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THE ROAD TO VICTORY 
 
 It Lies Through the United 
 States' Program for 
 
 WORLD LIBERATION 
 
 Agreed to by Her Allies 
 
 " The Hand of God is laid upon 
 the nations. He will show them 
 favor, I devoutly believe, only 
 if they rise to the clear heights 
 of His own justice and mercy, " 
 
 President Wilson. 
 
 Data Presented By 
 
 GEORGE H. SHIBLEY 
 
 Director of the Research Institute of 
 Washington, D. C. ; Member of United 
 States Supreme Court Bar; Presi- 
 dent League for World Federation 
 
 LEAGUE FOR WORLD FEDERATION 
 
 Washington 
 
 1918 
 
 25 Cents. The Most Interesting Book of Today 
 
THE ROAD TO VICTORY 
 
 It Lies Through the United 
 States* Program for 
 
 WORLD LIBERATION 
 
 Agreed to by Her Allies 
 
 "The Hand of God is laid upon the 
 nations. He will show them favor, I 
 devoutly believe, only if they rise to 
 the clear heights of His own justice 
 mercy. President Wilson 
 
 Data Presented By 
 
 GEORGE H. SHIBLEY 
 
 Director of the Research Institute of Washington, D. C, 
 
 Member of United States Supreme Court 
 
 Bar; President League for 
 
 World Federation 
 
 LEAGUE FOR WORLD FEDERATION 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 1918 
 
« 
 
 Copyright 1918 
 
 By George H, Shibley 
 
 Authority to republish in foreigri lands is hereby conferred 
 
 FEB ~7 1918 
 
 ©Cf.A497008 
 
 ^t-^ I 
 
THE ROAD TO VICTORY 
 
 The withdrawal of Giant Russia 
 from the War, followed by the surren- 
 der of a section of the Italian army 
 and the ensuing disaster in that coun- 
 try, along with the massing of the 
 troops of the enemy on the western 
 lines for a big drive before the United 
 States can get many troops into the 
 fight, has produced a severe crisis. 
 Whence lies the road to victory? 
 
 We, the Allies, must go straight ahead 
 under full "steam,'' and at the same 
 time examine into these reverses and 
 the entire situation and profit dp what 
 we find. 
 
 Herewith we outline the development 
 of the War Aims of the Allies : 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF WAR AIMS OF 
 THE ALLIES. 
 
 During the second mouth of the war 
 the British Premier, Herbert H. As- 
 quith, in a speech declared that the 
 outcome of the awful conflict should be 
 the coming together of the nations of 
 Europe in a federation — the Federa- 
 tion of Europe. This in order that 
 Public Right should prevail — that 
 militarism should be ended, and that 
 the small as well as the large nations 
 should be free to develop their own 
 civilization (page 42, below). 
 
 This idea was then developed into 
 a suggestion for World Federation. On 
 May 27, 1916, President Wilson, with- 
 out using these words, declared for the 
 idea in substance (page 44, below). 
 
 Then President Wilson suggested 
 the plan to the party of which he is 
 national leader and it adopted the idea, 
 placing it in its national platform (page 
 45. below). 
 
 The Republican Presidential nomi- 
 nee. Judge Hughes, declared for an 
 international organization in order to 
 attain lasting peace. (Speech of Ac- 
 ceptance). 
 
 Then Premier Asquith, greatly 
 pleased that the United States, the 
 Colossus of the West, had thus come 
 around to the idea of World Organiza- 
 tion, declared for World Federation 
 (pages 46-47, below). 
 
 In the ensuing election in the United 
 States the people continued in office, 
 the President and his party, pledged 
 to the establishment of peace and jus- 
 tice by means of the participation of 
 the United States in a World Organi- 
 zation. 
 
 Also the ruling few in Prussia and 
 the German Empire declared for World 
 Organization and lasting peace. 
 
 On December 12, 1916, five weeks 
 after the American election, the Ger- 
 man autocracy and its allies asked their 
 enemy for a conference to consider 
 peace terms. 
 
 President Wilson's Inquiry, Dec. 18, 
 1917. 
 
 Six days after the issuance of the 
 notes by the Central Empires, the 
 President of the United States, through 
 the Secretary of State, Robert Lansing, 
 addressed an identic note to both sets 
 of belligerents inviting them to state 
 to the world just what they were fight- 
 ing for — lohat terms of peace they de- 
 manded. "Never yet have the authori- 
 tative statesmen of either side," said 
 the President, "avowed the precise ob- 
 jects which they would, if attained, 
 satisfy them and their people. The 
 world has been left to conjecture what 
 
definite results, what actual exchanges 
 of guarantees, what political or terri- 
 torial changes or adjustments, what 
 stage of military success even, would 
 bring the war to an end." 
 
 President Wilson also called atten- 
 tion to the fact each side had declared 
 its readiness "to consider the forma- 
 tion of a League of Nations which shall 
 assure peace and justice throughout 
 the ivorld" 
 
 The Answers by the Belligerents. 
 
 The Central Empires responded 
 quickly, but did not declare their war 
 aims. Concerning the much-discussed 
 League of Nations the answer was that 
 the subject would be taken up at the 
 close of the war. 
 
 But the Allies came out squarely, as 
 follows : 
 
 In the paragraph first devoted to de- 
 tails the joint note says : 
 
 "They [the Allies] desire to declare 
 their respect for the lofty sentiments 
 inspiring the American Note and their 
 
 WHOLE-HEARTED AGREEMENT WITH THE 
 PROPOSAL TO CREATE A LEAGUE OF NA- 
 TIONS WHICH SHAI.L ASSURE PEACE AND 
 JUSTICE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. They 
 
 recognize all the benefits which will 
 accrue to the cause of humanity and 
 civilization from the institution of in- 
 ternational arrangements designed to 
 prevent violent conflicts between na- 
 tions, and so framed as to provide the 
 sanctions necessary to their enforce- 
 ment, lest an illusory security should 
 serve merely to facilitate fresh acts of 
 aggression." 
 
 The Allies' note concludes as follows : 
 
 The Allies' Peace Terms. 
 
 "But President Wilson expressed a 
 further wish : he desires the belliger- 
 ent Powers to state in the full light of 
 day the aims they have set them- 
 selves in prosecuting the war. The Al- 
 lies experience no difticulty in meeting 
 this request. Their aims in this war 
 are well known, for they have been 
 expressed by the heads of the several 
 Governments. These aims can only be 
 formulated in detail, with all the just 
 compensations and indemnities due for 
 the losses suffered, when the moment 
 
 for negotiation arrives. But the civi- 
 lized WORLD KNOWS THAT THEY IN- 
 CLUDE, PRIMARILY AND OF NECESSITY : 
 
 [1] the restoration of Belgium, of Ser- 
 bia, of jNfontenegro, with the compen- 
 sations due them; [2] the evacuation 
 of the invaded territories in France, 
 Russia, and Roumania with fitting 
 reparation ; [3] the reorganization of 
 Europe, guaranteed by a stable set- 
 tlement, based alike upon [a] the prin- 
 ciple of nationalities — on the right 
 which all peoples, whether small or 
 great, have to the enjoyment of full 
 security and free economic develop- 
 ment, and [b] upon territorial agree- 
 ments and international arrangements 
 so framed as to guarantee land and sea 
 frontiers against unjust attacks;* [4] 
 the restitution of provinces or terri- 
 tories formerly torn from the Allies 
 by force or contrary to the wishes of 
 their inha))itants ; [5] the liberation of 
 Italians, Slavs, Roumanians, Czechs, 
 and vSlovaks from foreign domination ; 
 [6] the liberation of the peoples who 
 now lie beneath the murderous tyranny 
 of the Turks and the expulsion from 
 Europe of the Ottoman Empire, which 
 has proved itself so radically alien to 
 Western civilization. 
 
 "The intentions of His Majesty the 
 Emperor of Russia in regard to Po- 
 land have been clearly shown in the 
 proclamation which he has just ad- 
 dressed to his armies. 
 
 "It is hardly necessary to add that, 
 while it is the wish of the Allies to 
 rescue Europe from the hrutal en- 
 
 * Secret Treaties. The Entente Al- 
 lies entered into agreements amongst 
 themselves as to war aims. On Sept. 
 4, 1914, they agreed that no separate 
 treaty should be made. On April 26, 
 1915, preparatory to Italy's coming 
 into the war, a territorial agreement 
 was entered into; also that papal in- 
 fluence should not be permitted to 
 regulate questions concerning the war. 
 On March 9, 1917, France and Russia 
 entered into an agreement. These va- 
 rious treaties, most of which were se- 
 cret, necessarily, have been reviewed 
 by the British Government at various 
 times ; for example, on Dec. 3, 1917, in 
 the House of Commons. Disclosures 
 by the Bolsheviki Government in Rus- 
 sia are in press dispatches of Nov. 28 
 to Dec. 25, 1917. 
 
croachments of Pi'ussiau Militarism, it 
 
 HAS NEVEft BEEN THEIU INTENTION. AS HAS 
 BEEN ALLEGED, TO SEEK THE EXTERiMINA- 
 TION OR THE POLITICAL EXTINCTION OF 
 
 THE Germanic peoples. The chief aim 
 of the Allies is to assure peace on 
 those principles of liberty, justice, and 
 inviolable fidelity to international ob- 
 ligations, which have never ceased to 
 inspire the action of the United States. 
 
 "With this high end in view, the 
 Allied Governments are each and all 
 determined to put forth all their 
 strength and to endure every sacrifice 
 in order that they may press to a vic- 
 torious close a conflict of which, they 
 are convinced, depend not only their 
 own safety and prosperity, but the 
 very future of civilization." 
 
 This placed before the world an au- 
 thoritative statement by the Allies. 
 Thus the United States became pos- 
 sessed of a definite foundation on which 
 to build. 
 
 In brief, the principal war aim of 
 the Allies is to help establish "a 
 League of Nations which shall as- 
 sure peace and justice throughout 
 the world." This peace and justice is 
 to be attained by means of (1) the res- 
 toration of the territory seized by Prus- 
 sian Militarism in this war; (2) fitting 
 reparation for the injuries inflicted 
 upon the Allies; (3) the reorganization 
 of Europe upon the two-fold principles 
 of nationality and of territorial and 
 international agreements ; (4) the res- 
 titution of provinces or territories for- 
 merly torn from the Allies by force or 
 contrary to the wishes of their inhab- 
 itants; and (5) the liberation of each 
 of the other captive nations of the 
 Central Empires. 
 
 Stated more briefly, the program is 
 the establishment of a League of Na- 
 tions based upon Nationality to in- 
 clude Equal National Rights. 
 
 The United States' Program 
 
 On January 22. 1917, ten days after 
 the date of the Allies' answer, the 
 President of the United States went 
 before the Senate and in a statement 
 to the world he set forth the follow- 
 ing declaration: 
 
 "Gentlemen of the Senate: 
 "... In every discussion of the 
 peace that must end this war it is 
 taken for granted that that peace must 
 be followed by some definite Concert 
 OF Power which will make it virtu- 
 ally impossible that any such 
 catastrophe should ever overwhelm 
 us again. Every lover of mankind, 
 every sane and thoughtful man must 
 take that for granted. 
 
 "It is inconceivable that the people 
 of the United States should play no 
 part in that great enterprise. To take 
 part in such service will be the oppor- 
 tunity for which they have sought to 
 prepare themselves by the very prin- 
 ciples and purposes of their polity and 
 the approved practices of their Govern- 
 ment ever since the days when they 
 set up a new nation in the high and 
 honorable hope that it might in all 
 that it was and did show mankind the 
 way to liberty. They cannot in honor 
 withhold the service to which they arc 
 now about to be challenged. They do 
 not wish to withhold it. But they owe 
 it to themselves and to the other na- 
 tions of the tvorld to state the condi 
 tions under lohich they will feel free 
 to render it. 
 
 "That service is nothing less than 
 this : to add their authority and their 
 power to the authority and force of 
 other nations to guarantee peace and 
 justice throughout the world. Such 
 a settlement cannot now be long post- 
 poned. It is right that before it comes 
 this Government should frankly formu- 
 late the conditions upon which it 
 would feel justified in asking our peo- 
 ple to approve its formal and solemn 
 adherence to a League for Peace. / 
 am here to attempt to state those con- 
 ditions. 
 
 "... The treaties and agree- 
 ments which bring it [this war] to an 
 end must embody terms which will cre- 
 ate a peace that is worth guarantee- 
 ing and preserving, a peace that will 
 win the approval of mankind, not mere- 
 ly a peace that will serve the several 
 interests and immediate aims of the 
 nations engaged. . . . Our judg- 
 ment upon lohat is fundamental and 
 essential as a condition precedent to 
 permanency should be spoken now, not 
 afterwards when it may he too late. 
 
 ''No covenant of co-operative peace 
 
that does not include the peoples ofW^ 
 New World can suffice to keep the fu- 
 ture safe against tvar; and yet there 
 
 IS ONLY ONE SORT OF PEACE THAT THE 
 
 PEOPLES OF America could join in 
 GUARANTEEING. The elements of that 
 peace iiinst be elements that engage the 
 confidence and satisfy the principles of 
 the American governments, elements 
 consistent with their political faith 
 and with the practical convictions 
 which the peoples of America have 
 once for all undertaken to defend. 
 
 "No peace can last, or ought to last, 
 which does not recognize and accept 
 the principle that governments derive 
 
 THEIR JUST powers FROM THE CONSENT 
 OF THE governed/' 
 
 These are the President's words. The 
 basis, he says, must be "government by 
 the consent of the governed," for the 
 entire world, both on the ground of jus- 
 tice for mankind and in order that per- 
 manent peace shall be established — the 
 ending of competition in armament and 
 war. In behalf of the need for free 
 peoples throughout the world he said : 
 
 ''Any peace which does not recognize 
 and accept this principle will inevitably 
 he upset. It will not rest upon the af- 
 fections or the convictions of mankind. 
 The ferment of spirit of whole popula- 
 tions will fight subtly against it, and 
 all the world will sympathize. The 
 world can be at peace only if its life is 
 stable, and there can be no stability 
 where the will is in rebellion, where 
 there is not tranquility of spirit and a 
 sense of justice, of freedom, and of 
 right." 
 
 Here is the basis for securing condi- 
 tions that will result in permanent 
 peace — Free Peoples by means of a 
 League of Nations, on the further basis 
 of Equal National Rights. This latter 
 principle is declared for by the Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 These are stupendous objects — World 
 Liberation : 
 
 1. The liberation of the entire ivorld 
 from competition in armament and loar 
 — the ending of militarism ; 
 
 2. The liberation of the world's cap- 
 tive nations; 
 
 S. The liberation of all other peoples 
 who are ruled by the few, directly or 
 indirectly; and 
 
 4. The liberation of the small na- 
 tions from threatened extinction. 
 
 The attainment of these conditions 
 in the world are the ideals of Free 
 Peoples. The United States came into 
 the war on this basis. In the words of 
 the head of the United States Govern- 
 ment, "The world must be made safe 
 for democracy. Its peace must be 
 planted upon the tested foundations of 
 liberty." 
 
 Also President Wilson's words in 
 summing up the reasons for our entry 
 into the war are : 
 
 "But the right is more precious than 
 peace, and we shall fight for the things 
 which we have always carried nearest 
 our hearts — for democracy, for the 
 right of those who submit to authority 
 to have a voice in their own govern- 
 ments, for the rights and liberties of 
 small nations, for a universal dominion 
 of right by such a concert of free peo- 
 ples as shall bring peace and safety to 
 all nations and make the world itself 
 AT last free." 
 
 The idea is freedom from Militarism, 
 freedom for the world's Captive Na- 
 tions, freedom for all others who are 
 ruled by the Few, and Equal National 
 Rights. In a word, Peace and Justice 
 throughout the world. 
 
 This is the United States' pro- 
 gram. It was formally adopted by 
 
 THE people of THE NATION IN THE 
 
 election of 1916, and is now being 
 proclaimed enthusiastically by the 
 nation-in-arms. such are our war 
 
 AIMS. 
 
 This United States' program merely 
 defines the ideal system declared for 
 by the Entente Allies in their joint 
 note of January 10, 1916, namely, 
 "peace and justice throughout the 
 world'' (page 4, column 1, above). This 
 broad term "peace and justice" was 
 used without defining it, for at that 
 time the Czar of Russia was one of 
 the parties to the Allies' program. 
 Therefore no express mention could be 
 made of Free Peoples — the word used 
 is Nationalities. But when the peo- 
 ple of Russia threw off their yoke 
 the British Premier, David Lloyd 
 George, in a telegram to their Govern- 
 
ment, March 22, 1917, asked that the 
 war be continued "until the last strong- 
 hold of tyranny on the Continent of 
 Europe is destroyed and free peoples 
 in all lands can unite to secure for 
 themselves and their children the 
 blessings of fraternity and peace." 
 
 Three months later, June 29th, in a 
 speech at Glasgow he said : 
 
 "In my judgment this war will come 
 to an end when the Allied Powers have 
 reached the aims which they set out 
 to attain when they accepted the chal- 
 lenge thrown down by Germany to civi- 
 lization. 
 
 ''These terms were set out recently 
 J)y President Wilson with his unrivalled 
 gift of succinct and trenchant speech. 
 
 As SOON AS THESE OBJECTIVES AEE 
 REACHED, AND GUARANTEED, THIS WAR 
 
 WILL COME TO AN END. But if it comes 
 to an end a single hour before it will 
 be the greatest disaster that has ever 
 befallen mankind. . . . 
 
 "This war involves issues upon which 
 will depend the lives of our children 
 and our children's children. Sometimes 
 in the course of human events chal- 
 lenges are hurled from the unknown 
 amongst the sons and daughters of 
 men. Upon the answer which is given 
 to these challenges, and upon the hero- 
 ism with which the answer is sustained, 
 depends the question whether the world 
 would be better of whether the world 
 would be worse for ages to come. These 
 challenges end in terrible conflicts 
 which bring wretchedness, misery, 
 bloodshed, martyrdom in all its myriad 
 forms to the woi;ld, and if you look at 
 the pages of history these conflicts 
 stand out like great mountain ranges, 
 such as you have in Scotland — scenes 
 of destruction, of vast conflicts, scarred 
 by the volcanoes which threw them up 
 and drawing blessings from the 
 heavens that fertilize the valleys and 
 the plains perennially far beyond the 
 horizon of the highest peaks. You had 
 such a conflict in Scotland in the six- 
 teenth and seventeenth centuries of the 
 great fight for the rights of men to 
 worship God according to their con- 
 sciences. The Scottish Covenanters 
 might have given this answer to the 
 challenge. They might have said, 'Let 
 there be peace in our time, O Lord.' 
 They might have said, 'Why should we 
 suffer for privileges that even our 
 
 fathers never enjoyed? If we win we 
 may never live to enjoy the fruits of it, 
 but we have got to face privations, un- 
 speakable torture, the destruction of 
 our homes, the scattering of our fami- 
 lies, shameless death. Let there be 
 peace.' Scotland would have been a 
 thing of no account among the nations. 
 Its hills would have bowed their heads 
 in shame for the people they sheltered. 
 But the answer of the old Scottish 
 Covenanter, the old dying Covenanter 
 Cargill, rings down the ages, even to 
 us at this fateful hour, 'Satisfy your 
 conscience, and go forward.' 
 
 "That was the answer. That conflict 
 was fought in the valleys of Scotland 
 and the rich plains and market-places 
 of England, where candles were light- 
 ed which will never he put out, and 
 on the plains, too, of Bohemia, and on 
 the fields and walled cities of Germany, 
 There Europe suffered unendurable 
 agonies and miseries, but at the end of 
 it humanity took a great leap forward 
 towards the dawn. Then came the 
 conflict of the eighteenth century, the 
 great fight for the right of men as men, 
 and Europe again was drenched with 
 blood. But at the end of it the peas- 
 antry were free, and democracy hecame 
 a reality. 
 
 "Now we are faced with the greatest 
 and grimmest struggle of all — liberty, 
 equality, fraternity, not amongst men 
 dut amongst nations; great, yea small; 
 powerful, yea weak; exalted, yea hum- 
 blest ; Germany, yea Belgium ; Austria, 
 yea Serbia — equality, fraternity, 
 amongst peoples as well as amongst 
 men. That is the challenge which has 
 'been thrown to us. 
 
 "Europe is again drenched with the 
 blood of its bravest and best, but do 
 not forget these are the great succes- 
 sion of hallowed causes. They are the 
 stations of the cross on the road to the 
 emancipation of mankind. Let us en- 
 dure as our fathers did. Every birth 
 is an agony, and the new world is born 
 out of the agony of the old world. My 
 appeal to the people of this country, 
 and, if my appeal can reach beyond, it 
 is this — that we should continue to 
 fight for the great goal of International 
 Right and International Justice, so that 
 never again shall brute force sit on 
 the throne of justice, nor barbaric 
 strength wield the sceptre of right." 
 
 On July 20, 1917. Premier Lloyd 
 
George in the course of a lengtn^ 
 speech in Parliament said : "Germany 
 is not going to drive Great Britain out 
 of the fight until liberty has been es- 
 tablished throughout the world.'' 
 
 The French Government is equally 
 idealistic. On June 4, 1917, the Cham- 
 ber of Deputies by a vote of 453 to 55 
 declared : 
 
 "Repudiating all idea of conquest of 
 foreign populations, it [the Govern- 
 ment] expects that the efforts of the 
 armies of the Republic and of the Al- 
 lies shall make it possible to obtain 
 lasting guarantees of peace and inde- 
 pendence for all peoples, great and 
 small, in an organization of the So- 
 ciety OF Nations [Federation of the 
 World] to be formed at once." 
 
 M. Viviaua, of France, former prime 
 minister and one of the French Com- 
 missioners to this country, in a speech 
 in the United States Senate, declared 
 that the task in this war is to achieve 
 military dominance and then "to or- 
 ganize the Society of Nations." Con- 
 tinuing he said : "I well know that 
 our enemies, who have never seen be- 
 fore them anything but horizons of car- 
 nage, will never cease to jeer at so 
 noble a design. Such has always been 
 the fate of great ideas at their birth; 
 and if thinkers and men of action had 
 allowed themselves to be discouraged 
 by skeptics, mankind would still be in 
 its infancy and we should still be 
 slaves. After material victory we will 
 win moral victory. We will shatter the 
 ponderous sword of militarism ; we will 
 establish guarantees of peace ; and we 
 can disappear from the world's stage, 
 since we shall leave at the cost of our 
 common immolation the noblest herit- 
 age which future generations can pos- 
 sess !" 
 
 During September, 1917, the Ribot 
 Ministry in France resigned and was 
 succeeded by the Painleve Ministry. 
 Upon being interpellated it declared it- 
 self as favoring the formation of the 
 Society of Nations and would announce 
 to the Chamber its terms of peace as 
 quickly as it could consult with its al- 
 lies. 
 
 AN OBSTRUCTION BY COALITION 
 
 GOVERNMENTS IN GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN, FRANCE 
 
 AND ITALY. 
 
 Along \^ith the above described de- 
 velopment of program for World Lib- 
 eration there has arisen a most serious 
 obstruction : that of reactionary Coali- 
 tion Governments in Great Britain, 
 France and Italy. While they have 
 pledged the United States to aid in 
 the establishment of ''peace and justice 
 throughout the world" they have 
 agreed among themselves for an ex- 
 actly opposite program, as we shall 
 show. We also quote two statements 
 by President Wilson in open criticism 
 of the action taken by these Coalition 
 Governments. But as yet the parlia- 
 ments and peoples of Great Britain, 
 B'rance and Italy have not become suf- 
 ficiently aware of the facts to restore 
 Liberal Governments. 
 
 In the accompanying chapters we 
 present the case for World Liberation, 
 grouping the facts of history, including 
 President Wilson's arguments. We be- 
 lieve that this is the first book wherein 
 is described The Development of the 
 Federal State, including World Fed- 
 eration. 
 
 As to our qualifications for accu- 
 rately describing this broad field, we 
 will state that during the past twenty- 
 three years we have devoted our time 
 and energies to the advancement of 
 practical reforms in the United States, 
 having assisted in each of the main 
 movements. This after having grad- 
 uated in law in 1887, followed by the 
 rapid accumulation of a modest fortune 
 and then the study of the social sci- 
 ences at the University of Chicago. 
 
 Our method has been to trace the 
 lines of human development — racial, po- 
 litical, industrial and social. Each 
 point in this volume is based c(h the 
 best evidence attainable. The subject 
 matter is outlined in the accompany- 
 ing table of contents. 
 
 George H. Shirley. 
 The Research Institute, 
 
 Washington, D. C, January 25, 1918. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 The Iload to Victory Lies Through the United States' Program for World 
 Liberation, Agreed to by Her Allies 3-S 
 
 Division I. 
 WORI.D LIBERATION IS THROUGH WORI.D PEDERATION". 
 
 'ART Pages 
 
 I. Devi'loi))iienf a Law of Nature. . 11 
 
 II. The Process of Man's Development : 
 
 Development of Race after 
 Race, Sub-Race after Sub- 
 Race, Nationality after 
 Nationality, each Higher 
 than the Other 11 
 
 Teutonic Sub-Race the Latest 
 and the First to Develop 
 Self-Government by the 
 People — Their Traits of 
 Character 11-12 
 
 Migration of Teutons into 
 Western and Southern 
 Europe and amalgamation 
 with Preceding Sub-Race, 
 resulting in New National- 
 ities : Italians, Spanish, 
 Portugese, French, Bel- 
 gians, Roumanians and 
 Greeks 12 
 
 Migration of Teutons to 
 Island of Britain Without 
 Mixing with Britons : "A 
 Germany outside of Ger- 
 many" 12 
 
 Germans (as distinguished 
 from Prussians), the Dutch, 
 Danes, Swedes and Norwe- 
 gians are nearly pure 
 Teutons 13 
 
 Development of the Federal 
 State xcith its Federal 
 Government : 
 
 Among Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 In Western and South-West- 
 ern Europe : (1) Thou- 
 sands of Feudal States of 
 Self-Governing Stock, in 
 place of the Western Roman 
 
 vr, 
 
 Empire, resulting in loss of 
 orderly peace, due to an 
 Absence of Government as 
 between the Sovereign 
 States — International An- 
 archy, known as the Dark 
 Ages; (2) Later the Feudal 
 States amalgamated into 
 the Middle-Age States ; (3) 
 These amalgamated into 
 Larger and Larger States 
 retaining something of 
 Home Rule — the present- 
 day Federal States possess- 
 ing Federal Government. . 
 
 18 
 
 In Soutli-E astern and Central 
 Europe an obstruction to 
 progress hy the mixing of 
 the hlood of the Asiatics 
 (Huns) xcith that of Teu- 
 tonic peoples 13-16 
 
 1899-1914, Re-Establishment 
 of Self-Government by Self- 
 Governing stock in various 
 parts of the world, not in- 
 cluding Prussia, Austria- 
 Hungary, Bulgaria and 
 Turkey 17-18 
 
 During 1914 was started the 
 World War — Its Causes : 
 The Ruling Few in Prussia 
 and Austria-Hungary in 
 atempting to stay in 
 power started a Foreign 
 y^^'ar — Three objects : (1) 
 Acquirement of Wealth 
 by Conquest; (2) Defeat 
 of the Socialist Program, 
 and (3) Defeat of Free- 
 dom for their Slavic cap- 
 tives 18-26 
 
 The Outlook for Peace, No- 
 vember, 1917 27 
 
Part 
 
 III. Federation of the Natioms of the 
 World Under the Domina- 
 tion of Self -Governing' Peo- 
 ples the Remedy : 
 
 Outline 
 
 Tage Part 
 
 2S 
 
 IV. 
 
 The State : 
 
 Its Elements — The Issue 
 Stated 28 
 
 The Development of Fed- 
 eral Government — World 
 Federation the Next Step 
 — Statement &»/ Trustees 
 of Carnegie Endoivment 
 for International Peace 
 — The Proposed Interna- 
 tional System 28-38 
 
 Summary and Comparison. 38 
 
 World Liberation Program 
 as a Whole :^8-40 
 
 Development of Today's Pro- 
 gram for World Liberation : 
 
 1795 to 1914 41-42 
 
 Declarations by the Allies, 
 
 1914 42-43 
 
 Page 
 Attitude of the United 
 
 States, 1916 44-4G 
 
 Further Statements by Brit- 
 *6h Liberal Government, 
 1916 47 
 
 Change to Reactionary Coali- 
 tion Governments in 
 Britain, France and Italy, 
 1916 4 7 
 
 President Wilson's Message 
 for World Liberation, 1917 48-49 
 
 Summary of the President's 
 Message — Comments 
 
 President Wilson's War Mes- 
 
 Program of the 
 
 The Ideal 
 Allies . . 
 
 Existing Disheartening and 
 Chaotic Conditions to be 
 followed by World Libera- 
 tion 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 Division IZ. 
 
 THE END OF AN AGE, THIS WOBZ.D WAR A SFEEDING-UF FBOCESS FOB 
 
 THE FEOFI.es of THE WOBI.D 51 
 
 Division HI. 
 THE FORTHCOMING NEW AGE. 
 
 52 
 
 Division IV. 
 FARTHER DETAIZiS. 
 
 Part 
 I. 
 
 The Steps in Planning* the De- 
 tails of the War Aims : 
 
 The Forthcoming World Or- 
 ganization 
 
 II. 
 
 Part 
 I. 
 
 Free Peoples 54-56 
 
 Equal National Rights 103-108 
 
 Armament Will No Longer be 
 
 Needed 57 
 
 Application of the World-Liher- 
 ation Program : 
 By the United States 58 
 
 Page Part Page 
 
 By Great Britain 58-62 
 
 By France 62 
 
 po An. Obstruction by Coalition 
 Governments in Great Brit- 
 ian, France and Italy 62-68 
 
 Near-at-Hand World Libera- 
 tion 67 
 
 A Judgment Day — Needed 
 Changes Are Being Wrought 67-68 
 
 III. Answers to Ohjections and 
 
 Queries 69-70 
 
 STII.I; 
 
 Democracy Results in Peace 
 and Prosperity — History 
 of the United States, 
 1776-1917 
 
 Division V. 
 FARTHER DETAII.S. 
 
 Page 
 
 70- 7i 
 
 Part 
 
 II. Prussian Ideals Compared. .. . 
 III. Conclusion — The Needed Activi- 
 ties 
 
 Page 
 77-79 
 
 r9-80 
 
THE ROAD TO VICTORY 
 
 It Lies Through the United States' 
 Program for 
 
 WORLD LIBERATION 
 
 Agreed to by Her Allies 
 
 Division I. 
 WORLD LIBERATION IS THROUGH WORLD FEDERATION. 
 
 Part I. 
 DEVELOPMENT A LAW OF NATURE. 
 
 The master key to an understanding 
 of all social phenomena, including this 
 World War, is to realize that develop- 
 .ment — evolution, is a law of nature. 
 This fact is conclusively shown in the 
 
 world's history — written and unwrit- 
 ten. In the accompanying pages we 
 outline the process of human develop- 
 ment, thereby leading up to the vital 
 present-day problems. 
 
 Part II. 
 THE PROCESS OF MAN'S DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Social development is shown within 
 the period of written history. Vast 
 progress has taken place during the pe- 
 riod wherein accurate details of civili- 
 zations are depicted. 
 
 These details show the process of 
 man's development. It has been the 
 coming into being of race after race, 
 each one possessing added traits. The 
 latest race is the Aryan or white race. 
 
 Within the white race there are five 
 great sub-races, each more advanced 
 than the preceding one ; and within 
 each sub-race there are various nation- 
 alities. 
 
 The latest sub-race is the Teutonic, 
 
 which includes the Anglo-Saxons and 
 Scandinavians. 
 
 A fact of momentous importance is 
 that not until the coming into existence 
 of this Teutonic suh-race ivas there « 
 really self-governing people. The earliest 
 written history we have of this branch 
 of the white race is the statement by 
 Julius Caesar while he was campaign- 
 ing against them. A century later was 
 written a more complete description by 
 Tacitus in the little volume Germania. 
 
 It appears that in the German for- 
 ests the young men upon attaining 
 manhood were emancipated — given 
 their freedom by their parents ; where- 
 
 11 
 
as among the earlier peoples the father 
 guided his family, including his male 
 dscendants and their families, as long 
 as he lived.* But in the German for- 
 ests there existed a people wherein the 
 adults ruled themselves, aided by par- 
 ental and other advice. 
 
 Tn pul)lic affairs the men were asso- 
 ciated on a plane of equality ; while 
 within the families the wife was the 
 equal of the husband, and a new tic 
 existed between husband and wife 
 among the masses — romantic love. The 
 marriage tie was kept more sacredly 
 than among the earlier peoples. 
 
 The public gatherings of importance 
 were opened by prayer, as at present. 
 These people were farther advanced 
 spiritually than any preceding nation- 
 ality. Also greater truthfulness ex- 
 isted. 
 
 Self-government existed in civic af- 
 fairs, as we have said. The states were 
 small, not larger than our present-day 
 counties, so that the men assembled 
 and directly attended to state affairs — 
 legislative and judicial, electing for the 
 coming year an executive committee. 
 In each community the men met to- 
 gether and attended to the local affairs, 
 including the distribution of the tem- 
 porary use of the land. The citizens 
 who attended these meetings were 
 usually armed with spear and shield 
 and, therefore, at the local meetings 
 wherein important questions were de- 
 cided the presiding officer was a rep- 
 resentative of the state, attended by a 
 group of armed citizens to preserve or- 
 der. 
 
 Some of the states were Republics 
 and some were Kingdoms ; but the 
 king's authority was merely that of 
 national leader, without a veto power. 
 He was elected from a certain family 
 and all of the male members therein 
 were eligil)le. The king served the 
 people subject to recall at any time 
 and the election of a successor. 
 
 Here we see a new type of manhood 
 
 *The name given to the above de- 
 scribed power in the Roman father was 
 patria potestas. 
 
 and womanhood. Among their short- 
 comings were drunkenness and gam- 
 bling. 
 
 Early in the Christian era when the 
 population in the Roman Empire — the 
 fourth su1)-race — was shrinking, there 
 occurred within the fifth sub-race a 
 rapid multiplication of self-governino 
 peoples, accompanied hy emigration. At 
 first they sifted in among the Roman 
 states and then they poured in in con- 
 quering streams. This was from the 
 r>d to the 9th centuries, A. D. 
 
 Wherever they went they applied 
 their freedom-giving institutions among 
 themselves, and among their subjects 
 they recognized the existing customs. 
 Also they honorably intermarried with 
 their subjects — the Romans, Greeks 
 and Gauls, thereby forming new na- 
 tionalities, possessing the needed spirit 
 of liberty and other of the higher 
 qualities of the Teutons, and partaking 
 of the art and culture of the great 
 Keltic people's, the fourth sub-race of 
 the white stock. 
 
 Thus arose the peoples who to-day 
 inhahit France, Belgium, Switzer- 
 land, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece 
 AND Roumania. They are of self- 
 governing STOCK. 
 
 In the inland of Britain the Roman, 
 legions were withdrawn to protect the 
 empire from the Teutons, which weak- 
 ened the Britons, who invited some of 
 the Teutons in the German forests to 
 come over and help them expel the in- 
 vaders who had come in upon them 
 from the surrounding territory. The 
 Teutons from the mainland came over 
 and the reports they sent home of the 
 fertile soil and balmy air attracted 
 other Teutons, some of whom came in 
 
 ARMED BANDS AND EITHER KILLED OR 
 
 DROVE BACK THE Britons. Iu this way 
 the southern portion of Britain be- 
 came "a Germany outside of Germany" 
 and so continued for five hundred 
 years; and then the invaders came 
 from Scandinavia and Normandy and 
 tvere of self-governing stock. 
 
 The Teutonic invaders in Britain 
 came in armed bands, as we have said, 
 
 12 
 
and when the spoils were divided, prin- 
 cipally the land, the larger part was 
 taken by the military leader, which es- 
 tablished economic inequuUty and to 
 such a degree that in the second gen- 
 eration it resulted in the title of King, 
 but it was a limited authority, owing 
 to the liberty-loving traits of the peo- 
 ple. 
 
 Gradually the miniature kingdoms 
 were amalgamated, forming a Federal 
 State — a new thing on earth. Eacli 
 community possessed self-government 
 in local affairs, a>id so did each county, 
 ivith the king at the head of the state 
 government — the national government. 
 Unity among the Anglo-Saxons in Brit 
 a in came tirst in the Church and then 
 in tlie State. 
 
 In Southern and Western Europe the 
 inflow of the self-governing stock re- 
 sulted in Feudalism, which broke up the 
 Absolute Monarchy of Rome and thus 
 hrought on an interruption to the peace 
 and order that had resulted from the 
 one government. This era of the 
 changed system is described as the 
 Dark Ages, owing to the absence of 
 an over-arching government — anarchy 
 existed between the miniature states. 
 Gradually an amalgamation of the 
 small states took place, resulting in 
 Federal States — states possessing 
 
 local HO]\iE RULE TO SOME EXTENT, THE 
 KING BEING AT THE HEAD OF THE NA- 
 TIONAL GOVERNMENT. THUS THE SELF- 
 GOVERNING STOCK PRESERVED TO SOME EX- 
 TENT THEIR NATIVE LIBERTIES. The COU- 
 
 tinual development of the area of the 
 states and the continuance of anarchy 
 between the states prevented the estab- 
 lishment of full self-government within 
 the nations. An exception was the 
 United States of America, where the 
 full-blooded self-governing stock estab- 
 lished real self-government during 177(> 
 to 1783, and continued it until towards 
 1844, when there appeared the accumu- 
 lated results of a low-grade immigra- 
 tion in the form of a debased system 
 of party government — Machine Kule, 
 which became dominant in national af- 
 fairs in 1844.* 
 
 But throughout the world during the 
 past eighteen years — 1890-1017 — a won- 
 derful series of political events have 
 taken place : Among the peoples op 
 
 SELF-GOVERNING STOCK THERE HAS ACTU- 
 ALLY BEEN ESTABLISHED SeLF-GoVERN- 
 
 MENT BY THE PEOPLE ! For the first 
 time since the emigration of the early 
 Germans from Central and Northern 
 Europe during the 3rd to the 0th cen- 
 turies and the amalgamation of sub- 
 races and the development of the area 
 of the state, tJie People have quite gen- 
 eruUy come hack into power. 
 
