nearly at the 
 same time. As soon as the river St, Lawrence should 
 be clear of ice, it was determined that general Wolfe, 
 who had so distinguished himself at the reduction of 
 Louisburg, should, with eight thousand men and a 
 strong scjuadron of ships, proceed to the siege of 
 Quebec, the capital of Canada. At the same time 
 general Amherst, who had the chief command, with 
 an army of twch e thousand regulars and provincials, 
 was to attack Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Hav- 
 ing reduced these posts, and formed a sufficient na- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. gg^l 
 
 val force on lake Champlain, he was to advance, by chap. 
 the river Sorel, into St. Lawrence, and form a junc- 
 
 tion with general Wolfe at Quebec. A third expe- ^^^59, 
 diiion was to be directed against the fort at Niagara, 
 inider the command of brigadier general P: ideaux. Sir 
 William Johnson commanded the New York provin- 
 cials, and the Indians of the Five Nations, who serv- 
 ed in this expedition. By so many different attacks, 
 it was designed, as much as possible, to divide and 
 distract the enemy, and prevent their making an ef- 
 fectual defence at any place. It was hoped, that if 
 general Prideaux should be so fortunate, as to make 
 himself master of Niagara, early in the season, that, 
 embarking on lake Ontario, he would fall down the 
 river St. Lawrence, and reduce the town of Mon- 
 treal. Then it was hoped, that the three armies, form- 
 ing a junction, would complete the conquest of the 
 whole country. 
 
 To facilitate these grand operations colonel Stan- 
 wix had the command of a small detachment, for the 
 reduction of small posts, and for scouring the banks 
 of lake Ontario. 
 
 The army under general Amherst was first in mo- Expedi- 
 tion. In July he passed lake George; and, with- '^'°" *" 
 out opposition, conducted his army to Ticonderoga. condeioga 
 On his approach the enemy abandoned their lines, anti crown 
 which had proved so fatal to the English, the preced- 
 ing year; and the general broke ground just within 
 their formidable breast-work. At first the enemy 
 made appearances of a determined defence ; but, in 
 the night of the 27th of July, they blew up their mag- Ticonde- 
 azine, and precipitately retired to Crown Point. Here ^^'^p^ji^*^ 
 their stay was but short ; for, on the first of August, evacuat- 
 they suddenly evacuated this post, and retired to the ^d. 
 isle of Aux Noix. The light rangers were detach- 
 ed immediately to take possession. On the fourth, 
 the general arrived with the army. 
 
 The French were yet formidable on the lake. 
 They had four large vessels, mounted with cannon, 
 and manned with the piquets of several regiments. 
 
390 A GENTIRAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^xn^" '^'^^^^ ^^^^"^ commanded by Monsieur Ic Bras, a cap- 
 
 tain in the French navy, assisted by a number of 
 
 1759. naval officers. The enemy, at the isle Aux Noix, 
 consisted of three thousand five hundred effective 
 men, strongly encamped ^vith a numerous artillciy. 
 The French commander, Monsieur de Bourlemaque, 
 flattered himself, that he should be able to prevent 
 the passage of the English army into* Canada. 
 
 General Amherst could not proceed till he should 
 have a superior force on the lake. Captain Loring, 
 who superintended the building of vessels at Ticon- 
 deroga, was therefore ordered, with the utmost des- 
 patch, to build a sloop of sixteen guns, and a radeau, 
 eighty four feet in length, and twenty in breadth, to 
 carry six twenty four pounders. While these were 
 constructing, the army were employed in repairing 
 the fortifications at Ticonderoga, and in laying the 
 foundations of a strong and regular fort at Crown 
 Point, for the security of his majesty's dominions in 
 that part of the country. Particularly it was design- 
 ed to guard against the incursions of the scalping 
 and burning parties, which in former wars had been 
 so destructive to the frontiers of the northern colonies. 
 ^on'^H-' While the army under general Amherst were thus 
 jrainst Ni- cmploycd, general Prideaux, reinforced by the Indian 
 agara. auxiliaries under Sir William Johnson, advanced to 
 Niagara, without loss or opposition. He arrived 
 before the fort about the middle of July, and imme- 
 diately invested it on all sides. The trenches v\ere 
 soon opened, and the siege was prosecuted with 
 General great vigour. But on the twentieth, the general 
 knicar'' ^^'^^ killed in the trenches, by the imfortunate burst- 
 Juiy 20. ing of a cohorn. This affected the army with uni- 
 versal sorrow, and threatened to check the vigour 
 of its operations. No sooner was general Amherst 
 acquainted \vith this misfortune, than he despatched 
 brigadier general Gage, to assume tlie command. 
 Meanwhile it devolved on Sir William Johnson. He 
 vigorously pursued the measures of the late general, 
 with every addition, which his own genius could 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 3g| 
 
 suggest. He was popular both with the provincial chap. 
 and regular troops, and almost adored by the Indians. ^^^' 
 The siege was therefore pushed with such united j^.g 
 ardour and alacrity, that in about four days after the 
 death of general Prideaux, the approaches were made 
 Avithin a hundred yards of the covered way. 
 
 The French alarmed with the danger of this im- 
 portant post, determined to hazard a battle for its 
 preservation. Collecting all the regular and provin- 
 cial troops, which they could draw from their sever- 
 al posts, in the vicinity of the lakes, in conjunction 
 with a large body of Indians, amounting in the whole 
 to seventeen hundred men, they advanced to attack 
 the English and raise the siege. General Johnson, 
 apprised of their design, ordered his light infantry, 
 supported by a body of grenadiers and other regulars, 
 to take post on his left, upon the road where the 
 French were making their approach. His flanks 
 were covered by large bodies of his Indians. At Battle of 
 the same time, he posted a strong body of troops, to Niagara, 
 secure his trenches from the attempts of the garrison, "^ 
 during the engagement. At nine in the morning, 
 the action commenced with great fury, with a wild 
 and horrible scream of the enemy's Indians. This 
 yell is truly the most fierce and terrible, which can 
 be imagined. It threw general Braddock's, and has 
 thrown other troops, into the utmost confusion. 
 But, at this time, it had no ill effect. The enemy Enemy 
 were so well received in front, and so galled by the defeated, 
 general's Indians on their flanks, that, in less than an ^va taken! 
 hour, their whole army was ruined. For five miles the 
 pursuit was hot and bloody. Monsieur d'Anbry, 
 commander in chief, and sixteen other officers were 
 made prisoners.* 
 
 As the battle was fought in sight of the fort, and 
 the hopes of the enemy were now ruined, they im- 
 mediately surrendered themselves prisoners of war. 
 The garrison, consisting of more than six hundred 
 
 • Genevul Johnson's lettev tog^eneral Amherst, Jvily 25; IT-iO,. 
 
392 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 XII. 
 
 1759. 
 
 Expcdi- 
 tion ii- 
 g'ainst 
 (Jacbcc. 
 
 men, \vere conducted to New York and New Eng- 
 land. The women and children were sent to Mon- 
 treal.* 
 
 The services, which general Johnson rendered his 
 country, were singular and important. In the com- 
 pass of four years, he was twice honoured with the 
 chief conim.md. In both instances, he fought a gen- 
 eral battle, and obrained a complete victory. Both 
 victories were signalized by the capture of the chiejL 
 commander of the enemy. The consequence of the 
 latter was the reduction of one of the most import- 
 ant posts of the enemy, by which he cut off all com- 
 munication between Canada and Louisiana. Through 
 his influence many Indians were brought into the 
 field, when he first had the command. This year 
 he led out not less than eleven hundred. Though 
 he was not bred to arms, yet, it was allowed, that no 
 general could have made better dispositions for the 
 battle, oi: conducted the siege with a more cool and 
 determined resolution. The force of innate courage 
 and natural sagacity, seems to have formed him an 
 accomplished general. 
 
 The takine- of Ticonderora and Crown Point, 
 with the reduction of Niagara, were a defalcation of 
 capital members, but the expedition against Quebec 
 was a blow at the heart of the enemy. This was the 
 great central operation, to which all the other suc- 
 cesses, however illustrious, had only a remote ten- 
 dency. While this stood in its glory, nothing deci- 
 sive was accomplished. The reduction of this was 
 considered not only as the greatest object, but as, 
 by far, the most difiicult to be accomplished. The 
 most accomplished officers were chosen for this ar- 
 duous enterprise. Under general Wolfe, that great 
 military genius, served brigadiers Monckton, Town- 
 shend, and Murray. They were all three the sons 
 of noblemen. The four generals were all in the flow- 
 er and fire of youth. They were students in the arts 
 
 Rider's Hist. vol. xlv. p. "8. 
 
1759, 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 393 
 
 of war; and though young in years, yet old in ex- chap. 
 perience. The fleet was commanded by admirals ^"' 
 Saunders, Holmes, and Durel, officers of worth and 
 probity, who, on several occasions, had distinguisiied 
 themselves in the service of their country. 
 
 On the twenty seventh of April, admiral Saunders 
 came on the coast, within sight of Louisburg ; but the 
 harboiu' was so blocked up with ice that he was 
 obliged to bear away for Halifax. Thence he detach- 
 ed rear admiral Durel, with a squadron, to the isle 
 de Condres, in the river St. Lawrence, to intercept 
 all supplies from France to Quebec. He took sev- 
 eral store ships ; but unhappily, seventeen sail of 
 ships with stores, provisions, and recruits, from 
 France, under convoy of three frigates, got into the 
 river before him, and arrived safe at the capital of 
 Canada. 
 
 As soon as the season would permit, admiral 
 Saunders, with an arm}- of eight thousand men, sailed 
 up the river, for Quebec. After a safe and easy Aima. 
 passage tlie troops were disembarked on the isle of "^^"^ ^^' 
 Orleans.* This island is about twenty miles in IhVlslie of 
 length, and seventeen or eighteen in breadth. It is Oiieans, 
 fertile, highly cultivated, and abounds in people, vil- ^^^^ ^^' 
 lages, and plantations, aifording every kind of refresh- 
 ment. It was necessary to take possession of this 
 island, not only for the convenience and refreshment 
 of the army, but to act against Quebec, as the west 
 point of it extends up to its very bason. Opposite 
 to this is a high point of land, called Point Levi. 
 The possession of both these points were of essential 
 importance, as they might be advantageously employ- 
 ed against the town, and if in possession of the ene- 
 my, they could make it impossible, for any ship to ' 
 lie within the bason of Quebec, or for the army to 
 earry on any effectual operations against the town. 
 
 General Wolfe having taken possession of tliese pescrip. 
 points, the harbour and town of Quebec, and the Q^"bcc* 
 
 • Rider'9 Hist. vol. xlv. p. SI, 87- 
 
 Vol. I. 50 
 
394 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, situation of the enemy came into view; and, at once, 
 ^"' presented him with the almost insuperable difficul- 
 jj,^g ties which he had to encounter. Nature seems to 
 have consulted the defence of no place more than that 
 of Quebec. Charlevoix in his description of it says, 
 Its natu- No other city besides this, in the known world, can 
 rai boast of a fresh water harbour a hundred and twenty 
 
 strength, jg^g^^g f^om the sca, and that capable of containing 
 a hundred sliips of the line. It certainly stands on 
 the most navigable river in the universe. At the 
 distance of a hundred and ten or twelve leagues from 
 the sea, it is never less than four or five leagues in 
 breadth. But above the island of Orleans it sudden- 
 ly narrows, and that at such a rate as to be no more 
 than a mile broad at Quebec ; from which circum- 
 stance this place has been called Quebio or Quebec, 
 which, in the Algonquin language, signifies a strait 
 or narrowing. When Samuel Champlain founded 
 this city, in sixteen hundred eight, the tide usually 
 rose to the foot of the rock. Since that time the 
 river has retired by little and little, and has at last, 
 left dry a large piece of ground on which the lower 
 town has siiice been bniit, and which is now suffi- 
 ciently elevated above the water's edge, to secure 
 the inhabitants against the inundations of the river.* 
 The ascent from the lower to the upper town, is so 
 stctp*, that it cannot be ascended, only by steps which 
 for that purpose have been cut in the rock, on which 
 the ujiper town stands. 7"'his lofty rock extends it- 
 self, and continues with a bold and steep front west- 
 ward along the river Si. Lawrence for a considerable 
 way, forming above the town the heights of Abraham. 
 From the northwest comes the river called St. Charles, 
 and falls into the St. Lawrence, washing the foot of 
 the rock, on which the city is built. By the junc- 
 tioj; of these rivers the point on which it stands, is a 
 kii.d of ])eninsula. Tliere was no way therefore, to 
 approach tlie town, but either to cross the river St. 
 
 • Charlevoix Journal, 8ic. vol. i. p. 90, 100, 102. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 395 
 
 Charles, and attempt it on that side, or to go above C"/\^- 
 the town and overcome the precipice formed by the J_^ 
 rock. The town was not only thus defended by ^^rjy. 
 nature, but it was strongly fortified by art. It was 
 protected by ten thousand men, under that able, and 
 as yet fortunate commander, the marquis de Mont- 
 calm. He had strongly posted his army on that 
 which was deemed the only accessible side of Que- 
 bec, all along from the river Si. Charles to Montmo- 
 renci. At every spot, where an attack could be made, 
 were strong intrenchments. In front was the river, 
 and a sand bank of great extent ; and the rear of the 
 enemy was covered with a thick, impenetrable wood. 
 
 When general Wolfe saw the situation of the town, 
 the nature of the country, the numbers and strong 
 position of the enemy, though sanguine and adven- 
 turous, yet he began, in a measure, to despair of the 
 success of the enterprise. Nevertheless the keen 
 sense which he had, of the expectations of his coun- 
 try, his desires to answ^er them, and his thirst for 
 glory, bore him above all considerations of difliculty 
 or danger. He determined to leave nothing unat- 
 tempted, which might be for the public service. 
 
 Batteries were immediately erected on the west 
 point of the island of Orleans, and on Point Levi, 
 whence a continual and destructive fire was poured 
 upon the lower town. To co operate in the best 
 manner with the army, admiral Saunders took his 
 station below the north channel of the island of Or- 
 leans, opposite to Montmorenci. To distract the 
 attention of the enemy, and prevent any attem])t on 
 the batteries, which played on the town, admiral 
 Holmes passed it, and took his station above* When 
 this disposition v/as made, the general ordered the 
 troops to be transported over the north channel of 
 St. Lawrence to the northeast of Montmorenci. His 
 view in this, v/as to cross that river, and to bring the 
 enemy to a general engagement. To effect this was 
 his grand object. He foresaw, that an assault on the 
 city would prove ineffectual, while the shipping could 
 
396 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, only batter and destroy the lower town. In this they 
 
 ^ must greatly suffer, from the cannon and bombs of 
 
 1739. t'*^ upper. When the reduction of the lower should 
 be effected, the passages to the other were so steep 
 and so effectually entrenched, that even this advan- 
 tage would contribute little to the reduction of the 
 place. Several eminences, which commanded the 
 enemy's entrenchments, a ford above, and another 
 below, the falls, induced him to take this new posi- 
 tion, and encouraged him to make an attack from 
 this quarter. But on a nearer view, and more thor- 
 ough examination of the ground, the opposite shore 
 was found so steep and woody, and so well entrench- 
 ed, that it baffled all his hopes, of carrying what he 
 at first designed into execution. This was to force 
 the enemy from their present position, by an attack 
 on their left, which he apprehended to be less disad- 
 vantageous than one directly on their enircnchmen?s. 
 But their advantageous situation caused him to adopt 
 different measures. Troops were detached above 
 July 18. the town, and every appearance made, of a designed 
 attack upon it, on that side. The general passed the 
 town himself, and accurately surveyed the shore and 
 banks of the river above. But on this side he found 
 extreme difficuhics from the nature of the ground ; 
 and these were increased by the precaution of the 
 French general. He knew them so well, that he 
 trusted in them for defence, on that side of the town. 
 At the same time, he was too well apprised of the 
 importance of the post, which he had chosen, to be 
 drawn from it by any arts of the English general. 
 He kept close in his lines. He had a numerous 
 body of savages, and took care to make such a dis- 
 position of them, as to render any attempt on him, 
 by surprise, absolutely impossible. 
 
 Meanwiiiie the shipping was exposed to the ut- 
 most danger, by the enemy's ships and rafts of fire, 
 by which they had made repeated attempts for its 
 destruction. By the vigilance of admiral Saunders 
 and the intrepidity of the seamen, under the smiles 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 39/f 
 
 of Providence, it had more than once been saved ^^j^^* 
 
 from the most threatening danger. The seamen 
 
 boarded these floating castles of fire, and towed them 1759. 
 ashore, where they spent their fury without the least 
 injury Vo the British squadron. Beside the constant 
 danger of the fleet, the time for action was wearing 
 away, and the season, in addition to all other diffi- 
 culties, would soon fight for the enemy, and necessi- 
 tate the fleet and army to retire. The general, ' 
 therefore, came to the resolution of attacking the en- 
 emy in then- entrenchments. 
 
 The attack was made at the mouth of the river Attack at 
 Montmorenci. To facilitate this hazardous enter- Mommo- 
 prise, great quantities of artillery were placed upon j'uiy 31. 
 the eminence, to batter and enfilade the enemy's in- 
 trenchments. The admiral placed the Centurion in 
 the channel, to check the fire of the enemy's battery, 
 which commanded the ford. Two flat bottomed 
 vessels were armed, and run on shore, to batter an 
 advanced redoubt. At the proper time of tide, and 
 when the enemy's left appeared to be thrown into 
 some confusion, by the fire of the batteries and ship- 
 ping, the signal was given for the troops to move 
 and begin the attack. The dispositions were excel- 
 lently made and the place of the attack was chosen 
 with great judgment, as it was the only place in which ^ 
 the artillery could be brought into use, and in which 
 most of the troops could be brought to act at once. 
 But here little accidents, which often dash human 
 councils, and demonstrate a Ruler higher than man, 
 totally defeated the design. 
 
 Many of the boats, from Point Levi, ran aground 
 upon a ledge, which projects itself a considerable 
 distance from the shore. This was an occasion of 
 some disorder and of so much loss of time, that the 
 general was obliged to stop the march of brigadier 
 Townshend's corps, after it began to advance. Af- 
 ter some delay, the boats were floated, and though 
 exposed to a severe fire of shot and shells, ranged in 
 proper order. General Wolfe, in person, sounded 
 
398 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 XII. 
 
 1759. 
 
 the shore, and directed the spot, where the troop* 
 should land. Thirteen companies of grenadiers 
 landed with two hundred of the second Arrierican 
 battalion. They had orders immediately to form in 
 four distinct columns, and, supported by bri,^adier 
 Monckton's corps, as soon as the other troops should 
 have passed the ford, for their assistance, instantly to 
 advance to the charge. But the grenadiers, without 
 forming, and before Monckton's corps was landed, 
 in confusion, impetuously rushed on towards the en- 
 Defeat at emy's intrenchments. But here their courage serv- 
 Montrao- ^^ Qi^]y to increase their misfortune. They were met 
 with such a steady and tremendous fire from the 
 enemy, that they could not stand the shock of their 
 repeated vollies ; but were obliged to take shelter 
 behind a redoubt, which, on their approach, the en- 
 emy had abandoned. The general, perceiving that 
 they could not form under so heavy a fire, ordered 
 them to retreat and form behind Monckton's corps, 
 which, by this time, was drawn up in excellent or- 
 der on the beach. This unhappy circumstance had 
 occasioned new delay ; the day was far spent, the tide 
 l^egan to make, and the wind to blow with uncom- 
 mon violence. 
 
