Class, 
 
 Rook . f b 
 
 er 
 
 PRESENTED i!Y 
 
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 7^& * 
 
ii' on iiiniv c e » 
 
THE 
 
 *s 
 
 REPRESENTING THE 
 
 
 FABULOUS HISTORIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HEATHEN GODS 
 
 AND 
 
 MOST ILLUSTRIOUS HEROES j 
 
 IN A PLAIN AND FAMILIAR METHOD, BY WAY OF DIALOGUE* 
 
 BY ANDREW TOOKE, A. M. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY TWENTY EIGHT PLATES. 
 THE THIRTY FIRST EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED* 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, H. L GARDNER, R. BALDWIN;, 
 
 F, AND d. RIVINGTON, J. SCATCHERD, W BENT, 
 
 G. AND J. ROBINSON, G. WILKIE, C LAW, 
 
 LONGMAN AND REES, AND POTE 
 
 AND WILLIAMS, 
 
 1803. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION ; *- - Page i 
 
 PART I. The Celeftial or Heavenly Gods - 10 
 
 The Celeftial Goddefles - -78 
 
 PART II. The Terreftrial or Earthly Gods - 1 24 
 
 The Terreftrial Goddefles - 150 
 
 The Gods of the Wood , and Rural Gods 1 6 
 
 The Goddefles of the Woods - 187 
 
 The Nymphs - "* - - J99 
 
 The Inferior Rural Deities - 204 
 
 PART III. The Marine Gods, or Gods of the Sea 207. 
 The Monfters of the Sea - - 21^. 
 
 PART IV. The Infernal Deities - - 219 
 
 The Fates - 230 
 
 The Furies - * - - 231 
 
 The judges of Hell - - 234 
 The mo I famous of the Condemned in Hell 235 
 
 The Mor.ftersof Heil - - 270 
 
 The Eljiun \ ields - - 275 
 
 PART V. The Subordinate and Mifcellaneous Deities 277 
 
 PART VI. The Adfcriptitious Gods, Demi-gods, and 
 
 Heroes - 294 
 
 APPENDIX. The Virtues and Vices which have been 
 deified - . - «j 341 
 
 £M. Brown, Prlater, St, Joha's-fyuarc] 
 Grift. 
 
TO THE READER, 
 
 IT is confeffed* that there are already many books pub* 
 lijhed on the prfent fub/ecJ, two, cr three of which are in 
 our own tongue ; and th'Je. without doubt, uill, by jc?ne 
 men, be thought enough. But pre this can be the opinion 
 but of a fw, and ih fe unexperienced people*, it has been 
 judged more proper to regard tee advice of many grave per- 
 fons of known jkill in the art of teaching i ivho % though they 
 tnujl acknowledge that Goodwin, in bis Antiquities, has 
 done very well in the whole, yet cannot tut own .thai he 
 has been too Jhort in this point : that Roile aijo, thou h 
 he deferves commendation for his Mythology, is ye r very 
 
 - +ediou<, and as thuih too large ^ and that Galtruchiu^,. as 
 j^'Afligny has tr inflated ana dijhtd him out to us, -is fo >on- 
 fufed and anlefs in his method, as well as unfortunate in his 
 corrections, that it in nowije anjwers the fu poje it Was 
 deftgmd for \ and hereupon this wot k was recommended to 
 be tranfated, bevg firjl well approved b) Laened gemh??un^ 
 as is abovemeitioned, for its eafy method, and ag^ee* tie 
 plainnefs. Befdes, it having been wrtit.n by fo learned a 
 perfon, and that for the ufe cf jo g> eat a pii^ce^ and fo 
 univerfally received in our neighbour nations, as t: have jcld 
 
 Jeverai imprejjions in afoort time, there was no roc?/: to doubt 
 of its being zvell received here. As for the quotations out of 
 the Latin poets, it was ccnfidered a while, wh iher they 
 fhould t e tranflated or not-, tut it was, at tafi, juagd proper 
 to print them in Englijh, either from thfe vjho already ren- 
 dered them well, or, where they cculd not be had, to give a 
 nezv tranflaaon of them, that jo nothing of the whole uo^i 
 might be out of the reach of the young jcholars under jland- 
 * n ij f or whofe benefit chiefly this verfion was intended. In 
 this imprejjion^ care has been taken, not only to move the cita- 
 tions to the ends of the pages, feclions^ or chapters, zuhich 
 iefore lying in the body of the difc.Qurje> and making part 
 
TO THE READER. 
 
 of it, the fenfe was greatly interrupted, the connexion dif- 
 titrbed, and thereby a confufion often created in the under- 
 standings offome of th of e younger jcholars, into whofe hands 
 it vjas put, by juch an undue and improper mixture of 
 Engli/h and Latin, of profe and verfe ; but further, to 
 make it ft ill more plain and familiar, and thereby better 
 fuiied to their capacity, and ? ore proper for their ufe, fuch 
 ambiguous exprejjions and obfcure phrajes have been removed, 
 and fuch perplexed periods rectified, as had been found either 
 to caufe mijunderjiandtng of the authors meaning, or to lead 
 the Jcholar into barbae fm, in rendering any part of it into 
 Latin, when juch tranjlations have been imp fed as a tafk. 
 And tyfHy, a complete and fignificant Index, inftead of a 
 verbal one before, has been added to this imprejfion^ whereby 
 anything material in the whole book may be teadily found 
 - out ; the hfejulnefs of tvhich need not be mentioned here, 
 fince the ivant of it, in all former editions, has been much 
 complained of by mofl of thofe many majters who have made 
 ufe hereof in their fchoois, 
 
 T ^ ' Andrew Tooke. 
 
 June- 30, 1 713. 
 
 %* In this thirfy-firft edition, th° citations are all placed 
 at the bottom of the pages, and feveral errors and ocmffions 
 rectified, by referring to the difF rent authors. The text 
 alio has undergone a revifal, and received fome material 
 emendations. 
 
THE 
 
 FABULOUS HISTORIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 •HEATHEN GGDS. . 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 THE APPROACH TO .THE PANTHEON *. THE 
 OPvIGINAL OF IDOLATRY. * 
 
 Palszophilus* 
 
 WHAT fort of building is that before us, of fo un- 
 ufual a figure ? I think it is round, unlefs the diftance 
 deceives my fight. 
 
 Myftagogus. You are not deceived. It is a place well 
 deferving to be vifited in this, the queen of cities. Let 
 us go and view it, before we go to any other place. 
 
 P. What is its name? 
 
 M. The Fabulous Pantheon. That is, the Temple, of 
 all the Godsy which the fuperftitious folly of men have 
 
 * The Pantheon, at Rome, was built by M, Agrippa, fon-in-lavr 
 to Auguftus Cxfar, and (according to the fignification of its name)* 
 dedicated to the honour of all the Gods, every of v/hofe images were 
 placed in feveral' niches round t the fame. The building with fome 
 diminution continues to this day, only pope Boniface iv reconfecrated 
 it to the worfhip of the Virgin Mary, and ail the Saints male arui 
 female, It is now called the Church of S, Maria Rotonda, 
 
 B 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 feigned, either through a grofs ignorance of the (rue 
 and only God, or through a deteftable contempt of 
 him. 
 
 P. What was the occafion of the feigning of many 
 Gods ? 
 
 M. Many caufes of this may be affigned, but a thefe 
 four were the principal ones, upon which, as upon (o 
 many pillars, the whole frame of this fabric depends. 
 
 1. The firft caufe of Idolatry was the extreme folly b and 
 vainglory of men^ who have denied to Him? who is the 
 jnexhaufted fountain of all good, the honours, which 
 they have attributed to muddy fir earns : Diggings c as the 
 holy prophet complains, to themfelves broken and dirty 
 cijlerns, and neglecling and fo faking the mofl pure fountain 
 of living. waters. It ordinarily happened after this man- 
 ner. d If any one did excel in ftature of body, if he was 
 end-ued with greatnefs of mind, or noted for clearnefs of 
 e wit, he firft gained to himfelf the admiration of the ig- 
 norant vulgar; this admiration was by degrees turned 
 into a profound refpecl, till at length they paid him 
 greater honour than men ought to receive, and afcribed 
 the mail into the number of the Gods: while the more 
 prudent were either carried away by the torrent of the 
 vulgar opinion, or were enable, or at leaft afraid, to 
 refill it, 
 
 2. The fordid flattery offubjecls toward their princes was 
 afecond caufe of Idolatry. For, to gratify riieir vanity, 
 to flatter their pride, and to footh them in their felf- con- 
 ceit, they erecled altars, and fet the images of their 
 princes on them ; to which they offered incenfe, in like 
 manner as to the Gods $ f and many times alfo, while 
 they were yet living, 
 
 3. A third, caufe of Idolatry was an g immoderate love of 
 immortality in many •, who ftudied to attain to it, byway- 
 s' Vid. Eufeb. Laftant. Clem. Atiguft. Plat. Cic. *> Sap. xiv. 14. 
 
 c Jerem. ii. 13. d Diodor. 1. 17. Plut. in Lyfand. e Val. Max; 
 1. 8. c. ult, Cic. de Rep. apud Aug. de Civ. Dei. 3. f Athen. 1. 6. 
 deipnofoph. c. 6. de Demetrio Poliorcete, Suetcin. in Julio, c. 76 & 
 $4. g Pontan. 1. 1. c. de Saturn. 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 kig effigies of themfelves behind them ; imagining that 
 their names would ftill be preferved from the power 
 of death and time, fo long as they lived in brafs, or, as 
 it were, breathed in living ftatues of marble, after their 
 funerals. 
 
 4. h A prepofierous defre of perpetuating the memories of 
 excellent and ufeful men to future ages, was the four ih cauje 
 of Idolatry i For, to make the memory of fuch men 
 eternal, and their names immortal* they made them Gods, 
 or rather called them fo, 
 
 P. But who was the firft contriver and aflcrtor of 
 falfe Gods ? 
 
 M. k Ninus the firft king of the Affyriajis was, as it 
 is reported ; who to render the name of his father Belus, 
 or Nimrod, immortal, worshipped him with divine ho* 
 jiour after his death. 
 
 P. When, and in what manner, do they fay that 
 happened ■? 
 
 M. I will tell you. After Ninus had conquered many 
 nations far and near, and built the city, called after his 
 name, Nineveh ; in a public affembly of the Babylonians 
 he extolled his father Belus, the founder of the empine 
 and city of Babylon, beyond all meafure, as his manner 
 was ; reprefenting him, not only worthy of perpe- 
 tual honour among all pofterity, but alfo of an immor- 
 tality among the Gods above. Then he exhibited a 
 ftatue of him, curioufly and neatly made, to which be 
 commanded them to pay the fame reverence that they 
 would have given to Belus alive: he alfo appointed it to 
 be a common fan&uary to the miferablc, and ordained, 
 That if at any time an offender fhould fly to this ftatue, it 
 fhould not be lawful to force him away thence to punifh- 
 ment. This privilege eafily procured fo great a vene- 
 ration to the dead prince, that he was thought more 
 than a man, and therefore was created a God, and calleJ 
 'Jupiter, or as others write, Saturn of Babylon - y where 
 
 h Thucydrl. 7. Plutarch. Apopht. Lscon. 4. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. 
 t Sap. 14, 15. i Vid, Annal. Salian, anno 2000. k Hier. * 
 Ezcch, & in Ofeam a 
 
 B 2 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 a mod magnificent temple was ere£ted to him by his 
 fori, and dedicated with variety of facrifices, in the two 
 thoufandth year of the world, which was the laft year 
 but one of the life of Noah. And from this, as from a 
 peftilential head, the facrilegious plague of idols palled, 
 by a kind of contagion, into other nations, and difperfed 
 itfelf every where about. 
 
 P. What ! Did all other nations of the world wor- 
 MpBelusf 
 
 M» All, indeed, did not worfhip Belus ; but, after 
 this beginning of Idolatry, feveral nations formed to 
 themfelves feveral Gods ; receiving into that number not 
 only mortal and dead men, but brutes alfo.; and, which 
 is a greater wonder, even the moft mean and pitiful in- 
 animate things. For it is evident, from the authority 
 of innumerable writers, that the Africans worshipped 
 the heavens, as a God ; the Per/tans adored fire, water, 
 and the winds ^ the Lybians^ the fun and moon; the 
 Thebans, Iheep and weefels ; the Babylonians of Mem- 
 phis, a whale ; the inhabitants of Mendes, a goat ; the 
 Thejfalians^ ftorks ; the Syrophcenicians* doves ; the 
 Egyptians, dogs, cats, crocodiles, and hawks; nay, 
 leeks, onions, and garlic. Which molt fenfelefs folly 
 1 "Juvenal wittily expofes. 
 
 P. But certainly the ancient inhabitants and moft 
 wife citizens of Rome did not fo fottiflily receive thofe 
 Images of vain Gods, as thofe barbarous nations did, to 
 whom they were fuperitfr, not only in arms and huma- 
 nity, but in wit and judgment. 
 
 M. You are miftaken, fir; for they exceeded even 
 thofe barbarians in this fort of folly, 
 
 P. Say you f o ? 
 
 M. Indeed. For they reckoned among their Gods, 
 and adored not only beafts and things void of all fenfe ; 
 but, which is a far greater madnefs, they worfhipped 
 
 ^ fanflas gentes 9 quibus htsc nafcuntur in bortis 
 
 Numina Juv. 1, V< 
 
 Religious nations fure, and blefs'd abodes, 
 Where ev'ry orchard is overrun with Gods. 
 
r - 
 
 . ( 5 1 
 
 dfo murderers, adulterers, thieves, drunkards, rob be 
 and fuch-like pefts of mankind. 
 
 P. How many, and what kind of Gods did the Ro- 
 mans wo r Slip ? 
 
 AL It is fcarce poffibie to recount them: when, be- 
 fide their own country Gods and family Gods, all ftrange 
 Gods that came to the city were made free of it. 
 Whence it came to pafs, in time, that when they faw 
 their precincts too narrow to contain fo many, neceffity 
 forced them to fend their Gods into colonies, as they 
 did their men. But thefe things, which I curforily tell 
 you, you will fee more conveniently and pleafantly by 
 and by, with -your own eyes, when you come into this 
 Pantheon with me \ where we are now at the door* 
 Let us enter. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 THE ENTRANCE INTO THE PANTHEON, A DISTRI- 
 BUTION OF THE GODS INTO SEVERAL. CLASSES. 
 
 P a GOOD Heavens ! What a crowd of dead Deities 
 is here, if all thefe are Deities, whofe figures I fee 
 painted and defcribed upon the walls ? 
 
 M, This is the fmalleft part of them. For the very 
 walls of the city, although it be fo large, much lefs 
 the walls of this temple, cannot contain even their titles. 
 
 P. Were all thefe Gods of the fame order and dig- 
 nity ? 
 
 M. By no means, But as the Roman People were 
 didributed into three' ranks ; namely, of m fenators or 
 noblemen j knights or gentlemen, plebeians or citizens ; as 
 alio into n noble, new-raifed, and ignoble (of which the 
 n?vj~raifedwere thofe, who did not receive their nobility 
 from their anceftors, but obtained it themfelves by their 
 own virtue) ; fo the Roman Gods were divided, as it 
 were, into three cJaiTes. 
 
 m Patrlciij equitss, et plebeii. P Nobiles, wm, cl ignobiles. Ctc, 
 to Muraen. 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 The ' firji clafs is of ° Superior Gods, for the people 
 paid to them a higher degree of worfhip ; becaufe they 
 imagined that thefe Gods were more eminently em- 
 ployed in the government of this world. Thefe were 
 called alfo vSelett, becaufe they had always had the title 
 of Celefiial Gods, and were famous and eminent above 
 others, of extraordinary authority and renown. Twelve 
 of thefe were ftyled q Confentes ; becaufe, in affairs of 
 great importance, Jupiter admitted them into his coun- 
 cil. Tiie images of thefe were fixed in the Forum at 
 Rome : fix of them were males, and &x females ; com- 
 monly, without other additions, called the Twelve Gods ; 
 and whole names Ennius comprifes in r a diftich. 
 
 Thefe Twelve Gods were Relieved to prefide over the 
 twelve months ; to each of them -vas allotted a month \ 
 January to Juno, February to Neptune, March to Mi- 
 nerva ^ April to Venus, May to Apollo, June to Mercury , 
 yuly to Jupiter, Augiift to Ceres, September to Vulcan, 
 October to Mars, November to Diana, December to Vejla* 
 s They likewife prefided over the twelve celeftial figns. 
 And if to thefe twelve Dii Confentes you add the eight 
 following, Janus, Saturnus, Genius, Sol, Pluto, Bacchus, 
 Tellus, and Luna, you will have twenty, that is, all the 
 Select Gods. 
 
 The fee one! clafs contains the Gods of lower rank 
 and dignity, who were ftyled Dii Minorum Gentium ; 
 becaufe they fhine with a lefs degree of glory, and have 
 been placed among the Gods, as l Cicero fays, by their 
 own merits. Whence they are called alfo ,; Adfcriptitii 
 
 •Dii Majorum Gentium. P Selecli. q Confentes, quafi con- 
 feritientes. Senec. 1. a. Quaeft. Nat. Lucian. dial, de Deorum concil. 
 Piaut. in Epidico. 
 
 * juno, V eft a, -Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus^ Mars, 
 Mercurius, Neptunus, Jupiter, Vulcanus, Apol'o. _ 
 
 Dempfter paralip. ad c. $. 
 In pofteriore hoc verfu alii legunt Jovis, non Jupiter; et melius 
 meo judicio ; dim enim Jovis in nominative dicebatur \ ehVV nietri 
 gratia, ultima litera. Rofm. Antiq. 1. *. * Manilii Aftion. L a, 
 f3 De Nat. Deor. 2. u Var, apud Auguft. 
 
i f 4 
 
 fculariij w Pii'atitiii and x Indtgeic; : becaufe nov^ 
 they wanted nothing; or becaufe, being traniiated from 
 this earth into heaven, they convened trith the Gods; 
 or. being fixed, as it were, to certain places, committed- 
 peculiarly to their cane, they dwelt in them, to perform 
 the duty entrufted to them y . Thus Mnsai was made a 
 God, by his mother Vcnns^ In the manner defcribed by^ 
 Ovid z . 
 
 ~The Gods of the third and lower chit's are fomctime** 
 called a Minuti^ Vefci^ and Mifcellanei^ bur more ufually 
 b SemoneS) whofe merits were not fufrlcie*n to gain them 
 a place among the celejV.al Gods ; yet their virtues were 
 fiich, that the people thought them fuperior to rn 
 men. They were called c Paieliarii, from certain fmali 
 d diflies, in which the ancients ottered to the Gods their 
 facrifices, of which e Ovid makes mention. 
 
 To thefe we ought to adjoin the Gods called f No- 
 venfileSy which the Sablnes brought to Rome by the com- 
 mand -of king Tatius ; and which were- fo named, as 
 fome fay, becaufe they were % lateft of all reckoned a- 
 
 ^ Lucia n dial, dd Deer, concil. x TndJgetes quqJ rullius rei in- 
 digerent, quod in Diis agereht, vel qudd in lis (:c. iocis) deguein, 
 Seiv. in /En. 12. y Liv. ]. 1. 
 
 t Lujlratumgemtrix dvuino corpus cdore 
 
 Unxit, et ambrofid cum dulci neclare ?nixta 
 
 CcntigH os, fecit que Deum % quern turba Quirlm 
 
 Nuncu-pat IndigetefH) temploque* arifque recspit* Met. 34, 
 
 His mother then his body purify'd, 
 
 Anoints with facred detours, and h : s lips 
 
 In ne&ar mingled with ambrofia d ps 5 
 
 So deify'd 5 whom Bdiges Koine culls, 
 
 Hononrd with altar?, (brines, and feftival*. 
 a Hor. Caim. 3. b Semones vulgo dfcebantur quatj femJ-homt- 
 n*?, anuqui enim bomtnemdictbant hemonem. An. Gutber. dejur. 
 Man. 1. i. c. 4. U^\\ 1. 2. arte ka. 2. i3. c Pi,ut. in C 
 A Fulgent. Placid, ad Cjiaicid. 
 
 *-Fert mijfos Vefitz pur a pate!' a cibos. Fait. 6. 
 
 To Vej\cC% deity, w)th humble meff, 
 
 In cleanly diih feiv'd up ;hey now adircf^. 
 f Liv. 1. 8. Varro de lingul Lat. S Qupj ncvifilmi crar.ii:ra 
 inter Peos numerati fmt. 
 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 mong the Gods ; or becaufe they were h prefidents oyer 
 the changes, by which the things of this world fubfift. 
 Circius believes them to have been the ftrange Gods of 
 conquered nations ; whereof the numbers were fo vaft, 
 that it was thought fit to call them all in general > No- 
 venfdes, left they fliould forget any of them. And laftly, 
 to this clafs alfo we rnuft refer thofe Gods and God- 
 defles by whofe help and means, as k Cicero fays, men 
 are advanced to heaven, and obtain a place among the 
 Gods; of which fort are the principal Virtues, as we 
 Shall particularly (how in its proper place. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 A VIEW OF THE PANTHEON. A MORE COMMODIOUS 
 DIVISION OF THE GODS. 
 
 P. I CAST my eyes very curioufly every where 
 about trie, and yet I do not fee the three clafTes of the 
 Gods, which you have juft now defer ibed. 
 
 ,M. Becaufe there is made here another and more 
 convenient divifion of them ; which we will follow alfo, 
 if you please, in our difcourie. 
 
 P. How can I deny myfelf that moft ufeful pleafure, 
 which I (hail reap from your cenverfation ? 
 
 M. You fee that the three clafles, which I mentioned 
 to you, are here divided into fix, and painted upon the 
 jfeyeral parts of the Pantheon, i. You fee the Celeftjal 
 Gods and Goddefles upon an arch.. 2. The Terre/irial, 
 upon the wall on the right hand. 3. The Marine and 
 River Gods upon the wall on the left. 4. The Infernal^ 
 upon the lower compartment by the pavement. 5. The 
 Minuii or Semones, and Mijcellanei before you. 6. The 
 Jdfcriptitii and Indigetes behind you. Our difcourfe 
 ihall likewife confift of fix parts; in each of which I 
 
 fc Novitatum prxTides, quod omnia novitate conftent aut redinfe- 
 grentnr. Apud Gyr. fynt. 1 1. l Arnob. 3. adv. Gentes. k De 
 Nat. Deor. z. 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 fhall lay before you whatever I have found moil remark- 
 able among the here authors upon this fubject, if you 
 can bear with my talkativenefs. 
 
 P. Sir, you jeft when you call it talkativenefs. Can 
 any difcourfe be more pleafant to me ? 
 
 M. Then, fince it pleaies you, let us fit down toge- 
 ther awhile ; and, as the place is free from all company, 
 we will take a deliberate view of the whole army of 
 Gods, and infpec! them one after another ; beginning, 
 as is fit, v/ith the Celejiial^ and fo with Jove t according 
 to the direction of the ] poet. 
 
 1 Ab Joke prmcipium Mufa : Jowls omnia plena*, 
 
 Virg.-Ecl. j* 
 From the great Father of the Gods above 
 My Mufe begins ; for all is full of Jove, 
 
 B5 
 
( io ) 
 
 PART I. 
 
 OF THE CELESTIAL DEITIES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SECT. I. JUPITER. HIS IMAGE. 
 
 THE Gods, commonly called Cdejiial, are thefe that 
 follow : "Jupiter, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, .and Bacchus. 
 The ccleftial Godd?Jfes are Juno, Vejia, Minerva or Pal- 
 las, Venus, Luna, and Bdlona. We will begin with 
 Jitpiter, the king of them all. 
 
 P. Where is Jupiter? 
 
 M* Look up to the arch. You may eafily know him 
 by his habit. He is a the father and king of Gods and 
 men, whom you fee fitting in a throne of ivory and 
 gold, under a rich canopy, with a beard, holding thun- 
 der in his right hand, which he brandifhes againft the 
 Giants at his feet, whom he formerly conquered. His 
 fceptre, they fay, is made of cyprefs, which is a fytn- 
 bol of the eternity of his empire, becaufe that wood is 
 free from corruption b . On his fceptre*Tits an eagle, 
 either becaufe he was brought up by it c , or heretofore 
 an eagle refting upon his head, portended his reign ; 
 or becaufe in his wars with the giants d , an eagle brought 
 him his thunder, and thence received the title of Jupi- 
 ter's armour-bearer e . He wears golden fhoes, and an 
 
 a Divum pater atq^e hominum rex. Virg. JEn. i. Paufan. in 
 Eliac. Lucian.Vie Sacrif. b &^\ fcaert. J. 8. <? M$m ap. 
 Nat. Cum. «* Serv. in M\\. x. e Jo-vis armiger. V.rg. i£n. 5. 
 
T/a/e 2 
 
 J*sr</<> /O 
 
( M ) 
 
 embroidered 
 
 figures of animals. This cloak Dionyfius 'the tyrant, as 
 is laid, took from him in Sicily, and giving him a wool- 
 Jen cloak inftead of it, faid, f That would be more conve- 
 nient for him in all feafcns$ Jince it ivas warmer in tbs 
 winter*) end much lighter in the Jitmmer, Yet let it not 
 ieem a wonder to you, if by chance you fhould fee him 
 in another place, in another drefs : for he is wont to be 
 decked in feveral fa Qi ions, according to the various 
 names he aflame?, and according to the diverfity of the 
 people among whom he is worfhipped. Particularly, 
 you will fmile when you fee him among the g Laazde- 
 monuins without ears ; w r her£as the Cretans are fo liberal 
 to him in this particular, that they give him four. So 
 nruch for the figure o\ Jupiter. For, if it were my 
 defign to fpeak of his ftatue, I fhould repeat here what 
 h Vtrrius fays, that his face upon holydays ought to be 
 painted with vermillion ; as the ftatues of the reft of the 
 Gods allb ufed to be fmeared with ointments, and 
 adorned with garlands, according to an obfervation of 
 1 Plautus. ; 
 
 P. Was the power of darting thunder and lightning 
 in the hands of "Jupiter only I 
 
 IvL The .learned k Hetrurians teach us, that this 
 power was committed to nine Gods ; but to which of 
 them it does not plainly appear* Some, befide Jupiter \ 
 mention Vulcan and Minerva ; whence the phrafe, Mi- 
 nervales manubics, fignifies thunder (as the books of thofe 
 ancient Hetrufci called ftrokes of thunder rnanubias) be- 
 caufe the noxious conftellation of Minerva is trie caufe 
 of tempefts in the vernal equinox. ] Others fay, that 
 thunder was alfo attributed to Juno, to Mars, and to 
 the fouth wind, and they reckon up feveral kinds of 
 thunders ; fulmina ra peremptalia, pejlifera, popularia^ 
 perversa, renovativa, ojlentatoria, clar a, familiar ia, bruta^ 
 
 ' Cic* de Nat. Deor. 3. % Plaut. de Ofir. Be Ifid. h Ao. 
 
 Guther. de jur, Man. Plin. I. 33. c. 7. * In Aiinar. k Flin. 
 
 1. 2. c. 51. Serv. in JEn. 1.2. 1 Serv. in /En, 8, p Plu% 
 1. a. c. 4.3, 51, 5^, AmiMi Marcel, i. 2, 
 
( 12 } 
 
 cdttjiliarifij* But the Romans commonly took notice 'of 
 no more than two; the * diurnal thunder, which they 
 attributed 'to Jupiter \ and the ° nocturnal, which they 
 attributed to Summanus, or Pluto* Nov/ let us go on 
 to Jupiter $ birth. 
 
 sect. 2. jupiter's descent and education 
 
 P. Who were Jupiter's parents ? 
 
 M. One ariiwer will not fully fatisfy this one quef- 
 tion, fince there is not one Jupiter, but many, who are 
 fprung from different families, p Thofe who were (kil- 
 led in the Heathen Theology, reckon up three Jupiters; 
 of which the fir ft and fecond were born in Arcadia. 
 The rather of the one was /Ether ; from whom Profer- 
 fine and Liber are faid to be born. The father of the 
 other was Ccelus ; he is faid to have begot Minerva. 
 The third was a Cretan, the fon of Saturn, whofe tomb 
 is yet extant in the ifle of Crete. q But Varro reckoned 
 up three hundred "j ' upiters ; r and others reckon almoft 
 an innumerable company of them ; for there was hardly 
 any nation that did not worfhip a Jupiter of their own, 
 and fuppofe him to be born among themfelves. But of 
 all thefe, the moft famous Jupiter, according to the ge- 
 neral opinion, is he, whofe mother was Ops, and whofe 
 father was Saturn ; to whom therefore all that the 
 poets fabuioufly writ about the other Jupiters, is ufually 
 afcribed. 
 
 P. Where, and by whom, was this Jupiter educated ? 
 
 M. He was educated where he was born, that is, 
 upon the mountain Ida in Crete ; but by whom, the va- 
 riety of opinions is wonderful. s Some affirm, that he 
 was educated by the Curetes and Corybantes ; fome fay,' 
 by the Nymphs ; and fome, by Amalthcea, the daughter 
 of Meliffus, king of Crete. Others, on the contrary, 
 
 ther. tie jur. Man. 1. i. c. 3. " p Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3. <2 A- 
 
 pnd Aug- de Civ. Dt\. r Eufeb, Caef. t. %, praep. Evang* 
 
 • Vid, Nat, Cora, in Jove. 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 have .recorded, that the bees fed him with honey : others, 
 that a goat gave him milk. Not a few fay, that he was 
 nourifhed by doves ; fome, by an eagle ; many, by a 
 bear. And further, it is the opinion of feme, concern- 
 ing the aforefaid Amalihcsa, that fhe was not the daugh- 
 ter of MeliJJus, as we now mentioned ; but the very 
 goat which fuckled "Jupiter, whofe r horn,- it is faid, he 
 gave afterward to his nurfes, with this admirable privi- 
 lege, that whoever poiTeiied it, fhould immediately ob- 
 tain every thing that he deilred. They add behdes, that 
 after this goat was dead, Jupiter took her fkin and made 
 a fhield of it; with which he fingly combated the* 
 Giants; whence that -fhield was called JEgis\ff0m a 
 Greek word that fignines a Jhe-goat 9 which at la-ffi he 
 reftored to life again, and, giving her a new fkin, placed 
 her among the celeftial coniteiiations. 
 
 SECT. 3. EXPLOITS OF JUPITER. 
 
 P. When Jupiter v/as grown a man, what did he 
 perform worthy of memory ? 
 
 M. He overcame, in war, the Titans and the Giants, 
 of whom we fhall fay more when we fpeak of Saturn., 
 He alfo delivered his fdthsr Saturn from imprifonment ; 
 but afterward depofed him from the throne, and bamfhed 
 him, becaufe he formed a confpiracy againft him ; and 
 then divided the paternal inheritance with his two bro- 
 thers, Neptune and Pluto ; as more largely will be fhown 
 in its proper place, when we fpeak of each of the a a- 
 part. In fine, he fo aflifted and obliged all mankind by 
 the great favours which he did, that he not only thence 
 obtained the name of w Jupiter, but he was advanced 
 alfo unto divine honours,- and was efteemed ihe common 
 father both of Gods and men. Among fame of his moil 
 illuftrious anions, we ought to remember the ftory of 
 Lycaon. For, when Jupiter had heard a report con- 
 
 t Ccrnu Amalthseae. « 'A77Q t*V **$£* w Jupiter, quafi 
 
 juvans Pater, Cic, de Nat. Deor. 2, 
 
( 14 ) 
 
 cerning the wiekednefs and great impiety of men, it is 
 faid that he defcended from heaven to the earth, to know 
 the real truth of it ; and, that being come into the houfe 
 of Lycaoriy king of Ar cadi 'a-, where he declared hirnfelf 
 to be a God, while others were preparing Sacrifices for 
 him, Lycaon derided him : nor did he flop here, but 
 added an abominable wickednefs to his contempt; for, 
 being defirous to try whether Jupiter wzs a God, as he 
 pretended, he kills one of his domeftic iervants, roafls 
 and boils the flefh of him, and lets it on the table as a 
 banquet for Jupiter ; who, abhorring the wretch's bar- 
 barity, x fired the palace with lightning, and turned 
 'Lycaon into a wolf. 
 
 P. Are there no exploits of his ? 
 
 Af. Yes, indeed ; 7 but they are very lewd and dif- 
 honorable : I am almoft afhamed to mention them. For, 
 was there any kind of lewdnefs of which he was not 
 guilty ? or any mark of infamy that is not branded upon 
 his name ? I will only mention a few a&ions of this fort 
 among many. 
 
 i. In the fhape of a crow z he ruined his fifter Jiwo 9 
 who was horn at the fame birth with him, deluding her 
 with promifes of marriage : and how many women does 
 that pretence delude even now i 
 
 2. He violated the chafiity of Danae 9 the daughter of 
 AcriJiuS) king of the Ar gives 9 though her father had fhut 
 her up in a tower ; becaufe the oracle had foretold, that 
 he fhould be (lain by his grand fon. For, changing hirn- 
 felf into a a jhower of geld ^ he flid down through the roof 
 and tiles of the place into the lady's lap. And, indeed, 
 what place is there fo fortified and guarded, into which 
 love cannot find paffage ? Is there any heart fo very 
 hard and ftubborn, that money cannot foften it ? What 
 way is not fafe, what paflage is not open, what under- 
 taking is impoflible b to a God, who turns hirnfelf into 
 money to make a purchafe ? 
 
 x Ovid. Met. i. y Apollon. Argon. 4. z Doroth. 2. 
 
 Metam. a Ovid. Met. 4. *> Coaverfo in prctium Deo. Hon 
 Carm. 3. 
 
( 15 ) 
 
 3« He- corrupted c Lcda, the wife of TpidaYm> k 
 
 of Laccnia? in the fimilitude of a fivan : thus a fair out- 
 ilde oftentimes veils the fouled temper, and is a beauti- 
 ful cover to a moft deformed mind. 
 
 4. He abufed d Auiiopt, the wife of Lyras? king of 
 Thebes? in the likenefs of zjaiyr. 
 
 5. He denied e Alcmena? the wife of Am^hyirion? in 
 her hu (band's abfence, in the likenefs of Apiphylrim 
 himfelf. 
 
 6. He inflamed * Mgina? the daughter ofMfophui^ 
 king of Bceoiia'i with love, in the fimilitude of fire (a 
 lively representation of his crime) and robbed her of her 
 chaftity. 
 
 7. He defloured g Clytoris^ a virgin oiTheffalia^ a great 
 beauty, by turning himfelf into — What ? O ridiculous ! 
 into an anL And many times, indeed, it happens, that 
 great miichiefs arife from very (mail beginnings. 
 
 8. He debauched h Cali/Io? the daughter of hycaon % 
 king of Arcadia? counterfeiting, which is very flxange,- 
 the modefty and countenance of Diana. And ye* he did 
 not protect her from the difgraee that afterward fol- 
 lowed. For as (he began to grow big, and v/aflied her- 
 felf in the fountain w T ith Diana, and the other nymphs* 
 her fault was difcovered, and herfelf iha me fully turned 
 away by Diana firft, then changed by Juno into a bear. 
 But, why do I fay (hamefully ? when her difgraee was 
 taken away by Jupiter^ who advanced this bear into hea- 
 ven, and made it a conftellation ; which by the Latins 
 is called TJrfa Maj,r? and by the Greeks^ Hcacc. 
 
 9. He fent an i eagle to fnatch away the pretty boy 
 Ganymede, ; the fon of Tros? as he hunted upon the moun- 
 tain Ida. Or rather he himfelf, being changed into an 
 eagle? took him into his claws, and carried him up to 
 heaven. He offered the fame violence to *, the 
 daughter of Cceus? a young lady of the greateft modefty, 
 
 c Arat. in Phaenom. d Ovid. Met. 6. e Idmi : . 
 
 f Idem ibid. g Arnob. ap, Gvr. h Bocart. de Qtn, Dec 
 iVirg, JEn. 5, Ovid, Met, 10, 
 
( i6 ) 
 
 to whom he k appeared in the fhape of an eagle, and when 
 he had ravifhed her, he carried her away in his talons. 
 
 ic, 'He undid l Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king 
 of Phoenicia, in the form of a beautiful white bull, and 
 carried her into Crete with him. See how many feveral 
 beafts man refembies, who has once put off his modefty ! 
 And by hpw many various fables this one truth is re- 
 prefented, that the very Gods by practice of impure luft 
 become brutes. The bull, in reality, was the fhip up- 
 on which a bull was painted, in which Europa was car- 
 ried away. In like manner the horje Pegafus^ which was 
 painted upon Bellerophon's fhip, and the ram, which was 
 painted on that of Phryxus and Helte, created ample' 
 matter of fiction for the poets. But to return to our 
 fable : Agenor immediately ordered m his fon Cadmus to 
 travel, and fearch every where for. his filter Europa^ 
 which he did, but could nowhere find her. Cadmus 
 dared not to return without her, becaufe, n by a fentence 
 not lefs unjuft to him than kind to his fifter, his father 
 had banifhed him for ever unlefs he found her. Where- 
 fore he built the city of Thebes, not far from the mountain 
 Parnajfus : and as it happened that his companions who 
 were with him, were devoured by a certain ferpent, 
 while they went abroad to fetch water ; he, to avenge 
 their death, flew that ferpent ; whofe teeth he took out, 
 and, by the advice oi Minerva, fowed them in the 
 ground; and fuddenly fprouted up a harveft of armed 
 foldiers, who, quarrelling among themfelves, with the 
 fame fpeed that they grew up, mowed one another down 
 again, excepting five only, by whom that country was 
 peopled afterward. At length Cadmus and his wife 
 Hermione, or Hermonia, after much experience, and ma- 
 
 * Fulgent. Plan. 1 Ovid. Met. 6. m Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 n Cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 
 Imperat, et poenam, fi non nnjenerit, aadit 
 Exilium, faclo plus et feeler a? us eodem. Ovid. Met. 3* 
 
 Bids Cadmus trace and find the ravim'd fair," 
 Or hope no more to breathe Phoenician air. 
 Both juft and wicked in the fame defign $ 
 The care was pious \ but too gieat the fine. 
 
