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"^^ ,/ ' ' D S - SOUVENIR OF T«K VISIT OP run I nternational cooocooo W-- American O O C (Conference TO THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, Novcinher 10-15, iS^'^g. y<^r> wm f/Y,. >v5^^-5_:-JS%t • Ac.i-^3-T*/vfi> Prepared under the direetion of the Citizens' Reception Committee for presentation to the fol/ozving Delegates, Secretaries, and Attaches of the Conference : President, JAMES G. BLAINE. Secretaries, II. Remsic.n Whitehol'se, Fidei. G. Pierra. HAYTI. Delegate, Arthur Laforestric ; Secretary, H. Aristide Preston. NICARAGUA. Delegate, Horatio Guzman ; Secretary, R. Mayorga. PERU. Dcl,-gitlc, V. C. C. Zegarra ; Secretary, Leopoldo Oyague y Snycr; Attae/ie, Manuel Elguera. GUATEMALA. i'<.7i!'^''rt/(', Fernando Cruz; Secretary, Domingo Estrada; Attache, Javier A. Arroyo. 3 LIST OF DELEGATES. ETC. URUGUAY. Dckgatc, All-ieito Nin; Sc-criiarii-s, Dionisio Ramos Monteio, Henry Dauber. COLOMBIA. Dc'/cxaUs, Jose M. Hurtado, Carlos Martinez Silva, Climaco Calderon ; Sfor/di'v, Julio Rengifo. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Dc/rg^ah'S, Roqiie Saenz I'ena, Manuel Ouintana ; Sccre/aru's, Federico Pinedo, Ernesto Bosch. COSTA RICA. Diii-galt-, Manuel Aragon ; Secretary, Joaquim Bernado Calvo. PARAGUAY. Pcli-gatt-, Jose S. Decoud. BRAZIL. Delegates, J. G. do Amaral Valente, Salvador de Mendonqa ; Seeretaries, Jose Augusto Ferreira da Costa, Joaquim de Freitas Vasconcellos ; Attaches, Alfredo de Moraes Gomes Ferreira, Mario de Mendonc^a. HONDURAS. Dchgate, Jeronimo Zelaya ; Secretaries, E. Constantino Fiallos, Richard \'illafranca. ME.XICO. Delegates, Matias Romero, Enrique A. Mexia ; Secretary, Enrique Santi- bafiez. BOLIVIA. Delegate, Juan F.Velarde; Secretary, Melchor Obarrio ; Attac/ies, Alci- biades Velarde, Mariano Velarde. LIST OF DELEGATES, ETC. UNITED STATES. Dclegati-s, John li. Henderson, Cornelius N. Bliss, Clement Studebaker, T. Jefferson Coolidgc, William Henry Trescot, Andrew Carnegie, Morris M. Estee, John E. Hanson, Henry G. Davis, Charles R. Flint; Secretaries, Edmund VV. V. Smith, Edward A. Trescot. VENEZUELA. Delegates, Nicanor Unlet I'craza, Jose Andrade. Francisco v\ntonio Silva Seeretarv, Nicanor Uolet Moncgas. CHILI. Delegates, ICmilio C. Varas, Jose Alfonso; Secretrr/es, (":nlos 7;niartu, Paulino Alfonso, Domingo Pena Tore. SALVADOR. Delegate, Jacinto Castcllanos; Seeretary, Samuel \'aldi\ieso; Attaetie, J. A. Rossi. ECUADOR. Delegate, Jose Marie Placido Caamano ; Seeretary, Nicolas ^'ril)as ; y///\\\— w« WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS HISTORIC PAST. cIYAO <^ "~^ ALBERT F.^ATTHEWS. M O 1' THK STAFF OF THE P H 1 L A Ii !■: I. I' H 1 A PKP.SS. r R I N T K D H V J. B. LIl'l'INCOTT COMPANY. 1890. P reface |HE tour of the delegates to the International American Conference through the Northern section of the United States culminated in Philadelphia. There was singular felicity in the plan which made the visit to this city the crowning event of the journ(;y. Philadelphia is at once the chief his- toric centre and the representative manufacturing cit)- of the great Republic. The citizens of Philadelphia had great satisfaction in extending a cordial welcome to the representatives of the sister American nations, and this volume is desio-ned as a memento of thtt agreeable association. Its purpose is to give our distinguished visitors a somewhat broader skcitch and leave with them in more enduring form a distinct impression ot what diey saw when they were with us. It is not intended to be a mere statistical abstract, made up wholly of lO PREFACE. cold and colorless figures, but a portraiture which, while studiously accurate and trustworthy, shall at the same time suggest something of the flesh and blood and life of the city. Such statistics as are given for 1889 cover only that part of the year preceding the visit of the Conference in November. "Those who dwell on Mount Athos do not see Mount Athos." It is altogether probable that our acute and travelled visitors saw our city with a keener vision and a quicker apprehension than we who are to the manner born. But it is the earnest hope of the Citizens' Committee, under whose auspices this volume has been prepared, that it may serve not only to refresh their impressions, but to signify our great pleasure in the honor of their visit and to keep our city and her people green in their memories. c ONTENTS. Chap. I. Introductory '3 II. The Citv'.s Historic Past i8 III. The City's Lnucstries -'< IV'. Leading Chakacteristics 4^ \'. The Future 65 Appendix . . (>') HAT PHILADELPHIA IS. o/i\o ^ I CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. ilET the man who would ask what Philadelphia is stand for ten minutes on the City Hall tower and see. He is squarely in the centre of a huge American city and hundreds of feet above it. He knows already — for surely he has been told — that