 In these circumstances the general foreseeing, that 
 in case of a second re|Hilse, the retreat of the army 
 would become hazardous and uncertain, gave up 
 the attempt, and repassed the river without molesta- 
 tion.* But in this unfortunate attack more than five 
 hundred men and many brave officers were lost.f 
 
 Immediately after this severe check, brigadier 
 Murray was detached, with twelve hundred men, in 
 transports, to co-operate with admiral Holmes above 
 the town. It was designed to make an attempt to 
 destroy the enemy's shipping. The brigadier was 
 also instructed, to sieze every opportunity of fight- 
 ing the detachments of the enemy, and of provoking 
 them to battle. He made a descent at Cham baud 
 
 * General Wolfe's Letter to Mr. Pitt, f Rider's Hist. vol. xlv. p.94,95. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 399 
 
 and burned a considerable magazine, filled with arms, ^Sn^' 
 
 clothing, provisions, and ammunition. But the ships '__ 
 
 were moored in such a manner, that their destruc- 1759. 
 tion was found to be impracticable! As no other 
 service presented, above the town, general Murray 
 returned to the camp. 
 
 The season was now hr advanced, but nothing 
 decisive had been accomplished. Though the news 
 of the successes of generals Amherst and Johnson, 
 had reached the army before Quebec, yet all hopes 
 of any assistance from them were now entirely dash- 
 ed. General Wolfe, consumed with the care, watch- 
 hig, and fatigue, with which, for so long a time, he 
 had been exercised, and chagrined wi'h disappoint- 
 ment, fell violently sick. His body was unequal to 
 that vigorous and enterprising soul which it possess- 
 ed. He well knew, that no military conduct could 
 shine, which was not gilded with success. It could 
 by no means satisfy his great mind, to return from an 
 expedition so interesting to his country, barely with- 
 out censure ; he aspired to the zenith of glory. His 
 high notion of honour, the national expectation, the 
 success of other generals, all turning in upon him, 
 op))resscd his spirits, and converted disappointment 
 into disease. When he had a little recovered from sept. 5. 
 the shock, he despatched an express to the ministry 
 with an account of what had passed, and of the diffi- 
 culties which he had to encounter. He wrote in the 
 style of despondency, but at the same time promised, 
 that the small part of the campaign which remained, 
 should, to the utmost of his capacity, be employed 
 for the honour of his majesty and the interest of the 
 nation. 
 
 Before this express was sent off, it Vv^as determined 
 to move the army above the town, and, if possible, 
 to bring the enemy to a general action. The camp 
 at Montmorenci was soon broken up, the troops and 
 artillery re-embarked, and landed at Point Levi. The 
 troops soon passed up the river in transports ; and 
 while admiral Holmes for several days successively, 
 
400 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, made movements up the river, to amuse the enemy, 
 ^ on the north shore, and draw their attention as far as 
 
 1759. possible from the city, one half of them were landed 
 for refreshment on tlie other side. These move- 
 ments had no other effect, than to produce a detach- 
 ment of fifteen hundred men, from the main camp, 
 under the command of Monsieur Bougainville, to 
 proceed along shore, and watch the motions of the 
 Knglish fleet and army. The general, therefore, 
 came finally to the resolution of landing his troops, 
 in the night, within a league of Caj^e Dimond, and to 
 ascend the heights of Abraham. These rise abrupt- 
 ly with a steep ascent from the banks of the river, 
 and, once gained, would give the army possession of 
 the ground on the back side of the city, where it 
 was least defensible, and would enable the fleet and 
 army to attack the upper ^tnd lower town in concert. 
 Such however were the difiiculties and dangers, 
 attending the execution of this design, that it could 
 scarcely have been adopted, but by a spirit of enter- 
 prise, bordering on despair. The stream was rapid, 
 the shore shelving, the bank of the river lined with 
 centinels, the landing place so narrow as easily to be 
 missed in the dark ; and the ground so diflicult to 
 be surmounted, as hardly to be effected, in open day, 
 should no opposition be made. Should a spy or 
 deserter give the least intimation of the design, or 
 should it be suspected by the enemy : should the 
 embarkation be disordered, through the darkness of 
 the night, or difficulty of the shore, the landing place 
 mistaken, or the centinels alarn^ed, the heights of 
 Abraham would instantly be lined with such num- 
 bers of troops, as would render the attempt abortive. 
 Any one of these things might have occasioned a de- 
 feat. Though these difficulties could not escape the 
 penetration of the gallant general, yet, he adopted the 
 plaji without hesitation, and executed it in person. 
 A divine superintendency so remarkably watched 
 over it, that it sncceedcd to his wishes. When ev- 
 ery thing was ripe for execution, admiral Saunders 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 401 
 
 was ordered to make a feint, with his ships j as if he chap. 
 designed to attack the enemy in their intrcRchments, ^^' 
 on the Beauport shore, and by his motions to give it iys% 
 all possible appearances of reality. The troops em- 
 barked in boats and on board the transports, and to 
 cover the design proceeded eight or nine miles up 
 the river, above the place where they designed to 
 land. Under the cover of night the boats fell silent- 
 ly down the river, with the tide, and were not dis- 
 covered by the sentinels. On the morning of the 
 thirteenth of September^, an hour before day the 
 troops landed on the north shore directly against the 
 heights of Abraham. Admiral Holmes sailing down 
 the river, arrived just in season to assist and protect 
 the landing of die troops. When they had gained 
 the shore, the precipice before them was exceeding- 
 ly steep and high, and they were not able to climb 
 it, but by laying hold on stumps and boughs of 
 trees, and pulling themselves up by them. A little 
 path, so narrow that two could not go abreast, wound 
 itself up the ascent, and even this was intrenched 
 and defended by a captain's guard. With admira* 
 ble courage and activity, did the light infantry and 
 Highlanders mount the craggy steep, dislodge the 
 captain's guard, and open the way for the other troops 
 to gain the summit. By about the breaking of the 
 day the troops were up, and formed in good order.* 
 
 No sooner was the marquis de Montcalm inform- Battle oT 
 ed that the English had gained the heights of Abra- Quebec, 
 ham, than he marched, with his \vhole force, from ^^^' "" 
 the Beauport side, to give them battle. He filled 
 the bushes in his front with his Indians and best 
 marksmen, amounting to not less than fifteen hun- 
 dred. His regulars formed his left, the right was 
 composed of the troops of the colony, supported by 
 two regular battalions. The rest of the Canadians 
 and Indians he extended on his right, with a view to 
 ©ut-flank the left wing of the English. General 
 
 * Wright's Hist, vol. i. p. 210. 
 Vol. L M 
 
402 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 1759. 
 
 CHAP. Wolfe, instantly penetrating his design, detached 
 ^'^' hriiiidicr Tovvnbhend with the regiment of Amherst, 
 A\hich was iifterwards reinforced, with two battalions 
 of royal Americans. He formed the leit in the man- 
 ner, which military men term, en poieiis, presenting a 
 double front. The right of the army was covered 
 by the Louisburg grenadiers. Ot way's were after- 
 wards brought to their right. On their left were 
 Brag's, Kennedy's, Lascelles' Highlanders, and As- 
 truther's regiments. Colonel Howe's light infantrir 
 protected the rear and the left. Webb's was drawn 
 \ip as a reserve, in eight subdivisions with large in- 
 tervals.*' Such were the dispositions on both sides, 
 as at once evinced the penetration and judgment of 
 the respective comTnanders. The French had two 
 pieces of artillery, the English had only time to bring 
 tip one. About nine o'clock the enemy in good or- 
 der advanced to the charge. Their attack Avas brisk 
 and animated. Though their irregulars kept up a 
 galling fire upon the whole line of the English, yet 
 they bore it with patience, reserving their fire, till 
 the enemy's main body had advanced within forty 
 yards, when they poured in upon them a terrible dis- 
 charge, which took effect in its whole extent. The 
 fire was maintained with the same steadiness and 
 vigour, with which it commenced, till the enemy 
 were obliged every where to give way. As general 
 Wolfe stood conspicuous in the front of the line, he 
 was aimed at by the enemy's marksmen. Receiv- 
 ing a shot in his wrist he wrapped it in his handker- 
 chief, and continued giving his orders with the ut- 
 most coolness ; but just as the fortune of the day 
 began to declare itseli-, advancing at the head of 
 Brag's and the Louisbuig grenadiers, he received a 
 ball in his breast and fell in the arms of victory. f 
 Immediately fell general Monckton, the next in com- 
 mand, and were both conveyed out of the line. In 
 this critical state of the action the connnand devolved 
 
 • General Townsliend's Lctti-r to Mr. Secretary Pitt. 
 t Uidcr's Hist. vol. xlv. p. 104. 
 
tTNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 4QS 
 
 &n general Townshend. He had the good fortune chap. 
 to preserve the spirit of the troops, and to push the ^^"' 
 advantages already gained to a complete victory, ^^^g' 
 Every corps seemed to exert itself with a view to 
 the honour of its own particular character. While 
 the grenadiers, on the right, pressed on with tlieir 
 bayonets, general Murray with his corps, advancing 
 with a heavy and destructive fire, broke the ceU'-e 
 of the" enemy, and the Highlanders falling impetuous- 
 ]y on them, with their broad swords, hewed th in 
 down with terrible slaughter. The troops pushed 
 them to the very walls of the town, killed them up, 
 on the glacis and in the ditch ; and had not the town 
 been too near, the whole French army must have 
 been destroyed.* 
 
 No sooner had the English won the field, than a 
 fresh enemy appeared, threatening another engage- 
 ment, and to put all again, to the hazard. Monsieur 
 Bougainville who had been drawn up the river by 
 the movements of the English, with a corps of two 
 thousand men, from Cape Rogue, appeared in their 
 rear. But as the main body had been entirely de- 
 feated, general Townshend was able to establish his 
 rear, and to turn such an opposition on that side, that 
 the enemy, after some feeble attempts, were obliged 
 to retire. 
 
 In this memorable battle, six general officers fell ; Loss iu 
 the two first in command in the English, and four ^''^ battle. 
 in the opposite army. The loss of the English was 
 five, and that of the French fifteen hundred men. 
 The fall of general Wolfe, amiable in his personal 
 character, and one of the greatest military geniuses 
 of his age, was a capital loss to the nation, and damp- 
 ed the joy of this signal victory. When struggling 
 with the agonies of grievous wounds, he seemed on- 
 ly anxious for the success of the action and the good 
 of his country. When unable to stand, he begged 
 his attendants to support him, that he might once 
 
 * Admiral Saunders' Letter to the Right Honourable Mr. Secret*- 
 vy Pitt. 
 
1759. 
 
 ^4, A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, more view the field ; but finding that his eyes were 
 ^" dimmed by the approach ot death, he eagerly asked 
 an officer what he saw ? He answered, " the enemy 
 run, they are totally defeated." Then said the he- 
 ro, " I thank God, I am contented," and almost in- 
 stantly expired. 
 
 The marquis de Montcalm was carried from the 
 field mortally wounded to the city, and lived just 
 long enough to recommend his wounded and capti- 
 vated countrymen to the compassion of the English 
 general. It must be granted that he was an officer 
 of distinguished ability, and that from the commence- 
 ment of the war, he had rendered the highest services 
 to his country. In the last scenes of life he hud well 
 supported his character, having made the best dispo- 
 sitions which human prudence could suggest, both 
 before and during the engagement. In every pre- 
 ceding enterprise, he had been successful ; and it is 
 not certain, that he v/ould not have been so in the 
 defence of Quebec, had he been left to pursue his 
 own opinions. It has been said, that he was not for 
 hazarding a general action ; but that his opinion was 
 overruled by Monsieur de Ramsay, governour of 
 Quebec. 
 
 General Monekton, who was shot through )iis 
 right breast, recovered ; but the second in command 
 in the opposite army ^^'as left wounded on the field, 
 and died the next day, on board the English fleet. 
 The third and fourth in command were killed.* 
 
 Immediately after the battle, admiral Saunders 
 sent up all the boats in the fleet with artillery, am- 
 munition, and whatever should be necessary, for the 
 assistance of general Townshend, in besieging and 
 attacking the town. But as the enemy were still 
 more numerous than the English, it was judged 
 expedient to fortify the camp, before they attempted 
 completely to invest the town. A considerable time, 
 after the utmost exertion, was spent in this ; in 
 
 • Rider's Hist. vol. xlv. p. 100- Admiral Saunders' Letter in 
 Wriglii's Hist. vol. i. p. 219. 
 
UJIITED STATES OF AMERICA. 405 
 
 clearing a road, in getting the cannon up the preci- chap, 
 
 pice, and in making the dispositions necessary to [_ 
 
 cut off the communication between the city and 1759. 
 country. 
 
 On the seventeenth, the admiral went up with the 
 fleet, in a disposition, with his whole force, to attack 
 the lower, as soon as the general should be ready to 
 attack the upper, town. As the city was now com- 
 pletely invested, and every thing put on the appear- 
 ance of a vigorous siege, or of an immediate attack, 
 the enemy demanded a capitulation. On the eigh- Capltula- 
 teenth the city of Quebec was surrendered, on terms q"" j^J^, 
 honourable for the garrison, and advantageous for sept. 18. 
 the inhabitants. The garrison was allowed the hon- 
 ours of war ; and the inhabitants were to be secured 
 in their ])ersons and effects, in the exercise of their 
 religion, and enjoyment of their civil rights, till a 
 general pacification should determine their future 
 condition. 
 
 Various reasons united their influence, in procur- 
 ing these favourable terms for the enemy. The sea- 
 son was so far advanced, as to become cold and 
 stormy, unhealthy for the troops, and hazardous for 
 the fleet. The enemy continued to assemble in force, 
 in the rear of the British army ; and though the lower 
 town was in a manner destroyed, and the upper 
 much damaged, yet the walls were in a state of de- 
 fence, and it was judged a very considerable advan- 
 tage to take possession of the city in this condition. 
 What rendered the capitulation at this time more 
 signally fortunate and providential was, that Monsieur 
 Levi had arrived from Montreal with two battalions 
 to reinforce the enemy, who were rallying behind 
 Cape Rogue ; and Monsieur Bougainville, at the 
 head of eight himdred men, with a convoy of pro- 
 visions was on his march with a view of throwing 
 himself into the town, ihe very morning on which it 
 was surrendered. 
 
 A garrison of five thousand regulars, with a con- 
 siderable number of light troops were left in the 
 
4% A GENERAL HISTORY OF THR 
 
 CHAP, town, under the command of t^eneral Murray ; with 
 
 •^'^' a plentiful supply of provisions, anmiunition, and 
 
 i-rj5 warlike stores, for the winter. The fleet soon sailed 
 
 for England, and about a thousand French officers, 
 
 soldiers and seamen were embarked on board a 
 
 number of English cats and sent to France. 
 
 Thus, after a severe campaign, of nearly three 
 months, fell tlie capital of the French settlements in 
 America. Jf considered in all its circumstances, 
 perhaps there never was an enterprise, attended with 
 so many difficulties, managed with a more gallant 
 perseverance, nor accomplished with more vigour 
 and ability. A city strong in its situation, and 
 strong in fortifications, was to be attacked; an army 
 greatly superior in number to the besiegers, posted 
 under its walls, in an impregnable situation, against 
 the inclinations of a cautious commander, was to be 
 forced to a general action ; a theatre of more than 
 five leagues was to be filled, and operations of tlis 
 extent to be carried (mt, under the eye of a sujjej ior 
 army, by about seven or eight thousand men. In 
 this contest even with nature, as well as art, general 
 Wolfe shewed himself superior to every difficulty. 
 All the dispositions for that daring, but judicious at- 
 tempt, which divided the force ol the tneniy, drew 
 Montcalm from his inlrenchnients, und effeeicd the 
 capture of Quebec, were so many masterly strokes in 
 the art of war. 
 
 The perfect harmony and united exertion of the 
 whole fleet and army, through such a tedious cam- 
 paign, had a capital influence in this grand event. In 
 this all good men will discern a divine sujjerinten- 
 dency. How conspicuous was this, in combining so 
 many favourable circumstances, as were necessary, 
 for gaining the heights of Abraham ? And, in pre- 
 venting those numerous incidents, by which it might 
 have been defeated, and against which no human 
 foresight could have made efflctual provision ? 
 
 When the news of the surrender of Quebec arriv- 
 ed in England, it is hardly possible to describe thq 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 4Q7 
 
 various and mixed emotions, which instantly pervad- chap. 
 ed tlie nation. But two days before, the minis- "' 
 try had received the despatches of general Wolfe, ^^-^ 
 after the check at Montmorenci. As the general 
 appeared then to doubt, the public judged they had 
 reason to despair. But in the midst of this general 
 despondency, a second express arriving, at once 
 announced the victory and capture of Quebec, with 
 the death of general Wolfe. The effects of news so 
 jo}ful, immediately on a state of general dejection, 
 and that mixture of pit}'' and grief which attended 
 the pubUc applauses and congratulations were singu- 
 lar, and uncommonly affecting. 
 
 While these events were taking place in Canada, 
 general Amherst was making all possible exertions 
 on the lakes ; but it was the eleventh of October, be- 
 fore he had completed the shipping, necessary to 
 command the lake, and could be ready to attack the 
 enemy. On this day, having the whole army em- General 
 barked in battoes, in excellent order, covered with Amherst 
 his shipping, he advanced down the lake to attack ^ 
 the enemy. But the next day the weather became 
 so tem|)estuous, that he was obliged to take shelter in a 
 bay, on the v.'cstern shore, and to disembark the 
 troops. While they remained on shore, captain Lor- French 
 ing, with his squadron, sailed down the lake, and vessels 
 drove three of the French ships into a bay, where ' ^^ ^^ 
 two of them were sunk in deep water and abandoned 
 b\' their crews. The third was run aground and 
 abandoned ; but captain Loring repaired and brought 
 htT away; so that, excepting one schooner, the 
 French were now deprived of all their shipjjing on 
 the lake. After lying windbound for several days, 
 general Amherst re-embarked his troops and pro- 
 ceeded down the lake ; but the storm, which had 
 abated, beginning again with greater violence, and 
 the wind blowin<^ \vith such furv, that the waves ran 
 mountain high, he was obliged to return again to the 
 same bay, where he had before taken shelter, and to 
 re- land the army. The general convinced, that the 
 
408 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, season for action was elapsed, and that it was unsal'e 
 
 to venture the army on the lake in battoes, returned 
 
 ir59. to Crown Point. The remaining part of the cam- 
 Oct. 21. paign was employed in raising the new fortress at 
 Crown Point, with three small out forts for its de- 
 fence ; in forming roads for communication between 
 Ticonderoga and the governments of Massachusetts 
 and New Hampshire; and, in making such dispositions 
 for the winter quarters of his troops, as, during the 
 winter, should secure the country from all insult and 
 damage by the enemy. 
 
 Thus happily closed the ever memorable cam- 
 paign of seventeen hundred fifty nine : a campaign^ 
 the successes of which made ample amends for the in- 
 activity and disappointments of former years, and 
 which will always do the highest honour, not only to 
 the generals who commanded, in the several enter- 
 prises, but to the whole English nation. By the cap- 
 ture of Niagara, Ticonderoga, a d Crown Point, and 
 especially of Quebec, the remavb'ng part of Canada 
 became invested on every sid^, f.id entirely cut off 
 from all communication with France. The troops 
 under Monsieur Levi, at Montreal, and at Trois Ri- 
 vieres, with those at the Isle du Noix, could receive 
 no recruits of men, provisions, nor military stores. 
 The way was opened to advance upon them, in the 
 spring, from the lakes Ontario and Champlain, and 
 up the St. Lawrence, from Quebec, -and presented 
 the most flattering prospect of the total reduction of 
 Canada. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 409 
 
 1760. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Stateof the garrison at Qiiebec. Designs of M. Levi. His prepara- 
 tions for the siej^e of the city. Marches with his army from Mon- 
 treah Buttle of Siliery, General Murray defeated, and Qjiebec 
 besieged. Lord Colville arrives with the British fleet. Tlie French 
 shipping is destroyed, and the siege raised. Plan and movements 
 of general Amherst. He goes down the river St. Lawrence. 
 Makes a junction with generals Murray and Haviland, at Montre- 
 al. The city surrenders, and the whole country of Canada is con- 
 quei'ed. War breaks out with the Cherokees. Their lower towns 
 destroyed. They take fort Loudon. Colonel Grant desolates their 
 country with fire and sword. They make peace, and the whole 
 country is quieted. 
 