 Before we give the dates of these 
 epoch-making revolutions we herewith 
 outline something of the history of the 
 people of South(>asrern and Central 
 Europe. 
 
 Obstructions to Progress in South- 
 Eastern and Central Europe. 
 
 In the portion of Europe nearest Asia 
 the Teutonic sub-race has had to face 
 the Huns, of the yelloiv race. Time 
 after time these fierce tribes of a lower 
 stage of development have broken into 
 Europe and have swept across vast 
 areas. During these times they have 
 killed the men of the self-governing 
 stock and violated their women, result- 
 ing in the mixing of the races and a 
 caste system. This is the Slavonic. 
 
 *In 1844 the existence of a debased 
 system of Party Government in the 
 Democratic organization in the United 
 States was pointed out by John C. Cal- 
 houn in an address to the people 
 withdrawing from the contest for the 
 Presidential nomination. When the 
 delegates to the Democratic National 
 Convention assembled a majority re- 
 fused to be bound by their instruc- 
 tions and their pledges, and thus true 
 self-government hy the people in the 
 United fitates came to an end. The 
 details were descril)ed by Senator Ben- 
 ton after he had retired from public 
 life. He aimed to restore the people's 
 rule and thus ward off civil war. This 
 he states in the closing chapter of his 
 invaluable two-volume work. Thirty 
 Years in the United States Senate, 
 chapters 136, 137. 
 
 13 
 
Lithuanian, Finnish, ITnngarian and 
 Prussian nationalities. They vary 
 greatly in the different sections of Eu- 
 rope and Siberia. One of the physical 
 elements of this mixed type is a ten- 
 dency towards a round head, acquired 
 from the Asiatic progenitors, as com- 
 pared with the long head of the Ary- 
 ans.* 
 
 The Prussians are of this mixed 
 stock, as ive have said, added to which 
 during the past four hundred years 
 have heen turn terribly debasing fac- 
 tors: (1) the occurrence of long and 
 hard-fought wars which killed off the 
 more courageous of the men, destroyed 
 the schools and in other ways debased 
 the civilization; and (2) the presence 
 of despotism which drove forth the lib- 
 erty-loving people. When Napoleon 
 went into Prussia the lower class, the 
 peasants, were serfs. Later they were 
 given the right to move about, but still 
 they were held as political slaves and 
 such is their condition to-day. Even 
 though they have witnessed the recent 
 liberation of the people of Russia they 
 still remain in bondage; and even 
 though told by the United States and 
 the rest of their armed opponents that 
 war against them will cease if they will 
 but assert their manhood, still they re- 
 mam in bondage! The explanation is 
 their undeveloped condition, due to the 
 causes we have outlined. This phase 
 of the situation is little understood 
 amongst us so M^e very briefly describe 
 it. 
 
 In the preceding pages we have out- 
 lined the development of self-governing 
 peoples and the obstructions met with 
 from the breaking into Europe of tbe 
 yellow race, plus the terrible experi- 
 
 *Prof. T. N. Huxley, in Nineteenth 
 Century, November, 1890, pp. 759-760; 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, title Slavs ; 
 Evolution and War, by Dr. P. Chalmers 
 Mitchell, pp. 51, 60, 64. Dr. Mitchell 
 states that this mixed race "of a lower 
 civilization would swamp Europe were 
 it not in fact held in check by the Ger- 
 man or Teutonic race," (Page 59; see 
 also page 77. below,) 
 
 ences of the people of Prussia during 
 the past 400 years, resulting in a peas- 
 antry vastly different from anything 
 which the world has ever possessed. 
 Evidence's of this unusual type will 
 presently appear. 
 
 In 1848, when the people of the east- 
 ern half of the continent in Europe 
 came suddenly into power almost with- 
 out exertion on their part, they all were 
 in a short time back into servitude 
 owing to their inability to develop self- 
 government ; whereas in England there 
 existed a progressive Representative 
 Government. In Prussia the people 
 were clothed with more political power 
 than they formerly possessed, yet they 
 were ruled by the few as with a rod 
 of iron and there followed again an 
 exodus of the liberty-loving. Our 
 United States received many of these 
 patriots — the Revolutionists of 1848. 
 
 In 1858, during a period of rising 
 prices throughout the world, accom 
 panied by progressiveness in every di- 
 rection, the Liberals in Prussia came 
 into poiver. The king appointed a Lib- 
 eral Ministry. Soon, however, he rec- 
 ommended a considerable increase in 
 the Prussian army and the idea was 
 not accepted. He named a Conserva- 
 tive Ministry and it failed to get the 
 consent of the people's representatives. 
 He dissolved Parliament and appealed 
 to the people toho returned a Liberal 
 tnajority, opposed to the plan. 
 
 Then Herbert von Bismarck sug- 
 gested to the king that he name a 
 ministry that should rule for a time 
 without the consent of the House and 
 establish the increase in the army. The 
 king appointed Bismarck to do the deed 
 and he accomplished it. He did so 
 without shedding a drop of blood 
 owing to the co-operation of the Social- 
 ists. They kefused to co-operate with 
 THE Liberals, thereby enabling the 
 Conservatives to defeat them. 
 
 This aid to the Conservatives — the 
 Reactionists — came from the least de- 
 veloped class in Prussia, the peasant 
 class, the descendants of those who 
 were not possessed of self-governing 
 
 14 
 
qualities. Themselves political slaves, 
 tlicy wore possessed of tlie idea tliat 
 they should secure self-goverument by 
 refusing to co-operate with the middle 
 class — the property-owners and people 
 of initiative and achievement. Thus 
 Reactionism misled them. An equally 
 misleading fallacy of these Prussian 
 slaves was that when they should se- 
 cure the control of the Government 
 they would use it to at once take into 
 their own possession all of the property 
 of the nation by means of immediate 
 government ownership and operation of 
 all the means of production and dis- 
 tribution, and force all of their former 
 masters and their families into the 
 ranks of government employees — a sys- 
 tem of industrial slavery for every- 
 one. 
 
 This was the program of political 
 slaves, of so base a type that Reaction- 
 ism succeeded in imbedding these ideas 
 in their thoughts. 
 
 One of the ways whereby Reaction- 
 ism forged additional chains was 
 through a provision in the Socialist 
 Party platform that a member of the 
 party must never scrateh the ticket- 
 never co-operate with the Liberals. 
 
 Still another chain which firmly 
 bound them to Reactionism was the 
 enunciation of the principle that the 
 Working Class — the property-less class 
 and a class without the qualities which 
 result in initiative and achievement — 
 that this class should refuse to co-op- 
 erate with those %oho possess these 
 qualities and possess property. This is 
 the Class-Conscious idea. 
 
 This was the Prussian Peasant Pro- 
 gram which defeated Liberalism in 
 Prussia in 1862 and helped to start 
 Prussian Militarism. 
 
 As soon as the Prussian army was 
 enlarged a quarrel was picked with 
 Denmark by Bismarck and the prov- 
 inces of Schleswig and Holstein were 
 forcibly taken. Then a quarrel ensued 
 between Prussia and Austria as to the 
 disposition of the booty. In the Ger- 
 man Diet the majority sided with Aus- 
 tria and ordered the troops of the Con- 
 
 federation to be mobilized against 
 Prussia. But Prussia defeated them 
 and annexed the German provinces of 
 Hanover, Electoral Hesse, Nassau and 
 Frankfort, as well as Schleswig and 
 Holstein. Bismarck would have taken 
 more of the German states but was 
 prohibited by Napoleon III., of France. 
 
 Austria was excluded from German 
 politics, and the four German states 
 south of the INIain — Bavaria, Wurtem- 
 berg, Baden and Hesse— became inde- 
 pendent and were expressly left at lib- 
 erty to form a separate union. 
 
 Four years later, 1870, Bismarck 
 picked a quarrel with Napoleon III. 
 and utterly defeated him, annexed 
 Alsace and Lorraine and exacted a 
 huge cash contribution, also he swept 
 into his organization the four German 
 states to the south of the Main. In 
 connection with these changes he wrote 
 a new constitution making Prussia the 
 dominant state and the King of Prus- 
 sia the Emperor, and the emperor pro- 
 claimed it. Such in brief is the his- 
 tory of the making of the German Em- 
 pire up to 1871. 
 
 In the drafting of this constitution 
 Bismarck demonstrated that he knew 
 the people for whom it was to be used. 
 Four years before the Social Demo- 
 crats (Socialists) had eight members 
 in the North German Federation and 
 at the first election after the formation 
 of the German Empire they cast 125,- 
 000 votes. Bismarck stated in the con- 
 stitution that the Emperor might alone 
 declare a foreign loar provided he 
 should state it to be a defensive ivar. 
 Manhood suffrage for the national 
 lower house was established, because 
 the Prussian peasants were Icnotvn to 
 aid the Conservatives, as we have seen. 
 The middle-class vote was the Liberal 
 vote. The people's representatives in 
 Parliament — the lower house, the 
 Reichstag, icere to serve tvithout pay 
 from the state; also there was no se- 
 cret ballot nor stringent laws against 
 corruption. Within the confederation 
 the Prussian Military State secured 
 such a position that "she rules Ger- 
 
 15 
 
many with the advice and assistance of 
 the other States." (President Lowell 
 of Harvard University.) 
 
 Unexpectedly, however, the enlarged 
 Prussian Government, owing to a con- 
 test with the Roman Church, received 
 the support of the Liberals and the 
 Radicals, but not the Socialists. This 
 contest is termed the Kulturkampf or 
 War of Progress, 1871 to 1884. 
 
 Beginning in 1873, the gold standard 
 countries experienced falling prices, 
 owing to a shrinking volume of money, 
 and the falling prices resulted in a 
 growing industrial depression. The 
 Socialists, though, claimed that the in- 
 crease in unemployment was caused by 
 the competitive system, and their num- 
 bers increased rapidly. During 1875 
 the Emperor was shot at and Bismarck 
 brought in a bill to limit free speech 
 and free press. The Liberal Reichstag 
 refused to pass it until most of the 
 drastic provisions had been stricken 
 out. Three years later, 1878, the in- 
 dustrial conditions had become exceed- 
 ingly bad and the Socialists were sure 
 that they possessed the remedy. Bis- 
 marck again insisted upon the ending 
 of free institutions in order to prevent 
 a ivorse fate — the success of the So- 
 cialists. The Liberal Reichstag again 
 refused and the Emperor dissolved it 
 and ordered an election. Again he was 
 shot at and this time seriously 
 wounded. At the polls enough of the 
 Liberals were defeated to secure a 
 Consei'vative majority and it proceeded 
 
 TO END FREE INSTITUTIONS IN GERMANY. 
 
 The executive authority for the shut- 
 ing off of the Socialist program was 
 vested in the Upper House and it pro- 
 ceeded TO SAVE the German civiliza- 
 tion BY forcibly preventing THE SO- 
 CIALISTS FROM CARRYING ON THEIR PROP- 
 AGANDA. The situation was as though 
 the Prussian peasants were planning 
 to put out a fire by pouring on kero- 
 sene. Then the Conservative European 
 Governments — all were of that charac- 
 ter — ended the depression by quietly 
 increasing the volume of money in use*, 
 resulting in rising prices and profit- 
 
 able business and thus the unemployed 
 were set to work. 
 
 This enabled the Conservatives to 
 carry various elections by claiming that 
 the return of prosperity was due to 
 other causes. This was in 1880-1882. 
 
 Then the Conservative Governments 
 again set about to continue the shrink- 
 age in the volume of money, to benefit 
 the creditor class — increase the pur- 
 chasing power of money and of debts. 
 But again business became a losing 
 venture, bankruptcies increased and 
 vast numbers of unemployed demanded 
 bread. Jn England, during the pros- 
 perous times the Liberal party had 
 come hack into power. It appointed 
 a commission to ascertain the cause of 
 the industrial depression. The com- 
 mission quickly reported that the 
 money question should be looked into 
 and more deeply than it was authorized 
 to do and recommended the appoint- 
 ment of a larger commission. This 
 was forthwith done ; hut soon the Lib- 
 eral Government teas turned out of 
 office at an election and the Conserva- 
 tive Government, when the commission 
 unanimously reported, refused to do 
 anything. 
 
 During this time the Socialist vote 
 in Prussia and elsewhere mounted up- 
 wards. The Liberals were out of power 
 in practically every country in the 
 world, and the Socialists refused to 
 co-operate tvith them to prevent a 
 shrinking volume of money and falling 
 prices. Thus the Socialists contin- 
 ued TO HELP THE CONSERVATIVES. 
 
 In 1896 the election in the United 
 States was so close and business con- 
 ditions so bad that again the Conserva- 
 tive European Governments set about 
 to quietly increase the volume of 
 money in use.f Again prices rose and 
 
 *The Money Question, by George H, 
 Shil^loy, pp. 383-384; also Mr. Shibley's 
 statement at Senate hearing on Fed- 
 eral Reserve Bill, 1913. pp. 1748-1750, 
 
 f Momentous Issues, by George H. 
 Shibley, pp. 10-11 ; also Mr. Shibley's 
 statement at Senate hearing on Fed- 
 eral Reserve Bill, 1913. pp. 1751-1752. 
 
 16 
 
industrial activity reappeared ; also 
 the output of gold from the mines had 
 for some time been increasing tremen- 
 dously, due to improved methods of 
 extraction. Prices continued to riso 
 and industrial activity continued tj 
 increase. In the 1898 ejection in the 
 United States the creditor class wan 
 defeated hy the trust magnates, ivho 
 in 1900 secured the passage of a law 
 increasing the volnme of paper cnr- 
 rencij, on top of a flood of gold money. 
 The increase in the volume of money 
 and rising prices continued year after 
 year, except as interfered with by an 
 occasional panic for money and falling 
 prices. 
 
 A rising price level always enlarges 
 the profits of the business men and 
 farmers, giving employment to nearly 
 all of the people. Always these arc 
 progressive eras. This was no excep- 
 tion, A most remarkable series of 
 progressive political changes took place 
 
 ESTABLISHING IN MOST OF THE LEADING 
 COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FULL SeLF- 
 
 GovERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE ! Hereto- 
 fore whenever a Liberal Government 
 had come into power it usually had 
 been composed of a minority, due to 
 the stage of development, hut now a 
 majority of the people have come into 
 poiver in many countries. Thus fou 
 the first time since the exercise of 
 self-government by the people in the 
 German forests, some 1500 years ago, 
 
 THIS SAME liberty-giving SYSTEM OF 
 GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN RESTORED GEN- 
 ERALLY. Following are the principal 
 dates : 
 
 1899-1914, A World-Wide Revolution 
 for Democracy. 
 
 In France in 1899 the change occur- 
 red in connection with the Dreyfus 
 case. In the Chamber of Deputies 
 enough of the Socialists voted with the 
 Liberals to defeat the Conservatives 
 who had unjustly convicted Dreyfus and 
 were opposing the coming of the people 
 into power. A great uproar took place 
 among the Socialists, but a vast ma- 
 jority soon came around to where they 
 
 realized that their own liberties were ' 
 l)eing promoted and they officially en- 
 dorsed the coalition, and have since 
 continued to do so. The French people 
 are of self-governing stock. 
 
 The next year after this crisis in 
 France, in Australia enough of the 
 Labor Unionists and Socialists com- 
 bined with the Liberals to install a real 
 People's Government. In New Zea- 
 land some years earlier a coalition had 
 taken place between the Liberals and 
 the wage-earners, but they were un- 
 able for many, many years to control 
 the Senate. In Switzerland the change 
 had been coming since 1831. 
 
 In Russia in 1905 the people came 
 into power for a time, but they made 
 such poor use of this power that they 
 soon gave way to the need for more 
 stable conditions. 
 
 The next year after this Russian 
 Revolution the people of Great Britain 
 came peacefully into power. It came 
 through a coalition of the LiberaL 
 Labor and Irish parties, aided by the 
 Fabian Socialists. Forthwith the Boers 
 in South Africa, whom the British 
 Conservative Government had forcibly 
 seized and were holding in subjection, 
 were given their freedom. So well did 
 they use it that soon there was formed 
 into one autonomous dominion thv? 
 South African Union, and when there 
 arose the world conflict for liberty in 
 1914 the Boers stood with the Britisli 
 Government and so did the Irish Na- 
 tionalists. Said John Redmond : "One 
 democracy has made a treaty with an- 
 other democracy and we are true to 
 our word !" 
 
 In 1906, the same year that freedom 
 came to the British Isles, in China, peo- 
 pled by the yellow race, a promise was 
 issued by the Absolute Monarchy that 
 there was to be established Parlimen- 
 tary Government, and it has since ma- 
 terialized and in connection tvith a 
 Repuhlic — even China has become a Re- 
 public ! Self-government by the peo- 
 ple of China is on its way. 
 
 In Japan a start in Parliamentary 
 Government was made in 1878. After 
 
 17 
 
many years a system of Proportional 
 Representation was established, lessen- 
 ing the bitterness in the campaign and 
 giving representation to the voters in 
 accordance with their nnmbers, adding 
 tremendously to the stability of the 
 Government. 
 
 The year 1906 is also notable as wit- 
 nessing the enfranchisement in Austria 
 of her captive peoples — the Slavs and 
 the Italians. The aged emperor, 
 Francis Joseph, helped to secure this 
 peaceful change. A fairly good repre- 
 sentation in the lower house was estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Also in 1906 the people of Norway 
 secured a Liberal Government and 
 withdrew from the confederation with 
 Sweden, and the following year en- 
 franchised the women. 
 
 The next year, 1907, in both Belgium 
 and Holland the Liberals came into 
 power. In both countries the Social- 
 ists co-operated with the Liberals in 
 establishing the change. 
 
 In 190S in Turkey the Absolute Mon- 
 archy was over-thrown almost without 
 bloodshed by the Young Turks and 
 there was restored the constitution of 
 1876, and an election of members of 
 the chamber of deputies was ordered. 
 "For a time the insurgent bands dis- 
 appeared in Macedonia, and the rival 
 'nationalities' — Greek, Albanian, Turk, 
 Armenian, Servian, Bulgarian and Jew 
 — worked harmoniously together for 
 the furtherance of common constitu- 
 tional aims. Kiamil Pasha, an advanced 
 Liberal, became grand vizer, and a new 
 cabinet wns formed, including a Greek, 
 Prince Mavrocordato ; an Armenian, 
 Nouradounghian, and the Sheikh-ul- 
 Islam."* 
 
 The following year, 1909, in Sweden, 
 the people secured the enfranchise- 
 ment of men and proportional repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 The next year, 1910, the people came 
 into power in Italy, Spain, Portugal, 
 
 *Encyclopredia Britannica, title 
 Turkey. 
 
 Southern Germany and in the National 
 House of Representatives in the United 
 States. 
 
 Two years later, 1912, the people in 
 the United States captured the Senate 
 and the Presidency and re-elected a ma- 
 jority in the House. Tlie conservative 
 party cast only 27 per cent, of the 
 total vote and did not cast a majority 
 in any state, and only a plurality in 
 two small states — Utah and Vermont. 
 
 The year 1912 also witnessed a peo- 
 ple's victory in national affairs in 
 Prussia and the rest of the German 
 Empire. The extortions of the con- 
 servative parties had so exasperated 
 the people that for the first time in 
 Prussia there was a coalition of the 
 Liberals with the Socialists and they 
 cast two-thirds of the votes and elected 
 slightly more than a majority of the 
 lower house, the Reichstag, pledged to 
 INSTALL Responsible Government or a 
 Republic. 
 
 Looking back for the past eighteen 
 years we see a world-wide sweep for 
 democracy — Self-Govern ment by the 
 People, taking the place of the rule 
 of the Ftw. Up to 1914 it was almost 
 bloodless, due in most instances to the 
 possession of the ballot by the people. 
 Before this time they had voted but 
 had not ruled ; now the organized 
 wage-earners became a balance of 
 power, along with improved methods 
 IN governmental machinery, plus the 
 election of candidates who have in 
 
 THE main carried OUT THEIR PLEDGES. 
 
 The Causes of the World War. 
 
 In .Wl^t the war was started hy the 
 ruling few in Prussia and Austria- 
 Hungary who were trying to stay in 
 power. 
 
 Two years before, 1912, the Prussian 
 Liberals for the first time voted for 
 Socialist Representatives, and vice 
 versa, and thus two-thirds of the peo- 
 ple of the German Empire joined to- 
 gether pledged to democratize the na- 
 tion, end the rule of the Few. More 
 than a majority of the members in 
 
 18 
 
the Reichstag were thus elected.* It 
 looked as though a Constitutional Mon- 
 archy was about to be established, or 
 a Republic. 
 
 But trouhle arose as soon as the elec- 
 Hon teas past. The Socialists who in 
 the campaign had not stressed their 
 program for the immediate government 
 ownership of everything iioio laid em- 
 phasis upon it, as is evidenced by the 
 fact that the German Socialist Con- 
 gress later in the year expelled Herr 
 Hildebrandt Itecause 'Hn a recent vol- 
 ume on industrialism he expressed a 
 douM as to the possibility of nation- 
 alizing ALL production without exeep- 
 tion:'-f 
 
 Certain it is that the Liberals with- 
 drew FROM THE COALITION AND WENT 
 HEAD-ON AGAINST THE SOCIALISTS BY 
 JOINING WITH THE CONSERVATIVES AND 
 THE OTHER PROPERTY OWNERS, VOTING TO 
 INCREASE THE GOVERNMENT'S ARMAMENT. 
 
 This occurred during the first half of 
 1912, and again in 1913, and then as 
 soon as the enlargement of the Kiel 
 Canal was completed in 1914 a foreign 
 WAR WAS declared. Three main objects 
 were in view : 
 
 (1) The acquiring of vast wealth hy 
 conquest. Practically everyone in Prus- 
 sia and the rest of Germany believed 
 
 *The total of the Socialist and Lib- 
 eral vote was 7,400,000, as against 
 3,500,000 in the Conservative and Cler- 
 ical parties. The Socialist representa- 
 tion leaped from 53 members in the 
 Reichstag, to 110, a gain of more than 
 100 per cent, in a single election. And 
 in the Reichstag 22 of the 44 National 
 Liberals voted for the Marxian Social- 
 ist leader, Herr Rebel, for President of 
 the House. Ten of the National Liber 
 als voted blank tickets. In the Legis- 
 latures in the German States the So- 
 cialist members increased from 110 to 
 224. In the Reichstag the majority that 
 had supported the Government was ex- 
 tinct. Its 23G votes out of 397 were 
 replaced })y a majority of National 
 Liberals, Radicals, and Social Demo- 
 crats holding 206 seats. 
 
 finternational Year Book (Dodd, 
 Mead & Co.) for 1912, p. 6G4. 
 
 that they would succeed, and there was 
 an immense enthusiasm for the enter- 
 prise.* 
 
 (2) Another object of the governing 
 class teas to get rid of the menace of 
 the Socialists. For this the Liberals 
 had withdrawn from the coalition with 
 them, because the Liberals had found 
 out that the Socialists were still 
 obsessed by the idea of carrying out 
 their program. The starting of a for- 
 eign war would at once put an end to 
 the plan for a time, at least, and fill 
 their minds with patriotic thoughts. 
 Should the war succeed — as everyone 
 believed it would** — the resulting 
 problems would help to keep down the 
 Socialists; and should the war fail it 
 still would be so destructive of the So- 
 cialists (who had been deliberately 
 placed in the army while excusing one- 
 third of the population-)- ) that they as 
 
 *See page 77, below. 
 
 **In the words of George B. McClel- 
 lan, former mayor of New York and 
 professor of economic history in 
 Princeton University, who visited Ger- 
 many : "What is even more impressive 
 than the economic strength of the Ger- 
 man Empire is the confidence of the 
 German people in the outcome of the 
 war. During the time I was in Germany 
 I talked with a great number of Ger- 
 mans in all walks and conditions of life. 
 All alike expressed the same absolute 
 certainty of German victory. It is not 
 a matter of opinion or of hope with 
 them, but a feeling that it is no more 
 possible for Germany to lose than it is 
 for the sun to set in the west." (The 
 Heel of the War, p. 23.) 
 
 fin the words of an article on Con- 
 scription in the Encyclopaedia Britan- 
 nica : "To meet this danger from the 
 Socialist vote in Germany it was de- 
 termined in 1893 to increase the annual 
 contingent whilst diminishing the dur- 
 ation of the color service from three 
 to t'lvo years so that approximately 
 tivo-thircis of the men available would 
 pass through the ranks, it being held 
 that the habit of obedience to consti- 
 tuted authority acquired in the army, 
 together with the silent influence which 
 
 19 
 
[larra^H, 
 
 a class would be much less liari 
 Bear in mind that the Liberals were 
 actually threatened by all the horrors 
 of a possible civil war and of a morv> 
 terrible character than had ever de- 
 vastated France, owing to the brutal 
 character of the lower classes in Prus- 
 sia, as is evidenced hy the terriMe 
 actions of their men against the tvomen 
 and children in Belgium and Finance. 
 
 3. A third ohject was to defeat free- 
 dom for their captive Slavs. Either a 
 war must be started against the Slavs 
 or they would start one against their 
 oppressors in Hungary, Austria and 
 Germany (details are in a later sec- 
 tion). Military necessity (as long «>• 
 competition in armament should exist) 
 ahsolutely required that the captive na- 
 tions must he held. There are — or were 
 — 41 millions of captives in Germany, 
 Austria and Hungary, plus Bulgaria 
 and Turkey ; as compared with 72 mil- 
 lions of Prussians and Germans. 10 mil- 
 lion Hungarians, 3 million Bulgars, 
 and probably 10 million Turks, a total 
 of 95 millions, most of whom are them- 
 selves political slaves, ruled hy a mill- 
 could be exercised by ex-soldiers and 
 the reservists and by the sympathy and 
 example of their former commanders 
 of all ranks, formed the hcst possihic 
 guarantee against the undue spread of 
 Socialist doctrine.'" 
 
 Under this system one-third of the 
 available men have been excused con- 
 tinuously, and, as the ones who have 
 done the excusing have been the repre 
 sentatives of the Kaiser, it follows that 
 they have not excused the Socialists 
 nor those most inclined to adopt their 
 views. Thus a system has existed 
 ivherehy the Socialist voters and their 
 sympathizers have heen grouped to- 
 gether in the army, and, in case of 
 war with the neighlyoring countries, 
 they ivould he the ones to he rushed to 
 the front and loould he obliged to hear 
 the hrunt of the fight. In this way a 
 
 LARGE PROPORTION COULD BE KILLED 
 SHOULD THEV BECOME TOO MUCH OF A 
 MENACE, And, owing TO THE POWER IN 
 THE EmPEROK TO DECLARE WAR, THE WAY 
 WAS KEPT OPEN TO QUICKLY AND EFFEC- 
 TIVELY BRING ON A FOREIGN WAR. 
 
 tary oligarchy of their own 
 Should the captive nations escape from 
 their captors then the military strength 
 of Germany and Austria-Hungary 
 'Would hecome so reduced that the Slavs 
 ivould become the stronger nation, add- 
 ed to which ivould he France and Great 
 Britain; and, worse still for Germany 
 and Austria-Hungary, their undevel- 
 oped masses with their plan for re- 
 action would he almost sure to come 
 into potver. Therefore in Prussia 
 THE Liberals combined with the Con- 
 servatives to build UP the nation's 
 armament and then start a foreign 
 
 WAR, which came OFF ON SCHEDULE 
 TIME. 
 
 Here are some of the direct evi 
 deuces : 
 
 A Foreign War Was Planned. 
 
 June, 1912, a writer in the Fortnight- 
 ly Review, London, who signed himself 
 PoUticus, said : 
 
 "The responsibility for the strained 
 relations existing between Germany 
 and Britain is solely due to the Ger- 
 man Government, which has deliherate- 
 ly created the present position. The 
 German Government has embittered 
 Anglo-German relations and brought 
 the two nations to the brink of war by 
 trying to destroy Great Britain's naval 
 supremacy and by entering upon a 
 campaign of calumny and villification 
 which is probably unparalleled in his- 
 tory." 
 
 Showing the length to which tho 
 British Liberal Government went in 
 1912 to get an agreement by the 
 Kaiser to keep the peace, the following 
 statement was handed to his Chancel- 
 lor from the British Cabinet : 
 
 "Britain declares that she will 
 neither make nor join in any unpro- 
 voked attack upon Germany. Aggres- 
 sion upon Germany is not the subject, 
 and forms no part of any treaty, un 
 derstanding, or combination to which 
 Britain is now a party ; nor will she 
 become a party to anything that has 
 such an object."* 
 
 This pledge by the British Govern- 
 
 * Liberal Magazine, p. 684, 1914. 
 
 20 
 
meiit did not satisfy the German abso- 
 lutist — absolute in his power to declare 
 war. His Government asked the Brit- 
 ish Government to pledge itself "ahso- 
 lutcly to neutrality in the event of 
 Germany 'being engar/ed in war — and 
 this, mind you, at a time when Ger- 
 many was enormously increasing both 
 her aggressive and defensive resources, 
 and especially on the sea." These arc 
 the words of the British Prime Min 
 ister in an address at Cardiff on Octo- 
 ber 2, 1914, and he continued : 
 
 ''They asked us for a free hand, so 
 far as ice were concerned, if and when 
 
 THEY SELECTED TPIE OPPORTUNITY TO 
 OVERBEAR, TO DOMINATE THE EUROPEAN 
 
 WORLD. To such a demand but one 
 answer was possible, and that was the 
 answer we gave. None the less we have 
 continued during the whole of the past 
 two years, and never more energetical 
 ly and more successfully than during 
 the Balkan crisis of last year, to work 
 not only for the peace of Europe, but 
 for the creation of a better interna- 
 tional atmosphere, and a more cordia] 
 co-operation between all the powers. 
 
 On March 17, 1013, the French Am- 
 bassador at Berlin wrote to his Gov- 
 ernment, saying : 
 
 "The Imperial German Government 
 is constantly rousing patriotic senti- 
 ment. Every day the Emperor delights 
 to revive memories of 1813. Yesterday 
 evening a military tattoo went througli 
 the streets of Berlin, and speeches 
 were delivered in which the present s't- 
 uation was compared to that of a hun- 
 dred years ago." A hundred years be- 
 fore the conditions were just the re- 
 verse, France being the aggressor. 
 
 June, 1913, the German Government 
 brought into the Reichstag six bills to 
 greatly increase the armament, and 
 l>roviding that not a penny of the cost 
 should touch the wage-earners. These 
 hills ivere passed "and the leaders of 
 BOTH the National, Liberal and the 
 [Clerical] Centre were congratu- 
 lated EFFUSIVELY BY THE CHANCEL- 
 LOR."* 
 
 Here is complete proof that the Lib- 
 
 * International Year Book. 1913. title 
 Germany. 
 
 erals who, in 1912, had joined with the 
 Socialists were now opposing them, 
 voting with the Conservatives for a 
 large increase in the armament, and 
 this at a time when the neighboring 
 countries were anxious to lessen the 
 expenditures for armament. 
 
 Five months later, the French Am- 
 bassador at Berlin wrote home : 
 
 "I have received from an absolutely 
 reliable source an account of a conver- 
 sation which took place a fortnight ago 
 between the Emperor and the King of 
 Belgium, in the presence of the Chief 
 of the General Staff — General von 
 Moltke. This conversation, it appears, 
 has made a profound impression on 
 King Albert. I am in no way sur- 
 ])rised at the impression he gathered, 
 which corresponds with what I have 
 myself felt for some time. Enmity 
 against ns is increasing, and the Em- 
 peror HAS CEASED TO BE THE FRIEND OF 
 PEACE. 
 
 "The person addressed by the Em- 
 peror had thought up till then, as did 
 all the world, that William II., whose 
 personal influence had been exerted on 
 many critical occasions in support of 
 peace,! was still in the same state of 
 mind. He found him this time com- 
 pletely CHANGED. The German Em- 
 peror IS no LONGER IN HIS EYES THE 
 champion of PEACE AGAINST THE WAR- 
 LIKE TENDENCIES OF CERTAIN PARTIES IN 
 
 GerMx\ny. WiUia^n II. has come to 
 think that war with France is inevit- 
 ahle, and that it must come sooner or 
 later. Naturally, he believes in the 
 crushing superiority of the German 
 Army and in its certain success. 
 
 "General von Moltke spoke exactly 
 in the same strain as his sovereign. 
 He. too. declared war to be necessary 
 and inevita])le, but he sliowed himself 
 still more assured of success, 'for,' he 
 said to the King, 'this time the matter 
 must be settled, and your IMajesty can 
 have no conception of the irresistible 
 enthusiasm with which the whole Ger- 
 man people will de carried away when 
 that day comes.' 
 
 "The King of the Belgians protested 
 that it was a travesty of the intentions 
 of the French Government to interpret 
 them in that sense; and to let oneself 
 be misled as to the sentiments of the 
 lYench nation by the ebullitions of a 
 
 21 
 
few irresponsible spirits or tlie intrigues 
 of unscrupulous agitators. 
 
 "The Emperor and liis Chief of the 
 General Staff nevertheless persisted in 
 their point of view. 
 
 "During the course of this conversa- 
 tion the Emperor moreover seemed 
 overstrained and irritable. As William 
 
 II. ADVANCES IN YEAKS, FAMILY TRADI- 
 TIONS, THE EEACTIONARY TENDENCIES OF 
 
 THE Court, and especially the impa- 
 tience OF THE SOLDIERS, OBTAIN A 
 GREATER EMPIRE OVER HIS MIND. . . . 
 
 "Emperor William is less master of 
 his impatience than is usually sup- 
 posed. I have known him more tha]i 
 once to allow his real thoughts to es- 
 cape him. Whatever may have been 
 the object of the conversation related 
 to me, the revelation is none the less of 
 extreme gravity. It tallies with the 
 precariousness of the general situation 
 and with the state of a certain shade 
 of public opinion in France and Ger- 
 many. 
 
 "If I may be allowed to draw a con- 
 clusion, I would submit that it would 
 be well to take account of this new 
 factor, namely, that the Emporer is 
 
 becoming used to an order of IDEAS 
 WHICH were formerly REPUGNANT TO 
 HIM."* 
 
 These inside facts show the Kaiser's 
 state of mind, and, coupled with his 
 desperate political straits and those of 
 the rest of the ruling few, Conserva- 
 tives and Liderals, demonstrate that 
 
 THEY HAD MADE UP THEIR MINDS TO 
 start A FOREIGN WAR. 
 
 This attitude of mind was strength- 
 ened by current events. Shortly after 
 the Kaiser and his Chief of Statf had 
 endeavored to win to their side the 
 Belgian King there occurred the Za- 
 bern incident. The Prussian military 
 commander in Alsace-I^orraine acted 
 with exceeding brutality towards the 
 civilians at Zabern and the affair came 
 up in the Reichstag. The Chancellor, 
 von Bethmann-Hollweg, defended the 
 military department and the Reichstag 
 cast a majority vote criticising him. 
 The country applauded, shoioing its 
 deep-seated opposition to militarism 
 and the reigning few; also the new 
 
 *Despatch No. 6. 
 
 SPIRIT IN DARING TO CRITICISE THE 
 
 Kaiser's representative demonstrated 
 A spirit of revolution. The following 
 day the* troops were ordered from Za- 
 bern and the Chancellor asserted his 
 responsibility to be to the Emperor. 
 
 Early in 1914 the Kaiser's repre- 
 sentative. Chancellor von Bethmann- 
 Hollweg, openly declared the Govern- 
 ment's intention "to fight the menace 
 of Socialism." In April ''The Central 
 Committee of the National Liheral 
 party issued a command that hence 
 forth National Liberal candidates in 
 election contests must refrain from 
 making any promises to any other 
 parties, and, above all, to the social 
 Democrats."* 
 
 The Socialists replied to both of 
 these declarations of war by staying in 
 the Reichstag at the close of the ses- 
 sion, May 20, 1914, at the time that the 
 customary cheer for the Kaiser was to 
 be given, instead of leaving as had heen 
 their custom, and they "remained 
 seated and silent as a manifestation of 
 Republican conviotions."y 
 
 On June 24 the announcement was 
 made of the completion of the enlarged 
 Kiel Canal, so that the largest ships 
 might pass through from the Baltic to 
 the North Sea. The event was attended 
 by impressive ceremonies. 
 
 Here was a tremendously important 
 event. Germany was now prepared 
 FOR A foreign WAR. Tlic preceding 
 month the German Minister of War 
 stated publicly that the large increase 
 in the army provided for the year be- 
 fore had been effected, with the army 
 in splendid condition. Also early in 
 the summer the last of the payments to 
 the Government Defense Levy were to 
 be made. 
 
 On July 14, 1914, ten days before the 
 completion of the Kiel Canal, a letter 
 by the German Government to the com- 
 
 *1914 International Year Book, title 
 Germany. ' I 
 
 fSame authority. Here again the 
 spirit of revolution against the Kaiser 
 was exhibited. 
 