( '7 ) 
 
 ny proofs of the inconflancy of fortune, were changed 
 into ferpents. He is faid to have ° inventt-d fixteen of 
 the letters of the Greek alphabet ; a y (3, y, £, s, », *, a, jx, 
 h o, vt, £>, <r, r, v> which, in the time of the judges of 
 Ifrael, he brought out of Phoenicia into Greece : two 
 hundred and fifty years after this, Palamedes added four 
 more letters, namely, |, 9, o, y, in the time of the fiege 
 of Troy ; although fome affirm that Epicharmus invented 
 the letters and % : and fix hundred and fifty years after 
 the fiege of Troy, Simonides invented the othe,r four let- 
 ters, namely, v, co, £. 4>. Cadmus is alfo faid to have 
 taught the manner of writing in profe ; and that he was 
 the firft among the Greeks who confecrated ftatues to 
 the honour of the Gods. 
 
 Now the bijlorical meaning of the fable perhaps is 
 this : p Cadmus was in truth king of Si don, by nation a 
 Kadmonite, as his name intimates ; of the number of 
 thofe mentioned by ^Mofes. Thefe Kadmoniies were the 
 fame with the r Hivites, who pofleffed the mountain 
 Hermon, and were thence atfo called Hermonai : and fo 
 it- came to pafs, that the wife of Cadmus had the name 
 of Hermonia, or Hermione, from the fame mountain. 
 And why is it faid, that Cadmus' companions were con- 
 verted into ferpents, uniefs becaufe the word hev&us in, 
 the Syr-iac language fignifies a ferpent. Moreover, 
 another word of a double fignification in the fame lan- 
 guage occafioned the fable, that armed foldiers fprouted 
 forth from the teeth of the ferpent : for, s the fame word 
 fignifies both ferpents teeth, and brazen f pears, with which 
 1 Cadmus firft armed his foldiers in Greeee, being indeed 
 the inventor of brafs ; infomuch that the ore, of which 
 brafs is made, is from him even now called cadmia. As 
 to the five foldiers, which are faid to furvive all the reft 
 of their brethren, who fprouted up out of the teeth of 
 the ferpent, the fame Syriac word fignifie? "five, and 
 alfo a man ready for battle, according as it js differently 
 pronounced. 
 
 PI. 1. 5. c. 29. Cdtt. 39. 24; P Bochart. 2. p, Geogr. c. 19. 
 <1 Gen. xv. 19. r idem cum Hevse:s. Bochart. ibid* s Hy- 
 
 g*n. c. 2. 4. t Piin. 1. 34.. c. x. 10. u Bochartus ut fupra. 
 
( I* ) 
 
 SECT. 4, NAMES OF JUPITER* 
 
 P. How many names has Jupiter? 
 
 M. They can ha' r (fly be numbered'; fo many were" 
 the names which he obtained, either from the places 
 where he lived and was worfhipped, or from the things 
 that he did. The moil remarkable I will here fet down 
 alphabetically. 
 
 The Greeks called' him w Amnion, or Hammon, which 
 name (\gn\Rcs fandy. He obtained this name fir ft in Ly- 
 bia, where he was worshipped under the figure of a ram 5 
 becaufe when Bacchus was athirft in the fabulous deferts 
 of Arabia^ and implored the affiftance of Jupiter, Jupi- 
 ter appeared in the form of a ram, opened a fountain 
 with his foot, and difcovered it to him. But others 
 give this reafon, becaufe Jupiter in war wore a helmet, 
 whofe creft was a ram's head. 
 
 The Babylonians and Jjjyrians, whom he governed, 
 called him * Be/us* who was the impious author of ido~ 
 latry ; 2nd becaufe of the uncertainty of his defcent, 
 they believed that he had neither father nor mother • and 
 therefore he was thought the firft of ail Gods. In 
 different places and languages he was afterward called 
 Be el, Baal, Beelphegor,. Beelzebub, and Belzemen. 
 
 Jupiter was called y Capitolinus, from the Capitoline 
 hill, upon the too of which he had the firft' temple that 
 ever was built in Rome \ this Tarquin the Eider firft 
 vowed to build, Tar own the Proud built, and Horatius^ 
 the conful, dedicated. He was alfo called Tarpeius, 
 from the Tarpeian rock, on which this temple was built. 
 He was like wife ftyled z Optimus Maximus^ from his 
 power and willingnefs to profit all men, 
 
 « : Arer~Tm: s \«^.:e ab Arena, Plut. in Ofir. V. Curt. 1. 4. 
 * Berof. I. 4. .Eudh, 1. 1. praep. Evang. Hier. i.inOfeam^ 
 YQ Capitoline, quern, propter heneficia, populus Rcmanus Opti- 
 Riuip) propter vim, Maximum appeiiavit. Cic. de Nat. Deor. i». 
 *Plin. Liv. Plut 9 .Tacit..i9. 
 
( '9 ) 
 
 He was alio called n Cujlcs. There is in Nero's coins 
 an image of him fitting on his throne, which bears in its 
 right hand thunder, and in its left a fpear, with this 
 infcription, Jupiter Cvjhs. 
 
 Anciently in fome forms of oaths he was commonly 
 called b Diefpiter, the father of light ; as we (hall further 
 remark preiently under the word Lapis \ and to the fame 
 purpofe he was by the c Cretans called directly Dies. 
 
 The title of Dodonaus was given him from the city 
 Dodsna in Chaonia^ which was fo called from Dockno, a 
 nymph of the fea. Near to this city there was a grove 
 facred to Jupiter, which was planted with oaks, and 
 famous ; becaufe it was the molt ancient oracle of all 
 Greece. Two doves delivered refponfes there to thofe 
 who confulted it : or, as others ufed to fay, d the leaves 
 of the oaks themfeives became vocal, and gave forth 
 oracles. 
 
 He was named e Elicius, becaufe the prayers of men 
 may bring him down from heaven. 
 
 The name Fereirius is given him, becaufe f he fmires 
 his enemies ; or becaufe he is the s giver of peace ; for 
 when peace was made, the fcepter by which the embaf- 
 fadors (wore, and the flint ftone on which they con- 
 firmed their agreement, were fetched out of his temple : 
 or laftly, becaufe, after they had overcome their ene- 
 mies, they h carried the grand fpoils (fpolia cpima) to 
 his temple, Romulus firit preferred fuch fpoils to Jupiter? 
 after he had flain Acron, king of C&nina ; and Cornelius 
 
 a Apul. de mundo. Senec. 2. qu. nat. b Qltafi diei pater. 
 Var. de lingua Latin a. c Macrob. in Saturn, ap. Bochart. in Geogr. 
 d Alex, ah Alex. c. 2. e Quod ccelo precibus eliciatur, fie Ovid. 
 
 Eliciunt co>!o te Jupiter \ unde Minor es 
 
 Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciumque -vocani. Fait* *, 
 
 Jove can't refill the juft man's cries, 
 
 They biing him down e'en frcm the fkies j 
 
 Hence he's Eltcius calTd. 
 * A feriendo, quod hoftes feriat. g Vel a ferenda pace. FelL 
 
 h Vel a ferendis ipoliis opimis in ejus Templura. Piut. la Ron;. 
 Dion. 2. 
 
C *o ) 
 
 Julius offered the fame fpoils, after he had conquered 
 ^olumnius, king of Hetruria ; and thirdly, M. Marcel- 
 lus, when he had vanquished Viridomarus, king of the 
 Gajth, as we read in l Virgil. Thofe fpoils were called 
 opima, which one general took from the other in battle. 
 
 Fulminato^ 3 or k Ctraunius, in Greek Ka^xvHo^ is Ju- 
 piter's title, from hurling thunder, which is thought to 
 be his proper office, if we believe the J poet. 
 
 In Lycia they worfhipped him tinder the name of 
 m Gragus> Tqd^oq [Grapfzos~] and Genitor. 
 
 In Mgium, about the feacoaft, he is faid to have had 
 a temple, with the name of ° Homogynus. 
 
 At Pranejie he was called Imperator. ° There was 
 a moft famous ftatue of him at that place, afterward 
 t ran Hated to Rome. 
 
 He was called Latialis, p becaufe he was worfhipped 
 in Latlurn, a country of Italy * y whence the q Latin fefH- 
 vals are denominated, to which all thofe cities of Italy 
 reforted, who defired to be partakers of the folemnity ; 
 and brought to Jupiter feveral oblations : particularly, a 
 bull was facrificed at that time, in the common name of 
 them all, of which every one took a part 
 
 The name Lapis, or, as others write, Lapideus, was 
 given him by the Romans, who believed that an oath 
 r made in the name of Jupiter Lapis was the moft fo- 
 lemn of all oaths. And it 'is derived either from the 
 {tone which was prefented to Saturn by his wife Ops y 
 who faid it was Jupiter, in w T hich fenfe s Bufebim fays, 
 
 i Tertiaque arma Patrifufpendet capta Quirino, 
 And the third fpoils (hail grace Feretrian jove. 
 
 JEn. 6. Serv. ibid. 
 k Hon. Carm. 3. 
 
 I — _«_ Q q U \ res ho?ninumque Deumque 
 JEternis regis imperils ', et julmine terres > Virg. JEn. 1. 
 
 O king of Gods and men, whole awful hand 
 Duperies thunder on the feas and land 5 
 Difpenfing all with abfolute command. 
 m Lycophron. n Virg JEn. 1 & 4. ° Paufan. et Hefych. 
 
 Liv. 6. P Cic pro Milone, 86. Dion. !. 4. 1* Latmas Feris?. 
 
 r Juramentum per Jovem Lapidem omnium fanitifiimum, Cic. 7* 
 ep. 1 a, s In Chron. 
 
 
( ai ) 
 
 that Lapis reigned in Crete ; or from the flmt-flone, 
 which/ in making bargains, the fwearer held in his 
 hand, and fa id, x If knowingly I deceive, fo let Diefprter, 
 faving the city and the capitol, cafi me avjay from all that 
 is good, as I cafi away this flone \ upon which he threw 
 the (lone away. The Romans had another form, not 
 unlike to this, of making bargains ; and it will not be 
 amifs to mention it here : u If with evil intention I at 
 any time deceive ; upon that day, O Jupiter, fo fir ike thou 
 we, as I jhall this day /hike this fivlne ; and fo much the 
 more fir ike thou, as thou art the more able andfkilful to do 
 it : he then ftruck down the fwine. 
 
 In the language of the people of Campania, he is called 
 Lucetius, from lux ; and among the Latins w Diefpiter, 
 from dies. Which names. were given to Jupiter, * be- 
 caufe he cheers and comforts us with the light of the day, as 
 much as with life itfelf : or, becaufe he w r as believed to 
 be the father of light Y . 
 
 The people of Elis ufed to celebrate him by the title 
 of z Martius, 
 
 He was . Ifo called a Mufcarius, becaufe he drove a- 
 way the flies : for when the religious exercifes of Her- 
 cules were interrupted by a multitude of flies, he imme- 
 diately offered a facrifice to Jupiter, which being finifli- 
 ed, all the flies flew away. 
 
 He was ftyled b Nicepkorus, that is, carrying victory: 
 and by the oracle of Jupiter Nicepkorus, emperor Adrian 
 was told, that he fhould be promoted to the empire. 
 Livy often mentions him ; and many coins are extant, 
 in which is the image of Jupiter bearing victory in his 
 hand. 
 
 * Si fciens fallo, me Diefpiter, falva urbe arceque, bonis ejiciat, ut 
 €go hunc lapidem. Felt, a p. Lil. ^ Si dolo malo aliquando fal- 
 lam, tu iilo die, Jupiter, me He ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hodie 
 feriam ; tantoque magis ferito, quanto magis potes, pollefque. Liv. 
 ' X i. W -Se»v. in I&n. 9. x Quod nos, die ac luce, quafi vita 
 ipsa afficeret ac juvaret. Aul. Gel!. Y Feftus. z 'Aps?o$ Zsv<;> 
 Jupiter pugnax. Plut. in Pyrrho. a AwcfAVKx;, mufcarum abactor, 
 Paufan. 5. Eliac. b -N^©o£os> i» e> Vicloriam geftans. ^lius 
 Spart, in Adiiani vita. 
 
 1 
 
( 22 ) 
 
 He was called c Opitulus^ or Opitulator, the helper \ 
 and Centipeda^ from his liability ; becaufe thofe things 
 Hand fecure and firm which have many feet. He v/as 
 called Stabilitor and Tigellus y becaufe he fupports the 
 world : Almus and Alumnus ^ becaufe he cherifhes all 
 things : and Ruminus from Ruma^ which fignifies the 
 nipple, by which he nourifhes animals. 
 
 He was ftyled d Olympius from Olympus, the name of 
 the matter who taught him, and of the heaven wherein 
 he refides, or of a city which ftood near the mountain 
 Olympus^ and was anciently celebrated far and near, be- 
 caufe there a temple was dedicated to Jupiter^ and games 
 folemnized every five years. e To this Jupiter Olympus 
 the firft cup was facrificed in their feftivals. 
 
 When the Gauls befieged the capital., an altar was 
 erected to Jupiter f Pijior ; becaufe he put it into the 
 minds of the Romans, to make loaves of bread and throw 
 them into the Gauls tents; upon which the fiege was 
 raifed 
 
 The Athenians erected a ftatue to him, and worfhip- 
 ped it upon the mountain Hymetus, giving him in that 
 place the title of g Pluvius: this title is mentioned by 
 h Tibullus, 
 
 Prcedator was alfo his name ; not becaufe he protect- 
 ed robbers, but becaufe, out of all the booty taken from 
 the enemy, one part was due to him. * For, when the 
 Romans went to war, they ufed to devote to the Gods 
 a part of the fpoil that they fhould get, and for that 
 reafon there was a temple at Rome dedicated to Jupiter 
 Pradator. 
 
 He was ftyled ^uirinus, as appears by that \'erfe of 
 Virgil^ cited above, when we fpoke of the name Fere* 
 trius. 
 
 c Quafi opis lator. Feft. Aug. de Civ. Dei 7. * Paufan. in 
 Attic, et Eliac. Liv. 1. 4.. e Pollux. f A pinfendo. Ovid, 
 
 Faft. 6. La6h 1. 22. Liv. 1. 5. s Phurnut. in jov. 
 k Art da nee Plu-viofupplicat berba Jovi. 
 Nor the parch' d grafs tor rain from Jove doth callr 
 5 Serv. in JEu* 5, 
 
( n ) 
 
 Rex am Regnator are his common titles in k Virgil^ 
 Homer, and Ennius. 
 
 Jupiter was alio called 1 Stater, which title he firft 
 had from Romulus on this occafion : When Romulus 
 was fighting with the Sabine's, his foldiers began to fly ; 
 . upon which Romulus, as m Lwy relates, thus prayed to 
 Jupiter: O thou father of the Gods -and mankind, at this 
 place at leajl drive back the enemy^ take away the fear of 
 the Romans, and flop their difljonor able flight. And I vow 
 to build a temple to thee upon the fame place ^ that fhall bear 
 the name ^Jupiter Stator, for a monument tS'poJlerity, 
 that it was from thy immediate affijlance that Rome received 
 its prefervation. After this prayer the foldiers flopped, 
 and, returning again to the battle, obtained the victory; 
 upon which Romulus confecrated a temple to Jupiter 
 Stator. 
 
 The Greeks called him tur^ [Soter] Servator n , the 
 faviour, becaufe he delivered them from the Medes. Con- 
 fervator alfo was his title, as appears from divers of 
 Dioclefan\ coins, on which are his effigies, with thun- 
 der brandifhed in his right hand, and a fpear in his left ; 
 with this infeription, Confervatori. In others, inftead of 
 thunder, he holds forth a little image of viftory, with 
 this infeription, Jovi Confervatori Orbis, To Jupiter the 
 confervator of the zvorld. 
 
 The augurs called him ° Tonans and Fulgens. And 
 emperor Auguftus dedicated a temple to him fo called ; 
 wherein was a ftatue of Jupiter, to which a little bell 
 was fattened p. He is alio called BgovraTos [Brontaios'] by 
 ■Orpheus i and ^Tonitrualis, the thunderer, by Apukius \ 
 
 k Divum pater atque bominum rex. JEn. i. 10* 
 
 The father of the gods, and king of men* 
 
 Summi regnator Olympi JEn, 7* 
 
 Ruler of the higheit heaven. 
 1 A (tendo vel Mendo. ™ Tu pater Deum hominumque, hinc 
 fakem arce hoftem, deme terrorem Ronaanis, fugamque foedam fifte. 
 Hie ego tibi templum Statori Jovi, quod monumentum fit pollens tua 
 praefenti ope fervatam urbem efle, voveo. Liv. 1. 1. n Strabo I. 
 9, Arrian. 8. de gelt. Alex. ° Cic.de Nat* Deor, 1, 9 Dio, 
 1. 5. s Ap. Lii. Gyr. fynt. 2. 
 
( 2 4 ) 
 
 and an infcription is to be feen upon, a fcone at Ro?ne* 
 Jovi Brontonti. 
 
 r TrioculuS) TpotpQatyoq [Tri opt ha twos'] was an epithet 
 given him by the Grecians^ who thought that he had 
 three eyes, with one of which he obferved the affairs of 
 heaven, with another the affairs of the earth, and with 
 the third he viewed the Tea affairs. There was a ftatue 
 of him of this kind in Priamus' palace at Troy ; which 
 befide the ufual two eyes, had a third in the forehead. 
 
 s Vejovis, or Vejupiter^ and Vedius, that is, little Ju- 
 piter> wr* his title when he was defcribed without his 
 thunder, viewing angrily fhort fpears which he held in 
 his hand. The Romans accounted him a fata] and noxi- 
 ous deity ; and therefore they worfhipped him, only 
 that he might not hurt them, 
 
 Agrippa dedicated a pantheon to "Jupiter Ultor, the 
 avenger^ at Rcme^ according to l Pliny. 
 
 He was likewlfe called " Xenius^ or Hofpitalls, becaufe 
 he was thought the author of the laws and cuftoms con- 
 cerning hofpitaliry. Whence the Greeks call prefents 
 given to Arrangers xenia, as the Latins called them lautia. 
 
 Zsvs, [ w Zeus] is the proper name of Jupiter, becaufe 
 he gives life to animals. 
 
 SECT. 5. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE, AND 
 WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY THE NAME JUPITER, 
 
 P. You have told me the dreams of the poets about 
 Jupiter 1 now, pray fir, let me know what the hifto- 
 rians and mythologifts affirm concerning him, 
 
 M. Very willingly. % Jupiter was king of Crete, 
 and, according to Eufebius, cotemporary with the pa- 
 triarch Abraham. This Jupiter depofed his father, and 
 afterward divided by lot the kingdom with his two bro- 
 thers Neptune and Pluto. And becaufe the eaftern part 
 
 r Paufan. ap. eimckm. s Cic. de Nat. Deor. 5. Gell. 1. 5' 
 Ovid. in Faft. * Plin. 36. 15. u Serv. in iEn. 1. pro Deiot* 
 Piut. qu. Rom. Demoft. Or. de legation. w 'A^o rh$ £«?$> 
 Phurnut. de Jove, x Apud Salian, in Ann, et Epitome Turfellinx* 
 
 3 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 of the country was allotted to Jupiter, the weflern to 
 Pluto, and the maritime parts to Neptune ; they took 
 occafion hence to feign, that "Jupiter was the god and 
 king of the heavens, Neptune of the fea, and Pluto of 
 hell. Nay, Jupiter's name was fo honoured by pofte- 
 rity, that all kings and princes were from him called 
 Joves, and the queens Junones, from Juno the wife oi 
 Jupiter, 
 
 Concerning the mythologifts, or the interpreters of 
 fables, I [hall only oblerve this by the by. There is in 
 thefe kind of things fuch a vaft diverfity of opinions 
 among them ; and, which is yet worfe, the accounts that 
 many of them give, are fo witlefs and impertinent, fo 
 incongruous to the very fables which they pretend to ex- 1 
 plain, that I think it better to write nothing from them, 
 than to trouble the reader with thofe things which will 
 not probably fatisfy him : when I cannot effect this, I 
 will pafs the bufinefs over in filence, and leave it to 
 every one's difcretion to devife his own interpretations : 
 for it is better that any one (hould be the author of his 
 own miftake, than to be led info it by another ; becaufe 
 a flip is more tolerable and eafy when we ourfelves fall 
 down, than when others violently pufh us down at un- 
 awares. Yet, whenever the place requires, that I can 
 give my expofitions of thefe fables, and difcover fome 
 meaning that is not repugnant to common fenfe, I will 
 not be wanting in my duty. By the prefent fable I may 
 juftify my words ; for obferve only, how various are 
 men's opinions concerning the fignification of the name 
 Jupiter, and you may guefs at the reft. 
 
 The natural philofophers many times think that y hea- 
 ven is meant by the name Jupiter : whence many au- 
 thors exprefs the thunder and lightning, which came 
 from heaven, by thefe phrafes ; Jove tonavte^ fulgent e^ 
 &c. and in this fenfe z Virgil ufed the word Olympus. 
 
 y Cic. de Nat. Deer. 2. 
 
 z Pandit ur inter e a domus omtiipotenlis Olympi, JEiu io« 
 
 Meanwhile the gates of heaven unfold. 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 a Others imagined that the air, and the things that are 
 therein contained, as thunder, lightning, rain, meteors, 
 and the like, are fignified by the fame name. In which 
 fenfe b Horac£ is to be underftood, when he fays fub 
 Jove, that is, in the open air. 
 
 Some, on the contrary, call the air Juno ; and the 
 fire Jupiter, by which the air being warmed becomes ' 
 lit for the generation of things. c Others again call the 
 fky Jupiter, and the earth Juno, becaufe out of the 
 earth all things fpring ; which Virgil has elegantly ex- 
 prefled in the fecond book of his Georgics d . 
 
 e Euripides thought fo, when he faid that the fky 
 ought to be called Summus Deus, the Great God. f Pla- 
 to's opinion was different ; for he thought that the fun 
 was Jupiter -, and g Homer, together with the aforefaid 
 Euripides, thinks that he is fate ; which fate is, accord- 
 ing to h Cicero's definition, The caufe from all eternity^ 
 why fuch things, as are already paji, were done ; and why 
 fuch things, as are doing at prefent, be as they are \ and 
 why fuch things, as are to follovj hereafter, Jhall follow ac- 
 cordingly. In fhort, others by Jupiter underftand the 
 % foul of the world-, whkh is diffufed not only through 
 all human bodies, but likewife through all the parts of 
 the univerfe, as k Virgil poetically describes it. 
 
 a Theocr. Eel. 4.. b Jacet fub Jove frigido, id ell, fub Dio, 
 v7ro tS Ai6$. Hor. Od. 1, c Lucret. 1. i„, 
 
 d Turn pater omnipotens facundis imbribus tether 
 
 Conjugis in gremium lata defcendit> et omnes 
 
 Magnus alit, magno commiflus corpore, foetus. 
 
 For then lit' almighty Jove defcends and pours 
 
 Into his buxom bride his fruitful fhow'rs, 
 
 And mixing his large limbs with hers, he feeds 
 
 Her births with kindly juice, and fofters teeming fseds; 
 e Apud. Cic. de Nat Deor. f In Phaed. s ^dyfT. 24. 
 
 $1 iEterna rerum caufa ; cur ea, quae preteiierint, facia r int 5 et ea, 
 quae inftant, fiant ; et -ea, quae confequentur, foatura fmt. Cic. de 
 Divin. 1. i Arat. inir. Aftron. 
 
 fc Principle ccelum* ac terras 9 campofque liquentes, 
 
 Lucentemque globum Luna> Titaniaque aflra 
 
 Spiritus intus alit } iotamque infufa per artus, 
 
 Mens agltat molem, ..et magno fe corf on mifcet. JEx\> 6* 
 
 3 
 
l*la£e 3 
 
 rnpc 27, 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 I do not regard the moral fignification of the fable ; 
 that would be an endlefs and impertinent labour. It i^ 
 free, as I faid above, for every one to think what he 
 pleafes, and, according to the proverb, to abound la 
 his own fenfe. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 * SECT. I. APOLLO. HIS IMAGE. 
 
 P. BUT who is that l beardlefs youth, with long 
 hair, fo comely and graceful, who wears a laurel crown, 
 and fhines in garments embroidered with gold, with a 
 bow and arrows in one hand, and a harp in the other ? 
 
 M. It is the image of Apollo, m who is at other times 
 defcribed holding a fhield in one hand, and the Graces in 
 the other. And becaufe he has a threefold power ; in 
 heaven, where he is called So! ; in earth, where he is 
 named Liber Pater ; and in hell, where he is ftyled 
 Apollo ; he is ufually painted with thefe three things, a 
 harp, a fhield, and arrows. The harp fhows that he 
 bears rule in heaven, where all things are full of har- 
 mony ; the fhield defcribes his office in earth, where he 
 gives health and fafety to terreftrial creatures ; his ar- 
 rows fhow his authority in hell, for whoever he ftrikes 
 with them, he fends them into hell. 
 
 Sometimes he is painted with a crow and a hawk fly- 
 ing over his head, a wolf and a laurel-tree on one fide^ 
 and a fwan and a cock on the other ; and under his feet 
 grafhoppers creeping. The crow is facred to him, be- 
 caufe he foretels* the weather, and fhows the different 
 changes of it by the clearnefs or hoarfenefs of his voice. 
 
 ■ " ■ The heaven and earth's compacted frame, 
 And flowing waters, and the ftarry frame, 
 And both the radiant lights one common foul 
 Infpire?, and feeds, and 'animates the whole. 
 This aclive mind, infus'd through all the fpace s 
 Unites and mingles with the mighty mafs. 
 1 Hor. ad CalUmach, m Porphyr. de fole* 
 
 C 2 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 The fwan is likewife endued with divination, n becaufe 
 forefeeing his happinefs in death, he dies with finging 
 and pleafure. The wolf is not unacceptable to him, 
 not only becaufe he fpared his flock when he was a 
 Ihepherd, but becaufe the furioufnefs of heat is exprefled 
 by him, and the perfpicuity and fharpnefs of his eyes do 
 moft fitly represent the forefight of prophecy. The 
 laurel-tree is of a very hot nature, always flourifhing, 
 and conducing to divination and poetic raptures; and 
 the leaves of it put under the pillow, was fai'd to pro- 
 duce true dreams. The hawk has eyes as bright as the 1 
 fun ; the cock foretels his rifing ; and the graftioppers 
 fo entirely depend on him, that they owe their rife and 
 fubfiftence to his heat and influence. 
 
 SECT. 2. DESCENT OF APOLLO. 
 
 P. Of what family was Apollo born ? 
 
 M. You (hall know after you have firft heard how 
 many Apollo s there were. 
 
 P. How many ? 
 
 M. Four. The firft and moft ancient of them was 
 born of Vulcan \ the fecond was a Cretan, a fon of one 
 of the Corybantes ; the third was born of Jupiter and 
 Latona ; the fourth was born in Arcadia, called by the 
 Arcadians, Nomius. ® But though, as Cicero fays, there 
 were fo many Apollos, yet all the reft of them are frldom 
 mentioned, and all that they did is afcribed to one of 
 them only, namely, to him that was born of Jupiter 
 and Latona* 
 
 P. In what place was Apollo the fon of Latona born ? 
 
 Jkf. I will tell you more than you aflc ; they fay the 
 tiling was thus : Latona^ the daughter of Coeus the 77- 
 
 n Cygni non fine" causa Appollinl dicati funt, quod ab eo divina- 
 tionem habere videantur j quia praevidentes quid in morte boni fit, 
 cum cantu et voluptate moriuntur. Cic. Tufcul. i. ° Atque, cum 
 tot Apollines fuerint, reliqui omnes filentur, omnefqne res aliorum 
 geftae ad unum Apoliinem, Jovis et Latonae iilium, referuntur. Cic* 
 de Nat. Deor. 3.. 
 
( 2 9 ) 
 
 tarty conceived twins by Jupiter : Juno, incenfed at if, 
 fent the ferpent Python againft her ; and Latona, to ef— 
 cape the ferpent, p fled into the ifland of Delos ; where 
 (he brought forth Apollo and Diana.zt the fame birth. 
 
 SECT. 3. ACTIONS OF APOLLO. 
 
 P. By what means was Apollo advanced to the higheft- 
 degree of honour and worfhip ?* 
 
 M. By thefe four efpecially : by the invention of 
 phyjic 9 tnufic, poetry, and rhetoric, which are afcribed to 
 him ; and therefore he is fuppofed to prefide over the 
 Jldufes. It is faid, that he taught the arts of foretelling 
 events, and (hooting with arrows 5 when therefore he 
 had benefited mankind infinitely by thefe favours, they 
 worshipped hirn as a God. s Hear how glorioufly he 
 hi mfelf repeats his accomplishments of mind and nature, 
 where he magnifies himfelf to the flying nymph, whom 
 he paffionately loved. 
 
 P. What memorable things did he perform ?. 
 
 M. Many ; but efpecially thefe.. 
 
 P Hefiod: 
 
 q — — Nefi'S) temerarihi nefc'is 
 
 ^uemfugias, ideoque fugis.— — - » 
 
 Jupiter eft genitor, Per me quod eriique, fuitque, 
 
 Eftque, patet. Per me concordant carmhia nervis \- 
 
 Geria quidem noftra eft, noftra tamen una fagitia 
 
 Certior, in vacuo qua vulnera peftore feat. 
 
 Invent um medicina meum eft, opiferque per orbem 
 
 Dicori et herbarum eft fubjecla potent la nobis. Ov, Met. t\ 
 
 Stop thy rafh flight, (lay, lovely -Tiymplj, 'tis I j 
 
 No common wretch, no barb'rous enemy : 
 
 Great Jove's my father. I alone declare 
 
 What things pail, preient, and what future are. 
 
 By me the downy eunuch fweetly fings 5 
 
 I fofteit notes compote to founding tilings : 
 
 My iliafts ftrike Cure, but one, alas ! was found 
 
 A finer, my.'unpraclisM heart to wound. 
 
 Phyiic's divine invention's all my own, 
 
 And I a helper through the world am known ; 
 
 All herbs I throughly know, and all their ufe, 
 
 Their healing viitues and their baneful juice, 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 1. He deftroyed all the Cyclops, the forgers of Jiipi- 
 iter's thunderbolts, with his arrows ; to revenge the 
 death of Mfculapius his fon, whom Jupiter had killed 
 with thunder, becaufe by the help of his phyfic he re- 
 vived the dead. r Wherefore for this aft Apollo was caft 
 down from heaven, and deprived of his divinity, expofed 
 to the calamities of the world, and commanded to live 
 in banifhment upon the earth. In this diftrefs s he was 
 compelled by want to look after Admetus 9 cattle : where, 
 tired with leifure, to pafs away his time, it is falsi that 
 he firft invented and formed a harp. After this, Mer~ 
 cury got an opportunity to drive away a few of the cattle 
 of his herd by ftealth ; and while Apollo complained and 
 threatened to puoifh him, unlefs he brought the fame 
 cattle back again, his harp was alfd ftolen from him by 
 Mercury ; * fo that he could not forbear turning his anger 
 into laughter. 
 
 2. He raifed the wails of the city of Troy, by the 
 mufic of his harp alone ; if we may believe the u poet. 
 
 Some fay w that there was a ftone, upon which Apollo 
 only laid down his harp, and the ftone by the touch of 
 it alone became fo melodious, that whenever it was 
 ftruck: with another ftone, it founded like a harp... 
 
 3. By misfortune he killed Hyacinthus, a pretty and 
 ingenious boy that he loved. For, while Hyacinthus and 
 he were playing together at quoits, Zephyrus was en- 
 raged, becaufe Apollo was better beloved by Hyacinthus 
 than himfelf; and, having an opportunity of revenge,, 
 he puffed the quoit that Apollo caft, againft the head of 
 Hyacinthus, by which blow he fell down dead. Apollo 
 caufed the blood of the youth, that was fpilt upon the 
 earth, to produce flowers called violets, as * Ovid finely . 
 exprefles it. 
 
 * Lucian. Dial. Mort, ? Paufan. in Eliac. * Hor. Carm. 1,.. 
 
 « llion afpicies, firmaiaque turribus cdtls 
 
 Mcenia % ApoUinea jlrufla canore lyr*. # Ovid.. Ep. Parid*. 
 
 "Troy you fhall fee, and walls divine admire j 
 
 Built by the mufic of Apollo's lyre, 
 w Paufan. in Attic. 
 
 « Ecce cruor, quifufus humifigncwerat herkom* 
 
( 3i ) 
 
 Befides, he was pafiionately in love with CyparlJJus^ 
 another very pretty boy, who, when he had unfortu- 
 nately killed a fine deer, which he exceedingly loved and 
 had brought up from its birth, was fo melancholy for 
 his misfortune, that he conflantly bewailed the lofs of 
 his deer, and refufed all comfort, y Apollo^ becaufe be- 
 fore his death he had begged of the Gods, that his 
 mourning might be made perpetual, in pity changed him 
 into a cyprejs-tree^ the branches of which were always 
 ufed at funerals. 
 
 4. He fell violently in love with the , virgin Daphne^ 
 fo famous for her modefty. When he puriued her, 
 while (lie fled to fecure her chaftity from the violence 
 of his pailion, (he was changed into a laurel, the mod 
 chafte of trees ; which is never corrupted with the vio- 
 lence of heat or cold, but remains always flourifhing, 
 always pure. z There is a ftory about this virgin-tree, 
 wlych better deferves our admiration, than our belief. 
 A certain painter was about to draw the pi&ure of A~ 
 polio upon a table made of laurel-wood : and it is faid> 
 a that the laurel would not fuffer the colours to ftick to 
 it ; as though the dead wood was v fenfible, and did ab- 
 hor the piclure of the impure deity, no lefs than if 
 Daphne herfelf was alive within it. 
 
 5. He courted alfo a long time the nymph Bglina^ but 
 
 Definit ejfe cruor ; Tyrioque nitentior ofiro 
 
 Flos oritur, formamque capit, quam lilia ; Jl non 
 
 Pur pur em color buic, argenteus ejfet in Mis. Met. 30, 
 
 . Behold the blood, which late the grafs had dy'd", 
 
 Was now no blood 5 from which a flower full blown, 
 
 Far brighter than the Syrian fcarlet (hone, 
 
 Which feeirfd the fame, or did referable right * * 
 
 A lily, changing but the red to white. 
 
 X — munufque fupremum, 
 
 Hoc petit afuperis, ut tempore luge at omni.— 
 
 Ingemult, trijl'ifque Deus, lugebere nobis. 
 
 Lugebifque alios, aderifque dolentibus, inquit. Ov. Met. 1Q > 
 
 Implores that he might never ceafe to mourn, 
 
 When Phoebus fighing, I for thee will mourn, 
 
 Mourn thou for others, herfes (till adorn. 
 s Liban. in Progymn* . * Paufan. i. £• 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 never could gain her ; for fhe chofe rather to throw, her- 
 felf into the river and be drowned, than yield to his laf- 
 civious flames. Nor did her invincible modefty lofe its 
 reward. She gained to herfelf an immortality by dying 
 fo, and facrificing her life in the defence of her vir- 
 ginity, {he not only overcame Apollo^ but the very 
 powers of death. She became immortal. 
 