 1 r had been supposed, the last year, that Canada chap. 
 was, in effect conquered, by the reduction of Quebec. ■^^"' 
 Indeed, without the '* mquest of this, it was impossi- 
 ble to subdue the ^untry. But experience soon 
 taught the English, :h " more dangers awaited them, 
 and that much more emained to complete the ad- 
 vantages to which the taking of the capital had giv- 
 en an opening, than, at that time, the most sagacious 
 had been able to foresee. It soon appeared that 
 there was danger of losing that important acquisi- 
 tion, which had been made, by such uncommon ex- 
 ertions of military prowess, such consummate general- 
 ship, in the face of so many dangers, and at the ex- 
 pense of so many lives. As soon as possible, after 
 the reduction of Quebec, the English fleet retired, 
 that they might not be damaged, by the storms us- 
 ual at that season, nor freeze up in the river. As in 
 the winter, the river would be frozen up, it was 
 imagined that no shipping, would be necessary for 
 the defence of the city, and consequently no ships 
 were left. Lord Colville, with a strong squadron 
 remained at Halifax, with orders to visit Quebec 
 early in the spring. General Amherst was at New 
 York, and so cantoricd his troops, as early in the 
 
 Vol. I. 52 
 
410 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 XIll, 
 
 1760. 
 
 D'-sisTtsof 
 the«nemy. 
 
 Precau- 
 tions of 
 governour 
 Murray. 
 
 season, to recommence his operations, for the entire 
 reduction of Canada. With this disposition it was 
 imagined, that the English garrison at Quebec would 
 be safe and undisturbed. 
 
 But no sooner was the English fleet withdra^vn, 
 than Monsieur Levi conceived the design of recover- 
 ing Quebec. The army, which he commanded, was 
 suj)erior in numbers to the land force which had 
 made the conquest. He had a number of smart frig- 
 ates, by ^^ hich he could entirely command the river. 
 He established advanced posts, at Point au Tremble, 
 St. Augustine, and Le Calvaire, while the main 
 ])ody of his army quartered between Trois Rivieres 
 and Jaques Quartier. As Monsieur Levi had form- 
 ed the design of attacking Quebec in the winter, and 
 carrying it by a coup de main, he provided snow 
 shoes, scaling ladders, and whatever might be neces- 
 sary for that purpose. He took possession of Point 
 Levi, and there formed a magazine of provisions. 
 
 Governour Murray, on his part, omitted no exer- 
 tions, nor precautions, in his power, for the defence 
 of the city, nor for the annoyance of the enemy. 
 During the winter he repaired more than five hun- 
 dred houses, which had been damaged by the Eng- 
 lish shells and cannon, built eight redoubts, raised 
 foot banks along the ramparts, opened embrasures, 
 and mounted artillery. He blocked up the avenues 
 of the suburbs, with a stockade, removed eleven 
 months' provisions into the highest parts of the city, 
 and formed a magazine of four thousand fascines. 
 He posted two hundred men at St. Foix, and four 
 hundred at Lorette. A detachment marched to St. 
 Augustine, and brought off the enemy's advanced 
 guard, disarmed the inhabitants, and brought of great 
 numbers of catlle. By these means the motions of 
 the French were constantly watched, and the ave- 
 nues to the city secured. As soon as the river froze 
 over, he detached a party to Point Levi, who drove 
 off the eni.my, and took their magazine. He dis- 
 armed the inhabitants on the river, and obliged them 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 411 
 
 to take the oath of allegiance. The British govern- chap. 
 ment was thus maintained over nearly a dozen par- ^ 
 
 ishes. 1760. 
 
 By these measures, the out posts were so well 
 secured, and the avenues to the city so effectually 
 guarded, that Monsieur Levi judged it most pru- 
 dent to abandon his first design of attempting to take 
 the city by surprise, and not to begin his operations, 
 till the spring should open, and he could form a regu- 
 lar siege. To be ready for this no pains were spar- 
 ed. The French ships were rigged, gallies built, Prepara. 
 bombs and bullets cast, fascines and gabions prepar- Jhe"eneniy. 
 ed, the militia disciplined and called to arms. From 
 the inhabitants of the country M. Levi raised eight 
 complete battalions. Of the colonists he regimented 
 forty companies. General Murray had certain in- 
 telligence, that he v/as determined to undertake the 
 siege of Quebec, as soon as the river should be clear- 
 ed of ice, so that the frigates and other vessels could 
 act. By these he would be able at once entirely to 
 command the river. 
 
 In the mean time, the garrison in the city suffer- state of 
 ed so extremely, by the coldness of the winter, and ^^^^ |^"'' 
 for the want of vegetables and fresh provisions, tliat Quebec, 
 before the end of April a thousand soldiers were 
 dead of the scurvy and other disorders. Two thou- 
 sand more were unfit for service.* The general, 
 notwithstanding, detached parties, who surprised the 
 enemy's posts at St. Augustine, Maison, Brulee, and 
 Le Calvaire. Nearly a hundred prisoners were tak- 
 en. Afterwards, the light infimtry were despatched 
 to take possession of Cape Rogue, and to fortify it, 
 to prevent the landing of the enemy at that post, and 
 to be near at hand to watch their motions. Besides, 
 considering the city as no other than a strong can- 
 tonment, he projected a plan of defence, by extend- 
 ing his lines, and intrenching his troops on the heights 
 of Abraham, at the distance of about a hundred and 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xlvi. p, 168, 169, and Governour Murray's Let" 
 ter to Mr. Secretary Pitt. 
 
1760. 
 
 vance. 
 
 4^2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, sixty rods from the city. These commanded its 
 ^^^^ ramparts, and, by a small force, might have been 
 defended against a formidable enemy. Fascines 
 and every article necessary for the purpose had 
 been prejjared. In April, the men began to work 
 on the projected lines; but the ground was so fro- 
 zen, that it was found impracticable to carry the de- 
 sign into execution. 
 The ene- No sooner was the frost abated, so as to favour 
 w»yad- the designs of the enemy, than their provisions, am- 
 munition, and heavy baggage fell down the river 
 St. Lawrence, under the convoy of six frigates, from 
 forty four to twenty six guns. The river was now 
 wholly under their command ; a point of great im- 
 portance to the enterprise. The enemy landed at 
 such places as they pleased. The British posts one 
 after another were abandoned, and the detachments 
 retired to the city. 
 
 On the night of the twenty sixth of April the main 
 army of the enemy landed at Point au Tremble. It 
 consisted of five thousand regular troops, six thou- 
 sand Canadians, and four or five hundred Indians.* 
 The numbers afterwards very considerably increas- 
 ed.! On the intelligence of the approach of the 
 French army, general Murray ordered all the bridges 
 over the river Caprouge to be broken down, and se- 
 cured the landing places at Sillery and Foulon. The 
 next day, finding that the French general had con- 
 ceived the design of cutting off his out posts, which 
 had not yet been called in, he marched out, in person, 
 with two field pieces, and, taking possession of an 
 advantageous situation, defeated his design. Having 
 Avithdrawn his detachments, he retired with little loss 
 to the city. 
 
 As the British troops were in the habit of victory, 
 and as dicy had a fine train of artillery, general Mur- 
 ray determined,rather than tamely to submit to a siege, 
 
 • Wrijflit's Hist. vol. ii. p. 256, .ind Rider's, vol. xlvi. p. 169, 170. 
 I General Miirr.iy, in his letter to the ministry, says, he was i)csicj^- 
 ed with 15,000 men. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 413 
 
 to risk a general battle. Accordingly, on the twenty chap 
 eighth of April, he marched out with a train of ^"^' 
 twenty field pieces, and the whole number of his j^gQ 
 effective men, amounting to no more than three thou- 
 sand. These he formed on the heights, in the best 
 order. On reconnoitring the enemy he perceived. Battle of 
 that their van had taken possession of a rising ground ^JprU^^'g, 
 in his front, and that the main army was marching 
 in a single column unformed. Judging this to be 
 the lucky moment, he advanced immediately to the 
 attack, before they had formed their hne. The Eng- 
 lish charged the enemy's van both on the right and 
 left with such fury, as soon drove them from the 
 eminences, though they were well maintained. The 
 van of the French centre gave way, and fell back on the 
 main body, which was now forming to support them. 
 This checked the pursuit of the English. The light 
 infantry were ordered to regain the flanks of the ene- 
 my, but they were so furiously charged in the at- 
 tempt, that they were obliged to retire into the rear, 
 in such a shattered condition, that they could not be 
 brought up again during the action. Otway's regi- 
 ment, from the body of reserve, were instantly or- 
 dered to advance, and sustain the right wing. This 
 was so well supported, that the repeated attempts of 
 the enemy to penetrate it were in vain. Meanwhile, 
 the left brigade of the English dispossessed the 
 French of two redoubts, and, for a long time with 
 prodigious resolution sustained the whole efforts of 
 the enemy's right. This was reinforced by the third 
 battalion of royal Americans, who were of the corps 
 de reserve, and also by Kennedy's, from the centre. 
 The enemy however were able, bv a steady and fu- 
 rious fire, not only to support their centre, but to 
 wheel round, and pour in such fresh and repeated 
 force on the flanks of the English, that, notwith- 
 standing every exertion of military art and pro\vess, 
 the enemy began to encompass them in a semicircle, 
 and pouring in upon the left a fresh regiment, de 
 Rousillon, after they were fought down, and reduced 
 
414 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 
 
 CMAP. to a handful, in that quarter, they penetrated that 
 ^^^^' 'wing ot" tlie EngHsh arnu', and threw it into confu- 
 g sion. The disorder was soon communicated to the 
 Gcnciiii right ; and it appeared, that there was the utmost 
 Murray (jaugcr, that the army would be surrounded and 
 taken. As speedy a retreat as possible became 
 necessary. In this there were such difficulties, as 
 nothing but the magnanimity of the troops, the spirit 
 and skill of the general and his officers could over- 
 come. They finally gained Quebec. As the action 
 continued an hour and three quarters with great ex- 
 ertion and spirit on both sides, the loss was very 
 considerable. The English lost most of their artillery, 
 and not less than a thousand men were killed and 
 wounded. The loss of the enemy was double that 
 number.* 
 
 General Murray's engaging with such superior 
 numbers, in the open field, when he might have act- 
 ed with greater security in a fortified city, has been 
 censured, as savouring more of youthful impatience, 
 and over abounding courage, than of that military 
 discretion, which ought to have distinguished a com- 
 mander in his critical situation. The reasons giv- 
 en by general Murray for his conduct, are incompre- 
 hensible. It is not improbable, that as he was a man 
 of the most ardent and intrepid courage, passionately 
 desirous of glory, and emulous of the character of 
 the incomparable Wolfe, that he designed, by one 
 bold stroke, so to disable the enemy, as to pave the 
 May to the conquest ol Canada, by his own force ; 
 and, by this means, to raise himself to the height of 
 military glor}\ Be this as it may, the victory obtained 
 by the French, for a while exceedingly elated them, 
 both in Europe and America. Indeed, the blow 
 Avas sensibly felt by the English in both countries. 
 It was not expected that, after such a defeat, the gar- 
 rison Mould be able to hold out for any considerable 
 time. The English fleet was at a great distance, and 
 
 "■ General Murray in his letter to Mr. Pitt estimates tlicir loss at 2,500. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 415 
 
 general iVmherst could afford no immediate assist- ^^^^' 
 
 ance. The acquisition and defence of Quebec in ^ 
 
 less than a year had cost the nation more than 1760. 
 three thousand lives, besides a vast expense of mon- 
 ey ; and if it were now to be retaken, this would be 
 all loss to no purpose ; and the sanguine hopes, that 
 Canada would be conquered the next campaign, 
 must be all dashed and vaviish. 
 
 The French, whose sole hope of success depend- 
 ed on the accomplishment of their work, before the 
 arrival of a British squadron, lost not a moment in 
 improving their victory. The very night succeed- 
 ing the battle, trenches were opened before the town. 
 Three ships anchored at a small distance below their 
 camp, and for several days were employed in landing 
 their cimnon, mortars, and ammunition. At the 
 same time the enemy worked incessantly in their 
 trenches before the town. On the 11th of May, 
 they opened one bomb battery, and three batteries 
 of cannon. The first day they cannonaded the town 
 with great vivacity. 
 
 General Murray was not less active in his defence 
 of the town, than the enemy were in the siege. The 
 defeat which he had received served only to rouse 
 him to more strenuous exertions. He was deeply 
 sensible, that, if Quebec should be retaken, it would 
 be attributed to the rashness of his counsels. He 
 knew, that in proportion to the liberality, with which 
 the public had heaped honours upon those, who had 
 conquered it, they would not fail to pour resentment 
 and contempt on the man, by whom it should be 
 lost. It did not escape his reflection, that nothing 
 makes a "worse figure, than unfortunate rashness. 
 These ideas, to a niind like his, were so many per- 
 petual stings ; and the very feelings, which led him 
 to fight the enemy v.ith a weak army, roused him 
 to vigilance and activity, ui the defence of the city. 
 
 He prosecuted the fortifications, which had been 
 suspended by the severity of winter ; and the sol- 
 diers, by his influence and example, exerted them- 
 
416 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, selves with incredible firmness and activity. Out- 
 XHi. ^Y',)rks were contrived, and on the ramparts were 
 planted a liundred and thirty two pieces of artillery. 
 By the time, that the enemy's batteries ojjened, the 
 English were a!>le to maintaiti such a superior fire, 
 as greatly to check, and ni a measure to silence them. 
 The French were greatly deficient, with respect to 
 the number of their cannon, and the weight of their 
 metal. Their heaviest cannon seem to have been 
 no more than twelve pounders. 
 
 But notwithstanding these circumstances, the relief 
 of the town depended on the early arrival of the Eng- 
 lish fleet. This was hourly looked for with anxious 
 expectation. It was the general opinion, that should 
 a French fleet arrive before the linghsh, this import- 
 ant acquisition must be lost. 
 
 On the twenty second of April, lord Colvillc, 
 with the fleet under his command, sailed from Hal- 
 ifax ; but was retarded by thick fogs, contrary 
 winds, and shoals of ice, which floated down the i iv- 
 er. In the mean time, commodore S wanton, who 
 had saikd from PLngland with a small reinforcement 
 for Quebec, with two ships, got into the river, and 
 landed at the Isle of Beck, the beginning of May. 
 Here he purposed to wait for the rest of his squad- 
 ron, which had been parted from him on his passage. 
 But the Lowestofte, one of his frigates, got into the 
 river before him, and, on the ninth of IVIay, to the 
 great joy of the garrison, anchored in the bason, and 
 gave them intelligence of a British squadron at hand. 
 Commodore Swanton, receiving information, that 
 Quebec was besieged, sailed up the river, with all 
 Connno- possible expedition, and, on the evening of the fif- 
 Q°!.L,.n teenth, anchored above Point Levi. General Mur- 
 arrives, ray, wjsliing for relief, expressed his earnest desire 
 Ma> 15. ^j^.jj. ^)^^ French scjuadron above the town might be 
 removed. The commodore, dierefore, ordered two 
 iVigates, early the next morning, to slip their cables, 
 ai'.d attack the encjiiy's fleet. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 417 
 
 No sooner were they in motion, than the French ch^p* 
 ships fled in the utniosUlisorder. One of their frig- ' 
 ates was driven on the rocks above Cape Diamond ; j^gg. 
 anotlier ran on shore at Point an Tremble, and was 
 biu-ned. The whole fleet was soon destroyed, or 
 taken. The enemy were so thunderstruck, at this siege rais- 
 imexpected disaster, and the intelligence of anEng- F,endi ^^ 
 h'sh fleet in the river, that as soon as the darkness of camp tak- 
 the night favoured them, they raised the siege, and ^">^^^y^''' 
 retreated with the greatest precipitation, leaving their 
 artillery, implements, provisions, and their whole 
 camp standing. Thirty four pieces of battering 
 cannon, ten field pieces, six mortars, their tents, bag- 
 g ige, stores, and whole camp equipage fell into the 
 hands of the English. 
 
 On the nineteenth, lord Colville arrived, and the 
 English now became formidable, and capable of act- 
 ing offensively against the enemy in that quarter. 
 The clouds were dissipated, and the prospect of the 
 entire reduction of Canada, by the united operations 
 of the English aimies, brightened, and continually 
 became more and more flattering. 
 
 This happy prospect and the zeal of the colonies, 
 induced them seasonably to send into the field their 
 full quotas of men. Early in the season, therefore, 
 general Amherst found himself at the head of a re- 
 spectable army. His plan was to concentre his 
 whole force at Montreal, for the reduction of that 
 important city, where the whole remaining force of 
 Canada was collected, and whence all the other 
 French posts received supplies and support. The 
 necessary consequence of the capture of this would 
 be the fall of these, and the reduction of the whole 
 country. 
 
 To effect this, general Amherst detached o^eneral 
 Haviland with a good army, to proceed by lake 
 George, Crown Point, and lake Champlain, to the 
 place of general rendezvous. At the syme time, 
 general Murray had orders, with all the troops which 
 oould be spared Iroui the garrison of Quebec, to ad- 
 Voi,. I. 53 
 
418 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, vance towards Montreal by the river St. Lawrence* 
 
 X HI • • • 
 
 [_ The gejieral himself desii^ned with the principal ar- 
 
 1760. ^'^y t" penetrate into Canada, by lake Ontario and 
 down the river St. Lawrence. For this purpose, 
 captain Loring was detached to cruise on the lake. 
 Two armed sloops were prepared for the same pur- 
 pose. A great number of battoes and small vessels 
 were built for the transportation of the troops, artil- 
 lery, provision, implements, and baggage of the army. 
 Several regiments, at an early period, were sent for- 
 ward, from Albany, to attend these services and make 
 the necessary preparations for crossing ihe lake. 
 
 June 21. jj^ June, the general, with the main army, took his 
 departure from Schenectada, and proceeded by the 
 Mohawk and Oneida livers, to Oswego. Li less 
 than three weeks, the general reached this post with 
 
 July 9. the whole army. It consisted of ten thousand regu- 
 lar and provincial troops, and a thousand Indians, 
 commanded by Sir William Johnson. 
 
 Great had been the difficulties, already surmount- 
 ed in conducting such an army with its artillery, 
 provisions, and military stores through that vast tract 
 of country between Albany and lake Ontario. Oth- 
 er generals had spent whole campaigns in effecting 
 less than general Amherst had already accomplished. 
 Much greater difficulties still remained in transport- 
 ing this numerous army, with its necessary supplies, 
 in open boats and gallics, across this \ast lake, and 
 down the numerous rapids of a mad river. It re- 
 quired the greatest caution, and the exactest order, 
 lest they should fall foul on each other ; lest they 
 should approach too near the shore, or be driven too 
 far out on the appearance of a sudden squall or storm 
 seasonably to gain the land ; or lest they should not 
 be steered and pushed forward with such exactness 
 and speed, in shooting the falls, as lo prevent their 
 turning side ways, oversetting, and dashing in pieces 
 among the rocks. But the general, whose calm and 
 steady resolution ^\•as not unecjual to the difficulties 
 before him, made all his dispositions with thatadmir- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 419 
 
 able method and regularity of military arrangement, <^^^p. 
 
 which so strongly marked the character of that great '_^ 
 
 commander. After a detachment had been sent for- j^go 
 ward, to remove obstructions in the river St. Law- 
 rence, and to find the best passage for the boats and 
 vessels, the army embarked, and crossed the lake, Aug. lo. 
 without any misfortune. Receiving intelligence, 
 that one of the enemy's vessels was aground and dis- 
 abled, and that another lay off Lagalette, the general 
 determined, with the utmost despatch, to go down 
 the river to Swegatchie and attack Isle Royal. 
 
