SH 343 
 .U6 fi7 
 1897 
 Copy 1 
 
 U. S. COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES, 
 
 JOHN J. BRICE, Commissioner. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 o 
 
 ] U. S. ffiH COMMISSI 
 
 AT THE 
 
 COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 
 AT ATLANTA, GEORGIA, IN 1895. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. Dec. IIAVENEL. 
 
 Extracted from Report of Commissioner for 1896. Appendix 1, Pages 147 to 167, 
 Plates 11 to 21. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1897. 
 
U. S COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES, 
 
 JOHN J. BRiCE, Commissioner. 
 
 REPO RT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 
 AT ATLANTA, GEORGIA, IN 1895. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. Dec. liAVENEL. 
 
 Extracted from Report of Commissioiier for 1896. Appendix 1, Pages 147 to 167, 
 Plates 11 to 21. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1897. 
 
»? 
 
 ^ 
 
 
Report U, S. F C. 1896. (To face page 147.) 
 
 Plate 1 1 , 
 
1 -REPORT OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES 
 FISH COMMISSION AT THE COTTON STATES AND INTERNA- 
 TIONAL EXPOSITION AT ATLANTA, GEORGIA, IN 1895. 
 
 By W. deC. Eavenel. 
 
 Under tlie act of Congress approved August 18, 1894, providing for 
 the participation of the Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution, the National Museum, and the Fish Commission in the Cotton 
 States and luteruational Exposition at Athxnta, Ga., for the purpose of 
 illustrating the functions of the several Departments and Bureaus, the 
 Commissioner designated Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, assistant in charge of 
 the division of fish-culture, as the representative of the Commission on 
 the board of management. Upon the resignation of Dr. Bean, May 23, 
 1895, to accept the i)osition of superintendent of the aquarium at Castle 
 Garden, New York, W. deC. Eavenel was designated as his successor. 
 
 PLAN AND SCOPE OF THE EXHIBIT. 
 
 The plan of the exhibit, as laid out by the representative and approved 
 by the Commissioner, was as follows : 
 
 (1) The scientific iuvestigation of the Commission to be illustrated 
 by models of the vessels employed, with full-sized forms of the appa- 
 ratus used ; by charts illustratiug the results obtained and j)ublications 
 covering the different investigations 5 by casts of fish colored from life; 
 collections of sponges, corals, oysters, and other shellfish, crabs, lobsters, 
 sea lilies, sea-pens, and various other material obtained by dredging 
 and trawling apparatus. 
 
 (2) The fish-cultural operations to be shown by models and photo- 
 graphs of hatching stations; models and full-size specimens of appa- 
 ratus used in the collection, transportation, and hatching of eggs; 
 apparatus used in the transportation of fish; charts showing a sum- 
 mary of work done since the organization of the Commission; results 
 obtained with reference to special fisheries and results at the difierent 
 stations of the Commission during the fiscal year 1894-95 ; also by the 
 practical hatching of eggs of the salmon, whitefish, and trouts. 
 
 (3) Methods and statistics of the fisheries, to be illustrated by models 
 of vessels aud boats used in the fisheries of the United States, with 
 special reference to the South Atlantic and Gulf regions; models and 
 full-size specimens of seines, gill nets, pound nets, lines, trawls, spears, 
 and accessories; charts showing the extent and value of the fishing 
 
 147 
 
148 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 industiy, besides illustriitious of the various fisheries by meaus of 
 pbotographs, oil paintings, etchings, etc. 
 
 (4) An a(]uarium for showing the economic food and game fishes of 
 the South Athmtic and Gulf States and the fishes reared by the 
 United States Fish Commission at its various stations, including some 
 of the ornamental fishes and other marine life of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR THE EXHIBIT. 
 
 As soon as practicable after the formal organization of the board 
 and allotment of funds and space had been made, steps weie taken to 
 prepare the plans for the aquarium, which was the most ditlicult and 
 expensive part of the exhibit. Mr. H. Von Bayer, the architect of the 
 Commission, was detailed to assist the representative, but owing to 
 l)ressure of other duties he was unable to give his time to the work 
 and it became necessary to employ L. F. Graether as architect, lie, 
 with the assistance of Mr. Von Bayer, prepared the plans, which were 
 approved May 1, 1895. 
 
 In April the work of collecting, preparing, and packing the material 
 for the exhibit was begun, and a building was rented as a temporary 
 workshop and storehouse. Mr. W. P. Sauerhoff, fish-culturist, was 
 detailed to take charge of the preparation of tish-cultural material 
 and the i^acking of the exhibit, and by the end of July most of it had 
 been prepared and shipped to Atlanta. 
 
 The material for illustrating the scientific investigations of the Com- 
 mission was designated by Mr. Eichard Bathbun, assistant in charge 
 of the division of scientific inquiry, and prepared for exhibit by Mr. 
 James E. Benedict. 
 
 Dr. Hugh M. Smith, assistant in charge of the division of statistics 
 and methods of the fisheries, assisted by Mr. W. H. Abbott, designated 
 and prepared the material illustrating the methods and statistics of 
 the fisheries. 
 
 INSTALLATION. 
 
 Messrs. W. P. Sauerhoft' and John L. Leary left Washington for 
 Atlanta on August 11 for the i)urpose of unpacking the material and 
 placing the cases in position. On September 1 tlie representative 
 arrived and commenced the installation, with the assistance of W. H. 
 Abbott, to whose ingenuity and skill in exposition work nuicli of the 
 success attained is due. The total space allotted to the Commission 
 was 8,000 square feet in the southwest corner of the Government build- 
 ing. Two-thirds of this was occupied by the aquarium and the balance 
 by fish-cultural apparatus and material illustrating scientific investi- 
 gation and methods of the fisheries, as shown by accompanying fioor 
 plan. It was not deemed necessary to prepare a complete descriptive 
 catalogue of the material exhibited, as it is described in the various 
 publications of the Commission, but the plan and scope of the several 
 sections are shown by the following synopsis: 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 in 2011 witii funding from 
 Tine Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.arcliive.org/details/reportofrepresenOOrave 
 
Report U. S. F. C. 1896. (To face page 149.) 
 
 Plate 12. 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 149 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE FISH COMMISSION EXHIBIT. 
 
 Scientific Inquiry Section. 
 
 I. Laboratories for marine exploration: 
 
 Illustrations of zoological stations: Laboratorj^ at Woods Hole, Mass. (two 
 views). 
 S. Exploring vessels: 
 
 Models: Steamer Albatross. Steamer FLsli Hawk. Schooner Grampus. 
 Illustrations : Steamer Albatross. Steamer Fish Hawk. Schooner Grampus. 
 
 3. Collecting apparatus: 
 
 Nets: Seines. Beam trawls. Towing nets. 
 
 Dredges : Naturalists' deep-sea dredge. Naturalists' boat dredge. Chester rake 
 
 dredge. Oyster dredge. 
 Tangles. 
 
 4. Accessories for dredging and trawling : 
 
 Dredge rope : Steel-wire dredge rope. Splices in dredge rope. 
 Weights for beam trawl. 
 
 5. Apparatus for assorting collections : 
 
 Sieves: Table sieves. Hand sieves. 
 
 6. Apparatus for preserving collections: 
 
 Tanks, jars, etc. 
 
 7. Apparatus for deep-sea sounding : 
 
 Sounding machine : Tanner sounding machine. Tanner intermediate towing net. 
 
 8. Apparatus for physical observations : 
 
 Thermometers: Deck thermometer. Professor Baird's protected thermometer. 
 Miller-Casella deep-sea thermometer. Negretti &. Zambra thermometer. 
 Thermometer cases and accessories : Wooden cases. Brass cases. 
 Salinometers : Hilgard saliuometer. 
 
 9. Results of explorations: 
 
 Charts. 
 Collections. 
 
 (1) Marine animals in alcohol : 
 
 (a) Deep-sea animals: Crinoids, corals, crabs, sea-pens, starfish, sea- 
 urchin, etc. 
 (&) Surface animals: Entomostraca, etc., forming food of fish, 
 (c) Shallow- water animals: Mollusks, crustaceans, etc. 
 
 (2) Marine animals, dry : Foramiuifera. Sponges. Corals. Mollusks, etc. 
 
 Division of Fish-Cclture. 
 