it is the second city in population of the United States, containing over one million souls ; that it is the metropolis of one of the greatest States, and is two centuries old ; that it is ninety-six miles from the seaboard, antl in the clasping embrace of the best-liehted and one of the easiest-navigated rivers of the world ; that its extent covers one hundred and twenty-nine square miles ; that its right-angled streets line out a city plan of squares precise and unyielding that proclaim the rigid simplicity ot its earliest set- tlers ; that it was founded by William Penn, and that, «3 14 IV//AT PHILADELPHIA IS. under the example and precept of decades of Quaker influence, it has come to be reo^arded as the home of a quiet, unpretentious folk, a reservoir of con- served force, unassuming, but so persistent and fear- less that not only in times of crisis but in every-day life it has had a conspicuous share in the development of a mighty nation, in its history, its science, its litera- ture, its art, its labor, its morality, its triumphs. But what does the stranger on the tower see? He sees first miles and miles of red-roofed buildings. There are thousands of acres of these slanting, dull- hued roofs all alike and resting on billions of red bricks set in white marble frames. In interminable rows, with mathematical precision, they stretch away out of sight like an immense army, every company, every regiment, every brigade, every division, every corps of which stands rigidly stiff ready for dress- parade inspection. At once the stranger pronounces Philadelphia a vast city of plain architecture, devoid of show, apparently possessed of large wealth. What does a second glance reveal ? Rising from the vast plain of roofs half a thousand spires rear their heads to look at the searching spectator. Away to the north a magnificent Corinthian temple stands forth from a marble plaza. It is Girard College, a choice jewel in the city's casket. To the west are the buildings of a great and historic University. To the south and east rise the palace homes of commerce. Then the stranger proclaims Philadelphia a city of 5 o o uj I o a: X I- o X (- tr O -<^^-.:v- 1^^ WHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. toleration, a city of free religion, dev^oted to education and proud of trade. One of these buildings to the east has caught the stranger's eye and holds it. Instinctively he recognizes Independence Hall, the most sacred building in the United States, the choicest national temple in the world. He remembers that here the Declaration of Independence was signed ; here the tongue of the old Liberty Bell vibrated the birth of a new nation ; here the Constitution was adopted. He remembers all this, and the sweep of the music of two national centennials held in Philadelphia reaches the ears of his memory, and with eagerness he declares it to l:)e the city of the Revolution — the revolution for humanity and progress — and the birthplace of eighteenth and nineteenth century liberty. Turning again for a closer look, he sees that from every portion of the town thousands of heated boilers are sending forth the hot breath of industry in fleecy cloud-pillars that catch the eye like whitecaps on a ruffled lake. At the tower's base swift iron horses start off with thundering carriages in impetuous speed. From the encircling river, from the suburbs, from without and from within come signals that proclaim a reign of industry such as is seen nowhere else in the Western hemisphere. They tell a story of capital and labor, of wage-workers and employers dwelling together in mutual dependence, and they proclaim the dignity of labor as a fundamental idea of liberty and I 6 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. progress. The stranger then begins to understand that Philadelphia is the greatest city of industiy and manufacture on the American continent. Another look at the dwellings shows them to be low in comparison with those of other cities. One- half of them are small, two stories in heioht, built solely for the use of single families. The man on the tower will be surprised to learn that he is looking down on more than two hundred thousand separate and distinct homes, a sight to be seen nowhere else in this country. He will not see one tenement house, in the generally accepted sense of the term, in the whole city, and then, pausing to think of the indus- tries and noting the spirit of the city that finds its characteristic feature in the home idea, he will begin to comprehend the meaning of the area that Philadel- phia occupies and its true significance. He will then see why Philadelphia is called the City of Homes. If now the day should be Sunday, stranger yet will be the sight. The spectator will be looking down on a city where not a single drinking saloon is open. The noise of the streets is still, traffic has ceased, and the quiet of a North American .Sunday, seen usually in small towns and villages alone, pervades the place like a new atmosphere. It is a living ex- emplification of that respect for law that marks an independent people. There dawns upon the stranger the real meaning of the words "law and order," and he begins to realize that Philadelphia is the leading tr UJ I =3 o o 2 Z o z ij li WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. city of the United States in paying tribute to tlie supremacy of law. Thus the stranger sums up Philadelphia, — an un- pretentious city of mighty power and large space, a tolerant city, a city of historic splendor, a hive of in- dustry and the dwelling-place of labor, a city where home is a universal temple, and, finally, a city where law and order reign. This does not answer the question, for Philadelphia is more than all this. No city on the American con- tinent is its peer in reverence for the past, and in no city does the spirit of patriotism live as in modern Philadelphia. On every occasion a patriotism that never dies or grows feeble speaks as it spoke more than a century ago. Moreover, the city stands out far ahead of all her sister municipalities in one respect. She represents the latest tendencies in municipal gov- ernment, her affairs being conducted on the idea of individual rather than bureau responsibility, and her system of finance being summed up in the homely expression " Pay as you go." What, then, is Philadelphia ? She is the typical American city of the United States, — typical in her history, typical in her people, typical in her industries, and typical in her tendencies. CHAPTER II. THE city's historic PAST. O appreciate thoroughly the Philadelphia of to-day glance briefly at her past. It was of Philadelphia that Penn wrote: "I took charge of the province for the Lord's sake ; to raise a people who shall be a praise in the earth for conduct, as well as for civil and religious liberty ; to afford an asylum to the good and oppressed of every nation ; to frame a government which may be an e.xample, and to show men as free and as happy as they can be." Provided with a charter granted by Charles II., William Penn gave his cousin, William Markham, a commission to settle in Pennsylvania and to establish Philadelphia. Previous to that the Dutch and Swedes had settled along the Delaware River. Penn came over in 1682, arriving at New Castle October 27, and reaching Philadelphia a few days later, probably less than a week. The original Indian name was Coaqua- nock, meaning "the grove of tall pines." Thus the city was established, having a record of eighty dwell- ings and five hundred inhabitants in the first year's 18 l>/.V>J>^^LJ>J;Hi!M* WHERE THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS MET WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 1 9 growth. Various industries sprang up, the leading ones of which were ship-building, brickmaking, and tanning. The daily life of the people was character- ized by steady, conservative growth and a freedom from strife, such as distinguished many leading cities of the colonies. However, it is around the Declaration of Inde- pendence, adopted on July 2, 1776, and proclaimed on July 4, 1776, that the greatest historic interest in the city clusters. The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, in Carpenters' Hall, on September 4, 1774. The State-House, from which national inde- pendence was proclaimed, was not available, because the Pennsylvania Assembly was about to sit there. It was in Philadelphia, on July 9, 1778, that the Articles of Confederation were adopted and signed, and here, on May 14, 1787, the Constitutional Convention met, finishing its work September 17, 1787, amid great rejoicing. Three years later Congress met in Phila- delphia, the city becoming the scat of the National Government for ten years. In 1 793, Washington was inaugurated here for the second term of his presi- dency, and here it was that his matchless "Farewell Address" to the people was delivered before Congress in 1797, a little over two years before his death. In and about Independence Hall all these events are centred. It stands to-day practically as it stood then. Begun as a State-House in 1732, it was fin- ished in 1749. Ever since 1776 it has been the 20 IVHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. nation's shrine. Over a century ago it sheltered the nation's Greatest men. On one side of it Congress met, and on the other side the National Supreme Court began its sessions. It opened its doors to Lafayette and Kossuth later in its history, and under its roof the people paid tribute to the dead body of the martyr-president, Abraham Lincoln. The nation gathered there in 1876, when the country's monster Centennial reached its zenith, and then again in 1887, at the Constitutional Centennial, all the great men of the prosperous and giant Republic passed through its corridors