 6. Leucothoe, the daughter of Orcbamus, king of Ba~ 
 lylon> was not fo tenacious of her chaftity ; for fhe yield- 
 ed at iaft- to Apollo's defires. b Her father could not bear 
 this difgrace brought on his family, and therefore buried 
 her alive, c Apollo was greatly grieved at this, and 
 though he could not bring her again to life, he poured 
 ne£br upon the dead body, and thereby turned it into 
 a tree that drops frankincenfe. Thefe amours of Leu~ 
 cothu and Apollo had been difcovered to her father by 
 her fifter Clytie, whom Apollo formerly loved, but now 
 deferted : which fhe feeing, pined away, with her eyes 
 continually looking up to the fun, and at laft was chang- 
 ed into a d flower called a funfiower, or heliotrope. 
 
 7. Apollo was challenged in mufic by Marfyas^ a proud 
 mufician ; and wheisr he had overcame him, e Apollo 
 
 defodit alte 
 
 Crudus bumot tumulumque fuper gravis addit arena* 
 Interrd her living body in the earth, 
 And on it rais'ij a tomb of heavy fand, 
 Whofe pond'rous weight her riling might withftand. 
 c Ne flare odotdto fpargh corpufque locumque, 
 Muliaque praequejius, tanges tamen athera t dixit, 
 Protinus imbutu?n coe'efti neSiare corpus 
 Delicuit, terramque fuo madefecit odore\ 
 Virgaque per glebas y fenfim radicibus aft is, 
 Thurea furrexit 5 tumulumque cacumine rup't* Ov, Met. 4. 
 He mournM her lofs, and fprinkled all her herfe 
 With balmy neclar, and more precious tears. 
 Then (aid, fince fate does here our joys defer, 
 Thou (halt afcend to heav'n, and blefs me there : 
 Her body ftraight, emhalnVd with-heav'niy art, 
 Did a fweet odour to the ground impart, 
 And from the grave a beauteous tree arife, 
 That cheeis the Gods with pleafing faciifice* 
 « Ovid. Met. 4. e Ovid. Faa. 6. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 , flayed him, hecaufe he had dared to contend with him,, 
 and afterward converted him into the river of that name 
 mPhrygia. 
 
 8. Midas, king of Pbrygia,, having foolifhly deter- 
 mined the victory to Pan, when Apollo and he fang to- 
 gether,^ Apollo ftretched his ears to the fengthrend fhape- 
 of afTes ears. Midas endeavoured to hide his difgrace, . 
 as well as he. could, . by his hair,: but however, fince it. 
 was impoflible to conceal it from his barber, he earneft-- 
 ly begged the man, and prevailed with him, by great 
 promises, not to divulge what he faw to any perfon. 
 But the barber ..was not able to contain (o wonderful a 
 fecret longer; wherefore,- g he. went; and . dug a bole,, 
 and putting his mouth to it, whifpered . thefe words, 
 King Midas has ajjes 'ears ; then filling -up the ditch with 
 the earth again, he went away. , But, O wonderful and! 
 flrange U The reeds that .grew out of that ditch, if they, 
 were moved by the leafi blaftof wind, did utter the very, 
 fame, words which' the barber had buried in it ^ to wit,, 
 King Midas has, the ears of an a [s \, 
 
 SECT. 4. NAMES OF APOUO.s 
 
 As the Latins call him * &/, becaufe there is but one- 
 fun 5 ,fo fome :think the Greeks. gave him the name Apollo-) 
 for, the fame reafon. ; Though k others think that he is -, 
 
 f ' partem ddmnatur in una?n ; 
 
 -Induiturque aures lente grad.entis afellL . Ovid. Met, 6* . 
 
 Punifh'd in th' offending part, he bears ; 
 
 Upon his fkuli a flow-pac'd afs' ears, . 
 
 g : - . Secediti humumque 
 
 Effodity et domini quales confpexeni ■■aures \ , 
 
 Voce refert parvd. Ovid. Met. 15^,. 
 
 He dag a hole, and in it whifpering faid,' 
 
 What monftrous ears fprout from king Midas' head J 
 h Aures afmias habet rex Midas.* i Ab .£ particula privativa^*, 
 ?*<uro7J\o) quemadmodum Sol, quod fit iblus, Chryfjp. apud Gyr. . 
 k Synt. 7. p. 219. utto t3 <xf&h?sa,?iEw voaa^ ab ab'gendis mcrbis > , 
 vei aril t5 iBMXtMv rxq unlivac* . 
 
 c 5 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 called Apollo, either becaufe be drives away difeafes, or 
 becaufe he darts vigoroufly his rays. 
 
 He was called * Cynthius, from the mountain Gyntbu$ 7 
 in the illand of Delos ; whence Diana alfo was called 
 Cynthia. 
 
 And Delins from the fame ifland, becaufe he was 
 born there: or, as fome m fay, becaufe Apollo (who is 
 the fun) by his light makes all things manifeft ; for 
 which reafon he is called n Phanaus. 
 
 He was named Delphinius, ° becaufe he killed the fer- 
 pent Python, called Delphis : or elfe, becaufe when Caf~ 
 tilius, a Cretan, carried men to the plantations, Apollo 
 guided him in the fhape of a dolphin. 
 
 His title Delphian comes from the city Delphi m 
 Bceotia, which city is faid to be the p navel of the earth ; 
 becaufe when Jupiter, at one time, had fent for two 
 eagles, the one from the eaft, and the other from the 
 weft, they met together by equal flights exactly at this 
 place. q Here Apollo had the moft famous temple in the 
 world, in which he r uttered the oracles to thofe who 
 confuJted him ; but he received them firft from Jupiter* 
 They fay, that this famous oracle became dumb at 
 the birth of our Saviour, and when Augujlus, who was 
 a great votary of Apollo, defired to know the reafon of 
 its filence, the oracle anfwered him, s that in Judtsa a 
 child was born, who was the fupreme God, and had 
 commanded him to depart, and return no more anfwers. 
 
 Apollo was likewife called f Didymaus, which word in 
 
 J Varr. de Ling. Lat. Plut. apud Phurnut. m Feftus cun&a 
 
 facit Jfoa, ?. e. manifefta. n 'a<xq t» <pa,imv r apparere, Macrobb 
 ct Phurnut * e Paufan. in Attic. P Paufan. IpQatiq ?%$ yyis, 
 
 i, e* umbilicus terra?. <2 Phurnut. Laclant. r JEfcul, in Sacerd,. 
 
 » Mepuer Hebneus, di<vos Deus ipfe gubernans, 
 
 Cederefedejubet, tr'iftemque redlrefub or cum \ 
 
 Arts ergo dehinc noftris abfcediio, Cafar. 
 
 An Hebrew child, whom the blefsM Gods adore, 
 
 Has bid me leave thefe flirines, and pack to hell, 
 
 So that of oracles Fve row no more j 
 
 Away then from our altar, and farewel. 
 t A verbo & Wn> gondii. Macrob, apud Gyr. fvnt, 7, 
 
( 35 J 
 
 Greek fignifies twins^ by which are meant the two great 
 luminaries of heaven, tne fun and the moon, which al- 
 ternately enlighten the world by day and night. 
 
 He was alfo called u Nomiu^ which fignifies either a 
 fhepherd, becaufe he fed the cattle of Admetus ; or be- 
 eaufe the fun, as it were, feeds all things that the earth 
 generates, by his heat and influence. Or perhaps this 
 title may fvgnify w Lawgiver ; and was given him, be- 
 caufe he made very fevere laws, when he was king of 
 Arcadia. 
 
 He was ftyled Paan^ either from x allaying forrows, 
 ©r from his exacl: (kill in hitting ; wherefore he is armed 
 with arrows. And we know that the fun ftrikes us, 
 and often hurts us with his rays, as with fo many darts* 
 By this name Paan^ his mother Latona^ and the fpec- 
 tator^)f the combat, encouraged Apollo^ when he fought 
 with the ferpent Python^ crying frequently, y Strike kim> 
 Paean, with thy darts. By the fame name the difeafed 
 , invoke his aid, crying, *- Heal us. Paean. And hence 
 the cuftom came, that not only all hymns in the praife 
 of Apollo were called Paanes\ but alfo, in all fongs of 
 triumph in the celebration of all vidories, men cried 
 out, lo-Paan. After this manner the airy and wanton 
 lover in a Ovid a£ts his triumph too. And from this 
 invocation Apollo himfelf was called "ig«o? [leios]. 
 
 He was called Phabus b from the great fwiftnefs of his 
 motion, or from his method of healing by purging 3 
 fince,by the help of phyfic, which was Apollo's invention^ 
 the bodies of mankind are purged and cured. 
 
 B No^evs, *• e* Paftor, quod pavit Admeti gregem, vel quod quad 
 pafcat omnia. Phurnut, Maerob; ^Nouoc, Lex. Macrob. Cic. 
 de Nat. Deor. 3. x ila^^o vjuvm toc<; &*{&$, a fedando mo- 
 kftias, vel ^ol^ol to rsccUw, a feriendo. Feftus. y. *f 6 oraiav, jace 
 vel immitte, Paean ; nempe tela in feram. z 'it *&oU&v> medere Paeano 
 
 a Dicite It) Paan, et lo, bis difcite, Paan I 
 
 Decidit in cajfes prada. petita meos. Art, Am. a, 
 
 Sing Jo Paean twice, twice lo fay : 
 
 My toils are pitch'd, and I have caught my prey. 
 b 'atto t«' $q\tm> S^od v * feratur, vei a <p*\&&,a 9 purge LiL 
 Gyr, fynt, 7. 
 
{ 36 ) 
 
 ,He was named Pythius, not only from the ferpent 
 Python, which he killed, but like wife from c afking and 
 confulting ; for none among the Gods was more con- 
 sulted, or delivered more refponfes, or fpake mere ora- 
 cles than he ; efpecially in the temple which he had at 
 Delphi, to which all forts of nations reforted, fo that it 
 was called iht oracle of all the earth d . The oracles were 
 given out by a young virgin, till one was debauched ; 
 upon which a law was roade^ that a very ancient wo- 
 man fhould give the anfwers, in the drefs of a young 
 maid, who was therefore called Pythia from Pythias, one 
 ©f Jpolloh names* and fometimes Pheebas. from Phcebus^. 
 another of them. But as to the manner that the wo- 
 man underflood the Grd's mind* men's opinions differ.. 
 Cicero fuppofes, that fome vapours exhaled out of the 
 earth, and affected the brain much, and .railed in it a 
 power of divination V 
 
 P.. What was the tripos on which the Pythian lady 
 fet? 
 
 M. Some fay, that it was a table with three fett, oa 
 which file placed herfelf when fhe designed to give forth, 
 oracles'; and -becaufe it was covered with the fkin of the 
 ferpent Python, they call it alio by the name of cortina^ 
 i But others fay, that it was a vefTel, in which ftie was> 
 plunged before fhe prophefied ; or rather, that it was a ; . 
 golden vefTel, furnifhed with ears, and fupported by three 
 feet, whence it was called tripos ; and on this the lady, 
 fat down. It happened that this tripos was lofi: in the; 
 fea, and afterward taken up in the nets of fjherrnen-^ 
 who mightily contended among themfelves who fhould 
 have it : the Pythian prieftefs, befng afked, gave an- 
 fwer, that it ought to be fent to the wifeft man of all 
 Greece. Whereupon it was carried to Thales of Miletus 5. 
 who fent it to Bias, as to a wifer perfon : Bias referred 
 it to another, and. that other referred it to a fourth ; .till, . 
 
 e 'Attg re <mvMvz<r§ou> ab intetrogando vel co-nfulendo, Kygf'n, . 
 ya Fab. c a 50, . d Cic. pro Font. Diodor, 1. Stat. Theb. Vide 
 0r!p;. adv. Cdf.. i u 7*. «'Cic.,de.Bi.Yia. a* 14.* Apud Lil-Cfv* 
 
 UuU in Solosu: 
 
 
{ 37 ) 
 
 after it had been fent backward and forward to all' the 
 wife men, it returned again to Thales, who dedicated it 
 to. Apolla at Delphi. 
 
 P. Who were deemed the wife men of Greece ?l 
 
 M* Thefe feven, to whofe-names I adjoin the places- 
 ©f their nativity ; Thales- of Miletus, Solon of Athens^, 
 Chllon of hacedcemon, Pittacus of Myiilene, Bias of prier.e^ , 
 Gleobulus of Lindi, and Periander of Corinth. I will- add 
 fome remarkable things concerning them*. 
 
 Thales' was reckoned among the. wifecmen,beeaufe ha 
 was believed to be the firft that brought geometry int3 
 Greece. He firft -obferved the e-ourfes of the times, . the-, 
 motion of the winds, the nature of thunder, and the mo- 
 tions of the fun, and the ftars,, Being afked what he 
 thought the tnofl: difficult thing in the world, he anfwer-- 
 td,Jo know onesfelf. . This perhaps was the oceafion. of 
 the advice written on the front of Apollo's temple, ta, 
 thofe that were about to enter, ? Knowthyjelf. For there ; 
 are very few that know themfejves.. 
 
 When Solon . vi fited . Crcefus, king of Lydia, the king; 
 fhowed his vaft treafures to .-.him, and afked him whether 
 he "knew a man happier than he: Yes, fays Solon,. Pi 
 know Tell us, a very poor, hut a very virtuous man ait 
 Athens ,. who \ lives in a little tenement there y and he is more, 
 happy than your maj.ejly : .for, neither cgn.jhofe things wake: 
 us happy y. which are fuhj.ecl to .the changes of the times \ nor-: 
 is any one to be thought truly, happy till he dies. h It is faid 3 . 
 when king Gzcefus was. afterward taken prifoner by Cy- 
 rus, and laid upon the pile. to be burnt, he remembered; 
 this faying of 'Solan,, and often repeated his name ; fo 
 that Cyrus afked why he cried out Solon, and who the. 
 God was, whofe affiitance he begged. Crcefus fa id, ..//' 
 now find by experience that to be true, which heretofore- he.. 
 /aid to me : and he then related the ftory. Cyrus, on . 
 hearing it, . was fo touched with the knih of the viciffi- 
 tude of human affairs, that he p refe r v ed Crcefus from the 
 fee, and ever after: had him in great honour, 
 
 S, Dw9j crfiflfeVTQ^Nofcc teigfuna* Laert* h Plutarch, Herodotus* 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 Chilo had this faying continually in his mouth, 5 De- 
 fire nothing too much. Yet, when his fon had got the 
 victory at the Olympic games, the good man died with 
 joy, and all Greece honoured his funeral. 
 
 Bias, a man no kfs famous for learning than nobility,, 
 preferved his citizens a long time. And when at laft, 
 k fays Cicero, his country Priene was taken, and the reft 
 of the inhabitants, in their efcape, carried away with 
 them as much of their goods as they could j one advifed 
 him to do the fame, but he made anfwer, l It is what I 
 do already, for all things that are mine I carry about me. 
 He often faid, ra that friends Jhouid remember fo to love one 
 another, as per Jons who may fometimes hate one another* 
 
 Of the reft, nothing extraordinary is reported. 
 
 SECT. 5. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
 APOLLO MEANS THE SUN. 
 
 Every one agrees, that by n Apollo the Sun is to be 
 underftood ; for the four chief properties afcribed to- 
 Apollo were, the arts of prophefying, of htnling, of dart- 
 ing, and of mufic, of all which we may find in the fun a 
 lively reprefenlation and image. Was ApoJo famous foF 
 his fkill in prophefying and divination ? And what is 
 more agreeable to the nature of the fun, than by its 
 light to difpel darknefs, and to make manifeft hidden 
 and concealed truth ? Was Apollo famous for his know- 
 ledge of medicine, and his power of healing? Surely 
 nothing in the world conduces more to the health and 
 prefervation of all things, than the fun's heat and 
 warmth : and therefore thofe herbs and plants, which 
 are moft expofed to its rays, are found to have moft 
 power and virtue. Thirdly, Is Apollo Ikilful in darting 
 or (hooting ? And are not the fun's rays like fo many 
 darts or arrows fliot from his body to the earth ? And 
 
 . * Ne quid nimium cupias. Plin.l. 7. c. 32. k De Amicitia, 
 
 1 Ego vero facio, nam omnia mea mecum porto. Val. Max. 7. c. 2. 
 m Amicos ita amare oportere, ut aliquando effent ofuii, Laertt » Cic» 
 de Nat, Peer. 3, 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 laftly, how well does Apollo's (kill in mufic agree to the 
 nature of the fun, which, being placed in the midfl of 
 the planets, makes with them a kind of harmony, and 
 all together, by their uniform motion, make, is it were, 
 a concert of muiic : and becaufe the fun rs thus placed 
 the middlemoft of the feven planets, the poets after t, 
 that the inftrument which Apollo plays on, is a harp with 
 {even firings. 
 
 Eefides, from the things fac rifled to Apollo, ° it appears 
 that he was the Sun: the firfr. of thefe things was the 
 olive ^ the fruit of which fo loves the fun, that it cannot 
 be nourifhed in places diftant from it. 2. The laurel^ 
 p a tree of a hot nature, always flourifhing, never old, 
 and conducing not a little toward divination ; and there- 
 fore the poets are crowned with laurel. 3. Among ani- 
 mals, fwans q were offered to him ; becaufe, as was 
 obferved before, they have from Apollo a faculty of divi- 
 nation ; for they, foreseeing the happinefs in death, die 
 flnging and pleafed. 4. Griffins alio, and crows , were 
 facred to him for the fame reafon : and the hawk, which 
 has eyes as bright and piercing as the fun ; the cock, 
 which foretels his riling ; and the grajliopper, a finging 
 creature : hence r it was a cuftom among the Athenians^ 
 to faften golden grafhoppers to their hair, in honour of 
 Apollo. 
 
 Aiid efpecially, if s we derive the name of Latona*, the 
 mother of Apollo and Diana^ from the Greek x*»Q»mj 
 \lanihanO) to he bid] it will fignrfy, that before the birth 
 of Apollo and Diana^ that is, before the production of the 
 fun and the moon, all things lay involved in darknefs; 
 from which thefe two glorious luminaries afterward pro- 
 ceeded, as out of the womb of a mother. 
 
 But notwithstanding all this, ieveral poetical fables 
 have relation only to the Sun, and not to Apollo. And. 
 of thofe therefore it is neceflary to treat apart. 
 
 o Theocr. in Here. P Aerius. q CSc. Tufcul. 1. r Thucyd, 
 Schol. Arift. » Vid, Lih Gyr, j, in Apoil, 
 
& ¥> )) 
 
 CHAPTER IIIL 
 
 SFCT..I. THE SUN. HIS GENEALOGY AND NAMES. 
 
 THIS glorious Sun, which ill uftrates all things u ith 
 his light, is called Sol, as Qiaro x feys, eidher becaufe 
 he is the only ftar that is of that magnitude ;„ or becaufe, 
 when he rifes, he puts out all the other ftars, and only 
 appears himfelf. Although the poets have faid, that 
 there were five 'Sols, and Cicero reckons them up ; yzt 9 
 whatever they, delivered concerning. each of them feve*- 
 rally, they commonly apply to one, who was the fon 
 of Hyperion,, and nephew to JEthgr, begotten of an un-? 
 known mother; 
 
 The \ Perfians call the Sun L1 Mlihra, accounting him, 
 the greateft of their Gods, and worfhip him in a cav^e. 
 His ftatue has the head of a lion > on which a turbant,, 
 called tiara, is placed : it is clothed with Perfian attire, ■, 
 and holds with both hands a mad > bull by, the horns.. 
 w Thofe that defired to become his priefb, and under- 
 ftand his myfteries^ did flrft undergo a great many hard-f- 
 illips, difgraces, (Iripes, colds, bents, and other torment?,, 
 before they could attain to the honour of. that employ <- 
 ment. And behold the holinefs of their religion ! It, 
 was not-lawful for the kings of Perfect to drink immo- 
 derately, but upon that day in which the facrifkes-werer 
 offered to Miihra x . 
 
 The Egyptians called the Sun y Horus\ whence thofe; 
 parts, into which the Sun divides the day, are called : 
 Hor&, Hours.. They reprefented his power by a fceptre, : 
 on the top of which, an eye was placed ; by which they 
 fignified that the Sun fees every thing, and that all things 
 ziq feen by his means* 
 
 t Vel quia Solus ex omnibus fuieribus tantus eft; vel quia cum 
 exortus tit, obfcuratis omnibus, Solus app.areat. Cic. de Nat, Deor 
 2-. 3-. u Befych. et La£hnt. Gram. Apud Lil. Gyr. w Duris 
 7. Hift. ap. Allien, * Greg, Nazianz.-Orat. j, in JuU T FJuu- 
 
( 4i ) 
 
 Thefe z Hor& were thought to be the daughters of 
 Sol and Chrsn'S) who early in the morning prepare the 
 chariot and the horfes for their father, and open the gates 
 of the day. 
 
 SECT. 2. ACTIONS OF SOL. 
 
 No other actions of. Sol are mentioned, but his de- 
 baucheries, and love intrigues between him and his mif- 
 trefTes ; whereby he obfcured the honour of his name : 
 the moft remarkable of them are thefe that follow. 
 
 I. He lay with Venus in the ifland of Rhodes , at which 
 time, a it is laid that the heavens rained gold, and the 
 earth clothed itfelf with rofes and lilies ^ whence the 
 ifland was called b Rhodes. 2. Of Clymene, he begat one 
 fon, named Phaeton^ and feveral daughters. 3. Of Ne- 
 tera, he begat Pafiphae, and of Perce, Circe. To omit 
 the reft of his brood, of more obfcure note, according to 
 my method I fhall fay fomething of each of thefe ": but 
 firft (fince I have mentioned Rhodes) I will fpeak a little 
 of the Rhcdlan Coloffus^ which was one" of the Seven 
 Wonders of the World. 
 
 SECT. 3. THE SEVEN' WONDERS OF TrLE WORLD. 
 
 P. What were chofe Seven Wonders of the World : 
 
 M. They are thefe that follow. 
 
 1. The Colojpus at Rhodes^ c a ftatue of the Sun feventy 
 cubits high, placed, acrofs the mouth of the harbour ; a 
 man could not grafp its thumb with both his arms. Its 
 thighs were ftretched out to fuch a diftance, that a large 
 fhip under fail might eaiily pafs into the port between 
 them. It was twelve years making, and coft three hun- 
 dred talents d . It Hood fifty years, and at ialt was 
 thrown down by an earthquake. And from this Colofs 
 
 9 Hem, Hi. & Odyff. 4.. Plutarch. Bcccat. !. 4. c. 4. a P ">.- 
 dar, in Olyriip. b '\-. - r , a rofa. c Pl in , 34. c. 17, 
 
 * A Khodicm talent is worth 322/ \%s 4 d Enghfi, 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 the people of Rhodes were named ColoJJenfes \ and now 
 every ftatue of an unufual magnitude is called Colojfus, 
 
 a. The Temple of Diana, at Ephefus, a work of the 
 greateft magnificence, which the ancients prodigioufly 
 admired. e Two hundred and twenty years were fpent 
 in finifhing it, though all Afia was employed. It was 
 fupported by one hundred and twenty- feven pillars, fixty 
 feet high, each of which was railed by as many kings. 
 Of thefe pillars thirty-feven were engraven. The image 
 of the goddefs was made of ebony y as we learn from 
 hiftory. 
 
 3. The Maufoleum^ or fepulchre of Maufolus, king of 
 Caria, f built by his queen Artemifta, of the pureft mar- 
 ble ; and yet the workmanfiiip of it was much more 
 valuable than the marble. It was from north to fouth 
 fixty-three feet long, almoft four hundred and eleven 
 feet in compafs, and twenty-five cubits (that is, about 
 thirty-five feet) high, furrounded with thirty-fix co- 
 lumns, which were beautified in a wonderful manner. 
 From this Maufoleum all other fumptuous fepuichres are 
 called by the fame name. 
 
 4. A ftatue of Jupiter, in the temple of the city 
 % Olympia, carved with the greateft art by Pbidias r out 
 of ivory, and made of a prodigious fize. 
 
 5. The Walls of Babylon (the metropolis of Chaldea) 
 h built by queen S emir amis \ their circumference was 
 fixty miles, and their breadth fifty feet, fo that fix cha- 
 riots might conveniently pafs upon them in a row. 
 
 6. The ' Pyramids of Egypt ; three of which, remark- 
 able for their height, do ftdl remain. The firft has a 
 fquare bafis, and is one hundred and forty-three feet 
 long, and one thoufand feet high : it is made of great 
 ftones, the leaft of which is thirty feet thick ; and three 
 hundred and fixty thoufand men were employed in build- 
 ing it, for the fpace of twenty years. The other two, 
 which are fomewhat fmaller, attract the admiration of 
 
 e Plin. 1. 7. c. 38. & 1. 16. c. 40. t PHn. 1. 36. c. 5. % Plin. 
 1. 36, c. 3. * Plin. 1. 6> c. 26. * Plin. 1. 36. c. 1 j. Belo* 
 
 h 3. c. %2. 
 
f 43 ) 
 
 all fpeclators. In thefe pyramids, it is reported, the 
 bodies of the kings of Egypt lie interred. 
 „ 7. The Palace of k Cyrus^ king of the Medcs> made by 
 Menon^ with no lefs prodigality than art ; for he ce- 
 mented the Hones with gold. 
 
 SECT. 4. THE CHILDREN OF -THE SUN. 
 
 Now let us turn our difcourfe again to Sol's children ; 
 the moft famous of which was Phaeton^ who gave the 
 poets an excellent opportunity of fhowing their ingenuity 
 by the following action, tspaphus^ one of the fons of 
 yupher^ quarrelled with Fhaeion^ and faid 5 that though 
 he called himfeif the fori of Ap alio , he was not ; and that 
 his mother Clymene invented this pretence only to cover 
 her adultery. This flander fo provoked Phaeton^ thar^ 
 by his mother's advice, he went to the royal palace of 
 the *SW, to bring thence fome indubitable marks of his 
 nativity. The Sun received him kindly, and owned 
 him his fon \ and, to take away all occafion of doubting 
 hereafter, he gave him liberty to afk any thing, fwear- 
 ing by the Stygian Lake (which fort of oath none of the 
 Gods dare violate) that he would not deny him. Phae- 
 ton then deilred leave to govern his father's chariot for 
 one day. This was the occafion of great grief to his 
 father, who, forefeeing his fon's ruin thereby, was very 
 uneafy that he had obliged himfeif to grant a requeft fo 
 pernicious to his fon : l he therefore endeavoured to per** 
 
 k Calepin. V. Miraculum. 
 1 — Temeraria dixit 
 
 Fox mea facia tua eft. VUnam prom'JJa liceret 
 Non dare. Confiteor, folum hoc tibi, nate, negarem* 
 Dijfuadere licet. Non eft iua tut a voluntas ; 
 Magna peiis y Phaeton, et qua non viribus iftls 
 Munera conveniunt, nee tarn puerilibus annis. 
 Sirs tua mart a is : non eft mortaJe, quod cptas. Ov. Meto .f* 
 Twas this alone I could refufe a fon, 
 Elfe by 's own wifli and my rafh oath undone.. 
 Thou to thy ruin my rafh vow doll wreft : 
 Q ! would I could break promife. Thy requeft, 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 fuade him not to perfift in his defire, telling him that he 
 fought his own ruin, and was defirous of undertaking 
 an employment above his ability, and which no mortal 
 was capable to execute. m Phaeton was not moved with 
 the good advice of his father, but prefled him to keep 
 his promife, and perform what he had fworn by the ri- 
 ver Styx to do. In fhort, the father was forced to com- 
 ply with his fon J s rafhnefs ; and therefore unwillingly 
 granted what was not now in his power, after his oath, 
 to deny ; nevcrtkelefs, he directed him how to guide 
 the horfes, and efpecially advifed him to obferve the 
 middle path. Phaeton was tranfported with joy, n mount- 
 ed the chariot, and, taking the reins, he began to drive 
 the horfes \ which 5 finding him unable to govern them, 
 ran away, and fet on fire both the heaven and the earth*. 
 Jupiter^ to put an end to the conflagration, f^ruck hinv 
 out of the chariot with thunder, and caft him headlong 
 into the river Po, His filters, Phaethufa^ Lampztia y 
 and Lampethufa> lamenting his death inceflantly upon 
 the banks of that river, were turned, by the pity of the 
 God$, into poplars^ from that time weeping amber in- 
 ftead of tears. A great fire that happened in Italy, ne,ar 
 the Po, in the time of king Phaeton^ was the Qccafiorv 
 
 Poor haplefs youth, forego 5. retract It now, 
 
 Recall thy wifn, and I can keep my vow s 
 
 Think, Phaeton, think o'er thy wild defires, 
 
 That work more years and greater ftrength requires 1. 
 
 Confine thy thoughts to thy own humble fate 5 
 
 What thou would'ft have, becomes no mortal ftate* 
 
 m . Dielis tamen tile repugnat* 
 
 Propqfitumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus*. 
 
 In vain to move his fbn the father ainYd, 
 
 He, with ambition's hotter fire infiam'd,. 
 
 His fire's irrevocable promife cl urrTd. 
 
 n Occupat Hie le*vem jwve?tili. corpore currum, 
 
 Statque fuper, manibufque datas contingere habenas 
 
 Gaudet 9 et invito grates agit inde parenti. 
 
 Now Phaeton, by lofty hopes poi&is'd,. 
 
 The burning feat with youthful vigour prefs'd 5 
 
 With nimble hands the heavy reins heweigh'd^ 
 
 And thanks un.pleafmg to his father paid 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 of this fable. And the ambitious are taught hereby what 
 event they ought to expe£t, when they foar higher than 
 they ought. 
 
 ° Circe, the moft fkilful of all forcerefles, poifoned her 
 hufband, a king of the Sarmatians \ for which Ihe was 
 banifhed by her fubjecls, and, flying into Italy, fixed 
 her feat on the promontory Circaum, where fhe fell in 
 love with Glaucus, a fea God, w ? ho at the fame time 
 loved Scylla : Circe turned her into a fea-monfter, by 
 poifoning the water in which fhe ufed to wafh. She 
 entertained Ulyjfes, who was driven thither by the vio- 
 lence of ftorms, with great civility 5 and reftored his 
 companions, whom, according to her ufual cuftom, 
 fhe had changed into hogs, bears, wolves, and the like 
 beafts, unto their forrrfer fhapes. Ulyjfes was armed a- 
 gainft her aftaults ; fo that file fet upon him in vain. 
 It is faid, that fhe drew down the very ftars from hea- 
 ven : whence we are plainly informed, that voluptuouf- 
 nefs (of which Circe is the emblem) alters men into ra- 
 venous and filthy beafts ; that even thofe, who with the 
 luftre of their wit and virtue fhine in the world, as ftars 
 an the firmament, when once they addicT: themfelves to 
 obfcene pleafures, become obfcure and inconfiderable, 
 falling as it were headlong from the glory of heaven. 
 
 p Pafiphae was the wife of Minos* king of Crete. She 
 fell in love with a bull, and obtained her defire by the 
 afiiftance of Dadalus, who, for that purpofe, inclofed 
 her in a wooden cow:: fhe brought forth a Mino- 
 taur (a monfter) one part of which was like a man, 
 the other like a bull. q Now the occafion of the fa- 
 ble, they fay, was this : Pafiphae loved a man whofe 
 name was Taurus, and had twins by him in Z>^- 
 dalus y houfe ; one of whom was very like her hufband 
 Minos, and the other like its father. But however that 
 might be, the Minotaur was fhut up in a labyrinth, 
 which Dadalus made by the order of king Minos. This 
 labyrinth was a pi ice diversified with very many wind- 
 
 -e Ovid. Met. 14, P Ovid. Met. 1 . q Serv. ap Boccat. 1. 4.. 
 
( 46 ) 
 
 ings and turnings, and crofs-paths running into one 
 another. How this Minotaur v/as killed, and by whom* 
 I fhall fhow particularly in its place in the hiftory of 
 Thefeus. r Dadalus was an excellent artificer of Athens^ 
 and, as it is faid, invented the ax, the faw, the plum- 
 met, the augre, and glue ; he alfo firft contrived mafls 
 and yards for fhips : befides, he carved ftatues fo ad- 
 mirably, that they not only feemed alive, but would ne- 
 ver Hand (till in one place ; nay, would fly away unlefs 
 they were chained. This Dadalus^ together with Ica- 
 rus his fon, was (hut up by Minos in the labyrinth which 
 he had made, becaufe he had affifted the amours of "Pa- 
 fiphae ; and finding no way to efcape, he made wings for 
 himfelf and his fon, with wax and the feathers of birds : 
 fattening thefe wings to their (boulders, Dadalus flew 
 out of Crete into Sicily ; but Icarus in his flight, neglect- 
 ing his father's advice, obferved not his due courfe, and 
 out of juvenile wantonnefs flew higher than he ought ; 
 upon which the wax was melted by the fun, the wings 
 broke in pieces, and he fell into the fea, which is fince, 
 5 according to Qvitf, named the Icarian fea from him. 
 
 To thefe children of the <SW, we may add his niece 
 and his nephew Byblis and Caunus. Byblis was fo much 
 in love with Caunus^ though he was her brother, that 
 file employed all her charms to entice him to commit 
 inceft ; «nd when nothing would overcome his modefty, 
 fhe followed him fo long, that at laft, being quite op- 
 prefled with forrow and labour, flie fat down pnder a 
 tree, and fr?d fuch a quantity of tears, l that^l&e was 
 converted into a fountain. 
 
 «■ OvicL Met. 8. Paufan. in Att'c. 
 
 s Icarus Icariis nomina fecit aquis. Trift. I* 
 
 Icarian Teas frcm Icarus were called. 
 
 t Sic lachrymis confumpta ruts Pk&beia Byblis 
 
 Vertitur infontem y qui nunc quoque wallibus imis 
 
 Nomen hahet domino, mgt aque fub Hike manat. Or. Met, 9. 
 
 Thus the Phcebeiwn Byblis, fpeftt in tears, 
 
 Eecomes a living fountain, which yet bears 
 
 Htff name, and, under a black holm that grows 
 
 In thofe rank valiies, plentifully flows. 
 
Mite + 
 
 Taycfy 
 
I 
 
 47 ) 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SECT. I. MERCURY. HIS IMAGE AND BIRTH. 
 
 P. WHO Is that young man, u with a cheerful coun- 
 tenance, a boneft look, and lively eyes; who is fo fair 
 without pint ; having wings fixed to his hat and his 
 fhoes, and a rod in his hand, which is winged, and 
 bound abou by two ferpents ? 
 
 M. It is the image of Mercury, as the Egyptians paint 
 htm ; whofe face is partly black and dark, and partly 
 clear and bright ; becaufe fometimes he converfes with 
 the celeftia!, and fometimes with the infernal Gods. 
 He wears winged (hoes (which are called Talaria) and 
 wings are a!fo fattened to his hat (which is called Peta- 
 [Jus) becaufe, fince he is the meffenger of the Gods, he 
 ought not only to run but ,to fly. 
 
 P. Of what parents was he born ? 
 
 M> w His parents were Jupiter ^ and Mala the daugh- 
 ter of Atlas ; and for that reafon, perhaps, they ufed to 
 offer facrifices to him in the month of May. They fay 
 ( ; that Juno fuckled him a while in his infancy; and once, 
 when he fucked the milk very greedily, his mouth be- 
 , ing fiill^ it ran out of it upon the heavens, and made 
 that white ftream which they call x the Milky -way. 
 
 S£CT. 2. THE OFFICES AND QUALITIES OF 
 MERCURY. 
 
 P. What were Mercurfs offices and qualities ? 
 
 M. He had many offices, i. y The firft and chiefefl 
 
 of them was to carry the commands of Jupiter ; whence 
 
 he is commonly called the Mejfenger of the Gods. 2. 
 
 • Heiwept the room where the Gods fupped, and made 
 
 « Galen ap. Nat. Com. 1. 5. w Htfiod. in Theog. Hor. Carm. 1, 
 x Via laftea quam Grasci vocant Gulaxiam, utto tS ycc^ccy.Tocy a la&e, 
 Macrob. et Suidas, / Lucian, dial, Maise et Mercurii. 
 
( 48 ) 
 
 the beds ; and underwent many other the like fervile 
 employments : hence he was ftyled z Camillus or Caf- 
 millus, that is, an inferior fervant of the Gods ; for an- 
 ciently a all boys and girls under age were called Camilli 
 and b Camilla: and the fame name was afterward given, 
 to the young men and maids, who c attended the priefts 
 at their facrifices ; though the people of Boeotia d inftead 
 of Camillus, fay Cadmillus ; perhaps from the Arohk word 
 chadam, to ferve ; or from the Phoenician word chadmel^ 
 God's fervant, or minijler facer. 3. e He attended upon 
 dying perfons to unloofe their fouls from the chains of 
 the body, and carry them to hell : he alfo revived, and 
 placed into new bodies, thofe fouls which had completed 
 their full time in the Ely/tan fields* Almoft all which 
 things Virgil comprifes in feven verfes f . 
 