 10. Transportation apiparatus: 
 
 Apparatus for collecting and carrying eggs: Models and specimens: Wroten 
 bucket, improved. Collins's can. McDonald crate. Atkins's egg 
 bos. Clark's egg case. Clark's whitefish crate. Clark's foreign 
 egg case. Mather transportation can. Trout boxes used in 1872, 
 
 II. Appaj-atus for transporting fry: 
 Models and full-sized apparatus: 
 
 (a) Models : Car No. 1. 
 
 (fc) Specimens: Stone's transportation can. Automatic transportation can. 
 McDonald trout can. Carp transportation pail. Carp transporta- 
 tion kettle. Wood-bound can, full size. Messenger's complete out- 
 iit. Bucksport transportation can. Ferguson's transportation can. 
 Fish Commission transportation can. Strauahan's transportation 
 keg. Box for native food-fishes. 
 
 (c) Accessories : Siphon strainer. Siphon tube, bag, and cage. Dip nets of 
 various sizes. Water bucket. 
 
150 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 12. Hatching apparatuH: 
 Moclel8 and specimens : 
 
 (a) For lloating eggs: Chester cod box. McDonald cod box. McDonald 
 liatcliing bucket. Fergusons submerged bucket. 
 
 {I) Forsemibnoyanteggs: Wroten's bucket, (iroen's shad box. Brackett's 
 shad box. Ferguson's submerged bucket. Bell-Mather .';hail cone. 
 Models of cones and buckets. Chase's -whitehsb jar. McDonald jar, 
 olds+yle. McDonald universal hatching jar. Clark's jar. 
 
 (c) For heavy eggs : Oarlick's hatcliing box. Stone's charred trough. Cost's 
 hatching grills. Stone's salmon basket. Bucksport hatching trough. 
 Ilolton's hatching box. Clark's hatching trough. Mather's hatching 
 trays. Atkins's hatching crate. 
 
 {d) "Working models: 
 
 AVhiteiish table, 8 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet high, fitted with 12 
 
 iVIcDonald hatching jars for hatching whitefish eggs. 
 Two hatching troughs, 8 feet long, 12 inches wide, and 8 inches deep, 
 equipi^ed for hatching quiunat-salmon and lake-trout eggs. 
 
 (<) Accessories: Spawning pans. Spawning buckets. Page's egg scale. 
 Egg funnels for whitofish and shad. Series of nets from Central 
 Station, Washington, D. C. Series of nets from Northville Station, 
 Michigan. Series of nets from Battery Station, Maryland. Nippers, 
 brass and wood. Dippers. Strainer (lip])('rs. Hume's spawning 
 box. Pan for washing eggs. Salmon dip net. Tray for washing 
 eggs. Siphon bags. Siphon cages. Siphon tubes. Aquaria. 
 
 13. Hatclimg and rearing esfahlishments : 
 Models of hatching establishments — 
 
 («) Hatching houses at Put-in Bay, Leadville, and Havre de Grace. 
 
 (h) Floating hatchery. Hatching barge. 
 Illustrations of hatching stations, showing buildings, exterior and interior, 
 methods employed in collecting, hatching, rearing, and distributing 
 fish, fry, and eggs. 
 
 (a) Green Lake. Grand Lake Stream. Bucksport and Craig Brook, Maine. 
 Gloucester cod station and Woods Hole, Mass. Central Station and 
 Fish Commission fish ponds, M''ashiugton, D. C. Batterj' Station, 
 Havre de Grace, Md. Bryan Point shad station, Md. Wytheville 
 Station, Va. D ninth Station, ^linn. Alpena and North villc stations, 
 Mich. Put-in Bay Station, Ohio. Quincy Station. 111. Neosho Sta- 
 tion, Mo. Leadville Station, Colo. I'ort Gaston, McCloud, and 
 Baird stations, Cal. Clackamas Station, Orcg. 
 
 (1)) Floating stations: Hatching barge. Steamer Fish Rauk. 
 
 14. Methods and resiilis of fish-cnllure: 
 Models — 
 
 (a) Lay figure illustrating method of taking salmon eggs. 
 Charts — 
 
 (a) Giving names and locations of stations and output of each for the fiscal 
 year 1894-9.^. " 
 
 {b) Showing work of the Commission from 1872 to 1892. 
 
 (c) Showing efi'ect of fish-culturi' on the shad iishery. 
 Painted casts of fishes reared by tiio Fish Commission — 
 
 (a) Brook trout one, two, three, and four years (dd ; Von Behr trout one, two, 
 three, and five years old; Loch Leven trout one, two, three, and six 
 years old; lake trout one and two years old; landlocked salmon 
 one year old; rainbow trout one and four years old; whitefish five 
 years old; carp, tench, goldfish, black bass, etc. 
 
Report U S. F, C. 1896. (To face page 151.) 
 
 Plate 13. 
 
 1 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 151 
 
 FisHEKiES Section. 
 
 15. Ohjecis of the Fisheries : 
 Mammals — 
 
 (1) Sirenians. Manatee (cast). 
 
 (2) Cetaceans. 
 
 (a) Dolphins: Blackfish (cast), head. Grampus (cast), head. Harbor 
 
 porpoise (casts), young. 
 (6) Sperm whales: Sperm whale (models). 
 
 (3) Carnivores: 
 
 (a) Earless seals: Harbor seal (mounted group). 
 
 (6) Eared seals: Northern fur-seal (mounted group). Steller's sea-lion 
 (mounted group). 
 Batrachians — 
 
 Frogs: Bullfrog (cast). Green frog (cast). Pickerel frog (cast). 
 Fish- 
 Casts of 150 species of marine and iresh-water food-fishes. 
 Drawings of and notes on the important fishes of the Southern States. 
 Living marine and fresh-water fish in aquarium. 
 Invertebrates — 
 
 Living sea-anemones, starfish, crabs, loljsters, mollusks, algae, etc., in 
 aquarium. 
 
 16. Fishery apparatus: 
 Vessels— 
 
 (1) Series of models showing the development of fishing vessels from settle- 
 
 ment of America to the present time. 
 
 (2) Models of vessels used in the important fisheries of the South Atlantic 
 
 and Gulf States. 
 
 (3) Pictures of vessels. 
 
 Boats : Models of types used in important commercial fisheries. 
 
 Canoes: Skin kyak from Alaska used in capture of seals, sea-lions, etc. 
 
 Nets: Pounds. Weirs. Pots. Seines. Cast nets. Dip nets. Trawls. Dredges. 
 
 Lines: Trawllines. Hand lines. 
 
 Accessories : Disgorgers, hook extractors, etc. 
 
 Appliances for seizing : Rakes for oysters and clams. Tongs. Hooks for sponge. 
 
 Mackerel and squid jigs. 
 Accessories: Water glass used in sponge fishery. 
 Appliances for striking: Spears. 
 
 17. Illustrations of fisheries. 
 
 Fishermen. Fishermen's dwellings. Fishing towns. 
 
 Special fisheries: Mammals. Eeptiles. Fishes. MoUusks. Crustaceans. 
 Sponges. 
 
 18. Statistics of fisheries of the United States. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF AQUARIUM. 
 
 Proposals for the construction of the aquarium were solicited by 
 advertising in newspapers published in Washington, Kew York, Atlanta, 
 and Savannah, but when the bids were opened on May 15 they were 
 found to be too high and were all rejected. This was due chiefly to 
 the fact that the class of work required was unusual and not under- 
 stood by the firms making the bids. As the time was getting short and 
 there was no reasonable hope of getting satisfactory bids by further 
 advertisement, contracts were made with the following parties for 
 the construction of certain x)ortions of the aquarium : Peters & Pahl, 
 
152 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 of Wasliiiigtou, ]). C, lor tlie constructiou of the wood, musoii, and 
 iron work; Koppe Bros. & Steiuiclien, of Atliuita, for the stnccowork 
 and figures; O. Pause, of Atlanta, for the painting and decoration of 
 grotto. All of the work was to be done under the direction of L. F. 
 Graether and in accordance with accompanying plans and specifica- 
 tions. Tlie contracts provided for the completion of the work by August 
 10, lS9o, but owing to delay in completing the Government building 
 and the dithculty experienced by the contractors in obtaining proper 
 material in the vicinity of Atlanta, they were unable to finish it in the 
 time specified, and it was necessary to extend their contracts. Mr. 
 Graether continued to supervise the work until August 23, when he 
 resigned and was succeeded by Mr. Von Bayer, who remained in charge 
 until its completion. 
 