and beneath its dome. In 1876 it was dedicated to the people of the United States by the City of Philadelphia, into whose possession it had come about the beginning of the century. T^HE LIBERTY BELL. 00000000 Within those sacred portals hangs that bit of metal most sacred to the United States, — the Liberty Bell. This emblem of the past was first hung in the tower in August, 1752. Within a month it became cracked. It was recast, and in June, 1753, was again hung in the steeple. It remained in faithful use and rano- out the oreat Declaration, after which it was used only on particular occasions. It was finally cracked on July 8, 1835, while tolling in memory of Chief-Justice Marshall, who died in this city two days before. Twice only has the bell been removed from THE LIBERTY BELL WHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. 2 I its home. In 1777, when the British occupied the city, it was sent to Lancaster, and in 1885 it was sent to the Exposition at New Orleans to emphasize the bond of fraternal union between the North and the reeen- erated South. Its last return was made the occasion of a civic pageant, and since then it has remained suspended in Independence Hall, the most venerated inanimate thing in the United States, excepting the State-House itself, the original Declaration of Inde- pendence, and the actual parchment of the Consti- tution. Not only in Revolutionary memories is Philadel- phia dear to the nation. Here the first Abolition society was formed and began its work. Hc;re the first bank of the countr)- was established. Here the first Stars and Stripes were unfurled to the breeze, and the place where the Hag was made, 239 Arch Street, stands to-day. It was from Philadelphia that the first Arctic exploration expedition set sail. The good ship was the "Argo," but her mission was un- successful. She .sailed from the Delaware in 1770. Here the American Protestant Episcopal Church was established in 1786. ;^HE INDUSTRIES OF THE PAST. The city's industries, too, were estab- lished early. Ship-building began as early as 1683, and flourished as nowhere else in the colonies or after- 22 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. wards in the new nation. Here was established the first textile manufactory in the colonies. Silk culture began as far back as 177 1. It was on the Delaware, in 1788, that John Fitch applied steam to the propul- sion of oars that drove the first steamboat up and down the river, nineteen years before Fulton made his success on the Hudson with the Clermont by the application of steam to paddle-wheels. Here the first successful type-foundry was established, and the first German Bible ever printed in this country was printed in Philadelphia. The first effective locomotive, the old "Ironsides," was built here in 1831-32, and has a record, too, it is said, of a mile a minute. The first experimental steam-engine, however, was put in oper- ation in 1773, and it was here, in 1775, that the first piano-forte was made this side of the Atlantic. Amone the earliest of the industries was that of iron and steel working. There were many furnaces, and a great product was fire-arms, cannon, and the production of nails. Gold- and silver-smiths were in great demand, and hatters and tanners found a lively occupation constantly. The brewery industry was also strong. The first chemical works in the United States were also established here. Down to 1833, Philadelphia was the great financial centre of the country. President Jackson in that year caused the disruption of the second government bank that had been established, and after that New York became the money head-quarters. During the first CL O Q O 2 O LU Q I ^- I Q Z WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. three decades of the century Philadelphia was the foremost port of the country, and the sugar industry, fostered on importations from the West Indies, be- came a leading source of wealth and business. Thus the city grew, building up and adding new industries at ever^' step, and thus she became what she is to- day, — the largest and most diverse manufacturing centre this side of the Atlantic. G REAT MEN OF THE PAS'T Not only is the city's past great in the events with which her name is inseparably linked, but she counts among her glories the memory of scores of great men. The name that stands highest is that of Benjamin Franklin, printer, scientist, statesman. It was here, and said to be on the site of the present Post-Office at Ninth and Chestnut Streets, that he caught the lightning from the clouds and first mas- tered that mightiest of forces, electricity. His life is known wherever United States histor)' is known. Among the other names on the scroll of honor, and known far beyond the limits of Pennsylvania, are those of Robert Morris and James Wilson, the one the great financier and the other the profound con- stitutional lawyer, defender, and