 His remarkable qualities were likewife many. 1. 
 They fay, that he was the inventor of letters. This is 
 certain, he excelled in eloquence, and the art of fpeaking 
 well ; infomuch that the Greeks called him Hermes^ 
 from his (kill g in interpreting or explaining ; and there- 
 
 's Stat. Tullian. 2. de vocab. rerum. a Seiv. in ^n. 12. 
 
 J> Pacnv. in Medea. Dion. Halicarrv* 1. 2. Mcicrob. Saturn. 3. 
 
 * Bochart, Geogr, 1. 1. c. 2. d Soph, in CEdip. e Horn. OdyfT. 24.. 
 f Dixerat. Me pair is magni -par ere parabat 
 Imperioy tt prirnum pedibus talaria neclit 
 Aurea, qua fubtime?n alisji-i e pernor a fupra* 
 Seu terram, rapido pariter cum flamine port ant, 
 ^um <virgam capit 5 bac animas ille e c vocat Oreo 
 PalUntesj alias fub trijiia Tartara mitt it ^ 
 s Datjhmnos, adimirgue, et lamina morte refignat. ^En.,4. 
 
 Hermes obeys 5 with golden pinions binds 
 His flying feet, and mounts the weftern winds ; 
 And, whether o'er the feas or earth he files, 
 With rapid force they bear him down 'he fkies. 
 But fhft he grafps, within his awful hand, 
 The marks .of fovereign pow>, his magic wand : 
 With this he draws the fouls from hollow graves; 
 W T ith this he drives thena down the Stygian waves ; 
 With this he feals in deep the wakeful fight, 
 And eye?, though closM in death, reftores to light* 
 S A7ro 7 : c iffawvun *• e * ab interpretando* 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 fore he is accounted the h God of the rhetoricians and 
 orators. 2. He is reported to have been the inventor of 
 contracts, weights, and meafures ; to have firft taught 
 the arts of buying, felling, and trafficking ; and to have 
 received the name of Mercury * from his understanding 
 of merchandife. Hence he is^accounted the God of the 
 merchants, and the God of gain \ fo that all unexpected 
 gain and treafure, which comes of a fudden, is from 
 him called l^Tov or lyuaTot SJiermeloji or hermaion\ 3. 
 In the art of thieving he certainly excelled all the (harpers 
 that ever were, or will be k ; for he is the very prince 
 and God cf thieves. The very day in which he was 
 born, he ftole away fome cattle from king Admeius' herd, 
 although Apollo was keeper of them ; who complained 
 much of the theft, and bent his bow sgainft him : but, 
 in the mean time, Mercury ftole even his arrows from 
 him. While he was yet an infant, and entertained by 
 Vulvan> he ftole his tools from him. He took away by 
 fteaith Venus' girdle, while (he embraced him ; ancLjr*z/H 
 pliers fceptre: he defigned to fteal the thunder too, but 
 he was afraid left it fhould burn him. 4. He was migh~ 
 tily fkilful in making peace j_ and for that reafon was 
 fometimes painted with chains of gold flowing from his 
 mouth, with which he linked together the minds of 
 thofe that heard him. And he not only pacified mortal 
 men, but alfo the immortal Gods of heaven and hell 5 
 for whenever they quarrelled among themfelves, he corn- 
 pofed their differences. 
 
 This pacificatory faculty of his is fignified by the rod, 
 that he holds m his hand, which Apollo heretofore gave 
 him, becaufe he had given Apollo a harp. * This rod 
 
 h Tertul. de Coronis. Feftus. Fulgent. * A tr.ercibus, vel a 
 
 rnercium ruia, Philoihat. in Soph. 3. k Lucian. Dial. Apoil. 
 
 :& vuic 
 
 1 Pacts et armorum, fnperis imlfque Deorum, 
 Arbiter y alato qui pede car pit Her, - Ov'd, Faft# J» 
 
 Thee, Wing-fcot, all the Gods both high and iosv, 
 1 he arbiter of peace and war allow. 
 Atlanias Teg<z& Nepos, commune prcfundis 
 .Eifuperis numen, qui fas per liwen utrumqut 
 D 
 
( So } 
 
 tad a wonderful faculty of deciding all controverfies. 
 This virtue was firft difcovered by Mercury^ who fee- 
 ing two ferpents fighting, as he travelled, he put his 
 rod between them, and reconciled them prefently ; for 
 they mutually embraced each other, and ftuck to the 
 rod, which is called Caduceus. m Hence all ambaffadors 
 fent to make peace are called Caduceatores : for, as wars 
 were denounced by n Feciaks> fo they were ended by 
 rCaduceatores. 
 
 SECT. 3, ACTIONS OF MERCURY. 
 
 P. Are any of his actions recorded in hiftory ? 
 
 M. Yes, feveral ; and fuch as in my judgment do 
 not much deferve to-be remembered. However the fol- 
 lowing account is moft remarkable. 
 
 He had a fon by his fifter Fenus, called ° Hermaphro- 
 ditus^ who was a great hunter. In thofe woods where 
 he frequently hunted, a nymph called Salmacis lived, 
 who greatly admired and fell in love with him ; for he 
 was very beautiful, but a great womanhater. She often 
 tempted the young mar}, but was often repulfed ; yet 
 flie did not defpair. She lay in arnbufh at a fountain 
 where he ufually came to bathe, and, when he was in 
 the water, ffae alfo leaped in to him ; but neither fo 
 could fhe overcome his extraordinary modefty. There- 
 fore, it is faid, fhe prayed to the Gods above, that the 
 bodies of both might become one, which was granted. 
 Hermaphrodhus was amazed when he faw this change of 
 his body ; and defired that, for his comfort, fome other 
 perfons might be like him. He obtained his requeft 5 
 
 Solus babes, geminoque facts compendia mundo. 
 
 Claud, de Rap. Prof, 
 Fair Malays fon, whofe powV alone doth reach 
 High heaven's bright towers, and hell's duflcy beach, 
 A common God to both, doft both the worlds appeals. 
 m Horn, in Hym. n Lexic. Lat. in hoc Verbo. ° u e* 
 
 Mercurio- Venus, nam 'JE^&?$ eil Mercuiius et .'A^o&'P) Venus* 
 
£ 5* ) 
 
 For P whoever wafhed himfelf in that fountain (called 
 Salmacisj in the country ofCaria) became a hermaphro- 
 dite, that is, had both fexes. I am unwilling to omit 
 the following ftory. 
 
 A herdfman, whofe name was Battus, faw Mercury 
 itealing Admetus 9 cows, from Apollo their keeper. When 
 Mercury perceived that his theft was difcovered, he went 
 to Battus, and defired that he would fay nothing, and 
 gave him a delicate cow. Battus promifed him fecrecy. 
 Mercury, to try his fidelity, came in another Ihape to 
 him, and afked him about the cows ; whether he faw 
 them, or knew the place where the thief carried them* 
 Battus denied it ; but Mercury prefled him hard, and 
 promifed that he would give him both a bull and a cow, 
 if he would difcover it. With this promife he was over- 
 come ; upon which Mercury was enraged, and, laying 
 afide his difguife, turned him into a ftone called Index* 
 This ftory Ovid defcribes in very elegant verfe^ 
 
 The ancients ufed to fet up ftatues where the roads 
 croffed : thefe ftatues they call Indices, becaufe, with an 
 arm or finger held out, they fhowed the way to this or 
 that place. The Romans placed fome in public places 
 and highways ; as the Athenians did at their doors * to 
 drive away thieves ; and they call thefe ftatues Hermes^ 
 from Mercury, whofe Greek name was Hermes : con- 
 cerning which Hermes it is to be obferved, 
 
 I. Thefe images have neither r hands nor feet \ and 
 
 * Ovid. Met. 4. 
 
 ^ At Battus ■, poftquam eft me fees gemlnata, fub Hits 
 Monti bus, tnquit, erant : et erant fub montibus iliis* 
 Rifit AtlantiadeSj et -me mihi, perfide, prodis : 
 Me mihi prodis, ait ? petjuraque peSIora <vertit 
 In durum filicem, qui nunc quoque dicitur Index* 
 Battus, on th' double proffer, tells him, there $ 
 Beneath thofe hills, beneath thofe hills they were. 
 Then Hermes laughing loud, What, knave, I iay 5 
 Me to myfelf, myfelf to me betray ? 
 Then to a touch ftone turn'd his perjur'd breaft, 
 Whofe nature now is in that name exprefs'cL 
 
 ? Sunt *A*ro&$ kcc) ciyj'^* Herod * *• *■ 
 
 D2 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 hence Mercury was called Cyllenius, and Sy tontra&ton 
 8 CylliuSy which words are derived from a Greek word 
 figmfying a man without hands and feet ; and not from 
 CyUene y -z mountain in Arcadia^ on .which he was edu- 
 cated. 
 
 2. A purfe was ufually hung to a ftatue of Mercury^ 
 x to fignify that he was the God of gain and profit, and 
 prefided over merchandifing ; in which, becai.fe many 
 times things are done by fraud and treachery, they gave 
 him the name of Dolius. 
 
 3. The Romans ufed to join the ftatues of Mercury 
 and Minerva together, and thefe images they called' 
 Hermathena* ; and facrificed to both deities upon one 
 and the fame altar. Thofe who had efcaped any great 
 danger always offered facrifices to Mercury : w they 
 offered up a calf, and milk, and honey, *nd efpecially 
 the tongues of tbe facrifices, which, with a great deal of 
 ceremony, they caft into the fire, and then the facrifice 
 was finifhed. It is faid,-that the Megarenfes firft ufed 
 this ceremony. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SECT. I. BACCHUS. HIS IMAGE* 
 
 M. WHY do you laugh, Palaophilus ? 
 
 P. Who can forbear, when he fees that filthy, fhame- 
 lefs, and immodeft God, placed next to Mercury ; x 
 with a naked body, a red face, lafcivious looks, in an 
 effeminate pofture, difpirited with luxury, and overcome 
 with* wine. His fwoln cheeks refemble bottles ; his 
 gre^t belly, fat breafts, and diftended iwelling, paunch, 
 reprefent a hogfliead, rather than a God, to be carried 
 in that chariot. 
 
 jJi. That is no wonder ; for it is Bacchus himfelf, the 
 
 s KvXho$* i, e. manuum et pedum expers. L'l. Gyr. t Ma- 
 crch. et Sulci, apuci Lil. u Cicero w Paufan. in Attic. Ovid. 
 Met. 4* Calliftratt Homer. x Eurip. in Bacchis. 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 God of wine, and the captain and emperor of drunkards* 
 He is crowned with ivy and vine-leaves ; and has in his 
 hand a thyrfus, inftead of a fceptre, which is a javelin 
 with an iron head* encircled by ivy or vine-leaves. 
 y He is carried in a chariot, which is fometimes drawa 
 by tigers and lions, and fometimes by lynxes and pan- 
 thers ; and, like a king, he has his guards, z who are a 
 drunken band of fatyrs, demons, nymphs that prefide 
 over the wine-prefles, fairies of fountains, and prieftefles. 
 Silenus oftentimes comes after him, fitting on an afs that 
 bends under his burden. 
 
 P. But what is here ? This Bacchus has got horns,, 
 and is a young man without a beard : I have heard* 
 that the inhabitants of Elis paint him like an old man* 
 with a beard. 
 
 M. It is true. He is fometimes painted 'an old man, 
 and fometimes a fmooth and beard lefs boy ; as a Ovid 
 and b Tibullus defcribe him. I (hall give you the reafon 
 of all thefe things, and of his horns, mentioned alfo in 
 % Ovid, before I make an end of this fable. 
 
 SECT. 2. THE BIRTH OF EACCHUS. 
 
 Bacchus 9 birth was both wonderful and ridiculous, if 
 the poets may be heard ; as they muft when the dif- 
 courfe is about fables. 
 
 7 Ovid, de Art. Anu Ariftoph. Scholia ft. in Plutum. Strabo, 1. 
 a6. Ovid. Met. 3.4. z Conors Satyrorum, Cobaiorum, Le- 
 
 narum, Naiadnrn, atque Baccharum-. 
 
 a Tibi insonfumpta jwventa ? 
 
 Tu puer at emus, tu for mofiffunus alto 
 
 Confpiceris ceeio^ tiki, cum fine cornibus adfas % 
 
 Virgineum caput eft. 
 
 — Still dpi! thou enjoy 
 
 Unwailed youth ? Eternally a boy 
 
 Thoifrt feeri in heaven, whom all perfections grace ; 
 
 And, when unhorrTd, thou had a virgin's face. 
 
 • b Soils aierna eft Phcebo B.acchoque ju venta. 
 
 Phoebus and Bacchus only- have eternal youth.. 
 
 « Accedant capiti coniua, Bacchus ens. 
 
 Clap to thy head a pair of horns, and Bacchus thou /halt be#- 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 They tell us, that when Jupiter was in love with 
 Semele^ it raifed Jum's jealoufy higher than ever before. 
 Juno therefore endeavoured to deftroy her ; and, in the 
 fhape of an old woman, vifited Semele^ wifhed her much 
 joy from her acquaintance with Jupiter ^ and advifed her 
 to oblige him, when he carne, by aij inviolable oath, to 
 grant her a requeft : then, fays fhe to Seme/e> afk him 
 to come to you as he is wont to come to Juno ; and he 
 will come clothed in all his glory, and majefty, and 
 honour, Sernele was greatly pleafed with this advice; 
 and therefore, when Jupiter vifited her next, fhe d beg- 
 ged a favour of him, but did not exprefly name the fa- 
 vour. Jupiter bound himfelf in the molt folemn oath 
 to grant her requeft, let it be what it would. Sernele. 
 encouraged by her lover's kindnefs, and little foreseeing 
 that what fhe defired would prove her ruin, begged of 
 Jupiter to come to her embraces in the fame manner 
 that he careffed Juno. What Jupiter had fo folemnly 
 fworn to perform, he could not refufe. He could not 
 
 & ■ ■■ Rogat ilia Jovemjine nomine munus. 
 
 Cut Deus, Biige, ait ; nullam patter* repulfam : 
 
 QuGque magis ere das ; Stygii quoque cenfeia funte 
 
 Numina torrentis, timor et Deus ille Deorum. 
 
 Lceta malo, wmiumque potens, perituraque amemtis 
 
 Obftquio Stmele : Qualem Saturnia y dixh, 
 
 Tefolet ample city Veneris cumfcedus initis, 
 
 Da mihi te talem. Ovid. Met. $, 
 
 —■ — . She aiVd of Jove a gift unnam'd. 
 
 When thus the kind conferring God reply'd, 
 
 Speak hut the choice, it fhall not be deny'd : 
 
 And, to confirm thy faith, let Stygian Gods 
 
 And all the tenants of hell's dark abodes, 
 
 Wtnefs my promife : thefe are oaths that bind, 
 
 And Gods that keep e'en Jove himfelf confined, 
 
 Tranfported with the fad decree, fhe feels 
 
 Ev'n mighty fatisfaclion in her ills \ 
 
 And juft about to peiifn by the grant* 
 
 And kind compliance of her fond gallant, 
 
 Says, Take Jove's vigour as you ufe Jove^s name* 
 
 The fame the ftrength, and finewy force the fame, 
 
 As when you mount the great Saturnia's bed, 
 
 And lock'd in her embrace* diffufive glories fhed* 
 
( 5S I 
 
 yecal his words, nor free himfelf from the obligation of 
 his oath ; fo that he put on all his Terrors, arrayed him- 
 felf with his greateft glory, and in the midfl: of thunder 
 and lightning entered Seme/e's houfe. e Her mortal 
 body was not able to ftand the (hock ; fo that fhe pe- 
 rilled in the embraces of her lover ; for the thunder 
 ftruck her down and ftupified her, and the lightning re- 
 duced her to afhes. So fatal are the rafh defires of the 
 ambitious ! When fhe died, fhe was big with child of 
 Bacchus, who was preferved, after his mother's deceafe, 
 in fuch a maner as will make you laugh to hear it ; for 
 the f infant was taken out of his mother's womb and 
 fewed into Jupiter's thigh, whence in fulnefs of time it 
 was born, and then g delivered into the hands of Mer- 
 cury to be carried into Eubcea, to Macris, the daughter 
 of Arijlaus, h who immediately anointed his lips with, 
 honey, and brought him up with great .care in a cave > 
 to which there were two gates, 
 
 SECT. 3. NAMES OF BACCHUS. 
 
 We will firft fpeak of his proper name, and then 
 come to his titles and furname. 
 
 Bacchus was fo called from a i Greek word, which flg- 
 nifies to revel ; and, from the fame reafon, the wild 
 women, his companions, are called k Thyades and * Ma- 
 
 c „ Corpus mortale tumultus 
 
 Non tulit athereos ; donifque jugalibus arjit* 
 
 Nor could her mortal body bear the fight 
 
 Of glaring beams, and ftrong celeftial light 5 
 
 But fcorch'd all o'er, with Jove^s embrace expir'd, 
 
 And mourn'd the gift fo eagerly defir'd. 
 
 f — Genetricis ab al<vo 
 
 Eripittir, patrioque tener (ji credere dignum) 
 
 Infuitur femori, maternaque tempora complei. 
 
 The imperfect babe, that in the womb does Ke, 
 
 Was ta'en by Jove and fewM into his thigh, 
 
 His mother's time accomplishing, 
 g Eurip. Bacch. Nat. Com. 1. 4. . h Apol. Argon. 4, 
 
 I'Atto tS (3ax;c i'in feu gccax^v ab infaniendo. Eultath. apud Lil« 
 k 'Atto tS$ Sua$ a furore ac rabie. Virg, ^n. 4. 
 
( 56 ) 
 
 nades, which words fignify madnefs and folly. They 
 were alfo called m Mtmallones> that is, imitators or mi- 
 inicks ; becaufe they imitated all Bacchus' anions. 
 
 n Biformisy becaufe he was reckoned both, a young 
 and an old man, with a beard, and without a beard : 
 or, becaufe wine (of which Bacchus is the emblem) makes 
 people fometimes cheerful and pleafant, fpmetimes pee- 
 vifh and morofe. 
 
 He was named ° Brifteus, either (as fome think) from 
 the nymph his nurfe \ or from the ufe of the grapes and 
 honey, which he invented, for brifa fignifies a bunch of 
 pre'fled grapes ; or elfe from the promontory Brifa y in 
 the ifland of Lejbos^ where he was worfhipped. 
 
 F Bromiusj from the crackling of fire, and noife of 
 thunder, that was heard when his mother was killed in 
 the embraces of Jupiter, 
 
 q Bimater? becaufe he had two mothers : the firft was 
 Semele, who conceived him in the womb ; and the other, 
 the thigh of Jupiter, into which he was received after 
 he was faved from the fire. 
 
 He is called by divers of the Greeks r Bugenes, that 
 is, born of an ox, and thence Tauriformis, or Tauriceps ; 
 and he is fuppofed to have horns, becaufe he firft 
 ploughed with oxen, or becaufe he was the foil of Ju- 
 piter Amnion^ who had the head of a ram. 
 
 s Damon bonus^ the good angel \ and in feafts, after the 
 vi&uals were taken away, the laft glafs was drunk round 
 to his honour. 
 
 1 Dithyrambusj which fignifies either that he was born 
 twice, of Semele and of Jove ; or the double gate, that 
 the cave had in which he was brought up : or u perhaps 
 
 1 A pc&ivofAMi infanio, ferocio. m A miaoco(ach imitor. n Ai- 
 potfoq. Diod= apud Lil. ° Cornut. in Perf. Sat. i. P ' Atto 
 
 «r£ $£o ( w,y ab incendii crepitu, tonitrufque fonitu. Ovid. Met. 4. 
 q Idtm ibid. * Buyeviq, a ! ° ov e genitus. Clemens Strom. Euf. L 
 4. prasp. Evang. s Diodor. 1. 5. Idem 1. 3. t 'Airo r2 <ftq 
 
 *t$ Qvgotv uvaGuiveiv, a bis in januam ingrediendo. Diodor. Orig. 
 Eufeb. u Quafi per geminam portam 3 hie proverbialitei' de vino* 
 
 racit 70 ro^ta hvvgov* 
 
( 57 ) 
 it means, that drunkards cannot keep fecrets ; but what- 
 ever is in the head comes into the mouth, and then burfts 
 forth, as faft as it would out of two doors. 
 
 Dionyfiiaox Dionyfus, w from his father Jupiter, or' 
 from the nympns called Ny[a^ by whom he was nurfed* 
 as they, fay ; or from a Greek* word, fignifying to pricky 
 becaufe he pricked his father's fide with his horns,, 
 when he was born; or from Jupiter's lamenefs, who 
 limped when Bacchus was in his thigh ; or from an. 
 ifland among the Cyc/ades, called Dia, or Naxos y , which 
 was dedicated to him when he married Ariadne ; or, laft- 
 Iy, from the city of Nyfa, in which Bacchus reigned. 
 
 z Evius, or Evous: for, in the war of the Giants, 
 when Jupiter did not fee Bacchus, he thought that he 
 was killed, and cried out, a Alas, fori f or, becaufe when 
 he found that Bacchus had overcome the Giants, by* 
 changing himfejf into a lion, he cried out again, b Well 
 dune, fori*. 
 
 c Evan, from the acclamations of the Bacchantes^ who 
 were therefore called Evantes. 
 
 Euchius, d becaufe Bacchus fills his glaTs plentifully* 
 even up to the brim. 
 
 e Eleleus and Eleus, from the acclamation wherewith 
 they animated the ioldiers before the fight, or encou- 
 raged them in the battle itfelf. The fame acclamation; 
 was alfo ufed in celebrating the Orgia, which were fa* 
 crifices offered up to Bacchus. 
 
 f lacchus was alfo one of his names, from the noife- 
 which men make when drunk : and this * title is given- 
 
 w 'Amo T8 Aio? a Jove, Pburnut-. in fab. * a vvccco pnngo, 
 X,ucian. Dial. y Nocro$, k ?• claudus, Nonn. 1. 9. * Eheu. 
 
 vU \ Ebeu fill ! Eurip. in Bacch.. a VSrg. JSfl* 7. b EJ vte 
 
 Euge fiii ! Coram, in Perf.. Acrbn. in Horat. c Virg. ./En. 6„ 
 
 QvtcL Met. 4. d Ab bv^sv, bene ac large f undo. Nat. Com* 1. 5.. 
 e Ab \aO\v, exclamatione bellica. Ovid. Met. 4. iEfchyl..in Prometh* 
 f Ab \oL%yj.vo) clamo,. vocjferojv 
 
 - % — Latufque Jimul procedit lacchus 
 Crinali fiorens hedera : quern Farthica Tigrisj 
 Kdaty et auratos in nodurn colligit ungues., Rap. Fr.of* 
 
 » 5 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 him by Claudian ; from whofe account of Bacchus , we 
 may learn, that he was not always naked, but fome~ 
 times clothed with the (kin of a tiger. 
 
 Lenaus\ becaufe, as Donatus fays, h wine palliates 
 and afluages the forrows of men*s minds. But Servim 
 thinks that this name, fince it is a Greek name, ought 
 not to be derived from a Latin word, as Donatus fays ? 
 but from a Greek \ word, which fignifies the vat or prefs^ 
 in which wine is made. 
 
 k Liber and Liber Pater, from libera \ as in Greek they 
 call him E^uO/pio? \Eleuiberios\ the Deliverer ; for he is 
 the fymbol of liberty, and was worfhipped in all free 
 cities. 
 
 Lfleus and Lyceus fignify the fame with Liber: for 
 wine l frees the mind from cares ; and thofe who have 
 drank plentifully, fpeak whatever comes in their minds* 
 as m Ovid fays. 
 
 The facrifices of Bacchus were celebrated in the night* 
 therefore he is called n Nyflilius. 
 
 Becaufe he was educated upon the mountain Nyfa, he 
 he is called Nyfaus°. 
 
 Re&us, 'O^og [Orthosis becaufe he taught a king of 
 Athens to dilute his wine with water : thus men, who 
 through much drinking ftaggered before, by mixing 
 water with their wine, begin to go ftraight. 
 
 His mother Semele and his nurfe were fometimes called 
 Thyo ; therefore from this they called him p Thyoneus. 
 
 Laftly, he was called q Triumphus ; becaufe, when m 
 triumph the conquerors went into the capitol, the fol- 
 diers cried out, Io Triumphe / 
 
 ■ The jolly God comes in, 
 
 His hair with ivy twin'd, his clothes a tiger's (kin, 
 
 Whofe golden claws are clutch'd into a knot. 
 fc Quod leniat mentem vinum. * 'Aiuo <rS MvS or Ky^x, i. e 9 
 torculari. Serv. in Geo. 2. k Virg. Eel. 7. Pint, in Probi. Pau- 
 ian. in Attic. I 'Avro t» Xvm 9 a folvendo. 
 
 m Curafugit, multo diluiturque mero* Art. Am, 
 
 The plenteous bowl all care difpels. 
 n Nwmtotf, nocle perficio. Phurnut. in Bacch. Ovid. Met. 4.. 
 • Ovid, ib, p Hor, Carrrt, 1, % ®£iocp%o$, Var. de Ling* Lan 
 
( 59 ) 
 
 SECT. 4. ACTIONS OF BACCHUS. 
 
 Bacchus invented r fo many things ufeful to mankind, 
 cither in finifhing controverfies, in building cities, in 
 making laws, or obtaining victories, that he was de- 
 clared a God by the joint fuffrages of the whole world. 
 And, indeed, what could not Bacchus himfelf do, when 
 his prieftefies, by ftriking the earth with their thyrji? 
 drew forth rivers of milk and honey, and wine, and 
 wrought feveral fuch miracles, without the leaft la- 
 bour ? And yet they received their whole power from 
 Bacchus. * 
 
 i. He invented the s ufe of wine; and firft taught the 
 art of planting the vine from which it is made; as alfo 
 the art of making honey, and tilling the earth. This 
 x he did among the people of Egypt, who therefore ho- 
 noured him as a God, and called him Oftris. Let Bac~ 
 chus have honour, becaufe he invented the art of plant- 
 ing vines ; but let him not refufe to the afs of Nauplia 
 its praifes, that, by gnawing vines, taught the art of' 
 pruning them. 
 
 '2. He invented u commerce and merchandife, and- 
 found out navigation, when he was king of Phoenicia* 
 
 3. At the time when men wandered about unfettled, 
 like beafts, w he reduced them into fociety and union : 
 he taught them to worfhip the Gods 5 and was excellent 
 in prophefying. 
 
 4. He fubdued India*, and many other nations, riding 
 on an elephant : x he viftorioufly fubdued Egypt, Syria? 
 Phrygia, and all the eaft ; where he erected pillars, as 
 Hercules did in the weft : he firft invented triumphs and 
 crowns for kings. 
 
 5. Bacchus was defirous to reward Midas the king of 
 Phrygia (of whofe aftes ears we fpake before) becaufe 
 he had done fome fervice to him ; and bid him afk what 
 
 * Diod. 1. 5. Hift. et Orof. 1. 2. Hor. Ep. 2, s Ovid. Faft. 3, 
 t Dion, de Situ Orbis. Vide Nat. Com. » Idem ibid, w 0?id» 
 Faft, Eurip. in Bagch. a Dion, de Situ OrWs, 
 
( 6o ) 
 
 he would. Midas defired, that whatever he touched 
 might become gold : y Bacchus was troubled that Midas 
 afked a gift which might prove fo deftru&ive to himfelf; 
 however, he granted his requeft, and gave him the 
 power he defired. Immediately whatever Midas touch- 
 ed J^ecame gold \ nay, when he touched his meat or 
 drink, they alio became gold : when therefore he fav/ 
 that he could not efcape death by hunger or thirft, he 
 then perceived that he had fool i (hi y begged a definitive 
 gift 5 and repenting his bargain, he defired Bacchus to 
 take his gift to himfelf again, Bacchus confented, and 
 bid him bathe in the river Paclolus : Midas obeyed ; and 
 hence the fand of that river became gold, and the river 
 was called Cbryforrhoos, or Aurijluus. 
 
 6. When he was yet a child, fome Tyrrhenian mari- 
 ners found him afleep, and carried him into a fhip : 
 Bacchus foil flupified them, flopping the fhip in -fuch a 
 manner that it was immoveable ° y afterward he caufed 
 vines to fpring- up the fhip on a fudden, and ivy twin~ 
 ing about the oars ; and when the feamen were almoft 
 dead with the fright,, he threw them headlong into the 
 fca» and changed them into dolphins \ 
 
 SECT. % THE SACRIFICES OF EACCHFS. 
 
 In facrifices there are three things to be confidered j 
 the creatures that are offered, the priefts who offer them t 
 and the facrifices themfelves 5 . which are celebrated with. 
 peculiar ceremonies.. 
 
 i» Among trees and plants, a thefe were facred or 
 confecrated to Bacchus - y thtfr y the ivy, bindweed^ the 
 
 y Annuit opiatis, nocituraque munem fol<vit 
 Mber$ et indoluity quod non meliora petiffet. Ovid. Met. il« 
 To him his harmlefs wifti Lyaus gives> 
 And at the weaknefs of 's requeft he grieves*. 
 Latus' babet % gaudetque malo. 
 Glad he departs, and joys in 's mifer'y. 
 a. Oaid. Met. $. a Xenoph, in Sacerd, PluU in ProbU. Symp* 
 Eurip* in Bacch, {Xerodot, Euterpe. 
 
( 6i ) ■ 
 
 Jigs and the vine. Among animal?, the dragon and the 
 pie, fignifying the talkativenefs of drunken people. The 
 goat was flain in his facrificesy becaufe he is a creature 
 deflructive to the vines. And among the Egyptians? thej 
 Sacrificed dkfwine to his honour before their doors. 
 
 2. The priefts and priefteffes of Bacchus were b jhe 
 Satyrs, the Sikfii, the Naiades, but especially the revel- 
 ling women called Bacchce, from Bacchus* name. 
 
 3. The Sacrifices them (elves were various, and cele- 
 brated with different ceremonies, according to the va- 
 riety of places and nations. They were celebrated on 
 ftated days of the year, with the greateft religion, or 
 rather, with the greateft profanenefs and impiety. 
 
 Ofcophcria c were the firft facrifices offered up to Bac- 
 chus : they were inftitutcd by the Phoenicians, and when 
 they were celebrated, the boys, carrying vine-leaves in 
 their hands, went in ranks praying, from the temple cf 
 Bacchus, to the chapel of Pallas:. 
 
 The d Tneierica were celebrated in the winter by 
 night, by the Baccha who went about armed, making 
 a great noife, and foretelling, as it was believed, things 
 to come. Thefe facrifices were entitled Trieterica? be- 
 caufe Bacchus returned from his Indian expedition after 
 three years. 
 
 The e Epilenaa were games celebrated in the time of 
 vintage; before the prefs for fqueezing the grapes was 
 invented. They contended with one another, in tread- 
 ing the grapes, who fluuld fooneft prefs out moft mnji 3. 
 and in the mean time they fung the praifes of Bacchus? 
 begging that the mujl might be fweet and good, 
 
 f Canephoria, among the ancient Jihenians^. were per- 
 formed by marriageable virgins, who carried golden 
 bafkets filled with the firft fruits of the year. g Never- 
 thelefs, fome think that thefe facrifices were i minuted 
 to the honour of Diana, and that they did not carry 
 fruit in the banket, but prefents wrought with their own 
 
 b Vide Nat. Com. \. $. c Paufan. in Atz'c. d Ovid. Fa ft. 
 
 et Met. 6, c Scholiaft. in Ariitoph. i Demarat, in Qtx% 
 
 Dionyf* £ Doroth. Sydon, apud Nat. Conu 
 
( 62 ) 
 
 hands, which they offered to this Goddefs, to teftify 
 that they were defirpus to quit their virginity, and marry. 
 
 Apaturia were feafts celebrated in honour of Bacchus? 
 letting forth how greatly men are h deceived by wine. 
 Thefe feftivals were principally obferved by the Athe- 
 nians. 
 
 Ambrofia } were feftivals obferved in January, a month 
 facred to Bacchus ; for which reafon this month was 
 called Lenaus or Lenao, becaufe the wine was brought 
 into the city about that time. k But the Romans called 
 thefe feafts Brumalia, from Bruma, one of the names of 
 Bacchus among them y aud they celebrated them twice 
 a year, in the months of February and Auguft. 
 
 Ajcolia, feafts fo called from a Greek 1 word fignifying 
 a horacho, or leathern bottle ; feveral of which were pro- 
 duced filled with air, or, as others fay, with wine. 
 m The Athenians were wont to leap upon them with one 
 foot, fo that they would fometimes fall down ; however, 
 they thought they did a great honour to Bacchus hereby, 
 becaufe they trampled upon the (kins of the goat, which 
 animal is the greateft enemy to the vines. But among 
 the RomamSy rewards were diftributed to thofe who, by 
 artificially leaping upon thefe leathern bottles, overcame 
 the reft : then all of them together called aloud upon 
 Bacchus confufedly, and in verfes unpolifhed ; and, put- 
 ting on malks, they carried his ftatue about their vine- 
 yards, daubing their faces with the bark of trees and the 
 dregs of wine : fo returning to his altar again, whence 
 they came, they prefented their oblations in bafins to 
 him, and burnt them. And in the laft place, they hung 
 upon the higheft trees little wooden or earthen images - 
 of Bacchus, which, from the fmallnefs of their mouths, 
 were called Ojciila : they intended that the places,, 
 where thefe fmall images were fet up in the trees, Ihould 
 be as it were fo many watchtowers, from which Bac- 
 
 k A decipiendo ab aTraTa^, fallo, di£fca funt uTrarypicc. Vide 
 Nat. Com. in Bac. * Idem ibid. k Coel. Rhod. 1. 18. c. 5, 
 
 * Ab imbf, utri& Tzetfes in Hefiod* *» Menandr U de Myfter, 
 
( 63 ) . 
 
 chus might look after the vines, and fee that they dif- 
 fered no injuries. Thefe fefiivals, and the images hung 
 up when they were celebrated, are elegantly defcribed 
 by n Virgil^ in the fecond book of his Georgics. 
 
 Lajlly, the Bacchanalia, or Dionyfta, or Orgia, were 
 the feafts of Bacchus % among the Romans, which at 
 firft were folemnized in February, at midday, by women 
 only ; but afterward they were performed by men and 
 women together, and young boys and girls, who, in a 
 word, left no fort of lewdnefs and debauchery uncom- 
 mitted : for, upon this occafion, rapes, whoredoms, 
 poifon, murder, aud fuch abominable impieties were 
 promoted under a facrilegious pretence of religion, till 
 the p fenate by an edict abrogated this feftival, as Dia- 
 gendus did at Thebes, fays Cicero % becaufe of their lewd- 
 nefles ; which alio Pentkeus king of Thebss attempted, 
 but with ill fuccefs, for the Bncchte barbarouily killed 
 him ; whence came the ftory, that his mother and fif- 
 ters tore him in pieces, fancying he was a boar. r There 
 is a ftory befides, that Alcithoe, the daughter of Ninyas> 
 and her fitters, becaufe, defpifing the facrifices of Bac- 
 shusy they ftaid at home, and fpun while the Orgia were 
 
 n ' Atque inter pvcula lati 
 
 Mollibus in pratis unclos faliere per ufres : 
 Nee non Aufonii, Trojd gens miffa colonic 
 Verfibus incomptis luduni,, rifuque folate, 
 Oraque corticibus fumunt ho r rendu awaits ; 
 Et te, Baccbe, njocani per carmhm lata, tibique 
 Of cilia ex altd fufpendunt mollia pinu, 
 Hinc omnis largo pubejeit e vtneafceiu> &c. 
 And glad with Bacchus, on the graiTy fci!, 
 LeapM o'er the (kins of goats befmcard with ciL 
 Thus Roman youth, deriv'd from ruiVd Troy, 
 In rude Saturnian rhimes exprefs their by ; 
 Deform'd with vizards cut from barks of trees, 
 With taunts and laughter ioud their audience pleaie : 
 In jolly hymns they praife the God of wine, 
 Whofe earthen images adorn the pine, 
 And there are hung on high, in honour of the vine. 
 A madnefs fo devout the vineyard fills, &c. 
 • Virg. Geo. 4. & JEn. 6. 7. P Liv. 1. 9. Aug. de &>, 
 
 Dei 6, 1 DeLeg, ),a, c, 11, * Ovid, Met* 4. 
 
 ! 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 Celebrating, were changed into bats. s And there is 
 alfo an idle ftory, that Lycurgus, who attempted many 
 times to hinder thefe Bacchanalia in vain, cut off his 
 own legs, becaufe he had rooted up the vines to the 
 difkonour of Bacchus* 
 
 SECT. 6. THE HISTORICAL SENSE OF THE FABLE, 
 BACCHUS AN EMBLEM EITHER OF NIMROD OK 
 MOSES. 
 