 The machinery and piping for circulating the salt water and air and 
 for filtering the fresh water were put in under the direction of I. S. K. 
 Eeeves, i)assed assistant engineer, U. S. X., who arrived in Atlanta 
 August 4, 1895, and remained until that portion of the plant was com- 
 pleted. Mr. L. G. Harron, superintendent of the aquarium at Central 
 Station, having been detailed by the Commissioner to assist in connec- 
 tion with the exhibit, was ordered to Atlanta on August to assume 
 the snperintendency of the aquarium and to arrange for the interior 
 decoration of the tanks and the preliminary installation of salt water, 
 plants, etc. ISTotwithstanding the numerous delays and difficulties 
 encountered in the construction of the aquarium, it was complete and 
 "thoroughly stocked with salt and fresh water fishes and other animals 
 by September IS, when the Exposition was opened. 
 
 The space occupied bj^ the aquarium was L sha])ed, 28 feet wide and 
 loO feet long. Arched grottoes were constructed the whole length, and 
 a rotunda with a dome connected the two arms of the L. Twenty-eight 
 aquaria were placed in this grotto, 14 for salt-Avater fish and 11 for 
 fresh-water fish, the sizes being as follows: Two 14 feet long, 3 feet 
 high, and 5 feet across the top; fourteen 7 feet by 30 feet by 5 feet, and 
 twelve 5 feet by 3 feet by 5 feet. The main wall of the Exposition build- 
 ing formed one side of the grotto construction, and the exterior of the 
 other consisted of a handsomely paneled wood partition, separating the 
 grotto from the general Exposition hall. 
 
 All light entering tlie grottoes had to pass through the aquaria tanks, 
 except what little entered through the open end doorways. The main 
 passage in the grotto was 12 feet wide, and between the rear of the 
 aquaria and the exterior of the grotto Avas a passageway for the use of 
 the attendants to the aquaria. The faces of the tanks were of polished 
 French-plate glass 3 by 7 feet and 1 inch thick, and they were decorated 
 on the inside with white sand, rocks, and aquatic i)lants. 
 
 The exterior partition lacing the general Exposition hall was ar- 
 ranged so that it could be used as a picture gallery. Its architecture 
 was of the early renaissance style, cijnstructed as a pilaster treatment, 
 
 2- " 
 
Report U. S. F C 1896^ (To face page 1 53.) 
 
 Plate 14. 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 153 
 
 finished at the top throughout its entire length with a delicately con- 
 ceived entablature bearing a series of urns. The frieze of this entab- 
 lature was divided by triglyphs into ornamental j)anels, in which were 
 inserted bas-reliefs representing aquatic life. Two semicircular arch- 
 ways, one on the south, the other on the west, gave admittance to the 
 grotto. These entrances were flanked on each side bj^ Ionic colonnades 
 and surrounded by paneled and ornamented arches and soffits. The 
 keys to the arches formed a group representing a youthful Poseidon 
 taming an aquatic monster, and the whole was finished at each end 
 above the entablature by statuary representing a fisherman gathering 
 fish and a fisher-maid planting fry in the waters of the country. An 
 ornamental net gracefully suspended between the urns above the entab- 
 lature spanned the entire front and sides of the grotto, giving final finish 
 to the outside of the structure. The whole of the outside was finished 
 in ivory white and gold. 
 
 On entering the doorways a series of grottoes could be seen, forming 
 a i)assage to the rotunda. The ceilings of these grottoes were formed 
 by groined fan or funnel arches, sujjported by romanesque columns, 
 pedestals, and brackets. The space between each pair of columns 
 formed a bay for one tank. The bases and sides of these bays were 
 treated in rusticated stonework. The ribs and spandrels of the ceiling- 
 were tinted, those of the arched ceiling being blended from a sky blue 
 above to a sea green below. The spandrels formed on tlie walls were 
 embellished by paintings of aquatic animal and plant life. 
 
 The columns, caps, and bases were made of imitation ISTumidian mar- 
 ble, and the rustic work in imitation of natural stone. The caps to the 
 columns were carved diflerently, and represented fish, lobster, and other 
 aquatic animals. Over each tank was a semicircular sash containing 
 ornamental cathedral glass of various shades, which permitted only 
 subdued light to enter the grottoes. 
 
 The passageway through the grotto led to a large circular rotunda 
 surmounted by a semicircular dome, the soffit of Avhich was embellished 
 throughout with cassettes graduated from the springer line to the eye 
 of the dome. The motive chosen for the ornamented parts of the cas 
 settes was the water lily. A few of the panels were glazed for the 
 purpose of securing a more brilliant light effect on the interior of the 
 dome and the waters of the cascade, and the sides of the rotunda were 
 wainscoted with a richly ornamented pilaster treatment. 
 
 The dome contained a large, horseshoe-shaped basin, surmounted in 
 tlie rear by an imposing arch with relief shell work, from the center 
 of which a cascade issued. The sides of this basin represented regu- 
 lar rustic stonework, and the coping of the basin walls consisted of a 
 bronze cast-iron capping ornamented in water lilies. The cascade was 
 enriched by an arrangement of natural rock and i^lants, and by artistic 
 reijresentations of manatees, otter, sea gulls, etc., executed in natural 
 size. 
 
154 liEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 One of the iiuportaut problems in the constructiuu of an aqnariiim 
 is to arrange so that it will not become overcrowded. Trotitiug by 
 our experience at Chicago, a passageway 12 feet wide was provided, 
 but people coming in from both ends soon packed it, and it was almost 
 impossible to move either way. This was largely due to the fact that 
 there were fish on both sides of the grotto, and visitors going down 
 one side returned on the other instead of going ont. This might have 
 been avoided by placing a partition down the center of the aisle, but 
 it would have marred the architectural effect of the grotto, which Avas 
 much admired. 
 
 FKESH-WATEK SUrPLY. 
 
 The water for the fresh-water side of the aquarium was supplied 
 from one of the three mains laid to the Government building and 
 connected with the city water supply, which is taken from the Chatta- 
 hoochee Eiver. Before entering the aquarium this water was passed 
 through a pressure filter of the Jewell pattern, having a capacity of 
 20,000 gallons per hour, bub as it had already been filtered at the city 
 waterworks by the alum coagulated process, it was unnecessary to use 
 the alum i^rovided by the Jewell filter. After passing through the 
 filter the water was conducted to the aquaria through 1^-iuch gal- 
 vanized-iron pipes fitted with j-iii^fi brass jet cocks and arranged 
 horizontally above them. The waste water was carried off by means 
 of an overflow x)ipe placed in the end of the aquaria near the top, and 
 discharged into a trough emptying into a manhole connected with one 
 of the sewers. 
 
 SALT-WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 The salt water for the aquarium was obtained at Morehead City, 
 ]Sr. C, and transx)orted in three tank cars loaned by the Standard Oil 
 Company. It reached Atlanta August 23, and was unloaded as soon 
 as possible and placed in a large tank constructed for it under the 
 aquarium. Its density when shipped was 1.021, temperature 80°; five 
 or six days later its density remained the same, but the temperature 
 had fallen to 78°, and the water was in excellent condition. 
 
 SALT-Yv^ATER CIRCULATION. 
 
 The two pumi)S used for circulating the water were of the Erwin- 
 Welch pattern, having a power cylinder 1 inches in diameter; pump 
 cylinder, 5 inches; stroke, 0^ inches; suction inlet to pump, 2 inches in 
 diameter; discharge, lA inches. The power ends were of brass and the 
 jmrnping ends of block tin hardened. They were built to operate under 
 a minimum water pressure of 50 pounds, and were so designed as to 
 lift the water through their suction a distance of 10 feet and deliver it 
 to a tank 30 leet above, each pump delivering 900 gallons per hour. 
 The pumps could be operated together or singly, but better results 
 were obtained by operating them together. The water for running 
 them was taken from tlie main located under tlie Government building, 
 the average pressure being about 80 pounds per square inch, though it 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 155 
 
 was ofteu as low as 60 pouuds and sometimes went as liigli as 125 
 pounds. 
 