 On the seventeenth of August the row gallies fell 
 in with the French sloop, commanded by Mr. de la 
 Broquerie, who, after a smart engagement, sun-ender- 
 ed to the English gallies. The enemy, with great 
 precipitation, retired before the army, till it arrived in 
 the neighbourhood of Isle Royal. This was immedi- 
 ately so completely invested, that the garrison had 
 no means of escape. By the twenty third, two bat- 
 teries were opened against the fort, and it was can- 
 nonaded in concert by these and the armed vessels in 
 the river. Dispositions having also been made for L'isie 
 an attack, Mr. Ponchant beat a parley, and surren- ^^"y^i 
 
 11, „ . , . * •' surren- 
 
 dered on terms oi capitulation. ders, 
 
 As this was a post of singular importance both to Aug. 25. 
 command the lake Ontario and to protect the fron- 
 tiers of the colonies, the general spent some time in 
 repairing the fort, in making every preparation, and 
 taking every precaution, in his power, for passing his 
 troops down the river to Montreal. As all the falls 
 lie between this post and that city, this was by far 
 the most dangerous part of the enterprise. 
 
 About the same time, general Haviland took pos- 
 session of the Isle au Noix, and, by the directest 
 route, was advancing across the country to St. Law- 
 rence. General Murray with the British fleet was 
 advancing up the river, and subduing the adjacent 
 country. The respecti\'e armies bore down all be- 
 fore them, and the operatioiis of the campaign were 
 approaching fast to an important crisis. 
 
420 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. When the necessary preparations had been made, 
 
 ^'•' general Amherst j^roceeded down the river ; but 
 
 j,g^ notwithstanding all his precaution in passing the 
 
 Lrssiutiic rajiids, the stream was so violent, that many of 
 
 falls in St ^^^ battoes and nhale boats turned, went down 
 
 Lawrence. , , i i i i • • i i 
 
 sideways, and dashed ni puces on the rocks. 
 About ninety men, nearly fifty battoes, seventeen 
 whale boats, one galley, some artillery, ammunition, 
 and provisions were lost. Considering the greatness 
 of tlie embarkation, and the extreme difficulties to 
 be encountered, this loss was not very considerable. 
 At length, after a tedifuis, fatiguing, and dangerous 
 voyage, of two months and seventeen days after 
 Army ar- their departure from Schenectada, the army, with 
 rives. great joy, saw the cit}^ of Montreal, the object of 
 Montreal.^ their ardent wishes, and the happy period of their 
 labours and dangers. 1'he troops were immedi- 
 ately landed in the best order. No opposition was 
 made, excepting from some flying parties, who, 
 after exchanging a few shot, fled with precipitation. 
 The general marched about six miles from the land- 
 ing place, and drew up his army on a plain before 
 the city ; where they lay on their arms during the 
 night. So surprisingly providential \\ere the mo- 
 tions of the several armies, that though they pur- 
 sued long and different routes, through an enem) 's 
 country, where each had numerous difliculties to 
 encounter, and in which they had no intelligence 
 of each other's operations, they all met, at the same 
 Armies time, at the place of general rendezvous. General 
 forma JMurrav landed on the island the same day that 
 general Aniiierst took possession ; and general liavi- 
 land, with the army under his command, aj^peared 
 on the south side of the river opposite to the city. 
 
 General Amherst had given orders, tluU the artil- 
 lery should be immediately brought on, from the 
 landing place at La Chine, and, in the morning, de- 
 termined formalh' to invest the town. But no sooner 
 did the morning appear, than the marquis Vaudreuil, 
 governour of Canada, finding himself compassed with. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. - 421 
 
 afmies, addressed a letter to him, demanding a (:a])it- chap. 
 Illation. After some letters had passed between the ^^^ 
 general and govcrnour, the demand was granted, on j^g{^ 
 terms, which, at the same time, they were favoura- 
 ble to the French, did honour to the British arms 
 and nation. 
 
 The marquis Vaudreuil had done every thing for 
 the defence of Canada, which became a vigilant, faith- 
 ful, and magnanimous officer. When all hopes of he 
 recovery of Quebec failed him, he fixed his head 
 quarters at Montreal, and used every art and exer- 
 tion for its preservation. He not only levied forces, 
 colleeted magazines, and erected new fortifications 
 on the island ; but he had recourse to feigned inrel- 
 ligciice and other arts of delusion, to support the 
 depressed spirits of the Canadians.* His chief 
 hopes, however, were not placed either in his arts, 
 or in the greatness of his strength ; but in the diffi- 
 culties, which, on all sides, attended tb.e entrance of 
 Canada. He flattered himself tiiat after the general 
 sickness and defeat of the garrison ac Quebt c, there 
 would be little danger from that quarter. He knew 
 the great distance between Albany and Montreal by 
 the way of Oswego and St. Lawrence ; and the al- 
 most insuperable difficulties of conducting an army 
 down so many rifts and rapids, as there were in that 
 river between lake Ontario and Montreal. These, 
 in conjunction ^ith the impenetrable woods, mo- 
 rasses, and mountains, which covered the country, 
 through which the armies from New York and New / 
 England must pass, he hoped would so retard their 
 operations and protract the war, that a general pacifi- 
 cation would finally save the country. But when he 
 found the three armies, in spite of all difficulties, 
 forming a junction before the town, consisting of 
 more than twenty thousand men, all his hopes were 
 dashed, and he saw that his only s^afety was in capit- 
 ulation. The extent of the country was so great, 
 
 * See his circular letter to the militia of Canada, preserved in Rider's 
 History, vol. xhi. 
 
422 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the interests of the people and the objects of the 
 
 '_ treaty, w hich it was necessary to attend, and, as far 
 
 J-5Q as might be, secure, were so many, that it made the 
 capitulation to be a work of considerable time. It 
 consisted of nearly sixty articles ; but on the eighth 
 Montreal of September, it was completed. By this, not only 
 with all Montreal, but all the other French posts in Canada, 
 given up, ^"^1 ^'^c wholc coiuitry, were surrendered to the 
 Sept. 8. crown of Great Britain. All the troops in Montreal 
 and the other posts were alloAved the honours of war, 
 and were not to be treated strictly as prisoners, but 
 to be sent directly to France, on condition of their 
 not serving during the war. The capitulation se- 
 cured to the inhabitants, of every character, the full 
 enjoyment of the Roman Catholic religion, personal 
 safety, and property of all kinds. 
 Bescrip. Montreal is the second place in Canada, for extent, 
 tion of numbers, buildings, commerce, strength, and opu- 
 Montreai. ipj-,^,^^ jj stands on an excellent and well cultivated 
 island, about ten leagues in length, from east to 
 west, and nearly four in its greatest breadth. The 
 city is built in a quadrangular form, on the bank of 
 the river St. Lawrence. The bank, gently rising, 
 divides the city into the upper and lower towns. 
 Though the ascent from the lower to the upper 
 town is so gradual as to be scarcely perceivable, yet 
 when you have reached the citadel in the upper, it 
 appears entirely to overlook them both, and to com- 
 mand the river and the adjacent country. The city, 
 on the account of its central situation between Que- 
 bec and lake Ontario, became the grand resort of 
 the Indian traders, and the staple of their commerce. 
 As it is more than three degrees south of Quebec, 
 and as the river, in its whole extent, from that city 
 to this, inclines very considerably X.q the south, the 
 country is far more pleasant, and the seasons more 
 clement, than at the capital. Father Charlevoix says, 
 "After passing Richlieu islands one would think he 
 were transj^orted into another climate. The air 
 becomes softer and more temperate, the country 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 423 
 
 more level, the river more pleasant, and the banks chap. 
 infinitely more agreeable and delightful." '_ 
 
 Before the war, the fortifications of this pleasant jjrgo 
 city were mean and inconsiderable ; and though ad- 
 ditions had been made since, yet there was nothing 
 to render the capture of it an enterprise of any great 
 difficulty, except that of leading an army through 
 such a prodigious and difficult tract of country as 
 the English were obliged to pass, that they might 
 appear before it, and that here was collected all 
 the regular, and most of the provincial, force in Can- 
 ada. 
 
 General Amherst had the honour and good for- 
 tune of surmounting all difficulties, and of making 
 such dispositions, as that, almost without the shed- 
 ding of blood, he completed the conquest of Canada. 
 Thus in a little more than a century and a half, from 
 its first settlement, in the sixth year of the war, af- 
 ter the severest struggles, after six general bat- 
 tles, this vast country was completely conquered 
 by the conjoined arms of Great Britain and her 
 colonies. This conquest, if we consider the ex- 
 tent and difficulty of the operations, by which 
 it was effected, the number of inhabitants,* the 
 greatness and fertility of the country subdued, the 
 safety it gave to the English colonies in America, 
 and the transfer of the whole Indian commerce to the 
 merchants of Great Britain, appears to have been one 
 of the most important conquests,- ever achieved by 
 the English arms. 
 
 The accomplishment of so great a work, with so 
 little bloodshed, without any considerable accident 
 or misfortune, without a single instance of rashness 
 or inhumanity, in the commander^ in chief, while it 
 reflected the highest honour on his military accom- 
 plishments, did equal honour to the humanity and 
 goodness of his heart. It must be allowed, that he 
 was extremely happy, in having subordinate com- 
 
 • These, at the time of tlie conquest, were estimated at raorethaft 
 300,000. 
 
424 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, nianders, wlio, with such ability and vigour, seconded 
 "'' hini in all his operations ; and in conimauding a 
 1760. body of rci^iilar and provincial troops, whom no la- 
 boars could discourage, and whom no dangers could 
 dismay. 
 
 But, after all, the principal honour is to be render- 
 ed to the Supreme Ruler, whose all-governing 
 agency, directed the whole series of these successful 
 events. He only could harmonize and direct so 
 many hearts and circumstances, in Europe and 
 America, by sea and land, as combined their influ- 
 ence in this happy event. He never wants means 
 to accomplish his own purposes. When, in his 
 moral government, great events are to be eftccted, 
 He will qualify and call forth instruments, and guide 
 their counsels and operations to the accomplishment 
 of his designs. A Moses, Joshua, David, and Cy- 
 rus will never be \vanting, when the emergencies of 
 his people call for such aids. 
 
 The repairiijg and garrisoning of the several forts,thc 
 removal of the French troops from Detroit and Mich- 
 ilimackinak ; and the replacing of them with Eng- 
 lish garrisons ; the preserving of a communication 
 bet\\'een the various distant parts ; and the securing 
 of the obedience of the country ; made it necessary, 
 for general Amherst and the commanders of the oth- 
 er divisions of the army, to return by the same routes, 
 which they had taken, to form theirjunction at Mon- 
 treal. For the commander in chief this was, in some 
 respects, more laborious and difficult, than it had 
 been to conduct the army to the place of conquest. 
 His shipping, boats, artillery, and baggage were now 
 to be carried back against the stream and to be con- 
 veyed up the rifts and rapids between Montreal and 
 lake Ontario. This laborious and diflicult service 
 kept the army in constant fatigue, during the re- 
 niainder of the canijiaign, and })rotracted it nearly to 
 the beginning of winter. 
 
 Great and universal was the joy which spread through 
 the English colonies, on the conquest of Canada. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 42^ 
 
 Public thanksgivings, were generally appointed to chap. 
 recognize the divine goodness, and to ascribe due ^^^^' 
 honours to Him whose is the greatness and tlie vie- 1760. 
 tory. 
 
 One circumstance however damped the joy, which 
 on this occasion, diffused itself through English 
 America. This was the commencement of hostili- 
 ties, by the Cherokees, on the southern colonies. 
 During several of the first years of the war, this nu- war with 
 merous and powerful nation, had appeared cordially '^''^ cher- 
 to espouse the interests of the English. At their 
 desire a fortress had been built in their country, 
 called fort Loudon, in honour to the earl of 
 Loudon, at that time, commander in chief in 
 America. Parties of them had assisted in the late 
 expedition against fort du Quesne. But it seems, Reasons d^ 
 that while they were on that enterprise, they were *^'^ '^*^'- 
 treated with such general coolness and neglect, and 
 received such insults, as made deep impressions on 
 the minds of that vindictive people.* These were 
 kindled into flame and outrage, by the treatment 
 which they received, from some of the Virginians, 
 on their return from that expedition. Many of the 
 warriors had lost their horses in that service ; and, 
 as they were returning home, through the back parts 
 of Virginia, they caught such as they found runnmg 
 loose in the woods, not knowing that they belonged 
 to any individual in the province. The Virginians, 
 instead of legally asserting their rights, fell on the 
 unsuspicious warriors, killed twelve or fourteen of 
 them, and took several prisoners. The Cherokees 
 were highly exasperated at such ungrateful treatment 
 from allies, whose frontiers, by their assistance, had 
 so lately been turned, from a field of blood, into peace- 
 ful habitations. No sooner had they returned, than 
 they reported to the nation, the bloody treatment 
 which they had received. The flame spread instant- 
 ly through their towns. The relatives of the slain 
 
 • Wright's Hist. vol. ii. p. 241, 242, 
 
 Vol. T. 54 
 
426 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, xvere implacable, and breathed nothing but vengeance 
 ^^'^' against such ungrateful and perfidious allies. The 
 1759. French emissaries added fuel to the flames. In vain 
 did the chieftains interpose their authority. Nothing 
 could restrain the fury of their young warriors. They 
 rushed down on the frontier settlements,and perpetrat- 
 ed many cruel ravages and murders on the defence- 
 less inhabitants.* 
 
 About two hundred soldiers, under the command 
 of captains Demere and Stewart, were stationed at 
 fort Loudon. These, on every excursion from the 
 fort, were attacked by them : some were killed, and 
 the rest soon confined within the limits of the fort. 
 All communication between them and the distant 
 settlements was cut off", and, as their supplies were 
 scanty, the only prospects before them were famine 
 and death. It was feared, at the same time, that the 
 arts of the enemy would influence the powerful, 
 neighbouring nation of the Creeks to the same hos- 
 tile measures. 
 
 In this alarming situation, governour Litdetou 
 gave orders to the commanders of the militia, im- 
 mediately to assemble their men, and act on the de- 
 fensive. The governour determined, with such 
 independent companies and militia, as could be rais- 
 ed, to march immediately into the enemy's country, 
 and to prosecute such measures, as should bring 
 them to reasonable terms of accommodation. 
 
 Chieftains Notwithstanding what had happened, the Cherokees 
 were generally averse from -war. Healing therefore of 
 the preparations which were hiaking against them, they 
 
 ofpeace, sent thirty two of their chief men to Charleston, if 
 possible, to settle all difficulties, and prevent a wai* 
 with the Carolinians. They arrived before the gov- 
 ernour had marched on the expedition, designed 
 against them. A council was called, and the gov- 
 ernour addressed them in a haui^hty speech, import- 
 ing, that he knew all their hostilities against the Kng- 
 
 • Hist. S. Carolina, vol. ii. p. 214, 215. 
 
 comt- to 
 Charles 
 tontotrcat 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 4^7 
 
 lish, and what they still designed: That he would ch\p. 
 soon be in their country, and they should kncAv his 
 
 demands ; and, that, unless they should be granted, ^759 
 he would take satisfaction by force of arms. He 
 assured them, nevertheless, that as they were come 
 to Charleston as friends, to treat of j^eace, they 
 should go home in safety, and that an hair of their 
 head should not be touched. At the same time he 
 gave intimations, that he had so many men in arms, 
 in different parts of the province, that it would be 
 unsafe for them to return, unless they marched with 
 the army, which was going into their country. Ou- 
 coniiostota, who had the name of the great warrior 
 of the Cherokee nation, began an immediate reply ; 
 but as the governour was determined, that nothing 
 should prevent his expedition, he would neither hear 
 him speak, in the defence of his nation, nor with 
 respect to any overtures of peace. Lieutenant gov- Their m 
 ernour Bull, who had a much better acquaintance ^i'^^^™^"*- 
 with the manners of the Indians, and the dangerous 
 consequences of an Indian war, urged the necessity 
 of hearing the great warrior, and the happy conse- 
 quences of an accommodation, before more blood 
 should be spilt. But governour Littleton was in- 
 flexible, and put an end to the conference without 
 hearing the warriors. They highly resented this 
 treatment. After such a number of them had trav- 
 elled more than three hundred miles to make peace, 
 not only to be disappointed with respect to the great 
 object of their journey, but not to be allowed to 
 speak on the subject, was matter of prodigious cha- 
 grin, and a source of jealousy and fear. 
 
 Soon after the conference, the governour marched 
 for the Congarees. This was about a luuidred and 
 forty miles from Charleston, and the place of general 
 rendezvous for the militia. Hither the sachems 
 marched with the army, putting on the appearance 
 of content, while inwardly they were burning with 
 fury and resentment. The governour having mus- October- 
 tered about fourteen hundred men, of whom about 
 
428 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, three hundred were regulars, marched for fort Prince 
 
 George. When the army marched, the chieftains 
 
 1759. were all made prisoners ; and, to prevent their escape, 
 a captain's guard was mounted over them. To 
 complete their indignity and ill treatment, when the 
 army arrived at fort Prince George, the thirty two 
 chieftains were shut up in a hut scarcely fit for the 
 accommodation of half a dozen soldiers. They were 
 not allowed to speak with their friends, nor even to 
 see the light of day.* 
 Treaty of When the governour had advanced as far as this 
 peace post, he found his army so ill armed and disciplined, 
 I)ec.'^i8. ^"^^ ^^ discontented and mutinous, that he judged it 
 unsafe to proceed further against the enemy. Here 
 therefore he opened a congress with the Indians. 
 For this purpose he had previously sent for Attakul- 
 lakulla, otherwise Little Ciirpenter, who was not on- 
 ly esteemed the wisest man in the nation, but the 
 most firmly attached to the English. This old 
 warrior, though just returned from an excursion 
 against the French, in which he had taken a number 
 of prisoners, hastened to the governour's camp, and 
 presented him with one of the captives. 
 
 The governour opened the congress with a long 
 and pompous speech, representing the great power 
 of the English, their victories over the French, the 
 treaiies between them and the Cherokees, their 
 breach of those treaties, and ihe power of the col- 
 onies to destroy them ; and, in a threatening and 
 high tone, demanding satisfaction. 
 
 Attakullakulla, in his re pi} , insisted, that the bad 
 treatment his countrymen had received in Virginia, 
 was the immediate cause of the present misunden 
 standing. He declared his friendship to the Enghsh, 
 and alleged in proof of it, his fatiguing march against 
 their enemies, the French. He said he would ever 
 continue his friendship, and use all his influence, that 
 the governour should have satisfaction, but he gave 
 
 • Hist. S. Carolina, vol. ii.p. 216, 217, 218, 225. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 429 
 
 intimations that the nation would not comply with chap. 
 his demands. He said that the governour had treat- ^"^- 
 ed the Cherokees with more severity than the Eng- ^^^g 
 lish had shewn to other Indians. He requested, that 
 some of the head men, whom the governour had 
 confined, might be released to assist him in the 
 work of peace. 
 