 22 
 
mander of its cruiser, The Eher, ad- 
 dressed to Cape Town, intructed how 
 it and otlier of its vessels were to get 
 coal if war should he declared.* 
 
 Two mouths earlier, May, 1914, re- 
 servists from the Far East were called 
 home.f 
 
 Early in June arms for cruisers were 
 sent out to Buenos Ayres.f 
 
 On June 15th contracts were entered 
 into by the German Government for 
 coaling cruisers at sea at specified 
 places and dates in August and Sep- 
 tember.! 
 
 Late in June reservists were called 
 home from Natal.f 
 
 During July, Germany drew on Lon- 
 don for large sums in excess of trade 
 requirements, these bills to become due 
 after August l.f 
 
 This is strong circumstantial evi- 
 dence, wonderfully cumulative. Now 
 we have direct proof. Hon. Henry 
 Morgenthau, United States Ambassador 
 at Constantinople during 1914, states 
 as follows in the New York World of 
 October 14, 1917 : 
 
 "Baron Wangenheim, the German 
 Ambassador at Constantinople, in an 
 outburst of enthusiasm after the ar- 
 rival of the Goeben and Breslau in the 
 Dardanelles, he having directed their 
 movements by wireless while they were 
 endeavoring to escape from the British 
 fleets, informed me that a conference 
 had been held in Berlin early in July 
 at which the date of the war was fixed. 
 
 "This conference was presided over 
 by the Kaiser. Baron Wangenheim was 
 present to report on conditions in Tur- 
 key. Moltke, the chief of staff, was 
 there, and so was Admiral von Tirpitz. 
 With them were the leaders of German 
 finance, the directors of the railroads 
 and the captains of industry whose aid 
 was essential to the Kaiser in putting 
 
 ♦London Times, Oct. 6, 1914. This 
 letter was intercepted and shows that 
 the German oligarchy had its plans laid 
 for war. 
 
 fThe late Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, pro- 
 fessor of Ecclesiastical History, Cam- 
 bridge University, in The Nation, of 
 London, Oct. 14, 1916. 
 
 the vast military machine into opera- 
 tion. Each was asked if lie was ready 
 for war. All replied in the affirma- 
 tive EXCEPT THE FINANCIERS, WHO IN- 
 SISTED THAT THEY MUST HAVE TWO 
 WEEKS IN WHICH TO SELL FOREIGN SE- 
 CURITIES AND ARRANGE THEIR LOANS. 
 
 "At the time this conference was 
 held," continues former Ambassador 
 Morgenthau, "nobody outside of the 
 inner circles of the Berlin and Vienna 
 Governments dreamed of war as a re- 
 sult of the Sarajevo assassinations. 
 They took good care that no suspicion 
 should be aroused. The Kaiser went 
 straight to Norway on his yacht. The 
 Chancellor left Berlin for a rest. The 
 diplomatic corps had no intimation of 
 the impending calamity — the British 
 Ambassador went away, leaving the 
 embassy to the Charge d'Affaires. The 
 same drug was used in Vienna, and 
 even when the blow fell the Russian 
 Ambassador was absent from his post 
 on a vacation." 
 
 Corroborative proof is presented by 
 Mr. Morgenthau. He says: "All the 
 great stock exchanges experienced an 
 acute financial depression as German- 
 owned stocks were quietly pushed into 
 the market. In New York, as I found 
 afterward, there were astonishing 
 slumps in quotations. Between July 
 10 and July 25, which was two days 
 before the ultimatum was sent to 
 Serbia, Union Pacific dropped from 
 154% to 12514, Baltimore and Ohio 
 went from 90^4 to 781^4, and United 
 States Steel slumped with the railroad 
 stocks. No adequate explanation was 
 offered." 
 
 Furthermore, adds Mr. Morgenthau, 
 "it was not to me alone that Baron 
 Wangenheim told the story of the Ber- 
 lin conference. Only recently the Mar- 
 quis Garroni, the Italian Ambassador 
 at Constantinople, announced that 
 Baron Wagenheim said the same thing 
 to him, Italy at that time being a 
 member of the Triple Alliance." 
 
 Thus the evidence is conclusive that 
 the details for starting the war were 
 being worked out in Berlin some three 
 weeks before the open rupture occur- 
 red ; also we have presented proof that 
 
 23 
 
during May and June the German Gov- 
 ernment was getting ready for the out- 
 break, the decisive factor being the 
 completion of the enlargement of the 
 Kiel Canal. The origin of the plan 
 dates from the time when the Liberals 
 left the Socialists because of their 
 plans against humanity ; also there ex- 
 isted two other causes, which presently 
 we will explain. We proceed with our 
 narration of the events leading up to 
 the outbreak. 
 
 On July 31st the Kronprinzessin 
 Cecilc. in mid-Atlantic, received a mes- 
 sage in special cipher saying, "War 
 has broken out with Phigland. France 
 and Russia. Return to New York;" 
 whereas the war had not broken out — 
 Germany was ostensibly still negotiat- 
 ing. The cipher code had been handed 
 the captain two years before* 
 
 During March, in preparation for 
 what was to come, the Kaiser visited 
 his two allies. Emperor Francis Joseph 
 and the King of Italy, also the crowr 
 prince of Austria-Hungary. The news- 
 papers reported unusually long confer 
 ences by the Kaiser with the foreign 
 ministers of both countries. Three 
 months later, in June, the Kaiser again 
 visited the Austro-Hungarian crown 
 prince, taking with him Admiral voii 
 Tirpitz, Secretary of the Navy. 
 
 Before that time the German Gov- 
 ernment in its task of preparing the 
 minds of its subjects for the forthcom- 
 ing war had pictured the terrors of 
 Pan-Slavism and the absolutism of the 
 Czar. During March. 1914, the Cologne 
 Gazette and Germania, two of Ger- 
 many's newspapers, conducted a furiou.- 
 campaign against Russia. They were 
 given free reign for a time and a high 
 pitch of excitement was reached. Then 
 the semi-official newspapers declared 
 the scare to be without foundation and 
 the State Secretary administered a mild 
 rebuke, but the Germans had been 
 
 AROUSED. 
 
 *Prof. Gwatkin. in the Nation. 
 
 Four days after the completion of 
 the enlarged Kiel Canal so that the 
 largest war vessels would be able to 
 move either towards Russia or England, 
 the Austro-Hungarian crown prince 
 and his wife were killed at the capital 
 of Bosnia by a Slav, who had come 
 from Serbia to do the deed. This was 
 only one part of a systematic propa- 
 ganda for Slavic freedom*- 
 
 ^During 1815, at the Congress of 
 Aienna. after the overthrow of Na- 
 poleon, the Reactionist Governments de- 
 liberately divided up the several na- 
 tionalities in the conquered territory 
 so as to lessen the people's power. The 
 cruel Mohammedan Turks were to hold 
 the Slavic Christians in Southeastern 
 Europe. Tlie Slavs in what had been 
 Poland wei^e to continue as a divided 
 nationality. Hungary was still to be 
 made up of provinces peopled by Huns, 
 Slavs, Germans, and Roumanians of 
 the Latin race. To the absolute mon- 
 archy of Austria there was transfer- 
 red a dominating control in Italy : 
 France. Spain and Portugal were 
 placed under reactionism ; and to the 
 absolute monarch in Prussia was trans- 
 ferred various groups of peoples pos- 
 sessing self-governing traits. During 
 the past forty years the Slavs in Cen- 
 tral and Southeastern Europe became 
 much impressed with the need for end- 
 ing their inferior position by acquiring 
 their freedom and developing their 
 God-given aptitudes. Societies were 
 formed to foster this ideal and the 
 movement spread throughout all of the 
 Slavic world. The organization is the 
 International Federation of Slavic So- 
 cieties. It helped to form the Balkan 
 League whereby in 1912 war was de- 
 clared against the Turkish Government 
 and it was driven almost completely 
 from Europe. The next step in the 
 program was to plan to rescue the 
 brethren held as captives in Hungry, 
 Austrin and Piussia. This plan of the 
 Slavic Societies wa s stated in the 
 Washington Post of July 12, 1913, by a 
 Paris correspondent, quoting the Presi- 
 dent, General Count Arthur Spirido- 
 vitch. who had foretold correctly the 
 expulsion of the Turks from Europe. 
 This leader said : 
 
 "Our aspirations are : 
 
 "First— A Southern Slavic empire, 
 
 24 
 
Evidently the conditions were such 
 that the Austro-Hungarian and Prus- 
 sian oligarchies had either to strike 
 first or be struck* and they struck 
 
 composed of all of the countries whoso 
 liberation from Turkey was obtained 
 or encouraged by Russia, including 
 Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro ; all tho 
 territories they have taken in the late 
 war and Bosnia, Herzegovina, Albania, 
 Poland, Croatia, and the Czech coun 
 try [being part of Austria-Hungary 
 and Prussia]. 
 
 "Second — It is proposed to break up 
 the patch-work empire of Austria. This 
 would give Hungary her independence 
 and let the Slavs of the Austrian Em- 
 pire join the new confederation. 
 
 "Third — The independence of Poland 
 is aimed at as an integral state of the 
 confederacy. Here Russia, Austria and 
 Germany would have to give their re- 
 spective portions of Poland. The Slavic 
 empire of the South would hold back 
 the ]Mohammedan invasion of Europe, 
 which many are looking for. 
 
 "Fourth — Pan Slavism wishes neither 
 to annex nor oppress. Its one desire is 
 the reign of peace through Uherty and 
 fraternit'}/. Its ideal is to see the tri- 
 bunal of The Hague in full working 
 action." 
 
 A year before this statement was is- 
 sued from Paris the International Year 
 Book said: "This Southern Slavic 
 movement for separation was, in fact, 
 one of the most serious questions be- 
 fore the Austro-Hungarian Govern- 
 ment." 
 
 *The imminance of a revolution by 
 the Slavs in Central Europe is evi- 
 denced by a vast amount of proof, much 
 of which is presented in the Austro- 
 Hungarian Red Book. The British am- 
 bassador at Vienna wrote home : 
 
 "The country certainly believed that 
 it had before it the alternative of sub- 
 duing Serbia or of submitting sooner or 
 later to mutilation at her hands." 
 (British Blue Book. No. 161.) 
 
 The German Government, in a pam- 
 phlet issued during the first month of 
 the war, entitled Reasons for the War 
 with Russia, said: 
 
 "Under these circumstances it was 
 
 first,! giii"i»g a tremendous advan- 
 tage : 
 
 In Austria-Hungary the oligarchy 
 forced its al)out-to-he rebellious sub- 
 jects to mobilize and march against 
 their brother {^lavs; and in Germany 
 the Kaiser and his colleagues, includ- 
 ing the Liberals, all of whom had skil- 
 fully whetted the appetite of the work- 
 ing people for foreign conquest, along 
 with fear of Pan F?lavism, now formed 
 them into regiments and marched them 
 towards the peaceful French people, 
 first encountering the courageous Bel- 
 gians. 
 
 clear to Austria-Hungary that it was 
 not compatible with the dignity and 
 the spirit of self-preservation of tfie 
 monarchy to view idly any longer this 
 agitation across the border. The Im- 
 perial and Royal Government apprisod 
 Germany of this conception, and asked 
 for our opinion. With all our heart we 
 were able to agree with our Ally's esti- 
 mate of the situation, and assure him 
 
 that ANY ACTION CONSIDERED NECESSARY 
 TO END THE MOVEMENT IN SERBIA DI- 
 RECTED AGAINST THE CONSERVATION OF 
 THE MONARCHY WOULD MEET WITH OUR 
 APPROVAL." 
 
 Here it is unblushingly said that the 
 maintenance of the oligarchy — ivhich 
 means the continued captivity of the 
 Slavs — was the cause of starting the 
 war ajraiUvSt Serbia. Such also is the 
 statement in the Dual Monarchy's proc- 
 lamation to its subjects. However, 
 this was only one of three causes of 
 the war, as we have pointed out. 
 
 Six weeks before the killing of the 
 crown prince in Bosnia the Austro- 
 Hunararian Emperor told his ambassa- 
 dor from Constantinople that "war was 
 inevitable because of conditions in the 
 Balkans." This was repeated to the 
 American Ambassador at Constanti- 
 nople, Henrv Morgenthau (New York 
 World, Oct. 14. 1917). 
 
 fThe Austro-Hungarian Government 
 acting through its ministry first de- 
 clared war against Serbia, refusing to 
 mediate, but three days later, July 31. 
 the ministry consented to mediation 
 (British Blue Book Nos. 131, 138. 141), 
 but then the Prussian Kaiser refused 
 to rescind his order for mobilization 
 
 26 
 
Thus the World War was started. 
 
 On August 4 the Socialist members 
 in the Reichstag unanimously joined 
 with the other members in voting the 
 necessary war credits. All knew that 
 Belgium and France were to be in- 
 vaded. 
 
 In 1912 at the International Socialist 
 Congress the delegates from Germany 
 and AAistria-Hungary had Mocked the 
 passage of a resolution proposed "by 
 the French delegates that in order to 
 prevent war "by one country upon an- 
 other there should take place an insur- 
 rection hy the working class and a gen- 
 eral strike. Thus the German and 
 
 AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN SOCIALIST DELE- 
 GATES HAD HELPED THEIR FELLOW 
 COUNTRYMEN TO START THE WAR AGAINST 
 THEIR NEIGHBORS — A WAR OF CONQUEST* 
 
 One year after the start was made all 
 of the representatives in the Reichstag 
 except the Socialists demanded wide- 
 spread conquest.f 
 
 against Russia, therefore he is re- 
 sponsible for starting the war. 
 
 *Conquest was aimed at by the Ger- 
 man Government from the start. This 
 government in its negotiations with the 
 British Government endeavored to get 
 it to stay out of the war. declaring that 
 Germany wouUl leave the French ter 
 ritory intact, l>ut on being asked as to 
 the French colonies refused to make 
 any pledge. 
 
 fOn August 16, 1915. the Liberals 
 of Germany, speaking through the ex- 
 ecutive committee of its members of 
 the National Liberal Party in the 
 Reichstag, declared : 
 
 "The outcome of the present war can 
 only l>e a peace which, expanding our 
 frontier east, west and overseas, will 
 protect us militarily, politically and 
 economically, against new attacks and 
 compensate us for the enormous sacri- 
 fices which the German nation already 
 has made and is determined to continue 
 until a victorious conclusion." 
 
 Complete confidence in the National 
 Liberal Party Leader, Ernest Basser- 
 man, was also expressed and an an- 
 nouncement was made that the party 
 would stand solidly back of any gov- 
 ernment pursuing with unbending firm- 
 ness the aims above outlined. In the 
 
 Reviewing the facts the conclusion is 
 inevitable that there were three con 
 tributing causes of this World War : 
 
 1. The menace at home to the prop 
 erty-owi!ers in Prussia. 
 
 2. There existed a near-at-hand 
 Slavic uprising for freedom. The cap- 
 tives in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Hun- 
 gary were to be assisted by Serbia and 
 also by Russia and France, if neces- 
 sary, and which, should it prove suc- 
 cessful, would tremendously lessen the 
 military power of the Central Empires 
 and correspondingly augment their 
 neighbors' power. Also the remaining 
 peoples would then more readily oust 
 the ruling few and themselves come 
 into power. 
 
 3. The ruling few were able to stay 
 in power and to hold their captive na- 
 tions by promptly starting a foreign 
 war. They were able to enthuse their 
 subjects of their own nationality by 
 the methods we have pointed out. 
 
 These three causes of the war exist- 
 ed. Had any one of these causes been 
 absent the war would probably not 
 have occurred. Thus these three causes 
 were contr^ihuting causes, each being 
 a determining factor. There existed, 
 hoivever, a pri^nary or underlying 
 cause, namely, the low-grade element 
 IN the; Prussian lower class. Recall 
 
 THE FACTS WE HAVE SHOWN TO HAVE 
 OCCURRED. 
 
 For three and a half years the dead- 
 ly war has been waged and what is the 
 outlook? 
 
 adoption of the resolution there were 
 two dissenting votes. 
 
 In conjunction was filed with the 
 Reichstag memorials in the same strain 
 from six industrial organizations "rep- 
 resenting the politically powerful re- 
 actionary agragrians or junkers, and 
 also the highly centralized influences 
 of the mighty industrial concerns, in- 
 cluding at least a portion, if not all, 
 of the Krupp interests." This statement 
 by Karl H. Von Wiegand was in 
 a press dispatch of August 20, and he 
 characterized the demand as being for 
 "wholesale annexation." Also the Con- 
 servative and the Clerical parties were 
 for annexation. 
 
 26 
 
The Outlook for Peace. 
 
 In Prussia the ruling feiv and the 
 other propcrty-oivners are still control- 
 ling the Government and are doing 
 
 THEIR UTMOST TO KEEP OUT OF THE 
 CLUTCHES OF THE ONES WHO ARE UNDER 
 THE CASTE SYSTEM, AND WHO IN THIS 
 WAR HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THEY 
 ARE BRUTES, RAVISHING MANY OF THEIR 
 CAPTIVE WOMEN, ALSO THEY ARE 
 PLEDGED TO CONFISCATE ALL PROPERTY AT 
 home; and ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO 
 PLACING IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE 
 UNDER THEMSELVES ALL OF THE PRESENT- 
 DAY PROPERTY-OWNERS, Rs we liavG seeii. 
 Nothing like such a situation has 
 ever before existed on earth! It has 
 come about through the mixing of the 
 blood of the Huns with that of the 
 Teutons, long ago, followed by the elim- 
 ination of the ones with higher ideals 
 because of despotism and the immigra- 
 tion of the liberty-loving, or they have 
 been killed during the long wars. Two 
 mail groups exist in Prussia: (1) the 
 property-less people or wage-earners 
 who probably constitute much more 
 than a majority, and who as a class 
 are imbued with the ideals above de- 
 scribed; and (2) there are the prop- 
 erty-owners, part of whom are of the 
 caste system — the nobility and the 
 bureaucracy, hut in politics it is the 
 property-owners on the one side and 
 on the other the property-less, and he- 
 tween the Socialists and the property- 
 owners there is fierce hatred. In the 
 words of Samuel P. Orth in the World's 
 Work, June, 1912 : 
 
 "In Prussia this feeling of personal 
 hatred [between the Revolutionary So- 
 cialists and the propertied class] runs 
 very high; there are no friendly 'good 
 mornings' between Social Democrats 
 and the Conservatives. The Social 
 Democrats never attend a public func- 
 tion where they are expected to cheer 
 the Kaiser. In South Germany there 
 is no such bitterness."' 
 
 In the words of Prof. Paul Rohrback 
 of Germany in a recently published vol- 
 ume, Germany's Isolation: 
 
 "The feeling of caste of the upper 
 classes brought to bear on the struggle 
 
 for freedom of the lower classes that 
 clement of deadly hatred ivhich else- 
 where is confined to the wild, really 
 lawless and unpatriotic anarchists who 
 are the dregs of society.'' 
 
 In the words of the Encyclopaedia 
 P>ritannica in its history of Germany: 
 
 "The most striking effect of the de- 
 velopment of this antagonism [between 
 the Social Democrats and the proper- 
 tied classes] iras the gradual disap- 
 pearance as a factor in politics of the 
 Liberals, the chief builders of the Em- 
 pire. Their part thenceforth was to 
 vote blindly with the Conservative 
 groups, in a common fear of the So- 
 cial Democracy, or to indulge in pro- 
 tests, futile because backed by no pow- 
 er inside or outside the Parliament."* 
 
 Here we see one of the causes of the 
 dreadful World War: It was started 
 to shield the property owners in Prus- 
 sia from the Revolutionary Socialists. 
 Count von Reventlow of Germany in 
 his paper the Tages Zeitung, April 5, 
 1917, in discussing the peace terms pro- 
 posed by President Wilson — freedom 
 for all peoples — spoke of "the need to 
 stand against the stormy demand for 
 reform in those inner political condi- 
 tions, the maintenance of which hulks 
 larger to many Prussian conservatives 
 than the winning of the tvar.-f In the 
 words of M. Yves Guyot, late Minister 
 of State in France, in his book Tfic 
 Causes and Consequences of the War 
 (page 199) : "The attitude of the So- 
 cialist Party must always be reckoned 
 among the factors which urged the 
 Kaiser to make his 'preventive' war in 
 1914." 
 
 On September 21, 1917, a dispatch 
 from Amsterdam stated that in Berlin 
 the Socialist paper, Vorivaerts, the of- 
 ficial organ of the party, quotes from 
 a manifesto being circulated by Anti- 
 Socialists and says: 
 
 "The men who are responsible for 
 this manifesto being issued also want 
 to war against their own people. The 
 civilian truce is over! Let us have a 
 
 *VoL xi, p. 897. 
 
 fAssociated Press in Washington 
 Post, April 7, 1917. 
 
 27 
 
civilian war! Very well, let them 
 have it!" 
 
 A few days later, September 24, the 
 National Liberals in the Reichstag by 
 unanimous vote declared against the 
 
 establishment of a Responsible Minis- 
 try — in substance they declared that 
 the masses in Prussia are not capable 
 of self-government. 
 
 We now consider the needed remedy. 
 
 Part III. 
 
 FEDERATION OF THE WORLD UNDER THE DOMINATION OF 
 DEMOCRACIES THE REMEDY. 
 
 The remedy for the unfortunate situ- 
 ation in Prussia is the establishment 
 of the Federation of the World in con- 
 nection with details presently to be de- 
 scribed. Leading up thereto we ana- 
 lyze the State and outline its develop- 
 ment. 
 
 THE STATE: 
 (1) Its Elements. 
 
 Mankind is co-operative in his na- 
 ture as is evidenced by the existence 
 of the Family and the State. The 
 State is an aggregation of human be- 
 ings amongst whom there is a single 
 ruling power. This power, termed sov- 
 ereignty, expresses itself through three 
 departments of government — legisla- 
 tive, executive and judicial depart- 
 ments, officered by its representatives 
 and their assistants. As the ruling 
 power expresses itself through these 
 three departments the result is that the 
 legislative department enacts laws, the 
 executive department issues orders, 
 and the judicial department renders 
 judgments. But in a broad way the 
 name for each of these expressions 
 of the sovereign will is Laws. We use 
 the word in that sense. 
 
 The State, then, expresses its will 
 through Government, resulting in 
 Laws, therefore civilized man is dwell- 
 ing amidst Laws — human laws, and 
 three departments of government— 
 Legislativb, Executive and Judicial 
 Departments. Each of thesf four ele- 
 ments EXISTS IN ClVIIIZIOn SOCIETY. 
 
 These laws are the rules whereby man 
 describes the rights and duties of the 
 individuals and aggregations of indi- 
 viduals, subject to mutual agreements 
 
 between these units within the limits 
 fixed by the rules. The legislative de- 
 partment is used to alter the rules to 
 meet the changing conditions. The 
 executive and the judicial departments 
 are used to administer these rules 
 (policies). Each of these four institu- 
 tions or elements exist wherever man- 
 kind is civilized, the result amongst 
 self-governing people teing Civil Lil)- 
 erty. 
 
 Where these institutions are absent 
 — where Government is absent, the re- 
 sult is Anarchy and Armed Force — 
 Militarism and an occasional War. 
 When a rush of gold miners takes place 
 into new diggings there is anarchy un- 
 til they establish Lynch Law, possibly, 
 and then a more formal kind of gov- 
 ernment. Government is an element 
 
 IN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 The existing World War is a result 
 of an absence of government as be- 
 tween nations. There is no real inter- 
 national law, nor is there any legisla- 
 tive department of government and no 
 executive and judicial departments of 
 government. The issue in this war is, 
 Shall there be established a system 
 OF International Government — Fed- 
 eral Government? 
 
 The United States, Great Britain and 
 France have affirmed this principle, 
 though as yet they have not declared 
 the details. But the main outline of 
 that which must be established clearly 
 appears when the history of Federal 
 Government is unfolded, as follows: 
 
 (2) The 
 
 Development 
 Government. 
 
 of Federal 
 
 Each race of people as it has arisen 
 has had its own peculiar traits of cbar- 
 
 28 
 
acter, resulting in a system of govern- 
 ment for itself, both within the fam- 
 ily and the state. 
 
 The earliest mention in historj^ of 
 self-government by the masses — real 
 democracy, is in the writings of Julius 
 Caesar, about 100 B. C, as* we have 
 said. He while campaigning in Gaul 
 against the Teutons described their 
 mode of living — self-government by the 
 adults, who received the advice of their 
 parents but were not obliged to obey. 
 This was a new stage in human devel- 
 opment. Until that time the character 
 of the people was such that the father 
 ruled w^ithin the family after the death 
 of his father. Thus the sons and their 
 families were under the control of the 
 father as long as he lived. This was 
 due to the undeveloped condition of 
 the people. And within the state there 
 was no such thing as self-government 
 as between the heads of the families. 
 There existed the selfish rule of who- 
 ever secured the principal oflices. It 
 was so under the so-called Roman Re- 
 public, and it was so under the later 
 Absolute Monarchy. 
 
 Imagine, then, Caesar's surprise 
 upon meeting a people possessed of such 
 great individuality and courage that 
 each child upon attaining his growth 
 became his own ruler! In community 
 affairs they co-operated peacefully. 
 Owing to the reign of brute force as 
 between the miniature states the pub- 
 lic policies were decided by the hus- 
 bands of the families, who met together 
 armed with spear and shield. They 
 discussed policies tolerantly, deciding 
 each issue by show of hands, aMding 
 hy the will of the majority. In that 
 way they adopted the laws whereby 
 the land was divided amongst the fami- 
 lies, each family cultivating its own 
 piece of ground while using in common 
 the pasturage. The basis of it all was 
 Equal Rights. This required honesty 
 on the part of the powerful ones, but 
 so well-balanced were they that they 
 produced this remarkable civilization. 
 As yet it was not as highly intellec- 
 tual as in Greece, Rome and Gaul, but 
 
 the other qualities — the moral qualities 
 — were more highly developed. 
 
 At that time the area of the state 
 was about the size of our present-day 
 county. This limit was due to the fact 
 that they had not yet developed Rep- 
 resentative Government, which came 
 later. 
 
 The warriors ruled in community af- 
 fairs by meeting together, as we have 
 said. In the larger affairs, which were 
 very limited, they came together annu 
 ally when conditions were normal. 
 These annual meetings were opened by 
 prayer to God, as is our .custom to- 
 day on important occasions. The more 
 spiritual ones of the community then 
 as now believed in the existence of in- 
 telligences in the invisible realm, and 
 then as now they publicly asked for as- 
 sistance. 
 
 Between husband and wife there ex- 
 isted a new tie — Romantic Love. Hus- 
 band and wife were more true to each 
 other than ever before was known 
 amongst the masses. The young men 
 and the young women before marriage 
 were more chaste than ever before. It 
 
 WAS THESE QUALITIES AS A WHOLE THAT 
 RESULTED IN THE ABILITY OF THE INDI- 
 VIDUALS TO GOVERN THEMSELVES — GOVERN 
 THEMSELVES INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLEC- 
 TIVELY. 
 
 Early in the Christian era the Teu- 
 tons who were nearest to the Christian 
 world accepted the Christian religion. 
 
 At this time the population of the 
 Christian world — the Roman Empire 
 peopled largely by the fourth sub-race 
 — was diminishing in numbers, while 
 the population of the fifth and latest 
 sub-race, the Teutonic, was increasing 
 in numbers. It sifted in among the 
 Greeks, the Romans and the Gauls. 
 Then in Southeastern Europe, peopled 
 by the Teutons, there burst in upon 
 them a fierce and undeveloped tribe of 
 the yellow race from Asia, the Huns. 
 Vast numbers of the Teutons died in 
 defense of their homes and the state ; 
 also in many places an exodus occurred, 
 the entire community moving by cara- 
 van to the westward and to the south- 
 
 29 
 
west. The Huns riishecl in in vast 
 hordes and fought their way clear 
 across Central Europe as far as the 
 river Marne, in wliat to-day is France, 
 where the civilized people of Europe 
 by means of wide-spread co-operation, 
 in a mighty l>attle, lasting several 
 days, succeeded in stopping them. 
 Then the Huns turned south. Not long 
 afterward their leader, Attila, died, 
 and his numerous sons warred with 
 each other and brought on chaos, fol- 
 lowed by the recovery of all of Europe 
 by the white race, except that a mix- 
 ture of the .yellow and the white race 
 took place, accentuating the Slavic, 
 Lithuanian, and Prussian nationalities. 
 Within each of these nationalities a 
 caste system has prevented in a con- 
 siderable degree the further mixing of 
 the two stoclvs. That caste system 
 exists to this day. 
 
 At the time that the Teutons wer«- 
 forced to retreat before the Huns they 
 moved in among the Greeks, the Ro- 
 mans and the Gauls; and, later, they 
 poured in upon these decadent popula- 
 tions in increasing numbers, going in 
 armed bands, each under a leader, tak- 
 ing their families with them. Thus 
 they became conquerors, but their high 
 traits of character resulted in gener- 
 ous treatment for their captives. A new 
 degree of justice for captured peoples 
 was established. The local customs 
 were respected, while the newcomers 
 applied among themselves their own 
 peculiar institutions — trial by a jury 
 of one's peers, the unrestrained use of 
 free speech among themselves, and 
 emancipation of their own youths upon 
 the attainment of manliood and wom- 
 anhood. Also the newcomers honor- 
 ably intermarried with the more ad- 
 vanced portions of the conquered peo- 
 ples. An exception was Britain, where 
 the immigration was more slow and 
 the inhabitants were either killed in 
 battle or they succeeded in retiring, 
 resulting in the southern part of the 
 Island of Britain becoming "a Ger- 
 many outside of Germany," and so it 
 continued for five hundred years. While 
 
 the mainland was suffering from in- 
 vasion by the backward races from the 
 southeast and the southwest, the 
 Anglo-Saecons were untouched. 
 
 Among these Anglo-Saxons there first 
 (Jevelopcd Representative Government, 
 
 WHICH INCLUDES FEDERAL GOVERN- 
 
 iiENT. The elected executive commit- 
 tee in each community attended the 
 annual meeting for the next larger 
 unit, the county, and these representa: 
 fives met together at the county seat in 
 an open field and with them assembled 
 such of the individual citizens as cared 
 to attend. These citizens as a whole 
 transacted the business for the county. 
 Towards the close of the session they 
 elected an executive committee for the 
 coming year. 
 
 Because of the development of a popu- 
 lation witli traits of character such as 
 we have described there developed a 
 purely Representative Government, the 
 legislative J)ody for the state Ming 
 termed the Witenagemote or Witan, 
 meaning the hody of Wise Men. These 
 representatives of the people elected 
 the king. Even William the Conqueror, 
 who came over from Normandy in 1066, 
 was elected king. Not, however, until 
 he in battle had killed the then-exist- 
 ing king and had scattered his forces. 
 William became an absolute monarch 
 in national affairs, while the people and 
 their local leaders retained a consid- 
 erable degree of county and local self- 
 government, except where the Con- 
 queror set aside the earls and lesser 
 nobles, substituting his Norman-French 
 supporters. These invaders were of 
 self-governing stock. 
 
 In something like 150 years there 
 was an amalgamation of the conquerors 
 and the Anglo-Saxons and then the 
 unified people re-established self-gov- 
 ernment by the local and the county 
 leaders — {\\q barons. These barons 
 and their vassals on the bloody field 
 of Runnymede in the year 1215 forced 
 King John, a descendant of the Con- 
 queror, to sign Magna Charta. And in 
 this compact appears the ever-present 
 trait of the true Teuton: a demand fob 
 
 30 
 
Equal Rights — the barons demanded 
 of the king the same right of jury 
 trial for the humblest freeman that 
 they demanded for themselves. In 
 other words, they demanded the restor- 
 ation of the ancient customs of the 
 Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 This Teutonic trait, which resulted 
 in just treatment for the weaker broth- 
 ers, is a fact of the utmost importance 
 to-day, for the world is considering 
 whether or not the self-governing peo- 
 ples of this modern age sliall propose 
 to the less advanced nations of the 
 world that they join with the democ- 
 racies in forming the Federation of the 
 World. Would such a system he for 
 the best interests of humanity? Yes, 
 
 BECAUSE THE SELF-GOVERNING PEOPLES OF 
 TO-DAY POSSESS THE SAME NOBLE TRAITS 
 AS DID THE BARONS AT RUNNYMEDE : 
 THEY PROPOSE EQUAL NATIONAL RIGHTS 
 FOR ALL PEOPLES ! 
 
 This is the attitude of the Liberals — 
 the Progressives, whereas the opposi- 
 tion are possessed of a lower standard 
 of morals: they demand the relation 
 of Ruler and Subject, the latter being 
 political slaves. Conservative Govern- 
 ments are of this character or tendency, 
 both in the so-called democracies and 
 the monarchies. 
 
 We have outlined the development of 
 the state in the southern part of Brit- 
 ain. In Western and Southern Europe 
 the conditions were different, due to a 
 two-fold action : the decline of the uni- 
 fied power in the vast Roman state, 
 and then the inflow of the Teutons and 
 the mixing of the two sub-races. • It 
 resulted in thousands of miniature 
 ruling poivcrs : the Feudal system, a 
 military organization in which there 
 existed the relation of Lord and Vassal. 
 Each unit was at the start a ruling 
 power — a Sovereign State. In what is 
 now France there at one time were 
 150,000 of these miniature states. 
 
 But as the chieftain was a Teuton 
 there was absent the brutality and lust 
 of the less advanced despots. The chron- 
 icles of those days, however, were writ- 
 ten by the conquered nationality, which 
 
 somewhat accounts for the tales which 
 they in some instances wrote and which 
 have come down to us. 
 
 As development proceeded these 
 miniature ruling powers federated for 
 self-protection or they were forcibly 
 brought together. But invariaMy 
 among these liberty-loving and cour- 
 ageous communities they retained some 
 degree of local self-government. This 
 IS THE Federal System, the result of 
 Federation — the coming together of 
 
 PEOPLES OF self-governing STOCK. IN- 
 VARIABLY THEY MUTUALLY AGREED THAT 
 EACH COAfMUNITY SHOULD ATTEND TO 
 SOME OF ITS OWN AFFAIRS. 
 
 That was what took place in West- 
 ern and Southern Europe, also among 
 their colonies. This system had al- 
 ready come into existence in South 
 Britain, as we have seen. In the 
 earlier sub-race the ruling power in 
 both state and local affairs was in one 
 individual or an oligarchy. The expla- 
 nation of this system is that the peo- 
 ple as a whole were so undeveloped 
 that they were unable to trust one an- 
 other — Representative Government was 
 unknown. 
 
 In the new Federal System the king 
 was merely the head of the National 
 Government or at most the absolute 
 monarch merely in National affairs. 
 The result has been that as education 
 has been applied to this self-governing 
 stock the 7nasses have more and more 
 come into power, recently capturing the 
 National Governm.ents in France, Bel- 
 gium, South Germany, Austria, Italy, 
 Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, 
 Spain and Portugal. But as yet the 
 
 MASSES THAT ARE A MIXTURE OF THE 
 YELLOW AND THE WHITE RACES, LOCATED 
 
 IN Prussia, Hungary, Russia, Bulga- 
 ria AND Turkey, are not self-govern- 
 ing. Therefore they in the forthcom- 
 ing Federation of the World while en- 
 joying equal national rights may need 
 to be aided by the issuance of a Na- 
 tional Constitution by the International 
 Government guaranteeing to all citizens 
 civil liberty — free institutions: freedom 
 of conscience, free speech, free press. 
 
 31 
 
etc. The democracies must provide 
 this in order to put an end to competi- 
 tion in armament, as well as to aid 
 the less developed peoples. 
 
 The development of the Federal Sys- 
 tem to its present stage has been under 
 governments wherein the people have 
 not been fully self-governing. This has 
 somewhat confused nearly all of the 
 publicists. Most of them look upon 
 the present-day proposal for Federal 
 Government for a World State as plac- 
 ing too much power in the International 
 Government. In fact many proposals of 
 this character are actually being made 
 — suggestions for a World Parliament, 
 an enlarged National Parliament, a 
 place Vk^here public policies are to be 
 threshed out. But nothing of the kind 
 
 is to occur, BECAUSE THE NATIONS OF 
 THE WORLD ARE EACH TO BE SELF-GOVERN- 
 ING UNITS, INTENT UPON DEVELOPING 
 THEIR OWN PECULIAR CIVILIZATION, THE 
 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE- 
 ING THIS VERY thing! 
 
 This is President Wilson's idea, who 
 
 says: 
 
 "I am proposing . . . that every 
 people should be left free to determine 
 its own polity, its own way of develop- 
 ment, unhindered, unthreatened, un- 
 afraid, the little along with the great 
 and powerful." 
 
 Under such a system the function of 
 the International Government will be : 
 
 First, to mark out the Rights and 
 Duties of Nations, plainly specifying 
 that each nation retains the right to 
 sovereignty within its boundaries on 
 the basis of free institutions, also that 
 it retains the right to enter into treaties 
 except as limited in the international, 
 constitution, and that these rights 
 
 ARE GUARANTEED BY EACH OF THE OTHER 
 nations of THE WORLD, ALL INTERNA- 
 TIONAL DISPUTES TO BE SETTLED AMICA- 
 BLY. 
 
 Second, to declare that none of the 
 
 RESERVED RIGHTS OF NATIONS SHALL BE 
 ABRIDGED EXCEPT WITH THE CONSENT OF 
 THE NATIONS THEMSELVES. ThiS iS the 
 
 theory at present and it can be made 
 a reality, at the same time ending the 
 
 reign of force. It can be accomplished 
 by installing Human Government in In- 
 ternational Affairs. At present there 
 is an abj^ence of government in these 
 affairs, the result being anarchy and 
 armed force and war. But as quickly 
 as Government is established the result 
 will be Civil Liberty — liberty under 
 law. 
 