 The salt water was forced from the large reservoir below the floor, by 
 means of the pumps^ into tlie distributing tank located in tlie south- 
 west tower of the main building 35 feet above the aquaria, from which 
 point it was distributed by gravity through asphalt-lined iron piping- 
 fitted with 1-inch hard-rubber jet cocks. The water was fed into the 
 aquaria through J-inch glass nozzles attached to rubber hose leading 
 from the rubber cocks, which delivered it at the surface antl forced air 
 in with it In addition to the surface supplies, each aquarium was 
 arranged so that water could be introduced at the bottom with ^-inch 
 hose. 
 
 The overflow was the same as on the fresh-water side, except that it 
 emptied into a filter box connected with the reservoir tank, and was 
 thus filtered over and over again. 
 
 The filter was a pine box 7 feet 6 inches long, 3 feet 10 inches wide, 
 and 16 inches deep, filled with gravel of different sizes, varying from 
 2 inches to ^ inch in diameter, laid in courses, and covered with 2 inches 
 of clean sand. The capacity of this filter was 1,100 gallons per hour. 
 
 HEATER. 
 
 In November, finding that the temperature of the water was getting 
 too low for the salt-water fishes from the Gulf, a heater was made for 
 regulating it. This was 8 feet long and made of 3-inch galvanized-iron 
 pipe, arranged like the ordinary return-bend steam heater. Under each 
 section of tbe pipe 16 gas jets were placed, and the entire apparatus 
 was encased in a steel box. The heater was placed in the tower and so 
 connected that all of the salt water could be passed through it before 
 entering the supply tank. By this means there was no difficulty in 
 keeping the water at an even temperature of from 60° to 63° when the 
 air temperature was below the freezing point. 
 
 AIE CIRCULATION. 
 
 In order to provide the necessary amount of air to the aquarium a 
 vertical hydraulic air-pump or compressor, of the Bishop & Babcock 
 pattern, was erected between two of the aquaria on the salt-water side. 
 The water-power cylinder of this pump is 4^ inches in diameter, the 
 air cylinder (situated above the water cylinder) 6 inches, and the stroke 
 8 inches. The pumps deliver the air into the galvanized-iron cylinder, 
 where a pressure of about 7 pounds per square inch is maintained, and 
 from there it is fed through a |-inch pipe along the backs of the 
 aquaria. At the back of each one the pipe is connected with rubber 
 tubing, which passes down the back to the bottom of the tank. At the 
 end of the tubing is a hard-rubber cylinderinto which wooden liberators 
 are introduced for forcing the air into the water in minute globules. 
 The air and water circulating plants were so arranged as to be entirely 
 independent of each other, so that in case of the water supply being 
 cut off it was possible to maintain the air circulation. 
 
15G REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 EMPLOYEES, 
 lu addition to the superintendent, tliere were eniploj-ed in connection 
 with the aquarium a machinist to look after the pumjjs, filters, etc., 
 2 night watclimeu, and 2 laborers to clean the aquaria, wash sand iu 
 filter, prepare food for the fishes, etc. 
 
 CARE OF THE AQTTAEIUM. 
 
 The aquaria tanks were thoroughly cleaned once a week, Sunday 
 being selected, as no visitors were allowed in the building on that day. 
 In the fresh-water tanks a perforated galvanized iron funnel attached 
 to a rubber siphon was used to draw the waste food and sediment from 
 the bottoms, and about a gallon of Turks Island salt was distiibuted 
 in each aquarium once a week as a disinfectant, GO bushels being 
 used for this purpose during the Exposition. In the salt-water acpiaria 
 the sediment and other deleterious matter was caught and held in sus- 
 pension by the sand filter. 
 
 The losses of fresh and salt water fishes were very small after the 
 opening day, when a very heavy loss occurred, owing to the high tem- 
 perature of the water and the insufficient supply, caused by opening 
 up all of the fountains on the grounds. 
 
 The heaviest losses of salt-water fishes usually occurred just after 
 their arrival, and were caused, apparently, by bruises received in trans- 
 I)ortation, though many specimens that were received in a badly 
 bruised condition recovered entirely and were alive when the a(j[uarium 
 was closed on December 31. A sudden fall of temperature from G5° to 
 52^ iu the latter part of October caused the loss of all the pompano 
 and a number of red snappers, spade-fishes and cow-fishes. This 
 defect in the aquarium was cured by the fitting up of the heater. 
 
 COLLECTION OF FISHES FOR THE AQUARIUM. 
 
 Marine fishes. — The primary object being to show the commercial 
 fishes of the South, the collecting points chosen were Morehead City, 
 N. C, and Pensacola, Fla., as they are important commercial fishing- 
 centers and accessible by rail. Mr. F. P. Hagan, who had had a valu- 
 able experience in the collection and transportation of fishes for the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 111., made the collections at 
 Morehead City and transported successfully all the specimens secured 
 at that point and at Pensacola. Lieut. FrankliiL Swift, U. S. N., in 
 command of the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hau% 
 furnished two excellent loads from Pensacola. Arrangements were 
 also made for securing supplies of anemone, lobsters, starfish, and other 
 marine life from Woods Hole and Gloucester, through the superintend- 
 ents of the stations at those points. These were shipped by express, 
 carefully packed in seaweed or moss, and arrived iu fairly good condi- 
 tion, considering the temperature existing at the time of shipment and 
 the length of time they were en route — from four to six days. 
 
 Fresh- water fishes. — The majority of the fresh-water fishes were fur- 
 nished from the U. S. Fish Commission stations at Quincy, 111., and 
 
Report U. S. F,C. 1 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 
 
 157 
 
 Wytheville, Ya., and from tlie fish ponds at Washington, D. C. Collec- 
 tions were also made from the Neuse liiver at ]S"ewbern, N. 0., and 
 from the Chattahoochee Kiver in the vicinity of Atlanta. Hon. John 
 D. Edmundsou, superintendent of the fisheries of Georgia, also fur- 
 nished specimens from a lake near Luluton, Ga. Fungus devoloped on 
 those obtained from the Neuse and Chattahoochee Elvers very shortly 
 after their arrival, and most of them died in a few days. 
 
 Following is a list of fishes and other aquatic animals collected and 
 exhibited during the Exposition. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Fresh--water fish : 
 
 Black bass 
 
 Crappio 
 
 Warmoutli bass 
 
 Rock bass 
 
 Sunfisb 
 
 yello-\\- perck 
 
 White porch 
 
 White bass 
 
 Pike 
 
 Brook trout 
 
 Eainbow trout 
 
 Black-spotted trout- 
 Landlocked salmon . 
 
 Grayling 
 
 Suckers 
 
 Carp 
 
 Gol leu ide 
 
 Goldfish . 
 
 Common tench 
 
 Golden tench 
 
 Dogfish 
 
 Catfish 
 
 Gar pike 
 
 Total 
 
 Salt-water fish: 
 
 Eed drum 
 
 Black drum 
 
 Croaker 
 
 Spot 
 
 Spotted sea-trout . . 
 
 Sheepshead 
 
 Pinfish 
 
 Scup 
 
 Pigfish 
 
 lied snapper 
 
 Pensacola snapper . 
 Mangrove snapper. 
 
 Sea bass 
 
 Eed grouper 
 
 Black grouper 
 
 Squirrel-fish 
 
 Number. 
 
 156 
 76 
 60 
 70 
 67 
 61 
 22 
 10 
 35 
 50 
 28 
 18 
 
 106 
 
 5 
 
 83 
 
 75 
 
 17 
 
 328 
 
 140 
 18 
 21 
 67 
 60 
 
 1,573 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 68 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 Species. 
 
 Salt-water fish — continued. 
 
 Striped mullet 
 
 Kingfish 
 
 Cavally 
 
 Pompano 
 
 liizard-flsh 
 
 Tautog 
 
 Eemora 
 
 Spadefish 
 
 Flounder 
 
 Hog-choker 
 
 Tongue sole 
 
 Mummichog 
 
 Sea-robin 
 
 Sea-raven 
 
 Toadfish 
 
 Swellfish 
 
 Burfish 
 
 Filefish 
 
 Trigger-flsh 
 
 Cowfish 
 
 Batflsh 
 
 Salt-water catfish 
 
 Stingray 
 
 Skate 
 
 Number. 
 