 In compliance with his request, the governour re- 
 leased the great warrior Ouconnostota, and two more 
 of the head men. The next day they delivered up 
 two Indians. The governour putting them imme- 
 diately in irons, so alarmed the Cherokees, that they 
 fled out of the way and no more could be obtained. 
 AttakuUakuUa, convinced that peace could not be 
 obtained, on the governour's terms, determined to 
 return home, and patiently wait the event. But no 
 sooner was the governour apprised of his departure, 
 than he sent for him back to his camp. The gov- Articles 
 ernour wishing to finish the campaign with as much ^|"^26 
 credit as possible, immediately, on his return, talked 
 of nothing but peace. Articles were drawn, and 
 signed by the governour and six of the head men 
 of the Cherokees. All former treaties were confirm- 
 ed ; twenty two of the Cherokee chieftains, whom 
 the governour had seized, were to be kept as hos- 
 tages, till such a number of Indians, who had been 
 guilty of murder should be delivered up to the chief 
 commander of the province. It was stipulated. That 
 there should be an open and free trade as usual: 
 That the Cherokees should kill or take every French- 
 man who should come among them, and hold no in- 
 tercourse with the enemies of Great Britain.* 
 
 Scarcely had the governour finished the treaty, 
 when the small pox broke out in his camp. Few of 
 the army had been infected with the disease, and the 
 physicians were wholly unprovided for such an event. 
 The men were struck with a general terror, and with 
 the utmost haste returned to their respective settle- 
 
 ' Rider's Hist. vol. slvi, p. 149, 159. 
 
436 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TH£ 
 
 CHAP, nients. Such was the fear which each had of his 
 
 XIII 
 
 '_ fcl!o^v, that all intercourse, on the return, was cau- 
 
 1760. tiously avoided. By this means the men suffered 
 exceedingly with hunger and fatigue. The govern- 
 our soon followed them, and arrived safely at Charles- 
 ton. Here, though a drop of blood had not been 
 spilt, nor scarcely any thing achieved, but what was 
 highly perfidious and inglorious, he was received as 
 a conqueror. From different societies and profes- 
 sions he received the most flattering addresses. By 
 illum.inations and bonfires, the citizens expressed the 
 high sense, which they entertained of his services, 
 and of the happy consequences of his expedition. 
 
 However, the delusion soon vanished, and it ap- 
 peared, that the governour, by his conduct, had 
 greatly injured, instead of serving the public. When 
 the chieftains came to Charleston they were sincere- 
 ly desirous of an accommodation. Peace might, 
 doubtless, have been made on terms just and hon- 
 ourable. But by the treatment he gave the messen- 
 gers of peace, both they and the nation were stung 
 to the heart. An Indian values his freedom above 
 all things, and with him, a breach of promise is a 
 crime of the first magnitude. Though nothing ap- 
 peared against the chieftains, though they had made 
 a journey of many hundred miles to make peace, 
 and though the governour had given them ample 
 promises of safety and good treatment, yet he had 
 treacherously deprived them of their liberty, and 
 treated them not only with perfidy but inhumanity. 
 He had obtained the appearance of peace, by takuig 
 one of those base and unjustifiable advantages, w hieh 
 low craft and policy often practise on the weakness 
 and simplicity of unfortunate neighbours. This 
 treatment had converted their desires for peace into 
 the bitterest resentment, and a general rage for war. 
 
 Attakullakulla, by reason of his known attach- 
 ment to the English, had little inflnencc with his 
 countrymen. Ouconnostota, whose influence was 
 great, was now become an implacable and vindictive 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERieA. 431 
 
 enemy. He determined to follow the example of chap. 
 the t^overnour, and to repay meanness and perfidy " ^^' 
 in their own kind. No attention was paid to the ^qq 
 ' treaty, but Ouconnostota, collecting a strong party, Thetreaty 
 killed fourteen men in the neighbourhood of fort '^jl^^^j' 
 Prince George, surrounded the fort, and confined 
 the garrison to their works. Finding that he could 
 make no impressions on the fort, he contrived a 
 stratagem for its surprisal, and the relief of his 
 countrymen, vvho were there in confinement. 
 
 As the country was covered with woods and dark Ouconnos. 
 thickets, it was favourable to his purposes. Having ^^\^'^ 
 concerted his measures, two Indian women, who gein. ' 
 were known to be always welcome at the fort, made 
 their aj^pearance, on the other side of the river, to 
 decoy the garrison. Lieutenant Dogharty went out 
 to them, to inquire what news. While he was con- 
 versing with the women, Ouconnostota joined them, 
 and desired Dogharty to call the commanding officer, 
 saying that he had matters of importance to commu- 
 nicate to him. Accordingly captain Cotymore, en- 
 sign Bell, Dogharty, and Foster, their interpreter, 
 went out to him. He said, that he was going to 
 Charleston to procure the release of the prisoners, 
 and wished for a white man for a safeguard. The 
 captain told him he should have a safeguard. No He decoys 
 sooner had he received the answer, than turnins; and ^"'^^'^'iis 
 
 • 1 1 4.1 • ^ n J r the com- 
 
 givmg a signal, nearly thirty guns were nred irom mander. 
 different ambuscades. The captain was killed, and 
 Bell and Foster were wounded. In consequence of 
 this, orders were given that the hostages should be 
 put in irons. In attempting this one of the soldiers 
 was killed, and another wounded. These circum- Hostages 
 'stances so exasperated the garrison, that, without are butch- 
 hesitation, they fell on the unfortunate hostages, and ^'"^^^^ 
 butchered them in a manner too shocking to relate. 
 In the evening the Indians approached the fort, 
 and, after firing signal ^uns and crying aloud, in the 
 Cherokee language, " Fight manfully and you shall 
 be assisted," they commenced a furious attack on 
 
432 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CiiAP. 
 XIU. 
 
 the garrison, and kept up their fire the whole night. 
 
 But they were so warmly received, that they were 
 
 1760. obHged to give over the attack. 
 Traders Disappointed in their design on the fort, and find- 
 cred. " ^".? '^hat their chieftains were slain, they wreaked 
 their vengeance on the English traders in their coun- 
 try. These they butchered, to a man, without mer- 
 cy or distinction. In the massacre of the hostages, 
 the Cherokees had not only lost a great number of 
 their head men, but most of them had lost a friend 
 or relation. Nothing therefore could exceed the re- 
 sentment and rc)ge of the nation. The leaders of 
 every town seized the hatchet, proclaiming to their 
 fellows, that the spirits of murdered brothers were 
 flying round them, and calling for vengeance on their 
 War be- enemies. With one voice the nation declared for 
 cene?al ^^^^* Large parties of warriors, from different towns, 
 rushed down on defenceless families, on the fron- 
 tiers of Carolina, where men, women, and children, 
 without distinction, fell a sacrifice to their merciless 
 rage. At Long Canes, and about the forks of Broad 
 river, they made terrible carnage among the inhab- 
 itants, who, trusting to the late peace, were reposed 
 in ])erfect security.* 
 
 About two hundred of the enemy made a furious 
 attack on the fort at Ninety Six : but they were 
 obliged to retire with considerable loss. This they 
 revenged on the open country, ravaging the English 
 houses in that quarter, and all along the frontiers of 
 Virginia. They were not satisfied barely with pil- 
 laging and destroying the inhabitants, but they wan- 
 toned in the most horrible acts of barbarity. Many, 
 who fled into the woods, and escaped the scalping 
 knife, perished with hunger. Those, who were 
 made prisoners, were carried into the wilderness, 
 where they sufllrcd inexpressible hardships. So 
 secret and sudden were the motions of the enemy, 
 that it was impossible to tell where the storm would 
 
 • Hist. S. Carolina, vol. ii. p. 225, 229. Rider's Hist. vol. xlvi. f 
 153, 156. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 433 
 
 fail, or to take the precautions necessary to prevent chap. 
 the mischief. Every day brought to the capital ''^' 
 fresh accounts of their murders and desolations. ^^^q^ 
 
 The southern colonies were all alarmed, and appli- 
 cation was made in the most pressing terms to gen- 
 eral Amherst, for immediate assistance. He des- Coi.Mont- 
 patched colonel Montgomery to Carolina, with a.^|^'^"^^"^ 
 detachment of twelve hundred chosen men. Carolina. 
 
 On his arrival at Charleston, he advanced with as Arrives in 
 much expedition as possible to Ninety Six. As the ^p"^* 
 conquest of Canada was the great object of this cam- 
 paign, the colonel's orders were, to strike a sudden 
 blow, for the relief of Carolina, and then to return, 
 without loss of time, to head quarters at Albany. 
 Nothing was therefore omitted by the colony, which Conduct 
 was judged necessary to forward the expedition. °^ ^^^ *^,°^' 
 
 Jo T • 1 1 1 I • • on, on ms 
 
 As gov^nour L.ittleton had been appomted govern- arrival. 
 our of Jamaica, the government devolved on gov- 
 ernour Bull, a man of singular erudition and integ- 
 rity. He spared no pains for the defence of the 
 province. The whole force of it was collected, and 
 rendezvoused at the Congarees, for the assistance of 
 the colonel in the enterprise. Several gendemen of 
 fortune formed themselves into a company of volun- 
 teers, and joined the army. Application had been 
 made to the neighbouring provinces of North Carolina 
 and Virginia for assistance. In consequence of 
 which, seven companies of rangers were raised, to 
 patrole the frontiers, and prevent the savages from 
 penetrating further down among the settlements. 
 Presents were voted to such of the Creeks, Chicke- 
 saws, and Catawbaws, as should join the province 
 in the war against the Cherokees.* Thus assisted, 
 by the beginning of June, he advanced to twelve 
 mile river. He prosecuted his route, by forced "is expe- 
 marches, till he arrived in the neighbourhood ofii'"s"tthd 
 Keowee. Here he encamped, in a strong position ; C'.uo- 
 
 kees. 
 * Hist. S. Carolina, vol. ii. p. 228, 230, 231. 
 
 Vol. J. 55 
 
irou. 
 
 434, A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, and imagining thai the enemy were not apprized o£ 
 ^^^^' his comirg, he determined to surprise them. Leav- 
 ing his camp undt r a sufficient guard, he marched 
 throuj^h the woods, twenty fixe miles towards the 
 town ol" Estatoe. On his march he detached a com- 
 pany of light infantry to destroy Little Keowee. The 
 liiihx inhintry were received at Keowee with a smart 
 fn-e, but, rushing in with their bayonets, they put all 
 the men to death. In the morning the main body 
 reached Estatoe ; but it was abandoned, just as they 
 entered the town. Such of the men, as had not 
 made their escape, were instantly put to the 
 Their sw ord. Thc w omcn and children were captivated. 
 towns de- The town, consisting of two hundred houses, well 
 stroyed. gtorcd with provisions, ammunition, and all the ne- 
 cessaries of life, was immediately plundered, and 
 then reduced to ashes. Some of the enemy, who 
 had secreted themsches in their dwellings, were con- 
 sumed with them. The colonel pursued the blow 
 he had begun, with surprising rapidity. In a few 
 hours Sugar town, as large as Estatoe, shared with 
 it in the same fate. Every settlement in the lower 
 nation was thus destroyed. About sixty Indians 
 were killed, and forty women and children made 
 prisoners. The rest escaped to /he mountains. 
 Their towns and villages were agreeably situated, 
 and consisted generally of about a hundred houses, 
 neatly built, and well supplied with provisions. 
 There were large magazines of corn consumed in 
 the general coriflagration. Such had been thc cruel- 
 tics practised on the inhal^itants, that the soldiers 
 were deaf to all suggestions of mercy. ^ 
 
 Colonel Montgomer}^ having taken such vengeance 
 on the enemy, marched for the relief of fort Prince 
 George, which thc savages for sometime had so 
 closely invested, that tlie garrison were in great dis- 
 tress, both for the want of wood and provisions. 
 
 • Ri'Jtr's Hist. vol. :iwlvi. p. 157. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 435 
 
 At this post he arrived in safety, having lobt not chap, 
 more than five or six men in the expedition. ^^"' 
 
 From this post two Indians were despatched to i^^qq 
 acquaint the Cherokees, that if their chief men would Message 
 come down and treat of an accommodation, peace ^°^'^^^ 
 should be gi-anted them, on the account of the Little kees. 
 Carpenter, and tiis many good services to the Eng- 
 lish. At the same time, they were to assure them, 
 that,. unless they should, in a few days, begin a ne- 
 gotiation, all the towns in the upper nation would be 
 ravaged and reduced to ashes.* A messenger was 
 also sent to fort Loudon, requesting the command- 
 ing officers to use their best endeavours for the ob- 
 taining of peace with the Cherokees of the upper 
 towns. 
 
 Messages of peace producing no good effects, the coi Mont- 
 colonel decermined to make an attack on their mid- .e-'>meiy 
 die settlements. He immediately began his march, "l:%st^ 
 but his success in this enterprise, was no ways equal ib.e middle 
 to that in his former. The enemv watched all his ^'-'^^^■ 
 
 11 , " , . ments, 
 
 motions, and look every advantage and oj^portunity j(ine24. 
 to distress him on his march. On the third day, 
 as the army was advancing through a dangerous Buttle, 
 ground, the enemy attacked him in the most furious June 2V, 
 and obstinate manner. They commenced the action 
 with their usual horrible screams and outcries, main- 
 taining a severe fire from under cover. The troops 
 were ranged in the most judicious manner, and firm- 
 ly stood the enemy's charge. The fight was long, 
 obstinate, and well maintained on both sides. At 
 length the colonel making a movement, which 
 brought the royal Scots upon their right, the enemy 
 gave way and fled. The captain of the rangers, and 
 about twenty men, were killed, and nearly eighty 
 wounded. It was supposed that the enemy lost 
 about forty men.| The army pushed forward, 
 about five miles, the succeeding evening, to Etcho- 
 wee, one of the most considerable towns in the mid« 
 
 * Rider's Hist. vol. xlvi, p. 159. t Wrlg-ht's Hist. vol. ii. p. 34.'>, 
 
436 
 
 A GENEKAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 1760. 
 
 The colo- 
 nel re- 
 treats. 
 
 Leaves 
 Carolina. 
 
 Fort Lou 
 don sur- 
 reiuU-rs, 
 Aug. 7. 
 
 die settlements. But the Indians had removed their 
 most valuable effects, and forsaken the tOAvn. The 
 colonel was able to do them no other injury, than 
 to destroy a defenceless town. Here they attacked 
 his piquet guard with such fury, that they were re- 
 pulsed with difficulty. They also gave him repeat- 
 ed annoyance, by their vollies from the surrounding 
 hills. Though he had gained the field, and been 
 able to advance after the action, yet it had the effect 
 of a defeat. So many of hii men had been wound- 
 ed, and so many of his horses killed, that he found a 
 retreat absolutely necessary, to save the wounded 
 men from the massacre of the enemy. In the be- 
 ginning of July, he returned to fort Prince George. 
 The expedition had cost him five officers, and about 
 a hundred men, killed and wounded. 
 
 He now supposed, that his orders obliged him to 
 return, with the troops under his command, and re- 
 join the main army. To the consternation of the 
 whole country, this was found to be his determina- 
 tion. The intreaties of the province, however, pre- 
 vailed with him to leave about four hundred men, to 
 assist in the defence of the frontiers. 
 
 Carolina and the neighbouring colonies were again 
 exposed to the fury of a merciless foe, not so 
 much weakened as exasperated, by their late chas- 
 tisement. Fort Loudon soon fell into the hands of 
 the enemy. They had assembled in strong bodies, 
 and formed the blockade of it nearly a month before 
 the departure of colonel Montgomery. They were 
 now left, without molestation, to continue it with 
 their whole force. The garrison held out about two 
 months, till their provisions were totally consumed. 
 The enemy manifested pacific dispositions, and 
 promised kind treatment. These circumstances in- 
 fluenced them to surrender on honourable conditions. 
 
 But the enemy, regardless of faith or humanity, 
 fell upon them, in their march homeward, and 
 butchered all the officers, excepting captain Stuart, 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 437 
 
 and twenty five of the soldiers. The rest were car- chap. 
 ricd into a horrible captivity. ]^ 
 
 Captain Stuart owed his life to the invincible at- i^gg^ 
 taciimeiit of Attakiillakulia. He ransomed him, at 
 the expense of all he could command, and with un- 
 common art and pains, conducted him in safety to 
 his friends. 
 
 While the Cherokees were thus distressing Caro- General 
 lina and the souihern frontiers of Virs;inia, the Ensr- ^'^flTu 
 
 !• 1 • n 1 111 r\^ • 1 establisn- 
 
 hsh mterest was firmly established on the Ohio, by estheEng- 
 thc prudent and vie^oroiis conduct of major q-eneran*^'^ ^"^t^* 
 
 est on tiiG 
 
 S'anwix. He had greatly strengthened the post at ohio. 
 Pittsburg, by repairing and enlarging the fortifica- 
 tions ; and by erecting store houses and barracks 
 for a respectable garrison. With great diligence 
 and success he had cultivated friendship and made 
 alliances with the Indians in that vicinity. The hap- 
 py consequences of these measures were soon ap- 
 parent, in a considerable trade between the Indians 
 and the merchants at Pittsburg ; and in the return 
 of nearly four thousand planters to the quiet posses- 
 sion of the lands, v»''hence they had been driven, 
 on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl- 
 vania.* 
 
 The Cherokees still continuing hostile, and South 
 Carolina having already expended more than fifty 
 thousand pounds sterling, in the defence of the fron- 
 tiers, without gaining any considerable point, lieu- 
 tenant governour Bull made application, a second 
 time, to general Amherst for assistance. Mean- 
 while the royal Scots with the militia were posted 
 on the frontiers for their defence. But, as the Creeks 
 had murdered several of the English, and made 
 no proposals for satisfaction, and as the French were 
 employing all their arts, both with them and the 
 Choctaws, to engage them in the war, the province 
 was under the most dreadful apprehensions. f 
 
 • Rhier's Hist. vol. xlvi, p. 164, f Hist. S. Car. vol. ii. p. 235,236,244. 
 
 % 
 
438 
 
 A GENERAL HISTOWY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 irei. 
 
 Colonel 
 Grant ar- 
 rives with 
 the High- 
 landers in 
 Carolina, 
 Jan. 1761, 
 
 Expedi- 
 tion a- 
 
 jjair?t the 
 
 ChcT). 
 
 kees. 
 
 Tlie army 
 marches 
 to fort 
 Prince 
 George, 
 May 27. 
 
 Eroni 
 
 IllCIlCC, 
 
 June 7. 
 
 As Canada was now conquered, the commander 
 in chief could more conveniently spare a force ade- 
 (juate to the purpose of humbling the savat^es. The 
 highlandcrs were therefore ordered again for Caro- 
 lina. The active and brave colonel Montgomery, 
 who commanded them, on the former exjiedition, 
 was now embarked for England. He was brother to 
 the earl of Eglinton, and afterwards succeeded him 
 in his honours. His affairs requiring his return, the 
 command of the regiment devolved on lieutenant 
 colonel James Grant. He landed at Charleston 
 with his regiment the beginning of the year seventeen 
 hundred sixty one. The troops took up their win- 
 ter quarters in the town. 
 
 It was determined, if possible, to give the Indians 
 so severe a correction the ensuing campaign, as 
 sliould induce them to peace. The province, there- 
 fore, determined to make the utmost exertions. A 
 provincial regiment was raised under the command 
 of colonel Middleton. Presents were made to the 
 Indian allies, and numbers of the Chickesaws and 
 Cata^vbaws were engaged in the service. The ar- 
 my were clothed and aniied in the best manner for 
 the service, in which they were engaging. 
 