 It is a mathematical proposition. The 
 needed next step is now about to be 
 taken, due to the fact that during the 
 past eighteen years the people have 
 come into power in the leading nations 
 of the world and in this war have de- 
 feated the attempt by the Autocracies 
 to conquer them. The terms of peace 
 by the triumphant Democracies is a de- 
 mand for the extension of human gov- 
 ernment to international relations on 
 the basis of human liberty. Here are 
 the five elements: 
 
 1. Laws — real international law in 
 place of the existing international 
 ethics and the reign of force, an absence 
 of government termed anarchy. 
 
 2. A Legislative Department, strict- 
 ly limited in its power, to consist of 
 the National Governments which will 
 instruct their representatives in the In- 
 ternational Council. 
 
 3. An Executive Department, prob- 
 ably to be known as the International 
 Council, in connection with suitable 
 committees. 
 
 4. A Judicial Department, without 
 power to alter the international consti- 
 tution. The members of this World 
 Court will doubtless be appointed by 
 the 'International Council, which will be 
 subject to instructions by the National 
 Governments. 
 
 5. In each nation there will exist 
 Free Institutions. 
 
 These are the five elements in demo- 
 cratic government — laws and three de- 
 partments of government on the basis 
 of free institutions, and this system is 
 now about to be extended to interna- 
 tional affairs. This is expressed as fol- 
 lows by the board of trustees of the 
 Carnegie Endowment for International 
 Peace : 
 
 32 
 
The Needed Next Step. 
 
 "It seems incredible that after this 
 the stricken people [of the world] will 
 set their feet in the same old paths 
 of policy and suspicion which must 
 lead them again to the same result. 
 
 "Finding expression through a great 
 multitude of voices everywhere the gen- 
 eral public opininn of manldnd should 
 inffnenre the minds of the negotiators 
 who settle the terms of peace and in- 
 spire them to A NEW departure in the 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF JUSTICE AS THE RULE 
 OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. 
 
 "While we must not be overconfident 
 of our individual qualifications to point 
 out the detailed methods through which 
 the result may be accomplished, wo 
 may still advocate measures which 
 seem practicable and appropriate to the 
 purpose. 
 
 "We can see that definite rules of 
 national conduct should be agreed 
 upon: that a court of competent 
 jurisdiction should be established to 
 judge of national conformity to 
 those rules : and that new sanctions 
 should be provided to compel respect 
 for the judgments rendered. [inter- 
 NATIONAL Government.] 
 
 "Above all. the motive and spirit of 
 
 THE new institutions SHOULD BE 
 clearly and FULLY, NOT THE PROMO- 
 TION OF AMBITION OR THE EXTENSION OF 
 POWER. BUT THE SAFEGUARDING OF HU- 
 MAN Rights and the perfection of 
 Individual Liberty. 
 
 "Toward this high end the courage 
 and hope and conviction of the hum- 
 blest citizen of the most' distant land 
 may contribute. 
 Joseph H. Choate 
 Andrew D. White 
 John W. Foster 
 Elihu Root 
 Luke E. Wright 
 Charlemagne Tower 
 Robert S. Woodward 
 Austen G. Fox 
 Jacob G. Schmidlapp 
 Thomas Burke 
 Robert S. Brookings 
 Oscar S. Straus 
 Samuel IMather 
 James L. Slayden 
 John Sharp Williams 
 Charles L. Taylor 
 Henry S. Pritchett 
 William M. Howard 
 
 Cleveland H. Dodge 
 Robert A. Franks 
 George W. Perkins 
 Nicholas Murray Butler 
 Andrew J. Montague 
 Arthur Wilijam Foster 
 James Brown Scott."* 
 
 Tliis is Liberalism in the highest de- 
 gree ! The proposal is the extension of 
 human government to international af- 
 fairs on the basis of free institutions, 
 in place of international anarchy and 
 armed force and war. The dominant 
 power that is to shape the interna- 
 tional constitution is to be the Democ 
 racies and their allies. 
 
 The reason this government in inter- 
 national affairs did not come sooner 
 has been due to the fact that until the 
 past few years the dominant earthly 
 power on this globe has been Conserva- 
 tive Governments — governments aiming 
 to benefit the ruling few, holding the 
 masses as subjects — apolitical slaves. But 
 now the world is entering into a New 
 Age — the Democratic Age, with its 
 New Freedom. We have traced the 
 rise of the democracies. This history 
 clearly foretells the near-at-hand es- 
 tablishment of the Federation of the 
 World! Development is a law of Na- 
 ture. The two warring Alliances are 
 about to merge into one organization 
 and in connection therewith all of the 
 peoples who now are ruled by the few 
 are to be freed. 
 
 The feasibility of this program will 
 more clearly appear by glancing 
 through the following : 
 
 World Situation. 
 
 Owing to the dominance in the world 
 of Democracies there is to he ended 
 forthwith the rule of the few toherever 
 it exists, along with the ending of com- 
 petition hi armament and war. In other 
 words, it means that real peace is to 
 come to the warring nations through 
 their consenting as follows : 
 
 1. Their consenting to the freeing of 
 all the captive nations. This in order to 
 
 *A public statement under date of 
 February 16, 1915, and reaffirmed each 
 subsequent year. 
 
 ss 
 
comply with tlie basic desire in democ- 
 racies that all peoples shall be free; 
 also to help make effective the pro- 
 gram for ending the competition in ar- 
 mament and war. 
 
 2. Their consenting to the freeing of 
 such of the other peoples as are ruled 
 by the few, directly or indirectly — "ma- 
 chine" rule in a make-believe democ- 
 racy is more odious in some respects 
 than an openly declared autocracy. 
 
 3. Their consenting to the existence 
 of small nations as well as the large 
 ones. An(J 
 
 4. Their consenting to the ending of 
 competition in armament and war — the 
 ending of militarism, which requires 
 World Federation. 
 
 Herewith are suggestions for an In- 
 ternational constitution along the lines 
 thus indicated. 
 
 A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 We, the national states, whose names 
 are hereunto affixed, in order to estab- 
 lish freedom and justice throughout the 
 world, agree as follows : 
 
 Article I. Organisation. Hereby is 
 established The World Federation, 
 which shall act through a body of rep- 
 resentatives to be known as the Inter- 
 national Council. 
 
 Article II. Powers of International 
 Council. There shall l)e vested in the 
 International Council the following 
 powers : 
 
 1. The power to administer the inter- 
 national law agreed to in this constitu- 
 tion, and such other international law 
 as may be adopted, not including 
 treaties except as stated in article four. 
 
 2. The power to regulate the use of 
 the high seas and all other of the 
 waters surrounding the Eastern and the 
 Western Hemispheres, including the 
 Mediterranean and the Black Seas, also 
 the international straits and canals. 
 
 3. The power to frame proposals for 
 international law and submit the same 
 to the member national states, each 
 proposal to dccome law hetween such 
 of them as accept.'^ 
 
 4. The power to submit to the mem- 
 ber national states such proposals as 
 one or more of their number may sug- 
 gest, each suggestion filed with the 
 International Council to be submitted 
 promptly. Each issue thus submitted 
 shall be accompanied with arguments 
 for and against, prepared by two or 
 more committees representing the op- 
 posing sides. 
 
 5. After five years the power to de- 
 
 *For further details see Article III.. 
 Section 2, page 35, below. 
 
 cide from time to time the maximum 
 volume of armament which the several 
 nations may lawfully possess on the 
 basis of population and wealth.* The 
 ultimate aim shall be the disarmament 
 of the world except for police duty. 
 Immediately after the International 
 Council is established each national 
 state shall contribute thereto its quota 
 of naval vessels and their inanimate 
 equipment, or their equivalent in cash. 
 The international navy shall amount to 
 ten percentum of the world's navies. 
 The quotas by the national states shall 
 be on the basis of wealth. At any time 
 the International Council may call upon 
 the constituent states for aid by armed 
 troops, on the basis of property as as- 
 sessed for the raising of the ordinary 
 taxes. When the International Coun- 
 cil is established it, through its repre- 
 sentatives, may from time to time in- 
 spect the military, naval and police 
 forces of the national states. 
 
 6. In the exercise of the power of 
 self-defense by the International Coun- 
 cil, and of its power to administer -the 
 obligations created by this compact, the 
 control of the waters surrounding the 
 national states and the co-operation of 
 
 *Armame7it. Owing to the proposed 
 Uheration of all captive nations and of 
 all other suhject peoples, and their 
 protection, there will be no disposition 
 anywhere to build up armament, there- 
 fore the terms of peace can provide 
 that the existing armament, less five 
 
 SHALL BE retained BY THOSE WHO 
 
 POSSESS THEM, as this armament will 
 be valuable merely as curiosities and 
 as junk. See also pages 50, 54, 57, be- 
 low. 
 
 34 
 
such of the national states as agree 
 with the Council, shall he deemed stiffi- 
 cient to accomplish the desired end 
 
 WITHOUT IN ANY WAY INVADING A RE- 
 BELLIOUS STATE EXCEPT FOR A REFUSAL 
 TO CONFORM TO THE LAW LIMITING THE 
 VOLUME OF ARMAMENT.* 
 
 7. The International Council shall 
 protect each member national state 
 from invasion, and, on the application 
 to it by the legislative power of a 
 national state, or by the executive au- 
 thority when the legislative body is not 
 in session, shall protect the said state 
 from domestic violence.^ 
 
 8. Upon request of the people of any 
 considerable portion of a national state 
 the International Council may apply 
 within the state a constitution guaran- 
 teeing free institutions and shall main- 
 tain at least one administrative court 
 wherein the constitutionality of the 
 laws and the administration thereof 
 
 "^Enforcement of Natiotial Obliga- 
 tions. The mere declaration that a na- 
 tional state refuses to abide by its obli- 
 gation created by international law 
 should be as far as the International 
 Council should ordinarily go at the 
 start. The people will be in power in 
 all of the nations and the result will 
 J)e that there will exist no incentive to 
 build up an armament in violation of 
 law. This factor is all-important. This 
 tendency of self-governing people was 
 pointed out in 1795 by Immanual Kant 
 in his little volume. Perpetual Peace. 
 The International Council can 
 exert additional pressure gradually if 
 necessary. The exportation of com- 
 modities can be prohibited. Then both 
 the exports and imports might be shut 
 off. Another step would be to stop all 
 communication with the outside world 
 except with the International Council. 
 
 ^Protection of Politically Backward 
 States. This provision and the suc- 
 ceeding one are for the protection of 
 politically backward peoples from mis- 
 government within the state and from 
 exploitation from without. If domes- 
 tic violence is threatened the way will 
 be open for protection by the Progres- 
 sive International Government ; and in 
 the next paragraph in the text is a 
 provision that any considerable num- 
 ber of people may apply to the Inter- 
 national Council for protection. 
 
 shall be determined, with right of ap- 
 peal to the International Council. The 
 protectorate shall be ended as rapidly 
 as is practicable. 
 
 The International Council shall 
 issue a constitution for each of the 
 colonies and shall maintain within each 
 colony at least one administrative court 
 upon the conditions named in the pre- 
 ceding paragraph. 
 
 Article III. Limitations Upon the 
 International Council. Sec. 1. The only 
 powers possessed by the International 
 Council shall be such as are expressly 
 conferred in this compact, and such 
 implied powers as are reasonably nec- 
 essary for the exercise of these express 
 powers. 
 
 Sec. 2. The right of each nation- 
 al STATE TO internal SELF-GOVERNMENT 
 
 IS EXPRESSLY RESERVED. It Shall iuclude 
 the right to control immigration and 
 emigration, control importation and ex- 
 portation of goods of all kinds, and 
 control communication within the state. 
 Within its territorial area each nation- 
 al states shall continue as a sovereign 
 power.* 
 
 Sec. 3. The basis of this Federation 
 shall be equal rights before the law 
 FOR THE CONSTITUENT STATES, their rep- 
 resentation in the International Coun- 
 cil to be as stated in article six, section 
 one. A national state is a sovereign 
 state except as limited by this Federa- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 4. The national states of the 
 Western Hemisphere shall continue to 
 decide among themselves the questions 
 of policy which principally concern that 
 hemisphere ;f and the national states 
 
 ^Sovereign Power. This internal 
 sovereignty plus independence upon the 
 seas and freedom from aggression from 
 other nations will result in really 
 Sovereign States except that no right 
 will exist for any of the national states 
 to secede, as that would at once pro,- 
 duce competition in armament and the 
 other evils which flow where there is 
 an absence of government. Details are 
 in later chapters. 
 
 ^Federation of American Repuhlics. 
 There is in course of formation the 
 New Pan-Americanism, a federation of 
 American Republics. These American 
 states should care for the questions of 
 policy which arise between themselves, 
 unhindered by the Old World ideals. 
 
 35 
 
of the Eastern Hemisphere shall decide 
 among themselves the questions of pol- 
 icy which principally concern that hem- 
 isphere.* 
 
 Sec. 5. None of the states in the 
 Eastern Hemisphere may acquire ter- 
 ritory in the Western Hemisphere ex- 
 cept with the consent of three-fourths 
 of the national states thereon ; and no 
 national state in the Western Hemis- 
 phere shall acquire territory in the 
 Eastern Hemisphere except with the 
 consent of three-fourths of its national 
 states. 
 
 Article IV. Duties of National States. 
 Each national state shall observe its 
 oblis-ations. A non-observance shall bo 
 a basis for a claim for settlement, and 
 a statement describing the non-per- 
 formance of an obligation may be filed 
 with the judicial department of the In- 
 ternational Council. Each judgment of 
 the judicial department shall be en- 
 forced if not voluntarily acquiesced in. 
 
 Article V. Indcstructihilify. This 
 World Federation shall be an inde- 
 structible union of indestructible na- 
 tional states except as national states 
 shall mutually desire to unite or di- 
 vide.** This constitution shaix be 
 
 CHANGED ONLY IN THE MANNER SPECI- 
 FIED IN PARAGRAPHS THREE AND FOUR 
 IN ARTICLE TWO.f 
 
 Article VI. Representation. Sec. 1. 
 In the International Council, each na- 
 tional state shall vote as a unit and 
 the vote of each shall have a weight 
 in proportion to its population and 
 wealth, the latter to be the assessed 
 valuation for international taxation.ff 
 
 Sec. 2. In each national state its 
 
 *Open Door in China. The above 
 should be read in connection with the 
 preceding provision that "The basis of 
 this Federation shall be equal rights 
 before the law for the constituent na- 
 tional states." This of itself would in- 
 sure the continuance of the "open 
 door" in China, namely, equal rights 
 to all nations in China's trade except 
 as she herself without compulsion shall 
 decree otherwise, the same as any 
 other national state might do. 
 
 **Mr. Asquith proposes a Confedera- 
 tion (page 65, below). 
 
 fSee also the succeeding note. 
 
 counsellors in the International Coun- 
 cil shall be elected by the legislative 
 
 power. 
 
 The National Government 
 
 f-f Basis of Representatio7i. This basis 
 01 populaiton and wealth tvill place 
 the (lominancy in the progressive na- 
 tions: whereas population alone or na- 
 tional states alone would not. The wel- 
 fare of the world requires that the 
 progressive portion shall formulate the 
 rules of international relationship. One 
 of the features of this progressivism 
 will be a provision in the constitution 
 that none of the reserved rights of the 
 national states shall be altered except 
 with the consent of the several states. 
 This ivill place in each of the politically 
 dackivard states a veto power as to 
 changes in its relations to the other 
 nations. This complete reservation of 
 national rights except as imbedded in 
 the international constitution, is the 
 British system, described at page 59, 
 below. 
 
 '^Election of Counsellors. Inasmuch 
 as the National Governments of the 
 world will determine the foreign pol- 
 icies for their respective states, they 
 should each elect their Counsellors sub- 
 ject to instructions to them from time 
 to time, and subject to recall. This 
 was the system whereby the members 
 of our Continental Congress were 
 elected and served. In the present-day 
 politically backward nations a system 
 of voting by the citizens can be de- 
 vised u'herehy the members of the Na- 
 tional Government tvill be elected 'by 
 the more advanced portions of the pop- 
 ulation. The basis for voting in local 
 affairs will doubtless be adult suffrage, 
 both men and women, as the local con- 
 ditions will be directly under their 
 personal observation. For the next 
 larger area, the county, the vote should 
 be restricted somewhat. In the exer- 
 cise of the franchise in connection with 
 the state, the nation and the interna- 
 tional state, there should exist an abil- 
 ity to read intelligently. Self-govern- 
 ment by the voters consists principally 
 in selecting leaders. Some such grad- 
 ation of voters plus the installation of 
 suitable mechanism of government will 
 make feasible self-government by the 
 voters in India and China. The use 
 of an official publicity pamphlet is in- 
 dispensable in every nation. 
 
 36 
 
may instruct its counsellors at will, 
 and may recall them at will.* 
 
 Sec. 3. In administering the inter- 
 national law the International Council 
 may delegate portions of its authority 
 to committees and sub-committees, to 
 be composed of. whoever it may select. 
 In this manner the judicial and execu- 
 tive authority shall be exercised.f 
 Every dispute between the meml)er nu- 
 
 * Instructions and Recall. This was 
 the system under which the Thirteen 
 Colonies conducted for eight years the 
 War of the Revolution and, aided from 
 abroad, they won. And within each of 
 these colonies during these trying 
 times the members of the several leg- 
 islatures were subject to instructions 
 by the voters — instructions at town 
 meetings in the North, and at county 
 conferences in 'the South. The mere 
 existence of these systems whereby the 
 voters might express their will was 
 largely etfective. Because of the exist- 
 ence of these systems whereby the plain 
 people could express their will they 
 succeeded in holding the rich tories in 
 subjection. Because the people fouled 
 they ivon the war. In the system pro- 
 posed for the World Federation, the 
 policy-forming bodies that are to dom- 
 inate internationally will be the Na 
 tional Governments directly i-epresent- 
 iny the people. These governments will 
 be located at the national capitals and 
 will communicate their decisions to 
 their representatives in the Interna- 
 tional Council, who, therefore, will 
 vote according to instructions ; also 
 the members of the International Coun- 
 cil may be recalled at will. They will 
 resemble ambassadors. 
 
 ^Parliamentary Committees. Under 
 Parliamentary Government the execu- 
 tive authority is exercised through a 
 committee, the Cabinet. Under the 
 Swiss system the executive authoritj^ 
 is vested in a committee, the members 
 of which are elected by the Congress ; 
 and during the W^ar of the Revolution 
 in this country a committee of the Con- 
 tinental Congress executed its man- 
 dates. As to the exercise of judicial 
 authority within the International 
 Government, the details of the system 
 should doubtless be left quite largely 
 to the law-making department, the In- 
 ternational Council. 
 
 tional states shall be settled amicably. 
 
 Article VII. Funds and Taxation. 
 Sec. 1. The Government of the World 
 Federation shall be supported by funds 
 supplied by the constituent national 
 states on the basis of population and 
 wealth. To this end the International 
 Council shall assess a direct tax. 
 
 Sec. 2. In case the payments from 
 the constituent national states shall 
 not be sufficient to meet the expenses 
 of the International Council and pay 
 its appropriations, it may levy a tax 
 upon the commerce which passes over 
 the waters whereon it possesses juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Article VIII. International Capital. 
 The international capital shall be near 
 The Hague on an area of ground con- 
 sisting of at lest one hundred square 
 miles. Full title to this area and ex- 
 clusive jurisdiction thereof shall be 
 vested in the World Federation. In 
 case the requirements herein specified 
 are not complied with by the Nether- 
 lands Government in two years from 
 the date of the going into operation of 
 this compact, the International Council 
 sliall ask for bids for the location of 
 the international capital and decide 
 where it shall be located and upon 
 what terms. Temporarily, at least, the 
 capital shall be located at The Hague. 
 
 Article IX. Additional Members. 
 Additional members may be admitted 
 to this Federation and the procedure 
 shall be the affixing of a signature to 
 a copy of this compact and filing it 
 with the secretary of the International 
 Council. 
 
 Witness our signatures at the dates 
 stated in connection therewith : 
 
 (Signatures to be affixed.) 
 
 Some such compact for the founding 
 of the World Federation, with its Inter- 
 national Government, is practicable, 
 because at the end of this ivar the 
 8 elf -Governing People are to dominate 
 the wo7'ld and they are to estab- 
 lish international civil liherty. This 
 near-at-hand dominancy of the De- 
 mocracies is the pivotal point. With 
 the Democracies dictating the terms of 
 peace in this present war they ivill in- 
 sist upon the development of the next 
 stage in human relations — the estab- 
 lishment of government in international 
 
 37 
 
relations. This in place of tlie absence 
 of government, due to the undeveloped 
 stage of humanity. Where government 
 is absent the result is anarchy, and 
 where government is absent between 
 nations the result is international an- 
 archy, the nations relying upon Armed 
 Force — Militarism, with its competition 
 in armament. 
 
 Following is a summary and a com- 
 parison : 
 
 Summary and Comparison. 
 
 1. World Liberation is about to take 
 place, due to the coming into power 
 of democracies and their allies. 
 
 This is to take the place of the rule 
 of the few, who have used their power 
 selfishly and cruelly, fleecing the many 
 and otherwise misusing them, holding 
 them as subjects — political slaves. 
 These selfish fere have not heen able 
 to form for the world a single ruling 
 power. At present there are 50 so- 
 called Sovereign States, grouped into 
 two competing alliances, and three- 
 fourths of the people of the world are 
 at war. This is due to the lack of 
 governmental development. 
 
 2. World Liberation is to be accom- 
 plished by the recently established de- 
 mocracies by installing a system of 
 World Federation, with its liberty-giv- 
 ing Federal Government. In this or- 
 ganization the International Govern- 
 ment is to consist of real Law, along 
 with tliree departments of interna- 
 tional government — Legislative, Execu- 
 tive and Judicial Departments. The 
 result will be the reign of Law — Civil 
 Liberty. 
 
 This in place of an absence of gov- 
 ernment in international affairs — the 
 existence of Anarchy as between sover- 
 eign states, resulting in the reign of 
 Force in international affairs, com- 
 petition in Armament, Militarism. The 
 
 so-called international law of to-day 
 is merely International Ethics, wholly 
 lacking in the elements of law, there 
 being no marking out of the interna- 
 tional relations by means of definitely 
 agreed to rules international in scope, 
 for the enforcement of" which there is 
 an international government. It fol- 
 lows that "the whole mass of interna- 
 tional jurisprudence is mere opinion." 
 This is the substance of the statement 
 by John Austin, says the Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica, and adds, "the distinction 
 insisted upon by Austin is unimpeach- 
 able." 
 
 The forthcoming International Gov- 
 ernment is to take the place of (1) 
 The Hague Conferences, a system of 
 meetings between make-believe sover- 
 eign states: (2) to take the place of 
 Competition in Armament; and (3) 
 take the place of the occasional Hague 
 Arbitrations, a system whereby settle- 
 ments have been made between these 
 so-called sovereign states, there being 
 wholly lacking the elements of ju- 
 dicial settlement such as exists where 
 government is present. In the words 
 of Elihu Root, "The lack of an ade- 
 quate system of law to be applied has 
 been the chief obstacle to the develop- 
 ment of judicial settlement of interna- 
 tional disputes [under the existing 
 regime].*" 
 
 3. No Jialf-way ho.use will be effec- 
 tive. The evil being the ahsence of 
 International Government, the remedy 
 is the establishment of International 
 Government. 
 
 In conclusion we enumerate the main 
 points in the World Liberation program 
 as a whole and present some of the 
 very recent utterances of the govern- 
 ments of the United States and Great 
 Britain : 
 
 *The Outlook for International Law, 
 pp. 10, 1916. 
 
 WORLD LIBERATION PROGRAM AS A WHOLE. 
 
 1. The freeing of the captive na- 
 tions of the entire world, and the free- 
 ing of alf, others who are ruled hy the 
 few. This because democracies insist 
 
 upon freedom for others as well as 
 themselves ; also in order to end the 
 competition in armament between them- 
 selves. 
 
 38 
 
In the words of President Wilson in 
 the concluding portion of his War Aims 
 message to Congress on January 8, 
 1918: 
 
 "An evident principle runs through 
 the whole program I have outlined. 
 It is the principle of justice to all 
 
 PEOPLES AND NATIONALITIES, AND THEIR 
 RIGHT TO LIVE ON EQUAL TERMS OF 
 LIBERTY AND SAFETY WITH ONE ANOTHER, 
 WHETHER THEY BE STRONG OR WEAK, 
 
 Unless this principle be made its 
 foundation no part of the structure of 
 international justice can stand. The 
 people of the United States could act 
 upon no other principle ; and to the 
 vindication of this principle they are 
 ready to devote their lives, their honor 
 and everything that they possess. The 
 
 MORAL CLIMAX OF THIS, THE CULMINAT- 
 ING AND FINAL WAR FOR HUMAN LIBERTY, 
 
 HAS COME, and they are ready to put 
 their otvn strength, their oivn highest 
 pu7'pose, their otvn integrity and devo- 
 tion to the test." 
 
 To the same effect is Premier Lloyd 
 George's statement of War Aims, Janu- 
 ary 5, 1918: 
 
 "When men by the millions are called 
 upon to suffer and die, and vast popu- 
 lations are being subjected to the suf- 
 ferings and privations of a war un- 
 precedented in the history of the world 
 they are entitled to know for what 
 cause or causes they are making the 
 sacrifices. Only the clearest, great- 
 est AND JUSTEST OF CAUSES COULD JUS- 
 TIFY THE CONTINUANCE EVEN FOR A DAY 
 OF THIS UNSPEAKABLE AGONY OF NA- 
 TIONS." And the premier proceeded to 
 describe the British War Aims : 
 
 "We are not fighting a war of ag- 
 gression against the German people. . . 
 We are not fighting to destroy Austria- 
 Hungary or to deprive Turkey of its 
 capital or the rich lands of Asia Minor 
 and Thrace, which are predominately 
 Turkish. . . We are not fighting to 
 destroy the German constitution, al- 
 though we consider a military, auto- 
 cratic constitution a dangerous anach- 
 ronism. . . 
 
 "The first requirement always made 
 by the British and their allies have 
 been the complete restoration, political, 
 territorial, and economic, of the inde- 
 pendence of Belgium and such repara- 
 
 tion as can be made for the devastation 
 of its towns and provinces." 
 
 The same kind of restoration and 
 reparation be demanded for Serbia, 
 Montenegro and the occupied parts of 
 France, Italy and Iloumania ; the 
 restoration of Alsace and Lorraine to 
 France ; the reunion of the Italian 
 people, and of the Roumanian people ; 
 an indepedent Poland ; genuine self- 
 government on democratic principles 
 for the captive nations in Austria-Hun- 
 gary ; the establishment of separate 
 nations in Arabia, Armenia, Mesopo- 
 tamia, Syria and Palestine, along with 
 internationalization and neutralization 
 of the Mediterranean, the Black Seas 
 and the passage between them ; the 
 future of the German colonies to be 
 decided at an international conference 
 at which the wishes and interests of 
 the natives will receive the prime con- 
 sideration ; and reparation for injuries 
 in violation of international law. The 
 principle throughout it all being, he 
 
 says, "GOVERNMENT WITH THE CON- 
 SENT OF THE GOVERNED" ; ALSO THAT 
 
 TREATIES SHALL BE UPHELD. Additional 
 words by the premier to this effect we 
 will presently quote. 
 
 2. Another principle that is to pre- 
 vail is to be Equal National Rights. In 
 the words of President Wilson above 
 quoted : "All peoples and nationalities" 
 should possess the "right to live on 
 equal terms of liberty and safety with 
 one another, whether they be strong 
 or weak." 
 
 To the same effect are the repeated 
 statement by the British Government. 
 
 3. Still another principle is the 
 Sanctity of Treaties — the inviolability 
 of contractual obligations between hu- 
 man governments. This requires the 
 establishment of International Govern- 
 ment and then the peaceful settlement 
 of all international disputes, otherwise 
 there will be competition in armament 
 and the rule of the strong. 
 
 4. International Government : 
 
 (a) For the regulation of the high 
 seas and the international straits and 
 channels there must be established 
 
 39 
 
REAL International Law in combina- 
 tion WITH AN International Govern- 
 ment — legislative, executive and ju- 
 dicial. This government may consist of 
 the National Governments represented 
 at some central point by ambassadors, 
 termed, for example, counsellors. 
 
 (b) B'or the peaceful settlement of 
 all disputes hetiveen nations there 
 
 MUST FIRST BE MARKED OUT THEIR LAW"- 
 FUL RIGHTS AND DUTIES — A NEW THING 
 
 IN THE WORLD. Up to the prcseut day 
 some of the strong nations have re- 
 fused to consent to the marking out of 
 their rights, prefering to leave their 
 future rights to the strength of their 
 military power. Added to this mark- 
 ing out of rights and duties will be a 
 provision that each of the international 
 disputes must he settled amicably, 
 otherwise there will continue competi- 
 tion in armament and might will rule. 
 
 (c) In the marking out of rights and 
 duties of nations there will he reserved 
 to each national state its Internal 
 Sovereignty, except that after five 
 years, say, the National Governments 
 of the icorld, operating in international 
 affairs through an International Coun- 
 cil, may from tim^e to time limit the 
 maximum volume of armament ivhich 
 the several nations may lawfully 
 imssess on the basis of population and 
 ivcalth (page 34, above). 
 
 In the words of Premier Lloyd 
 George on January 5, 1918, in conclud- 
 ing his statement of Great Britain's 
 war aims : 
 
 "One regrettable omission we no- 
 tice in the Central Powers' proposals. 
 We believe that a great attempt must 
 be made to establish a great interna- 
 tional organization as a means of set- 
 tling international disputes. War is a 
 relic of barbarism, and, as law has 
 succeeded violence in the settlement of 
 individuals' disputes, so it is destined 
 
 TO SETTLE NATIONAL CONTROVERSIES. 
 
 "We are fighting for a just and last- 
 ing peace. Three conditions must be 
 fulfilled — first, the sanctity of treaties 
 must be re-established ; second, terri- 
 torial settlement must be based on the 
 right of self-determination — the con- 
 sent of the governed : lastly, the crea- 
 
 tion of an international organization to 
 limit armaments and diminish the 
 probability of war. 
 
 "To secure these conditions the 
 British Enapire is prepared to make 
 even greater sacrifices." 
 
 The four main points that are spread 
 out over the preceding page are de- 
 mands for — 
 
 Free Peoples; 
 
 Equal National Rights; 
 
 Sanctity of National Obligations, and 
 
 International Government, to consist 
 of real International Law and three 
 departments of government — Legisla- 
 tive, Executive and Judicial Depart- 
 ments. This law and the departments 
 of international government are surely 
 to be established in the peace treaty, 
 because of the dominancy of Democra- 
 cies. Therefore the world's statesmen 
 should squarely face the issue and ac- 
 cept it, as have the British Liberals 
 (pages 42, 65, below), including the 
 British Labor party (page 66, below) ; 
 also the French Chamber of Deputies 
 (page 8, above), the French Federa- 
 tion of Labor (page 65, below), and 
 the United States (pages 44, 45, 48, 50, 
 below). Something of President Wil- 
 son's latest statement we have just 
 quoted (page 39) and he also says: 
 
 "The program of World Peace, there- 
 fore, is our program, the only possible 
 program. As we see it it is this: 
 
 ''XIV. A general association of na- 
 tions must be formed under specific 
 covenants for the purpose of affording 
 mutual guarantees of political inde- 
 pendence and territorial integrity to 
 great and small states alike." 
 
 Thus by means of "specific covenants" 
 the national rights are to be marked 
 out, and these covenants are to be en- 
 forced. There is to be no room for 
 undefined national rights, as at pres- 
 ent; and all disputes must be settled 
 peacefully — no more competition in 
 armament. In the words of paragraph 
 IV of President Wilson's proposal: 
 
 "Adequate guarantees [are to be] 
 taken that national armaments will he 
 reduced to the lowest point consistent 
 with DOMESTIC safety." 
 
 40 
 
Part IV. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF TO-DAY'S PROGRAM FOR WORLD LIBERATION. 
 
 In the year 1795, at a time when 
 the people of the United States had 
 demonstrated the entire practicability 
 of their own self-government, and that 
 the federation of theretofore sovereign 
 states was practicable, resulting in civil 
 liberty and its orderly peace, there was 
 published in Prussia a small volume 
 entitled in our language Perpetual 
 Pence. The author was the scientist 
 and philosopher, Immanual Kant, 
 whose grandfather on his father's side 
 was Scotch. Located as Kant was in 
 a land ruled by an absolute monarch, 
 he was obliged to be discreet in his 
 wording. . In one of the sections he 
 points out that where the people's in- 
 terests are represented in the govern- 
 ment there is, as far as consistent, an 
 avoidance of war, whereas it might be 
 to the interest of a king to order a war. 
 Kant saw the tendency in the world 
 towards higher and higher stages for 
 mankind and he looked ahead to a 
 time when throughout the world the 
 People should rule, and, therefore, that 
 they would develop a world-wide Inter- 
 national Government,'^ to he followed 
 by Perpetual Peace. 
 
 In 1842, in England, the seer whom 
 we know as Alfred Tennyson, penned 
 the poem Locksley Hall, wherein he 
 prophesied the coming of "The Parlia- 
 ment of Man, the Federation of the 
 World," with the whole wide earth 
 "lapt in universal law." He also saw 
 that the change would come in war in 
 which the People were to win and 
 
 *Kant, in his Philosophy of Laiv, sec- 
 tion Gl. says: "It is only by a Con- 
 gress of this kind [founded upon a po- 
 litical constitution, as is the United 
 States] that the idea of a Public Right 
 of Nations can be established, and that 
 the settlement of their differences by 
 the mode of civil process and not by the 
 barbarous means of war, can be 
 realized." 
 
 that they would continue as self-gov- 
 erning sovereigns. He said : 
 
 "For I dipt into the future, far as 
 
 human eye could see. 
 Saw the vision of the world, and all 
 
 the wonders that would be; 
 
 Saw the heavens filled with commerce, 
 argosies of magic sails, 
 
 Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping 
 down with costly bales ; 
 
 Heard the heavens filled with shout- 
 ing, and there rained a ghastly 
 dew 
 
 From the nations' airy navies grap- 
 pling in the central blue; 
 
 Far along the world-wide whisper of 
 the south-wind rushing warm. 
 
 With the standards of the peoples 
 plunging through the thunder- 
 storm ; 
 
 Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, 
 
 and the battle-flags were ftirled 
 In the Parliament of Man, the Fed- 
 eration of the World. 
 
 There the common-sense of most shall 
 hold a fretful world in awe, 
 
 And the kindly earth shall slumber, 
 lapt in universal law." 
 
 These lines have been a great inspira- 
 tion to mankind. 
 
 At the time that Tennyson wrote the 
 foregoing the idea of the development 
 of mankind was existent among the 
 more thoughtful scholars for the pages 
 of history demonstrated it; but the 
 process of development was as yet only 
 dimly seen. In 1859 the keen-sighted 
 student, Charles Darwin, published the 
 book upon which he had been working 
 for twenty-five years, demonstrating 
 something of the process whereby the 
 physical bodies of living beings have 
 been developed, the title of the volume 
 being. The Origin of Species. Gradually 
 the idea of development as a law of 
 
 41 
 
nature was accepted by the scientists, 
 as it had been accepted by the pliilos- 
 ophers, supplanting the idea that each 
 species of organic being in our world 
 had been specially created. 
 
 In 1889 was published a volume en- 
 titled The State, presenting in terse 
 analytical form the history of the de- 
 velopment of man's activities in the 
 field of Government. This volume was 
 the first of its kind of any considerable 
 size. It traced the rise of human gov- 
 ernment. The preface says: "In pre- 
 paring this volume I labored under the 
 disadvantage of having no model. So 
 far as I was able to ascertain, no text- 
 book of like scope and purpose had 
 hitherto been attempted." The author 
 is Woodrow Vv^ilson, Ph. D., President 
 of the United States, at that time Pro- 
 fessor of History and Political Econ- 
 omy, Wesleyan University. 
 
 We now pass to the year 1914 and 
 present some of the declarations by 
 the governments of the Allies. 
 
 Declarations by the Allies, 1914. 
 
 Preliminary to doing so we present 
 the treaty of alliance which took the 
 place of the entente cordial. Five weeks 
 after the outbreak of the war the fol- 
 lowing formal treaty was signed by 
 the parties named herein : 
 
 "The British, French, and Russian 
 Governments mutually engage not to 
 conclude peace separately during the 
 present war. The three governments 
 agree that when terms of peace come to 
 l)e discussed no one of the Allies will 
 demand terms of peace loitUout the 
 previous agreement of each of the 
 other Allies.'' 
 
 Later the parties to this program in- 
 cluded at least three other govern- 
 ments: the Japanese, Serbian and Ital- 
 ian Governments. 
 
 Time after time the Prime Ministers 
 in Great Britain and France have pub- 
 licly declared their Government's aims 
 in the war. Mr. Asquith, in a speech at 
 the Guildhall, London, November 9, 
 1914, the first year of the war, stated 
 more explicitly than he had yet done 
 Great Britain's aims: 
 
 "We shall never sheathe the sword 
 which we have not lightly drawn until 
 Belgium recovers in full measure all, 
 and more than all, that she has sacri- 
 ficed, unt^l France is adequately se- 
 cured against the menace of aggression, 
 until the rights of the smaller nation- 
 alities of Euroi^e are placed upon an 
 unassailable foundation, and until the 
 military domination of Prussia is 
 
 WHOLLY AND FINALLY DESTROYED." 
 
 Here are four very important prop- 
 ositions. 
 