 Total 
 
 Eeptiles, crustaceans, etc. : 
 
 Alligator 
 
 Green turtle 
 
 Soft-shell turtle 
 
 Snapping turtle 
 
 Terrapin 
 
 Lobster 
 
 K"ing-crab 
 
 Hermit-crab 
 
 Blue crab , 
 
 Spider-crab 
 
 Conch 
 
 Starfish 
 
 Sea-anemone 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand total . 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 ISO 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 1,085 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 90 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 102 
 
 321 
 2,979 
 
158 REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 From time to time supplies of fisli were brouf;lit in from the stations 
 of the Gomiuissiou and the fiehl-collectinfi,- stations, so that there was no 
 perceptible change, except that as the water became cooler the supply 
 and varieties of trouts were largely increased. 
 
 The average temx)eratures of salt and fresh water for September, 
 October, November, and December are given in the following table: 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Fresh. 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum. 
 
 Mini- 
 mum. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Ma.Ni- 
 mum. 
 
 Mini- 
 mum. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 
 75 
 63 
 63 
 63 
 
 65 
 53 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 70 '• 81 
 
 77 
 63 
 56 
 48 
 
 70 
 69.5 
 59 
 52 
 
 
 58 
 58 
 60.5 
 
 76 
 62 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 The food used Avas round beefsteak, beef livers, clams, and fiddler- 
 crabs. The beef find liver were cut into small jiieces and care was 
 taken to remove all of the fat and sinews. All of the marine species 
 except the trigger-fishes and file-fishes took the beef readily, especially 
 if it was slightly salted. The trigger-fishes and file-fishes were fed 
 entirely on clams. The fiddler-crabs intended for food were shipped by 
 express from Peusacola by Lieutenant Swift from time to time as they 
 were needed, and no difiicnlty was experienced in keeping them for an 
 indefinite i)eriod in a box of slightly moistened sand. The fish were 
 fed regularly once a day, except Sunday, and seemed to thrive after 
 they became accustomed to confinement. 
 
 PRACTICAL FISH-CULTURE. 
 
 To illustrate practically the methods employed at the various stations 
 of the Commission, two hatching troughs were fitted up, one with gravel 
 for the hatching and rearing of trout, one with trays for salmon, and a 
 table Avith 8 McDonald jars for whitefish and other similar eggs. It 
 was hoped that it would be possible to do practical work throughout 
 the Exi)ositiou, but owing to the high temperature of the Avater all the 
 eggs shipped to Atlanta previous to December 4 died after being in the 
 troughs and jars from 2 to G days. A consignment of 10,000 lake-trout 
 eggs received on that date from Alpena, Mich., hatched on the 15th, 
 with a loss of only 300, thus showing that the previous losses had been 
 due to the temperature of the Avater and not to the use of alum in its fil- 
 tration. The water temperature was ."Jl'^ on the day they Avere received, 
 but it fell to 45'^ by the time they had finished hatching. The fry resnlt- 
 ing from the eggs Avere held until the sac Avas absorbed and then planted 
 in a pond near Atlanta, belonging to Mr. T. J. Barnard. A shipment 
 of 10,000 quinnat salmon eggs received from Baird, Cal., on the 10th 
 
Report U, S. F. C. 1896. (To face page 159.) 
 
 Plate 16. 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 
 
 159 
 
 attracted a great deal of attention during the closing days of tlie Expo- 
 sition, and added greatly to this feature of the exhibit. The fry hatched 
 from them were planted in Clara Meer, a lake in the Exposition grounds, 
 about 30 acres in area. 
 
 The following statement sliows the numbers and kinds of eggs received 
 and the results obtained from them : 
 
 Date. 
 
 Source of 
 supply. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Numher 
 
 of eggs 
 
 received. 
 
 S--' Sf 
 
 ^^l;"" andfry 
 ceived. ^°«^' 
 
 Numher 
 of eggs 
 hatched. 
 
 liemarks. 
 
 Sept. 22 
 Oct. 7 
 Oct. 21 
 Nov. ] 
 Nov. 15 
 Dec. 4 
 Dec. 10 
 
 Baird .. 
 
 
 10, 000 
 5,000 
 10, 000 
 10, 000 
 800, 000 
 
 Deg. 
 81 
 73 
 
 
 
 Sept. 23; all dead. 
 Nov. 8 : all dead. 
 Nov. 16; all dead. 
 Nov. 15 ; all dead. 
 Nov. 16; aUdead. 
 Dec. 15; hatched. 
 Jan.l; hatched. 
 
 
 
 
 Alpena . 
 ....do ... 
 
 Lake trout. 
 do 
 
 66 
 02 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....do ,-- 
 ....do ... 
 Baird . . . 
 
 Whitefish.. 
 Lake If out. 
 Salmon 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 10, 000 
 
 54 
 51 
 
 1,000 
 42.1 
 
 *9, 700 
 to, 771 
 
 * Nine thousand fry delivered to Mr. Barnard. t Fry planted in lake at Piedmont Park. 
 CLOSING OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 At the close of the Exposition the freshwater fishes were planted in 
 public and private waters in the vicinity of Atlanta; the majority of 
 the salt-water fishes were transferred to Washington and exhibited in 
 the aquarium at Central Station. No attempt was made to remove the 
 grotto, as it would have been seriously damaged in taking apart and 
 transporting; besides this, the Commission had no facilities for storing 
 it in Washington, The aquaria, pumps, piping, supply, and reservoir 
 tanks, were taken down and shipped to Washington, and afterwards 
 turned over by the Acting Commissioner to the Commissioners of the 
 Zoological Park. As soon as arrangements were completed for the 
 disposition of the aquarium, the representative returned to Washington, 
 leaving W. P. Sauerhoft' in charge of the packing and reshipment of 
 all exhibits. This was completed in February, and all material bor- 
 rowed from the Smithsonian Institution was returned in good condition. 
 
 The aquarium proved the most important and attractive exhibit on 
 the grounds, and was always crowded to its fullest cai^acity, even when 
 the attendance at the Exposition was small. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 To the diligence, intelligence, and experience of the employees of the 
 Commission detailed to assist at Atlanta, the Commission owes much of 
 its success, especially to Mr. L. G. Harron, who was in general charge 
 of the exhibit during the absence of the representative, and Mr. W. P. 
 Sauerhofi", who had charge of fish-cultural work and who superintended 
 the packing and shipping of all material exhibited. 
 
160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 The Commission is indebted to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
 Institution for loan of material and cases forming part of its exhibit; 
 also to the follovriug parties, who contributed largely toward its success: 
 
 Hon. J. D. Edmundson, sui^eriutendeut of lislieries for Georgia, for 
 assistance rendered in collection of fishes for the aquarium. 
 
 Col. E. H. Payne, secretary Union Tank Line Company, for loan of 
 tank cars for hauling salt water from Morehead Citj^to the Exposition. 
 
 Judge Hillyer, president Atlanta Water Works, for permission to 
 take fish from lake controlled by his company, and for aid in keeping 
 a uniform i)ressure of water for operating the pumps. 
 
 Capt. E. L. Tyler, chief of transportation, for loan of water carts for 
 hauling salt water. 
 
 M. M. Sullivan & Son, Savannah, Ga., for assistance in collecting 
 fishes and gift of turtle. 
 
 To the director general and supervising architect of the Cotton States 
 and International Exposition, for assistance rendered in connection with 
 the installation of the aquarium. 
 
 W. H. Baldwin, jr., second vice-president Southern Eailroad Com- 
 pany, for free transportation of tank cars containing salt water, and 
 special facilities provided for their movement without delay; also for 
 free transportation of U. S. Fish Commission Car No. 4, and crew from 
 Washington to Goldsboro, N. C, thence to Atlanta and return. 
 
 Gen. George C. Smith, president and general manager of the Ala- 
 .bama, Atlanta and West Point Railway, for hauling car and crew from 
 Atlanta to Montgomery and return, two trips. 
 
 Hon. Milton H. Smith, president Louisville and Nashville Railroad 
 Company, for hauling car from Montgomery to Pensacola and return, 
 two trips. 
 
 The South Carolina Railroad Com^iany, for free transportation over 
 its line to Branchville, S. C, and return. 
 
 Mr. F. J. Jette, superintendent of transportation, Central Railroad 
 of Georgia, for transportation of car and crew from Atlanta to Albany, 
 Ga., and return. 
 
 The total cost of preparation, maintenance, and return of the exhibits 
 of the Commission, including the aquarium, was $20,089.80. The fol- 
 lowing statement shows the objects for which the money was expended : 
 
 Items. 
 