 I find two meanings applied to this fable. Some 
 fay,, that l Bacchus is the fame with Nimrod : the reafons 
 of this opinion are, i. The fimilitude of the words Bac- 
 chus and Barchus, which fignifies the Son of Urns, that 
 is, Nimrod. 2* They think the name of 'Nimrod may. 
 allude to the Hebrew word namur, or the Chaldee namer^ 
 a tiger; and accordingly u the chariot of Baohus was 
 drawn by tigers, and himfelf clothed with the fkin of a 
 tiger. 3„ Bacchus is fometimes called Nebrodes, which 
 is the very fame as Nimrodus. 4. Mnfes ftyles Nimrod j 
 a great hunter, and we find that Bacchus is ftyled x Za- 
 greus r which in Greek figmfies the lame thing. I did 
 not, indeed, mention this name of Bacchus among the 
 reft before ; ; becaufe I defign not a nice and complete- 
 account of every thing. Nor is it abfurd to fay,, that 
 2V7>/- W preftded over the vines, fince he was y the firft 
 king of Babylon, where were the molt excellent wines* 
 as the ancients often fay. 
 
 Others think that z Bacchus is Mofes ; becaufe many 
 things in the fable of the one feem derived from the 
 hiftory of the other. For, firft, forne feign that he was 
 born in Egypt, and prefently fhut up in an ark, and 
 thrown upon the waters, as Mofes was. 2. The fur- 
 name of a Bimat.er y which belongs to Bacchus,, may be: 
 
 » Apud Nat. Com. t Bochart. in Phaleg. u, Anthol. 1. t-« 
 C 38. Ep. i,. w Nti€^y]c.. x Zovypiq, *• e* robuftus venator. 
 y Ex Atbenaeo. 2 Vcflius apud Bochart. in fuo Canaan,. Gfc. 
 
 HwtU in DemQnfuv Evangel » : f A^r^. 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 afcribed to Mofes, who, befide one mother by nature, 
 had another by adoption, king Pharaoh's daughter. 3. 
 They were both beautiful men, brought up in Arabia, 
 good foldiers, and had women in their armies. 4. Or* 
 pheus directly ftyles Bacchus b a lawgiver, and calls him 
 c Mofes, and further attributes to him d the two tables 
 of the law. 5. Bacchus was called e Bicprnis \ and ac- 
 cordingly the face of ''Mofes appeared double-horned, when 
 he came down from the mountain, where he had fpoken ' 
 to God ; the rays of glory that darted from his brow, 
 refernbling the fprouting out of horns. 6. As fnakes 
 were facrificed, and a dog given to Bacchus, as a com- 
 panion ; fo Mofes had his companion Caleb, which in He* 
 brew fignifies a dog.- 7. As the Baccha brought- water 
 from a rock, by finking it with their thyrfe, and the coun- 
 try wherever they came flowed with wine, milk, and ho- 
 ney ; fo the land of Canaan, into which Mofes conduct- 
 ed the Ifraelites, not only flowed with milk and honey, 
 but with wine alfo ; f as appears from that large bunch of 
 grapes which two men carried between them upon a <x<\u\ 
 8. Bacchus g dried up the rivers Oronies and Hydafprs, 
 by fliiking them with his thyrfus, and pafied through 
 them, as Mofes paffed through the Red Sea. 9. It is 
 : faid alio, h that a little ivy-ftick, thrown down by one 
 of the Baccha upon the ground, crept like a dragon, 
 and twilled itfelf about an oak. And, ic. That fthe 
 Indians once were all covered with d'arknefs, while thofe 
 Baccha enjoyed a perfect day. 
 
 From this you may collect, that the ancient inven- 
 tors of fables have borrowed many things from the Holy 
 Scriptures, to patch up their conceits. Thus k Homer- 
 fays, that Bacchus wreftled with Pallene* to whom he 
 yielded ; which fable is taken from the hiftory of the 
 angel wreftling with "Jacob. l In like manner Paujani- 
 gs reports, that the Greeks at Troy found an ark that 
 
 1 b ©£cruoifopof. c Moctyjv. d Al7rtax.cc &s«rj^ov, Exod. 
 
 xxxiv. 29. e Eurip. in Bacch. f Numbers xtii. 24.. S Nona. 
 in Dionyf. I.23&35.25.4.5. h A pud eundem. i Nonmtis 
 Vof. ap.-Bochart. in Can. ' * Hi a d 4.8 i 1 Eae&h. in Achaid 
 
. ( 66 } 
 
 was facred to Bacchus; which when Euripldus had 
 opened, and viewed the ftatue of Bacchus laid therein,* 
 he was prefently ftruck with madnefs : the ground of 
 which fable is in the fecond book of Kings-, where the 
 facred hiftory relates, that the Beth/hemites were deftroy- 
 ed by God, becaufe they looked with too much- curio- 
 fity into the ark of the covenant. m Again, the poets 
 feign, that Bacchus was angry with the Athenians^ be- 
 caufe they defpifed his folemnities, and received them 
 not with due refpect, when firft they were brought by 
 Pegafus out of Bceotla into Attica ■■;, for which he afflict- 
 ed them with a grievous difeafe in the fecret parts, that 
 could have no cure, till by the advice of the oracle they 
 performed the reverences due to the God and erected 
 phalli^ that is, images of the afflicted parts, to his honour ^ 
 whence the feafts and facrifices called Fhallica were 
 yearly celebrated among the Athenians, This fable has 
 a refemblr.nce to the n hiftory of the Philijlines^ whom 
 God punifbed with emerods fox their irreverence to the ■ 
 ark ; and who, on con ful ting the diviners, were told* 
 that they could not be cured, unlefs they made golden 
 images of emerods, and confecrated them to God. 
 
 SECT. 7. THE MORAL SENSE OF THE FABLE* 
 BACCHUS THE SYMBOL OF WINE. 
 
 Wine and its effects are underftood in this fable of 
 Bacchus, Let us begin with the birth of Bacchus, When 
 I imagine Bucchus in Jupiter's thigh, and Jupiter limp- 
 ing therewith, it brings, to my mind the reprefentation 
 of a man that is burdened and overcome with drink 5 
 who not only halts, but reels and (tumbles, and madly 
 rufhes wherever the force of the wine carries him. 
 
 As Bacchus was taken out of the body of his mother 
 Semele 9 in the midft of thunder and lightning ; fo after 
 the wine is drawn out of the butt, it produces quarrels* 
 violence, noife, and confufion. 
 
 *- Ariftot. Schol. in Acanu * * Sam. ch. r, vi. 
 
t 
 
 67 ) 
 
 Bacchus was educated by the Naiades^ nymphs of the 
 rivers and fountains - y whence men may learn to dilute 
 their wine with water. 
 
 But Bacchus is an eternal boy, And do not the old- 
 eft men become children by too much drink ? Does 
 not excefs deprive us of that reafon which difringuifhes 
 men from boys. 
 
 Bacchus is naked ; as he is who has loft his fenfes by 
 drinking : he cannot conceal, he cannot hide any thing. 
 Wine always fpeaks truth, it opens all the fecrets of 
 the mind and body too ; of which let Noah be a witnefs. 
 
 The poet fays p Bacchus has horns - 3 and from this we 
 may learn, that Bacchus makes as many horned as Ve- 
 nus. 
 
 Nor does q wine make men only forget their cares 
 and troubles, but it renders r even the meaneft people 
 bold, infolent, and fierce, exercifing their fury 2nd rage- 
 againft others, as a mad ox gores with its horns. I. 
 know very well that fome think, that Bacchus was 
 faid to be horned, becaufe the cups out of which wine 
 was drank, were formerly made of horn s . 
 
 He is crowned with ivy ; becaufe that plant (being 
 always green and flourifhing, and as it were young) by 
 its natural coldnefs, afluages the heat occafioned by too 
 much wine. 
 
 He is both a young and an old man ; becaufe, as a 
 moderate quantity of wine increafes the ftrength of the 
 body, fo excefs of wine deftroys it. 
 
 Women only celebrated the facrifices of Bacchus ; 
 and of them, only thofe who were enraged and intoxi- 
 
 In vino Veritas. Erafm. in Adag. 
 
 P Accedant caplti cornua> Bacchus eris. Ov. Ep. Saph* 
 
 But put on horns, and Bacchus thou (halt be. 
 
 * Curafugit, multo diluiturque mero- 
 Full bowls expel all grief, dilfol/e all care. 
 
 * Tunc <venwnt rifus, tunc pauper cor •nuafumit* 
 By wine and mirth the beggar grows a king. 
 
 « Porphyr* in z Carm. Horat. unde k^ccj^ quafi ke^dj^ a yj^; m 
 Lil. Gyr. 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 cated, and had abandoned thernfelves to all forts of wick- 
 ednefs. Accordingly v/ine effeminates the mod mafcu- 
 line minds, and difpofes them to luxury. It begets an- 
 ger, and ftirs up men to madnefs ; and therefore lions 
 and tigers draw the chariot of Bacchus. 
 
 The men and women both celebrated the Bacchanalia 
 in fnafks : it is well that they were afhamed of their 
 faults ; their modefty had not quite left them ; feme 
 remains of it were yet hid under thofe difguifes, which 
 would otherwife have been utterly loft by the impudence 
 of the ill words and actions which were heard and feea 
 on thofe occafions. And docs not wine mafic and dif- 
 guife us ftrangeiy ? Does it not make msn beafts, and 
 'turn one into a lion, another into a bear, and another 
 into a fwine, or an afs ? 
 
 I had almoft forgot to tell you, that Bacchus is fome- 
 times merry, and fometimes fad and remorfe : for, in- 
 deed, What cherifhes the heart of man fo much as 
 wine ? What more delightfully refrefhes the fpirits and 
 the mind, than that .natural ne£lar, that divine medi- 
 cine, which, when we have taken, f our griefs are pa-* 
 cified, our forrows abated, and nothing but cheerfulnefs 
 appears in our countenance ? 
 
 The vine is fo beneficial to this life, that many fay 
 " that the happinefs of one confifts in the enjoyment of 
 the other ; but they do not confider, that if wine be the 
 cradle .of life, yet it is the grave ofreafon: for, if men 
 do conftantly fail in the red fea of claret, their fouls are: 
 oftentimes drowned therein. It blinds them, and leads 
 them under darknefs, efpecially when it begins to draw 
 the fparkles and little ftars from their eyes. Then, the 
 body being drowned in drink, the mind floats, or elfe 
 is ftranded, Thus too great love of the vine is perni- 
 cious to life; for from it come more faults than grapes* 
 and it breeds more rnifchiefs than clutters. Would you 
 
 * "Tunc dolor ei cura, rugaque fronth abefl. Ov. Art. Aniu, 
 Our forrows flee, we end our grief and fears, • 
 No thoughtful wrinkle in our face appears* 
 a In vite horainis viram efts* 
 
C 69 ) 
 
 fee an inftance of what you read? Obferve a drunken 
 man : O beaft ! See how his head totters, his hams 
 fink, his feet fail, his hands tremble, his mouth froths, 
 his cheeks are flabby, his eyes fparkle and water, his 
 words are unintelligible, his tongue falters and flops, 
 his throat fends forth a nafty loathfome flench. But 
 what do I fay ! It is not my bufinefs now to tell truth, 
 but fables. 
 
 CHAPTER VI, 
 
 SECT. I. MARS. HIS IMAGE, 
 
 P. AS far as I fee, we muft tarry in this place all 
 the night. 
 
 M. Do not fear it ; for I (hall not fay fo much of the 
 other Gods as I have laid of Bac.hus ; and efpecially I 
 hope that Mars, whole image is next, will not keep us 
 fo long. 
 
 P. Do you call him Mar^ that is fo fierce and four 
 in his afpecl: j terror is every where in his looks, as well 
 as in his drefs : he fits in a chariot drawn by a pair of 
 horfes, which are driven by a diffracted woman ; he is 
 covered with armour, and brandifhes a fpear in his. right 
 hand, as though he breathed fire and death, and threat- 
 ened every body with ruin and deftru&ion. 
 
 M. It is Mars bmielf, the Godofwar^ who is often 
 feen on horfeback. in a formidable manner, with a whip 
 and a fpear together. The dor. was corfecrated to him, 
 for his vigilance in the purfuit of his prey ; the wolf, 
 for his rSpacioufnefs and perspicacity ; the raven, be- 
 caufe he diligently follows armies when they march, 
 and watches for trie carcaies of the flain ; and the cock, 
 for his watch ftilnefs, whereby he prevent^ all utrprife. 
 But, that ynu may underitand every thing in that pic- 
 ture, 1 bfe ve* that the creatures which draw the chariot 
 are not horfes, but Fear and Terror. Sometimes Dif* 
 cord goes before them in tattered garments, and Glamour 
 and Anger go behind. Yet fome fay, that Fear and 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 Terror are fervants to Mars % and accordingly, he is 
 not more w awful and imperious in his commands, than 
 they are x ready and exaft in their obedience $ as we 
 learn from the poets. 
 
 P. Who is the woman that drives the chariot ? 
 
 ■A?.; She is Bellona^ the y Goddefs of war , and the com- 
 panion of Mars ; or, as others fay, his fitter, or wife, 
 or both. She prepares for him his chariot and horfes 
 when he goes to. fight. It is plain that /he is called 
 ■Bellona from helium. She is otherwife called Duellona 
 from duelluw-) or from the Greek word $ihov>n \beloni\ a 
 weedle, whereof ihe is faid to be the inventrefs. Her 
 priefts, the Bellonariiy facrificed to her in their own 
 ? blood : they s hold in each hand naked fwords, with 
 which they cut then fhoulders, and wildly run up and 
 down like men mad and pofTeffed upon which a people 
 thought, that (after the facrlfice was ended) they were 
 able to foretel future events. Claudian introduces Btl- 
 iona combing fnakes ; and another b poet defcribes her 
 
 ■w Fcr gcleam> 'Bellona mihi> nexufque rotarum 
 
 < Tende i Favor $ Frama rapidos, Formido, jugales. 
 
 Claud, in Ruf 9 
 
 My helmet let Bellona bring j Terror my traces fit $ 
 
 And panic Fear, do thou the rapid driver fit. 
 
 -x _. Steqjit medio in certatnine Mavors, 
 
 •Calaiusfe'rro. t iriflefqae ex athere Dira, 
 
 Et fcijfa gaudem >< adtt Difcordia pallet, 
 
 ■Qucm cum f anguine fequtiur Bellouaflagelh, Virg. JEn> §, 
 
 Mars in the middle of the (hining fhieid 
 
 As graved, and {hides along the liquid field. 
 
 The Dira come from heav'n with quick defcent, 
 
 And Difcord dy'd in blood, with garments rent, 
 
 Divides the p**efs : her fteps Bellona treads, 
 
 And (hakes her iron rod above their heads. 
 y Silius. 1. 4. Stat. Theb. L 7. * $e6b*s numeris et utraque 
 
 tnanu difliiclos gladios exerentes, currunt, efferuntur, infaniujit* 
 Laclan. 1. 1. c. 12. a Juven. Sat. 4. Lucan. 1. 1. Eutrop. 
 
 b ]pfa faciem quatiens, et flauam Janguine multo 
 
 Spar/a co?nam, medias acies Bellona pererrat* 
 
 Stridet Tart are a wgrofub ,pe8ore Diva 
 
 Lethiferum ?nurmur. Sil. 1, 5* 
 
 Her torch Bellona waving through the air, 
 
 Sprinkles with dotted gore her flaming hair 5 
 
 3 
 
( 7* ) 
 
 Shaking a burning torch, with her hair hanging loofe, 
 ftained and clotted with blood, and running through the 
 midft of the ranks of the army, uttering horrid fhrieks 
 and dreadful groans. 
 
 Before the temple of this (joddefs there ftood a pil- 
 lar called Bellied^ c over which the herald threw a fpear, 
 when he proclaimed war. 
 
 SECT. 2. DESCENT OF MARS. 
 
 Man is fa id to be the fon of Jupiter and Juno^ 
 though according to Ovid's ftory, he is the child of 
 Juno only. .For, fays he, Juno greatly wondered by 
 what way poffible her hufband Jupiter had conceived 
 Minerva, and begot her himfelf, without the concur- 
 rence of a mother (as we fhall fee in the hiftory of Mi- 
 nerva) ; but as foon as her amazement ceafed % {he, 
 being defirous of performing the like, went to Gceanus 
 to afk his advice, whether fhe could have a child with- 
 out her hufband's concurrence. She was tired in her 
 journey, and fat down at the door of the Goddefs Flo- 
 ra ; who, underftanding the occafion of her journey, 
 deiired her to be of good heart, for fhe had in her gar- 
 den a flower, which if fhe only touched with the tips 
 of her fingers, the fmell of it would make her conceive 
 a fon prefently. So Juno was taken into the garden, 
 and the flower fhown her : fhe touched it, and con- 
 ceived Mars, who afterward took to wife e Nerio or 
 Nerione (which word in the Sabine language fignifies 
 f valour and Jlrength) and from her the Claudian family 
 formerly derived the name of Ner% 
 
 And through both armies np and down doth flee, 
 
 While from her horrid breaft Ti/ipbone 
 
 A dreadful murmur fends, 
 c Alex, ab Alexandre, L 8. d Horn, Iliad 5. Hefiod.in Theog, 
 e Vide de la Cerda in Virg. Mn* 1« 8 a * Virtutem ct robur fig* 
 
 toificat, 
 
( 72 ) 
 
 SECT, 3. NAMES OF MARS. 
 
 His name s Mars fets forth the power and influence 
 he has in war^ where he prefides over the foldiers : and 
 his other name h Mavors (hows, that all great exploits 
 are executed and brought aho'ut through his means. 
 
 The Greeks call him v> A^q [Ares] either from the 
 deftrudtion and fiaughter which he caufes ; or from the 
 k filence which is kept in war, where actions, not words, 
 are neceflary. But from whatever words this name is 
 derived, it is certain that thofe famous names Areopagus 
 and Areopagita, are derived from 4res. The Areopagus 
 (' Aejioirayoc, that is, the Hill or Mountain of Mars) was 
 a place at Athens, in' which Mars, being accufed of 
 murder and iftceft, as though he had killed Halirotbius, 
 Neptune's fon, and debauched his daughter Alcippa, was 
 forced to defend himfelf in a trial before twelve Gods, 
 and was acquitted by fix voices ; from which time, that 
 place became a court wherein were tried capital caufes, 
 and the things belonging to religion. l The Areopagitce 
 were the judges, whofe integrity and good credit was 
 fo great, that no perfon could be admitted into their fo- 
 ciety, unlefs he delivered in public an account of his life 
 paft, and was found in every part thereof blamelefs. 
 And, that the lawyers who pleaded might not blind the 
 eyes of the judges by their charms of eloquence, they 
 were obliged to plead their caufes without any orna- 
 ments of fpeech ; \i they did otherwife, they were im- 
 mediately commanded to be filent. And, left they 
 fhould be moved to compaffion by feeing the miferable 
 condition of the ; nfoners, they gave fentence in the 
 dark, without lights'; not by words, but in a paper;' 
 
 s Quod naanbus Lri belle naefir. >** Quod magna vertat. Var. de 
 Ling. Lat. i ,6 ro> guobm tollere, vel eimipeit interficere, Cic. 
 de Nat. Deor. 5. Phui put. k Ab «, non et \pa loquor, on h ru 
 
 *vjo7\£$am Sv Xvywv oO<h Epyui ypeia, quod in bello neceflaria non fmt 
 verba fed fa&a, Suidas. Paiuan. in Attic, ] Budaeus in Pandecl. 
 1, ult. de ien, 
 
 Z 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 whence, when a man is obferved to fpeak very little, 
 or nothing at all, they ufed proverbially to fay of him, 
 that m He is asfiknt as one of the judges in the Areopagus* 
 
 His name Gradivus comes from his ftatelinefe in 
 n marching; or from his vigour in ° brandifhing his 
 fpear. 
 
 He is called Quirinus, from p Curls or Quiris 9 figni- 
 fying a fpear; whence comes fecuris or Jemicuris, a piece 
 of a fpear. And this name was afterward attributed to 
 Romulus, becaufe he was efteemed the fon of Mars ; 
 from whom the Romans were called ^uirites. * Gradi- 
 vus is the name of Mars when he rages ; and £h>irinus, 
 when he is quiet. And accordingly there were two 
 temples at Rome dedicated to him ; one within the city, 
 which was dedicated to Mars ^uirinus, the keeper of 
 the city's peace ; the other without the city, near the 
 gate, to Mars Gradivus, the warrior, and the defender 
 of the city againft all outward enemies. 
 
 The ancient Latins applied to him the title of r Sali± 
 fubfulus, or dancer, from falio, becaufe his temper is very 
 inconftant and uncertain, inclining fometimes to this 
 fide, and fometimes to that, in wars: whence we fay, 
 s that the iffiie of battle is uncertain, and the chance du- 
 bious. But we muft not think that Mars was the only 
 God of war ; c for Bellona, Viclcria, Sal, Luna, and 
 Pluto i ufe to be reckoned in the number of martial dei- 
 ties. It was ufual with the Lacedemonians to fhackle the 
 feet of the image of Mars, that he fhould not fly from 
 them : and among the Romans, the priefts Salii were 
 inftituted to look after the facrifices of Mars, and go 
 about the city dancing with their fhields. 
 
 He was called n Enyalius, from Enyo, that is, Bellor.a, 
 and by fuch like names ; but it is not worth my while 
 to infift upon them longer. 
 
 m Areopagita taciturnior. Cic. ad Attic. I. i. - A gradiendo. 
 o Atto to* xeaic&ifelf, ab haftse vibratione. P Serv. in JEn, i. 
 
 • ■q Idem ibid. r Pacuv. in Nonn. * Mars belli communis tit, 
 Cic. J. 6. ep. 4. t Serv. in JEn, n. u Lil. Gyr, 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 SECT. 4. ACTION OF MARS. 
 
 It is ft range, that the poets relate only one aclion of 
 this terrible God, and even that deferred to be concealed 
 in darknefs, if the light of the fun had not difcovered 
 it ; and if a good kernel was not contained in a bad (hell. 
 The ftory of 'Mars and Venus* adultery, from which 
 w Hermtone, a tutelar deity, was born, was fo publicly 
 known, that x Ovid concludes every body knows it. Sol 
 was the firft that difcovered it, and he immediately ac- 
 quainted Vulcan, Venus' hufband, with his wife's treach- 
 ery. Vulcan inftantly made a net of iron, whofe links 
 were fo fmall aitd flender, that it was invifible ; and 
 fpread it over the bed of Venus. Soon after the lovers 
 return to their fport, and were caught in the net. VuU 
 recalls ail the Gods together to the (how, who jeered 
 them extremely; and after they had long been expofed 
 to the jeft and hifles of the company, Vulcan, arthe re- 
 queft of Neptune, unloofes their chains, and gives them 
 their liberty. But Aktiryon, Mars' favourite, fuffered 
 the puniftiment that his crime deferved ; becaufe, when 
 he was appointed to watch, he fell afleep, and fo gave 
 Sol an opportunity to flip into the chamber: therefore 
 Mar's changed him into a y cock, which to this day is 
 fo mindful of his old fault, that he conftantly gives no- 
 tice of the approach of the fun, by his crowing. 
 
 SECT 5. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
 
 Let us explain tjhis fable. Indeed when a Venus is 
 married to a Vulcan, that is, a very handfome woman 
 to a very ugly man, it is a great occafion of adultery, 
 
 w Plut. in Pelop'ds. 
 
 * Fabula narratur^ tofo noiijjima ccejo, 
 
 Midciberis capti Marfque Venufque dolis. 
 
 The tale is told through heaven far and wide, 
 
 How Mars and Venus were by Vulcan ty'd, 
 y Grace <zfazT£vuv, gallus. 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 But neither can that difhonefty, or an: efcape 
 
 the knowledge of the Sun of Rig j, although they 
 
 may be done in the obfcureft darknefs ; thou be 
 
 with the utmoft cai led by the tn in 
 
 the world; though they be committed in the privateft 
 retirement, and concealed with the greateft art, they 
 will at one time or other be expofed to both the infernal 
 and celeftial regions, in the brighteft light ; when the 
 Fenders ihall be fet in the midft, bound by the chains 
 of their conferences, by that fallen Vuldaki who is the 
 crument of the terrors of the true Jupiter : and then 
 . they fhall hear and fuffer the fentence, that was former- 
 lv threatened to David, in this life, %< Thou didji this thing 
 feeretly \ but I will do this thing before all Ifrael, and be- 
 fore the fun. 
 
 But let us return again to Mars, or rather to the fort 
 of Mars, Tereus, who learned wickednefs from his fa- 
 ther's example; for, as the proverb fays, a bad father 
 - a bad c 
 
 SECT. 6. THE STORY OF TEREUS, THE SQtf 
 OF MARS. 
 
 Tereus was the fon of Mars, begotten of the ny 
 Biflonis, 2l He married Progne the. daughter of Fa \ 
 king of Athens, when he himfelf was king of T. 
 This Progne had a fifter called i i, a virgin in 
 
 modefty and beauty inferior to none. She lived 
 her father at Athens, Progne being defirous to fee her 
 fifter, afked Tereus to fetch Philomela to her : he com- 
 plyed, and went to Athens y and took Philomela, 
 her father's leave, to vifit Progne, Upon this occafion, 
 T*eu$ fell defperateiy in love with Philomela ; and, as 
 they travelled together, becaufe fhe refufed to comply 
 with his defires, he overpowered her, cut out her to; 
 and threw her hue a gaol ; and returning afterward to 
 his wife, f. i, with the greateft afiurarxe. that 
 
 * z 5 it. a Ovid, Met. 6, 
 
 E 2 
 
( 7* ) 
 
 hmela died in her journey ; and that' his ftory might ap- 
 pear true, he fhed many tears, and put on mourning. 
 But b injuries whet the wit, and defire of revenge makes 
 people cunning : for Philomela, though ihe was dumb, 
 found out a way to tell her filler the villany of Tereus. 
 The way fhe difcovered the injuries done to her was 
 this ; (he defcribed the violence Tereus offered her, as well 
 as fhe could, in embroidery, and fent the work folded 
 up to her fifter. Progne no fooner viewed it, but file 
 boiled with rage; and was fo tranfpofted with paffion 
 that fhe could c not fpeak, her thoughts being wholly 
 taken up in contriving how &e fhould avenge the affront. 
 Firft then fhe haftened to her fifter, and brought her 
 home without Tereus' knowledge. While fhe was thus 
 meditating revenge, Jier young fon Itys came embracing 
 his mother; but fhe carried him afide into the remote 
 parts of the houfe, and flew hitn while d he hung about 
 her neck,, and called her mother. When fhe had killed 
 him, fhe cut him into pieces, and drefled the flefh, and 
 gave it Tereus for fupper, who e fed heartily on his own 
 flefh and blood. And when after fupper he fent for his 
 ion. ItySy f Progne told him what fhe had done, and P/;i- 
 
 Grande dolons 
 
 Ingenium ejl, miferifque ^entt folertia rebus, 
 Defire of vengeance makes the invention quick, 
 When, miferable, help with craft we fcek. 
 c Et (mirum potuijft) filet ; dolor or a reprejjit y 
 Ferbaque querent ifat is indignant ia lirgua 
 Defuerant, nee flere <vacat : fedfafque nefafqwe 
 Confufura ruit, pcenaque in imagine tola ejf. 
 She held her peace, 'twas ftrange ; grief (truck her mute, 
 No language could with fuch a pafnon fuit, 
 Nor had fhe time to weep : right, wrong, were mixt 
 In her fell thoughts, her foul on vengeance fixt. 
 <* Et mater , mater, clamantem et cplla petentem 
 Enfeferit : 
 
 •>• i i He mother, mother, crie?, 
 t And on her clings, while by her fword he dies. 
 « Vefcitur y inque fuamfua vifcera conger it akvum. 
 . does eat, 
 
 And his own flefh and blood does make his meat. 
 f Intus babes quod pofcis, ait. Circumfpicit ille, 
 
I 11 )• 
 
 hmela fhowed him his Ton's head. Tereus, incenfed with 
 rage, ruflied on them both with his drawn fword ; but 
 they fled away, and fear added wings to their flight ; fo 
 that Progtis became a fwallow, and Philomela a nightin- 
 gale. Fury gave wings to Tereus himfelf ; he was chang- 
 ed into a hoopoe (upupa) which is one of the filthieft of 
 all birds. The Gods out of pity changed lip into a 
 pheafant. 
 
 SECT. 7. THE SACRIFICES OF MARS. 
 
 To 'Mars s were facrificed the wolf for his fiercenefs ; 
 the horfe for his ufefulnefs in war 5 the woodpecker and 
 the vulture for their ravenoufnefs ; the cock for. his vi- 
 gilance, which virtue foldiers ought chiefly to have; and 
 grafs, becauie it grows in towns trAt the war leaves 
 without an inhabitant, and is thought to come up quick- 
 er in fuch places as have been moiltened with human 
 blood. 
 
 Among the moft ancient rites belonging to Mars, 
 I do not know a more memorable one than the follow- 
 ing : b Whoever had undertaken the conduct cf any ivar, he 
 went into the vefiry cf the temple afMars; and firji jhaked 
 the Ancilla (a jort of holy Jbieidf) afterward the fp ear if 
 the image cf Mars, andfaid, Mars, JVatch, 
 
 Atone ubifit, quarit ; cuterenii, iterumque <vocanti, 
 
 Frofduit 7 Itjojque caput Philomela cruentum 
 
 Mjfit hi or a pair is. 
 
 Thou haft, laid (he, within thee thy azhrz. 
 
 He looks about, alts where. And while again 
 
 He afks and cai's \ all bloody with the flair., 
 
 Forth like a fury Philomela [few, 
 
 And at his face the head of Itys threw, 
 § Virg. iEn. 9. h Qui belli alicujus fufeeperat curam, facra- 
 
 tium Martis ingreiTus 5 prima Ancilia coromovebaf, pc I hallau : • 
 oaulacri ipfius : dicens, Mars, Vigila. Servius* 
 
[ 78 1 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SECT, I. THE CELESTIAL GODDESS, JUNO. HER 
 
 IMAGE AND DESCENT. 
 
 M, YOU have viewed the five celeftial Gods; now 
 look upon the celeftial Goddeffes that follow them there 
 in order. Firft obferve Juno, rid'ingdn a h golden chariot, 
 drawn by peacocks, holding a fceptre in her hand, and 
 .wearing a crown befet with rofes and lilies. 
 
 She is the queen of the Gods, and both the 1 fifer and 
 
 wife of Jupiter. Her father was R Saturn^ and her mo- 
 
 ; file was born in the ifland .Samos, and there 
 
 till file was married. 
 
 P. Really fee feems very auguft. ' Flow bright, how 
 
 roajeftical, how beautiful is that face, how comely are all 
 
 her limbs ? how well does a fceptre become thofc hands, 
 
 and a crown that head ? r\ow much beauty is there ia 
 
 her frniies ? how much gracefolnefs in her breaft ? Who 
 
 could refill fuch charms, and not faij in love, when he 
 
 fees lb many graces ? Her carriage is irately, her drefs 
 
 elegant and fine. She is full of majefry, and worthy of 
 
 'miration. But what pretty damfel is that 
 
 upon her, as if fhe were her fervant ? 
 
 It is Iris, l the daughter of 2 banmas and Elmrtij 
 
 and filler to the Harpies. She is 'Juno's meffenger, as 
 
 Merc Jupiter ? s^ though Jupiter and the other 
 
 tries, nay fornetimes me 
 
 ufe of her fwifmeis fhe is painted 
 ;s, and fhe fometimfs ri a a rainbow, as 
 
 h Ovid. Met. s, Apuleius 1. io< 
 
 fi't for or et conjux. Virg." JEn* i, 
 
 k Apoilcn. Argon, i. I l VIrg. .£En. 9. Nonn. 20. Idem 31. 
 Horn. Iliad 23. 
 
 m Effiugif, et remeat per cuds mode <vencrat arcus* Met. 2. 
 On the fame bow (he went (he loon returns. 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 It is her office befide to unloofe the fouls cf women 
 from the chains of the body, as Mercury unloofes thofe 
 of men. We have an example of this in Dido^ who laid 
 violent hands on herfelf ; for, when (he was almoftdead, 
 Juno fent Iris to loofe her foul from her body, as n Vir* 
 gil largely defcribes it in the fourth book of his iEneid. 
 
 But in this Iris differs from Mercury ; * for he is fent 
 both from heaven and hell, but (he is fent from heaven 
 only °. He oftentimes was employed in meflages of 
 peace, whence he was called the p peacemaker: but Iris 
 was always fent to promote ftrife and diffenfion, as if 
 ihe was the goddefs of difcord : and therefore fome think 
 that her q name was given her from the contention which 
 fhe perpetually creates ; though others fay, fhe was 
 called r Iris 9 becaufe fhe delivers her meflages by fpeech, 
 and not in writing. 
 
 n Turn Juno omnipotent longum miferata dclorem, 
 
 Difficile: cue c bit us. Irim darufii Olympo, 
 
 S^ua tuBantetn animum nexofque refpk/eret art us » 
 
 Er^o Iris crocels per caelum rofcida pe?inis> 
 
 Mille trahens ■■varies adverfo Sole co lores, 
 
 DeuolaJ, et fupra caput aftititt hunc ego Diti 
 
 Sacrum jujfafero, teque ifio corpore folvo. 
 
 Sic ait, et dexira cr-nem fecat s omnts et una 
 
 Dilapfus ca!or, atque in centos vita rec^jjit. 
 
 Then Juno, grieving that ihe fhould fuitain 
 
 A death fo lingering and Co full of pain, 
 
 Sent Iris down to free her from the ftrife 
 
 Of laboring nature, and diilbl :e her life. 
 
 Downward the various Goddefs took her flight, 
 
 And drew a thou fa nd colours from the light : 
 
 Then flood about the dying lover's head, 
 
 And laid, I thus devote thee to the dead. 
 lis off 'ring to the infernal Gods I bear. 
 
 Thus while (he fpoke (lie cut the fatal hair : 
 
 The ftruggimg foul was loos'd and life dillblv'd in air, 
 ° Hefiod. in Theog. P E»£j}*o7foto$, pacificator. Vid. Serv. in 
 
 JEn. 4. <i "ips cjuafi*Egt$ Contentio, Servius. r Ua^ 70 Ipuv, 
 a loquendo. 
 
 } 
 
r so ) 
 
 SECT. 2. THE CHILDREN, AND DISPOSITION OF 
 JUNO, 
 
 P. What children had Juno by Jupiter? 
 
 M/L Vulcan, Mars, and Hebe, s Although fome 
 write that Hebe had no other parent than Juno y and was 
 born in the manner following : before Juno had any 
 children, fhe eat fome wild lettuces, fet before her at a 
 feafi in Jupiter's houfe ; and growing on a fudden big- 
 bellied, (lie brought forth Hebe, who for her extraordi- 
 nary beauty was, by Jupiter, made goddefs of youth, 
 and had the office of cupbearer of Jupiter given to her., 
 But when by an unlucky fall (he made all the guefts 
 laugh, Jupiter was enraged, turned her out from hef 
 office, and put Ganymede in her ftead. 
 
 P. What was Juno's moft notorious fault. 
 
 M. Jcaloufy: I will give one or, two of the many in- 
 fiances of it. Jupiter loved h y the daughter of Inachus ; 
 and enjoyed her. When Juno obferved that Jupiter 
 was ahfent from heaven s fhe juftly fufpe£led that the 
 purfuit of his amours was the caufe of his abfence. 
 Therefore fhe immediately flew down to tljp earth after 
 him, and luckily found the very place, where Jupiter 
 and lo entertained themfelves in private. As foon as 
 Jupiter perceived her coming, fearing a chiding, he 
 turned the young lady into a white cow. Juno, feeing 
 the cow, afked what fhe was, and from wh<*t bull fhe 
 -came ? Jupiter faid, file was born on a fudden out of 
 the earth. The cunning Goddefs, fufpecting the mat- 
 ter, defired to have the cow, which Jupiter could net 
 refufe, left he fhould increafe her fufpicion. So Juno, 
 taking the cow, l gave it Argus to keep; this Argus 
 
 3 Pan fan *. in Corinth. 
 
 t . Ser<vandam tradidit Argo> 
 
 Centum luminibus cincium caput Argos habebat : 
 
 Ind.e fuls c victbus capiebantjbina quietem $ 
 
 Cetera fer<vabant t alque in Jlatione tnanebanK 
 
 Confiiterat quocunque loco, jpeclabat ad lo ; 
 
 Ante oculos lo, <juam e vis aver/us^ habebat. Ov« Met, 1. 
 