 At the assembling of the French 
 Parliament, December 22, 1914, M. 
 Viviani, the premier, in the miiusterial 
 declaration read to the Chamber of 
 Deputies, said : 
 
 "Since, in spite of their attachment 
 to peace, France and her Allies have 
 been obliged to endure war, they will 
 wage it to the end. Faithful to the 
 signature which she set to tlie Treaty 
 of September 4 last, in which she en- 
 gaged her honour — that is to say, her 
 life — France, in accord with her Allies, 
 will not lay down her arms until she 
 has avenged outraged right, regained 
 forever the provinces torn from her 
 by force, restored to heroic Belgium 
 the fullness of her material prosperity 
 and her political independence, and, 
 broken Prussian militarism, so that on 
 the basis of justice she may rebuild a 
 regenerated Europe." 
 
 It is clear that both the French and 
 the British Governments this early in 
 the war were agreed that Prussian 
 Militarim must he hroken, and the Brit- 
 ish asserted that it must be "wholly and 
 finally destroyed." 
 
 How best can the military domina- 
 tion of Prussiri be "wholly and finally 
 detroyed?" The British idea was stated 
 by the Prime Minister, Mr. Asquith. 
 in a speech September 25, 1914, three 
 weeks after the signing of the treaty 
 between the Allies. He said : 
 
 Maintenance of Public Right. 
 
 "I should like beyond this inquiry 
 into causes and motives, to ask your 
 attention and that of my fellow-coun- 
 trymen to the end which, in this war, 
 we ought to keep in view. Forty-four 
 years ago, at the time of the war of 
 
 42 
 
1870, Mr. Gladstone used these words, 
 lie said : 'The greatest triumph of our 
 time will he the enthronement of the 
 idea of puhlie right as the governing 
 idea of European polities.' Nearly fifty 
 years have passed. Little progress, it 
 seems, has as yet heen made towards 
 that good and heneficent change, but 
 it seems to be now at this moment as 
 good a definition as we can have of our 
 European policy — the idea of Public 
 Right. What does it mean when trans- 
 lated into concrete terms? It means 
 first and foremost, the clearing of the 
 ground by the definite repudiation of 
 Militarism as the governing factor in 
 the relation of states and of the fu- 
 ture moulding of the European world, 
 it means next that room must be 
 found and kept for the independent 
 existence and the free development of 
 the smaller nationalities, each with a 
 corporate consciousness of its own. 
 Belgium, Holland, Switzerland and the 
 Scandinavian countries, Greece and the 
 Balkan States — they must be recog- 
 nized as having exactly as good a title 
 as their powerful neighbors, more pow- 
 erful in strength and in wealth, 'to a 
 place in the sun.' And it means finally, 
 or it ought to mean, perhaps, by a 
 slow and gradual process, the substitu- 
 tion of force, for the class of competing 
 ambition, for groupings and alliances 
 and a precarious equipoise, for a real 
 European partnership based on the 
 recognition of the equal rights, and 
 established and enforced by a com- 
 MON WILL. [The Federation of 
 Europe.] A year ago that would have 
 sounded like a Utopian idea. It is 
 probably one that may not, or will 
 not be realized either to-day or to-mor- 
 row. But when this war is decided 
 in favor of the Allies it will at 
 
 ONCE come WITHIxN THE RANGE AND BE- 
 FORE LONG WITHIN THE GRASP OF EURO- 
 PEAN STATESMANSHIP." 
 
 This prophetic utterance was made 
 during the second month of the war. 
 Notice that the proposal is for Inter- 
 national Government — the existence of 
 "a common will" ; also on the demo- 
 cratic basis of Equal Rights. Later in 
 the war this idea was expanded into 
 a plan for the Commonwealth of Na- 
 tions — the Federation of the World. 
 
 Three days after the British Liberal 
 
 leader had declared the Government's 
 position, the Conservative Leader, Mr. 
 Bonar Law, endorsed the plan. He 
 used different words, saying: 
 
 "We have no desire to humiliate the 
 German people, but we are determined 
 that this war, with all the cruel suffer- 
 ing which it has entailed and will en- 
 tail, shall not be fought in vain. We 
 are determined that in our time and in 
 that of our children never again shall 
 
 THAT dread spectre, WHICH HAS 
 
 haunted us like a nightmare, have 
 
 POWER TO FRIGHTEN. We hClVB put OUV 
 
 hand to the ploio, and we ivill not 
 turn hack until toe have made sure that 
 the law not of Might hut of Right, that 
 the laiv not of Force hut of Humanity 
 and Justice, is the law which- must 
 
 GOVERN the world." 
 
 This statement is clear-cut and 
 definite, supporting the declaration by 
 the head of the party in power. 
 
 Fourteen months later a Conserva- 
 tive leader, Arthur Balfour, voiced the 
 opposite view — the Conservative pro- 
 gram — saying : 
 
 "Are the powerful always going to 
 trample on the weak? Is the fate of 
 the small nations always to be a mis- 
 erable fate? To me, and I believe to 
 all men of English speech, wherever 
 they live, to whatever nation they may 
 belong, it seems that the future of our 
 race — the international future of our 
 race — lies in, so far as possible, spread- 
 ing WIDE THE GRIP AND POWER OF INTER- 
 NATIONAL LAW, OF RAISING MORE AND 
 MORE THE DIGNITY OF TREATIES BETWEEN 
 STATES, MORE AND MORE STRIVING THAT 
 CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN STATES tllOSC 
 
 small causes of friction which arise 
 between different governments, as 
 they arise in any community be- 
 tween individuals — should be de- 
 cided, NOT by THE sword, BUT BY ARBI- 
 TRATION. That is the ideal which we 
 hold. That is the idea which we wish 
 to see grow in all parts of the world. 
 That is the ideal which, with every 
 contumely, every mark of contempt and 
 derision, the Germans trample under 
 foot both in theory and in practice." 
 
 Note carefully the words of limita- 
 tion : "so far as possible," implying the 
 reservation of non- justiciable issues 
 from arbitration. This means the con- 
 tinuance of the existing Sovereign 
 
 43 
 
states — an absence of International 
 Government. 
 
 Attitude of the United States, 1916. 
 
 Twenty months after Premier 
 Asquith announced to the world the 
 proposed Federation of Europe and the 
 end of militarism, an announcement 
 was made by President Wilson. He did 
 so at the closing banquet of the first 
 annual meeting of the League to En- 
 force Peace, and said : 
 
 "This great war in Europe which 
 broke out so suddenly upon the world 
 two years ago and has swept within its 
 flames so great a part of the civilized 
 world, has affected us very profoundly, 
 and we are not only at liberty, it is 
 
 PERHAPS OUR DUTY TO SPEAK VERY 
 FRANKLY OF IT AND OF THE GREAT IN- 
 TERESTS OF CIVILIZATION WHICH IT AF- 
 FECTS. . . . 
 
 "We are participants, whether we 
 would or not, in the life of the world. 
 The interests of all nations are our 
 own also. We are partners with the 
 rest. What affects mankind is in- 
 evitably OUR AFFAIR AS WELL AS THE 
 
 affair of the nations of europe and 
 Asia. . . . 
 
 "Repeated utterances by the leading 
 statesmen of most of the great nations 
 engaged in the war have made it plain 
 that their thought has come to this, 
 that the principle of Public Right must 
 henceforth take precedence over the in- 
 dividual interests of the particular na- 
 tions, AND THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD 
 MUST IN SOME WAY BAND THEMSELVES 
 TOGETHER TO SEE THAT THE RIGHT PRE- 
 VAILS AS AGAINST ANY SORT OF SELFISH 
 
 AGGRESSION — that hcuceforth alliance 
 must not be set up against alliance, un- 
 derstanding against understanding, but 
 that there must be a common agree- 
 ment for a common object, and that at 
 the heart of that common object must 
 
 lie THE INVIOLABLE RIGHTS OF PEOPLES 
 AND OF MANKIND. 
 
 "The nations of the world have be- 
 come each other's neighbors. It is to 
 their interest that they should under- 
 stand each other. In order that they 
 may understand each other, it is im- 
 perative that they should agree to co- 
 operate in a common cause, and that 
 they should so act that the guiding 
 principle of that common cause shall 
 he even-handed and impartial Justice. 
 
 "This is undoubtedly the thought of 
 America. This is what we ourselves 
 
 WILL SAY WHEN THERE COMES PROPER 
 
 OCCASION TO SAY IT. In the dealings of 
 nations with one another arbitrary 
 force must he rejected, and we must 
 move forward to the thought of the 
 modern world, the thought of which 
 peace is the very atmosphere. That 
 thought constitutes a chief part of the 
 passionate conviction of America. 
 
 "We believe these fundamental 
 things : 
 
 ''First, that every people has a right 
 to choose the sovereignty under which 
 they shall live [government by the con- 
 sent of the governed]. Like other na- 
 tions, we have ourselves no doubt once 
 and again offended against that princi- 
 ple when for a little while controlled by 
 selfish passion, as our franker histor- 
 ians have been honorable enough to 
 admit; but it has become more and 
 more our rule of life and action. 
 
 ''Second, that the small states of the 
 world have a right to enjoy the same 
 respect for their sovereignty and for 
 their territorial integrity that great 
 and powerful nations expect and insist 
 upon. And, 
 
 "Third, that the world has a right 
 to he free from every disturbance of its 
 peace that has its origin in aggression 
 and disregard of the rights of peoples 
 and nations. 
 
 "So sincerely do we believe in these 
 things that I am sure that I speak the 
 mind and wish of the people of Amer- 
 ica when I say that the United States 
 IS willing to become a partner in any 
 
 FEASIBLE association OF NATIONS 
 formed in order to realize THESE OB- 
 JECTS AND MAKE THEM SECURE AGAINST 
 VIOLATIONS. 
 
 "There is nothing that the United 
 States wants for itself that any other 
 nation has. We are willing, on the 
 contrary, to limit ourselves along with 
 them to a prescribed course of duty 
 and respect for the rights of others 
 ivhich will check any selfish passion 
 of our oivn, as it will check any aggres- 
 sive impulse of theirs." 
 
 This declaration is ideal. It pledges 
 to work for the ideal but does not name 
 the system,- as that would have forth- 
 with resulted in vehement controversy, 
 
 a 
 
for as yet nearly all of the statesmen 
 were unprepared for this next step. 
 
 An all-important fact is that the fore- 
 going declaration by the head of the 
 United States Government is squarely 
 in line with the policy pursued by him 
 towards the American Republics (pages 
 75-76, below). This brotherly atti- 
 tude towards the other American Re- 
 publics is a demonstration that the 
 United States Government is no longer 
 controlled by the selfish interests — 
 those who are inclined to engage in 
 conquest. Details are in a later 
 chapter. 
 
 President Wilson, shortly after he 
 had delivered the foregoing epoch-mak- 
 ing address, in a speech on Decoration 
 Day. said : 
 
 "I have stated that I believe that the 
 people of the United States are ready 
 to become partners in an alliance of 
 the nations that would guarantee pub- 
 lic right above selfish aggression. Some 
 of the public prints have reminded me, 
 as I needed to be reminded, of what 
 General Washington warned us against. 
 He warned us against entangling alli- 
 ances. 
 
 "I shall never myself consent to an 
 entangling alliance ; but would gladly 
 assent to a disentangling alliance, an 
 alliance which would disentangle the 
 peoples of the world from those com- 
 binations in which they seek their own 
 separate and private interests, and 
 
 UNITE TPIE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD TO 
 PRESERVE THE PEACE OF THE WORLD UPON 
 A BASIS OF COMMON RIGHT AND JUSTICE. 
 
 There is liberty there; not limitation. 
 There is freedom, not entanglement. 
 There is the achievement of the high- 
 est things for which the United States 
 has declared its principles." 
 
 One month later President Wilson as 
 the head of the party in power wrote 
 a preliminary draft of its platform and 
 the National Convention adopted the 
 following plank : 
 
 Democratic Party's Pledge. 
 
 "We hold that it is the duty of the 
 United States to use its power not only 
 to make itself safe at home, but also to 
 make secure its just interests through- 
 out the world, and both for this end 
 and in the interest of humanity to as- 
 
 sist the world in securing settled peace 
 and justice. 
 
 "We believe that every people has 
 the right to choose the sovereignty 
 under which it shall live [government 
 with the consent of the governed] ; that 
 the small states of the world have the 
 right to enjoy from other nations the 
 same respect lor their sovereignty and 
 for their territorial integrity that great 
 and powerful nations expect and insist 
 upon ; that the world has a right to 6e 
 free from every disturJ)ance of its peace 
 that has its origin in aggression or dis- 
 regard of the rights of peoples and na- 
 tions; and we believe that the time has 
 come when it is the duty of the United 
 States to join with the other nations of 
 the world in any feasible association 
 that ivill effectively serve these prin- 
 ciples and 'maintai7i inviolate the com- 
 plete security of the highivays of the 
 seas for the common unhindered use of 
 all nations.'' 
 
 This was the declaration of the party 
 in power in the United States in 1916, 
 This pledge by the majority party in 
 the United States Government marked 
 the beginning of a new age in the 
 vorld. It meant that the party in 
 
 POWER IN a LEADING NATION OF EARTH 
 
 pledged itself to go forward to 
 World Peace and Justice, along with 
 THE Allies, provided the voters at 
 
 THE POLLS should RE-ELECT ITS NOMI- 
 NEES. These nominees were mostly re- 
 elected and at the proper time will 
 undoubtedly carry out their pledge. 
 The imperative need, however, for end- 
 ing the competition in armament should 
 cause the vote to be non-partisan and 
 unanimous. 
 
 The ending of competition in arma- 
 ment was specifically declared for by 
 the Democratic Government of the 
 United States in its Naval Appropria- 
 tion Act of 1916, signed by the Presi- 
 dent on August 29, 1916.* This pro- 
 
 *This law of 1016, approved by the 
 President on August 29, declares: "It 
 is hereby declared to be the policy of 
 the United States to adjust, and settle 
 its international disputes through mc 
 diation or arbitration, to the end that 
 war may be honorably avoided. It 
 looks with apprehension and disfavor 
 
 45 
 
gram for world peace in connection 
 with military and naval preparedness 
 is termed Preparedness Plus. We have 
 compared it with the program of the 
 opposition party.* 
 
 upon a general increase of armament 
 throughout the world, hut it realizes 
 
 that NO SINGLE NATION CAN DISARM, and 
 
 that without a common agreement 
 upon the subject every considerable 
 
 POWER MUST maintain A RELATIVE 
 STANDING IN MILITARY STRENGTH. 
 
 "In view of the premises, the Presi- 
 dent is authorized and requested to in- 
 vite, at an appropriate time, not later 
 than the close of the war in Europe, 
 all the great Governments of the world 
 to send representatives to a confer- 
 ence which shall be charged with the 
 duty of formulating a plan for a court 
 
 OF ARBITRATION OR OTHER TRIBUNAL, tO 
 
 which disputed questions between na- 
 tions shall be referred for adjudication 
 
 and PEACEFUL settlement, AND TO CON- 
 SIDER THE QUESTION OF DISARMAMENT 
 
 and submit their recommendation to 
 their respective Governments for ap- 
 proval. The President is hereby au- 
 thorized to appoint nine citizens of the 
 United States, who, in his judgment, 
 shall be qualified for the mission by 
 eminence in the law and by devotion 
 to the caue of peace, to be represen- 
 tatives of the United States in such a 
 conference. * * * Two hundred 
 thousand dollars, or so much thereof 
 as may be necessary, is hereby appro- 
 priated and set aside and placed at the 
 disposal of the President to carry into 
 effect the provisions of this paragraph. 
 
 "If at any time before the construc- 
 tion authorized by this Act shall have 
 been contracted for there shall have 
 been established, with the co-operation 
 of the United States of America, an 
 international tribunal or tribunals com- 
 petent to secure peaceful determina- 
 tions of ALL international disputes, and 
 
 WHICH SHALL RENDER UNNECESSARY THE 
 MAINTENANCE OF COMPETITIVE ARMA- 
 MENTS, then and in that case such 
 naval expenditures as may be incon- 
 sistent with the engagements made in 
 the establishment of such tribunal or 
 tribunals may be suspended, when so 
 ordered by the President of the United 
 States." 
 
 Further Statements by the British 
 Liberal Government, 1916 
 
 After Pfesident Wilson had made 
 his declaration and the party in power 
 in this country had in substance de- 
 clared for World Federation, in Eng- 
 land another statement was made by 
 Premier Asquith squarely committing 
 the British Liberal Government to the 
 same program. This was at the begin- 
 ning of the third year of the war, 
 August 1, 1916. He said: 
 
 "Early in the war I quoted a sen- 
 tence which Mr. Gladstone used in 
 1870. 'The greatest triumph of our 
 time,' he said, 'will be the enthrone- 
 ment of the idea of public right as the 
 governing idea of European policies.' 
 Mr. Gladstone worked all his life for 
 that noble purpose, but he did not live 
 to see its attainment. By the victory 
 of the Allies the enthronement of puh- 
 lic right here in Europe will pass from 
 the domain of ideals and of aspiration 
 
 INTO THAT OF CONCRETE REALITIES. 
 
 " 'What does public right mean?' he 
 continued. 'I will tell you what I un- 
 derstand it to mean — an equal level of 
 opportunity and of independence as be- 
 tween small States and great States; 
 as between weak and strong safe- 
 guards, resting upon the common loill 
 of Europe — and / hope NOT OF EU- 
 ROPE ALONE — against aggression; 
 against international covetness and 
 BAD faith; against the wanton re- 
 course IN CASE of dispute TO THE USE 
 OF force AND THE DISTURBANCE OF THE 
 PEACE ; AND, FINALLY, AS A RESULT OF IT 
 
 ALL, A GREAT PARTNERSHIP OF 
 NATIONS, FEDERATED TOGETHER 
 
 IN THE JOINT PURSUIT OF A FREER AND 
 FULLER LIFE FOR THE COUNTLESS MIL- 
 LIONS WHO BY THEIR EFFORTS AND THEIR 
 SACRIFICES, GENERATION AFTER GENERA- 
 TION, MAINTAIN PROGRESS AND ENRICH 
 THE INHERITANCE OF HUMANITY.' " 
 
 On October 23, 1916, the British Sec- 
 retary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
 Lord Grey, in an address to the repre- 
 sentatives of the foreign press in Lon- 
 don, said: 
 
 "What is the spirit in which the war 
 
 *The publication is a 64-page pam- 
 phlet. It was issued during the 1916 
 national campaign in the United States. 
 Price 10 cents. 
 
 46 
 
is being curried on by the Allies and 
 ourselves to-day? I take it from the 
 words of the Prime JNlinister the other 
 day : 'We shall fight until we have es- 
 tablished the supremacy of Right over 
 Force, Free Development under Equal 
 Conditions, each in accordance with its 
 own genius of all states, great and 
 small, ^vhich huild up the family of 
 civilized mankind.' " 
 
 This describes International Govern- 
 ment, as also does the pledge for the 
 Federation of the World. 
 
 Change in British Cabinet, December, 
 1916. 
 
 Democracies experience great diffi- 
 culty in a hard-fought war until they 
 learn that the exercise of the war- 
 power requires a two-fold division of 
 activities by the people's representa- 
 tives : the legislative department of the 
 government should shape the broad 
 policies, while a small executive body 
 or a single great leader should apply 
 the agreed-upon policies. In Great 
 Britain and France during this war the 
 executive body was too large for more 
 than two years, resulting disastrously 
 at times. Then David Lloyd George, 
 one of the successful executives, insist- 
 ed that Britain's day-by-day war policy 
 should be shaped by a committee of 
 five, of whom two should not he charged 
 ivith other duties. George further in- 
 sisted that the then premier, the Rt. 
 Hon. Herbert H. Asquith, should not 
 be a member of that War Committee. 
 The premier resigned and then with- 
 out holding an election of the members 
 of the Commons, due to the war, the 
 King invited the opposition leader, lit. 
 Hon. Bonar Law, to form a cabinet 
 He declined and the King invited 
 Lloyd George, the Liberal, to form a 
 government. He accepted and succeed- 
 ed in forming a ministry which to the 
 present writing has received the sup- 
 port of a majority in the Commons. 
 The War Committee consists of the 
 premier, one member of the Labor 
 Party and three members of the Union- 
 ist party — the conservatives. But the 
 war problems are handled principally 
 
 by the premier and the labor member, 
 they being the two who are not heads 
 of other departments. The Cabinet 
 consists of thirty-three members, a ma- 
 ^jority of whom are Unionists. 
 
 For twelve months this Coalition 
 Ministry has conducted the war and 
 with remarkable efficiency. In France, 
 too, a change to a small War Commit- 
 tee was established December, 1916, 
 along with the issuance of decrees 
 where quick action is needed. In Italj' 
 early in the war a Coalition Govern- 
 ment was formed; and on June 19, 
 1916, a reorganization placed the Con- 
 servative leader as Premier, along with 
 four of his party associates, and rep- 
 resentatives of each of the other par- 
 ties. 
 
 Under this regime of Coalition Gov- 
 ernments, which has continued for 
 thirteen months, they have professed 
 to stand for the splendid program for 
 World Liberation announced by the 
 United States (pages 6-8, above), hut 
 they have failed to prom,ise liheration 
 to their oivn captive nations, and they 
 have failed to renounce their treaties 
 amongst themselves for conquest in the 
 Central Empires (page 62, below). This 
 reactionary conduct by these Coalition 
 Governments has produced wide-spread 
 disaster for their people (page 65, be- 
 low). 
 
 feliortly after these Coalition Gov- 
 ernments came into power, they, on 
 January 10, 1917, in a joint note to 
 the United States, answered President 
 Wilson's inquiry as to their war aims, 
 accepting the program of the preceding 
 British Liberal Government for "a 
 League of Nations which shall as- 
 sure PEACE AND JUSTICE THROUGHOUT 
 
 THE WORLD." Details of the statement 
 by the Coalition Governments are at 
 page 4, above. 
 
 Twelve days after these governments 
 had answered President Wilson, he is- 
 sued a reply, which applies also to the 
 Central Powers. In a message to the 
 United States Senate, in person, he 
 said : 
 
 47 
 
President Wilson's Message to the 
 Senate, January 22, 1917. 
 
 (See pages 5-6, above.) Also Presi- 
 dent Wilson said: 
 
 "It will be absolutely necessary that, 
 a force be created as a guarantor of 
 the permanency of the settlement so 
 much greater than the force of any na- 
 tion now engaged or any alliance hith- 
 erto formed or projected than no na- 
 tion, no probable combination of na- 
 tions could face or withstand it. If the 
 peace presently to be made is to en- 
 dure, it must be a peace made secure 
 hy the organized major force of man- 
 kind. 
 
 "The terms of the immediate peace 
 agreed upon will determine whether it 
 is a peace for which such a guarantee 
 can be secured. The question upon 
 which the whole future peace and pol- 
 icy of the world depends is this : Is the 
 present war a struggle for a just and 
 secure peace, or only for a new balance 
 of power? It it be only a struggle for 
 a new balance of power, who will guar- 
 antee, who can guarantee, the stable 
 equilibrium of the new arrangement? 
 Only a tranquil Europe can be a stable 
 Europe. There must be, not a bal- 
 ance OF power, but a community of 
 power; not organized rivalries, but 
 
 AN organized common PEACE. 
 ***** 
 
 "The equality of nations upon which 
 peace must be founded if it is to last 
 must be an equality of rights ; the 
 guarantees exchanged must neither 
 recognize nor imply a ditference be- 
 tween big nations and small, between 
 those that are powerful and those that 
 are weak. Right must be based upon 
 the common strength, not upon indi- 
 vidual strength, of the nations upon 
 whose concert peace will depend. 
 Equality of territory or of resources 
 there of course cannot be ; nor any 
 other sort of equality not gained in 
 the ordinary peaceful and legitimate 
 development of the peoples themselves. 
 But no one asks or expects anything 
 more than an equality of rights. Man- 
 kind is looking now for freedom of 
 life, not for equipoise of power. 
 
 *'And there is a deeper thing in- 
 volved than even equality of right 
 among organized nations. No peace 
 
 CAN last, or ought TO LAST, WHICH 
 does not RECOGNIZE AND ACCEPT THE 
 PRINCIPLE THAT GOVERNMENTS DERIVE ATT. 
 
 THEIR JUST POWERS FROM THE CONSENT 
 OF THE GOVERNED, AND THAT NO RIGHT 
 ANYWHERE EXISTS TO HAND PEOPLES 
 ABOUT FROJI SOVEREIGNTY TO SOVEREIGNTY 
 AS IF THEY WERE PROPERTY.* I take It 
 
 for granted, for instance, if I may ven- 
 ture upon a single example, that states- 
 men everywhere are agreed that there 
 should be a united, independent, and 
 autonomous Poland, and that hence- 
 forth invioladle security of life, of wor- 
 ship, and of industrial and social de- 
 velopment should de guaranteed to all 
 
 PEOPLES WHO HAVE LIVED HITHERTO 
 UNDER THE POWER OF GOVERNMENTS DE- 
 VOTED TO A FAITH AND PURPOSE HOSTILE 
 TO THEIR OWN. 
 
 "I speak of this, not because of any 
 desire to exalt an abstract political 
 principle which has always been held 
 very dear by those who have sought to 
 build up liberty in America, but for 
 the same reason that I have spoken of 
 the other conditions of peace which 
 seem to me clearly indispensable — be- 
 cause I wish frankly to uncover reali- 
 ties. Any peace tvhich does not recog- 
 nize and accept this principle will in- 
 evitably he upset. It will not rest upon 
 the affections or the convictions of 
 mankind. The ferment of spirit of 
 whole populations will fight subtly and 
 constantly against it. and all the world 
 will sympathize. The world can be at 
 peace only if its life is stable, and there 
 can be no stability where the will is in 
 rebellion, where there is not tranquil- 
 lity of spirit and a sense of justice, of 
 freedom, and of right. 
 
 "So far as practicable, moreover, 
 every great people noiv struggling to- 
 wards a full development of its re- 
 sources and of its powers should be 
 
 ASSURED A DIRECT OUTI-ET TO THE GREAT 
 
 HIGHWAYS OF THE SEA. Where this can- 
 not be done by the cession of territory, 
 it can no doubt be done by the neutral- 
 ization of direct rights of way under 
 a general guarantee which will assure 
 the peace itself. With a right comity 
 of arrangement no nation need be shut 
 
 *This should apply, doubtless, to all 
 of the captive nationalities except that 
 Alsace and Lorraine have been delib- 
 erately denuded of French and Alsa- 
 tians. The Italians. Roumanians and 
 other nationalities should decide for 
 themselves their own destiny. Possibly 
 they may each desire independence. 
 
 48 
 
away from free access to the open 
 paths of the world's commerce. 
 
 "And the paths of the sea must 
 alike in law and in fact be free. 
 The freedom of the seas is the sine qua 
 non of peaec. equality, and co-operation. 
 No doubt a somewhat radical recon- 
 sideration of many of the rules of in 
 ternational practice hitherto thought to 
 be established may be necessary in or- 
 der to make the seas indeed free and 
 common in practically all circumstances 
 for the use of mankind, but the motive 
 for such changes is convincing and com- 
 pelling. There can be no trust or in- 
 timacy between the peoples of the 
 world without them. The free, con- 
 stant, untlireatened intercourse of na- 
 tions is an essential part of the proc- 
 ess of peace and of development. It 
 need not be difficult either to define or 
 to secure the freedom of the seas if 
 the governments of the world sincerely 
 desire to come to an agreement con- 
 cerning it. 
 
 "It is a problem closely connected 
 
 iVith THE LIMITATION OF NAVAL ARMA- 
 MENTS AND THE CO-OPERATION OF THE 
 NAVIES OF THE WORLD IN KEEPING THE 
 SEAS AT ONCE FREE AND SAFE. And the 
 
 question of limiting naval armaments 
 opens the wider and perhaps more dif- 
 ficult question of the limitation of 
 
 ARMIES AND OF ALL PROGRAMMES OF 
 
 military PREPARATION. Difficult and 
 delicate as these questions are, they 
 must be faced with the utmost can- 
 dour and decided in a spirit of real 
 accommodation if peace is to come witli 
 healing in its wings, and come to stay. 
 Peace cannot be had without conces- 
 sion and sacrifice. There can he no 
 sense of safety and equality among the 
 nations if great preponderating arma- 
 ments are henceforth to continue here 
 and thej'c to he huilt up and main- 
 tained. The statesmen of the world 
 must plan for peace and nations must 
 adjust and accommodate their policy to 
 it as they have planned for war and 
 made ready for pitiless contest and ri- 
 valry. The question of armaments, 
 whether on land or sea, is the most 
 
 IMMEDIATELY AND INTENSELY PRACTICAL 
 QUESTION CONNECTED WITH THE FUTURE 
 FORTUNES OF NATIONS AND OF MANKIND. 
 
 "I have spoken upon these great mat- 
 ters without reserve and with the ut- 
 most explicitness because it has seemed 
 to me to be necessary if the world's 
 
 yearning desire for peace was any- 
 where to find free voice and utterance. 
 Perhaps I am the only person in high 
 authority amongst all the peoples 0/ 
 the world who is at liherty to speak 
 and hold nothing hack. I am speaking 
 as an individual, and yet I am speak 
 ing. also, of course, as the responsible 
 head of a great government, and I 
 feel confident that I have said what 
 the people of the United States would 
 wish me to say. May I not add that 
 I hope and believe that I am in effect 
 
 SPEAKING FOR LIBERALS AND FRIENDS OF 
 HUMANITY IN EVERY NATION AND OF 
 EVERY PROGRAMME OF LIBERTY? I WOUld 
 
 fain believe that I am speaking for 
 the silent mass of mankind everywhere 
 who have as yet had no place or op- 
 portunity to speak their real hearts 
 out concerning the death and ruin they 
 see to have come already upon the per- 
 sons and the homes they hold most 
 dear. 
 
 "And in holding out the expectation 
 that the people and Government of the 
 United States will join the other civi- 
 lized nations of the world in guaran- 
 teeing the permanence of peace upon 
 such terms as I have named I speak 
 with the greater boldness and confi- 
 dence because it is clear to every man 
 who can think that there is in this 
 promise no breach in either our tradi- 
 tions or our policy as a nation, but a 
 fulfillment, rather, of all that we have 
 professed or striven for : 
 
 "I am proposing, as it were, that 
 the nations should with one accord 
 adopt the doctrine of President Mon- 
 roe as the doctrine of the world : that 
 
 NO NATION SHOULD SEEK TO EXTEND ITS 
 POLITY OVER ANY OTHER NATION OR PEO- 
 PLE, hut that every people should he 
 left free to determine its own polity, 
 its own way of development, unhin- 
 dered, unthreatened, unafraid, the lit- 
 tle along ivith the great and poiverful. 
 "I am proposing that all nations 
 henceforth avoid entangling alliances 
 which would draw them into competi- 
 tions of power, catch them in a net of 
 intrigue and selfish rivalry, and disturb 
 their own affairs with influences in- 
 truded from without. There is no en- 
 tangling ALLIANCE IN A CONCERT OF 
 
 POWER. When all unite to act in the 
 same sense and with the same pub- 
 pose ALL act in the COMMON INTEREST 
 AND ARE FREE TO LIVE THEIR OWN LIVES 
 UNDER A COMMON PROTECTION. 
 
 49 
 
"I am proposing government by the 
 
 CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED ; that FREE- 
 DOM OF THE SEAS wliicli ill international 
 conference after conference representa- 
 tives of the United States have urged 
 with the eloquence of tiiose who are 
 the convinced disciples of liberty ; and 
 
 that MODERATION OF ARMAMENTS Which 
 
 makes of armies and navies a power 
 for order merely, not an instrument of 
 aggression or of selfish violence. 
 
 "These are American principles, 
 American policies. We could stand for 
 no others. And they are also the prin- 
 ciples and policies of forward looking 
 men and women everywhere, of every 
 modern nation, of every enlightened 
 community. They are the principles 
 of mankind and must prevail." 
 
 These proposals by the President may 
 be summarized as follows : 
 
 Summary of the President's Pro- 
 posals — Comnients. 
 
 That the terms of peace between 
 the two ruling powers in the world, 
 the warring Alliances, should provide 
 for their being merged into one ruling 
 power — a "Concert of Poiver," — on the 
 democratic hasis of free peoples and 
 "equality of riglits,'' with home rule in 
 all things tvithin each of the several 
 stations, so that every people shall "be 
 left free to determine its oivn polity, 
 its own ivay of developnient, unhin- 
 dered, unthreatened, unafraid, the lit- 
 tle along with the great and the poio- 
 erfuV 
 
 In other words, freedom for the ex- 
 isting captive nations, along with "gov- 
 ernment with the consent of the gov- 
 erned" for all of the other peoples, and 
 the Federation of the World, with an 
 International Government — the estab- 
 lishment of civil liberty in internation- 
 al relations. Such is the proposal for 
 World Liberation ! 
 
 To the same effect are the following 
 statements by President Wilson in his 
 later War Meessage, April 2, 117 : 
 
 "A steadfast concert for peace can 
 never be maintained except by a part- 
 nership of democratic nations. No au- 
 tocratic government could be trusted 
 to keep within it or observe its coven- 
 ants. . . . Only free people can 
 hold their purpose and their honor 
 
 steady to a common end and prefer 
 the interests of mankind to any nar- 
 row interest of ther own. . . . The 
 world must be made safe for democ- 
 racy. Its*peace must he planted upon 
 
 THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF LIBERTY. 
 
 "But the right is more precious than 
 peace, and we shall fight for the things 
 which we have always carried nearest 
 our hearts — for democracy, for the 
 right of those who submit to authority 
 to have a voice in their own govern- 
 ments, for the rights and liberties of 
 small nations, for a universal dominion 
 of right J}y such a concert of free peo- 
 ples as shall bring peace and safety to 
 all nations and make the world itself 
 AT last free. [The establishment of 
 International Government controlled by 
 Democracies.]" 
 
 Still later. President Wilson in a let- 
 ter to the people of the United States, 
 said: 
 
 "True Americans, those who toil for 
 home and the hope of better things, 
 whose lifted eyes have caught the 
 vision of a Liberated World, have said 
 that of the policy of 'blood and iron' 
 there shall be an end and that Equal 
 Justice, which is the heart of democ- 
 racy, shall rule in its stead !" 
 
 This program is such that the nations 
 of the world will have no farther need 
 for armament — there will exist free 
 peoples everywhere, all co-operating 
 through human government in interna- 
 tional affairs, whereby permanent peace 
 and justice are to exist. Armaments 
 will gradually be discarded. This fea- 
 ture is as yet but little understood. A 
 present-day illustration of the need- 
 lessness of armaments where there is 
 civil liberty is our 48 States of the 
 United States, also the British Com- 
 monwealth of Nations (page 57, be- 
 low), and see our proposed constitu- 
 tion (page 34, above). 
 
 This United States' program for 
 World Liberation, including Free Peo- 
 ples, has been expressly adopted by 
 Great Britain and France (pages 7-8, 
 above), and expressly adopted, pos- 
 sibly, by each of the other Allies. They 
 all are pledged to it in their joint note 
 of January 10, 1916, (page 4, column 1. 
 above ) . 
 
 This is inspiring! 
 
 50 
 
Existing Disheartening and Chaotic 
 
 Conditions to Be Followed by 
 
 World Liberation. 
 
 But there also are disheartening and 
 chaotic conditions ; for example, the se- 
 vere defeats for the Allies— the with- 
 drawal of Giant Russia from the war, 
 the surrender by a section of the Italian 
 army in October and the ensuing disas- 
 ter in Italy, together with the massing 
 of troops by the enemy upon the west- 
 ern front and the opening of a gigantic 
 effort to break through before the 
 United States can get many troops into 
 the fight. 
 
 While this is true it should simply 
 serve to cause us to scan more closely 
 our plan of campaign, striving to lay 
 the lines so as to square with the 
 World Lil)cratio7i -program. Unques- 
 
 lONABLY THERE IS A DiVINE PLAN AND 
 
 IT IS NOT TO BE THWARTED. We cau de- 
 lay the ending of the war, Ijut ice can- 
 not defeat the achievement of World 
 JAheration in this war! 
 
 To help us to realize more fully what 
 is taking place and what the outcom«; 
 must be, we describe something of the 
 stupendous changes through which we 
 are rapidly passing. 
 
 Division II. 
 
 THE END OF AN AGE— THIS WORLD WAR A SPEEDING-UP 
 PROCESS FOR THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The development of the various races 
 and sub-races of mankind is an intri- 
 cate process, necessarily, illustrating 
 the marvelous wisdom of our Creator. 
 During the past eighteen years the time 
 has been reached when as a result of 
 the increasing knowledge of mankind, 
 due to a multiplicity of improvements, 
 such as the printing press, the public 
 school, the right of free speech, free 
 press and freedom of conscience, the 
 advanced portions of humanity — the 
 self-governing stock — have come into 
 power — the political slaves of yesterday 
 are the masters of to-day and this 
 World War is evidently a speeding-up 
 
 PROCESS, enabling THEM TO GET A 
 firmer HOLD OF THE GOVERNMENTS, AND 
 TO ACCOMPLISH OTHER RESULTS WHICH 
 IN ORDINARY TIMES MIGHT HAVE BEEN 
 SPREAD OUT THROUGH A CENTURY, OR 
 MIGHT HAVE ALTOGETHER FAILED FOR A 
 
 TIME. In the words of Premier Lloyd 
 George in a speech at the celebration 
 in London of the entrance of the United 
 States into the war : 
 
 "I am the last man in the. world to 
 say that the succor which is given us 
 from America is not in itself something 
 to rejoice at and to rejoice at greatly. 
 But 1 also say that I can see more in 
 the knowledge that America is going 
 
 to win a right to be at the conference 
 table when the terms of peace are 
 discussed. That conference will settle 
 the destiny of nations and the course 
 of human life for God knows how many 
 ages! It would have been a tragedy, 
 X tragedy for mankind, if America 
 
 WERE not to be THERE, AND THERE WITH 
 ALL HER INFLUENCE AND HER POWER. 
 