 Exhibits and furniture 
 
 Transportation 
 
 Installation and maintenance 
 
 Packing and i-epacking 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Construction of afj uariuui 
 
 Installation and maintenance of aqnariinn. 
 Stocking of aquarium 
 
 Total 
 
 Amounts. 
 
 $605. 12 
 
 2, 475. 95 
 
 ],:JC7.48 
 
 1,935.22 
 
 191.52 
 
 10, 898. 78 
 
 2, 372. 35 
 
 843. 38 
 
 20, 089. 80 
 
Report U. S. F. C. 1896. (.To face page 161—1.) 
 
 PLATE 17. 
 
 hibit 
 
 . Exposition 
 A. 
 
 )^.-^^^ 
 
 S N" 
 
(To face page 161 — 1.) 
 
 Oysters 
 
 Oysters 
 
 S^tcmtrs , 
 
 > AlcDhof 
 
 
 nc„s nssei. 
 
 U.S.Fis] 
 
 CoTTOH States 8 
 ATL 
 
 A Fresh M'hier Filter" 
 
 B Alum- Pot 
 
 C &C' HyyirefuUc Mo tors & Pump a 
 
 D Air Compr 
 
 E Salt ^Valer ReceiylnffTanh, under ground 
 
 F » " FiUer 
 
 G ll&Jte Basin SsBell Trap 
 
 H Salt Mhter Supply Tccnk, oyer head 
 
 
ReportU. S. F. C. 1896. tTo face page 161 — 1.) ^ 
 
Report U, S. F. C, 1896 {To face page 161-2.) 
 U 
 
 [ V;;:^I:i;;/_| 
 
 
Reoort U. S. F. C. 1896. iTo face ds 
 
 • Sa,OU^ M/ 
 
 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 161 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOE CONSTRUCTINa THE AQUARIUM. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The construction of the aquariuui herein specified consists of the following prin- 
 cipal parts: An arched grotto containing thirty aquaria, two entrances thereto; 
 a rotunda with dome, containing a fountain ; an extensive gallery in panelwork, 
 and all other minor details, as shown on the drawings. 
 
 Excavation, removal of earth, etc.. — Excavate the ground for the salt-water tank, 
 tank for fountain, for laying sewer and other pipes, and for new foundations under 
 main j)osts of Exposition huilding, etc., and do all other excavation required by the 
 drawings and" as directed by architect in charge and required to complete the work. 
 
 Remove all surplus earth and rubbish off the premises to places designated by the 
 superintendent, and level off as will be directed. 
 
 MASON WORK, ETC. 
 
 Concrete. — Prepare and lay for foundation walls and bottom of fountain tank and 
 waste basin a bed of concrete 6 inches thick, and fill between tlie walls of salt-water 
 tank and grouud with concrete made of best native Portland cement and clean, 
 sharp, grit sand and broken limestone (stone to pass a ring of 2 inches diameter in 
 clear) in parts: 1, cement; 2, sand, and, 3, broken stones, properly mixed and laid 
 in the best manner. Do all other concreting required liy the drawings and necessary 
 to complete the job. 
 
 Brichivorh. — The tanks for fountain and waste basin, as shown, to have their walls 
 and bottoms built with best hard-burnt brick laid in best hydraulic (Portland) 
 cement mortar; except where otherwise specified the joints to be completely filled 
 with morfar throughout and thoroughly grouted. 
 
 Asphali\im. — The inner linings of the aforesaid tank and basin, and also the bottom 
 of the same, to be built Avith brick boiled in best Trinidad asphaltum, laid while 
 hot, and properly bonded with the other brickwork ; the bottom of the tank to have 
 the bricks set on edge, laid in herring-bone fashion, as per design, to have a pitch so 
 as to drain toward sewer inlet; the entire sides and bottoms of the tank and basin 
 \o be lined with pure Trinidad asphaltum -} inch thick throughout. 
 
 The aquaria (30 iu number), asshown on plans, to have I inch best asphalt coating 
 throughout their inside surfaces, as will be directed; all metals, pipes, bolts, nuts, 
 etc., coming in contact with salt water to be also thoroughly coated with asphaltum 
 while hot. All this work must be done as directed by the architect in charge. 
 
 Do all other mason work required to complete the job and as directed by the archi- 
 tect in charge. 
 
 Carpenters^ and cahinet-maliers' work. — The materials used throughout to be of good 
 merchantable quality, free of any defects, rot, knots, etc., and to be well seasoned 
 throughout. The workmanship must be the best of its kind throughout; the gen- 
 eral drawings and details furnished and directions given by the architect in charge 
 must be strictly followed, and the whole work must be constructed and put up in a 
 substantial and careful manner. 
 
 The framing of the entire structure is to be done with good quality of native 
 , (Georgia) pine, free of any defects; the timber must be sawed square, straight, and 
 true, and to be thoroughly framed together as shown and directed. 
 
 The foundation for main posts of Exposition building shall be carefully lowered 
 to such a depth and in a manner as and where shown on drawings. The gallery 
 partitions are to be made in sections of 3 panel widths, mortised and tenoned 
 together, and to be securely framed together as shown, put up in sections, so that 
 they can be easily taken down, sections to be screwed together in a substantial 
 manner and as directed; the grofto and rotunda walls and partitions to be framed 
 together and substantially spiked, braced, and nailed; all partitions to have 3" x 
 4" studs, 16 inches on centers, framed to 3" x 4" top and bottom plates, to be held 
 F. E. 96 11 
 
Report U. S. F. C. 1896. (To face page 161—3.; 
 
 2. 
 
 North entraitce to ie atxurateb^ i/ce same, nU^b tka exception of tfto 
 MedcdiienSj these to s/um tlt£ reverse side of Coats of arms 
 
 &ICM u^cjUoiv WV £vnC cB'XO. 
 
 CMtko?' 
 
 F 
 
162 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 together on top witli 2" x 6" ceiling joists, four to each bay, Tvith 2" x 4" diapcouai 
 ties, all thoronghlj' toenailed, etc., all complete. 
 
 Groined ceilings of arches a and h and c each to liave an eye at the apex, made with 
 a circTilar drum in two sections of four pieces each, of 1" x 10" boards, joints Iranied 
 and toenailed to curved ribs as shown; the curved ribs for groins to be made in two 
 sections of 1' x 4" each, sawed to shape, joints broken, all thoroughly nailed with 
 steel wire nails. 
 
 The curved main riV)s to be spiked to 3i-inch turned uprights, around whicli plaster 
 columns are built, extending from floor to ceiling, and to circular drums; to liavo 
 horizontal and other curved ribs cut between as shown; the ribs to be well braced 
 to uprights. , 
 
 The curved ribs of the rotunda and the arches of entrances to be constructed of 
 1" X 8" boards, cut to shape in four sections (see diagram) to each rib, nailed to 1" 
 X 6" X 16" fish plates, and sep.'irated by blocks of 3" x 4" stuff, nailed with 10-penny 
 steel- wire nails, clinched on the inside, 8 nails to each joint, all as shown; the ribs 
 to be toenailed to curb plate and eye drum of dome, the drum to be made, in a simi- 
 lar manner as specified above, of 2 circular sections, each section to be of 4 pieces of 
 1" X 10" stnft', joints broken; the horizontal ribs to be 
 made in a similar manner and cut between main ribs, etc., 
 all complete, and all nailed with 10-peuuy steel-wire luiils. 
 The platform supporting the aquaria to be constructed 
 as shown, well braced, braces to bo bolted to the uprights 
 and horizontal pieces, etc., as directed, all complete. 
 
 The foimdations for salt-water tank, filters, and pumps 
 to be made as shown ; jiarts of the flooring and floor joists 
 of Exposition building floor are to be cut and taken up, 
 these parts to be relaid in a jiroper manner, as directed. 
 
 The frames for the front entrances to be made, as shown, 
 
 of substantial construction, similar to the other vaulting. 
 
 The carpenter is to do all cutting for other craftsmen, 
 
 is to provide centers for vaulting and arches, scafl'olding, 
 
 and is to do all furring required to complete the job. 
 