advocate. Great at the bar was Horace Binney. Great in medicine were Benjamin Rush, William Shippen, and John Morgan. Great in science have been John and 24 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. William Bartram, botany ; Robert Hare, chemistry ; David Rittenhouse, astronomy ; C. S. Rafinesque, general science ; Thomas Say, founder of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences ; Provost Smith, one of the University of Pennsylvania's founders ; Alexander Wilson, ornitholoo-ist ; Elisha Kent Kane, Arctic ex- plorer ; A. D. Bache, coast survey. Great in eco- nomics were Matthew Carey and Henry C. Carey, his son. Andrew Hamilton first established in law the liberty of the press. Great in combat with the yellow fever was Dr. Rene La Roche. Bishop White, of Philadelphia, was the first American Episcopal bishop, consecrated in London with Bishop Hobart. John Hopkinson, the author of " Hail Columbia," was a Philadelphian. This was the home of Benjamin Lay, the great anti-slavery preacher. The city especially rejoices in the memory of James Logan and Stephen Girard as philanthropists. Robert Fulton spent his boyhood's days here. High on the scroll of Revolu- tionary heroes are the names of half a dozen Biddies, and so the list might be extended. Thus runs the story of the city's past. It is a story of patriotism, of great men, and of a peculiarly sensitive, liberty-loving people ; a story of war that led to prosperous peace ; a story of steady accretion of wealth ; a story of constant improvement ot the masses ; a story of wonderful mechanical development, and a story of loyalty that challenges the admiration of the whole people. The city has had its periods WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 25 of Storm and stress. It has felt the scourge of yellow fever and of small-pox, but has escaped the horrors and losses of enormous conflagration. Times of finan- cial distress have fallen sore upon it, but its straight- forward conservative spirit has successfully stemmed the storm. It has had its share of riots, but it has never been disgraced by outbreaks of disloyalty to the nation. During the great civil war its financiers propped up the arms of the government with their gold unhesitatingly, and the honor of bringing a re- united country out of a war in which its people, one and all, bore a patient part, and heroes, such as Hancock, Meade, Hartranft, Reynolds, and McClellan flashed their Pennsylvanian swords, rests more with Philadelphia than with any other municipality in the North. CHAPTER III. THE CITY S INDUSTRIES. 1'" one would thoroughly know Philadelphia, the streets are no place for him. Let him open the doors ot industry and step inside. He is in the presence of at least a quarter of a million wage-earners. They represent the brawn of a nation and the chief glory of Philadelphia. The visitor is in the midst of thousands of glowing fur- naces heating immense cauldrons, whose clouds of steam betoken almost every conceivable form of man- ufacture. The noise of anvils, the din ot hammers, the rush of spindles, the whirl of machinery reach his ears, and he realizes the colossal scope and sig- nificance and the hicrh honor, too, of the words, " American workino'man." Wonderfully diverse and varied are these indus- tries. From the heaviest product of iron machinery down to the daintiest fabric of silk and the frailest creation of pottery, all are made here. Wherever the natural conditions render it possible to make a product with profit to the manufacturer and a decent living to the worker, no industry of any magnitude 26 o z Q o U o (£ -< O IVHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. is overlooked or fails to find a foothold in this com- munity of big-chested, hard-muscled men. William Penn seemed to foresee it all, for in his frame of government he provided for "a committee of manu- facturers, education, and art, so that all wicked and scandalous living may be prevented, and that the youth may be trained up in virtue and useful arts and knowledge." Exact and complete details of the jiroductivity of Philadelphia manufactures have not been gathered since 1880 and 1882. the former by the government and the latter by a city census. Careful estimates from acknowledged experts are being constantly made, however, antl by taking the lowest figures the liability to exaggeration is greatly lessened and rendered im- probable. Regarding their diversification, however, there can be no error. In 18S2 there were found to be over twelve thousand separate manufacturing es- tablishments in Philadelphia. There certainly is that number to-tlay, and it probably reaches one thousand more. In these thirteen thousand places can be found the alert, vigorous, and powerful mechanical genius of the country. Here the ponderous locomotive and the most delicate of mathematical instruments are made. Mighty war ships