( 81 ) 
 
 had a hundred eyes, two of which in their turns flept, 
 while the others watched. Thus was lo under conftanr 
 confinement ; nor was the perpetual vigUahce of her 
 keeper her only misfortune ; for, befides, fhe was fed 
 with nothing but infipid leaves and bitter herbs. This 
 hardfiiip Jupiter could not endure to fee; therefore he 
 fent Mercury to Argus, to fet lo free. Mercury, under 
 the difguife of a fhepherd, came to Argus, and with the 
 mufic of his pipe lulled him afleep, and then cut off his 
 head, Juno was grieved at Angus' death, and to make 
 him fome amends, file turned him into a peacock, and 
 !i Scattered his hundred eyes about the tail of the bird. 
 Nor did her rage againft lo ceafe^ for fhe committed her 
 to the Furies to be tormented. Defpair and anguifli 
 made her fiee into Egypt, where, fhe begged of Jupiter 
 to reftore her to her former fhape. Her requeft being 
 granted, fne thenceforth took the name of Ifts, the God- 
 defs of the Egyptian^ and was worfhipped with divine 
 honour. 
 
 Juno gave another clear mark of her jealoufy. w For ? 
 when her anger againft Jupiter was fo violent, that no- 
 thing could pacify her, king Cit baron x advifed Jupiter 
 to declare that he intended to take another wife. The 
 contrivance pleafed him, wherefore he takes an oaken 
 
 The goddefs therrto Argus ftraight convey 'd 
 
 Her gift, and him the watchful keeper made,- 
 
 Argus* head a hundred eyes poiTett ; 
 
 And only two at once declind to reft 5 
 
 The others watch'd, and in aconftant round, 
 
 Refreshments in alternate courfes found. 
 
 Where'er he turn'd he always Ig view'd 5 
 
 Joht (aw, though fhs behind him flood. 
 
 u •• Centumque oculos nox occupat una, 
 
 . Excipit kos, <UQiucrijque fua Saturnia pennis 
 
 Coliocat, el gemmis caudam flellantibus implef. 
 
 There Argus lies ; and all that wondVous light, 
 
 Which gave his hundred eyes their ufeful fight, 
 
 Lies buried now in one eternal night, 
 
 But Juno, that (he might his eyes retain, 
 
 Soon fixM them in her gaudy peacock's train. 
 * Doroth. de Nat. Fabute. * Plut, in Arift, 
 
 £ 5 
 
( 82 ) 
 
 image, dreffed very beautifully, and puts it Into a cha- 
 riot j, and declares publicly, that he was about to marry 
 Plat era, the da ugh er of Mfipus. The report fpread, 
 and came to jw:o~'s ears; who, immediately running 
 thither^ fell fiirioufly upon the image, and tore all the 
 clothes, till fhe difcovered the jeft ; and laughing very 
 much, fee was reconciled to her hufband. And from 
 king Gtharon, the advifer of the artifice, file was after- 
 ward called atheroma. The reft of the moll confidera- 
 ble of her names follow : 
 
 SECT. 3. THE NAMES OF JUNO. 
 
 AnthiAj or Florida, flowery : y Paujanias mentions 
 her temple. 
 
 Argiva, from the people z Argivi, among whom the 
 Sacrifices called 'Hg#?a \Heraio\ were celebrated to her 
 honour ; in which a hecatomb, that is, one hundred 
 oxer;., v ificed to her. They made her image of 
 
 gold and ivory, holding a pomegranate in one hand, and 
 a fceptre in the other; upon the top of which flood a 
 cucjeow, becaufe Jupiter changed himfelf into ttijatfeird, 
 r/e with her. 
 ?. 5 from a Bufiam the fon of Mercury, who built 
 a temple to this Goddefs at Corinth. 
 
 Cahnaaris, from the old word b cab, to call ; for fhe 
 was called upon by the priefts, upon the firft days of 
 every month; .which days are called Calends. 
 
 Caprollna, c or the nones of July, that is, on the 
 Seventh day, maid- fervants celebrated her fefrival, toge- 
 ther with feveral free- women, and offered facrifice to 
 •Juno under a wild fig-tree Uaprificus) in memory of that 
 extraordinary, virtue* which dire&ed the maid-fervants 
 of Rome to thofe counfels, which preferved the honour 
 of the Roman name. For after the city was taken, and 
 the Gallic tumults quieted, the borderers having an op- 
 
 J In Corinth. * Dorqth. 1, 2. Met. et Pay fan. a Panfanu 
 rinfh. & Macrob, in Sat. c Plutarch, et Ovid, Art. Ara* 
 Var. de Ling. Lat, 
 
( 8 3 ) 
 
 portunity almoft to opprefs the Romans* who had already 
 fuffered fo much ; they fent a herald to tell the Romans* 
 that, if they d-.-fired to fave the remainder of their city 
 from ruin, they niuSl fend all their wives and daughters^ 
 The fenate being ftrangely diftracled at .this, a maid- 
 fervant v whole name was Philotis or Tutela* telling her 
 defign to the fenate, took with her feveral other maid- 
 fervants, drefled them like miftreffes of families, and like 
 virgins, and went with them to the enemy. Livy, the 
 dicl:a:or, difpofed them about the camp ; and they incited 
 the men to drink much, becaufe they laid that was a 
 feftival day : the wine made the foldiers fieep foundly ; 
 and a fign being given from a wild fig-tree, the Romans 
 came and flew all the foldiers. The Romans were not 
 forgetful of this great fervice ; for they made all thefe 
 maid-fervants free, and gave them portions out of the 
 public treafury : they ordered that the day fhould be 
 called Nona GaprotiYue* from the wild fig-tree, whence 
 they had the fign : and they ordered an anniverfary fa- 
 crifice to "Juno Gaproiina* to be celebrated under a wild 
 fig-tree, the juice of which was mixed with the fa'cri- 
 fices in memory cf the action. 
 
 Curls or Curitis* from her fpear, d called Curh in the 
 language of the old Sabines. The matrons were under- 
 ftood to be under her guardianfhip; whence, fays e Plu- 
 tarch* the fpear is facred to her, and many of her ftatues 
 lean upon fpears, and fhe herfelf is' called ^iritis and 
 Curiiis. Hence fprings the cuftom, that the bride combs 
 her hair with a f fpear found {ticking in the body of a 
 gladiator, and taken out of him when dead, which fpear 
 was called Hajla Celibaris. 
 
 Cingula* g from the girdle which the bride wore when 
 file was led to her marriage ; for this girdle was unloofed 
 with Juno's good leave, who was thought the patronefs 
 of marriage. 
 
 d Fcftus. e In Romulo. <" Crinis nuben ium comebatur 
 
 hafta cciibrri, -quae fcilicet in corpora gladiaioris ftetiffet abjecli occi- 
 jfique. Feilus. Arnob. contra Gentes, s A cingulo. Mai 
 de Ntiptt 
 
( 84 ) 
 
 Do?nlnduca and Interduca^ h from bringing home the 
 bride to her hufband's houfe. 
 
 Egerw, * becaufe (he promoted, -as they believed, the 
 facility of the birth. 
 
 Februalis, Februata 9 Februa, or Februla, k becaufe 
 they facrificed to her in the month of February* l Her 
 fefti'val Was celebrated on the fame day with Pan's feafts, 
 when the Luperci^ the priefts of Pan^ the God of fhep- 
 herds, 'running naked through the city, and m Unking 
 the hands and bellies of breeding women with Juno's 
 cloak (that is, with the/kin of a goat) n purified them ; 
 and they thought that this ceremony caufed to the wo- 
 men fruitfulnefs and eafy labours. All forts of purgation 
 in any facrifices were called Februa. The animals fa~ 
 crificed to Juno ° were a white cow, a fwine, and a 
 fheep : the goofe and the peacock were alfo facred to her. 
 
 Fluoniaj p becaufe fhe affifted women in their courfes. 
 
 Hoplofmia, that is, () armed completely^ fhe was wor- 
 fhipped at EUs ; and hence Jupiter is called HopJofmtus. 
 
 r J u i a i becaufe fhe is the goddefs of marriages. s A 
 fireet in Rome where her altar Hood was hence called 
 Jugarius : and anciently people ufed to enter into the 
 yoke of marriage at that altar. She is alfo, by fome, 
 called Socigena^ becaufe l fhe affifts in the coupling the 
 bride and briuegroorn. 
 
 Lacinia, from the temple Lacinlum^ built and dedi- 
 cated to her by Lacinius. 
 
 Luclna, and Lucilia^ either from w the grove, in which 
 {he had a temple ; or from the light of this world, into 
 which infants are brought by her. x Ovid comprifes 
 both thefe fignificationt in a diftich. 
 
 h A ducenda uxore in domum mariti. Aug. de Civ. Dei 7, 
 i Quod earn paitui egerendo bpitulaii crederent. Feftus. kEx 
 
 Sext. Pump. t Cum Lupetfcaltbus. ra Ovid. Fafr. 2. ' n Fe- 
 bruabani, id eft, ptrrgafeant; Cic 2 Phil. ° Virg. JEa. 4. Idem 8. 
 ? Ovid. ibid. Quod fluonbus menftruis adeft. q Lil. Gyr. T Et 
 Graeci Ziyia, a jugo aut conjugo. Serv. in JEn. 4. s- Feftus. 
 
 * Quod nubentes aiTociei. u Strabo, I, 6. Liv. 1. 24. w A Luca 
 vel luce, Var. de Ling. Lat. 
 
 * Gratia Lucina } dedit bac tibi nommalu<us l 
 
 
( 8 5 ) 
 
 Moneta, y either becaufe file gives wholcforne coun- 
 fel to thofe who confult her ; or becaufe file was believed 
 to be the goddefs of money. 
 
 z Nupiialis ; and vvhen they Sacrificed to her under this 
 name, a they took the gall out of the vidim, and call it 
 behind the altar ; to fignify, that there ought to I 
 gall or anger between thofe who are married together. 
 
 Qpigena^ b becaufe the gives help to women in labour. 
 
 Parthenos, the virgin ; or c Parthenia, virginity • and 
 file was i~o called, as d we are told, from this circum- 
 ftance: there was a fountain, among the Argtvi^ called 
 Canaihus* where Juno^ wafhing henelf every year, was 
 thought to recover her virginity anew. 
 
 Perfe>51a, that is, perted : for e marriage was efteem- 
 ed the perfection of human life, and unmarried people 
 im perfect. Wherefore fhe did not become perfect, nor 
 deferve that name till (he married Jupiter. 
 
 Populous, or Popnlonla, ■ becaufe people pray to her; 
 or becaufe they are procreated from marriage, of which 
 foe is goddefs. 
 
 And for the fame reafon fhe was called s Pronuha : 
 neither indeed were any marriages lawful, unlefs fund 
 was ftrfl called upon, 
 
 Regina, queer. ; which title file gives herlelf, as we 
 read in ;r ' Virgil. 
 
 Vel quia prvaciplu?ntvy dea, lucis baber. Fail. 2. 
 
 Lucma> hail, ib nam'd from thy own grove, 
 
 Or from the light thougiv";!: us from above. 
 7 Vel quod reddat mcniia fahltariav vel quod fit Dea monetae, id 
 eft, pecun ia?. Liv. 1. 7. Su d. Ovid. Epilt. Parid. z Greece 
 
 TaywXia.. a Eufeb.de Praep. Evapg. 3. Plut. in Sympof. b O- 
 pem in partu labdrajtmbu? fen. Lil. Gyr. s Pindar, in Hymn. 
 
 Oiymp. d Paufan. in Corinth. o Jul. Pollux. I. 3. Apud 
 
 Grxcos eodem fenfu juno vocabatur rsAsi^j et conjugnim ip&Wh 
 ttteiov, quod vilam humanam reddat perfe£lam. V T ide Scholiaft. 
 Pindar. Od. 9. Venie. f Aug. de Civ. Dei. 6. Macrob. 6. Saturn. 
 3 Sen. in Medea^ 
 
 * Aft ego, qua divum incedo regina^ Jcvifque 
 
 Et far or et conjux. JEn. 1* 
 
 But I vvho walk in awful ftate above, 
 
 The queen of heav'n, filter and wife of Jove* 
 
( 86 ) 
 
 So/pita, i becaufe all the women were fuppofed to be 
 under her fafeguard, every one of which had a Juno, as 
 every man had his Genius. 
 
 Unxia was another of her names, k becaufe the pofts 
 of the door were anointed, where a new-married couple 
 lived ; whence the wife was called l Uxor. 
 
 SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE, 
 JUNO THE AIR. 
 
 If we regard Varro's account, by Juno was fignified 
 the earth, and by Jupiter the heavens. By the marriage 
 of Y^hich two, that is, by the commixture of the influ- 
 ences of the heavens with the vapours of the earth, all 
 things almoft are generated. 
 
 But, if we believe the Stoics, by Juno is meant the 
 air ; for that, as Cicero fays, m lying between the earth 
 and the heavens, is confecrated by the name of Juno : 
 and what makes this conjecture more probable, the Greek 
 a names of Juno and the air have great affinity and like— 
 nefs. Juno is called Jupiter* % wife; ° becaufe the air, 
 being naturally cold, is warmed by Jupiter, that is, by 
 fire. She is called Aeria p ; becaufe ihe is the air itfelf, 
 or rules in the air ; and hence arifes the ftory that Juno 
 is bound by Jupiter with golden chains, iron anvils be- 
 ing hung at her feet. Hereby the ancients fignified, that 
 the air, though naturally more like fire, yet it was fonie- 
 times mingled with earth and water, the heavieft ele- 
 ments. 
 
 And, as I mentioned before, every woman had a Ju- 
 no, and every man had a Genius -, which were their tu- 
 telar or guardian angels q . 
 
 i A fofpitando. Cic. de Nat. Deor. k Ab unguendo. LH. Gyr. 
 I Quafi Unxor, ab ungendis poftibu's. m Aer interjeftus inter 
 coelum et tenam Juncnis nomine confecratus eft. De Nat. Dee\r. 
 n Ar,£ et J/ H^a-. ° Hellenic, in frfa Qfoohfyw, H<?m, Iliad 5, 
 
 P Phurnut, q Sen, Epilt. 310* 
 
T/ah 
 
 Tape 8? 
 
( 8; ) 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 SECT. I. MINERVA, OR PALLAS. HER IMAGE, 
 
 P. THIS is a threatening Goddefs, and carries no- 
 thing but terror in her afpect, 
 
 M* It is Minerva^ who derives her name, as feme 
 think, q from the threats of her ftern and fierce look. 
 
 P. But why is fhe clothed with armour, rather than 
 with women's clothes ? r What means that headpiece of 
 gold, and the creft that glitters fo ? To what purpofe has 
 fhe a golden breaftplate, and a lance in her right hand, 
 and a terrible fhield in her left? On the fhield which 
 fhe holds, I fee a grifly head befet with fnakes. And 
 what means the cock and the owl that are painted there ? 
 
 M. I will fatisfy all your demands. She ought to be 
 armed, rather than dreffejj in women's clothes, becaufe 
 file is s the prefident and inventrefs of war. The cock 
 ftands by her becaufe he is a fighting bird, and is often 
 painted fitting on her headpiece ; as does the owl, of 
 which by and by. But as for the head, which feems 
 fo formidable with fnakes-, fhe not only carries it on her 
 fliield, but fometimes alfo in the mid ft of her breaft ; it 
 is the head of Medufa, one of the G organs, of which 
 1 Virgil gives a beautiful defcription. The bafilifk alfo is 
 facred to her, to denote the great fagacity of her mind, 
 and the dreadful effects of her courage, fhe being the 
 Goddefs both of wifdom and of war ; for, the eye of the 
 bafilifk is not only piercing enough to difcover the fmall- 
 
 q Minerva dicitur a minis. r Apollon. 90. s Virg. 2Ex\ t u, 
 Cic. de Nat. Deor. 
 
 1 JEgidaque horriferam, turbata Palladis arma 
 
 Certatim fquamis ferpentum auroque polibant : 
 
 Connexofque ungues, ipfamque in peSor.e Diva 
 
 Gorgona, defeSlo <vertentem lumina coilo. JEn* S> 
 
 The reft refrefh the fcaly fnakes that fold 
 
 The fhield of Pallas, and renew their gold : 
 
 Full on the creft the Gorgon's head they place, 
 
 With eyes that roll in death, and with diftorted face* 
 
e 
 
 ( 88 ) 
 
 eft object, but It is able to ftrike dead whatsoever crea 
 ture it looks on. But, I believe, you do not obferv 
 an olive crown upon the head of this Goddefs. 
 
 P. It efcaped my notice ; nor do I yet fee why the 
 Goddefs of war fhould be crowned with an olive, which 
 is an emblem of peace ; as, I remember, I have read in 
 u Virgil 
 
 M. For that very reafon, becaufe it is the w emblem 
 of peace, it ought to be given to the Goddefs of war: 
 for war is only made that peace may follow. Though 
 there is another reafon too, why fhe wears the olive: for 
 fte firft taught mankind the uk of that tree. When 
 Ckrops built a new city, Neptune and Minerva contended 
 about its name - 3 and it was refolved, that which foever 
 of the two deities found out the molt ufeful creature to 
 man, fhould give their name to the city. Neptune 
 brought a horfe ; and Minerva caufed an olive to fpring 
 out of the earth, which was judged a more ufeful crea- 
 ture for man than the horfe : therefore Minerva named 
 the city, and called it Athena ^ after her own-name, ia 
 Greek ? A§ew*. 
 
 SECT. 2.. THE BIRTH OF MINERVA. 
 
 HistoPvY mentions five x Minervas. We fhall (peak 
 of that only which was born oi' Jupiter y and to whom 
 the reft are referred. 
 
 P. But how was fhe born I 
 
 M» I will tell you, if you do not know, though it is 
 ridiculous. When Jupiter faw that his wife Juno waa 
 barren, he through grief ftruck his forehead, and after 
 three months brought forth Minerva ; whence, as fome 
 fay, fhe was called y Tritonia :. Vulcan was his midwife^ 
 f who, opening his brain with the- blow of a hatchet, 
 
 * Fac'tferaque manu ramum pratendit oli<vje. 
 
 And in her hand a branch of peaceful olive beau, 
 w piut. in Themiftoc. Herod, in Terpfich. x Cic. de Nat. Deor« 
 y Quafi TfjTo^mj vel Tfiropvt/K, tertio menfe nata, Athena^ apud 
 Gyr, * ,Lueian. in Dial, Deer. 
 
( «9 ) 
 
 was amazed, when he faw a an armed virago leaping out 
 of the brain of her father, inftead of a tender, little, 
 naked girl. 
 
 Some have faid, that b 'Jupiter conceived this daugh- 
 ter when he had devoured Metis^ one of his wives, with 
 which food he prefently grew big, and brought forth the 
 armed Pallas. 
 
 They fay befides, c that it rained gold in the ifland of 
 Rhodes^ when Minerva was born : which ohfervation 
 4 Claudian makes alfo. 
 
 SECT. 3. NAMES OF MINERVA. 
 
 Let us firft examine whence the names Mk^rvamd 
 
 Pallas are derived. 
 
 Minerva is fo called from e diminifhing. And it is 
 very true, that fhe, being the Goddefs of war, dimi- 
 niftes the numbers of men, and both deprives families of 
 their head, and cities of their members. f But it may 
 be derived from threatenings, as I faid before ; becaufe 
 her looks threaten the beholders with violence, and ftrike 
 them with terror. Or, perhaps, fhe has her name from 
 ! the good s admonition {he gives; becaufe fhe is the god- 
 defs of wifdora. She is commonly thought to be wif- 
 dom itfelf ; whence, when men pretend to teach thofe 
 that are wifer than themfelves, it is proverbially faid, 
 h That fow teaches Minerva. And from this name *f 
 
 3 De capitis fertur fine mat re fatertri 
 
 Vertice, cum clypeo profiluiffe f/o. 
 
 Out of her father's fkull, as they report, 
 
 Without a moiher, all in arms leap'd forth, 
 b Hefiod, in Theog. e Strabo, 1. 14. 
 
 a Auratos Rhodiis imbres, nafcente Minerva, 
 
 Induxijfe Jovemferunt. 
 
 At Pallas" birth, great Jupiter, we're told, 
 
 Beftrew'd the Rhodians with a Oiow'r of gold. 
 ^ e Quod minuit vel_minuitur. Cic. de Nat. Deor. t Vtl a mi- 
 H»s, quod vim minetur. Cormf ap. Gyr. g Vel a monendo. fetkti . 
 h Sus Minervara, rfc 'a6 v '5», Cic. j.Epift, iS, 
 
C 90 ) 
 
 Minerva comes minerval, or minervale ', fignifying the 
 falary that is given by the fcholars to their mailers. 
 
 The Greeks call her Athena, becaufe fhe never fucked 
 / the breaft of a mother or nurfe k ; for fhe was born out 
 of her father's head, in full ftrengtb, and was therefore 
 called motherlefs l . Plato thinks fhe had this name 
 from her fkill m in divine affairs. Others think fhe was 
 fo named, n becaufe fhe is never enflaved, but enjoys 
 the moft perfect liberty : and indeed wifdom and philo- 
 fophy gives their votaries the moft perfedt freedom, as 
 the States well ohferve, who fay, ° The philofopher or 
 wife-man is the only free-man. 
 
 She is called Pallas, from a giant of the fame name, 
 which fhe flew; or from the lake Pal/as, where fhe 
 was firft ken by men ; or laftly, which is more proba- 
 ble, from p brandifhing her fpear in war. / 
 
 She had many other names, which I might now re- 
 count to you ; but becaufe a great many of them are in- 
 fignificant and ufelefs, I will only fpeak of two or three, 
 after I have firft difcourfed of the Palladium. 
 
 The Palladium was an image of Pallas, preferved in 
 the caftle of tlis city of Troy ; for while the caftle and 
 temple of Minerva were building, they fay this image 
 fell from heaven into the temple, before it was covered 
 with a roof. This raifed every body's admiration ; and 
 when the oracle of Apollo was consulted, he anfwered, 
 That the city fhould be fafe fo long as that image re- 
 mained within it. Therefore, when the Grecians be- 
 fieged' Troy, they found q that it was impoffible to take 
 the city, unlefs the Palladium was taken out of it. This 
 bufinefs was left to Ulyffes and Diomedes, who undertook 
 to creep into the city through the common fewers, and 
 
 1 Graece ^owrfiv. - k *A6nvvi qua.fi 'A9^»j, ab «, non et 
 
 SyXafyiv mammam fugere. I "Apjrfos xm) upvpSfa matre ca- 
 
 rets. Pollux. Phurnut. m 'A9^£, quali Sioyyiy, vel 9 H^v6r t9 . 
 
 hoc eft, quae diviria cognofcit. Plato in Cratylo. n Ab « non et 
 Siixotfixl fervire. ° Liber nemo eft nifi fapiens. Tuliius in Parodox. 
 P Ave r» wafttew to hgv, a vibranda hafta. Serv. in JEn. i» 
 * Ovid. Faft. 5. 
 
( 9i ) 
 
 bring away this fatal image. When they had performed 
 this, Troy was taken without any difficulty. r Some 
 fay it was not lawful for any perfon to remove the Pal- 
 ladium^ or even to look upon it. Others add, that it 
 was made of wood, fo that it was a wonder how it could 
 move the eyes and fhake the fpear. Others, on the con- 
 trary, report, that it was made of the bones of Pelops, 
 and fold to the Trojans by the Scythians. They add, 
 that /Eneas recovered it, after it had been taken by the 
 GretkS) from Diomedes^ and carried it with him into 
 5 Italy j where it was laid up in the temple of Vefla as a. 
 pledge of the liability of the Roman empire, as it had 
 been before a token of the fecuvity of Troy. And laftjy, 
 others write, that there were two Palladiums \ one of 
 which Dicmedes took, and the other /Eneas carried with 
 him. 
 
 PartbenoS) i. e. virgin, was another of Minerva's 
 names; whence l the temple at Athens, where fhe was 
 moft religioufly worshipped, was called Parthenon. For 
 Minerva, like Vefla and Diana, wa? a perpetual virgin % 
 and fuch a lover of ehaftuy, that fhe deprived Tirefias 
 of his fight, becaufe he faw her b; thing in the fountain 
 of Helicon : u but Tirejias' mother, by' her humble peti- 
 tion?, obtained, that, lince her ion had loft th^e eyes of 
 his body, the fight of his mind might be brighter and 
 clearer, by having the gift of prophecy. w Ovid, indeed, 
 ailigns another caufe of his blindnefs, to wit, when Ju- 
 piter and Jtfho, in a merry difpute, made him judge ; 
 becaufe, when he killed a fhe-ferpent, he had been 
 turned into a woman, and after feven years, when he 
 ::1 a he- Terpen t, he was again turned into a man, he' 
 pronounced T6r Jupiter ; where-' ; deprived him 
 
 lis fight. There is another illuftrtous inftance of the 
 tity of.. : x when Neptune had enjoyed the 
 
 beautiful Medufa (wliofe hair wa's gold) in her temple, 
 
 r Herod'an. 1. 7. Plut. in Pared, Serv. in ^n. 2. Ctero.-iii 
 Pros s Dion. Hil. ». Antiq. m. in Hymn, adVe- 
 
 « Horn. OdvfT, 10, v/ Lib. McLu-n. * Nat Com, 
 li 7. c. i3. 
 
( 9* ) 
 
 fee changed into.fnakes that hair which had tempted 
 him ; and caufed, that thafe who looked upon her there- 
 after, fhould be turned into (tone. 
 
 Her name Tritonia was taken from the lake y Triton t 
 where file was educated ; as we alfo may learn from 
 % Lucan, who mentions the love which Pallas bears 
 to this lake ; or from t^V, or reflet* [triton] a word 
 which in the old Eoeiian and Melick language fignifies 
 a- head, becaufe file was born from jupitef*% head. Yet, 
 before we leave the lake Triton, let me tell you the ce- 
 remonies that were performed upon the banks of it in* 
 honour of Minerva. a A great' concourfe-of people out 
 of all neighbouring towns aflembled to fee the following 
 performance : all the virgins came in fevera! companies, 
 armed with clubs and ftones, and on a fign being given, 
 they affaulted each other; fhe who was firft killed, was 
 not efieemed a virgin, and therefore her body was dif- 
 gracefully thrown into the lake ; but fhe who received 
 the moft and the deepeft wounds,. and did not give over, 
 was carried home in triumph in a chariot, in the midft 
 of the acclamations and praifes of the whole company. 
 
 'Epy^nq b [Ergatis'] operand, workwoman, was her name 
 among the Samians, her worfhippers.; becaufe (he in- 
 vented divers arts, efpecially the art of fpinning, as we 
 learn from the c poets : thus - the diftaff is afcribed ta 
 
 y Panfan. in Bceot. I. 9. 
 
 z Hanc et Pallas am at, patrio quod <vertice vaia 
 
 Ttrrarum primam Lybien (nam proxima coelo ejf^ 
 
 Vt probat ipfe cahr) tetigit, -ftagnique quiet a 
 
 Vultus cvidit aqua, pofuitque in.margine plant as > 
 
 Ei fe delecld, Triomda dixit, ab undd. 
 
 Thss Pallas loves, born of ihc brain of Jove, 
 
 Who firft on Lyhia trod (the heat doth prove 
 
 This land next heav'n) Hie (landing by the Me, 
 
 Her face, within the quiet water fpy'd, 
 
 Ard gave herielf from the lov'd pool a name, 
 
 Triton' a. . 
 
 *■ Herodot. in Melp. b Ex Hefych. Ifidor. 3. 10. c Ovid, 
 Met. 6. Virg. JEn. 7. Theocrit. Ed. 34,.. 
 
 d Non ilia colo.calathifque Minerva 
 
 Famine as o.Jfueta moniti. 
 
 To Pallas aits her hands were never' trainM. 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 lier, and fometimes is called e Minerva, from her name, 
 becaufe fhe was the inventrefs of it. Although Minerva 
 fo much excelled all others in fpinning, yet Arachne, a 
 young lady of Lydia, very ikilful at fpinning, challenged 
 her in this art ; but it proved her ruin ; for the Goddefs 
 tore her work, and {truck her forehead with a f fpoke of 
 the wheeL This difgrace drove her into defpair, fo 
 that fhe hanged herfelf; but Pallas, oat of companion, 
 brought her again to life, and turned her into a fpider 5 
 s which continues ftill employed in fpinning. The art 
 of building, efpecially of caftles, was Minerva's inven- 
 tion 4 and therefore {he w T as believed to prefide over 
 them* 
 
 She is called Mujica ; becaufe, fays Pliny, b the dragons 
 or ferpents in her fhield, which inftead of hair encom- 
 paffed the Gorgons's head, did ring and refound, if the 
 firings of a harp or citern near them were touched. But 
 .it is more likely that {he was fo named, becaufe {he in- 
 vented the pipe; upon which, when file played by the 
 river-fide, and few in the water how much her face was 
 fwelled and deformed by blowing it, {he was moved 
 with indignation, and threw it afide, faying, i The 
 
 e Cut tolerare cob <vltam tenmique Minerva* Virg. JEn. 8. 
 By trf fpinfter's trade me gets her livelihood,. 
 
 f Frontem per cuff t Arachnes ; 
 
 Ihn tulit biftfiix i laqueoque ammo fa ligaxit 
 Guttura, pendente?)! Pallas miferata le-va-uit ; 
 Aiqueita, Five qui Jem., pende tamen, improba, dixit. 
 
 Ov, Met. 6, 
 A fm achne thrice upon the forehead fmotej 
 Whole great heart brooks it not : about her throat 
 A rope (lie ties ; remorfeful Pallas Maid 
 Her falling weight : Live, wretch ; yet bang, (lie faid. 
 g ■ Et antiquas exercet aranea lelas. 
 
 And, now a fpider turned, fhe {till fpins on. 
 ti Dicta eft mufka, quod dracones in ejus Gorgone ad i£lus cuharse 
 tinnitu refonabant. Nat. Hift. 1. 34. c; 8. 
 
 * — I procul bine, rwn efi mihi tibia tanti> 
 Ut <vidit *vultus Pallas in amnifttos. 
 Away, thou art not fo much worth, fhe-cryM, 
 Pear pipe j when fhe her faceT th' riream efpy'd. 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 fweetnefs of the mufic is too dear, if purchafed with ib 
 much lofs. 
 
 k Glaucopis was another of her names ; hecaufe her 
 eyes, like the eyes of an owl, were gray or fky- coloured, 
 that is, of a green colour mixed with white. Others 
 think that fhe was not called fo from the colour of her 
 eyes, but from the terror and formidablenefs of her 
 mien ; for which reafon lions and dragons are alfo called 
 Glaucii and Cccftu 
 
 She was alfo called Pylotis, from a ] Greek word, fig.* 
 nifying 2, gate : for, as the image of Mars was fet up in 
 the fuburbs, fo her effigy or picture was placed on the 
 jcity gates, or doors of houfes ; by which they fignified, 
 that we ought to ufe our weapons abroad, to keep the 
 enemy from entering our towns ; but in the town we 
 mull ufe the affiftance of Minerva, not of Mars 5 that 
 is, the ftate ought to be governed at home by prudence, 
 counfel, and law. 
 
 SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
 PALLAS THE SYMBOL OF WISDOM AND CHAS- 
 TITY. 
 
 By this ftory of Minerva m the poets intended to re- 
 prefent wifdom ; that is, true and fkiiful 'knowledge, 
 joined with difcreet and prudent manners. They hereby 
 fignified alfo the undemanding of the nobleft arts, and 
 the accomplifhments 'of the mind ; the virtues, and ef- 
 pecially chaftrty. Nor, indeed, without reafon : for, 
 
 I. Minerva is faid to be born out of Jupiter's brain ; 
 becaufe the wit and ingenuity of man did not invent the 
 ufeful fciences, which for the good of man were derived 
 from the brain of Jupiter ; that is, from the inexhaufled 
 fountain of the Divine Wifdom, whence not only the 
 arts and fciences, but the bleffings of wifdom and virtue 
 alfo proceed. 
 
 k t%&i?*w9rK> habens ocu'los glaucos et csefios, quales habet 
 yKavt, no£hia. Paufan in Attic. ] Atto t^ Wfatf, * p orta * 
 
 Phurnut, Mkhy), in Eumemd. w Cic, de Offic, 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 , 2. Pallas was born armed; n becaufe, a wife man's 
 foul being; fortified with wifdom and virtue is invincible : 
 he is prepared and armed, againft fortune; \n dangers he 
 h intrepid, in crofles unbroken, in calamities impregna- 
 ble. Thus ° though the image of Jupiter fweats in foul 
 weather; yet as Jupiter himfelf is dry and unconcerned 
 with it, fo a wife man's mind is hardened againft all the 
 afiaults that fortune can make upon his body. 
 
 3. Minerva, is a virgin, p as all the mutes are ; and 
 accordingly the fight of God is promifed to pure and 
 undented eyes: for even the Heathens thought that 
 chafte eyes could fee God; and Wifdom and Modeity 
 has often appeared in the vifions of holy men, in the 
 
 'form and habit of virgins. 
 
 4. Minerva has a fevere look, and a ftern counte- 
 
 . rrnce ; becaufe a wife and modeft mind gains not its 
 
 ^reputation and efteem from outward beauty and finery, 
 
 Ibut from inward honour and virtue : for Wifdom joined 
 
 with modefty, though clothed with rags, will fend forth 
 
 a glorious fhining luftre;, fhe has as" much beauty in 
 
 .tattered garments, as when fhe is clothed with purple, 
 land as much majefty when fhe fits on a dunghil, as 
 .when (lie is placed on a throne. j fee is as beautiful and 
 "charming when joined to the infirmities and decays of 
 nold age, as when fhe is united to the vigour and come- 
 linefs of youth. 
 
 5. She invented and exe»rcifed the art of fpinning : and 
 whence other virgins may learn, if they would preferve 
 
 their chaftity, never to indulge idlenefs, but to employ 
 themfelves continually in fome fort of work ; after the 
 ^example of q Lucretia, a noble Roman princefs, who was 
 jfound late at liight fpinning among her maids, working, 
 <and fitting in the middle of the room, when the young 
 gentlemen came thith-er from the king* 
 
 6. As the fpindle and the diftaffwere the invention 
 
 a Cic. in Paradoxis. ° Quemadrnodum enim non colliquefcit 
 
 j Jupiter dum finaulacrum ejus liquefit 5 lie fapientis animus ad quof- 
 jlibet adverlae fortunae cafus obdureicit. Seneca. P Greg. Njif. de 
 Virg, initio capimm.4. & 5 Serv. in JEn, si Livy 1, i # 
 2 
 
( 9* ) 
 
 of Minerva, fo they are the arms of every virtuous wo- 
 men. When fhe is furnifhed with thefe, (he will dtf- 
 pife the enemy of her honour, and drive away Cupid 
 from her with the greateft eafe ; r for which reafon thofe 
 inftruments were formerly carried before the bride when 
 fhe was brought to her hufband's houfe ; and fomewhere 
 it is a cultom, at the funeral of women, to throw the 
 diftafF and fpindle into the grave with them. 
 
 7. As foon as Tirefias had feen Minerva naked, he 
 loft his fight : Was it for a punifhment, or for a re- 
 ward ? Surely he never faw things fo acutely before ; 
 for then he became a prophet, and knew future things 
 long before they were acSted. Which is an excellent 
 precept to us, That he, who has once beheld the beauty 
 of true wifdom clearly, may, without repining, lofehis 
 bodily fight, and want the view of corporal things, 
 fince he beholds the things that are to come, and enjoys 
 the contemplation of eternal heavenly things, which are 
 not vifible to the eye. 
 
 8. An owl, a bird feeing in the dark, was facred to 
 Minerva, and painted upon her images, which is the 
 reprefentation of a wife man, who, fcattering and dif- 
 pelling the clouds of ignorance and error, is clear-fighted 
 where others are ftark blind. 
 
 9. What can the Palladium mean, an image which 
 gave fecurity "to thofe cities in which it was placed, un- 
 kfs that thofe kingdoms flourifh and profper where wif- 
 dom prefides ? It is fuppofed to have fallen down from 
 Heaven, that we may underftand (what we find con- 
 firmed by the Scripture) s that every good and perfect 
 gift comes from above, and defcends from the Father of 
 Lights. 
 
 To this I add the infcription which was formerly to 
 be ken in the temples of Minerva, written in golden 
 letters, among the Egyptians. l I am what is, whatjhali 
 be, what hath been : my veil hath been unveiled by none* 
 
 * Bellof. I. nit. c. 13. s James i. 17. t Ego Aim quae funf 
 qwse erum, quae fuerunt : velum meum revelavit nemo. Qiiem cg^ 
 fiucturn peperi, Soieft natus. Vide Lilt Gyr. fynt, 12. 
 