 In May, the army consisting of two thousand 
 and six hundred men, advanced to fort Prmce 
 George. Here AttakullakuUa, having got intelli- 
 gence of the force advancing against his nation, met 
 colonel Grant, and repeatedly intreated him 1 y his 
 friendship and many good services to the English, to 
 proceed no furtlicr, till he had once more used his 
 influence with his nation to bring them to an accom- 
 modation. But colonel Grant would not listen to 
 his solicitations. He immediately began his march 
 for the middle settlements. A party of ninety In- 
 dians, and thirty woodmen painted like Indians, 
 marched in front of the army and scoured the woods. 
 After them followed the light infantry, and about 
 fifty rangers, consisting of about two hundred men. 
 By the vigilance and activity of these, the colonel 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 439 
 
 designed to secure the main body from annoyance chap. 
 and surprise. During thiee days he made forced ___ 
 marches th«t he might pass several dangerous defiles ^^gj 
 which might cost him dear, should the enemy first 
 get the possession, and warmly dispute the passage. 
 These he passed without annoyance. But the next 
 day, finding suspicious grounds on all sides, orders 
 were given that the army should prepare for action, 
 and that the guards should advance slowly, doubling 
 their circumspection. As the army advanced in 
 this cautious manner, about eight o'clock in the 
 morning, the enemy were discovered, by the advanc- 
 ed guard, nearly in the same ground, where they 
 attacked coloned Montgomery the preceding year. 
 Rushing down from the high grounds they furiously Baule 
 attacked the advanced guard. These were supported Etchoe 
 and the action became general. A party of the ene- June ly. 
 my driven from the low grounds immediately ascend- 
 ed the hills under which the whole line was obliged 
 to pass. On the left was a river, from the opposite 
 banks of which they received a heavy fire as they ad- 
 vanced. While the line faced and gave their whole 
 charge to the Indians on the bank of the river a par- 
 ty was ordered to ascend the hills and drive the ene- 
 my from the heights. No sooner were they dis- 
 lodged from the heights, than they returned with re- 
 doubled ardour to the charge in the low grounds. 
 These it apjjeared their determination obstinately to 
 dispute. The situation of the troops soon became 
 critical and distressing. They had been greatly fa- 
 tigued, by forced marches, in rainy weather. They 
 were galled by the fire of the enemy, so compass- 
 ed with woods, that they could neither discern nor 
 approach them, but with the greatest difficulty and 
 danger. When they were pressed, they always kept 
 at a distance, but rallying returned again with the 
 same fierceness and resolution to the charge. No 
 sooner were they driven from one place, than 
 they sprang up like furies in another. While the at- 
 tention of the colonel was drawn to the enemy on 
 
440 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, the bunks of the river, and employed in driving them 
 
 '_ from their hirking phices on that side, so furious an 
 
 1761. attack was made on his rear guard, that he was 
 
 obHged to order a detachment back to its rchef, to 
 
 save his cattle, provision, and bagf^age. From nine 
 
 to eleven o'clock, did the enemy maintain the 
 
 action. Every where the woods resounded with the 
 
 roar of arms and the hideous shouts and yells of sav- 
 
 TheCher- ^S^S' -^^ length tlic Cherokccs gave way, but as 
 
 okees de- they wcrc pursued they kept up a scattering shot till 
 
 icated. ^.^^ o'clock. They then wholly disappeared.* 
 
 What loss the enemy sustained is not known, that 
 of colonel Grant was about sixty men in killed and 
 wounded. The army advanced as soon as jjossible, 
 iand, about midnight, arrived at Etchoe, a large In- 
 thcir cii-in town. The next day it was reduced to ashes, 
 settle-^ There were fourteen other towns in the middle set- 
 mcnts dc- tlcmeuts, all which shared the same fate. The ene- 
 strojed. jY^y's magazines, and their corn fields, amounting to 
 not less, than fourteen hundred acres, were utterly 
 destroyed. The miserable inhabitants stood the silent 
 spectators of the g-eneral destruction ; and were ob- 
 liged to retire, to starve in the thickets and moun- 
 tains.! Nearly the same barbarities were practised 
 towards them, by a civilized and christian people, of 
 which we so loudly comjilain, when, in their manner 
 of Vv'arfare, they are practised against us. What a scene 
 of blood and -desolation, both with respect to them 
 and the colonies, was the consequence of a haughty, 
 bloody, and treacherous- treatment of the Indians, by 
 a few imprudent and ijase people among ourselves. 
 Unjust and bloody measures often meet a recom- 
 pense in their own way. As the consequences of 
 an Indian war are nothing but merciless carnage and 
 desolation, on both sides, every motive of humanity 
 and good policy require, the strictest guai d and pre- 
 caution against it, anel that the natives be treated 
 with justice, condescension, and luimaniiy. 
 
 • Hist. S. C;ir. vol. ii. p. 248,250. | Rider, vol. xlviii. p. 63, fi4. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 441 
 
 CHAP. 
 XIII. 
 
 After nearly thirty days had been spent in Morks 
 of destruction, the army returned to fort Prince 
 George. The various hardships it had endured, in the i^ei. 
 wilderness, from watching, heat, thirst, danger, and 
 fatigue, hardly admit of description. The feet and 
 legs of many of the soldiers were so mangled, and 
 their spirits so exhausted, that they were utterly in- 
 capacitated to proceed on their march. Colonel 
 Grant determined therefore to encamp, awhile, at 
 this post, both for the refreshment of his men, and to 
 get intelligence with respect to the resolutions of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Soon after his arrival, Attakullakulla and several 
 other chieftains of his nation^ came to the camp and 
 expressed tricir wishes for peace. Articles were 
 drawn and interpreted to the warriors. Attakulla>- 
 kulla readily agreed to them all, but one, which, he 
 said, he had no authority from the nation to grant. 
 This was a demand of four Cherokees to be deliver- 
 ed up and put to death in t-hc front of the army, or 
 four green scalps to be delivered within twelve nights. 
 As the chieftains could not grant this, they were 
 sent to Charleston to know whether the governour 
 would abate this rigorous article. / 
 
 Governour Bull and his council met them at Ash- 
 ley Ferry. The governour spoke to tlicm in this 
 friendly manner; " Attakullakulla, I am glad to see 
 you, and as I have always heard of your good 
 behaviour, that you have been a good friend to 
 the English, I take you by the hand, and not only 
 you but all those with you also, as a pledge of 
 their security whilst under my protection. Colonel 
 Grant acquaints me that you have applied for peace; 
 now that }ou are come, I have met with my beloved 
 men, to hear what you have to say, and my ears are 
 open for that purpose." Then a fire was kindled, 
 tlie pipe of peace was lighted up, and, for sometime, 
 all smoked together in great silence and solemnity, 
 
 Attakullakulla then rose and addressed the gov- 
 ernour, in a manly and eloquent speech, represent- 
 ing his joy at seeing the governour, that he was come 
 
 "Vol. I. 56 
 
4.4-2 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^xiv^ as a messenger of peace ; that his people were in 
 
 1 great distress; and tiiat, though the English were su- 
 
 17G1. perior to them, and lived in Hght, while they were in 
 darkness; yet that one God was the Father of both ; 
 that they lived in one country, and that he wished 
 what had hap])ened might be forgotten, and they 
 might live as one people. Peace was established, and 
 both parties expressed their wishes, that it might con- 
 tinue as long as the rivers should run, or the sun shine. 
 The wliolc North American continent appeared 
 now to be quieted. The colonies nevertheless were 
 called upon to furnisli their quotas during the war. 
 Much remained to be done, in repairing and erect- 
 ing forts, building barracks, and storehouses, and in 
 putting the country into a proper situation to main- 
 ti\in the conquests which had been made. Prodig- 
 ious was the labour and expense, which, in this and 
 the next year, were bestowed on the fortifications 
 and buildings at Crown Point. The works to be 
 accomplished and the garrisons to be maintained, 
 employed the regular and provincial troops, during 
 the whole of this campaign. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Tiic critical bUle of Great Britain and the Colonies. Expedition 
 against Martinico. Surrender of the French Islands. War with 
 Spain Lord Albemarle's expedition against Havannah. The city 
 is taken. Events disposing the enemy to peace. General pacifica- 
 tion. Boundaries between France and Great Britain in America, 
 (^lotfis, supplies, and expense of the colonies during the war. Ef- 
 fects of ihe war. Joy and state of the country on the return of 
 peace. Indian war. The enemy ravage tlie frontiers of the south- 
 ciii cu] )nus, take several English forts, attempt the reduction of 
 fort Pitt, Detroit, and Niagara. Battle at Detroit. The enemy at- 
 tack colonel Boiuiuet, and are defeated. They destroy a detach- 
 iwent rf men near Niagara. Are humbled, and make peace. 
 
 xLVERY thing which had been an object of the war 
 on the continent of North America was now accom- 
 plished ; but in Europe the affairs of Great Britain 
 and her allies never wore a more gloomy aspect. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 443 
 
 France had greatly extended her conquests in Germa- *^h ap. 
 
 ny. A very considerable part of Hanover Avas in the \ 
 
 possession of her troops. The king of Prussia was 176I. 
 so reduced and pressed on every side, by his numtr- 
 ous enemies, that there was no human prospect, that 
 he could, for any considerable time, hold out against 
 them. Should he be overpowered, the allied army, 
 which now was only able to act on the defensive, could 
 not survive the event a single day. All the Hano- 
 verian dominions must instantly be lost. What other 
 disasterous consequences might ensue it was not 
 within the reach of human foresight to determine. 
 All the great powers of Europe were engaged on the 
 side of France. The negotiations of peace, which Sept. 2G 
 h; d been opened with some favourable appearances, 
 Avere now broken off without any accommodation, or 
 any fiivourable change in the feelings or designs of 
 the belligerent powers. Indeed the parties appeared 
 more hostile in their intentions, and more adverse in 
 their opinions, than at the commencement of the 
 war. After it had been so long and general, after 
 such a prodigious effusion of blood, and the expense of 
 so much money and treasure, as seemed almost to 
 have exhausted and worn down the powers at war, 
 they appeared to be inflamed with new animosities, 
 and to be rousing themselves afresh to works of mu- 
 tual destruction. It appeared that the courts of Bour~ 
 bon had strengthened the family compact by new and 
 extraordinary treaties, and that Spain was about to 
 become an ally with France in the war. 
 
 Great Britain never was in a more critical and dan- 
 gerous situation. She was not only directly or indi- 
 rectly engaged in war with all the great continental 
 powers of Europe, but with much the most consid- 
 erable part of her maritime force. The Spanish fleet 
 was computed at more than a hundred men of war. 
 Spain was a fresh power, cordial in her friendship to 
 France, unimpaired in her resources of men, money, 
 stores or any thing necessary for war. Great Britain 
 was exhausted of men, and her resources were sinking 
 under a debt of more than a hundred millions. 
 
444 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^}}f^}'- In the gloom and dangers of Great Britain her col- 
 
 _2 1 onies were involved. Notwithstanding all that glow 
 
 17(51. of victory, which had appeared in America, there was 
 yet great danger, tliat after all iier exertions, she 
 would derive no lasting ad\antagcs from the war. 
 If France and her allies should carry their points in 
 Europe, it would require, that all the acquisitions, 
 made in America, should he given up to recover 
 what would be lost in Germany, and to secure the 
 rights of Protestants, on that side of the water. The 
 exiraordinary events of tlie next year gave a favoura- 
 ble turn to the affairs of Europe, and were pro- 
 ductive of happy consef}uences to America. 
 
 After the close of the campaign on the continent of 
 Expcdi- America, a considerable part of the regular troops, 
 gainst' with a body of provincials, embarked for the West 
 Martinico. Indies, and joined an armament from Great Britain, 
 in the reduction of Marti nico. The whole land force 
 consisted of about twelve thousand men, under the 
 Jan 7, command of general Monckton. On the seventh of 
 ^^^^2. January the fleet and army arrived oft' that island. 
 By the fourteenth of February the whole island \vas 
 reduced to the government of Great Britain. 
 Marfinico, ^he surrender of this island, which was the seat of 
 st'.^Luria, govcmmcnt, the principal mart of trade, and the 
 .Mid St. centre of the French force in the Caribbees, was sooii 
 tlkJn"^^ succeeded by the surrender of all the dependent isl- 
 Maich .1 ands. The fertile islands of Granada, St. Lucia, and 
 St. Vincents followed the example of the capital. 
 In '.Lshort time the I'.nglish became the sole and un- 
 disturbed possessors of that grand chain of nume- 
 rous islands, which forms the immense bow, exten- 
 ding from the eastern ])oint of Hisjxmiola almost to 
 the continent of South America. These islands, to- 
 gether, can boast more trade than falls to tlic share 
 of some resj)cctable kingdoms. 
 Wir with As war luid been declared against Sj)ain, on the 
 Spain. second of January, it was determined to give a capital 
 blow to the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 
 Au armament was prepared with the utmost despatch. 
 Lord All}cmarle v/as ai)pointcd lo command the oper 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 445 
 
 ations by land. He had, from his youth, been train- chap. 
 
 ed to war, under the duke of Cumberland. The '_ 
 
 fleet, destined to the service, was commanded by ad- 1762. 
 miral Pocock, who had commanded so successfully 
 in the East Indies. The object of the expedition 
 was the Havannah, in ■which centered the whole trade 
 and navigation of the Spanish West Indies. The Arma- 
 fleet sailed from Portsmouth on the fifth of March. ^""V^^^ ^^ 
 This was to be reinforced by a squadron from ?vlar- vannuh, 
 tinico, under the command of Sir James Douglass. Ma_Y27, 
 On the twenty seventh of May the two squadrons 
 formed a junction, at Cape Nichola, the north west 
 point of Hispaniola. The fleet now consisted of thir- 
 ty seven ships of war, with nearly a hundred and fif- 
 ty transports. The land force on board was about 
 ten thousand men. Four thousand regular troops 
 from New York, were ordered to join them at the 
 Havannah. A considerable number of provincials 
 enlisted under their own officers, and assisted in this 
 arduous enterprise. The whole land force, when 
 collected together, would amount to fifteen or six- 
 teen thousand men. 
 
 The admiral was sensible how much the success 
 of the expedition depended on despatch ; that it might 
 be carried into execution before the coming on of the 
 hurricane months. Instead, therefore, of keeping the 
 common tract of the galleons to the south of Cuba, 
 which was much the safest, thouch far the most ted- 
 ious passage, he determined to pursue his course, 
 from east to west through the streights of Bahama. 
 This is a narrow passage, not less than seven hun- 
 dred miles in length. It is bounded on the right 
 and left, with so many dangerous sands and shoals, 
 that the navigation is dangerous for small afid single 
 vessels. Yet such were the precautions and admira- 
 ble dispositions of the admiral, that he carried this 
 fleet of nearly two hundred sail, safely through this 
 perilous passage. On the fifth of June, Havannah, 
 the object of this long voyage, and of so many anx- 
 ious hopes and fears, presented itself to the view of 
 the fleet and army. \ 
 
446 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. Q,^ the seventh the troops were landed. For 
 
 ^ more than two months, every art of war, every ex- 
 
 1762. ertion of courage, with the most invincible patience 
 Troops and perseverance, under almost insuperable difficul- 
 Hava^n.*''*^ tics, wcrc unitcdlv employed, by officers and soldiers, 
 nah, by the fleet and army for the reduction of this impor- 
 
 june 7. |.^nj. island. The fortresses were strong by nature 
 and art. The enemy made a gallant and obstinate 
 defence. The climate was burning, and the want of 
 water great and almost insuperably distressing. 
 Never were British valour and resolution put to 
 a severer trial. Some of the soldiers dropped down 
 dead under the pressure of heat, thirst, and fatigue. 
 Before the middle of July, the army, in this unwhol- 
 some and burning region, and under the rigour of 
 such extraordinary services, was reduced to one half 
 of its original numbers. Five thousand soldiers and 
 three thousand seamen were ill at one time. The 
 hearts of the most sanguine sunk within them, while 
 they beheld this gallant army thus wasting by disease ;, 
 and they could not but tremble for that noble fleet, 
 which had so long been exposed on the open shore, 
 and must in all human probability suffer inevitable 
 ruin, should the hurricane season come on before 
 the reduction of the place. As the season advanc- 
 ed, the prospect grew more and more faint. But 
 when the troops were almost on the point of total 
 despondency, the arrival of the troops from North 
 America revived their drooping spirits, gave fresh 
 vigour to the operations, and v/ere of the most sig- 
 nal service. 
 
 Such was the zeal of the New Eno^landcrs in his 
 majesty's service, that not only many of them en- 
 listed with a particular view to the; reduction of 
 the Havannah ; but even such as had assisted in the 
 conquest of Martinico, and, by reason of sickness, 
 had been sent oft", in three ships, to their native 
 country, for their recovery, soon fmding their health 
 restored, ordered the ships about, and steering di- 
 rectly for the Havannah, shared in the dangers and 
 honours of that glorious enterprise. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 44^^ 
 
 On the thirteenth of August, to the universal joy chap. 
 
 of the fleet and army, the Spaniards surrendered ^ 
 
 the town of Havannah with the shipping in the har- uq.j^ 
 hour, and a territory of a hundred and eighty miles 
 westward of the town. 
 
 This was, in its consequences, one of the most Descrip. 
 important and decisive victories obtained since the ^^^'"/^^the 
 commencement of the wan Though Havannah is na.li. 
 not reckoned the capital of the Spanish West Indies, 
 yet it is the first in wealth, size, and importance. The 
 harbour on which it stands, is one of the best in the 
 West Indies, if not in the known world. It is of 
 sufficient extent to contain a thousand of the largest 
 ships. It is perfectly secure from every wind. It 
 is the grand resort of the rich fleets, from all parts 
 of the Spanish West Indies, called the Galleons and 
 the Flota. Hence they take their departure for Eu- 
 rope. These circumstances combine their influence, 
 to make the Havannah one of the most flourishing, 
 opulent, and poinilous cities in that part of the world* 
 The fortifications were not unequal to its impor- 
 tance. 
 
 The advantage gained, in the capture of the ene- 
 my's shipping, was equal to that of the greatest na- 
 val victory. Twelve of their best ships of the line, 
 three frigates, and some merchantmen were taken or 
 sunk. 
 
 New England by her zeal in this enterprise, sus- 
 tained a considerable loss of men. Scarcely any of 
 the private soldiers, and but few of the officers, ev- 
 er returned. Such as were not killed in the service, 
 were generally swept away by the great mortality, which 
 prevailed in the fleet and army. 
 
 The Span.iards received a wound in Asia, not less 
 unexpected or terrible, than that given them in the 
 West Indies. An armament under the command of 
 general Draper and admiral Cornish, on ihe sixth of 
 October, made a complete conquest of Manilla and 
 the Philippine islands. 
 
 The loss of Martinico, Havannah, Manilla, and the 
 Philippine islands, with the capture of several rich 
 
448 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TH£ 
 
 ^xiV' ^^^h^^ ^'^ nearly two millions value, made deep im- 
 
 prcsbions on the Bourbon family. They very con- 
 
 1762. siderably affected those resources of money, which 
 with P' ranee, were principal objects in her late treaties 
 with Spain. These powers had been entirely disap- 
 pointed in their attempts against Lisbon. The cam- 
 paign in Germany had, by no means succeeded agree- 
 ably to their wishes. By the death of Elizabeth empress 
 of Russia, and the revolution which immediately suc- 
 ceeded that great event, Providence gave a most im- 
 expected and surprisingly fa\'Ourable turn to the affairs 
 of the king of Prussia. These all combined their influ- 
 ence indisposing the courts of Bourbon to peace, and 
 to stop that flow of human blood, which, for seven years, 
 had been running without intermission or parallel. 
 