and children's dolls are produced. Almost every form of iron, every form of textile development, every form of change in the character of all the leading raw materials, native grown or imported, may be seen here. The median- WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. ical spirit that finds expression in the highest skilled labor also expends itself on crude and odd creations. Here numerous grindstones are made. Factories for hairpins and even horse-sandals may here be found. Aquariums, foundry facings, matches, axle - grease, coffee - roasters, bellows, surgical appliances, signal rockets, ship propellers, millstones, sand-paper, paper pulp, shipping tags, window-shades, crucibles, varnish, vinegar, and a hundred others have a place in the list of the thirteen thousand establishments. "ZTHK CITY'S YEARLY PRODUCT. ooooooooooo Perhaps the most striking figures that can be given to show the importance of Philadelphia as a manufacturing centre are these: During the year 1888, according to the Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics, there were two million eioht hundred and thirty-eight thousand six hundred and eighty-nine tons of anthracite coal used in Philadelphia. The Bureau of Boiler Inspectors report that during the same year five thousand four hundred and ninety- nine boilers were under their supervision and care. These two facts tell their own tale of industry. It is impossible to get statistics of the number of tons of bituminous coal used, and it would be simply a guess of large dimensions to even approximate the amount of coal used in household consumption. Regarding the number of persons employed in WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. 29 these establishments, it is a low estimate to put the figure at two hundred and fifty thousand. The census of 1880 put the number at one hundred and ninety- seven thousand nine hundred and sixty-four ; that of the cit}''s compilation in 1882, prepared by Lorin Blodget, fixed the number at two hundred and forty- two thousand four hundred and eighty-three. If there was error in either figure, as has been claimed by both sides, it is held by experts that in view of the increase of population from eight hundred and forty- seven thousand in 1880 to over a million — as will be shown later — in 1889, the estimate of a quarter of a million workers is not too low. The average prod- uctivity of the Philadelphia worker has been put at two thousand dollars [)er individual (the actual figures being nineteen hundred and ninety-two dollars). This sum multiplied by a quarter of a million workers means an annual output of at least five hundred million dol- lars. The 1882 census put it at four hundred and eight)'-one million two hundred and twenty-six thou- sand three hundred and nine dollars, and that of 1880 put it at three hundred and twent)--two million nine hundred and eighty-four thousand four hundred and sixty-one dollars. At any rate, five hundred mil- lions is now regarded as a fair figure, and there are experts of established reputation who unhesitatingly declare that the value of the products manufactured in Philadelphia is at least six hundred million dollars. They base this on the belief that the increase in prod- 30 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. uctivity in ten years is from twenty to twenty-five per cent., and that the figures of the census of 1882 are more nearly correct than those of 1880. The estimate of five hundred milHon dollars is conceded by all, however, to be low and free from exaggera- tion of value. The figures represent the cost price rather than the selling value. It is estimated that the number of distinct industries is between three and four hundred, and the average waee of the Philadel- phia worker is four hundred and seventy-five dollars a year, men, women, and children included, hi Boston and many other cities it is computed at three hundred and seventy-five dollars. Of the hundreds of industries that go to make up Philadelphia's great total there are half a dozen that stand out conspicuously. They are these : tex- tile, sugar, iron and steel, ships, clothing, and shoes. According to the city census the output of the textile industries was one hundred and two million eighty- seven thousand one hundred and twenty-eight dollars, and the 1880 census made it seventy-five million four hundred and seventy-eight thousand and fifty dollars. It is a low valuation to put it now at one hundred and ten million dollars, largely because of the wonderful output of carpets, the leading department of the tex- tile industry of Philadelphia. Among the textile in- dustries are included carpets, cloth finishing, cotton manufactures of various kinds, dye and print works, hosiery and knit goods, all kinds of silk goods, woollen i m< z O 1 o > ) t/> «r| -W UJ I 1- V z (J ID o o WHA T PHILADELPHIA IS. goods of all grades and kinds, as well