 3 
 
l 3 7a?c$ 
 
 Jiaoe gj 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 The fruit ivkich I have brought forth is this, the Sun is 
 bom. Which are words, as I think, full of myfteries, 
 and contain a great deal of knfe : let everyone interpret 
 them according to his mind. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SECT. I. VENUS. HER IMAGE, 
 
 M. TURN your eyes now to a fweet object and 
 view that Goddefs, in whofe countenance all rhe graces 
 fit and play, and difcover all their charms. You fee a 
 pleafantnefs, a mirth, and joy in every part of her face : 
 you fee a thoufand pretty beauties and delights fporting 
 wantonly in her fnowy bofom. Qbferve with what 5 a 
 becoming pride fee holds up her head and views herfelf, 
 where fee finds nothing but joys and foft delights. She 
 is clothed with a u purple mantle, glittering with dia- 
 monds. By her fidje ftand two Cupids* and round her 
 are three Graces , and *after follows the lovely beautiful 
 Admit, who holds up the Goodefs' train. The chariot 
 in which fee rides is made of ivory, finely carved, and 
 beautifully painted and gilded ; and is drawn by fwans 
 and doves, or fwallows, as Venus directs, when fee p!ea- 
 fes to ride in it. 
 
 P. Is that Venus, the Goddefs of Love, the patronefs of 
 {trumpets, the vile promoter of impudence and lull, in- 
 famous for fo many whoredoms, rapes, and inceils ? 
 
 j\L Yes,- that is Venus, whom, in more honorable 
 terms, men ftyle the Goddefs of the Graces* the author of 
 elegance, beauty, neatnefs, delight, and cheerful riefey 
 But in reality, fee is, as you fay, an impudent flrum-i 
 pet, and the miftrefs and prefident of obfeenity. 
 
 P. Why then is fee (o beautifully painted t Why is' 
 her drefs fo glorious ? Why is not her chariot rather 
 drawn by fwine, and dogs', and goats, than fwans and 
 doves, the pureft and chafteft of birds r Infernal and 
 
 uPhiloftnt. in Imag. Ovid Met. 10 & 15. Apul. 1. 6. Kor* 
 Od. 3, 
 
{ 98 1 
 
 lilack fpirits are attendants more fuitable to her than the 
 "Graces* 
 
 M. What do you fay ? Blind foolifh men ufed for- 
 merly to erecl: altars, and deify their vices ; they hal- 
 lowed' the greateft impieties with frankincenfe, and 
 thought to afcend into heaven by the fteps of their ini- 
 quities. But let us not inveigh againft the manners of 
 men, but rather proceed in our ftory of Venus. 
 
 You will in other places fee her painted, fometimes 
 like a young virgin rifing from the fea, and riding in a 
 ihell : again, like a woman holding the ihell in her hand, 
 her head being crov/ned with rofes. w Sometimes her 
 picture has a filver looking- glafs in one hand, and on 
 the feet are.goldtn fandals and buckles. In the pictures 
 of the Sicyomans, ihe holds poppy in one hand, and an 
 apple in the other. They confecrafed to her the thighs 
 of all facrifices except fwine ; for Venus, though Ihe her- 
 felf be filthy and unclean, abominates fwine for their 
 uncleannefs, or rather becaufe a boar killed Adonis her 
 gallant. * At Elis file was painted treading on a tor- 
 toife; fhowing, thereby, that virgins ought not to ram- 
 ble abroad ; and that married women ought to keep fi- 
 lence, love their own home, and govern their family* 
 y She wore a girdle or belt, called Ce/ius (from which 
 fome derive incejius, inceji) in which all kinds of plea- 
 fures, delights, and gratifications were folded up. 
 * Some give her arrows ; and make Python or Suada y 
 the Goddefs of Eloquence, her companion. 
 
 SECT. 2. DESCENT OF VENUS. 
 
 We learn from feveral authors, z that there were four 
 VenufeSy born of different parents : but this Venus of 
 whom we fpeak was the moft eminent of them, and had 
 the beauties as well as the difgraces of the others com- 
 monly afcribed to her. a She fprang from the froth of 
 
 ** Philoftrat. in Imag, Paufan in Corinth. x Plut. in praec. 
 
 <connub. et lib. de Ifid. et Ofir. 7 Horn. Iliad 14. 16. Eurip. in 
 Medea. Ex Phurn. * Cic. de Nat. Deor. » Hefiod. in Theog* 
 
( 99 ) 
 
 the fea, which froth was made, when they^cut ofF the 
 fecrets of Coelus, or his fon Saturn, and threw them into 
 the fea. b Hence (he was by the Greeks called Aphro- 
 dite ; though others think me was fo named from the 
 madnefs with which lovers abound. c As foon as fhe 
 was born, (lie was laid, like a pearl, in a fhell inftead 
 of a cradle ; and was driven by Zepbyrus upon the iiland 
 Cythera^ where the Hor&, or Hours, received her, and 
 took her into their bofoms ; educated, accomplifhed, 
 and adorned her ; and, when fhe came to age, carried 
 her into heaven, and prefented her to the Gods, who, 
 being taken with her beauty, all defired to marry her ; 
 but at laft fhe was betrothed to Vulcan y and afterward 
 jfnarried to him, 
 
 SECT. 3. NAMES OF VENUS, 
 
 She is called Venus, fays Cicero, d becaufe all things 
 are fubje£t to the laws of love, or are produced and be- 
 gotten by love. Or elfe, as e others fay, her name is 
 given her, becaufe fhe is eminently beautiful ; for file 
 is the goddefs of beauty. Or laftly fhe is fo called, be- 
 caufe fhe f was a ftranger or foreigner to the Rdmans ; 
 for fhe was firft worfhipped by the Egyptians, and from 
 the Egyptians fhe was tranflated to the Greeks, and from 
 them to the Romans. Let us now proceed to her other 
 names. 
 
 Arnica^ 'Erctipx [Hetaira] was a name given her by the 
 Athenians; g becaufe fhe joins lovers together; and this 
 Greek word is ufed both in a good and bad fignification, 
 fignifying both a fweetheart and a ftrumpet.' 
 
 b Ex at.$£>q fpuma ; vel, ut alii dicunt, £770 t£ atyxUsivs infa* 
 hire. Ex Euripid. et Phurnut. c Horn, in Hymn, ad Venerem, 
 
 «* A veniendo, quod ad omnes res veniat, vel quod per earn omnia 
 proveniant ac propignantur. e Venus quafi venufta. Paufan. in 
 i Attic* f Venus a veniendb, quafi adventitia, fie Graecorum Doc- 
 trina adventitia et tranfmaiina vocabatur. Cic. de Offic. g 'Eraipa, 
 id eft, focia, quod araicos et arnicas jungeret. Feflus ex Apol. et 
 Hefych, 
 
 F 2 
 
( ioo ) 
 
 Armata\ becaufe, h when the Spartan women fallied 
 out of their town, befieged by the Mijfenians, and beat 
 them ; their hufbands, who were ignorant of it, went 
 out to fight, and met their wives returning from the 
 purfuit : the men, believing thern enemies, made them- 
 felves ready to fight ; but the women fhowed, both by 
 words and by deeds, that they were their wives : and 
 for this reafom a temple was dedicated to Venus Armata. 
 
 The Sidonians called her [ Ajiarte, or Dea Syria 
 (which Goddefs others think was the Moon) and wor- 
 shipped her in the figure of a fear. 
 
 Apaturia^ that is, k the deceiver ; for neither is any 
 thing more deceitful than a lover, nor any thing more 
 fraudulent than love, which flatters our eyes, and pleafes 
 us, like rofes in their fineft colours, but leaves a thorn 
 in the heart; it torments the mind, and wounds the 
 confeience. 
 
 She was called by the Romans^ 1 Barbata ; becaufe, 
 when the Roman women were fo troubled with a violent 
 itching ihat all their hair fell off, they prayed to Venus^ 
 and their hair grew again \ upon which they made an 
 image of Venus with a comb, and gave it a beard, that 
 Ilie might have the figns of both fexes, and be thought 
 to prefide over the generation of both. That this might 
 be expreffed more plainly, -the uppermoft part of the 
 image reprefented a man, and the lower part of it a wo- 
 man. 
 
 CypriSy Cyprla^ and Cyprogenia^ becaufe fhe was wor- 
 ihipped in the ifland of Cyprus : Cytheris and Cytherea^ 
 from the ifland of m Cythera^ whither fhe was firft car- 
 ried in a feafhell. 
 
 There was a temple at Rome dedicated to Venus CaU 
 va ; n becaufe, when the Gauls poflefled that city, ropes 
 for the engines were made with the women's hair. 
 
 Cluaclna^ from ° Cluo y an old word, to fight \ becaufe 
 
 h Panfan. in Lucan. et in Attic. * Epiph. contra Haeref. Eufeb. 
 de Praep. Evang. i. * Ab »iretroiuy fallo. Lucian.de Dea Syr. 
 Strabo L n. * Serv. Macrob. Suidas ct alii. «» Feftus. n Lac- 
 tam, i, i. Divin.'Inftitut. ° Vegetius de Re militari. 
 
( 101 ) 
 
 V 
 
 her image, was fet up in the place, in which the peace 
 was concluded between the Romans and Sabines. 
 
 Erycina, from the mountain v Eryx in the ifland of 
 Sicily - 3 upon which Mneas built a fplendid and famous 
 temple to her honour, becaufe (he was his mother. q Ho- 
 race makes mention of her under this name, 
 
 r She is properly called RicUns y and Homer calls her 
 s a lover of laughing : for fhe is faid x to be born laugh- 
 ing, and thence called the Goddep of Mirth. 
 
 Horten/isj becaufe fhe looks after the production of 
 feed and plants in gardens. And Fejlus tells us, that 
 the word Venus is by N^vius put for herbs? as Ceres is 
 for bread, and Neptunus for fifli. 
 
 u Idalia and Aadalia, from the mountain idalus, in the- 
 ifland Cyprus^ and the fountain Acidalius, in Bceiiia. 
 
 Marina^ becaufe fhe was born of the fea (as we laid) 
 and begotten of the froth^of the waters ; which w Aiifa- 
 niiis hath elegantly mentioned in his poem. 
 
 Hence fhe is called ;; Aphrodiiis^ and Anadyomene^ thai 
 is, emerging out of the waters, as Apelles painted her; 
 and Pontia, from Pontus. Hence came the cuitom, that 
 thofe who had efcaped any danger by vvater, ufed to fa- 
 crifice to Venus. Hence alio the mariners crbferved thofe 
 folemnlties called Aphrodtfia 9 which Plutarch defcribes 
 in a treatife againft Epicurus. 
 
 Melanis^ or Melanis, y that is, dark and "concealed ; 
 of which nature are ail nodlurnal amours, both lawful 
 
 P-Plin. L 15. Polyb. I. iv Serv. in Mm 1. 
 q Siw fu mavis, Erycina ridens, 
 
 Quam'yjcus circumzolat et Cupido. Hor. 1. 1. Od. 2.. 
 
 It you, blind Goddefs, will our iide defend, 
 Whom mirth and briik defne do dill attend. 
 r Sui'das Phnrnur. s py, Q y^^ u i. e . amans lifus. Iliad 20.. 
 
 4 Hefiod. u Virg, JEn. 1. et Serv. Herat, faepe. 
 
 w Orta/a/o 9 fufcepiafolo, pat re edida Ccelo, 
 Heaven gave her life, the fea a cradle gave, 
 And earth's wide regions her with joy receive. 
 x Plin. 35. c. 10. Alex, ab Alex. 2. Clitipho et Lencippe. . 
 y, Nigra et tene'oicla, a &*&&$, niger, quod omhe amoris opus aniat . 
 tenebras. Pauf. in Aicad,. 
 
( 102 ) 
 
 and unlawful. For z works of love do all of them feek 
 the dark. Whence the Egyptians worfhipped a Venus 9 
 called a Scoteia, a goddefs to be admired in the night, 
 that is, in marriage. 
 
 Merctrix \ b becaufe fhe taught the women, in Cyprus x 
 to proititute themfelves for money. 
 
 c Migcnitis, fignifies her power in the management of 
 love. Therefore Paris, after he had mixed embraces 
 with Helena, dedicated the fir ft temple to d ' Venus Migo- 
 nitis ; and e Virgil ufes a like expreffion fpeaking of the 
 affairs of love. 
 
 She is called Murcla in Livy and Pliny, qziafi Myrtea % 
 becaufe the myrtle was facred to Venus ; and her tem- 
 ple, upon the Aventine mountain at Rome, was anciently 
 called Murcus* 
 
 Paphia, from the city Paphos in the ifland of Cyprus, 
 where they facrificed flowers and frankincenfe to her. 
 And this is mentioned by f Virgil. This image had not 
 a human fhape ; but as g Tacitus fays, It was from the 
 top to the bottom of an orbicular figure, a little broad be- 
 neath ; the circwnference was fmall and Jharpening toward 
 
 * Find. Od. 9. Pyrrh; ex Hefyc. a Ex<mU *«* tv%<ry Jawar^ 
 Dea admij^nda a no&u et tenebris. Eurip. in Hippol. b La£h 
 
 et Serv. c a ^\yw[j.\ y i. e, mifceo. Paufan. in Lacon. * Ve- 
 neii Migonitidi. 
 
 e __. guem Rhea facer dos ; ^ , 
 
 Furtruo part iii fub luminis edidil auras f 
 
 Mixta Deo mulier* «^ n * 7* 
 
 — — Him prieftefs Rbeabore 
 
 Into the lightfome world; fo ftorn by joy, 
 
 Mixt with a deity, fhe brought a boy. 
 
 * Ipfa Paphumfublitnis adit, fedefque revifit 
 
 Latafuasy ubi templum Hit, centumque Sabao 
 
 Thure calent arte, fertifque recentibus halavt. JEn* *• 
 
 This part performed, the Goddefs flies fublime, 
 
 To vint Paphos and her native clime. 
 
 Where garlands, ever green and ever fair, 
 
 With vows are offer'd, and with folemn pray'r 9 
 
 A hundred altars in her temple fmoke, 
 
 A thoufand bleeding hearts her pow'r invoke. 
 % Erat continuus orbis, latiore initio, ten uem in ambituji^ met** 
 mc4o ex.urgens \ et ratio io obfcuro. Lib* j« 
 
( 103 ) 
 
 th& top like a fug ar- loaf. The reafon unknown. h Lucan 
 obferves, that it was ufual to worfhip other Gods in 
 confuted fhapelefs figures. And it is certain the God- 
 defs Pcjjinujrtia (of whom we fhall fay mere when we 
 fpeak of Cybele) was nothing but a fhapelefs itone, 
 which, fell down from heaven, as we find by Ilerodian. 
 So \ Tertullian fays, Even Pallas the Athenian Goddefs, 
 and Ceres the Goddefs of corn? bath of them without any 
 certain effigies to ihern^ but mere rugged flakes , and Jhape~ 
 lefs pieces of wood, are things that are bought and fold* 
 And k Arnobius adds, the Arabians worjhipped a Jione r 
 without form orjhape of a deity.. 
 
 Her name l Verticordia^ fignifies the power of love to 
 change hearts, and toeafe the minds of men from all 
 cares that perplex them. m Ovid mentions this power 
 of hers. And for the fame reafon Venus is called in the 
 Greek a Epiflrophia. 
 
 SECT, 4. ACTIONS OF VENUS. 
 
 What deeds can you expecT: from an impudent and 
 powerful ftrumpet, but thofe which are full of lewdnefs, 
 mifchief, and plagues ? It were endlefs only to repeat 
 the names of all thofe, whom ihe has armed to the ruin 
 of one another -> whom fhe has turned into beafts, by 
 inciting them to commit fuch monftrous wickednefs, as 
 modefty will not let me mention. 
 
 For who without blufhing can hear the ftory of Nyt-> 
 
 h Simulacraque mcefta Deorum 
 
 Arte carenty cacifque extant tnformia trunds. 
 
 All artlefs, plain, mi ma pen trunks they are, 
 
 Their mofs and mouldinefs procures a fear. 
 i Et Pallas Attica et Ceres f.mea fine efSgie ruc\i palo, et informi 
 ligno proftant. Tertul. in Apol. k Arahes in for mem coiuerunt 
 lapidem. Arnob. contra Gentes. 1 Quail corda vertens, 
 
 m Temflajubet fieri Veneris qmbus 6 r dine fiUHis % 
 
 IndeS'enus <verfo nom'ma corde tenet. Faft. 4 
 
 Temples are rais'd to Venus, whence the name, 
 
 From changing minds, of Verticordia came. 
 B "E7H-%oOicx,> quod vertat homines. Paufan. in Attic. 
 
( 104 ) 
 
 timene ? She, infpired by impure !uft, and raging with 
 curfed flames, ° is faid to have committed inceft with her 
 father Nyfteus ; for which abominable wickednefs fhewas 
 changed into an owl, an ugly difmal bird of the night, 
 that, p confcious of her guilt, never appears in the day- 
 time, but feeks to conceal her fname, and cover it by 
 darknefs, being driven from the fociety of all birds. 
 
 Who does not abhor the fame facft of Myrrha, which 
 was contrived and committed by the inftigation of Ver- 
 mis ? She committed inceft with her father Cinyras^ by 
 the affiftance of her old nurfe, and had Adonis by him; 
 but her fin proved her ruin, q for fhe was turned into a 
 tree, which always, as it were, bewails its impurity, 
 and fends forth drops like tears. 
 
 Why fliould I mention the Prcpcetides, the chiefs of 
 ftrumpets, ~ who denied that Venus was a Goddefs ? 
 They were the firft proftitutes > and r were afterward 
 turned into ftones. 
 
 Why fhoujd I fet before you Pygmalion, a ftatuary ? 
 who, confidering the great inconveniences of marriage, 
 h ;d refolved to live fing-le ; but afterward making a moft 
 elegant and artificial image of Venus, he fell fo much in 
 
 ° — — P atrium temerdjfe cubile* Ovid. Met. % % 
 
 «— — To have defij'd her father's bed. 
 
 P ~»~ — «* Confcia culpa 
 
 'ConfpeSium, lucemque fugit '";■ ienebrifque pudcrem 
 
 Ceiai, ei a cun^is expellitur a ere iota. 
 
 Still confcious of her .Jhame avoids the light. 
 
 And f'hives to fhrottd her guilty head in night, 
 
 Expell'd the winged choir. 
 
 9 Qua quanquam ami/it veieres cum corpore fenfus, 
 
 Fiet tamen, et tepida manant ex arbor e gutta. Ov. Met. 10. 
 
 Though knk with ihape (he loft, ft ill weeping fne 
 
 Sheds bitter tears, wh ch trickle from her tree. 
 
 t — — Pro quo fua Numinis ird 
 
 Corpora, cum forma, primum e vu 7 gdjfe feruntur \ 
 
 Vique pudor ceffit y fanguifque indurwt oris, 
 
 In ngidum par-vo jilicem difcrimine <verfa. Id. ib« 
 
 The firft that ever gave themfelves, for hue, 
 
 To prostitution, mgYt by Venus'' irej 
 
 Their Igoks imbolden'd, modefty now gone, 
 
 Convert at length to little differing (lone. 
 
( io 5 f 
 
 Ibve with his own workmanfhip, that he begged of Ve- 
 nus- to turn -it into a woman, and enliven the ivory. 
 His wi-flies were granted, and he begot of this image 
 Paphos, from whom the ifland s Paphos had its name. 
 
 And here it will not be abfurd briefly to relate the 
 ftories of Pyramus and Tbijbe^ Atalanta and Hippomenes^,. 
 Paris and Helena , three couple of m-oft unfortunate 
 lovers. 
 
 Pyramus and Thijbe were both inhabitants of the city 
 of Babylon; equal in beauty, age, conditions, and for- 
 tune. They began to love each other from their cradles.. 
 Their houfes were contiguous, fo that their love arofe- 
 from their neighbourhood, grew greater by their mutual 
 play, and was perfected by their lingular beauty. This- 
 love increafed with their years,, and when they were 
 marriageable, they begged their parents confent ; which- 
 was refufed, becaufe of fame- former quarrels between? 
 the two families. And, that the children might not at- 
 tempt any thing againfl: their parents- will, they were* 
 not permitted to fee each other, or to fpeak together. 
 What could Pyramus do ? or how could Tbifbe bear 
 this ? There was a partition-wall between both houfes,, 
 in which wall there was a fm-al-l chink, never discovered; 
 by any of the fervants. This crevice l the lovers found, 
 and met here : their words and their fighs went through, 
 but kifles could not pafs ; which, when they parted, , 
 they u printed on each fide of the wall. But what a fa-. 
 
 8 — — De quo tenet bifida nomen*. Id. ib»., 
 
 From whom the ilhrKi does ns name receive. 
 
 t< ( Quid non,fe?itit amor ?) prinn.fenfifiu amantesj 
 
 Et ijoci feciftis itet\ tutatque per iilud 
 
 Murmur e blandttia minimo iranjire folebant, Ov d. Met, 4^., 
 
 This for fb many ages undeiciy'd. 
 
 (What cannot love find out ?) the lovers fpy'd,;, 
 
 By which their .wliifp' ring vo ces foftly trad", 
 
 And pailion's am'rous ambajlies convey'd. 
 
 u Partique dedere 
 
 Qfcula qui/que futv, non pervenientia contra* . 
 - ' Their kiifes greet 
 
 Tiiefenifckfe.ftones with lips that cannot me,:U. 
 
 * 55 
 
f 106 ) 
 
 tal rupture in their hearts did this fmatl breach in the 
 wall produce ? for their love was too great to be con- 
 fined to fuch narrow bounds : the next night therefore 
 they refolved to enjoy that liberty abroad, which they 
 could not receive at home, by efcaping into a neigh- 
 bouring wood, where they agreed to meet under the 
 fhade of a large mulberry-tree, which flood clofe to a 
 fountain. When night came on, Tbifbe deceives her 
 keepers, and efcapes firft, and flies into the wood ; for 
 love gave her wings. When file got to the appointed 
 place, w a lionefs came frefti from the flaughter of fome 
 cattle, to drink at the fountain. Tbifbe was fo fright- 
 ened that fhe ran into a cave, and in the flight her veil 
 fell from her head : the lionefs, returning from the foun- 
 tain, found the veil, and tore it with her jaws fmeared 
 with the cattle's blood. Afterward comes Pyrarnnsy and 
 fees the print of a wild beaft's foot in the gravel, and by 
 and by finds the veil of Tbifbe bloody and torn. He im- 
 mediately imagining ihat fne was killed and devoured by 
 the beaft, prefently grew diffracted, and haftened to the 
 appointed tree ; and when he could not find Tbifbe 9 he 
 threw himfelf upon his fword, and died. Tbifbe in the 
 mean time recovered from her fright, and came to the 
 inulberry-tree ; where, when fhe came near, fhe fees 
 * a man expiring. At firft fhe was amazed, and flop- 
 ped, and went back frighted. But when fhe knew T 
 
 Venit ecce recenti 
 
 Cade letzna boum fpumantes oblita ricluj, 
 .DepofiturafMm <vicini fontis in unda. 
 When lo a lionefs, with blood befmeafd, 
 Approaching to the well-known fprlng appeared* 
 
 x ,_ Tremehunda <videt pulfare cruenturm 
 
 Membra folum, 
 m . - -,,. — In great furprife 
 . Blood-reeking earth, and trembling limbs (he fpies* 
 7 Sed pojlquam remoratafuos cognovit amoves •> 
 Per cult ■ indignos claro pangore lacertos •• 
 Et laniata comas 5 ample xaque corpus amatum, 
 Vuinera fupple<vit lacrymis j fletumque' cruori 
 Mijcidt : et gelidis in multibus ofcu'ajigens, ^ 
 Fjrame, clamavit, quis te mihi cafus ademitt 
 
( *Q7 ) 
 
 who it was, file ran into the embraces of her dying 
 lover, mingled her tears with his blood, and folding her 
 arms about him, being almoft diftracted with grief, (he 
 lamented the misfortune that robbed her of her lover, 
 called upon him to anfwer if he could, when his Tbifie 
 called him ; but he was fpeechlefs, and, only lock- 
 ing up to her, expired. And now Thifbe was almoft 
 dead with grief : fhe tore her cheeks, and beat her 
 breafts, and rent her hair, and fhed a deluge of tears 
 upon his cold face ; nor ceafed to mourn, till fhe per- 
 ceived her veil, bloody and torn, in Pyramus 9 hand. 
 She then underftood the occafion of his death ; and, 
 with all her ftrength, fhe draws the fword out of the 
 body of her lover, and strikes it deep into her own ; and 
 falling accidentally on him, gave him a cold kifs, and 
 breathed her laft breath into his bofom. The tree was 
 warmed with the blood of the flain lovers, fo that it be- 
 came fenfible of their misfortune, and mourned. Its 
 berries, which were before white, became firft red with 
 grief, and blufhed for the death of Pyramus-, when 
 Thijbe alfo died, the berries then became black and dark^ 
 as if they had put on mourning. 
 
 In the next place hear the ftory of Atalanta and Hip- 
 pomenes* She was the daughter of king Sch&?ieus, or 
 C&neus* It was doubted whether her beauty or fwift- 
 
 Pyrame, refponde. Tua te, chariffima, T,b : Jbe 
 Nomhiat. Exaudi : <vultufque attolle jacenies* 
 Adnomen Ihifies oculcs in marie gr aval os 
 Pyramus erexi, ^vudque reccndidit ilia. 
 But when a nearer view confirmed her fear, 
 That 'twas her Pyramus lay weltering there 5 
 She kiiVd his lips, and when file found them cold, 
 No longer could from wild complaints withhold. 
 What ilrange miichance, what envious deftiny 
 Divorces my dear Pyramus from me ? 
 Thy Tkijbe calls — O, Pyramus, reply! 
 Can Pyramus be deaf to Ihijbfs cry ? 
 When ?bi/be"s name the dying lover heard, 
 His half-clos'd eyes for one laii look herear'd ; 
 Which, having inatch'd the blefling of that figh^ 
 Refignd themlelves to everlafting night. 
 
( io8 ) 
 
 nefs In running were greater. When (he confuted the 
 oracle, whether ftie fhould marry or not, this anfwer 
 was given, That marriage would be fatal to her. Upon 
 which the virgin hid herfelf in the woods, and lived in 
 places remote from the converfation of men. But the 
 jmore fhe avoided them, the more eagerly they courted 
 her \ for her difdain inflamed their deli res, and her pride 
 raifed their adoration. At laft, when file faw fhe could 
 not other wife deliver herfelf from the importunity of her 
 lovers, fhe made this agreement with them : ' You 
 court me in vain; he who overcomes me in running 
 (hall be my hufband ; but they who are beaten by me 
 {hall fi.'ffer death ; 1 will be the victor's prize, but the 
 vanquifhed's punifhment : If thefe terms pleafe, go with 
 me into the field.' They all agreed to thefe conditions 3 ; 
 they ftrove to outrun her \ but they were all beaten, 
 and put to death according to the agreement ; fuffering 
 the lofs of their lives for the fault of their feet. Yet the* 
 example of thefe lovers did not deter Hippomenes from* 
 undertaking the race. He entertained hopes of win- 
 ning the victory, beqaufe Venus had given him three 
 golden apples, gathered in the gardens of the Hefperides y 
 and alfo told him how to ufe them, Hippomenes brifkly 
 fet out and began the race ; and when he faw thbt-Ata— 
 lanta overtook him, he threw down a golden apple ? 
 the beauty of it inticed her, fo that fee b went out of her 
 way, followed the apple, and took it up. Afterward 
 he threw down another, which file purfued ajfd to ob- 
 tain \ and again a third y fo that while Atalanta was 
 bufied in gathering them up,, Hzppamenes reached the 
 goal, and took the lady as the prize of his victory. But 
 how rncontont is Venus, and how bafe is ingratitude h 
 Hippomenes, being drunk with love, gave not due thanks 
 to Venus % but was forgetful of her kindnefs* The God- 
 
 a Venit ad banc legem temer aria turba pro coram % Ov. M«M.ct» 
 All her mad wooers take the terms proposed, 
 k De.dinat curjm x aurumque <volubiie to/Hi. 
 She, greedy o[ the (hining fruit, fteps back. 
 'Sq satsh the rolling gojd . 
 
( i<?9 ) 
 
 defs refented it, and inflamed tbem with fuch ftrong- 
 impatient defires, that in their journey they dared to 
 fatisfy their paiiions in a temple of C.bele ; for which 
 impiety they were immediately puniffied, for they were- 
 turned into a lion and lionefs. 
 
 Laftly, let Paris and Helena come upon the ftage* 
 Paris was the for* of Priamus king of Troy, by Hecuba.. 
 His mother, when (lie was pregnant, dreamed that {he 
 brought forth a burning torch : and afking the ora- 
 cle for an interpretation, was anfwered, That it did por- 
 tend the burning of Troy, and that the fire fbould be* 
 kindled by the boy that {he had in her womb. There- 
 fore, as foon as the child was born, by the command of 
 Priamus, he was expofed upon the mountain Ida - y 
 where the fliepherds brought him up privately, and edu- 
 cated him, and called him Paris. When he. was grown 
 to man's eftate, many excellent endowments and qua- 
 lities fliined in him ; particularly, he gave- fuch great- 
 tokens of Angular prudence and equity in deciding con— 
 troverfies, that on a great difference which arofe among- 
 the God defies,, they referred it to his judgment to be de- 
 termined. The Goddefs c Dijcsrdia was the -occzfioa- 
 of this contention : for, becaufe all the Gods and God— 
 defles, except herfelf, were invited to the marriage of 
 Peleus^ {he was angry,, and refolved to revenge, the dis- 
 grace ; therefore, when they all met and fat down at 
 the table, {he came in privately, and threw down upon 
 the table an apple of gold, on which was this infcrip-- 
 tion, d Let the fairejl take it. Hence arofe a quarrel 
 among the Goddefies ; for every one thought herfelf the 
 handfomeft. But at laft, all the others yield to the 
 three fuperior Goddefies, Juno, Pallas, and Venus ; who 
 difputed fo eagerly, that 'Jupiter himfelf was not able to 
 bring them to agreement. He refolved therefore to leave* 
 the final determination of it to the judgment of Paris ^ 
 fo that {he {hould have the apple to whom Paris ihould 
 appoint it. The Goddefies confent, and call for Paris, 
 
 c Dion. Chry foil. Orat. 20. Pbiloftrat, in Icon, d Eufchrios 
 accipiat, vel, Detur pukhriori, 
 
{ no ) 
 
 who was then feeding fheep upon a mountain. They 
 tell him their bufmefs ; they every one court his favour 
 with great promifes. "Juno promifed to reward him with 
 power ; Pallas with wifdom ; and Venus promifed him 
 the moft beautiful woman in the world. In fhort, he 
 obferved them all very curioufly ; but nature guided him 
 to pronounce Venus the faireft, and to aflign to her the 
 -apple of gold. Nor did Venus break her promife to 
 Paris ; for in a little time Paris was owned to be king 
 Priam s fon, and failed into Greece with a great fleet, 
 under the colour of an embaffy, to fetch away Helena, 
 the moft beautiful virgin in the world ; who was be- 
 trothed to Menelaus, king of Sparta, and lived in his 
 houfe. When he came, Menelaus was abfent from 
 home ; and, in his ab fence, Paris carried away Helena 
 to Troy. Menelaus demanded her, but Paris refufed to 
 fend her back ; and this occafioned that fatal war be- 
 tween the Grecians and "Trojans, in which Troy, the me- 
 tropolis of all JJia, was taken and burnt, in the year of 
 the world 2871. There were killed eight hundred 
 fixty-eight thoufand of the Grecians; among whom 
 Achilles, one of their generals, loft his life by the trea- 
 chery of Paris 'hirnfelf. There were flain fix hundred 
 feventy-fix thoufand of the Trojans, from the beginning 
 of the war to the betraying of the city (for it was 
 thought that Mneas and Anicnor betrayed it) among 
 whom Paris himfelf was killed by Pyrrhus or Philocletes; 
 and his brother Heclor^ e the pillar of his country, was 
 killed by Achilles. And when the city was taken and 
 burnt, king Priamus, the father of Paris and Heclor^ 
 at once loft ail his children, Hecuba his queen, his king- 
 dom, and his life. Helena, after Paris was killed, mar- 
 ried his brother Deiphobus : yet fhe, at laft, betrayed 
 the caftle to the Grecians, and admitted Menelaus into 
 her chamber to kill Deiphobus ; by which, it is faid, fhe 
 was reconciled to the favour of Menelaus again. But 
 thefe things belong rather to hiftory than to fable ? to 
 which let us return. 
 
 e Patriae columen. 
 
( III J 
 
 SECT. 5. VENUS' COMPANIONS ; HYMEN^US, THE 
 CUPIDS, THE GRACES, ADONIS. 
 
 The firfr of Venuf companions was the God Hyme- 
 naus. He preftded over marriage, and was the protec- 
 tor of virgins. He was the fon of Bacchus and Vtiius 
 Urania, born in Attica^ where he ufed to refcue virgins 
 carried away by thieves, and reftore them to their pa- 
 rents. He was of a very fair complexion ; crowned 
 with the amaracus or fweet marjoram, and fometimes 
 with rofes ; in one hand he carried a torch, in the other 
 a veil of a flame colour, to reprefent the bluihes of a 
 virgin. Maids newly married offered facrifices to him, 
 as they did alfo to the Goddefs Concordia, 
 
 Cupid was the next of Venus' companions. He is 
 called the God of 'Love ', and f many different parents are 
 afcribed to him, becaufe there were many Cupids. Plato 
 s fays, he was born of Pe?ra* the Goddefs of Poverty , 
 by Poros, the fon of Counfel and Plenty. h tlefiod re- 
 lates, that he was born of Chaos and Terra, Sappho 
 derives him from Venus and Cesium. Alcaus fays he 
 was the fon of Lite and Zephyr us. Simonides attributed 
 him to Mars and Venus ; and Alcmaon, to Zephyrus 
 and Flora. But whatever parents Cupid had, this is 
 plain, he always accompanies Venus, either as a fon or 
 as a fervant \ 
 
 The poets fpeak of two Cupids, One of which is an 
 ingenious youth ;: , the fon of Venus and Jupiter , a ce- 
 leftial deity ; the other an obfeene debauchee, the fon 
 of Erebus- and Nox (Hell and Night) a vulgar God, 
 whofe companions are drunkerrnefs, forrow, enmity^ 
 contention, and fuch kind of plagues. One of thefe 
 Cupids is called Eros 9 and the other Anteros ; both cf 
 them are boys, and naked, and winged, and blind, and 
 armed with a bow and arrows and a torch. x They 
 
 f Phiioftrat, in Icon. s Plato in Sympof. h Vide Nat. Com, 
 et Lil. Gyr. i Cic. de Nat. Deor. k Piato in PbaeJro. * Plat, 
 apud Stobseam. 
 
c I« ) 
 
 Bave two darts of different natures; a golden dart>. 
 which p,« cures love, and a leaden dart, which caufes. 
 hatred, m Anter.os is alio the God who avenges flighted 
 love. 
 
 Although this be the youngeft of all the celeftial r 
 Gods, yet his power is fo great, that he is eiteemed the: 
 ftrongcft of them ; for he fubdues them all. Without 
 his affiftance his mother Venus is weak, and can do no- 
 thing,- as fhe herfelf ' confefles- in Virgil. 
 
 P. But why is Cupid naked ■?. 
 
 'M. He is naked, becaufe the lover has nothing of." 
 bis own, but deprives himfelf-of. all that he has, for his-' 
 mi ft re fs' fake ;,he can neither cover nor conceal any 
 thing from her;., of which Sompfon is a witnefs : for he 
 discovered to his beloved miftrefs- even the fee ret on ; 
 which , his. fafety did depend ; and here his underftanding 
 was blinded before his eyes. Another fays that Cupid '■• 
 is naked, ° becaufe lovers delight to be fo. 
 
 Cupid is a boy, becaufe he is void of judgment. His 
 chariot is- drawn by lions, for the rage and fiercenefs of; 
 no creature is greater than the extravagance and mad- 
 nefs of violent love. He is blind, becaufe a lover does 
 not fee the faults of his beloved object, nor coniider in 
 his mind the mifchief proceeding from that paffion.- He 
 is winged, becaufe nothing flies fwifter than. love,, for 
 he -who. loves to-day, will hate to-morrow ; and the 
 fpace of one day does oftentimes fee love and averfion, , 
 in their turns, reigning in the -fame ■ perfon : nay, Am-. 
 non, king David's fon, both loved and hated the fame- 
 woman in a fliorter fpace of time p . Laftly, he is armed 
 with arrows, becaufe. he ftrikes afar off. 
 
 m Scholiafh. in Theocr, 10. Idyll. Paufan. in Bceot. Plut. in-. 
 Sjrmpof. 
 
 n Nate, me a vires , mea magna poientia 9 folus* ./En* 4*. 
 