 "I can see peace, not a peace to be 
 a beginning of war, not a peace which 
 will be an endless preparation for strife 
 and bloodshed, but a real peace. 
 
 "This world is an old world. You 
 in America have never had the rocking 
 war that has rolled like an ocean over 
 Europe. Europe has always lived under 
 the menace of the sword. When this 
 war began, two-thirds of Europe was 
 under autocratic rule. Now it is the 
 other way about, and democracy means 
 peace. The democracy of France hesi- 
 tatefl, the democracy of Italy hesitated 
 long before it entered, the democracy of 
 this country sprang back with a shud- 
 der and would never have entered that 
 cauldron had it not been for the inva- 
 sion of Belgium, and if Prussia had 
 heen a democracy there would have 
 been no ivar. 
 
 "Many strajige things have happened 
 in this war — aye, and stranger things 
 will come and they are coming rapidly. 
 There are times in history when this 
 world spins so leisurely along its des- 
 
 51 
 
tilled course that it seems for centuries 
 to be at a standstill. There are awful 
 
 TIMES, WHEN IT RUSHES ALONG AT 
 GIDDY PACE, COVERING THE TRACK OF 
 CENTURIES IN A YEAR. THOSE ARE THE 
 TIMES WE ARE LIVING IN NOW. 
 
 "Six weeks ago Russia was an au- 
 tocracy. She is now one of the most 
 advanced democracies in the world. 
 To-day we are waging one of the most 
 devastating wars that the world has 
 ever seen. To-morrow, to-morroiv, not 
 perhaps a distant to-morrow, war may 
 1)6 aholishecl forever from the category 
 of human crimes. This war may be 
 something like that fierce outburst of 
 winter which we are now witnessing be- 
 fore we experience the joys of summer. 
 
 "It is written of those gallant men 
 who won the victory on Monday — the 
 men from Canada, from Australia, and 
 from this country — it is written of 
 those gallant men that they attacked at 
 (lawn. Fitting work for the dawn — 
 to drive out of forty miles of French 
 soil those miscreants who^ had defiled 
 her freedom. They attacked with the 
 dawn ! It is a significant phrase. 
 
 "In this war there is coming the 
 breaking up of the despotism of Tur- 
 key, which for centuries has acted as 
 a cloud upon the sunniest of lands, 
 it has freed all Russia — freed her from 
 an oppression which has covered her 
 
 as a shroud for so long, and there is 
 the great declaration by President Wil 
 
 son! 
 
 "These and other great" nations rep- 
 resented in 'this struggle for freedom 
 are the Heralds of the Dawn. And the 
 armies of those nations are marching 
 forward in the full radiance of that 
 dawn ! And soon the Frenchmen, the 
 Americans, the British and Russians, 
 aye, Serbians and Belgians, Montene- 
 grins, and Rumanians, will emerge into 
 the full light of the perfect day !" 
 
 That certainly is the tendency, and 
 the Creator knows how to accomplish 
 the desired ends! When the hour for 
 7nan's ^liberation strikes the gates of 
 progress swing open! This World War 
 is a mighty speeding-up process, en- 
 abling the recently freed slaves of the 
 ruling few to achieve advances utterly 
 impossible in ordinary times. When 
 the proper time comes for ending the 
 War it ivill come ahout, and not T)e- 
 fore. The way the end will come, 
 
 DOUBTLESS, WILL BE THROUGH THE DIS- 
 SEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE AS TO THE 
 PRACTICABILITY OF THE FEDERATION OF 
 
 THE World. Let us each do our ut- 
 most to spread the news ! 
 
 What are to be the chief features o* 
 the forthcoming New Age? 
 
 Division III. 
 THE FORTHCOMING NEW AGE. 
 
 Judging from the trend of civiliza- 
 tion there is to exist the rule of the 
 People — Democracy. Development in 
 this direction is surely to continue. The 
 evident aim of the Creator is the all- 
 around development of mankind. That 
 is Nature's plan. 
 
 But at present something like one- 
 half of the world's population are not 
 as yet developed to the stage where 
 they are self-governing — they are either 
 held as captive nations or are ruled 6?/ 
 men of their oicn nationality. And 
 even should they be freed by the ex- 
 isting democracies some of these by 
 themselves would not be able to estab- 
 lish and maintain a democracy. There- 
 
 fore in the existing World War the aim 
 of the democracies must be — 
 
 (1) To free all of the subject peo- 
 ples — which does not mean an inter- 
 ference in any Constitutional Mon- 
 archy ; and 
 
 (2) To provide protection for the 
 politically backivard nations, under the 
 authority of the International Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Nothing less can be accepted. Every 
 instinct of manhood and womanhood is 
 for the ending of political slavery — 
 the ending of political parasitism, the 
 rule of the few. Just as chattel slav- 
 ery has passed, so will political slavery 
 — the taking of the products of labor 
 
 52 
 
by the sleight-of-hand process known 
 as the Rule of the Few — Autocracy. 
 Only during the past eighteen years 
 has the real rule of the People begun 
 except si)oradically (page 13, above) ; 
 and as yet the industrial system 
 is almost wholly of the old regime 
 — private monopolies exist on every 
 hand. But this hard-fought war is en- 
 abling the masses of men to assert 
 themselves, forcing the powerful few 
 to submit to much needed regulation. 
 Also the ideal of a real democracy as 
 against an autocracy is unitedly being 
 proclaimed, carryinf) public sentiment 
 farther for human liherty than it other- 
 ivise ivoulcl have advanced in a century. 
 Also the men and women are being put 
 in training for the furtherance of Pub- 
 lic Welfare, so that ivhen peace shall 
 return and the holders of unjust legal 
 privileges shall object to just laws they 
 will encounter the iron will of a really 
 New Civilization — the New Age. Al- 
 most as by magic the dominant senti- 
 ment has changed from that which sup- 
 ported Private Monopolies and the re- 
 sulting robbery of the public, to in- 
 sistence that Just Relations shall exist. 
 
 Thus there exists a really New Age 
 
 — the ideal has become dominant, call- 
 ing for needed legislation to straighten 
 out the industrial system. 
 
 To-day with the World War still 6e- 
 ing tvaged the needed next step is that 
 these things shall de seen, clearly seen, 
 in order that the Allied Powers m,ay 
 properly shape their War Aims. The 
 
 MORE QUICKLY THE SITUATION CAN BE 
 SEEN BY THE ALLIED STATESMEN THE 
 MORE QUICKLY WILL COME THE ENDING 
 
 OF THE War. The God who has 
 
 BROUGHT CIVILIZATION TO ITS PRESENT 
 HEIGHT CAN CERTAINLY BRING ABOUT THE 
 
 NEEDED World Liberation ! A loving 
 AND A JUST Creator has developed the 
 
 CONDITIONS to THE POINT WHERE THE 
 RULE OF THE FeW IS NO LONGER TO BE 
 PERMITTED — THIS IS THE VERY FIRST OP- 
 PORTUNITY FOR CO-ORDINATING THE DE- 
 MOCRACIES SO AS TO RESCUE THE REST OF 
 MANKIND, AND THE MOVEMENT IS GOING 
 TO WIN ! 
 
 In support of this view is the fact 
 that the United States is enthusiastic- 
 ally fighting for it, as also is Great 
 Britain, France and most of the other 
 allies — possibly all of them. Following 
 are some of the steps in planning the 
 details of this war aim : 
 
 Division IV. 
 
 FARTHER DETAILS. 
 
 Part I, 
 
 THE STEPS IN PLANNING DETAILS OF THE WAR AIMS. 
 
 The starting point in planning the 
 details of the war aims is to decide as 
 to the character of 
 
 The Forthcoming World Organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 Owing to the dominance of Democra- 
 cies the system is to be a Federation, 
 so as to retain the largest possible de- 
 gree of National Liberty. 
 
 And there will be required an Inter- 
 national Constitution so as to set forth 
 
 in succinct form the terms of the fed- 
 eration. 
 
 This constitution will be the funda- 
 mental Law, which will include pro- 
 visions for the formation of three co- 
 ordinated Departments of Internation- 
 al Government, thereby arranging for 
 the establishment of International Civil 
 Liberty. Thus will he ended the long 
 night of international anarchy and 
 armed force — mankind is about to enter 
 into the New Time, asked for as fol- 
 
 53 
 
lows in the Browning Settlement, Lon- 
 don, early in this World War: 
 
 God make the World one State! 
 All nations, small and great, 
 
 One civic whole ! 
 Self -ruled each people be! 
 All peoples linked and free ! 
 Glorious in unity 
 
 From pole to pole! 
 
 One World, one destiny : 
 One race, one family : 
 
 One God above! 
 All States unheld in one. 
 All laws excelled by One, — 
 
 One Life, One Love. 
 
 This unity of power in God is ahout 
 to result in a unity of power upon 
 earth through the dominance of Self- 
 Governing Peoples. In other words, 
 the two warring Alliances, one of which 
 is the United Democracies and their 
 progressive allies, is ahout to merge 
 into one ruling power for the whole 
 wide world — Wokld Federation. That 
 is to be the outcome of this World War. 
 The world is where this federation is 
 to be established, as we have pointed 
 out at pages 38-40, above. Only by 
 squarely facing the full meaning of it 
 can the details of the proper terms of 
 peace be framed. 
 
 We now come to the second element 
 of the details in tlie plans for the 
 proper war aims of the Allies : 
 
 Free Peoples. 
 
 1. The freeing of the Captive Na- 
 tions. 
 
 This can readily be agreed to after 
 the warring Alliances shall have agreed 
 to the establishment of World Federa- 
 tion — thai is, shall have agreed to end 
 the competition in armament by sub- 
 stituting Civil Liberty. Then no 
 longer will the safety of Prussia, Ger- 
 many, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and 
 Turkey depend upon holding their 41 
 millions of captives ; whereas until 
 civil liberty is assured they must in 
 self-defense fight on rather than suc- 
 cumb as Captive Nations. What is 
 
 ahout to occur is that all of the Great 
 States are to lose their power to pillage 
 hy becoming merged into a United 
 Democracy — World Federation. 
 
 In the words of Edwin Markham.in 
 his Twentieth Century poem, written in 
 1900: 
 
 Hark ye, the bugles blowing on the 
 
 peaks ; 
 x\nd hark, a murmur as of many feet, 
 The cry of captains, the divine alarm! 
 Look, the Last Son of Time comes 
 
 hurrying on, 
 The strong young Titan of Democracy ! 
 With swinging step he takes the open 
 
 road, 
 In love with the winds that beat his 
 
 hairy breast. 
 
 Baring his sunburnt strength to all the 
 
 world, 
 He casts his eye around with Jovian 
 
 glance — 
 Searches the tracks of old Tradition; 
 
 scans 
 With rebel heart the Books of Pedigree; 
 Peers into the face of Privilege and 
 
 cries, 
 Why are you halting in the path of 
 
 man? 
 Is it your shoulder bears the human 
 
 load? 
 Do you draw down the rains of the 
 
 sweet heaven. 
 And keep the green things growing? 
 
 . . . Back to Hell! 
 
 We know at last the Future is secure: 
 God is descending from Eternity. 
 
 In other words, civil liberty between 
 nations is about to be established, 
 thereby supplanting international anar- 
 chy and armed force upon our globe. 
 This step cannot he taken, however, 
 until manlcind has developed to the 
 stage where self-governing peoples and 
 their progressive allies shall dominate 
 THE WORLD. The change is coming in 
 the thunderstorm of war — hard-fought 
 war, so as to speed up the newly estab- 
 lished Democracies. At the same time 
 
 54 
 
other and far-rc.aehing events arc tak- 
 ing place. 
 
 When civil liberty between nations 
 shall be established there will exist in 
 Middle Europe and Asia Minor the fiv(^ 
 following nationalities, each of which 
 will be desirous of living its own life : 
 Five Notio)iaUties to Be Freed. 
 
 Prussians about 87.000,000 
 
 Germans : 
 
 In Germany about 14.000.000 
 
 In Austria about 9.000.000 
 
 In Hungary about 2,000.000 
 
 25.000,000 
 Hungarians in H u n g a r y 
 
 about 10.000.000 
 
 Bulgarians about 2.000,000 
 
 Turks : 
 
 In Bulgaria about ? 
 
 In Turkey about 7,000,000 
 
 These are five distinct nationalities 
 and, therefore, when Federal Govern- 
 ment is established in a World State 
 they will each become free to live 
 their own lives — live under their own 
 system of National Government. But 
 this cannot be as long as competition 
 iri armament continues. Under such an 
 awful condition Prussia will doubtless 
 continue her hegemony (leadership) as 
 that will he the only way that Reac- 
 tionism can hope to continue to suc- 
 ceed. Prussia is in fact today the 
 owner of these lesser nations — Ger- 
 mans. Hungarians, Bulgars and Turks. 
 But as soon as International Govern- 
 ment is estaJylished hy the Democracies 
 the result will de the immediate dissi- 
 pation of Prussia's great military 
 strength hy the freeing of the Hun- 
 garians, Bulgars, Turks and even the 
 Germans, all of whom loill look hack 
 upon Prussian Militarism as the very 
 depths of hell! 
 
 Following are the other captive na- 
 tions to be freed in Middle Europe and 
 Asia Minor : 
 
 Other Captive Nations to Be Freed. 
 
 Poles (Slavs) : 
 
 In Germany about 3,500,000 
 
 In Austria about 4,500,000 
 
 Other Slavs in Austria 8.000,000 
 
 Slavs in Hungary 4,500,000 
 
 Slavs in Bosnia and Herze- 
 govina 1,500,000 
 
 Total Slavs 22.000,000 
 
 Rumanians in Hungary 3.000,000 
 
 Rumanians in Austria 200,000 
 
 Italians in Austria 750,000 
 
 French in Germany 250,000 
 
 Alsatians in Germany 1,400,000 
 
 1 )anes in Germany 150,000 
 
 Lithuanians in Germany.... 100,000 
 
 Sorabians in Germany 150,000 
 
 Ch'ceks in Turkey 2.000.000 
 
 Kurds and Lazes in Turkey . . 2.000,000 
 Arabs and Nestorians in Tur- 
 
 ' key 7,000,000 
 
 Armenians in Turkey 2,000,000 
 
 Grand total of captives in 
 
 the Central Empires 41,000,000 
 
 These are about one-third of the 
 total population of the Quadruple Alli- 
 ance. When civil liberty between na- 
 tions is established and these several 
 captive nations shall become separated 
 from Prussia and her minions all of 
 them, the former captors and captives, 
 loill he hcttcr off, hcing rid, of the con- 
 flict hetwcen themselves and rid of mili- 
 tarism., things which have kept all of 
 them under the rule of the few. But 
 this advanced stage in civilization 
 cannot be reached until the world has 
 reached the stage where all of the 
 politically backward peoples are to re- 
 ceive their freedom — until the Entente 
 Allies reach the point ivhere they are 
 openly offering to release their own 
 captives they must expect that God 
 u'ill keep them in the war — ^'God is not 
 mocked.'' 
 
 We now describe tlie vast millions of 
 captives who are to be released by the 
 Entente Allies: 
 
 World Liheration hy the Entente 
 Allies. 
 
 The British Commonwealth of Na- 
 tions, formerly termed the British Em- 
 pire, covers one-quarter of the globe 
 and embraces one-quarter of the 
 world's population, of various nation- 
 alities — English. Scotch, Welsh, Irish, 
 Dutch in South Africa, French in 
 
 .56 
 
Canada, etc., under the hegemony of 
 the English. When civil liberty be- 
 tween nations shall be established 
 then each nationality can and will re- 
 sume its own 'National Government 
 but will co-operate with each other 
 in such ways as will 6e mutually 
 beneficial. The British Liberals are 
 themselves leading the way, as we will 
 present describe. But we will now 
 state that for more than two years the 
 British Liberals have been agreed that 
 not only Ireland but also England, 
 Scotland and Wales shall each possess 
 its own National Assemhly, and the 
 change is to be made before the recon- 
 struction that is to follow the war is 
 to be entered upon. To what extent an 
 International Parliament for the Brit- 
 ish Isles will legislate is uncertain 
 owing to the forthcoming World Fed- 
 eration and the ending of competition 
 in armament. That form of competition 
 forced the natiojis together for self- 
 protection, and now the establishment 
 of World Federation is to release 
 them. The extent of the population in 
 Great Britain is as follows : 
 United Kingdom : 
 
 England 35,000,000 
 
 Scotland 5.000,000 
 
 Ireland 5,000,000 
 
 Wales 2,000,000 
 
 Canada 6,000,000 
 
 Newfoundland 250,000 
 
 Austrialia 5,000,000 
 
 New Zealand 1,000,000 
 
 South African Union (white) 1,200,000 
 
 India (British India) : 
 
 Native population, largely 
 
 of Aryan (white) stock . 315,000,000 
 
 European stock 200,000 
 
 Ceylon and Eastern Colonies 5,000,000 
 
 West Indies 2,000,000 
 
 Africa (natives) 15,000,000 
 
 The people of India have been prom- 
 ised their freedom (page 61, below). 
 
 Frenchmen in France 40,000,000 
 
 Captives to be released in — 
 
 Algeria 5,000.000 
 
 West Africa 13.000,000 
 
 French Congo 3.500,000 
 
 Indo-China 18,000,000 
 
 French Guiana 2,300,000 
 
 41.800 000 
 
 Italians in Italy 33,000,000 
 
 Captives U) be released in — 
 
 Tripoli 1,500 000 
 
 Bengazia 250,000 
 
 1,750,000 
 Russians: (1) Slavs: 
 
 Great Russians 55,000.000 
 
 Little Russians 23,000 000 
 
 White Russians 6,000.000 
 
 Poles 8,000.000 
 
 (2) Lithuanians and Letts 3.000,000 
 
 (3) Finns 5,500.000 
 
 (4) Turko-Tartars 14.000,000 
 
 (5) Semites (Jews) 5,000.000 
 
 (6) Iranians in Asia 2,000,000 
 
 121,000,000 
 Under the announcement made by 
 the Russian Government on December 
 28, 1917, these peoples are each to de- 
 termine for themselves their form of 
 government, which may include inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Japanese 50,000,000 
 
 Captives to be released in — 
 
 orea 12,000,000 
 
 Portuguese, Belgians, Serbians, Ru- 
 manians, etc. 
 
 United States 110,000,000 
 
 Captives now being freed : — 
 
 Filipinos 8,000,000 
 
 Porto Ricans who can ask 
 for Independence 1,200,000 
 
 After the formation of the World 
 Federation and the liberation of the 
 captive nations there will still exist 
 the trade between the several nations 
 as at present, except that the freed 
 peoples will shut off whatever unfair- 
 ness now exists. 
 
 These freed peoples should assume 
 their fair share of the expense whereby 
 this great blessing is coming to them — 
 their fair share of the expense of the 
 World War. Also the Neutral Nations 
 that are to receive the stupendous bene- 
 fits that are to come from the estab- 
 lishment of international civil liberty, 
 including the ending of competition in 
 armament and tear, should contribute 
 
 THEIR FAIR SHARE. THEY CANNOT 
 EVADE THIS JUST LIABILITY. 
 
 66 
 
The freed peoples and all other of 
 the nationalities not yet fully self- 
 governing should receive assistance 
 from the Democracies in the 'form of 
 a National Constitution setting forth 
 the minimum element^ in the system 
 of government, in this way guaran- 
 teeing Free Institutions. Justice for 
 the backward peoples requires this, as 
 ^\ell as the self-interest of Democracies 
 themselves, because only through the 
 existence of Free Peoples can there be 
 ended competition in armament, as 
 President Wilson has repeatedly stated. 
 
 One of the results of the establish- 
 ment of Free Institutions in w^hat to- 
 day are the politically backward coun- 
 tries will be that capital will be secure 
 and therefore it will rapidly flow into 
 these protectorates. Interest rates will 
 1>€ moderate, wages ivill therefore rise 
 — rapidly rise, accompanied by a 
 
 (GREATLY INCREASED DEMAND FOR IM- 
 PORTED GOODS. 
 
 2. There is to be brought about the 
 freeing of the peoples who are ruled 
 by the few of their own nationality. 
 This is a more simple problem. The 
 primary thing to do will be for the 
 International Government to issue a 
 National Constitution stating the mini- 
 mum requirements of self-government 
 and providing administrative courts, of- 
 ficered by its own representatives, 
 whose sole duties should be to ascer- 
 tain if the liberty-giving provisions are 
 in operation. Under this system each 
 nation will elect its own representa- 
 tives and be free to decide its own 
 policies provided they are in the di- 
 rection of self-government and progress. 
 This subject we have considered in the 
 proposed constitution for the Interna- 
 tion Federation (page 35, above). 
 
 Now as to the third great element 
 in the forthcoming new regime: 
 
 Equal National Rights. 
 
 All of the nations are to stand on 
 an equality — each is to be a Free Peo- 
 ple. This is a fundamental tenet of 
 the Democracies as we have shown. 
 
 The change to this equal rights to 
 freedom is to consist in the 50 National 
 Sovereign States of today becoming 
 merged into an International Sovereign 
 State— the World State. Within this 
 world state all of the several national- 
 ities are to be free, that is, real Fed- 
 eral Government is to exist, as follows : 
 
 1. The International Government is 
 to be strictly limited to a few inter- 
 national powers ; 
 
 2. Fach National Government is to 
 rule within its sphere; 
 
 3. Each State Government within 
 the nation should rule within its 
 proper sphere ; 
 
 4. Each county government should 
 rule in purely county affairs; and 
 
 5. Each township government or 
 village or city government should rule 
 in purely local affairs. 
 
 In this manner Co-operation and 
 Freedom will exist, the inevitable out- 
 come of Democracies. 
 
 Armament Will No Longer Be 
 Needed. 
 
 Owing to the forthcoming existence 
 of free peoples in all parts of the 
 world, armaments will no longer be 
 needed — peace tvill reign without com- 
 pulsion. Therefore our war aims 
 should provide that for, say, five years 
 the nations may each keep their pres 
 ent day armament, except that a small 
 part of the naval equipment shall be 
 transferred to the World Federation. 
 (See also page 34, above.) 
 
 We have described the several ele- 
 ments in our needed war aims — world 
 organization, free peoples, equal na- 
 tional rights, and that each nation may 
 retain most of its armament. Let us 
 next note the splendid application of 
 these and other democratic principles 
 that have been made up to January 25, 
 1918, and the prospects for complete 
 fruition of world organization in the 
 very near future. 
 
 67 
 
Part II. 
 APPLICATION OF THE WORLD LIBERATION PROGRAM 
 
 The United States. 
 
 In the United States the government 
 now in power, re-elected in 1916, is on 
 the whole in line for the immediate ap- 
 plication of the World Liberation pro- 
 gram. Some years ago it promised 
 freedom to the people of the Philippine 
 Islands and has transferred to them 
 very much of their government. The 
 people of Porto Rico, who had been 
 held as subjects, have been made citi- 
 zens. Should the majority of them de- 
 sire independence they will of course 
 receive it. The sovereignty of the peo- 
 ple of Mexico has not been infringed 
 (page 76, below) ; and so justly have 
 our sister American Republics been 
 treated that the result is the New Pan- 
 Americanism, that is developing into 
 a real Federation (page 75, below). 
 Recently has come about the program 
 for the League or Federation of Na- 
 tions, as we have described. Addition- 
 al details are in a later chapter. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 In the British Isles the people came 
 into power in 1906 through the tri- 
 umph of the Liberal, Labor and Irish 
 parties. Then under the premiership 
 of Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the 
 Liberal Government set out to change 
 the outgrown system. The people had 
 come into power in the face of various 
 handicaps placed in their way by the 
 ruling few, and at once the People's 
 Government set about to place all fami- 
 lies on an equality before the law : 
 
 1. Amid protests from the powerful 
 few the Government and Parliament in- 
 stalled more definite machinery for pre- 
 venting a veto of proposed legislation 
 by the House of Lords, a set of hered- 
 itary rulers. They had lost the veto 
 power under certain circumstances — 
 that is, whenever an issue should be 
 taken to the people and they should 
 return a majority in the House of Com- 
 mons pledged to the measure. And the 
 People's Government enacted that 
 
 where the Commons shall pass a bill 
 during three separate years it shall be- 
 come law without the consent of the 
 House of Lords. 
 
 2. Then the Government and Parlia- 
 ment set about to abolish plural voting. 
 Property owners voted in as many dis- 
 tricts as they held real estate, and a 
 change to "one man one vote" was 
 nearly established when Germany 
 started the war, resulting in the de- 
 ferring of this reform. 
 
 3. November 20, 1917, the House of 
 Commons by unanimous vote conferred 
 on Vi^omen the Parliamentary franchise. 
 There are something like 8,000,000 of 
 these new voters. 
 
 4. The People's Government has lev- 
 ied a small tax on the real estate with- 
 in the United Kingdom, the proceeds 
 to be paid into the national treasury. 
 Up to this time the powerful few had 
 exempted the real estate from a na- 
 tional tax. The new law made a be- 
 ginning, calling for an assessment of 
 the value of all of the real estate in 
 the British Isles. This reform was met 
 with a fierce outcry by the few who 
 had ruled the land. 
 
 5. In the year 1901 the House of 
 Lords in a so-called judicial decision, 
 the Taff-Vale case, repealed the statute 
 of 1871 whereby the wage-earners were 
 authorized to organize industrially. 
 This decision by the House of Lords 
 was that the funds of trade unions 
 were liable for damages assessed 
 against them by British courts. This 
 forced the wage-earners into party 
 politics, and they and the other liberal 
 forces won in 1906, as we have pointed 
 out. Then a statute was enacted re- 
 storing to the wage-earners the right 
 to organize, on a par with the right of 
 capitalists to organize, who do so by 
 means of private corporations and em- 
 ployers' associations. 
 
 6. Then the House of Lords by an- 
 other act of judicial legislation declared 
 that the funds of the trade unions 
 
 68 
 
could not lawfully be used to pay the 
 salaries of the members of the House 
 of Commons. Under Charles II, in 
 1660, just after the overthrow of 
 , Cromwell's Government, a Conservative 
 Government, had repealed the law 
 whereby the members of the House of 
 Commons w^ere paid a salary. This 
 system of non-payment of salaries in 
 the House of Commons was continued 
 until yesterday, as it were. The pres- 
 ent-day official salaries are 400 pounds 
 sterling annually — §2,000. 
 
 7. An old age pension was established 
 for the very poor people. This was to 
 keep them from the poor house — en- 
 able them to live during their closing 
 years amid their children and grand- 
 children and in honorable surroundings. 
 At the time of the outbreak oX the 
 war some 12,000,000 pounds sterling 
 were thus being distributed. This came 
 from increased taxes levied on the 
 stored-up wealth of those who, had 
 they kept it, would have expended it 
 very largely for extra servants and 
 other luxuries. In place of this it is 
 being paid to those who during their 
 working years had earned it and now 
 are needing it. Germany had pos- 
 sessed such a system for many years, 
 due to the fact that the wage-earners 
 had been striving to get control of the 
 Government and the ones in power had 
 sought to propitiate them. 
 
 8. For Ireland a Home Rule system 
 was about to be installed when the 
 starting of the war resulted in the de- 
 ferring of the event. This was be- 
 cause of determined opposition by the 
 North of Ireland people to being in- 
 cluded in Irish Home Rule. 
 
 9. One of the very first acts of the 
 People's Government had been to give 
 Home Rule to the Boers whom the 
 preceding Conservative Government 
 had made war upon and had been 
 holding as captives. So well did the 
 Boers make use of their freedom that 
 soon was formed the South African 
 Union — a wide-spread self-governing 
 dominion under the British flag; and 
 when the German autocracy started out 
 
 to fight the democracies the Boers im- 
 mediately cast in their lot with the 
 self-governing peoples. 
 
 The securing of these various reforms 
 required seven years, and one of the 
 brilliant leaders was a Welsh lawyer, 
 David Lloyd George. The death of 
 Henry Campbell Bannerman the pre- 
 mier was followed by the election to 
 that office of Herbert H. Asquith, who 
 as leader of the fusion forces continued 
 in office longer than any of his prede- 
 cessors ; and he was followed by Lloyd 
 George, December, 1916. It came about 
 through a refusal by George to continue 
 in the Cabinet under the then existing 
 system (page 47, above). 
 
 Premier George has been able to 
 carry forward as follows the Liberal 
 International Program : 
 
 1. The British Commonwealth of 
 Nations. 
 
 Soon after the outbreak of the war 
 the British Liberal Government speak- 
 ing through the Secretary of State for 
 the Colonies stated that when the time 
 should come for considering the peace 
 terms the dominions would &e consult- 
 ed. When President Wilson questioned 
 the belligerents on December 18, 1916, 
 as to their proposed terms of peace, the 
 premiers of the dominions were doubt- 
 less consulted, and a formal consulta- 
 tion in person at London was provided. 
 This personal meeting occurred during 
 the spring of 1917, and a policy-deter- 
 mining body was formed termed the 
 Imperial War Conference, also there 
 was the Imperial War Cabinet. In 
 these meetings all of the questions of 
 foreign policy ivere discussed, and were 
 unanimoiily decided, in the War Con- 
 ference, at least,* although should 
 there have heen a difference of opinion 
 majority -rule tvas to prevail. 
 
 Here was a far-reaching development, 
 although the system had been started 
 in 1903, followed by another conference 
 in 1907 and each succeeding four years. 
 
 Previous to this change of system in 
 1917 the foreign policy had actually 
 
 *Extracts of Proceedings, p. 1. 
 
 59 
 
been decided by the Cabinet members 
 I'cpresenUng the British Isles, while 
 now the premiers of the five self-gov- 
 erning dominions and India's represen- 
 tative sat witli the "Prime Minister 
 of the United ivingdom and such of 
 his colleagues as deal specially with 
 Imperial affairs [affairs between the 
 several parts of the British state and 
 with foreign affairs]." Unfortunately 
 the Australian Premier could not at- 
 tend as an election detained him, but 
 he was communicated with from time 
 to time by cable* India was represent- 
 ed by an Indian appointed by the In- 
 dian Government. 
 
 This democratic system was so suc- 
 cessful that by vote of these represen- 
 tatives it is being continued, the mem- 
 l)ership consisting of the members for 
 the British Isles, as above described, 
 and "the Prime Minister of each of 
 the dominions or some specially accred- 
 ited alternate of equal authoritj^ and a 
 representative of the Indian people ap- 
 ])ointed by the Government of India .-)• 
 
 In this way a continuous Imperial 
 Council is being maintained, to meet 
 whenever an important issue as to 
 British Imperial policy is to be decided 
 — foreign affairs and affairs as between 
 the several parts of the British state. 
 
 Thus under the British flag the peo- 
 ples of various nations, including the 
 French in Canada and the Dutch in 
 South Africa, are co-operating as a 
 Federation. The chosen title, as yet 
 unofficial, is The Commonwealth of 
 Nations. This in place of the British 
 Empire — an outgrown shell, a form 
 of organization which stated on its face 
 that an Emperor rules the outlying 
 provinces or nations, and that the for- 
 eign policies of the entire British state 
 were determined by the British Isles. 
 Such is no longer the case, since the 
 development to a J)emocracy in the 
 British Isles in .1006, folloived by su- 
 perl) co-operation hy the other democ- 
 
 * Imperial War Conference, Extracts 
 of Proceedings, 1917. 
 
 f Same citation, p. 5 ; announcement 
 in House of Commons, May 17, 1917. 
 
 racies ivithin the British state — Can- 
 ada. New Foundland, Australia, New 
 Zealand and South Africa, resulting m 
 a coniinn&us International Govern- 
 ment, as we have seen. 
 
 Note that the system is that of an 
 International as distinguished from a 
 National Government ; that is, each na- 
 tion reserves complete internal sov- 
 ereignty — the control of immigration, 
 and emigration, imports and exports, 
 etc.* 
 
 But these nations co-operate in for- 
 eign affairs and do so by majority rule, 
 ivhcreas nothing is to affect the hi- 
 ternai affairs except with the consent 
 of the nations specially interested. 
 
 Here is an example for the other na- 
 tions of the world, and it is precisely 
 the system tve are proposing. The pro- 
 gressive allies in this World W^ar have 
 come togetlier in a War Federation, 
 and, of necessity, they must agree to 
 
 CONTINUE TOGETHER IN A WORLD FED- 
 ERATION. That is the only possible way 
 to end the absence of international gov- 
 ennnent — end the existing 50 National 
 Sovereigns and establish Freedom, 
 This will end the existing international 
 anarchy and armed force — end mili- 
 tarism — result in civil liberty. 
 
 Returning to the British state, es- 
 pecially note that there is still no way 
 provided whereby the British Interna- 
 tional Government is authorized to 
 coerce with shot and shell any of its 
 self-governing units. The tie that is 
 relied upon is still to he the sense oy 
 i^elf-Interest and Duty. And so it will 
 be for the democracies in the forthcom- 
 ing World Federation — there will he no 
 further use for armatnents except for 
 police service. Great Britain should 
 retain her Grand Fleet as long as she 
 cares to — soon it will be tied to the 
 docks so as to use the men within the 
 industries. Germany can keep her 
 monstrous cannon, and so can the 
 Allies; but ere long these cannon will 
 be melted to supply steel for industrial 
 uses. 
 
 These conditions are to flow as the 
 
 *Same citations. 
 
 60 
 
result of the wiiiiiiiig of this war by 
 the ITnited Democracies and their Lib- 
 eral Allies. This power is to rule the 
 world, insisting upon Equal National 
 Rights and Justice. One of its first 
 acts must be to draft a constitution 
 and embody these lil)erty-giving princi- 
 ples. 
 
 The estal)lishment of the British In- 
 ternational Democracy has been almost 
 unnoticed except by a few of the po- 
 litical magazines. One-fourth of the 
 peoples of the world, and one-fourth of 
 the territorial area of the world has 
 been brought into a successful Federa- 
 tion, an example to the other three- 
 fourths. 
 
 When we bring to mind, also, the 
 successful National Government in the 
 United States, plus the agreed-upon 
 Federation of American Republics 
 (page 75, below) we have a complete 
 demonstration of the practicaMlity of 
 World Federation! The fact that civil 
 war has existed in the United States 
 was because the people lost self-gov- 
 ernment (page 72, below) ; whereas 
 now the people of the United States 
 are back in power, as the action of 
 their Government conclusively indi- 
 cates. 
 
 2. A Promise of Home Rule to India. 
 
 British India has a population of 
 315.000,000 souls— one-sixth of the en- 
 tire population of the world. Nine- 
 tenths of the leaders are Aryans — 
 white people, who are successfully gov- 
 erning themselves in the Native States. 
 This fact is testified to by the late 
 Keir Hardie. Member of the House of 
 Commons, who, in 1907, the year fol- 
 lowing the coming into power of the 
 Labor. Liberal and Irish parties, took 
 a trip around the world, spending some 
 time in India. He wrote articles which 
 he placed in a book entitled, hulia, Oh- 
 servations and Suggestions. 
 
 He pointed out that the system 
 whereby the Native States are succeed- 
 ing is Federal Government — the typical 
 Aryan system. There is the Village 
 Council — miniature republics, along 
 with delegates for the county and the 
 
 state. This system can be established 
 throughout India, he points out, as 
 ((uickly as there is relaxation from 
 Alien Rule. 
 
 To the same effect is the testimony 
 of .7. Ramsay Macdonald, another 
 Labor Member of the House of Com- 
 mons, who visited India three years 
 after Ilardie's trip. The title of his 
 book is, The Aicakening of India. See 
 also Professor Max Mueller's book, 
 India. 
 
 Under the British Liberal Govern- 
 ment the first Secretary of State for 
 India was the noted Liberal, John 
 ^Nlorley. Progressive steps were taken, 
 which accounts for the comparative 
 absence of revolutionary sentiment 
 while Japan was gloriously com'ng for- 
 ward and a revolution in Turkey placed 
 in power a Liberal Government (page 
 18). At the outbreak of the World 
 War the British Liberal Government 
 promised to the people of India self- 
 government within the British Em- 
 pire,* which accounts for their splen- 
 did support of the British cause. In 
 London and elsewhere the reactionary 
 press, which until then had objected to 
 the freeing of the people of India, as- 
 sented to the home rule program.* 
 And the Christian leaders in India, in- 
 cluding the Bishops of Bombay and of 
 Calcutta, advocated the change.** This 
 has been followed by a formal promise 
 by the British Government through a 
 statement by the Secretary of States 
 for India,! and a simultaneous 
 
 *Sir Henry Cotton, K. C. S. I., in 
 India; Now and After, Contemporary 
 Review. Feb. 5. 1015. 
 