as worsted manufactures and mixed textiles. An estimate of one thousand establishments, with an employment roll of seventy thousand men, women, and youths of both sexes included, is a low one. The variety of manu- facture in the other conspicuous branches of industry, especially in iron and steel, is similar to that of the textile trade, and each can best be clearly brought out by separate attention. T^HE CARPET TRADE. O O O O Take carpets first. In the city of Philadel- phia alone more carpets are made than in the whole of Great Britain at the present da)\ The hnest fab- rics are made here. There is no branch of the trade that is not wrought out here, and the most expensive, luxuriant, and rich floor coverings in the world now come from the mills of Philadelphia. The prosperity of this industry has drawn thousands of operators from England, in many cases thinning the population of carpet-making towns to a noticeable extent. The hand looms are fast being suppl.inted by power looms, and even these are being vastly improved, so much so that it is estimated that since January i of the year 1889 fifteen hundred rapid-motion power looms have been set up in various factories in the city. Each one of these looms doubles a man's producing capacity. The trade is very flourishing at the present 32 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. time, and the number of looms has been estimated for 1889 as eight thousand, employing fully seventeen thousand persons, who produce seventy million yards of goods, worth from forty to forty-five million dollars a year. Lorin Blodget estimates twenty-five thousand as the number of persons all told that are connected with the trade in its various branches, and by general consent the average cost price of carpets, including ingrains, Brussels, Axminster, velvets, moquettes, and other grades is fixed upon as from fifty to sixty cents. There are at least one hundred and eighty distinct mills in the city, hali a dozen of which are so enor- mous in size and capacity as to astonish even visitors from the Old World. Important and extensive manufacture of carpets began here about 1840 through the immigration of German and Eno-jish workmen. It struo-oled along until after the civil war, and under the stimulation of tariff acts soon began to lead the revolution in the industries of the city. Imports in carpets gradually decreased until they became insignificant, in 1876. This led to a large immigration to Philadelphia, and that part of the city called Kensington, which is es- pecially the carpet centre, is now populated not only with thousands of English skilled workmen, but many of their best engineers, managers, and designers. The twelve million dollars which used to go annually to England for carpets now remains on this side of the Atlantic, and, estimating the amount paid to labor WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. as one-third of the cost (some place the figure as high as forty per cent.), this means that four million dollars a year is paid to workmen in Philadelphia, and, instead of going abroad, remains in circulation in this city for the benefit of her people and the ex- pansion of her trade. While the carpet industry has undoubtedly in- creased from sixty to eight)' per cent, in the last ten years, not so much can be said for all branches of the textile trade. The output of cotton-yarn goods, which in 1882 was estimated at thirteen million one hun- dred thousand three hundred and thirty-three dollars, has probably decreased twenty-five per cent., owing to the establishment of factories in the Southern States side by side with the cotton-fields. In the dye- and print-works the estimated increase since 1880 is about ten per cent., making the output of that branch of the textile industry equal to between tour and five million dollars. The output in hosiery and knit goods is about the same as it was eight years ago, being estimated in the city census of 1882 at fourteen million one hundred and six thousand six hundred and fort)- dollars for that year. Q UGAR IN DUSTRY STATISTICS. I c :■ o c The sugar trade of Philadelphia next commands attention. Since early in the century it has been a leading industry of the city. Standing on 34 WHAT PHILADELPHIA IS. the City Hall tower and looking towards the south- east, two lofty refineries in full operation are seen on the edge of the Delaware, the daily output of which is, when in full operation, seven thousand five hun- dred barrels. Another refinery, consisting of a double plant, is to be put in operation within a short time, and the sugar output, by including one or two small refineries, will reach from twelve to thirteen thousand barrels a day, averaging three hundred and twenty- five pounds to the barrel, and costing from twenty to twenty-two dollars a barrel. The value of the out- put of the refineries, run at full capacity, as they have been this