 At the same time those grand acquisitions, which 
 Britain had made, in Asia and the West Indies, en- 
 abled her to treat of peace without giving up a single 
 post, which she liad gained on the continent of 
 North America. 
 Definitive On thc third of November preliminaries of peace 
 treaty of ^yQ^e signed, at P'ountainbleau, by the British and 
 Feb. 'lo, French ministers. The definitive treaty of Paris was 
 i76;i. completed on the tenth of the succeeding February. 
 In the fourth article of this treaty, his most Christian 
 majesty renounced all pretensions, which he had ever 
 formed or might form to Nova Scotia in all its parts, 
 and guaranteed thc whole of it, with all its dependen- 
 cies, to the king of Great Britain. He also ceded and 
 guaranteed, to his Britannic majesty, in full right, 
 Canada with all its dependencies^ with Cape Breton 
 and all the other islands and coasts in the river St. 
 Lawrence, with every thing dependent on said coun- 
 tries, lands, islands, and coasts ; with the sovereignty, 
 property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty 
 or otherwise, in the amplest manner and form, with- 
 out any liberty to depart from the said cession and 
 guarantee. The seventh article fixed the limits of 
 territory between the two nations in the following 
 manner: 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 449 
 
 "In order to re-establish peace, on solid and dura- CH^p. 
 ble foundations, and to remove for ever all subject of ^ ' 
 
 dispute with regaid to the limits of the British and ,-^^2. 
 the French territories on the continent of America; it is Bouuau- 
 aarreed, that, for the future, the confines between the i'"^^ ^^' 
 dominions of his Britannic Majesty and those of his cieai Bri- 
 most Christian Miiiestv in that part of the world, shall ''.»" -'"4 
 be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle An.enca. 
 of the river Misbisippi, from its source to the river 
 Iberville, and from ther.ce, by a line drawn alorisr the 
 middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pon- 
 chartrain to the sea; and for this purpose the most 
 Christian king cedes in full tight, and guarantees to 
 his Britannic Majesty the river and port of the Mcjbile, 
 and every thing which he possesses or ought to possess 
 on the left side of the river Missisippi, except the 
 town of Orleans, and the island on which it is situat- 
 ed, which shall remain to France; provided that the 
 navigation of the river Missisippi shall be equally 
 free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain, as to 
 those of France, m its whole breadth and length from 
 its source to the sea, and expressly that part, which is 
 between the said island of New Orleans and the right 
 bank of the river, as well as the passage both in and 
 out of its mouth. It is further stipulated, that the 
 vessels belonging to the subjects of either shall not be 
 stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any 
 duty whatsoever."* 
 
 The king of Great Britain made a restoration of all 
 his^onquests in the Spanish West Indies to the king 
 of Spain. In consequence of which his Catholic 
 Majesty, in the twentieth article, made to his Britan- 
 nic Majesty an ample cession of Florida, St. Augus- 
 tine, the bay of Pensacola, and all that Spain possessed 
 on the continent of North America, to the east or to 
 the southeast of the river Missisippi. A cession was 
 also made of every thing dependent on said country or 
 lands, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and 
 all rights, acquired by treaties, or otherwise, which, 
 
 ♦ Rider's Hist. vol. 1. p. 5, 6. 
 
 Vol. I. 57 
 
450 A GENERAL HISTORY OF TUE 
 
 ^.^^f- ^ver the Catholic king or cfoami of Spain liad over 
 '" the s,iid coanlrits. 
 
 irti ^" ^^^^ fourth, seventh, and twentieth aiticles, his 
 Liberties Britannic Majesty stipulated, that the inhabitants of 
 fEKorel^ the respectivt countries above ceded, by France and 
 Catholics. Spain, should be allowed the enjoyment of the Roman 
 Catholic religion; and that he would give the most ex- 
 press and effectual orders, that his new Roman Catho- 
 lic subjects might profess the exercise of their relig- 
 ion, according to the rights of the Romish Church, so 
 for as should be consistent with the laws of Great 
 Britain. It was further stipulated, that the iiihabitants 
 of said countries might sell their estates to British 
 subjects, and retire v.iih all s<ifety and freedom wher- 
 ever they should think proper. They were also al- 
 lowed to remove their eftecis, as well as persons, with- 
 out any restraint in their emigration, under any pretence 
 whatsoever, except in cases of debt and of criminal 
 prosecutions. The time of emigration was limited to 
 the term of eighteen months from the exchange of the 
 ratifications of the treaty. These were the principal 
 stipulations relative to the continent of America. 
 Peace fa.- Signaity conspicuous Avas that all-governing Provi- 
 !^'^^'^j dencc, which, for so many years, by sea and land, in 
 onjes. Europe, America, and the otlier quarters of the world, 
 combined such a variety of circumstances, as united 
 their influence in this great event. In this important 
 treat\% the American colonies saw the enemy, who, for 
 nearly a century and a half, had given them such im- 
 mense trouble, caused them so many years of fear and 
 sorrow, such an incredible expense of blood and treas- 
 ure, eitli^r removed from the continent, or reduced to 
 circumstances, in which they were so far from injuring 
 diem, that they could not but contribute to their emol- 
 ument, and to the wealth and grandeur of Great Britain. 
 The aspects cf Providence were peculiarly favourable 
 '.mh respect to the colonies, in that extent of territor}* 
 which was secured to them by the treat}-. In the ex- 
 tent and security which it gave thc;u with respect to 
 their fisheries and commerce, and in ever}- other re- 
 rpect, which related to their particular interests it was 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 451 
 
 favourable, how defective soever it was wiih respect to chap. 
 the other interests of Great Britain. In this, pious '^'^^ 
 people could discover something very providential, ^j^-^ 
 that though the colonies had no hand nor influence 
 in the treaty, yet, thdt it was much more favourable 
 with respect to them, than it was to the nation in 
 general. 
 
 Great and universal was tlie joy v*hica the peace 
 gave to the English coloriies in America. For nearly 
 eisrht vears thev had been ir.akin^ the utmost exer- 
 tions to cany- on the war, and assist his majesty in 
 humbling the pride of their common enem}-. Their Bardens 
 burdens and losses had been great. As the provin- of the war. 
 cials generally inlisted only for one campaign, a new 
 army was to be raised, new bounties given, and new 
 clothing furnished even,- spring. So great was the 
 expense, that the colonies were obliged not only to 
 emit bills of credit to a great amount, but to tax the 
 people as highly as they could bear. Besides the 
 public bounties, the merchants, farmers, and gentle- 
 men of character, were obliged to advance consider- 
 able sums to encouraore the inlistment. or thev must 
 have left their merchandize, farms, and various em- 
 ployments, and gone themselves into actual service. 
 Especially was this the case with the nonhem colo- 
 nies. New England in generdl, during the war, had supplies 
 ten thousand men in the field. Some years, the two trom Ne\r 
 colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut only, fur- ^°g*^°^ 
 nished this number. The Massachusetts sent into Quotas 
 the field annually five thousand and five hundred men; andex- 
 and one year seven thousand. Besides her annual Massa- 
 quota, this colony for several years garrisoned Louis- ci 
 burg and Xova Scotia, that the regular troops might 
 be employed in the expeditions against Canada. On 
 application of the British admiral, she furnished five 
 hundred seamen in the expeditions against Louis- 
 burg and Quebec. At several times many others 
 were impressed out of the vessels employed in the 
 fishery. Agreeably to the statement made by gov- 
 ernor Bernard, and transmitted to the lords of trade, 
 the colony had expended in the \vva eight hundred 
 
 :sett5. 
 
452 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CH \P. and eighteen thousand ponnds sterling.* Of this 
 " thn c hundred and twenty eiglit thousand ponnds had 
 i-gj been replaced i^y parlia.ientary grants. Four hun- 
 dred and ninety thousand pounds were expended, for 
 which the colony had no parliamentary coaipensation. 
 Of Con. Connecticut exerted htrself more beyond her pro- 
 necticut. portion than the Massachusetts. On the commence- 
 ment of the war, in 1755, she raised a thousand men 
 for the service. After the battle at the lake, in Sep- 
 tember, she sent on a detachment of two thousand 
 of her militia, as a reinforcement to the army. I'hc 
 next year, supposijig that the southern states mig-ht 
 fail of furnishing their respective quotas, she sent 
 ^ into actual service two thousand and five hundred 
 men. This was double the number required by the 
 commcinder in chief. Such was her zeal for his 
 majesty's service and the general good, that she ex- 
 erted herself in this dupacatc proportion, lest the 
 common cause should suffer. In 1757, the requisi- 
 tion of the commander was fourteen hundred only. 
 These were not only raised, but, on the intelligence 
 that fort William Henry was attacked, she with un- 
 common despatch sent forward about five thousand 
 of her militia, for the relief and protection of that 
 part of the country, which, at that time was thrown 
 into a state of the greatest lumnlt and consternation. 
 As she was called upon, the next year, to raise all 
 the men in her power, and was encouraged that this 
 would be the last year of the war, she exerted her- 
 self beyond all former examples, and sent into service 
 about live thousand men. General Amherst taking 
 advantage of the zeal of the colony this year, made 
 this number the rule of his command annually during 
 the war. This proved a heavy burden on the colony, 
 and was not only far beyond her proportion, but even 
 beyond her ability. 'IMie expense of this little col- 
 ony, in the war from 1755 to 1762 inclusively, after 
 
 • G«vcrnou.' Dcnianrs LeUor, Aiifust 1,1764- 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 453 
 
 deducting the parliamentary grants, amounted to up- chap. 
 wards of four hundred tliousand pounds.* J j^ 
 
 Besides the public expense, that of individuals was i^es. 
 not inconsiderable. It was sometimes at a very great 
 premium that they could obtain substitutes to prevent 
 personal services. Of these and numerous other in- 
 cidental expenses, losses, and damages sustained by 
 the war, no estimate can be made. Besides the men 
 furnished by the colonies, under the general name of 
 provincials, many of their inhabitants inlisted into 
 the regular regiments, were among their grenadiers 
 and very best troops. They were in the sharpest 
 actions and severest services during the war. The 
 royal American battalions, which were not inferior to 
 any of the regular regiments, were raised wholly from 
 the colonies. Numbers were impressed on board the 
 ship])iiig, many were employed in privateering and 
 various other services relating to the war. The num- 
 bers emjiloyed, on the whole, were very great. 
 
 The col(jnies probably sustained a loss of about live Efiectsof 
 or six and twenty thousand men. These in general ^^^ ^'''■• 
 were their most firm and hardy young men, the flower 
 of their country. Many others were wovmded, maimed, 
 and enervated in the many distant and arduous cam- 
 paiid^ns during the war. As the New England colonies 
 furnished nuich the greatest numbers of men, this loss 
 fell with the greatest weight upon them. New York 
 and New Jersey were next in their zeal to New Eng- 
 land, and consequently had the next share in the ex- 
 pense and loss of the war. The populous and opulent 
 colony of Pennsylvania, by reason of internal dissen- 
 tions, sometimes did little or nothing ; when she did 
 her best, she sent into the field no more than two 
 thousand seven hundred men. Her whole expense 
 ,4'"ery little exceeded the grants made her by parliament. 
 'The expense of Maryland was next to nothing. 
 
 The employment of such a number of nien for so 
 many years, in the war, greatly injured the husbandry 
 
 • Reasons offered, in behalf of Connecticut, against internal taxation 
 af the colonies, printed. New Haven, 1764. 
 
454 ^ GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP, of the countr}% which was its principal, and, in the 
 northern colonies, ahtiost the only resource. The loss 
 
 1763. ^^ ^'^ many you.ig men, and the prevention of mar- 
 riage, for so many year.s, with respect to others, very 
 greatly retarded population. At the same time the 
 war was a check to literature, e;;cecdingly destructive 
 of domestic haj-)piness, injurious to piety and the so- 
 joyami cial virtucs. 'I'he colonies thirsted for peace. A de- 
 siateofihe liverancc from these evils, the return of parents, sons, 
 the return brethren, and friends, from distant coimtries, captivit}', 
 of peace, and the dangers of war, to the embraces of each other, 
 with the countless blessings of peace, diffused a gene- 
 ral and uncommon joy. The extent of territory ceded 
 to the colonics, the safety of tlicir commerce and fish- 
 eries, the prodigious scope which opened for both, for 
 the extension of settlement, the increase of wealth and 
 population, and a general diffusion of happiness, all 
 united to swell the general tide of joy. That high 
 point of greatness, honour, and magnificence, to which 
 the nation had been elevated, the extension of her em- 
 pire, the flow of the whole trade and wealth of Canada, 
 and of this great continent into her lap, whom they 
 considered as a parent, and to whom tiiey claimed the 
 relation of children ; the honours acquired in so glori- 
 ous a war, with the advantages of a peace, which gave 
 lustre to the crown and aggrandizement to the reign of 
 a prince whom they loved, were so many circum- 
 stances enlivening the joy and increasing the satisfac- 
 tion, which so universally prevailed. The colonists 
 gloried in their prince, and in their relation to Great 
 Britain. They felt a high degree of satisfaction, and 
 it was no small part of their pride, that with their fel- 
 low subjects, of the mother country, they had shared 
 in the labours and enterprises, and with them had 
 mingled their blood in those battles and victories, on 
 the continent and in the Indies, which had given such 
 enlargement to her empire, and such lustre to her arms. 
 They felt a grateful sense of the royal beneficence 
 and parliamentary goodness, in the grants which had 
 been made for their assistance in defraying the ex- 
 penses of the war. They were entirely satisfied with 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 455 
 
 the British. government, and conceived themselves sin- chap. 
 
 gularly happy in the protection ai^.d privileges which _J '_ 
 
 they enjoyed as British subjects. This was the general i^s-^ 
 feeling and happy state of the country on the return of 
 peace. 
 
 The extension of settlements, the increase of culti- 
 vation, numbers, commerce, and wealth of the colonies, 
 for about ten or twelve years after the pacification of 
 Paris were almost incredible. These, with the con- 
 quests made during the war, and the extent of country 
 ceded, in America, by the definitive treaty, were so 
 many great preparatory steps, in the grand series of 
 events, which paved the way to the independence of 
 the United States. These all united their influence in 
 obtaining for them those extensive limits, and that 
 happy establishment which tiiey now enjoy. 
 
 VV^hile the colonies were congratulating themselves 
 in the enjoyments of peace, and imagining that a long 
 period of tranquillity and happiness was before them, 
 they received a severe blow, from a quarter whence 
 they had not the least intimation nor suspicion of such 
 an event. 
 
 In 1761, a firm peace had been made with the 
 Cherokees. Three of their chiefs soon after went to 
 Great Britain, and there confirmed it with the British 
 court. About the same time, Sij" William Johnson 
 made a tour among the Indian nations, to quiet their 
 fears, which had been exciied by the coiiquest of Can- 
 ada. These fears, it seems, had been fomented by 
 French emissaries, with no small industry and success. 
 Th.e same year a conference was held betueen several 
 of the American governonrs and the Six Nations, with 
 a view of ratifyiri? foimer treaties, of more entirely 
 conciliating- and fixing their friendship. At this con- Reasonsof 
 ference a warm dispute arose on the account of certain ^^^ Indian 
 lands, of w hich, a Delaware chief complained that cer- 
 tain English settlers had taken possession, in conse- 
 quence of a fraudulent conveyance. Thou2;h this an- 
 imosity seemed to be in some measure stifiicd and to 
 subside, at that time, yet the Indians were not satis- 
 
456 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAP. fied. '•• To this ground of dissatisf:iction, there was 
 ^"^'^ an addition of many new ones. The French had al- 
 1763, '^^■^ys p^iicl a more fiattcrinaj atteiuion to the Indians, 
 than the EngHsh ever deij^ned to show them. Their 
 conquests now made them haughty, and they treat'd 
 these rude neighbours with less condescension and 
 decorum, than had before been usual. Contrary to the 
 faith of treaties, settlements were niiide beyond our 
 just limits. t We had also drawn a line of forts round 
 their best hunting grounds, and suspicions arose among 
 them, that the English had concerted a plan for their 
 total extirpation. These injuries and suspicions first 
 roused the resentments of the Shawanese and Delaware 
 Indians. These having united with the other tribes 
 along the Ohio, and drawn the nations about Detroit, 
 with a considerable part of the Indians on this side of 
 the Missisippi into their measures, determined to make 
 a sudden and general attack upon all the frontiers at 
 the same time. That they might at one blow, both 
 cut off the inhabitants and the means of thtir subsist- 
 ence, they determined to begin their works of death at 
 the time of harvest. Tlie plan was concerted with 
 Indian uncommon art and secrecy. By their sudden and 
 war com- violcnt irruptiou great numbers of the inhabitants 
 mcnccs. yjQ^c massacrcd, their houses bin^ncd, and their crops 
 ruined, with all the circmnstances of horrour and <tu- 
 elty, which are the common attendants of an Indian 
 Frontiers War. lu couscquence of the general alarm and con- 
 sternation, all the frontier country of Pennsylvania, 
 Virginia, and INJaryland, for twenty n.iles back into 
 the country, with thousands of flourishing settlements 
 were abandoned to the enemy. The travelling mer- 
 chants, who, on the security of a general ]}caee, were 
 trading in the Indinn country, were muideied, and 
 their efi'ects plundered. These were estimated at 
 several hundred thousand jKJunds. 
 Foils tak- Tiiat which, in a military view, was considered as of 
 '"• still greater importance, was the capture ol Le Boeuf, 
 
 ' Uidcr's Hist. vol. xlvlii. p. 64, 65, :uul vol. xlix. p. 3o. 
 f Tlic snnie, vol. 1. p. 45, 46. 
 
 abandon 
 ca. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 457 
 
 Venango, and Presqu'isle. These forts Avere ad van- chap. 
 
 tagcously situated, so as to command the heads of ail '^ 
 
 the navi<>able rivers southward of lake Erie, and were i^-fs. 
 important to keej) up the communicatioiv between 
 fort Pitt and the lakes, and the posts north of them. 
 The Indians made diemselves masters of these posts 
 rather by stratagem, than by any force sufiicient to 
 have reduced them. They represented to the soldiers 
 that they had cut off the other garrisons, boasted of 
 the great numbers they had with them, and made them 
 the most flattering promises of safety and good usage. 
 When, iDy these arts, they had induced them to give 
 up the posts, they commonly violated their promises, 
 and killed or taptivated them. By these arts they 
 also got possession of Michillimackinac. 
 
 Flushed with these su-cesscs they attempted to 
 reduce fort Pitt, Detroit, and Niagara. Though the * 
 theatre of this Indian war was of vast extent, though 
 tlie different nations were separated by immense tracts 
 of coimtry, yet, in their operations, they preserved an 
 admirable degree of connexion and concert. At the 
 same time they invested Detroit and fort Pitt, though 
 more than two hundred miles distant from each other. 
 
 The commander in chief apprised of the danger, 
 to which all the western posts v/ere exposed, detached 
 strong reinforcements to those garrisons. Ciiptain 
 Dalyeil conducted the reinforcement despatched to 
 Detroit. After his arrival with the reinforcement, he 
 imagined, from the intelligence given him, that he 
 could surprise the enemy and drive them entirely from 
 that settlement. For this purpose it was determined 
 to make an attack on the Indian camp, which lay at 
 the distance of about three miles from the fort. Be- 
 tween two and three in the morning, captain Dalyeil, 
 w ith two hundred and seventy men began his march 
 with all possible secrecy and precaution. But the 
 Indians were so vigilant and sharp sighted, that tliey 
 discovered his party, lined the hedges, posted them- 
 selves behind houses, and took tlie best measures to 
 annoy an<l defeat him. 
 