 Front entrances, gallery, and rotunda walls to be faced 
 from floor up to a lino d d <? (top of entablature) with ^-incli 
 dressed best white poplar {LModendron iidipifera) or canoe 
 wood, as shown and according to details; the jiedestals, 
 bases, columns, pilasters, panels, and entablatures to be 
 faithfully carried out according to design; all to be fastened with screws to the 
 studding so that they can b.e easily removed when desired; the caps of columns and 
 pilasters, ornamental friezes and panels, and all others uji to lines d d d d to be made 
 of composition material (such as " Decoreo " or similar good compositions), according 
 to details furnished or selections made from cataloiiues; the network and vases, etc., 
 above entablature, as shown, to be also made of aforesaid composition matei-ial. 
 The statuary and arches, including their ornamentation, will be of stucco, as speci- 
 fied below. All this work must be perfectly smooth, sandpa]iered to a proper 
 surface, and made ready for a No. 1 ivory and gold finish. 
 
 The outside walls of the grottoes, seen from the interior of the Exposition building, 
 shall l)e ceiled, shingled, and trimmed as shown on drawings, and finished tor an 
 ivory or white-zinc finish, as directed. 
 
 Flooring of J inch by 6 inch joined, square edge and milled stufl', to be laid on 
 floor joists of aquaria ])as8ages and between aquaria, as shown; ])ortions of said 
 floors to be left loose, as directed. Do all other flooring required to com])lete 
 the job. 
 
 Closets in aquaria passages to be made of one-inch milled stnfi', tongued aiul 
 grooved, one battened door to each, hung with substantial hinges and provided with 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 
 
 163 
 
 substantial aud neat closet rim lock and keys; the closets to have shelves and 
 hooks, as directed. 
 
 Doors for front entrance and rotunda to be of white poplar 1| inches thick, hung to 
 proper frames, to be made as shown, to have wired ground glass in the upper panels. 
 Hang each with two loose-joint butts and fasten with 3-inch mortise lock, brass 
 escutcheons, and knobs. These doors must be prepared to receive best ivory finish. 
 
 Semicircular windoivs to grottoes. — Frames to be made similar to ribs of groined vault- 
 ing, to be rabbeted to receive sash. Semicircular sash to be of IJ-iuch poplar, ogee 
 molded. All these sash to have central molded frames and sash for inscriptions, 
 etc., as shown. The central segment sash to be made and fastened so that it can be 
 removed at any time. The windows shall be glazed with domestic cathedral glass 
 of different tints, as per designs, laid in flat lead. The windows in dome of rotunda 
 to have ogee molded 1^-inch sash, glazed with ornamental ground glass, one plate to 
 each; sash to be set in rabbeted and molded frames. 
 
 Screens of close-wired netting to be set to all outside windows; sash to bo molded 
 on the outside, etc., all as shown. 
 
 The roof of rotunda and extrados of entrance arches where exposed to the eye aud 
 as directed to be prepared for plastering. 
 
 Ventilators "V" of galvanized iron and of ornamental pattern to be put to all 
 vaulting, rotunda, etc. 
 
 Semicircular (irill, wilh medallions in tympana over main entrances. — Provide proper 
 rabbeted frames for 2" x 3" semicircular molded sash made as shown, sash to be 
 grooved to fasten n,- wire grill- 
 
 work of 2" mesh thereto, wires 
 to pass through suitable rings, 
 2 rings to each crossing, thus : 
 
 The medallions to be of No. 30 
 sheet iron, 11 oz. per square foot, 
 and must have neatly molded 
 frames, to which the sheet iron 
 and vertical and hori zontal wires 
 are fastened, etc., complete in 
 every particular, made ready for 
 the painter. 
 
 The aquaria to be made as per 
 details ; sides, bottoms, and ends 
 to be of a clear 2" dressed cy- 
 press; the several pieces must be bolted together with 1'' wrought-iron bolts, as 
 shown in details, the whole to be put together with white-lead joints and to have 
 ^-inch coat of best Trinidad asphaltum in the best manner. The fronts of the 
 aquaria, of the best polished plate glass, 1" in thickness, will be furnished by 
 the U. S. Government and delivered in the Exposition building at Atlanta. The glass 
 is to be set in a rolled steel frame, constructed of Carnegie "Z" bars. No. 19, 4i lbs. 
 to the foot, riveted together, countersunk to sides and bottom of aquarium aud 
 packed with two layers of ^-inch thick A^ulcanized rubber between said steel frames 
 and glass. The double aquaria will have at their centers, where the two plate-glass 
 i'ronts meet, a mulliou of rolled steel "T" bar, Carnegie's No. 69, 10.9 lbs. to the foot, 
 and to be prox^erly connected to the ''Z" frames. 
 
 Eighteen plates are required, each 3' 0" by 7' 0", and 12 plates each 3' 0" by 5' 0". 
 
 These aquaria to be provided with overflow and waste, etc., etc., as directed. The 
 aquaria must be very carefully set up, warranted water-tight, and the glass must be 
 protected diiring the progress of the work in a thorough manner, and the whole must 
 be done according to details furnished and directions given. A neat ornamental 
 frame of thin sheet iron is to be fastened around each glass front, as shown. Build 
 frame for cascade, as shown, in a substantial manner. 
 
 =4? 
 
 A 
 
 M- 
 
 v^^ 
 
164 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 The carpenter is to do all other carpenter work, such as bracketing for stucco and 
 cement work, etc., required by the drawings and as directed by the architect in 
 charge, and is required to complete the job. 
 
 CEMENT AND STUCCO AVORK, WIRE LATH, ETC. 
 
 Wire lathing. — The walls of the grottoes, rotuuda, and arches over entrances and all 
 such parts of the walls not ceiled to be covered with good wire lathing in a thorough, 
 workmanlike manner. Do all wire lathing for groins, cornices, ribs, and cassettes 
 in rotunda, etc., all complete. The extrados of dome of rotunda is to be lathed with 
 sound lath, properly nailed to top of ribs, to receive two coats of plain plastering. 
 
 CEMENT AND STUCCO WORK. 
 
 Slate. — The base in grottoes to be throughout IJ-iuch rubbed gray slate, 12 inches 
 high, square finished; back up with plaster and properly fasten to framework. 
 
 Keen's cement and stucco. — From base up to s]iriuger line throughout put to a brown 
 coat one good coat of pure Keen's cemeut, aud from springer line up put one coat 
 of finish, composed of one part of Keen's cement and three parts of best plaster of 
 paris ; all put to a well-floated brown coat. The stucco and cement putty for the 
 walls and spandrils, also for the ribs of vaulting and ribs of cassettes of rotunda, ibr 
 soffits and moldings of archivolts and stucco ornaments, caps, etc., are to be colored 
 in mixing the various tints as directed by the architect in charge. 
 
 The molded work must be executed in artistic and first-class manner, sfiarp aud 
 true. All ornamental work and other enrichments must be of a high, artistic grade 
 and of bold and realistic character. Models of clay of the various ornaments, stat- 
 uary, etc., must be submitted for approval to the architect in charge before they can 
 be executed. 
 
 The archivolts, moldings, and various ornamentations of the main entrances to be 
 also executed in stucco, of the same material, and finished as grotto and rotunda, 
 etc. The statuary, as shown, to be also of stucco; to be of a highly artistic finish 
 and bold execution. 
 
 The several bidders are required to submit Avith their estimate a sample of stucco 
 finish, about 6 inches square. 
 
 Portland cement tvork. — The cascade and fountain to be executed in best English 
 Portland cement mortar (one part of cement and three parts of sand), according to 
 designs. The exterior face of wall of fountain tank to )»e made in imitation of stone, 
 as shown. The figures representing manatees and otter and other ornaments, rock, 
 basins, etc., shall all be executed in cement after the models have been approved. 
 
 A model representing one of the bays of the vaulting cau be seen at the United 
 States Fish Commission office, in Washington. 
 
 All imperfections, either in execution of the designs and workmanship or damagen 
 from whatever cause, must be remedied and made good to the entire satisfaction of 
 the architect in charge before the work will be considered complete. 
 
 Ironwork. — Provide rolled-iron T and Z bars, bolts, nuts, as shown on details for 
 aquaria. Over large 14-foot aquaria provide and hang beams, where shown, to loof 
 timbers. Avith 1-iuch diameter wrought-iron rod, substantially put up, etc., all 
 complete. 
 
 Provide substantial sjiikes, bolts, clamps, etc., Avherever recjuircd to complete job- 
 Semicircular transoms of main entrances to be wired with uiedallions of No. 30 
 galA^auized sheet iron, iuserted as shown. 
 