 '^'^•India After the War, by the Rt. 
 Rev. Bishop of Bombay, Nineteenth 
 Century Magazine, August, 1916. 
 
 fin the House of Commons on 
 August 20, 1917, the Secretary of State 
 for India, Mr. Montague, stated that 
 there is to be ''an increasing associa- 
 tion of Indians in every 'branch of the 
 adniinistration.'" together with "the 
 
 GRADUAI, DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERN- 
 ING INSTITUTIONS, with a view to the 
 
 61 
 
statement by the Indian Viceroy.* ^^ 
 The people of India are to be ad- 
 mitted to the army, and are to become 
 commissioned officers forthwitli.** This 
 
 OPENS THE WAY FOR AS MANY FIGHTING 
 MEN AND OTHER FORMS OF MAN-POWER 
 
 AS THE Allies may need. A popula- 
 tion six times that in the British Isles, 
 Canada, New Foundland, Australia, 
 New Zealand and South Africa can now 
 be drawn upon, and thoy are not so far 
 off. In the words of the premier of 
 New Foundland in the Imperial War 
 Conference, during May, 1917 : "I think 
 that if the very serious barriers that 
 separate India from the other portions 
 of the Empire had been removed be- 
 fore, the chances are that instead of 
 the contribution they have given to 
 the War, they would pi'oiahly have 
 contributed nearly all the men that 
 loould have been required.^ To the 
 same effect is a statement by a prom- 
 inent home rule leader in India in a 
 letter to President Wilson before the 
 granting of India's request.ff 
 
 progressive realization of Responsible 
 Government in India as an integral 
 part of the British Empire." Sub- 
 stantial steps in this direction are to 
 be taken in the near future, prelim- 
 inary to which there is to be a "free 
 and informal exchange of opinion be- 
 tween those in authority at home and 
 in India," also that the two govern- 
 ments are to receive "the suggestions 
 of representative bodies and others.'' 
 (Parliamentary Debates, House of 
 Commons. August 20, 1917; House of 
 Lords, October 24, 1917.) The Secre- 
 tary of State for India reached that 
 country on November 11, 1917. He is 
 to report to the home government, 
 which will reach a decision and report 
 to Parliament. (Same citations.) 
 
 *House of Common's statement. 
 
 **Same citation. 
 
 flmperial War Conference, Excerpts 
 of Proceedings, pp. 120, London ed. 
 
 tfOn June 24, 1917, at Madras, India, 
 Sir Subramaniem, Honorary President 
 of the Home Rule League in India, in 
 a letter to President Wilson, conveyed 
 to him by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hotch- 
 
 The promise of freedom to the peo- 
 ple of India — one-sixth of the world's 
 population — is one of the big events in 
 this war. This for the British Isles has 
 been their Great Renunciation — eight 
 political slaves are being liberated for 
 each inhabitant of these islands ! 
 
 Clearly Great Britain is ready to 
 enter into the World Federation! 
 
 France is equally ready. The French 
 people have been leaders in Freedom ! 
 Early in the French Revolution at a 
 time when the rest of Europe was 
 starting in to defeat the people's up- 
 rising, the French statesmen had the 
 foresight to promise aid to the people 
 wherever they would stand for their 
 own freedom. The future of the French 
 people is bound up with the formation 
 of a League of Nations, in order to 
 end the horrible competition in arma- 
 ment and war. The French declara- 
 tions in the affirmative we have noted. 
 
 AN OBSTRUCTION BY COALITION 
 
 GOVERNMENTS IN GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN, FRANCE 
 
 AND ITALY. 
 
 There is, however, a very serious 
 obstruction by the Coalition Govern- 
 ments in Great Britain, France and 
 Italy. They came into power in 1916 
 pledged to a more vigorous prosecu- 
 tion of the war (page 47, above) and 
 they have succeeded; hut at the same 
 time and in connection ivlth a positive 
 
 ner, urged ''the necessity for an imme- 
 diate promise of Home Rule — Auton- 
 omy — for India, as it ivould result in 
 an offer from India of at least five 
 
 MILLION MEN IN THREE MONTHS FOR 
 SERVICE AT THE FRONT, AND OF FIVE MIL- 
 LION MORE IN ANOTHER THREE MONTHS." 
 
 He continued, "India can do this be- 
 cause she has a population of three 
 hundred and fifteen millions — three 
 times that of the United States, and 
 almost equal to the combined popula- 
 tion of all the Allies. The people of 
 India will do this because then they 
 
 WILL BE free men AND NOT SLAVES." 
 
 62 
 
pledge to the United states to aid in 
 the estahlishment of ''peace and justice 
 throughout the %corW they have 
 
 BEEN CARRYING FORWARD AN EXACTLY 
 
 OPPOSITE PROGRAM, as is Gvideucecl by 
 their failure to promise liberatiou to 
 their own captive nations, as every 
 one knows ; oonpled with which is a 
 program for the forcible annexation of 
 various peoples and territories now 
 held by the Central Empires,* and a 
 program for holding the main parts 
 of the Central Empires as captives — 
 captives in a military sense, and also 
 to shut them out from economic op- 
 portunities. And this tvhile professing 
 to pledge for the United States pro- 
 gram for Wo7'ld Li1}eration. 
 
 One of the results has been the fol- 
 lowing criticism by President Wilson, 
 on August 27, 1917, in his answer to 
 the Pope's note : 
 
 "Responsible statesmen must now 
 everywhere see, if they never saw before, 
 that no peace can rest securely upon 
 political or economic restr'ictions meant 
 to benefit some nations and cripple and 
 eml)arrass others, upon vindictive ac- 
 tion of any sort, or any kind of ven- 
 geance or deliberate injury. The Amer- 
 ican people have suffered intolerable 
 wrongs from the hands of the Imperial 
 German Government, but they desire 
 no reprisal upon the German people, 
 who have themselves suffered all things 
 in this war, which they did not choose. 
 
 *The secret treaties between the En- 
 tente are that certain peoples are to 
 be forcibly taken from the Central Em- 
 pires and be forcibly transferred to 
 France, Italy, Roumania, Russia, and 
 possibly to other members of the alliance 
 (pages 4, 39, above). Perhaps these 
 peoples may prefer to become inde- 
 pendent — THEY SHOULD DECIDE FOR 
 THEMSELVES EXCEPT THAT IN AlSACE 
 
 AND Lorraine the German Govern- 
 ment HAS BEEN removing THE FRENCH 
 
 AND THE Alsatian inhabitants. In 
 the words of President Wilson : "No 
 right anywhere exists to hand people 
 about from sovereignty to sovereignty 
 as if they were property," (page 48, 
 above). 
 
 They believe that peace should rest 
 upon the rights of peoples, not the 
 rights of governments — the rights of 
 j)eoples great or small, weak or power- 
 ful — THEIR equal right TO FREEDOM 
 AND SECURITY AND SELF-GOVERNMENT 
 AND TO A PARTICIPATION UPON FAIR 
 TERMS IN THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES 
 
 OF THE WORLD — the German people, of 
 (ourse, included, if they will accept 
 equality and not seek domination. . . 
 Punitive damages, the dismemberment 
 of empires, the establishment of selfish 
 and exclusive economic leagues, we 
 deem inexpedient and in the end worse 
 than futile, no proper basis for a peace 
 of any kind, least of all for an endur- 
 ing peace. That must be based upon 
 
 JUSTICE AND fairness AND THE COMMON 
 RIGHTS OF MANKIND." 
 
 Tliis public criticism by President 
 Wilson of the reactionism of the Coali- 
 tion Governments of Great Britain, 
 France and Italy has not been suf- 
 ficient as yet to fully arouse the parlia- 
 ments and peoples in these countries. 
 Following is an outline of what has 
 occurred : 
 
 Details of the Reactionary War Aims 
 of the Coalition Governments. 
 
 During December, 1916, the British 
 Liberal Premier and his colleagues re- 
 signed from office and were succeeded 
 by David Lloyd George as premier, as- 
 sisted by the leader of the Labor party, 
 Arthur Henderson, and the leader of 
 the Conservative party, Bonar Law, 
 and by various other members of the 
 Conservative party, including Lord 
 Milner and the former prime minister, 
 Arthur Balfour,* who became the highly 
 important Secretary of State for For- 
 eign Affairs. A majority of the cabinet 
 and of the ministry were and still are 
 conservatives — reactionists as concerns 
 liberty and social progress. 
 
 In France, too, during December, 
 1916, there followed a similar change. 
 
 *Mr. Balfour's non-progressive atti- 
 tude toward the possibility of estab- 
 lishing civil liberty between nations, as 
 stated by him in 1914, is set forth on 
 page 4B, above. 
 
 63 
 
Ill Italy the change had come cVu?tlHi^ 
 the preceding June and the office of 
 premier was filled by a conservative. 
 
 On December 18, 1916, President 
 Wilson questioned each of the belliger- 
 ents as to their war aims, and on Janu- 
 ary 10 the Entente Allies answered by 
 means of a joint note. While expressly 
 agreeing with the program of the for- 
 mer Liberal British Government for the 
 establishment of "peace and justice 
 throughout the world" (page 4, 
 above), there has been a failure to go 
 forward with that program, as we have 
 shown. 
 
 Twelve days after the Coalition Gov- 
 ernments of Great Britain, France and 
 Italy had delivered their answer to 
 President Wilson's inquiry, he replied 
 in a message to the United States 
 Senate, pointing out the necessary 
 elements in the attainment of world 
 peace and justice, which includes "gov- 
 ernment with the consent of the gov- 
 erned," and he added : 
 
 "No right anywhere exists to hand 
 peoples about from sovereignty to 
 sovereignty as though they were prop- 
 erty." 
 
 At this time. January, 1917, the 
 Russian Czar was dethroned and more 
 and more the Russian people have 
 come into power. The soldiers at the 
 front talked with the enemy soldiers, 
 asking: For what are we fighting? 
 
 The German soldiers gave their ver- 
 sion : that the capitalists in Great 
 Britain, France, Italy and Russia are 
 desirous of limiting the competition by 
 the Germans; also that these Entente 
 Allies have agreed among themselves 
 to dismember the Central Empires and 
 then to shut them out from interna- 
 tional trade. The further claim was 
 made that by means of secret treaties 
 the Russian Government was promised 
 by the Entente Allies that it should 
 receive the Dardenelles. 
 
 The Russian soldiers promptly dis- 
 claimed a desire to battle for conquest 
 and in their Soldiers' and Sailors' Coun- 
 cil they renounced the treaty with their 
 allies whereby Russia was to receive 
 
 the Dardenelles. Also they called upon 
 their allies to recast their war aims on 
 the basis of "No annexations and no 
 indemnities." 
 
 While this was not the proper solu- 
 tion their* allies did not correct them, 
 resulting, among other things, in Presi- 
 dent Wilson's biting criticism of the 
 Coalition Governments, as we have 
 shown. 
 
 This open criticism by the President 
 on August 27, 1917, hastened events. 
 The French and the British Labor and 
 Socialist parties and the rest of the 
 liberals insisted more and more upon 
 the needed declaration for World 
 Liberation by the Coalition Govern- 
 ments. 
 
 In Russia, too, more and more the 
 revolutionists attempted to end the 
 Coalition Governments' program for 
 conquest. But still these Coalition 
 Governments refused to com^nit them- 
 selves to the details of the United, 
 States' prof/rani for Wo7'ld Liheration. 
 These Coalition Governments in Great 
 Britain and France were interpellated 
 time and time again on the subject and 
 each time they answered that negotia- 
 tions were in progress and that they 
 hoped soon to reach an agreement. 
 
 On November 8, 1917, in Russia the 
 Socialist Prime Minister Kerensky was 
 deposed by the extreme radicals, the 
 Bolsheviki, who announced an inten- 
 tion to end the attempt at conquest, 
 their peace terms being, "No annexa- 
 tions and no indemnities." At the end 
 of one month the Bolsheviki Govern- 
 ment entered into an armistice with 
 the Central Powers to last for five 
 weeks. An invitation was extended to 
 the Allies to participate in the peace 
 conference. The Allies ignored it. 
 
 Of these proceedings as a whole 
 President Wilson in his message to 
 Congress and to the world on December 
 4, 1917, said: 
 
 "All these things [the tides that run 
 now in the hearts of free men every- 
 where and which the peace congress 
 will recognize] have been true from 
 the very beginning of this stupendous 
 
 64 
 
war; and / cannot help thinking that 
 if they had been made plain at the 
 very outset [of the Russian Revolu- 
 tionl the sympathy and enthusiasm of 
 the Russian people might have been 
 once for all enlisted on the side of the 
 Allies, suspicion and distrust stvept 
 away, and, a real and lasting union been 
 effected." 
 
 When the Russian troops stopped 
 fighting it enabled their enemy to move 
 vast numbers of troops to the Italian 
 and the western fronts. Large numbers 
 were massed against the valiant 
 Italians who fiad fought their way onto 
 Austrian soil. At the outset of the 
 attack upon the Italians one section of 
 their army surrendered, refusing to 
 fight for conquest, thereby opening the 
 way to the ensuing terrible disasters 
 for the Italians. 
 
 This dreadful defeat and also the 
 preceding withdrawal of Giant Russia 
 from the war was directly caused by 
 the reactionary Coalition Governments 
 of Great Britain, France and Italy, as 
 we have seen. They for one year 
 
 HAVE refused TO PROMISE LIBERATION 
 FOR THEIR CAPTIVE NATIONS, COUPLED 
 WITH WHICH HAS BEEN AND IS THEIR 
 PROGRAM FOR FORCIBLY ANNEXING VARI- 
 OUS PEOPLES AND TERRITORY NOW HELD 
 
 BY THE Central Empires (page 63, 
 
 ABOVE), AND THEIR PROGRAM FOR PIOLD- 
 ING THE MAIN PARTS OF THE CENTRAL 
 
 Empires as captives — military cap- 
 tives AND ALSO TO SHUT THEM OUT 
 
 FROM ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES And 
 
 this ivhile being pledged to the United 
 States' program for World Liberation ! 
 
 Fortunately for mankind there is no 
 prospect that these Conservative Coali- 
 tion Governments can win the war, as 
 that would hold the entire world in the 
 throes of militarism, as well as hold 
 one-half of the human race as political 
 slaves; ivhereas by the restoration to 
 power of the Liberal Governments in 
 Great Britain, France and Italy they, 
 loith the co-operation of the rest of the 
 Allies, tvill surely achieve Woi'ld 
 Liberation, probably without a crush- 
 ing victory, for the following reasons: 
 
 The Prussian civilization with its 
 brutal peasants and brutal military 
 leaders (page 27, above) needs the 
 protection of an International Govern- 
 ment controlled by a real Democracy ; 
 also the Prussian civilization needs for- 
 eign trade, and it needs a cessation 
 from the stupendous expenses from 
 competition in armament. Therefore it 
 is probable that when these advantages 
 are offered to the Prussian property- 
 owners, who are the ruling power 
 politically, they will do their utmost 
 to accept, well knowing that nearly all 
 of the world is against them and that 
 they cannot hope to defeat it ; and also 
 knowing that at any time there may 
 burst forth amongst them the Revolu- 
 tionary Socialists. 
 
 Also in Austria-Hungary the prop- 
 erty owners are likewise looking for a 
 haven of safety, glad to save their 
 lives. Their property will become Sub- 
 ject to the system of laws under Demo- 
 cratic Government. 
 
 But if the Central Empires shall re- 
 fuse to accept the World Liberation 
 program it ivill simply mean that the 
 Entente Allies ivill be in a position to 
 carry on the war until the time for 
 World Liberation arrives. India is 
 ready to supply millions of men and it 
 may be that the Aryans therein are to 
 be given an opportunity to aid more ac- 
 tively in saving the Western civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 We now present additional official 
 statements of some of those who axe 
 opposing the Coalition Governments : 
 
 On December 20, 1917, in the House 
 of Commons, the British Liberal leader, 
 Herbert II. Asquith, said: 
 
 "We ought to make it increasingly 
 clear by every possible means that the 
 only ends we are fighting for are Lib- 
 erty and Justice, for the tvhole world, 
 through a confederation* of great and 
 
 *A "confederation" is an aggregation 
 of sovereign states, as compared with 
 a "federation," which is itself the sov- 
 ereign power. The distinction is that 
 the states in a confederation reserve 
 the right to withdraw. 
 
 65 
 
small states, all to possess equal rights. 
 
 "A League of Nations is the ideal for 
 which we are fighting, and we shall 
 continue fighting for it with a clear 
 conscience, clean hands and an unwav- 
 ering heart !" 
 
 Eight days after Mr. Asquith made 
 this statement the British Labor party 
 declared likewise, expressly voicing a 
 demand for free peoples everywhere, 
 and for the formation of a League of 
 Nations, specifying, too, the needed ter- 
 ritorial readjustments. A committee at 
 once called upon Premier George. 
 
 Two days before this action was 
 taken in England, in France the Fed- 
 eration of Labor at its national con- 
 ference adopted by an almost unan- 
 imous vote the war aims set forth by 
 President Wilson, and stated that the 
 purpose of the Russian revolutionaries 
 is virtually the same. The executive 
 officers of the federation ivere in- 
 structed to do their utmost to induce 
 the French Government to clearly 
 enunciate these nmr aims. 
 
 On January 5, 1018, a crisis having 
 been reached in the peace negotiations 
 between Russia and Germany, Premier 
 George stated again the Coalition Gov- 
 ernment's war aims (page 39, above), 
 but this statement shows that the 
 larger part of the secret treaties be- 
 tween Italy, France and Great Britain 
 for the forcible acquisition of territory 
 and peoples from the Central Empires 
 still hold. 
 
 Three days after this utterance by 
 Premier George, the President of the 
 United States again spoke and he 
 warmly championed the Russian peo- 
 ple's cause, which Premier George did 
 not do ; and President Wilson had this 
 to say of Secret Compacts : 
 
 "It will be our wish and purpose that 
 the processes of peace, when they are 
 begun, shall be absolutely open and 
 that they shall involve and permit 
 henceforth no secret understanding of 
 any kind. The day of conquest and 
 aggrandizement is gone by ; so is also 
 the day of secret covenants entered 
 into in the interest of particular gov- 
 ernments and likely at some unlooked- 
 
 for moment to upset the peace of the 
 world." 
 
 In conclusion President Wilson said : 
 ''The moral climax of this, the cul- 
 minating, and FINAL WAR FOR HUMAN 
 
 LIBERTY HAS COME, and the people of 
 the United States are ready to put 
 their oion highest purpose, their oivn 
 integrity and devotion to the test.'' 
 
 This the people of the United States 
 have been doing since April 2, 1917, 
 and it is high time that in Great 
 Britain, France and Italy the parlia- 
 ments and the peoples shall force their 
 Coalition Governments either to really 
 accept the World Liberation program 
 or retire from office! 
 
 Since the foregoing has been placed 
 in type, the British Labor Party, in an 
 address to the world, on January 10, 
 1918, approved by a delegate conven- 
 tion on January 23, has tremendously 
 aided the liberal movement by declar- 
 ing in detail and as follows for the 
 United States' program of World Lib- 
 eration : 
 
 That Great Britain promises (1) to 
 help establish an effective League of 
 Nations, along with (2) the freeing of 
 her subject nations — captive nations, 
 plus (3) no annexations by Great 
 Britain, (4) no indemnity for her, and 
 (5) that tropical Africa shall l)e ad- 
 ministered by tlie international gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 This is the ideal. 
 
 And this has been followed in Aus- 
 tria by wide-spread strikes in aid of 
 the Austrian Government's efforts to 
 induce Germany to accept the program 
 for "no annexations and no indemni- 
 ties." 
 
 It remains to direct the attention of 
 statesmen to the advantages to he se- 
 cured in all lands from the proposed 
 League of Nations — the ending of com- 
 petition in armament and war — the es- 
 tablishment of International Civil 
 Liberty. 
 
 By centering attention on this de- 
 velopment there can be demonstrated 
 the practicability of freeing the cap- 
 tive nations of all the earth. As soon 
 
 <« 
 
as this is grasped thon ono of tho 
 main ditliciilties in arriving at peaco 
 terms will have been overcome. 
 
 Near-at-Hand World Liberation. 
 
 Until the Entente Allies shall really 
 stand for World Liberation they doubt- 
 less will be kept, in the war. In other 
 words, while the beings who compose 
 the Entente Allies are free-will men 
 and women, God conlrols their environ- 
 ment, and hy so doing can prevent the 
 Reactionists amongst us from continu- 
 ing the injustice to the people of earth, 
 now that Democracies have heen de- 
 veloped. The future of mankind is 
 secure ! 
 
 A JUDGMENT DAY — NEEDED 
 
 CHANGES ARE BEING 
 
 WROUGHT. 
 
 But we must not become too im- 
 patient for the ending of the war, be- 
 cause this vast battle field is the end- 
 ing of an age — the ending of the Rule 
 of the Few (page 51, above), and at 
 the same time there evidently is a 
 Judgment Day for the nations — such 
 as have not already passed through a 
 sorrowful experience.* This World War 
 is truly the Battle of Armageddon, 
 foretold nearly two thousand years 
 ago.f After the judgment day is to 
 
 *Mistaken ideas and the resulting ac- 
 tion by nations give rise to sorrowful 
 experiences, the same as do the short- 
 comings of children. These sorrowful 
 experiences by nations are not punish- 
 ments, but are necessary lessons, teach- 
 ing by bitter experience. Such are the 
 Judgment Days for nations. The 
 United States suffered terribly during 
 1861 to 1865 ; therefore she is not likely 
 to suffer much in this World War — the 
 war is likely to end ere long. 
 
 f'For I saw coming out of the 
 mouth of the dragon, and out of the 
 mouth of the beast, and out of the 
 mouth of the false prophet, three un- 
 clean SPIRITS, as it were frogs ; for 
 they are spirits of devils, working 
 
 come peace and ju.stice among men.* 
 The manifest duty of the Entente 
 Allies is to agree to the details of 
 World Liberation, because a stage of 
 development is now being reached 
 
 WHERE LIBERATION IS PRACTICABLE 
 
 ma7iMnd is evolved to the point where 
 self-governing peoples are about to 
 dominate the world. They are to win 
 
 THIS war IN CONNECTION WITH A 
 PLEDGE FOR FrEE PEOPLES AND EQUAL 
 
 National Bights ! 
 
 Stated another way, in connection 
 with the judgment day the Creator is 
 producing some of the needed changes 
 among the nations of mankind, pre- 
 paratory to the coming in of the peace- 
 ful New Age. At the opening of the 
 war some of the free-will human na- 
 tionalities were out of line with the 
 Divine plan ; for example, the Prus- 
 sians — they were possessed of a desire 
 to rob other peoples ; also their peasant 
 class desired to rob the property own- 
 ers at home (page 27, above). Back 
 of it all has been a deep-seated mate- 
 rialism. But the war is changing these 
 things. 
 
 And the peoples who compose the 
 
 signs; which go forth unto the kings 
 of the whole tvorld, to gather them to- 
 gether unto the war of the great day of 
 God, the Almighty. . . . And they 
 gathered them together into the place 
 which is called in Hebrew Armaged- 
 don." Rev. 16:13-16.) 
 
 *And I saw an angel coming down 
 out of heaven having the key of the 
 abyss and a great chain in his hand. 
 And he laid hold on the dragon, the 
 old serpent, which is the Devil and 
 Satan, and bound him for a thousand 
 years, and cast him into the abyss, and 
 shut and sealed it over him, that he 
 should deceive the nations no more 
 until the thousand years should be 
 finished : after this he must be loosed 
 for a little time." (Rev. 20:1-3.) 
 
 The Devil and Satan in governmental 
 affairs is Reactionism, which in this 
 war is to lose control of the govern- 
 ments of earth through the success of 
 the Democracies. 
 
 67 
 
.VUies are also being shoved forward 
 ill a thousand ways. 
 
 Thus the human race is being de- 
 veloped. This World War is doing in a 
 few short years what in more normal 
 times might have required centuries. 
 
 In all of this terrible war no one has 
 actually heen killed — rnerelij Ms ''over- 
 coaf has been lost. The conscious- 
 ness has continued in the soul freed 
 from the troubles of the physical plane. 
 Viewed in this light one can see that 
 the pruning of the nationalities of man- 
 kind by means of war is not annihila- 
 tion. The development of races and 
 sub-races and nationalities is toward 
 higher and higher stages of civiliza- 
 tion, with the least possible discomfort 
 consistent ivith the development of 
 moral men and ivomen. If we accept 
 this theory we find that it squares 
 with that which is taking place before 
 our eyes. The so-called evil is the re- 
 sult of a stage of development, to be 
 subsequently outgrown by the soul. 
 The mighty contest between Reaction- 
 ism and Progressivism in this World 
 War is a contest hctween intelligences 
 in different stages of development, all 
 vnder a unified system on the higher 
 planes — one God. This unity of pur- 
 pose on the higher planes accounts for 
 the sure victory of Progressivism — the 
 advance from age to age, a stupendous 
 climax b^ng the present stage wherein 
 self-governing peoples have been com- 
 ing into power during the past eighteen 
 years and now are about to win this 
 World War and establish World Libera- 
 tion ! Its coming was foretold in 
 Revelations, as we have seen, nearly 
 two thousand years ago. Admit the 
 existence of supermen and still greater 
 l>eings — the inevitable outcome of De- 
 velopment — and you possess the key to 
 an understanding of the dazzling out- 
 come of this World War. 
 
 This view of evolution ought to help 
 to convince the reader that World 
 Liberation is practicable, also to under- 
 stand that on no other basis can this 
 war be ended! The loving intelligence 
 
 which has developed mankind to the 
 present level can manage the next step 
 — the attainment of World Liberation ! 
 
 Whenever the needed changes 
 
 AMONG Tift: NATIONS SHALL HAVE BEEN 
 WROUGHT THERE WILL OPEN UP AN 
 AVENUE FOR THE IMMEDIATE ENDING OF 
 
 THE WAR. One of the factors that will 
 bring this world conflict to a close will 
 be the stupendous benefits to the Cen- 
 tral Empires from a properly construct- 
 ed World Liberation program (see page 
 65, above). At present only a few of 
 the statesmen of the world are con- 
 vinced that the ending of competition 
 in armament is practicable in our day, 
 the result being that some of the Allies 
 are planning that nothing short of the 
 killing of another million or more of 
 Prussians will make the world safe for 
 mankind, to be followed by captivity for 
 the Prussian nation. But we have shown 
 that in Prussia the conditions are such 
 that whenever the proposal to that na- 
 tion shall be for the establishment of 
 an International Government to be con- 
 trolled by real democracies and guar- 
 anteeing security from murder and 
 robbery by whoever shall control the 
 Prussian and the German governments, 
 
 THEN, AND NOT UNTIL THEN, WILL THE 
 ROAD TO PEACE BE REACHED, See page 
 
 27, above. 
 
 In other words, whenever the Allies 
 shall really set forth the details of the 
 proposed World Liberation, squarely 
 and effectively, it may be that the war 
 will come to an end. In any event the 
 peoples in the allied nations will then 
 support their governments until full lib- 
 eration is achieved ! 
 
 Such is the Road to Victory, sure 
 and complete ! 
 
 In the words of President Wilson in 
 the closing sentiment of his recent an- 
 nual message to Congress, December 
 4, 1917: 
 
 "The Hand of God is laid upon the 
 nations. He will show them favor, I 
 devoutly believe, only if they rise to 
 the clear heights of His own justice 
 and mercy." 
 
Part III. 
 
 ANSWERS TO OBJECTIONS AND QUERIES. 
 
 No. 1. Concerning the proposed ter- 
 mination of competition in armament 
 and war, will it he ivise to thus limit 
 the survival of the fittest? 
 
 The answer is that "the survival of 
 the fittest" means the survival of the 
 nations and individuals hcst fitted to 
 the cristing conditions. The result of 
 the ending: of competition in armament 
 between nations and war will be to 
 improve the conditions — shut out a 
 
 LOW FORM OF COMPETITION. MANKIND 
 ADVANCES BY SHUTTING OUT THE LOWER 
 
 FORMS OF COMPETITION. It used to be 
 that duelinfi: prevailed, but that form of 
 competition between men . has been 
 eliminated in the advanced nations. It 
 used to be that pirate ships competed 
 with one another, but that form of 
 competition is outgrown. And now the 
 competition in building and using 
 death-dealing weapons of war is to be 
 ended. Progress for mankind consists 
 in shutting out the lower forms of com- 
 petition, as we have said. Because of 
 the coming into power of the self-gov- 
 erning peoples and their defeat of the 
 plans of Prussian Militarism the world 
 is to witness a stupendous step in ad- 
 vance — World Liberation. 
 
 No. 2. To fight is human nature, 
 and therefore, the plan for permanent 
 peace cannot succeed. 
 
 We admit that human nature is such 
 that fighting between individuals will 
 to some extent surely go on for a con- 
 siderable time. In the proposed exten- 
 sion of government to international af- 
 fairs, the only suggestion is that real 
 international law shall be established 
 between nations, along with provision 
 for the peaceful settlement of such in- 
 ternational disputes as may arise, 
 thcrclrg removing the occasion for cer- 
 tain kinds of fighting, namely, the 
 butchery of men in international wars, 
 leaving still in operation the other 
 forms of fighting except as lata and 
 culture shall exclude the cruder forms. 
 
 No. 3. The establishment of perma- 
 
 nent peace is impossible until the 
 CAUSES of war are removed. 
 
 There is a fallacy in the statement. 
 Consider for a moment the United 
 States. Military warfare between these 
 48 States is prevented by the main- 
 tenance of a system whereby the in- 
 terstate disputes are peacefully settled; 
 that is. an adequate system for the 
 attainment of peaceful settlement is 
 used, not that the causes of interstate 
 disputes liave been removed. A correct 
 statement of the issue is the first 
 requisite. 
 
 No. Jf. Can tve trust ourselves to an 
 In tern a tiona I Government 2 
 
 Yes, because the first thing the rep- 
 resentatives of the self-governing peo- 
 ple will do will be to unite on an inter- 
 national constitution providing for the 
 largest possible degree of National 
 Freedom along progressive lines. That 
 is, they will definitely mark out the 
 inherent rights and duties of the na- 
 tions of the world on the basis of equal 
 rights, aiming to establish the largest 
 possible National Freedom, and all 
 
 NATIONS WILL BE CALLED UPON TO MU- 
 TUALLY PLEDGE TO GUARANTEE THESE 
 
 LIBERTIES. This will result in the de- 
 sired civil liberties. The long-looked- 
 for World State will have arrived ! The 
 ideal will have been achieved. All be- 
 cause of the coming into power of De- 
 mocracy ! 
 
 No. 5. What do you mean lOhen you 
 speak of ''National freedom along pro- 
 gressive lines'^? 
 
 The idea is that the combined na- 
 tions of the world will stand for Prog- 
 ress. Because of this they will place 
 in the international constitution a pro- 
 vision that in case of threatened domes- 
 tic violence within a nation its govern- 
 ment may ask the International Gov- 
 ernment for aid; also provide in the 
 constitution that wherever a consider- 
 able number of the citizens ask the In- 
 ternational Government for protection 
 the conditions will be examined and 
 
justice will be sustained-^justice frSlI^ 
 the standpoint of self-governing peoples 
 — real democracy. Further details are 
 at page 35, above. 
 
 No. 6, What in your judgment are 
 the hasic elements of justice? 
 
 The maintenance of Free Institutions 
 — freedom of conscience, free speech, 
 freedom of the press, etc., as set forth 
 in our Bill of Rights. These rights 
 can now be maintained throughout the 
 world — the forthcoming New Age! We 
 are in a stupendously progressive age ! 
 Mankind is being pushed ahead at a 
 remarkable pace — even China is a Re- 
 public ! With the winning of this 
 World War by the Democracies and 
 
 *This Reactionist Holy Alliance con- 
 sisted of two Kaisers and two Kings — 
 the Hohenzollern, Hapsburg, Romanoff 
 and Bourbon heads of families. In 
 1822 at Verona they entered into the 
 following secret treaty: 
 
 "The undersigned, specially author- 
 ized to make some additions to the 
 Treaty of the Holy Alliance, after hav- 
 ing exchanged their respective creden- 
 tials, have agreed as follows: 
 
 "Article 1. The high contracting 
 parties, being convinced that the system 
 of Representative Government is 
 equally inconsistent with Monarchical 
 principles as the maxims of the sov- 
 ereignty of the people with the divine 
 right, engage mutually, in the most sol- 
 emn manner, to use all their efforts 
 
 their allies, freedom is to exist through- 
 out the world. 
 
 Nothing less will be thought of by 
 those who study the situation ; we the 
 self-governing peoples can establish 
 justice and peace throughout the world, 
 and therefore we are going to do so! 
 A century ago the Reactionist Govern- 
 ments defeated Napoleon and they then 
 combined in the so-called Holy Alliance 
 for world domination,* whereas to-day 
 the Democracies when they win this 
 World War ivill unite in freeing all of 
 the slaves — political slaves, loho have 
 dcen tvorked en masse for the benefit 
 of the few; also ivill T)e ended the com 
 petition in armament and war. 
 
 TO PUT AN END TO THIS SYSTEM OF REP- 
 RESENTATIVE Government in whatever 
 
 COUNTRY* IT MAY EXIST IN EUROPE, AND 
 TO PREVENT IT BEING INTRODUCED INTO 
 THOSE COUNTRIES WHERE IT IS NOT YET 
 KNOWN. 
 
 "Article 2. As it can not be doubted 
 that the liberty of the press is the most 
 powerful means used by the supporters 
 of the pretended rights of nations [the 
 people] to the detriment of those of 
 princes, the high contracting parties 
 promise reciprocally to adopt all proper 
 measures to suppress it, not only in 
 
 THEIR OWN states BUT ALSO IN THE REST 
 
 OF Europe. 
 
 "Article 3. * * *" 
 
 (Elliot's American Diplomatic Code, 
 vol. ii, p. 179.) 
 
 Division V. 
 STILL FARTHER DETAILS. 
 
 Part I. 
 DEMOCRACY RESULTS IN PEACE AND PROSPERITY- 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 In the discussions which now are 
 taking place concerning the proposed 
 reign of Democracy, some are pointing 
 to Lord Macauley's statement in 1857 
 that the rule of the majority in the 
 United States and elsewhere ''must, 
 sooner or later, destroy liberty or civi- 
 lization or doth.'' He gave France as 
 a recent illustration of where democ- 
 racy had been attempted and had 
 failed, the situation being saved by a 
 
 return of "despotism, a silent tribune, 
 an enslaved press." 
 
 Macauley' historical example is true, 
 but it is no proper basis for the broad 
 generalization that all other attempts 
 to establish a democracy must fail. He 
 was discussing the probable future of 
 the United States and he predicted that 
 evil results ivould follow) and his fore- 
 cast CAME true. An awful civil war 
 occurred, followed by alternating pros- 
 
 70 
 
perity and depression, discontent and 
 war between capital and labor, con- 
 quest of the Philippines and Porto 
 Rico, also a refusal by our government 
 to enter into a League of American 
 Republics. What is the explanation? 
 Is democracy a failure? 
 
 No, not if the people are sufftcientlij 
 developed and are properly educated 
 and properly led. What occurred in 
 THE United States was that in 1844 
 
 DEMOCRACY WAS SILENTLY ENDED IN NA- 
 TIONAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 Just previous to this a gradual de- 
 basement of the average of citizen- 
 ship had taken place — low immigration 
 did the deed! And it was planned in 
 advance by the arch-fiend of reaction- 
 Ism, Prince Metternich, Prime Minister 
 of Austria. He started the work in 
 1828, shortly after the defeat of his 
 plan to use force of arms in the Span- 
 ish-American Republics. In 1823 the 
 United States had announced the Mon- 
 roe Doctrine, backed by Great Britain, 
 and they won against the so-called 
 Holy Alliance — won without striking a 
 blow. Five years later the Conserva- 
 tive Austrian Government, headed by 
 Prince Metternich, issued a charter for 
 the St. Leopold Foundation, to raise 
 funds for inducing immigration to the 
 United States of anti-democratic pop- 
 ulations. 
 
 The plot was exposed to the people 
 of the United States by Mr. Morse, who 
 afterward invented the electric tele- 
 graph. He published the facts in 1834 
 in the New York Observer and there 
 arose the American Party, hut it did 
 not succeed, and in 1844 the people of 
 THE United States lost self-govern- 
 
 ]S[ENT IN national AFFAIRS, FOLLOWED 
 BY THE ANNEXATION OF SLAVE TERRI- 
 TORY — MORE REACTIONISM ; AND THIS 
 WAS FOLLOWED BY AN UNJUST WAR BY 
 
 THE United States against Mexico, 
 AND SO ON. This we outline in the ac- 
 companying pages after first proving 
 that democracy in the United States 
 was a success as long as it lasted. 
 Democracy a Success in United 
 States, 1776-1844. 
 During the years 1776 to 1844 the 
 
 result from the experiment of self-gov- 
 ernment by the people in the United 
 States was as follows : 
 
 Equal rights between families were 
 established — entailed estates were term- 
 inated. 
 
 Equal rights within families were 
 established — primogeniture, whereby 
 the eldest son took practically all of 
 the family estate, was terminated. 
 
 Equal rights to an education were 
 established, and a free puMic school 
 system was founded. 
 
 Equal rights among churches, and 
 freedom of religious worship were es- 
 tablished — Church and State were sep- 
 arated. 
 
 These improvements led to equal po- 
 litical rights among lohite men — the 
 termination of property qualifications 
 for voting. This took place in the east 
 and south during 1800 to 1826. In the 
 west white manhood suffrage had ex- 
 isted from the beginning. 
 
 The net result is stated as follows by 
 the noted French historian, Alexis de 
 Tocqueville, who visited this country 
 in 1832-33: 
 
 "The Democratic principle had gained 
 so much strength by time, by events, 
 and by legislation, as to have become 
 not only predominant, but all-power- 
 ful. . . . 
 
 "The Anglo-Americans are the first 
 nation who have been happy enough to 
 escape the dominion of absolute power. 
 They have been allowed by their cir- 
 cumstances, their origin, their iiitelli- 
 aence, and especially dy their morals, 
 10 estal)lish and maintain the sov- 
 ereignty of the people.''*- 
 
 In other words, the people whose 
 ancestors were in the German forests 
 in the days of .Julius C;esar, and who 
 were of a new type, being possessed of 
 great courage and of a higher morality 
 than had hitherto existed, were, in the 
 new world, far away from the reac- 
 tionary and less advanced people, 
 showing forth the innate qualities of 
 their nature, resulting in real Self- 
 
 * Democracy in America, vol. 1, pp. 
 67-68. Gilman edition. 
 