 Vol.. I. 58 
 
458 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^^^^^' Before he bad reached their camp he was saluted 
 
 with a severe fire in his front. Instantly it began in 
 
 i^6j. his rear, and soon it became furious and destructive 
 
 Bauie of qu cvcrv sidc. The captain fell in the beufinninij of 
 
 Detroit • • ^ ^ 
 
 July. ' the action. The darkness of the night prevented the 
 sight of the enemy, and the whole party were on the 
 point of irreparable disorder and ruin. In this emer- 
 gency, captain Grant, on whom the command de- 
 volved, saw that his only safety was in a speedy retreat. 
 To effect this, with success, it was necessary to make 
 a spirited charge upon the enemy. This was done 
 ^v•ith such order and resolution, that they were soon 
 driven from the roads and repulsed in ever)^ (quarter. 
 The English having thus extricated themselves return- 
 ed to the fort. But it was an unhappy affair in which 
 seventy men were killed and forty wounded. The 
 Indians, finding the garrison to be numerous and 
 vigilant, despaired of further success, and soon draw- 
 ing off gave it no more trouble. 
 
 Foit Pitt Meanwhile Fort Pitt was so entirely surrounded, 
 esiegc . ^j^^j. j^jj (^Qi-QiYjm^iQ.^tion, even by private message, 
 was cut off between that and the country. The In- 
 dians in some measure supplied their want of skill and 
 cannon, by their incredible boldness and perseverance. 
 Regardless of danger, and with a resolution which 
 would have done honour to the best troops, they took 
 post under the banks of the river, close to the fort, 
 and burying themselves in holes, for days together, 
 poured in uj)on it an incessant storm of shot and fire 
 arrows. Captain Ecuyer, who commanded the gar- 
 rison, took every precaution, which judgment or art 
 could suggest, and defended himself with no less 
 firmness and perseverance than the enemy made their 
 assault. 
 
 General Amherst well knew the importance of the 
 post, and had detached colonel Bouquet, a trusty of- 
 ficer, witli a large quantity of provisions and military 
 stores, under a strong escort for its relief and support. 
 When the colonel had advanced to the remotest verge 
 of the English settlements, he could not obtain the 
 least intelligence of the state of the garrison, of the 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 459 
 
 uumbers, position, or motions of the enemy. In this ^"^,^- 
 situation he determined to prepare for the worst, and " 
 disengaged himself of all ammunition and provisions, 1763. 
 which did not appear absolutely necessary. Having 
 this disencumbered himself the army entered a rough 
 and mountainous country. Before him lay a dan- 
 gerous defile, called Turtle Creek, several miles in 
 length. On both sides it was commanded by steep 
 and craggy hills. After refreshing the troops it was 
 determined, with a view, if possible to elude the ob- 
 servation of the enemy, to pass this defile in the night. 
 
 Though the colonel had not been able to obtain the 
 least intelligence of the enemy, yet this alert and keen- 
 sighted foe had discovered his party, and finding 
 that a reinforcement was coming on, they immediate- 
 ly raised the siege of fort Pitt, and taking the rout by 
 which they knew the army must pass, determined to 
 surprise it, the first fiivourable opportunity. 
 
 While the English were making the necessary ar- Attack ou 
 rangements for relreshment and repose, after a fatigu- R^onquei, 
 ing march of seventeen miles, that day, their advanced August 5. 
 guard was suddenly and furiously attacked. This 
 was so expeditiously and firmly supported, that the 
 enemy were soon obliged to fly, and the English 
 pursued them to a considerable distance. But that 
 which, with another enemy, would have been consid- 
 ered as a complete victory, in this case seemed only 
 as an amusement, or artful relaxation. So far were 
 the enemy from abandoning the field, that the mo- 
 ment the pursuit ended they returned \^'ith redoubled 
 fury to the fight. Several other parties, vvho lay in 
 ambush, in the high ground along the flanks of the 
 army, now starting up rushed on to the encounter, 
 with a resolution equal to that of their companions, 
 and galled the English with a furious and obstinate 
 fire. To dislodge them from the heights it became 
 necessary to make a charge with the whole line. 
 This succeeded, but produced nothing decisive. No 
 sooner were the savat;es driven from one place, than 
 they sprang up in another. Such were the reinforce-. 
 
450 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^"^,^- ments wliich constantly came rushinj^ on to the bat- 
 
 tie, that, at lengtii the whole detachment was com- 
 
 1763. pletely surrounded. 
 
 Having thus surrounded the army, and drawn it 
 at some distance from the convoy, they commenced 
 a furious attack upon this. It now became immedi- 
 ately necessary for the main body to fall back, or the 
 convoy must be instantly lost. This was effected 
 with the utmost address and resolution. But the en- 
 emy were not intimidated; the action, every moment 
 became more warm and general. The troops were 
 attacked en every side ; and with incredible spirit and 
 obstinacy did the savages support and press the 
 charge. During the whole of this serious action 
 which took so many shapes, and in which so many man- 
 oeuvres were necessary, the English were not thrown 
 into the least confusion, but by their firm and steady 
 conduct and superior discipline maintained the field, 
 and with fixed bayonets drove the enemy from all 
 their posts. Nearly seven hours did the action con- 
 tinue, without the least intermission. It began about 
 one o'clock in the afternoon, and continued till the 
 want of day terminated the engagement. 
 
 The ground, on which the battle was fought, was 
 tolerably con-venient for an encamj>mcnt. The wound- 
 ed men and convoy were placed in the centre, and 
 the army marshalled in a circle, surrounded the whole. 
 In this manner the troops j)assed an anxious night, 
 obliged to the strictest vigilance, by a subtile and en- 
 terprising foe, who, at some distance, still compassed 
 them about. 
 Theaction On tlic first dawu of the morning they began to 
 AuKusTe. show themselves on every side of the camp. At the 
 distance of about five hundred yards, they presented 
 themselves round the whole can^p ; and, by an osten- 
 tation of their numl:>ers and the most horrible shout- 
 ing and yelling round this extensive circumference, 
 they attemjited to intimidate and strike the whole ar- 
 my with terror. On this alarming signal they furi- 
 ously renewed the attack. The English, exhausted 
 as they were with tlie fatigue and terrible action of 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 461 
 
 CHAP. 
 XIV. 
 
 the preceding day, and anxieties of a sleepless night, 
 were instantly called to service, which required the 
 utmost vigour of body and mind. Beside their other 176 
 distresses, they laboured under the calamity of a total 
 want of water. In this hot season, amidst the fatigues 
 of action and the agitation of their spirits, tJieir thirst 
 was inexpressible, and the want of water more intol- 
 erable than the fire of the enemy. In these circum- 
 stances they were exceedingly pressed in every 
 quarter. 
 
 Under the favour of an incessant fire the enemy 
 made the most daring and repeated attempts to pene- 
 trate the centre of the camp. In every attempt they 
 were repulsed, yet their attempts were again and 
 again renewed, without discouragement or dismay. 
 The English were constantly victorious, yet constant- 
 ly in dancrer. Tiieir most soirited exertions made no 
 decisive impressions on the enemy. When pressed 
 they always gave way, but the moment the pursuit 
 was over, they returned to the attack with as much 
 spirit and alacrity as ever. The English were con- 
 fined to their convoy, and could not lose sight of it a 
 moment, Avi^hout exposing that interesting object, 
 with all their wounded men, to be an instant prey to the 
 savages. ISlanv of the horses were killed and disa- 
 bled, and numbers of the drivers were stupified with 
 fear, hid in the bushes, and incapable of either hear- 
 ing or obc}'ing orders. To advance or retreat was 
 equally impracticable. In these circumstances, they 
 saw before them the melancholy prospect of crum- 
 blino: away and totally ])trishin8: in a dreary wilder- 
 ness, without honour or re-\-enge. Each moment the 
 fate of Braddock presented to their view. Besides, 
 they foresaAV, that in their fall, that of the important 
 garrison at Fort Pitt would be involved. In this most 
 critical and distressful situation, the commander 
 happened on an expedient, which succeeded to his 
 wishes. 
 
 Observing the eagerness and temerity of the en- 
 emy, he determined to increase them ; and, if possi- 
 ble to bring them to a more close engagement. For 
 
462 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^xiV this purpose he ordered two companies, who had 
 
 '_ been posted in the most advanced situation, to retire 
 
 1763. within the circle. The troops on the rit^lit and left 
 opened their files, seemingly to cover their retreat and 
 fill up the vacancy which had been made by this 
 movement. A company of lii^ht infantry and another 
 of grenadiers were ordered to support the two compa- 
 nies, who fciinied the retreat. The movements were 
 made, and the plan executed, without the least con- 
 fusion. At the same time, the thin line of troops, 
 W'hich occupied the ground \\'hence the advanced com- 
 panies had i)ccn withdrawn, moved back tou'ard the 
 centre of the circle, giving ground to the enemy. 
 f "^"yt* .' They, mistaking all thc^se motions for a retreat, rushed 
 s'lnuatjein >" headlong from the "woods and fastnesses, which cov- 
 ered them, and advancing, with a most daring intre- 
 pidity, within the circle, ])ourcd in a terrible and 
 galling fire upon the English. But at the moment 
 they imagined themselves masters of the camp, two 
 of the four companies, which had been ordered for 
 that purpose, made a sudden turn, unobserved \)y the 
 enemy, and charged tiicm furiously upon their right 
 flank. The enemy received them with firmness, 
 kept a good countenanre, and returned the fire with 
 resolution. But as these two companies were mak- 
 ing a second charge with an irresistible fury ujjon 
 their flank, the other two companies advancing poured 
 in a terrible and well dircead lire upon their front, 
 and by this unexj^ected and united exertion put them 
 to an immediate rout. Tiie lour companies pursued 
 them, with such resolution and celerity, as gave them 
 not a moment to collect, or look behind them, till 
 they were totally dispersed. The savages round the 
 camp, during this fierce engagement in the fort, were 
 awed and kept in play, by the rest of the army, and 
 seeing their companions thus routed, they soon fol- 
 lowed their examjile and fled. 
 
 This happy manoiuvre rescued the army from ap- 
 parent destruction. It gained the field and cleared 
 the adjacent woods. It greatly disheartened the en- 
 emy, as they had lost more than sixty men in these 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. . 453 
 
 encounters, besides a greater number who had been ^y^' 
 
 wounded. Among these were a number of their '__ 
 
 bravcbt warriors, wlio had most distinguislied them- 1763. 
 selves, by the fierceness of their attack, and by their 
 Implacable animosity against the English. In their 
 destruction was quenched no small part of the fuel of 
 war.* The march of the army was however, still a 
 matter of great difficulty. It had sustained the loss 
 of fifty men, sixty more were wounded. And, at 
 the very time, when an additional number of horses 
 was necessary, on the account of the wounded men, 
 so many had been killed, that there Vv-as not a num- 
 ber sufficient to carry on but a small part of the pro- 
 vision. With great reluctance the colonel was obliged 
 to destroy the most of it ; so that after all, one princi- 
 pal object of tlie expedition was defeated. 
 
 The troops, disburdened by this sacrifice, advanced 
 about two miles, and pitched their camp at Bushy-run. 
 After such fatigues on their post, and after such cor- 
 rections as they had given the savages, in the preced- 
 ing actions, it was natural to expect the enjoyment of 
 repose. But scarcely had they fixed their camp, when 
 the enemy appealed in ambush about them and gave 
 them another fire. Indeed, at this time, nothing 
 could have been more mortifying. The enemy how- 
 ever soon drew oft', and, excepting a few scattered 
 shot, gave them no more trouble. Four days after July 10. 
 the armv arrived at fort Pitt. 
 
 Few enterprises ha\'e been managed with more cau- 
 tion, skill, and gallantry thun this. Colonel Bonquet, his 
 officers, and men ganud singular honour, by the firm- 
 ness, presence of mind, and dexterity of movement 
 displayed on this interesting occasion. 
 
 In few of tiie hard ibught battles and signal victo- 
 ries of Europe, which are celebrated with so much 
 eclat, i.s there such an exhibition of obstinate perse- 
 vering fortitude, and of military skill, as appeared in 
 this action. Indeed iifter all the severities and dan- 
 gers of a campaign in Europe, little idea can be formed 
 
 • RlJ.r'-; Hist. vol. 1. p. GO— 69. 
 
464 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ''x iv^ of what is to be endured in a war with savages in 
 
 '_ America. In Europe the country is cultivated and 
 
 1763. inliabited, roads are made, hospitals and magazines 
 Difficui- are prepared. If troops are conquered and taken, it 
 imiiMi ^^ ^^ ^"b' ^^^ exchange of masters. They expect kind 
 war. treatment from a ci\ilizedand j^enerous enemy. But 
 in a war with savages in America, every thing is the 
 reverse, every thing is tembie. Here troops hold 
 their marches through groves, thickets, and defiles, 
 through a vast and dreary wilderness, where there are 
 neither hospitals, magazines, or refreshments, for the 
 supply of the well, nor relief or convenicncies for the 
 sick or wounded. The face of the countr}-, the na- 
 ture of the service, the face and manner of the enemy 
 are terrible. Their wild and horrible yells, their 
 unusual appearances and manner of attack, are so 
 alarming, that they have often thrown the best regular 
 troops into the utmost confusion. Their extreme art 
 in first discovering, waylaying, and surprising their 
 enemy, the suddenness and violence of their attacks, 
 and their merciless cruelty, all conspire to make them 
 truly a most terrible enemj'. Victories over them, often 
 are not decisive, while defeats involve t'ne vanquished 
 in total ruin. The least misfortune to be expected, 
 in general, is simple death. If in the rude campaigns 
 of America, there be less dignity, there is something 
 more adventurous, more interesting to the heart, and 
 more amusing to the imagination, than in tlie more 
 grand events of regular war. In them all the powers 
 of courage and address are called forth into exertion, 
 juid all the firmness of body and mind is put to the 
 severest trial. 
 
 An Indian war forms a truly critical and dan- 
 gerous service. It requires a firm body of the best 
 regular trooj)s, with a large proportion of the best 
 marksmen, to compose a light infantry. It requires 
 a commander of the firmest luid coolest mind, full of 
 ])recaution, and rich in expedients ; and who with 
 the glance of his eye, can catch evtry advantage and 
 opportunity. To appoint a self sufficient, incautious. 
 
UNITED STATES OF" AMERICA. 465 
 
 dull man, to command, in enterprises of this kind, is ^J^',^/* 
 
 little better than to sacrifice an armv to the r ig-e and 
 
 XIV. 
 
 fc)^ 
 
 cruelty of an insidious and barbarous foe. 1764. 
 
 By the arrival of colonel Bouquet, at fort Pitt, that 
 post was effect ually secured against any further at- 
 tempts of die enemy. By the seasonable succours 
 sent to this post and to Detroit, tlie enemy received 
 a coiisidcrable check and disappointment. They were 
 'not however discoinagecl from making^ further attempts 
 in a different quarter. They now bent their whole 
 force against Niag-ira, not less worthy of their regard 
 than the other posts. This they endeavoured to dis- 
 tress by every art of which they were masters. 
 They hoped to reduce it by hunger, if other expedi- 
 enrs should fail them. The great distance of these 
 forts from each other, and of them all from the settled 
 country, was a circumstance which favoured their 
 design. For this purpose they carefully watched the 
 convoys both by land and^water. On the fourteenth Detach- 
 of Si. ptember they surrounded an escort, near Niagara, ||ff ^ept" 
 slew seventy soldiers, and destroyed the whole dp*- 14. 
 tachment. ^ 
 
 As a schooner was afterwards passing lake Erie, 
 with provisions for Detroit, she was attacked by a 
 crowd of canoes, on board of which were nearly four 
 hundred Indians. The engagement was hot, but the 
 savage fleet was obliged to sheer off with considera- 
 ble loss. 
 
 During this unhappy war the enemy did other 
 damage ; but the garrison soon became so well sup- 
 plied with troops, provisions, and military stores, that 
 the enemy lost all prospect of effecting any thing fur- 
 ther of consequence against them. The next year 
 they were so harassed and awed by the spirited con- 
 duct of colonels Bouquet and Bradstreet, that they 
 were glad to submit to conditions of peace. "^ 
 
 A treaty was completed in September. The En- Articles 
 glish seemed rather to have dictated and imposed the of peace 
 terms, than to have given them just and equal advan- i^alanv ' 
 tages. The articles, for substance, were. That in .Sept. 
 twenty days after the ratification of the articles, they ^''^*- 
 
 Vol. I. 59 
 
46G A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^xm' ^^^^•-^^^ deliver up all the prisoners in their hir.ylj. 
 
 Tiiat ihcy should renounce all claim to the forts we 
 
 17G4. had then in their countr}- : Tliat the English sliould 
 build as many more as they should judge necessary 
 to secure their trade ; and that they should cede to 
 them for ever all the land w iihiii cannon shot of each 
 fort. It •was also agreed, that if any Indian should 
 kill an Englishman, that he should be delivered up 
 to be judged by the English laws, and that half the 
 jury should eonsist of Indians; and that if any of the 
 nations should renew the war, that the rest sh.ould 
 join with the English to bring them to reason. Ten 
 of the Indians who assisted as deputies in congress, 
 were to abide as hostages, till the Indian nations 
 shoiild be certified of the terms of peace, and return the 
 caj)tives agreeably to the trLaty.^^- 
 
 Tliere is no niention of any cession on the part of 
 the English, nor of any valuable consideration for 
 those several little townships of land w hich they were 
 obliged to grant round every fort which they then 
 possessed, and round all others which they should 
 think proper to build. Neither do I find the least 
 stipulation on the part of the English to deliver up 
 the murderers of the Indians among them to public 
 justice, nor any such care to secure the liberty, pro- 
 perty, and lives of the natives, as to impose whatever 
 miglit serve their own interest and safei}'. Indeed 
 tliis is too observable in most treaties with the In- 
 dians, that they stipulate and bind themselves to the 
 English in every thir.g which can secure tlieir interests, 
 while the English, on their part stipulate little or 
 iiothiing to the security of the Indians. They have 
 too often imposed on them unequal terms, and even 
 in the articles of peace laid aloundation for new wars. 
 The Indians arc quick sighted w ith respect to their 
 own interests, they are susceptible of just and humane 
 treatment, and could universal justice and kindness 
 become part of the national character, as it respects 
 them, and a proper attention bx- paid to th.eir partic- 
 
 • liidoi's H .'.. vul. i. p. 70. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 467 
 
 iilar ideas of honour and decorum, we might in gen- ^"y^" 
 oral, undoubtcdiy enjoy peace witli them. 
 
 Tliis Indian war, which seems to have originated 1704. 
 from the inattention, hauglitiness, and injustice of the 
 English, made a considerable addition to the loss and 
 expense, Avhich the colonies liad sustained, in the 
 long war, by which, it was preceded. The colonies 
 were again called upon, by the commander in chief, 
 to furnish a considerable quota of men. Connecti- 
 cut had, this yeai-, not less Xhim four hundrt-d men in 
 service. The principal loss and burden of this war 
 however, fell on the southern colonies, as their fron- 
 tiers were immediately exposed to the m.'.irders and 
 depredations of the enemy, and as such large and 
 fruitful tracts were abandoned, and the inhabitants 
 driven in upon the more populous parts of the country. 
 
 Distressing as the war proved to these colonies, it 
 was nevertheless attended with several favourable 
 circumstances. The precipitancy of several of the 
 warriors, in some measure, defeated the more method- 
 ical and deliberate mischief which had been design- 
 ed, by giving the country too early an alarm. This 
 gave an opportunity to a greater proportion of the 
 frontier inhabitants to make their escape, and to save 
 more of their valuable cfTects. The Cherokees, dur- 
 ing the whole time, punctually kept the peace. 
 Though the Senecas engaged in the Avar yet, through 
 theinttuencc of Sir William J(jhnson, the most of the 
 other Indians of the five nations were restrained from 
 hostilities. 
 
 END OF T?I£ riiisT VOLUME. 
 
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