 The doors for main entrances to be grill work of A'ery light construction, as per 
 design, representing network, etc., to be hung to jambs, with substantial brass butts 
 fastened with neat locks and furnished with brass knobs, etc., all comjilete. 
 
 A cast-iron cap plate to be put to top of wall around tank for fountain in six sec- 
 tions, 1-inch metal, firmly bolted Avith three -J-inch expansion bolts, 8 inches long, to 
 each section, to be of ornamental design, "Bower Barff'' process (motive Avater lilies), 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 
 
 165 
 
 as shown. See also diagram. Rosettes of cast iron representing water lilies, to be 
 fastened, as shown, to top of cap. 
 
 A rail made of 2-inch gas pipe to be built around gallery, as shown, substantially 
 made and fastened to floor, etc. This rail to be bronzed by painter. 
 
 Painting. — The painter's work will be executed in the very best manner and must 
 be of a high artistic grade. The woodwork for gallery, main entrances, rotunda, 
 etc., will receive a pure- white ivory color, semi-glossy, iinished as follows : One coat 
 of liquid filler as a primer, all imperfections filled with white-lead putty, then given 
 two coats of French zinc-white, thinned with half and half boiled oil aud turpentine, 
 with patent drier to harden; the last coat to be smoothed up with sandpaper aud 
 the work brought up with two coats of flake white, ground in japan, thinned with 
 Damar varnish. Three days must he allowed between the last two coats and four 
 days after the last coat before rubbing. This work must be rubbed with pumice 
 stone and water, left with a clean, fine surface. 
 
 
 7bjoy/eyra/'Cc^/>- /^/<7/c. 
 
 The network on top of cornice, the several ornaments, caps, statuary, etc., to ue 
 picked out with gold-leaf gilding. The panels of the doors and moldings around 
 panels and architraves to have a J-inch strip of gold-leaf gilding. The ornamenta- 
 tion of the archivolts of the main entrances and rotunda, the caps of columns, the 
 vases, statuary, etc., will be picked out in gold, as directed by the architect in 
 charge. Put to the faciie of the archivolts of main entrances flat ornaments, in 
 colors and designs as chosen by the architect. 
 
 The medallions on entrances shall be emblazoned in a highly finished manner with 
 the obverse and reverse coats of arras of the United States and the State of Georgia, 
 as directed. The statuary will be painted in delicate tints and in such a manner 
 as will be directed. 
 
 Grottoes. — The spandrils of the groined arches will be enriched with such orna- 
 ments aud tints as to give a marine efi'ect, etc. The dome of the rotunda and the 
 cascade to have the cassettes, ribs, etc., tinted in different colors, as will be directed. 
 The spandrils of the archivolts in the rotunda and panels will be painted so as to 
 represent still-life scenery. 
 
 Do all other painting requisite to finish the work complete in every particular. 
 
 Final. — AH plumbing for the aforesaid aquarium forms no part of this contract. 
 
 Specifications of material to be provided and of tvork to he done for and in the construction 
 
 of an aquarium for the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries exhibit at 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 The whole is to be done in accordance with these specifications and accompanying 
 plans, prepared under the architect of the United States Fish Commission, and no 
 deviation therefrom will bo permitted unless authority in writing is first obtained 
 from the representative of the United States Commission of Fish aud Fisheries. 
 
 Any change of plans, etc., involving any difference in cost from that proposed by 
 the contract must be agreed upon by the parties to this contract, with statement in 
 writing as to the difference in price from that originally agreed upon. 
 
166 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 Should it he deemed desirable dnringtlie eoiistrnction of tlie proposed aqxiariiim to 
 make auy additions to it or to do aiij' extra work not contemplated or provided for by 
 these plans and specifications, an agreement in writinj^, stating the nature and cost 
 of such additional or extra Avork, must be entered into l)et\veen the representative 
 of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries and the contractor before such 
 work is commenced. No claim for extra work or materials, excepting as above 
 specified, will be considered. 
 
 Should it be deemed desirable to make any change from the ]>lans and specifications 
 during the progress of the work, which does not involve auy additional expense to 
 the contractor for labor and material, he will be expected to make such change 
 without extra charge. 
 
 The work will be irnder the direction of the architect or other duly appointed agent 
 of the board of management. United States Government exiiibit, and in case any 
 disagreement should arise between the agent in charge and the contractor as to the 
 meaning or intention of any portion of these plans and specifications, the decision of 
 the reiireseutativo of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries upon said 
 disputed poiut or points will be final 
 
 The work is to be commenced within ten days after signing of contract and is to l)e 
 carried forward at such rate as shall insure its completion on or before August 10, 18!15. 
 
 And it is understood and agreed by aud between the parties hereto that if tiie con- 
 tractor shall fail to comply with the terms of this contract which relate to the time 
 within which said work is to be completed, the said contractor shall be subject to 
 forfeit of fifty dollars -per day for each and every day thereafter until the completion 
 of the work by him, enforcement of the same to be made in the discretion of the repre- 
 sentative of the Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which sura shall be deducted from 
 any amounts which may be duo the contractor; aud if amount due contractor be not 
 sufficient to meet the forfeit, then contractor to pay the difierence or tlie money to 
 be retaiued out of the bond given by the said contractor and his bondsmen. 
 
 Any failure to commence work within the specified time or to prosecute it there- 
 after at the late and in the manner required will be considered as allowing the I7nited 
 States to annul the contract and declare a forfeiture of all reserved percentages and 
 other dues or as allowing the United States, at the option of the representative of 
 the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, to carry on the work at the 
 expense of the contractor .and as rendering him and his bondsmen liable for any 
 increase of cost over that proposed and agreed upon. 
 
 In case the lowest price be named by two or more bidders, these bidders must 
 agree between themselves, within twenty-four hours after notilication. as to who 
 shall have the award. If the question be not settled within the time stated, and 
 the representative of the Commission of Fish and Fisheries so informed, he may 
 select either of them to do the work at his discretion at said price. 
 
 Payment for the work will be made as follows, viz: Alter the end of each month, 
 if the progress of the work is satisfactory, part payments will be madi? upon the 
 written certificate of the agent in charge, reserving twenty per centum of the amount 
 due, which Avill Ije retained until the final completion and acceptance of tlu^ work 
 by the representative of the United States Commission of I'ish and Fisheries. 
 Within thirty days thereafter final payment for the work will be made. 
 
 The "instructions for bidders," as far as they may be applicable, are to be consid- 
 ered essential parts of these specifications. 
 
 The tools, scaffolding, etc., used by the contractor must be suitable for the work 
 aud satisfactory to the agent in charge. The scafi'olding will be left in ])lace until 
 a written order for its removal is given liy the agent in charge. 
 
 The contractor will i>rotect the work aud materials from damage during the 
 progress of operations, and will clear, from time to time, as may be necessary, all 
 dirt and rubbish resulting from the work. On completion, he will thoroughly clean 
 all floors aud windows, remove all debris, and have the premises in good order, 
 
ATLANTA EXPOSITION. 167 
 
 ready for use, and satisfactory in every respect to the superintending Government 
 ofldcer, to wLom ho will then turn over the entire aquarium. 
 
 The contractor shall furnish all necessary ijlants, materials, and labor. He shall 
 allow agent of Fish Commission in charge of the work full access to all parts of the 
 work at all times, and shall give the agent any and all assistance which he may need. 
 
 All materials furnished for the work must betirst class of their kind and satisfactory 
 to the agent in charge. Any materials not satisfactory will be condemned, and must 
 be removed from the location of the work and not be again brought upon the ground. 
 
 AJl workmanship must be first class, and any work not so must be corrected imme- 
 diately upon the request of the Government agent in charge. 
 
 Except when otherwise specified, the lumber and timber used will be well seasoned 
 and of the best kind and quality used for similar purjioses at or near the locality 
 where the aquarium is to be built, all subject to approval of superintending ofiQcer. 
 
 Where figures are given in the drawings they will be followed j otherwise scale 
 dimensions will be the guide. 
 
 The contractor shall, in the fulfillment of this contract, take no advantage of any 
 omission or incompleteness in these specifications or in the accompanying plans, as 
 full explanations and detail drawings will be fui-nished him when rec^uired. 
 
Report U. S. F. C. 1 896. (To face page 1 68—1 .) 
 
 Plate 20. 
 
Report U. S. F. C. 1896. (To face page 168—2.) 
 
 Plate 21. 
 
LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 
 
 002 877 154 (\