 71 
 
Government, based, of course, ufHi^ 
 widespread education and freedom of 
 conscience, freedom of speech and free- 
 dom of the press. 
 
 The effect upon legislation was as 
 follows, quoting from Democracy in 
 America, by de Tocqueville : 
 
 "America exhibits in her social state 
 an extraordinary phenomenon. Men are 
 there seen on a fjrcatcr equality in 
 point of fortune and intellect, or, in 
 other words, more equal in their 
 strength, than in any other country of 
 the world or in any age of which his- 
 tory has preserved the remembrance.'''^ 
 
 This was written by de Toque ville in 
 1833. In 1850, after two years of the 
 French Revolution of 1848, he penned a 
 preface to the twelfth edition of his 
 two-volume woi*k, saying : 
 
 "The principle of the sovereignty of 
 the people, which we enthroned in 
 France l)ut yesterday, has in the United 
 States held sway for over sixty years. 
 It is there reduced to practice in the 
 most direct, the most unlimited, and 
 the most al)solute manner. For sixty 
 years, the people who have made it 
 their common source of all their laws 
 have increased in population, in terri- 
 tory, and in opulence; and — consider it 
 well — it is found to have been, during 
 that period, not only the most pros- 
 perous, but the most stable of all the 
 nations of the earth. Whilst all the 
 nations of Europe have been devastated 
 by war or torn by civil discord, the 
 American people alone in the civi- 
 lized WORLD have remained AT PEACE. 
 
 Almost all Europe loas convulsed by 
 revolutions ; America has not had even 
 a revolt. The republic there has not 
 been the assailant, but the GUARDiANf 
 
 of VESTED rights; the property of IN- 
 DIVIDUALS HAS HAD better GUARANTIES 
 THERE THAN IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY IN 
 THE WORLD,- ANARCHY THERE HAS BEEN 
 AS UNKNOWN AS DESPOTISM." 
 
 These splendid results flowed from 
 Self-Government by the People. 
 Through the use of the ballot the ma- 
 jority dis-established the privileges 
 which the few had by law conferred 
 upon themselves. Self-interest caused 
 the majority to do this. The other por- 
 tion of the legislative field — the se- 
 
 *Vol. i, p. 67. "~ 7~I 
 
 curing of constructive legislation, was 
 the result of proposals by the people's 
 leaders. The people elected to oflice 
 their greatest statesmen, who piloted 
 the ship of state. 
 
 Loss of People's Rule, 1844. 
 
 We have just quoted de Toqueville's 
 description of the excellent results 
 from democracy in the United States 
 at the time he wrote, and he added : 
 
 "The principles on which the Amer- 
 ican constitutions rest, those principles 
 of order, of the balance of powers, of 
 true liberty, of deep and sincere re- 
 spect for right, are indispensable to all 
 republics; they ought to be common to 
 all; and it may be said beforehand. 
 that wherever they shall not be found, 
 
 THE REPUBLIC WILL SOON CEASE TO EX- 
 IST." 
 
 Absolutely true ! In the United States 
 a change was wrought by a vast inflow 
 of immigration from nations whose peo- 
 ple did not possess the development 
 that results in self-government — the 
 average of our citizenship was lowered, 
 folloived, by the loivering of the sys- 
 tem of Party Government, and in 1844 
 
 THE CONTROL OF THE NATIONAL GOVERN- 
 MENT PASSED TO Slavocracy (page 13, 
 above), followed almost immediately 
 
 BY THE annexation OF TeXAS AS SLAVE 
 
 territory and there resulted our un- 
 just war against mexico ; then came 
 the repeal of the missouri compro- 
 mise a compromise in 1820 by act of 
 
 Congress limiting the slave terri- 
 tory; SOON THE FEW IN THE UNITED 
 
 States Supreme Court, by judicial 
 legislation, altered the constitution 
 
 itself by DECLARING BY A VOTE OF 7 TO 
 
 2 THAT Congress did not possess the 
 right to limit the slave territory ; 
 then a law was enacted by the na- 
 TIONAL Government commanding the 
 PEOPLE of the North . to help catch 
 
 RUNAWAY SLAVES ; THEN A THIRD PARTY 
 
 WAS ORGANIZED DUE TO THE FACT THAT 
 
 THE PEOPLE COULD NOT REGAIN CONTROL 
 OF EITHER OF THE TWO OLD PARTIES AND 
 
 THE National Government was re- 
 taken BY THE people, FOLLOWED BY 
 secession BY MANY OF THE STATES, AND 
 THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY CIVIL WAR, 
 
 72 
 
WHICH CONTINUED FOR FOUR YEARS. 
 
 These facts are stated because to- 
 day the Democracies of earth are con- 
 sidering the formation of the Federa- 
 tion of the World and should be told 
 the truth. 
 
 During our Civil AVar there was no 
 opportunity to reform the system of 
 government, besides, there were reac- 
 tionist forces in every avenue of life, 
 woven into all the intricacies of our 
 modern world. 
 
 In 1888 help came to us from Great 
 Britain. One of her liberal sons. 
 James Bryce, Member of Parliament 
 and a noted historian, visited us and 
 described our then existing system of 
 debased government — Machine Rule. In 
 his American Commonwealth he pic- 
 tures "The Machine," tells "How the 
 Machine Works" and in conclusion 
 says : 
 
 "Observing the form of consulting 
 the voters, it substantially ignores them 
 and forces on them persons whom they 
 do not know, and would dislike if they 
 knew them. It substitutes for the 
 party voters generally a small number 
 of professionals and their creatures, 
 extracts prearranged nominations from 
 packed meetings, and calls this con- 
 sulting the pleasure of the sovereign 
 people. . . . Thus the Machine 
 works on, and grinds out places, potver 
 and opportuniiies for illicit gain to 
 those ivho manage it.'' 
 
 And this debased condition in 1888 
 was better than it had been. Again 
 we quote from Mr. Bryce: 
 
 "To a stranger revisiting America at 
 intervals, the progress seems to be 
 steadily, though very slowly, upwards 
 
 Note the fact that 1888 was the date. 
 That year the reform forces in the 
 United States succeeded in enacting a 
 law of Congress and it was signed by 
 President Cleveland, calling a confer- 
 ence of the American Republics to meet 
 at Washington to consider how best to 
 co-operate. But in the national election 
 within the United States that year the 
 winning power was Reactionism, and 
 then through its control of the United 
 States Government in later years it re- 
 jected the recommendations of the Pan 
 
 American Conference, the conference 
 which the reform forces had succeeded 
 in calling. Here is one of the recom- 
 mendations which the United States, 
 the Colossus of the North, rejected: 
 
 ''The Republics of North, Central 
 and i^oiith America adopt arbitration 
 
 AS A principle OF AMERICAN INTERNA- 
 TIONAL LAW FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF 
 THE DIFFERENCES, DISPUTES, OR CONTRO- 
 VERSIES THAT MAY ARISE BETWEEN TWO 
 OK MORE OF THEM. . . . WITH THE SIN- 
 GLE EXCEPTION [that WHEN J IN THE 
 JUDGMENT OF ANY ONE OF THE NATIONS 
 INVOLVED IN THE CONTROVERSY IT MAY- 
 IMPERIL ITS INDEPENDENCE. lu Which 
 
 case for such nation arbitration shall 
 be optional; but it shall be obligatory 
 upon the adversary pov^er." 
 
 This suggestion for the amicable set- 
 tlement of all of the international dis- 
 putes between the American Republics 
 was rejected by the United States Gov- 
 ernment. This was 1890 and subse- 
 quent years. 
 
 On the more important proposal to 
 refrain from conquest, the United 
 States likewise refused to pledge. 
 Here is the proposal of the Pan Amer- 
 ican Conference of 1889-'90, a proposal 
 framed and championed by James G. 
 Blaine, Secretary of State: 
 
 "The proposed treaty between each 
 of the American states should provide : 
 
 'First. That the principle of con- 
 quest shall not, during the continuance 
 of the treaty of arMtration, be recog- 
 nized as admissible under American 
 public laic. 
 
 "Second. That all cession of terri- 
 tory made during the continuance of 
 the treaty of arbitration shall be void 
 if made under threat of war or the 
 presence of an armed force. 
 
 "Third. Any nation from which 
 such cession shall be exacted may de- 
 mand that the validity of the cession 
 so made shall be submitted to arbitra- 
 tion. 
 
 "Fourth. Any renunciation of the 
 right of arbitration made under the 
 conditions named in the second sec- 
 tion shall be null and void." 
 
 Not only did the United States Gov- 
 ernment refuse to pledge against con- 
 quest, but a fete years later, under the 
 rule of Trustocracy, which had just 
 
 78 
 
iTig Ihp 
 Money Power (page 19, above )7rll^ 
 party ''machine'" reached out and hy 
 actual conquest took possession of the 
 people of Porto Rico and the Philip- 
 pines and THEN PROCEEDED TO HOLD 
 THEM ALL AS SUBJECTS — POLITICAL 
 SLAVES. 
 
 Thus our Democratic Republic drifted 
 into Imperialism. Not only did it 
 hold subjects — refusing them citizen- 
 ship and refusing a promise of citizen- 
 ship — but without any special atten- 
 tion by our democratic republican peo- 
 ples the King of the Moros sat in a 
 harem, surrounded by chattel slaves, 
 all under the Stars and Stripes! 
 
 Then five technical jurists in the 
 United States Supreme Court, by a 
 vote of 5 to 4, declared that the United 
 States Constitution, adopted l)y the 
 earlier self-governing people of the 
 United States, authorized the hold- 
 ing OF subjects — political slaves ! The 
 dissenting opinions plainly describe the 
 acts of these five judges as "judicial 
 legislation." 
 
 Half of the world was then suffer- 
 ing from the reign of Reactionism. The 
 almost continuous fall in the average 
 of prices after 1873 in the gold-stand- 
 ard countries had resulted in injury to 
 the employers of hands, and had re- 
 sulted in millions of unemployed men 
 and women. In Great Britain a Con- 
 servative Government set out to dis- 
 possess the Boers of sovereignty over 
 their diamond mines and gold fields 
 and finally succeeded. In Germany a 
 Conservative Government was aided by 
 the Socialists in keeping from power 
 the Liberals. 
 Restoration of the People's Rule, 1912. 
 
 Then the tide turned and rising 
 prices set in throughout the gold- 
 standard world, accompanied by stim- 
 ulated industry, and soon the Liberals 
 began coming back into power, and 
 have so continued to this day (pages 
 20-21, above). In the United States 
 the re-establishment of a People's Gov- 
 ernment was on March 4th, 1913. The 
 national leader, Woodrow Wilson, in 
 his inaugural address, said : 
 
 "The great Government we love has 
 too often been made use of for private 
 and selfish purposes, and those who 
 used it had forgotten the people. . . . 
 Our tvork is a work of restoration. . . . 
 
 "And yet it will be no cool process 
 of mere science. The Nation has been 
 deeply stirred, stirred by a solemn pas- 
 sion, stirred by the knowledge of 
 wrongs, of ideals lost, of government 
 too often debauched and made an in- 
 strument of evil. The feelings with 
 ivhich 1/76 face this new age of right 
 and opportunity sweep across our 
 heart-strings like some air of God's 
 oion presence, where justice and mercy 
 are reconciled and the judge and the 
 brother are one. We know our task 
 is to be no mere task of politics, but a 
 task that shall search us through and 
 through, tvhether we shall he able to 
 understand our time and, the need of 
 our people, whether we be indeed tlieir 
 spokesmen and interpreters, whether 
 we have the pure heart to comprehend 
 and the rectified will to choose our high 
 cost of action. 
 
 "This is not a day of triumph ; it 
 IS A day of dedication. Here muster 
 
 NOT the forces OF PARTY BUT OF HU- 
 MANITY. Men's hearts wait upon us ,* 
 men's lives hang in the balance; 
 
 ALEN'S hopes call upon us to SAY 
 WHAT WE WILL DO. WHO SHALL LIVE 
 UP TO THE GREAT TRUST? WHO DARES 
 TO FAIL? I SUMMON ALL HONEST MEN 
 TO MY SIDE. God HELPING ME, I WILL 
 NOT FAIL THEM^IF THEY WILL BUT COUN- 
 SEL AND SUSTAIN ME !" 
 
 Far-reaching results for humanity 
 have been achieved. 
 
 The House of Representatives con- 
 tinued the reforms in procedure estab- 
 lished by the preceding Democratic 
 House. In the Senate the Democratic 
 majority dethroned "Aldrichism." The 
 caucus was substituted for the control 
 of a small committee led by Senator 
 Aldrich. But the century-old system 
 of permitting the minority in the Sen- 
 ate to take all the time they might 
 wish for was continued, resulting in 
 the defeat of many reforms passed by 
 the House, the Senate not having suffi- 
 cient time to bring them up and pass 
 them. Thus the reorganization of the 
 army in 1914 was defeated tempora- 
 rily; also the enactment of a revised 
 
 74 
 
corrupt practices act was defeated. An 
 improved law against corrupt prac- 
 tices should have been in operation for 
 the 1914 Congressional election but the 
 Reactionary Minority prevented its 
 passage. The Democratic National 
 Convention of 1916 pledged that should 
 the party in i)ovver be continued in 
 office it would abolish this right in the 
 minority to unduly delay legislative 
 reforms.* This pledge has been partly 
 carried out with the aid of the liberals 
 in the opposition party. Thus the last 
 ditch of the Special Interests is almost 
 abolished. 
 
 Knowledge of these facts is essential 
 to an understanding of the actions that 
 proceed from Self-Government by the 
 People. 
 
 In 1913 one of the first official acts 
 of President Wilson was to issue an 
 address to the other American Repub- 
 lics, warmly greeting them and pledg- 
 ing himself and colleagues to honestly 
 co-operate with them as equals and 
 without aggression. In the concluding 
 paragraph, he saicj : 
 
 "From these principles may be read 
 so much of the future policy of this 
 Government as is necessary now to 
 forecast, and in the spirit of these 
 principles, I may, I hope, be permitted 
 with as much confidence as earnest- 
 ness, to extend to the Governments of 
 all of the Repuhlics of America the 
 hand of genuine friendship and to 
 pledge my own honor and the honor of 
 my coUeagues to every enterprise of 
 peace and amity that a fortunate future 
 may disclose.'" 
 
 Again in a speech at Mobile, Ala- 
 bama. October 27, that same first year 
 of his administration, the President 
 declared : 
 
 ''The United ^States will never again 
 seek one additional foot of territory 
 by conquest.'' 
 
 Steadfastly the Wilson Adminis- 
 
 *"We favor," says the Democratic 
 platform, "such an alteration of the 
 rules of procedure of the Senate of 
 the United States as will permit the 
 prompt transaction of the nation's leg- 
 islative business." 
 
 TRATION HAS HELD TO THESE HIGH 
 
 IDEALS. One of the results has been a 
 rapid development of what is termed 
 the New Pan Americanism, which is 
 
 ABOUT TO MERGE INTO A REAL FEDERATION 
 
 OF American Republics.* But Presi- 
 
 *FoRTnco.MiNG Pan American Con- 
 vention. 
 
 At the time of the Second Pan Amer- 
 ican Scientific Conference. December. 
 1915, the Wilson Administration, 
 through the Secretary of State, pro- 
 posed to the other independent gov- 
 ernments in the Western Hemisphere 
 the holding of a Convention — mark 
 you a convention, not a Conference, 
 at which representatives of each of 
 these independent governments shall 
 assemble along with representatives of 
 the United States for the purpose of 
 mutually agreeing upon the following 
 measures, at least: 
 
 ''Guaranteeing to each other ahso- 
 lutely, political independence and 
 territorial integrity. 
 
 "In the second place and as a neces- 
 sary corollary to that, guaranteeing 
 the agreement to settle all pending 
 'boundary disputes among themselves, 
 should, they unhappily arise, by patient 
 and impartial investigation and settled 
 by arbitration. 
 
 "And the further agreement neces- 
 sary to the peace of the Americas, 
 that no state of either continent will 
 permit revolutionary expeditions 
 against another state to be fitted out 
 on its territory; and that they will 
 prohibit the e.Tportatio7i of munitions 
 of war for the purpose of supplying 
 7'evolutionists against a neighboring 
 government." 
 
 These are the words of President 
 Wilson in an address at the closing 
 banquet of the Second Pan American 
 Scientific Congress, and he added: 
 "You see what our thought is. gentle- 
 men, not only the international peace 
 of America, but the domestic peace of 
 America. If American states are con- 
 stantly in a ferment there will be a 
 standing threat to their relations with 
 one another. It is just as much to 
 our interest to assist each other in the 
 orderly process within our own 
 borders as it is to secure orderly pro- 
 cesses in our controversies with one 
 another. 
 
 "These," continued Mr. Wilson, "are 
 
 76 
 
dent Wilson's strength of charact^i^ias 
 been tested to the utmost in connecuOT^ 
 with Mexico, complicated by his being 
 a candidate for re-election in 1916. Had 
 he yielded to that which at one time 
 was an overwhelming public opinion 
 for the occupation of Mexico — a public 
 opinion created by false information 
 supplied by Reactionism — he would 
 have run no risk of personal defeat.* 
 
 very practical suggestions which have 
 sprung up in the minds of thoughtful 
 men, and I for my part believe that 
 they are going to lead to something 
 that America has prayed for for many 
 a generation. For they are based, in 
 the first place, so far as the strong 
 states are concerned, upon the hand- 
 some principle of self-restraint and 
 respect for the rights of every1>ody. 
 They are based upon the principle of 
 absolute political equality amonri the 
 states, eauality of rirfht, not of indul- 
 gence. They are based, in short, upon 
 the solid, eternal foundations of justice 
 and humanity. 
 
 "no man can turn away from 
 these things without turning 
 away from the hope of the world. 
 These are the things, ladies and 
 gentlemen, for which the world has 
 
 hoped and WAITED WITH PRAYERFUL 
 HEART. God GRANT THAT IT MAY BE 
 
 GRANTED TO LIFT THIS LIGHT ON HIGH 
 FOR THE ILLUMINATION OF THE WORLD !" 
 
 The delegates from Latin America 
 were tremendously pleased. Two 
 days later, at the final meeting of the 
 delegates. Minister Calderon, of Bo- 
 livia, described President Wilson's 
 policy as "a great doctrine, which ex- 
 cludes no man, threatens no country, 
 but is the culmination of that great 
 universal yearning for freedom, for 
 peace, for justice and for amity." 
 
 *The people of Mexico are a free 
 people to-day because President Wilson 
 stood by his pledge — his government's 
 pledge — to stand for equal rights and 
 justice for the American Republics. In 
 his annual message of December, 1915, 
 he said : 
 
 "From the first we have made com- 
 mon cause with all partisans of liberty 
 on this side of tlie sea. and have 
 deemed it as important that our neigh- 
 bors should be free from all outside 
 
 The year following this utterance the 
 national campaign in the United States 
 was largely fought on this Mexican 
 
 domination as that we ourselves should 
 be ; this continent as a whole having 
 been set dside for independent nations 
 and politically free men." 
 
 In a preceding portion of his mes- 
 sage President Wilson said : 
 
 "All the Governments of America 
 stand, as far as we are concerned, 
 upon a footing of genuine equality and 
 unquestioned independence. 
 
 "We HAVE BEEN PUT TO THE TEST IN 
 THE CASE OF MEXICO, AND WE HAVE 
 
 STOOD THE TEST. Whether we have 
 benefited Mexico by the course we have 
 pursued remains to be seen. Her for- 
 tunes ARE IN HER OWN HANDS. But 
 
 we have at least proved that we will 
 not take advantage of her in her dis 
 tress and undertake to impose upon 
 her an order and government of our 
 own choosing. Liberty is often a fierce 
 and intractable thing, to which no 
 bounds can be set, and to which no 
 bounds of a few men's choosing ought 
 ever to be set. Every American who 
 has drunk at the true fountain of prin- 
 ciple and tradition must subscribe 
 without reservation to the high doc- 
 trine of the Virginia Bill of Rights, 
 which in the great days in which our 
 Government was set up was every 
 where among us accepted as the creed 
 of free men. 
 
 "That doctrine is, 'that government 
 is, or ought to be, instituted for the 
 common benefit, protection, and se- 
 curity of the people, nation, or com- 
 munity ;' that 'of all the various modes 
 and forms of government, that is the 
 best which is capable of producing the 
 greatest degree of happiness and 
 safety, and is most effectually secured 
 against the danger of maladministra- 
 tion ; and that when any government 
 shall be found inadequate or contrary 
 to these purposes, a majority of the 
 community hath an indubitable, in- 
 alienable, and indefeasible right to re- 
 form, alter, or abolish it, in such 
 manner as shall be judged most condu- 
 cive to the public weal.' We have 
 
 unhesitatingly applied THAT HEROIC 
 PRINCIPLE TO THE CASE OF MEXICO AND 
 NOW HOPEFULLY AWAIT THE REBIRTH OF 
 THE TROUBLED REPUBLIC, WHICH HAD SO 
 MUCH OF WHICH TO PURGE ITSELF AND 
 
 T6, 
 
question and the Wilson (iovornment 
 was upheld at the polls. 
 
 Thus in the Western Hemisphere the 
 system of Federal Government is about 
 to be extended so as to form one vast 
 Brotherhood of Republics. It comes as 
 the result of a 7'cturn of real Democ- 
 racy. Wherever the people develop 
 to the stage where they attain the 
 high station of Self-Government they 
 
 establish a Federation of States, with 
 its International Government, thereby 
 ending international anarchy. Democ- 
 racies do this because they are willing 
 to abstain from robbing weaker na- 
 tions ; also they possess the intelli- 
 gence to realize the stupendous ad- 
 vantages to themselves and to all man- 
 kind by establishing real international 
 law in place of international anarchy. 
 
 Part II. 
 
 PRUSSIAN IDEALS COMPARED. 
 
 In 1912 the then existing ideals in 
 Prussia were described as follows in 
 an interview by Herr Alfred Kerr, a 
 man of letters, critic, lecturer and 
 director of the German review Pa7i. 
 He said: 
 
 "Most Germans do not tell foreign- 
 ers the full truth, namely, that the 
 prospect of a new war does no*t alarm 
 any one. The profits are calculated : 
 The annihilation of France and an 
 indemnity of war amounting to 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE BILLIONS. YoU SmilC," lie 
 
 said to Monsieur Bourdon, who was 
 interviewing him*, "that is because you 
 don't know^ what Germany is to-day. 
 It is a nation of shopkeepers ; love of 
 gain is its ruling passion ; earn money, 
 get rich quickly, is the one ideal. . . . 
 Rather than risk a failure in business. 
 Prussia prefers to submit to shameful 
 humiliations ; as for instance, her elec- 
 toral regime, that is the question in a 
 nut shell. So long as ivar for wealth 
 is only a matter of the highest game 
 it does not matter who the adversary 
 is. You [France] are rich. Therefore 
 your possessions are coveted. But I 
 must say we gaze more towards Eng- 
 land than towards you." 
 
 so LITTLE SYMPATHY FROM ANY OUTSIDE 
 QUARTER IN THE RADICAL BUT NECES- 
 SARY PROCESS. W^e will aid and 
 befriend Mexico, but we will not 
 COERCE HER. and our course with re- 
 gard to her ought to be sufficient proof 
 to all America that we seek no po- 
 litical suzerainty or selfish control." 
 
 ♦Published in Figaro, republished in 
 Tlic German Enigma. 
 
 Herr Kerr also said : "There is a 
 warlike foundation in the tempera- 
 ment of the race, a superfluity of ani- 
 mal force that requires to vent itself. 
 The German [Prussian] is accustomed 
 to o'bey, if loar comes he will blindly 
 folloio the flag." In the words of Bis- 
 marck in his autobiography : "The in- 
 dividual German [Prussian] readily 
 obeys the command of a dynasty to 
 harry with fire and sword, and with 
 his own hands to slaughter his Ger- 
 man neighbors and kinfolk, as a result 
 of a quarrel unintelligible to himself." 
 
 As to the outcome of a war with 
 France, Herr Kerr said : "Taken al- 
 together, this gives us a tremendous 
 confidence ; you will not find many Ger 
 mans who have any doubts as to the 
 results of a war with France." 
 
 The Prussian type he believed would 
 dominate more and more widely. He 
 said : "We, like others less advanced 
 in civilization, have preserved a more 
 vigorous temperament which makes us 
 appear abler for resistance and more 
 game. . . . The German [Prussian] 
 has arrived with more red corpuscles 
 
 AND I BELIEVE HIS HOUR HAS COME. The 
 
 law of life ordains that the least strong 
 shall he eliminated, and the real con- 
 querors are the famished. That is to 
 say, we Germans. The money we have 
 earned has given us the taste, and con- 
 quered prosperity has increased our 
 appetite. . . . In France you are 
 blinded by illusions. You dream ; you 
 revel in the luxury of humanitarian 
 ideas. You believe in justice, good- 
 ness, peace, fraternity and that is a 
 very dangerous state of things. You 
 say. war. violence and conquest are 
 things of the past, out of fashion, and 
 
 77 
 
altogether vieux jeii. But I answer 
 
 you, WAR IS NOT OUT OF FASHION, IT'S 
 A THING OF TOMORROW." 
 
 This was said two years before the 
 outbreak of the World War. "Herr 
 Alfred Kerr, after saying the forego- 
 ing, drew himself up on his low seat," 
 says M. Bourdon, "and with his ani- 
 mated forefinger pointed to the solid 
 phalanxes on the wall waving flags and 
 firing thunder, said : 'The return of the 
 Huns !' " 
 
 The foregoing statements were ut- 
 tered two years before the Prussians 
 started the present war. Conquest was 
 aimed at from the start (page 26. 
 above), and one year after the begin- 
 ning the demand was for wholesale 
 robbery (page 26, above). 
 
 This Prussian type of civilization 
 was the result of the causes we have 
 described. Its ideals had been delib- 
 erately instilled into its people, begin- 
 ning in babyhood. Everywhere the 
 idea of material and selfish gain for 
 its own people has been dominant — in 
 the schools, in the plans for German 
 Nationalism, in a materialistic philos- 
 ophy, and in a government-controlled 
 press. 
 
 One of the results, beginning in 1847. 
 was the ideal that the political slaves, 
 property-less, should some day become 
 suddenly, over-night, the ruling power 
 in state after state and that 
 forthwith they would confiscate in 
 the name of the state and for them- 
 selves all of the property of those who 
 by abstinence had saved it up, at the 
 same time placing them in an indus- 
 trial slavery and under their own dom- 
 ination. On the other hand, the peo- 
 ple in Prussia ivho possessed property. 
 looked forward to improving their own 
 condition by forcibly acquiring more 
 property through sending the Prussian 
 and German armies abroad and killing 
 many of their neighbors. Proof on this 
 point is the enthusiasm with which 
 they went into the present war (page 
 19, above). Colonies have been looked 
 upon as being almost solely for the 
 benefit of those who have ruled them ; 
 and foreign trade has been built up 
 
 by underselling abroad and charging 
 extortionately high prices at home.* 
 In this way an immense national 
 wealth has been accumulated and a 
 considerable part of it has been de- 
 voted to the building up of armies and 
 armament for the coming war. 
 
 The intellect in all this has largely 
 been supplied by the few who have 
 been developed by means of the caste 
 system, thereby keeping comparatively 
 pure their higher type. Training has 
 been supplied through a carefully man- 
 aged educational system, planned for 
 thoroughness and practicability. The 
 welfare of the state as a whole has 
 l)een looked after by means of an Ab- 
 solute Monarchy in Administrative af- 
 fairs, which also has led in shaping the 
 public policies. And supplementary to 
 all this has been the existence of an 
 Absolute Monarchy in both the State 
 and the Church. 
 
 The basis of it all has been the un- 
 
 *The net result of the Prussian sys- 
 tem has been that the wage-earners 
 have been shorn of from 30 to 40 per 
 cent, of their earnings by the monopo- 
 lists, as distinguished from the cap- 
 italists. This is shown in various ways. 
 including a comparison of wages and 
 hours in England, where there is no 
 tax upon food supplies nor any export 
 bounty. (Report of an inquiry by the 
 British Board of Trade, 1908; repub- 
 lished in Bulletin of the United States 
 Bureau of Labor, March, 1911, pp. 561, 
 564. 569.) 
 
 And yet enough of the wage-earners 
 vefnsed to co-operate with the Liberals 
 to end the industrial monopolies! But 
 iu January, 1912, after two years of 
 domination in Germany by the Con- 
 servative and the Clerical parties the 
 people in general became so incensed 
 that for the first time in Prussian his- 
 tory the Liberals formed a coalition 
 with the Socialists and elected more 
 than a majority of the Reichstag; fol- 
 lowed by an almost immediate disrup- 
 tion owing to the criminal program oj 
 the Socialists. The Liberals went 
 
 BACK TO THE OTHER PROPERTY-OWNERS 
 AND TOGETHER THEIR LEADERS PLANNED 
 THE FOREIGN WAR AND STARTED IT (page 
 
 10, above). 
 
 78 
 
developed stage of the units, plus the 
 survival of those who have been best 
 fitted to that sort of an environment — 
 most of the better type having 'been 
 eliminated either dy being killed in 
 battle or having emigrated. 
 
 This World War is producing wide- 
 spread changes in the ranks of the 
 Prussian Socialists, to be followed by 
 the formation of the Federation of the 
 World, with its guarantee of Free 
 Institutions! Under this world-wide 
 rule of Democracy progressive changes 
 will proceed, with no possibility of re- 
 actionism as proposed by the Revolu- 
 tionary Socialists. For fifty-five years 
 this Prussian movement among the 
 wage-earners has been an obstacle to 
 progress, casting its fallacious argu- 
 ments across the pathway of mankind. 
 It has bitterly fought each step of 
 Progressivism, as history plainly tells, 
 the capstone of its infamy being the 
 conduct of its Prussian exponents lead- 
 ing up to this terrible World War ! In 
 the United States, too, the main body 
 of the Socialists has steadfastly fought 
 
 the proposed World Liberation. From 
 this time onward the Socialist Party in 
 the United States and in Prussia is 
 doomed ! 
 
 The social philosophy that is to last 
 is that of Brotherhood. The basis of 
 it is a development which has in it 
 regard for others — love. People who 
 have attained this stage see something 
 of good in everything and are honest. 
 The result is a social gospel of friendly 
 co-operation, utilizing to the utmost 
 the needed division of labor, in a fra- 
 ternal spirit. While no one is better 
 than another in the regard of the Cre- 
 ator, some are older and wiser than 
 others and so are doing a higher grade 
 of work. This democratic philosophy 
 of life has been interfered with ter- 
 ribly by the Socialists. Their erron- 
 eous and mischief-making philosophy 
 has arisen during the last seventy 
 years of Reactionary Government, be- 
 ing part of it. In the forthcoming 
 New Time there is to prevail more and 
 more the Big Brother and the Big Sis- 
 tor idea. 
 
 Part III. 
 CONCLUSION— THE NEEDED ACTIVITIES. 
 
 We have surveyed a stupendously Also write to your representatives In 
 
 broad field, centering our attention the legislative department of the Gov- 
 
 upon the needed war aims of the Allies, ernment. 
 
 A clear-cut^ definite program lies be- ^.j^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^_ 
 
 fore us-World Liberation, requiring ^^^^ Keep it at work ! 
 World Federation upon the basis of 
 
 Free Peoples and Equal National Fourth, we offer you additional 
 
 Rights. copies at the following inexpensive 
 
 In conclusion we suggest to you. prices : 
 
 dear reader, that you write to the ^ ^ 25 cents 
 
 President or Premier of your country's . " 
 
 Government and endorse the World 3 copies 60 cents 
 
 Liberation program. Let him know 5 copies i.$l 
 
 your attitude as you are part of the ^^^, ^^^^ ^ booksellers and at news 
 
 Sovereign power Put yourself m his ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 place, as it will help you to realize 
 
 what it means when a conscientious The League for World Federation, 
 
 public servant receives a referendum ._^- _,^ , 
 
 vote in a stupendous crisis like this. ^^69 Wyoming .Ivenue, 
 
 Be sure and write. Washington, D. C. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Age, End ol 
 
 Allies, Entente 3, 8, 42, 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine 4, 15, 39, 48, 
 
 Anarchy, International "28, 32, 54, 
 
 Answers to Objections 69, 
 
 Arbitration 38, 
 
 Armageddon 
 
 Asquith, Herbert 36, 42, 46, 47, 65, 
 
 Autocracy 11, 18, 31, 50, 51, 
 
 See also Conservative Governments 
 
 Backward Peoples 35, 52, 54 
 
 Balfour, Artluir 34, 47, 
 
 Bolsheviki . 4, note, 
 
 Britain 58 
 
 British Labor Party 58, 
 
 Brotherhood 31, 
 
 Brotherhood of Republics 
 
 Captive Nations, see Free Peoples 
 
 Central Empires 3, 18-27, 53, 63, 
 
 Civil Liberty 28, 32, 50, 54, 
 
 Cloture, U. S. Senate 
 
 Coalition Governments 8, 47, 62 
 
 Competition in Armament 6, 
 
 See also Disarment 
 Constitution, International 
 Conservative Government 
 
 31, 33, 16, 47, 52. 62- 
 
 De Toqueville 
 
 Democracy 
 11, 17, 18, 32, 33, 37, 38, 54, 64, 67, 70- 
 
 Democratic Party in U. S 45, 
 
 Disarmament 34, 49, 
 
 Divine Guidance 29, 51. 52, 53, 67, 
 
 Economic Determinism 16, 
 
 Equal Justice 
 
 Equal National Rights 6, 57, 
 
 Evolution 11. 41, 52, 28 
 
 Federal Government 
 
 12, 28-40,46,53,57 
 
 Federation of World 28-40, 54, 57, 
 
 Federation — "War Federation" 
 
 Few, Rule of ; see Autocracy 
 
 France 8, 42, 61, 63, 
 
 Free Institutions. .16, 26, 32, 33, 35, 65, 
 
 Free Peoples 4, 6, 54-57, 
 
 Freedom of the Seas 49, 
 
 George, David Lloyd 6-8, 39, 47, 
 
 Gladstone 43, 
 
 God's Will, see Divine Guidance. 
 Great Britain, see Britain. 
 "Government with the consent of the 
 
 Governed" 6, 49, 50, 63, 65, 
 
 Henderson, Arthur 
 
 Holy Alliance 
 
 Huns 13, 27, 
 
 India 
 
 Industrial Depressions 16 
 
 International Government 28, 32, 39, 54, 
 
 International Law 38, 39, 28, 
 
 Italian Disaster 3, 51, 
 
 •Judicial Legislation 74, 
 
 Judgment Daj • • F)- -li 
 
 rs: 
 
 4, 40 
 
 66 
 
 Justice 4, 6, 7, 8, 39, 63, 69 
 
 Kant, Immanuel 41 
 
 Law, Bonar 43, 47, 63 
 
 League of Nations (Federation of the 
 World) . .4, 5, 7, 8, 28-40, 41-50, 53-57, 
 62-67, 69, 79. 
 
 Liberals — Liberalism 31, 68, 58, 74 
 
 Liberty 11, 53, 65 
 
 Macauley's Statement 70 
 
 "Machine Rule" 13, 72-74 
 
 Markham, Edwin 54 
 
 Mexico 76 
 
 Militarism 28 
 
 (See also Civil Liberty) 
 
 Military State 15, 39 
 
 Milner, Lord 63 
 
 Money Power 74 
 
 Neutral Nations, War Expenses 56 
 
 New Age 52, 67 
 
 New Civilization 53 
 
 New Time 54, 79 
 
 Oligarchy, see Autocracy 
 
 Pan-Americanism 75, 73, 35 
 
 Peace— World Peace 40 
 
 Peace Outlook 27, 62, 66 
 
 I'eace Terms : "No annexations, no in- 
 demnities," 64 ; Great Britain, 66 ; 
 
 Austria and Germany 66 
 
 Prussians 13-27 
 
 Prussian Militarism 42, 14-17, 77 
 
 Prussian Ideals 77-79 
 
 Progressivism 68 
 
 Progressives 61 
 
 Progressive Eras 17, 74 
 
 Public Right 41, 42, 44, 46, 53 
 
 Quantity Theory 16-17 
 
 Reactionism 1.5, 68, 69, 74, 76 
 
 Representative Government. . 20, .30-31, 70 
 
 Revelations 67 
 
 Russian Disaster 3, 51, 64-66 
 
 Private Monopolies. . .53, 54, 58, 71, 72, 74 
 
 Secret Compacts 66, 70, 4 
 
 Socialists, Revolutionary or Reform, 18, 17 
 
 Socialists in Prussia 14, 27 
 
 Socialists in United States 79 
 
 Sovereignty — Sovereign. Power 
 
 28, 32, 33, 35, 57, 60, 66, 69 
 
 Special Privilege 54, 71-72 
 
 "Survival of the Fittest" 69 
 
 Tennyson 41 
 
 Teutonic Subrace 11 
 
 Treaties. Sanctity of 39, 36 
 
 Trust Magnates 17, 73 
 
 United States 6, 44-46, 51, 58, 70-79 
 
 Viviani, Premier 42, 8 
 
 Wilson, President. 
 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 48-50, 62, 64, 68, 74-76 
 
 War, Last One 37, 51, 52, 39, 6, 7 
 
 World Court 32, 33, 37 
 
 World Liberation 6, 33, 53, 54, 79 
 
 World Liberation by the Entente 55 
 
 World War, Causes of 18-26, 28, 51, 67 
 
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