year, equals fully fifty million dollars. When the capacity shall have been increased to thir- teen thousand barrels a day the output will be over eighty million dollars a year. Of the refineries now in operation in Philadelphia none belong to the well-known Surar Trust. When the added refineries become available, the capacity of Philadelphia will be about equal to one-half that of the trust, or, in other words, one-half that of the rest of the United States. This will have a material influence on the price of that commodity in the country at laree, the demand for which is said to increase at the rate of five per cent, a year. The new re- fineries hope to fill this increased demand of five per cent., and thus, while bringing increased trade to Philadelphia, the effect of which will be felt in thousands of channels, it is thought that injuri- a Q Z H o c o o = [HE delegates, secretaries, and attaches of the International American Conference, accom- panied by their escort, arrived in Philadel- phia by special train on Saturday, Novem- ber 9, at ten o'clock in die evening. They had come from Pittsburg by way of the Pennsylvania Railroad. After the members of the Conference luul assembled in one of the parlors of the Continental Hotel, Hon. Edwin H. Fitler, Mayor of Philadelphia, made a brief address of welcome, to which Dr. Guz- man, of Nicaragua, responded on behalf of the visitors. It had been arranged that the following day should be spent in rest, but the city's distinguished guests were alert, and many of them took advantage of the opportunity to visit some of the city's insti- tutions. A good-sized party went to Girard College in the morning at eleven o'clock. The usual chapel service was in session, and special addresses were made by Judge Robert N. Willson, President A. H. Fetterolf, of Girard College ; W. Heyward Drayton, 69 70 APPENDIX. president of the Board of City Trusts, to which Senor Peraza, of Venezuela, responded. In the afternoon the delegates occupied the time in visits to the East- ern Penitentiary, to the various hospitals of the city, and in making private calls. On Monday the formal sight-seeing began. John Wanamaker's store was first visited, where Robert C. Ogden made an address of welcome, and, with the assistance of numerous aids, conducted the visi- tors personally through the store. Baldwin's Loco- motive Works, the tool works of William Sellers & Co., and J. & J. Dobson's Carpet Mills, at Falls of Schuylkill, were next visited. The wives of the dele- gates had been specially invited to participate in the visit to Philadelphia, and they were conducted through Wanamaker's specially, and entertained at luncheon by Mr. Ogden. They then made a visit to Indepen- dence Hall. In the evening the Union League ten- dered a reception to the visitors at the League house. This ended the first day's programme. Tuesday was as busy as Monday. The first place visited was Harrison, Frazier & Co.'s Sugar Refinery. At noon the University of Pennsylvania was reached. Dr. Wm. J. Pepper, Provost of the University, made an address, to which Senor Cruz, of Guatemala, re- sponded. This was followed by lunch, after which a special train took the company to Henry Disston & Sons' Saw Works, at Tacony. Hamilton Disston and Hon. M. M. Estee, of California, made speeches. APPENDIX. ■ 71 The delegates then went down the Delaware to the ship-yard of William Cramp & Sons, where they in- spected as much of the new navy of the United States as could be found there, comprising the cruis- ers "Vesuvius," "Baltimore," "Philadelphia," and "Newark." In the evening the visit formally ended with a reception at the Manufacturers' Club. The followinor Committees had charge of the ar- rangements of the visit of the Conference: Committee on Industrial Visits : John H. Converse, Chairman ; Frederick Fraley, John Dobson, Hamilton Disston, William Sellers, Charles H. Cramp, W. L. Elkins, Walter Wood, Claus Spreckels, John Mundell, Charles C. Harrison, James Gillinder, J. H. Stetson, Robert K. McNeeley, S. B. Stinson, Alan H. Reed, James M. Hibbs, Robert C. Ogdcn. Committee on Evening Entertainment : Thomas Dolan, Chairman ; Charles Emory Smith, James Dob- son, Thomas Cochran, Theodore I{. Wiedersheim, P. A. B. Widener, Simon Muhr, J. P. Truitt, Robert S. Davis, Charles Thackara, W. F. Hagar, C. N. Thorpe, J. V. Huber, William Brockie, C. A. Dough- erty, T. A. Pearce, George Campbell, S. B. Fleisher, Robert Dornan. Committee on Finance: A. J. Drexel, Chairman; George W. Childs, William INI. Singerly, John H. r- APPEXDIX. Michener, Wharton Barker, William Wood, J. Lowber Welsh, Charles Heber Clarke, George V. Cresson, Jacob Naylor, John H. Bromley, George L. Harrison, C. J. Harrah, Jr., |ohn Lucas, William R. Warner, Dawson Hoopes, Thomas MacKellar, C. R. Adamson, J. G. Altemus, G. A. Heyl, S. B. Brown, A. H. Love. 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