 Thou art my ftrength, O ion, ajid power alone. 
 *■ £>uare nuda Venus % nudi pinguntur amores P 
 Nuda quibus placeat> nudos dimittat ofortet. 
 Why's Venus naked, and the loves a+e fo ? 
 Thofe tbat like nakednefs ihould flaked go* 
 P. a Sam. xiii. 
 
( "3 ) 
 
 The Graces^ called ^ Charites, were three fitters, the 
 daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome^ or Eunomia^ as Qr- 
 pheus fays ; or rather, as others fey, the daughters of 
 Bacchus and Venus. The firft was called r Aglaia, from 
 her cheerfulnefs,. her beauty, or her worth ; becaufe 
 kindnefs ouglit to be performed freely and generoufly. 
 The fecond, s Thalia^ from her perpetual verdure ; be- 
 caufe kindnefs ought never to die, but to remain freih 
 always in the receiver's memory. The third, x Eu~ 
 phrofyne^ from her -cheerfulnefs ; becaufe we ought to 
 be free and cheerful, as well in doing as receiving a 
 kindnefs. 
 
 Thefe fillers were painted naked (or in transparent 
 and loofe garments) young and merry, and all virgins, 
 with hands joined. One was turned from the beholder, 
 as if fhe was going from him ; the other two turned 
 their faces, as if they were coming to him ; by which 
 we underftand, that when one kindnefs is done thanks 
 are twice due ; once when received, and again when it 
 is repaid. The Graces are naked, became kinJnefies 
 ought to be done in fineerity and candour, and without 
 difguife. They are young, becaufe the memory of kirid- 
 nefles received ought never to grow old. They are vir- 
 gins, becaufe kindnefles ought to be pure, without ex- 
 pectation of requital ; or becaufe we ought never to 
 give or receive a bafe or immodeft kindnefs. Their 
 hands are joined, becaufe u one good turn requires ano- 
 ther; there ought to be a perpetual intercourfe of kind- 
 nefs and affifbnce-arnong friends. 
 
 Adonis was the fon of Cinyras, king of Cyprus ', and 
 Myrrha. As he was very handfome, Venus took great 
 delight in him, and loved his company. When he 
 hunted, a boar gored his groin with hrs tufks, and kill- 
 
 <? Xoc^tb<; di£be unro ryq %«£.£$, *• *• a gaudio. 1 r -AyX#j« a 
 id eft, fplendor, honeftas, vel dignitas. s Socfola. (nam §u?\i\a. 
 
 eft Mufae nomen) id eft, viriditas et concinnitas a QccXXa vireo. 
 1 'EvtpfocrwYj, id eft, Icetitia et uibanitas. Vide Hefiod. in Theog. 
 u xty* X"Z iV t&t«j *« e * g«^tia gratiam parit, in Adag. 
 
( IU ) 
 
 cd him. Venus- bewailed his death with much forrow 
 and concern, and changed his blood, which was fhed 
 on the ground, into the flower anemone^ which ever 
 fince has retained the colour of blood. And while fhe 
 ran to affirt him, being led by his dying voice, a thorn 
 pricked her foot, and the blood that came thence fell on 
 the rofe, which before was white, but hereby made red* 
 
 Some add another pleafant conceit. They fay, that 
 when Venus and Proferpina contended before Jupiter 
 which fliould have Adorns^ Jupiter referred them to Cal- 
 liope, whom he appointed *to be judge of their quarrel. 
 Calliope gave this fentence, That Adonis fhould ferve 
 Venus every year fix months, and wait upon Proferpina 
 the other fix. The meaning of which fable is this : 
 Venus is the earth, and her Adonis is the fun. She reigns 
 with him fix months, attired with beauteous flowers, 
 and enriched with fruit and corn ; the other fix months 
 the fun leaves us, and goes, as it were, to live with. 
 Proferpina. 
 
 Laftly, from Adonis comes the proverb, w Adonis' gar~ 
 dens \ by which are fignifled all thofe things that are fine 
 and gay, but ufelefs and trifling. 
 
 SECT. 6. THE EXPLANATION OF THE FABLE. 
 VENUS THE SYMBOL OF AMOROUSNESS, 
 
 The Graces, Cupid, and Adonis, are Venus 9 compani- 
 ons, whereby is defcribed the ungovernable appetite and 
 inclination which is in men toward obfcene pleafures. 
 
 I. She is called the Goddefs of Beauty and Comelinefs ; 
 for beauty is the greateft fomenter of impure defires. 
 She, fitting on a frail corporeal throne, fubdues the foul : 
 {he, by her flattery and enticement, fteals into the af- 
 fections, and drives virtue thence, and bafely enflaves 
 the whole man. The Cythereans worfhipped Venus arm- 
 ed. Beauty needs no weapons : fhe who poflerTes that 
 is diffidently armed. Anacreon ingenioufly tells us. 
 
 Adonidis horti, in Adag* 
 
 
( "S ) 
 
 that nature gave women beauty, that they might ufe it 
 inftead of fpears and fhields, and conquer with greater 
 fpeed and force, than either iron or fire can. Helena^ 
 Pbryne, and innumerable others, are witnefles of this 
 truth. One lady, when -fhe was bound to the flake to 
 be ftoned, with the lightning of her eyes difarmed her 
 executioners : another, when her crime was proved, and 
 though (lie had often offended before, when {he tore her 
 garments, and opened her hreaft, flopped the judge's 
 mouth ; and, when her beauty pleaded her caufe, every 
 body acquitted her. 
 
 2. Beauteous Venus rides in a chariot, as it were, to 
 triumph over her fuhdued enemies, whom -love, rather 
 than force, has conquered. She has her ambufhes, but 
 they, are compofed of pleafure and enjoyment : fhe fkir- 
 mifhes with delights, and not with fire and bullets* 
 The wounds fhe gives are bloodlefs and gentle : fhe 
 ufes no other flames than what {he kindles with her eyes, 
 and draws the arrows which fhe fhoots from no other 
 quiver. And if fhe fights thus, it is no wonder if fhe 
 makes the enemy fly to her, rather than from her. 
 
 3. She wears a crown ; becaufe fhe is always victo- 
 rious. Beauty never wants fuccefs ; becaufe fhe fights 
 at leifure, conquers in time of peace, and triumphs with 
 her eyes. Thunder is contained even in her filence, 
 and lightning in her look. She feizes the breaft, ftorms 
 the mind, and takes it captive with one afiault, nay, 
 with one look. Beauty fpeaks without a voice, forces 
 us without violence, ties us down without fetters, and 
 charms us without witchcraft ; and in her to fee is to 
 overcome, and to be feen is to triumph. Auguftm re- 
 fufed to fee her in Cleopatra^ left himfelf fhould be taken,, 
 and the conqueror of the world fubmit to a woman : 
 when therefore fhe pleaded, and made her defence, he 
 opened his ears, but fhut his eyes. 
 
 4. She carries a looking- gla is, that the brittlenefs of 
 the glafe may remind her of the frailty of her beauty. 
 She is crowned with flowery garlands, becaufe nothing 
 is more fading; than beauty, which, like a flower, is 
 
( n6 ) 
 
 blafted by the leaft breath, broken by the leaft accident, 
 and dies in the fhorteft moment. 
 
 5. She is born from the fea, becaufe as many ftorms 
 and temp efts afHidt the lover, as difturb the fea : nothing 
 but bitternefs is his portion y fo that we may fay, that 
 x to love is to fwallow a bitter potion. This is certainly 
 true, that the bitternefs of the fea is fweet, if compared 
 with the bitternefs of love, But fuppofe love lias fome 
 fweetnefs, ver like the fea, from which Venus fprangj 
 it is full of ternpeftuous defires, and ftormy difappoint- 
 ments. How many v< fiels have been fhipwrecked there ? 
 how many goods loft ? 'What deftruclion not only of 
 men's eftates, but of their underftandings alfo, have 
 happened there"? Inftanees of which, every body who 
 is not blind has cbferved. 
 
 6. Gonfider the adulteries, rapes, and incefts of 
 which Venus h accufed, and you will find which way 
 her beauty tends. Lee the precipices into which that 
 ignis fatuus? in her eyes, betrays its admirers. Though 
 her face appears pure and cool as the ice, it creates a 
 p^-lion In re ami hot as fire. From that ftream 
 of fparkling fire which comes from her eyes, clouds of 
 dark and hellifti impurity^ and black mifts of luft pro- 
 ceed* Thi/?- by a ftmnge contradiction, many are 
 blinded by others eyes, and find tumults raifed in their 
 breafts from the: calm ferenity of others looks ; grow 
 pale at the rcdnefs of their cheeks, lofe their own beauty 
 in admiring the beauty of others, and grow imrnodeii 
 by loving rriedefty. 
 
 P. How far, I pray, will the fervour and the flow- 
 ing tide of your wit and fancy carry you ? The beauty 
 cf this Goc'defs, I fee, has raifed your admiration. 
 
 M, It has rather moved my indignation : but, how- 
 ever, you do well in flopping me. She hath detained 
 us longer than I expected, though not without reafon ; 
 becaufe fhe is one of the greateft of all the Gpdderles. 
 The red are lefs illuftrious, and will by no means detain, 
 us fo long. 
 
 x Amare effe araatori amarum.. 
 
( "7 ) 
 
 CHAPTER X, 
 
 LATONA, 
 
 LJTONJ, whom you fee {landing next to Venus^ 
 7 was the daughter of Phoebe > by Cans the Titan. So 
 great was her beauty, that Jupiter fell in love with her, 
 and defloured her. When Juno perceived that fhe was 
 big with child by him, {he caft he* out of heaven to the 
 earth ; and obliged Terra^ by an oath, not to give her 
 any where a habitation to bring forth in : and befides, 
 15 {he fet the ferpent Python upon her, to perfecute her 
 all over the world. Juno, however, was difappointed 
 in every thing ; for the ifland Delos received Latona, 
 where, under a palm or an olive tree, {he brought forth 
 Diana ; who, as foon as {he was born, performed the 
 office of midwife to her mother, and took care of her 
 brother Apollo as foon as he was born. 
 
 P. But if Terra fwore, that {he would allow no 
 place to Latona, how could ihe bring forth in Delos ? 
 
 M. Very well: a for they fay, that this ifland for- 
 merly floated in the fea, and at that time was hid under 
 the waters when Terra took her oath ; bu&emerged af- 
 terward by the oider of Neptune, and became fixed and 
 immoveable for Laiona's ufe ; from which time it was 
 called b Delos, becaufe it was now vifible like other 
 places. 
 
 P. But why did the ifland Delos emerge for Latona's 
 ufe ? 
 
 M. That is not flrange : for this ifland was After to 
 Latona* Some fay, that her name was formerly Afte- 
 rtax whom Jupiter loved and courted, but {lie was con- 
 verted into an ifland : others report, that {he was c con- 
 verted into a quail, and flew into this ifland, which was 
 therefore, among others names, called d Qrtygia. Niobe's 
 
 . T Apollod. 1. i. Ovid. Met. 6. « Orph. in Hymn. a Lu- 
 
 cian. in Dial, Iridis et Nep-unl. b A^o;, id eit, confpicua et 
 
 inanifefta. c Ovid, Met. 1.5, d 'a%1 tSs op7vyo<;> a coturnice, 
 2 
 
X "8 ) 
 
 pride, and the barbarity of the countryjmen of Lycia^ 
 increafe the fame of this Goddefs. 
 
 Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus, and the wife of 
 Amphion, king of Thebes. e She was fo enriched with 
 all the gifts of nature and fortune, and her happinefs fo 
 greaV that fhe could not bear it : being puffed up with 
 pride, and full of felf* conceit, fhe began to defpife La- 
 tona, and to efteem herfelf greater than her, faying ; 
 Is any happinefs to be compare 4 to mine, who am out of the 
 reach of fortune ? She may rob me of much wealth, but fhe 
 cannot injure me, fence fhe mufl leave me Jlill very rich f . 
 Does any one**s wealth exceed mine ? is any one's beauty like 
 mine ? Have 1 not feven mojl beautiful daughters, and as 
 many ingenious and^handfome fom ? and have I not there- 
 fore reafon to be proud^ ? In this manner did fhe boaft 
 of her happinefs, and defpife others in comparlfon of 
 herfelf; but her rrtfid pride, in a fhort time, deprived 
 her of all that happinefs which fhe had poffeffed, and re- 
 duced her from the height of good fortune to the loweft 
 degree of mifery. For when Latona faw herfelf defpifed, 
 and her facrifices difturbed by Niobe, fhe appointed Apolk 
 and Diana to punifh the injury that was offered to their 
 mother. Immediately they two go, with their quivers 
 well filled with arrows, to Niobe's houfe ; where firft 
 they kill the fons, then the daughters, and next the fa- 
 
 c Ovid. Met. 6. 
 
 *" Major fum yuam cut poj/it For tuna nocere 5 
 
 Multaque ut eripiat, multo mlhi plura relinquet. Ov. Met# 6» 
 
 My date's too great for Fortune to bereave 5 
 
 Though much fhe lavifh, fhe much more muft leave 
 
 z In quamcumque domus ad<verti lumina partem, 
 
 Immenfa fpeclantur opes. Accedat eodem 
 
 Digna Ded fades. Hue natas adjice feptem, 
 
 Et totidem jwvenes 5 et mox generofque nurufquet 
 
 ^uaerite nunc, habeat quam mftra fuperbia caufam f 
 
 Throughout my court behold in evxy place 
 
 Infinite riches ! add to this a face 
 
 Worthy a Goddefs. Then, to crown my joys 5 
 
 Seven beauteous daughters, and as many boys $ 
 
 All thefe by marriage to be multiplyM, 
 
 Behold, have we not reafon for our pride ? 
 
{ ii 9 ) 
 
 ther, in the fight of Niobe^ who by that means h was 
 itupified with grief, till at length foe was turned into 
 marble, which, becaufe of this misfortune, fheds many- 
 tears to this day. 
 
 The ruftics of the country of Lycia in Afta, did alfo 
 experience the anger of Latona with their ruin \ for 
 when fhe wandered in the fields very big with twins, the 
 heat of the weather and the toil of her journey brought 
 fuch a drought upon her, that fhe almoft fainted for 
 thirft. At laft difcovering a fpring in the bottom of the 
 valley, fhe ran to it with great joy, and fell on her 
 lenees ! to drink the cool waters ; but the neighbouring 
 clowns hindered her, and bid her depart. She earneftly 
 begged leave, and they as furlily denied it : (he did not 
 defire, k fhe faid, to muddy the ftreams by wafhing her- 
 felf in them, but only to quench her thirft, now fhe 
 was almoft choaked with drought. They regarded not 
 
 h . Orb a re [edit 
 
 Examines inter natos, natafque, e viru?nque 9 
 
 Diriguitque malts. 
 
 She by her hufband, fens, and daughters fits 
 
 A chiidlefs widow, waxing ft iff with woes. 
 
 i Gelidcs potura liquores* 
 
 To quench her thirft with the refreshing ftream. 
 
 k Quid pr obi bet is aquis? ufus communis aquarumt 
 
 Necfolem propnum natura, nee aera fecit, 
 
 Nee tenues undas. Ad public a munera veni. 
 
 Qua iamen ut detis fupplex peto, Non ego nqflros 
 
 Abluere hie artus, laffataque membra parabam : 
 
 Sed rele^varefitim. Caret os humor e loqueniis 9 
 
 Etjauces arent, <vixque eft 'via <vocis in illis, 
 
 Hauftus aqua ?nihi neclar erit : <vitamque fatebor 
 
 Accepijfejimul. 
 
 ■ Why hinder you, faid lhe, 
 
 The ufe of water that to all is free ? 
 
 "Nor fun, air, nor nature, did water frame 
 
 Peculiar 5 a public gift I claim : 
 
 Yet humbly I entreat it, not to drench 
 
 My weary limbs, but killing thirft to quench. 
 
 My tongue wants moifture, and my jaws are dry $ 
 
 Scarce is there way for fpeech. For drink I die. 
 
 Water to me were neclar. If I live, 
 
 'Tis by your favour.**— 
 
( 120 ) 
 
 her entreaties, l but with many threats endeavoured to 
 drive her away ; and left fhe fhould drink, they leaped 
 into the water and mudded the ftream. This great in- 
 humanity moved the indignation of Latona^ who, not 
 able to bear fuch barbarous treatment, curfed them, and 
 faid to them, m May ye always live in this water. Im- 
 mediately they were turned into frogs, and leaped into 
 the muddy waters, where they ever after lived. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 AURORA. 
 
 M WHO do you think that ftately n Goddefs is, 
 who is drawn in a chariot of gold, by white horfes ? 
 
 P. Is it not Aurora^ the daughter of Terra and 77- 
 ian^ the fitter of the Sun and the Moon, ancr the mo- 
 ther of the Stars and the Winds ? I fancy fo ; becaufe 
 her countenar.ee fhines like gold, and her fingers are 
 red like rofes, and ° Homer defcribes Aurora after that 
 manner. 
 
 M* Your obfervation - is very right : it is, as you 
 
 1 £*ue?n non blanda Dea potuiffent "verba mo v ere ? 
 Hi tamen ora?item perflant probibere j minajque 9 
 Ni procul abfeedat, con<viciaque infuper addunt. 
 Nee faiis eji : ipfos etiam pedibufque, nlanuque 
 Durban) ere lacus ; imoque e gurgiie mollem 
 Hue illuc limum faltu movere maligno. 
 With whom would not fuch gentle words prevail r 
 Eut they, perilling to prohibit, rail} 
 The place with threats command her to forfake ; 
 Then, with their hands and feet, difturb the lake : 
 And, leaping with malicious motions, move 
 The troubled mud ; wjjjcb, rifmg, floats above. 
 m JEternumftagnO) dixit , vivatis in ifio : 
 E*veriiunt optata Dea. 
 E'er, faid me, may ye in this water dwell ; 
 And, as the Goddefs winYd, it happ'd. 
 n Virg. Mxu 6» Theocr. in Hyla. Apollon, 1. 1. ? Hymn, 
 in Vener, 
 
JHafe 70 
 
( **i ) * 
 
 fay, Aurora^ whom the p Greeks call by another name ; 
 you have named her parents right -, yet ? fome fay, that 
 file was the daughter of Hyperion and Ttf/'tf, or elie Pal- 
 las, from whom the poets alfb called her Pailantias. 
 
 P. Does hiftory relate noth'ng done by her ? 
 
 M. Yes, r (lie by force carried two beautiful young 
 men, Cephalus and c iithonus, into heaven. - 
 
 Cephalus married Procrls, the daughter of the king of 
 jJibens. When Aurora couid by no perfuafion move him 
 to violate his marriage-vow, fhe carried him into hea- 
 ven \ but even there (he could not fhake his conftancy : 
 therefore fhe fent him again to his wife Proms, difguifed 
 in the habit of a merchant ; who, being defirous to try 
 her fidelity to her abfent hufband, tempted her, with 
 much courtfhip and many prefents, to yield to his de- 
 fires ; and, when (he almoft confented, he call: off his 
 difguife, and chid his wife for her inconftancy. She 
 was greatly afhamed, and hid herfelf in the woods ; but 
 afterward was reconciled to her hufband, and gave him 
 an arrow, which never miffed the mark, which {he had 
 received from Minoe. When Cephalus had this arrow, 
 he fpent his whole time in hunting and purfuing wild 
 beads. 3 Procris, fu {peeling that her hufband loved fome 
 nymphs, went before, and lay in a bufh, to difcover the 
 truth ; but when fhe moved carelefly in the bufh, her 
 hufband heard the ruffling) and, thinking that fome wild 
 beaft was there, drew his bow, and fhot his wife with 
 'his unerring arrow. 
 
 Tithonus was the fon of ' Laomedon^ and brother of Pria- 
 mus : l Aurora, for his lingular beauty, carried him up 
 to heaven, and married him; and, inftead of a portion, 
 obtained from the Fates immortality for him ; and fhe 
 had Memnon by him : but fhe forgot to afk the Fates to 
 grant him perpetual youth, fo that he became fo old and 
 
 P Graece dicitur 'hJ$ et 'Ea; unde Eous et Heous : Latlnis nomi- 
 natur Aurora, quafi Aurea, Eft enim, ut inquit Orpheus in 
 Hymnis, 'Ayyt^icx. ®g£ T*t£j>c?, id eft, Solis Nuncia. q Hefiod. 
 in Theogon. r Ovid. Met. 7. Fa u fan. in Lacon. 8 Ovid, Met. 7, 
 1 Hoiatius, 1. 2, Caim, 
 
 G 
 
( 122 ) 
 
 f i3ccrep : d, that, like an infant, he was rocked to fieep in 
 a cradle. Hereupon he grew weary of life, and, wiihmg 
 for death, afked Aurora to grant him power to die. She 
 faid, that it was not in her power to grant it; but that 
 file would do what fhe could ; u and therefore turned 
 her hufband into a gra&opper, which, they fay, moults 
 ■when it is old, and grows young again. 
 
 PyAnd what became of Memnon ? 
 
 M. Memnon went to Troy, to affift king Priam, where, 
 in a duel with Achilles, he was killed ; ?and in the place 
 where he fe 1, a fountain arofe, which every year, on 
 the fame day on which he died, fends forth blood in- 
 flead of w r ater. But as his body lay upon the funeral 
 pile to be burnt, it was changed into a bird by his mo- 
 ther Aurora's interceffion ; and many other birds of the 
 fame kind flew out of the pile with him, which, from 
 his name, were called Aves Memnon ce : theft dividing 
 .ihemfelves into two troops, and furioufiy fighting with 
 their beaks and claws, with their own blood appeafed 
 the ghoft of Memnon , from whom they fprung. 
 
 There was a flatue of this Memnon, made of black 
 marble, and fet up in the temple of Serapis at Thebes, 
 in Egypt, of which they relate an incredible ftory : for 
 it is faid y , that the mouth of this ftatue, when firft 
 touched by the rays of the rifing fun, feut forth a fweet 
 and harmonious found, as though it rejoiced when its 
 mother Aurora came; but at the felting, -of the fun, it 
 fent forth a low melancholy tone, as though it lamented 
 its mother's departure. 
 
 And thus I have told you, Palzcphilus, all things^ 
 \vhich I thought ufeful, concerning the cehjlial Gods 
 and Goddefles. 
 
 P. How much am I indebted to you for this, my 
 moft kind friend* But what .now ? Are you going 
 away ? Will you not keep your word ? Did you not 
 promife to explain ail the fabulous images in the Pan- 
 theon t 
 
 a Ovid. Met. i<iu * Ovid. Met. 13- f Ludan, in Philo> 
 
 Xzetzcs Chile 6* 
 
M. Never trouble yourfelf ? what I undertake I will 
 furely perform. But would you have us ftay here all 
 day without our dinner ? Let us dine, and we will foorx 
 return again to our bufinefs. Come, you fhall dine 
 with me in my houfe. 
 
 P. Excufe me, fir; I will not give you that trou- 
 ble, I had rather dine at my own inn. 
 
 M. What do you talk of trouble ? I know no per> 
 fori, whofe company is more obliging and grateful. 
 Let us go I fay : you are not your own mafter to-day*. 
 Obey then. 
 
 P. I do fo : I wait upon you. 
 
 G a 
 
( 124 ) 
 
 PART II. 
 
 OF THE TERRESTRIAL DEITIES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SECT. I. SATURN. HIS IMAGE, FAMILY, ANB 
 
 ACTIONS. 
 
 •• P. NOW certainly, fince we have dined fo well, 
 you wiil fpeak, and 1 (hall mind better. Come on: 
 Whereabout would you have me look ? 
 
 M. Look upon the wall on the right hand. On that 
 Wall, which is the fecund part of the Pantheon* as well 
 a§ of our difcourfe, you fee the tenjl>ial Deities 
 divided into two forts; for fome of them inhabit both 
 the cities and the fields indifferently, bud arc tailed in 
 general a the errejirial Gods ,; but the others live only 
 in the countries and the wood-, and are properly called 
 > the Gods of tk> Woods. We wii) begin with the firft. 
 
 Of thtfte'reftriai Gods (which are fo called, becaufe 
 their habitation is in the.e->rthy the mod celebrated are 
 Saturn. 'Janus^ Vulcan, -Mollis, and Mortm. The ter- 
 reftrial Goddejfes are Ve/la^ Cybele^ Ceres, the Mufes, and 
 Tkm f $ ; they are equal in number, to the celenSal Gods 
 and Goddefles. We will begin with the eldeft, Saturn, 
 whofe image you fee there. 
 
 P. Is that clecrepid, wrinkled, old man c Saturn, with 
 % Song beard and hoary head ? His fhoulde.rs are bowed 
 
 • D'?i.-terreftres urbes ct campos promifcue incolunt. * D \ au- 
 • teas jjiveftrcs r ure tairtum et ia fyivis degunW c Virg. JEn. 7* 
 
Flab 77 
 
 Taw- i 
 
( 125 ) 
 
 like an arch, his jaws hollow and thin, his eyes full of 
 corruption, and his cheeks funk ; his nofe is flat, his 
 forehead full of furrows, and his chin turned up 5 his 
 lips are black and blue, his little ears flagging, and his 
 hands crooked ; a his right hand holds a rufty lithe, and 
 his left a child, which he is about to devour. 
 
 M. It is indeed, Saturn, the fon of Terra (or Vefta) 
 an] Caelum, h Caeus, or Cceiius, c who was the fon of 
 JEiher and Dies, and the moft ancient of all the Gods, 
 This Caelum (according to the ftory) married his own 
 daughter/^/?,/, and begat many children of her. The 
 moft eminent of them was Saturn, whofe brothers were 
 the Cyclops, Oceanus, Titan, d the hundred -handed Giants, 
 and divers others ; his fillers were Ceres, Tethys, and 
 Ops, or Rhea, whom he afterward married. The lifters 
 perfuaded their mother Vejla to exclude Titan, or Tlta* 
 nus, the elded fon, and to appoint Saturn heir of his fa- 
 ther's kingdom. When Titan faw the fixed refolution 
 of his mother and fifters, he wculd not ftrive againft the 
 ftream, but voluntarily quitted his right, and transferred^ 
 It upon Saturn, under condition, that he fiiould not 
 bring up any male children, that fo, after Saturn's 
 death, the kingdom might return to the children of 
 Titan. 
 
 P. Did Saturn accept that condition ? 
 
 M. He not only accepted, but fincerely kept it, while 
 he could ; but at; laft his defign was prevented. For 
 his wife Ops, perceiving that her hufband devoured all 
 her male children, when (he brought forth the twins yu- 
 piter and yuno, fhe fent only Juno to him, and fent 
 yuplter to be nurfed in Mount Ida, by the priefteffes of 
 Cybele, who were called Curetes, or Corybantes. It was 
 their cuilom to beat drums and cymbals while the facri- 
 fices were offered up, and the noife of them rfndered 
 Saturn from hearing the cries of yuplter. By the fame 
 trick fhe alfo faved Neptune and Pluto from her devour- 
 ing hufband. 
 
 a Martian, apud Lit, Gyr. b Gtasce dicitur Gv^ccvk* c Norm. 
 L a-i. DioiiyX. Laa. Placid, in Thebaid. 1. 6. d Centimani. 
 
( 126 ) 
 
 P. Was this artifice ever difcovered to Saturn? 
 
 M* Yes ; and he demanded the boy of Ops : but Opt 
 Wrapped up a ftone in Twaddling cloths, and delivered 
 that to her hufband, to be devoured inftead of Jupiter^ 
 and Saturn fwallowed it down in a moment. 
 
 P. What did Titan do, when he faw himielf cheated, 
 iand the agreement broken ? 
 
 M.To revenge. the injury done to him, he raifed 
 forces, and brought them againft Saturn^ and making 
 both him and Rhea prifoners, he bounclthem, and fhut 
 them up together In a hell, where they lay till Jupiter^ a 
 few years after, overcame the Titans, and fet his father 
 and mother again at liberty. 
 
 P. I fuppofe that Saturn remembered this kindnefs, 
 and favoured "Jupiter afterward. 
 
 M. On the contrary, he ftroveto take away his fife ; 
 b becaufe he heard by an oracle that he fhould be dri- 
 ven out of his kingdom by a fon, as in reality he was 
 afterward : for Jupiter depnfed him from, the throne, 
 and expelled him from the kingdom, becaufe he hrd 
 confpired to take away his life. c BeJide this, when he 
 found Saturn almoft drunk with mead, he- bound h<m 
 and gelt birr'*, as Saturn had gelt his father Caelum before 
 "with his fickle. 
 
 P. And whither did Saturn go after he had loft his 
 kingdom ? 
 
 Iff. Into Italy i d which was anciently called Saturnia 
 from him. He lived there with king Janus ; and that 
 part of Italy, in which he lay hid, was afterward called 
 Latium, and the people Latini ; as e Ovid obferves. 
 JCing Janus made Saturn partner of his kingdom ; upon 
 which f Saturn reduced the wild people (who wandered 
 
 3 In Tartaro. b Enn. in Euemero. c Stat. Theb. 8. 
 
 'CI uid. de Rap. Prof. i. d Virg. JEvi. 8. Cyprian, de Idolorum 
 Vamtate. 
 
 e Jnde d~u -Genii man/it Saturnia nomen : 
 fiifiafnit Latium terra, latent e Deo. Faft, x. 
 
 The name Saturnia thence this iand did bear, 
 And l*atium too, becaufe he (heltefd he*e« 
 * -Diodor, i. j.. B.blioth, 
 
( "7 J 
 
 up and down before like beafts) to civil fociety, and 
 joined them to each other, as it were, in chains of brafs* 
 that is, by the brafs-money wh'ch he invented; and 
 therefore, on one fide of the money was (lamped kjhipy, 
 a becaufe Saturn came thither in a (hip ; and, on the 
 other fide, was damped a Janus Bifrms. But, although 
 the money was brafs y b yet this was the Golden Agc^ in, 
 which Saturn lived, when (as c the poets, who magnify, 
 the happinefs of that age, would perfuade us) the eanhu 
 without the labour of ploughing and lowing, brought 
 forth its fruits, and all things v/ere common to ail ; 
 there were no differences nor contentions among any, 
 for every thing happened according to every body's 
 mind. d Virgil hath given an elegant description of this 
 happy age in the eighth book of his MneicL e Ovid like- 
 wife defcribes it y and f VJrgil again in another place. 
 
 a At bona pofteritas pup pirn fignavii in <zre t 
 Iiofphis adnjentum tefiificata Dei. Ovid. Fait. 3., 
 
 A {hip by th' following age was fiamp'd on coin, r 
 To (how they once a God did entertain, 
 t> Virg. Geo. 1. c Vide Tihulh. Helled. Pherecrat. Trng, ip>. 
 
 J u ft i n . 1 . 41 . Mai tia 1 , v% . ep .73. \ 
 
 d Primus. ad athereo <venit Saturnus Olymt&\ 
 Arrna Jaws fugiens, et regnis txul adt?np:u. 
 Is genus indocile, ac difperfiwi monUbus all is 
 Compofuit, lege/que dedit. Laiiumque -Tocari 
 Maluit 9 his quantum latuijfrt tutus in oris : 
 - Aureaque, ut perhibent) illo fub r.-gc juers 
 Specula, fie placida populos in pace regebaf. 
 Then Saturn came, who fied the p nvYs of JosJ8 % 
 Robb'd of his realms, and baniftfd from above ; 
 The men difpers'd on bills to town he'bro'jgnr, 
 The laws ordainM, and civil cniloms tai;<-lv, 
 And Laiium calTd the land, where fafe he lay 
 From his unduteous Ton, and his ufurping fway s 
 With his wild empire, peace and plenty came j 
 And hence the Golden Times derived their name, 
 c Signal at nudo limit ef ojfjr hu?nu?/i. _ Amor, \i. 
 
 The delver made nor bound, nor Balk, 
 * Njc jignare quidem aut par tire iimiie camp um 
 fas erat. Q tQt lm 
 
 No fences parted fields, no marks, nor bounds 
 DiitinguifliYl acres of litigious grounds, 
 
( xtS ) 
 
 SECT. 2. NAMES OF SATURN. 
 
 Many derive the name Saturnus (or Satunnus, as 
 they anciently pronounced it) a from fwi?ig, becaufe he 
 firft taught the art of J living and tilling the ground m 
 Italy \ and therefore he was efteemed the God of Huf* 
 bandry, and called Stercutius by the * Romans, becaufe he 
 firft fattened the earth with dung : he is therefore painted 
 with a fickle, with which the meadows are mowed, 
 and the corn is cut down. This fickle was thrown into 
 Sicily, and there fell within a city, then called Trepa- 
 mtffl>> and fince Trcpano from b that circumftance : though 
 others affirm, this city had its name c from that fickle 
 which Ceres had from Vulcan, and gave the Titans when 
 file taught them to mow. But others fay, the town had 
 its name, becaufe it was crooked and hollow, like a 
 fickle. Indeed Sicily is fo fruitful in corn and pafture, 
 that the poets juflly imagined that the fickle was kept 
 there, 
 
 2. Again, Saturnus is derived from th.at d fulnefs which 
 is the efrefi: of his bounty when he fills the bellies of the 
 people with provifions ; as his wife was called Ops, e 
 becaufe Jhs helps the hungry. Others affirm, that he is 
 called Saturn, f becaufe he is fatisfied with the years that 
 he devours ; for Saturn and Time are the fame. 
 
 3. Laftiy, others think that this name is given him, 
 becaufe he is g the former cf the mind; for he creates 
 fenfe and understanding in the, minds of men, and per* 
 feds them with precepts and prudence. 
 
 a Saturnus di&us eft a Satu, ficut a Porta Portunus, et a Neptu 
 .Neptunus. Feftus.,S?rv. in i£n. 7. Lipf. Sat. 3. b Falx,enim 
 
 Graeci dicitur ^Ttctvov, Apollod. Argon 4. cOvid. Faft. 3* 
 <* A faturando, qitafi faturet populcs annona. e Quod efnrientihus 
 cnem ferat, f Q^od.ipfe faturetur annis quos ipfe dtvorat. Cic. 
 
 de Nat. Deor. -2. S Saturnus, quafi fator j/S, id eit, qui mentem 
 Xeniumque creat. Apoliophan. apud Fulgeniium, 
 
( m ) 
 
 SECT. 3. THE SACRIFICES AND FESTIVALS, 
 SATURNALIA. 
 
 Men only were facrlficed to Saturn ^ becaufe he was 
 delighted, as they thought, with human blood ; there- 
 fore the gladiators were placed under his protection, and 
 fought at his feafts. a The Romans efteemed h m an in- 
 fernal God, as Plutarch fays, becaufe the planet Saturn 
 is malignant and hurtful ; yet he is commonly reckoned 
 a terreitrial God. Thofe who facrificed to him had 
 their heads bare, and his priefts wore fcarlet garments. 
 On his altar were placed wax tapers lighted, becaufe by 
 Saturn men were brought from the darknefs of error to 
 the light of truth. 
 
 The feafts b Saturnalia, in the Greek language X$n* 
 [Cronia] were inftituted either by Tullus, king of the 
 Ro?nans, or, if we believe Livy* by Sempronius and JUfi- 
 MititiSj the confuls. c Till the time of Julius Cafar 
 they were finifiied in one day, on the nineteenth of De* 
 cemher ; but then they began to be celebrated in three 
 days, and afterward in four or five, by the order of Ca- 
 ligula - y and fome write, that they have lafted feven 
 'days. Hence they called thefe days d the fir-it, -the fe- 
 cond, the third, &c. feftivals of Saturn : and when thefe - 
 days were added to the feait, the firft day of celebrating 
 it was the feventeeth of December. 
 
 Upon e thefe feftival days, 1. The fenate did not fit. 
 2. The fchools kept holyday. 3. Prefents were fent to 
 and fro among friends. 4. it was unlawful to proclaim 
 war, or execute any offenders. 5. Servants were al- 
 lowed to be jocofe and merry toward their mafters ; as 
 we learn from f Jufonius. 6. Nay, the mafters waited 
 
 a Macrob. 1. Saturnal. c. 10. Tertull. de Tellimon. &dePallio. 
 b Dion. Hai ; carn. 1. 2. c Lipf. Sat. 1. Dio. 1. 59 Sc 66. Suet. 
 in Calig. Cic. ad Attic. 13. ep. 50. d Prima, itcunda, tertia, 
 Saturnalia. e NJartiai. 7. ep. 27. Piin. 8. ep. 7. Mart, pafli.n 
 Dio. 1. 58. A then. 14. Senec. Ep. 
 
 f A.'.rsa mac rewocet Batumi fefla December \ 
 
 Nwic tibi cum Scmim lurfere, wma, licet. Eel. de Men. 
 
( *3° ) 
 
 on their ftrvants, who fat at table, In memory of that 
 liberty which, all enjoyed in ancient times in Saturn's 
 reign, when there was no fervitude. 7. Contrary to 
 the cuftom, a they wa filed them as foon as they arofe, 
 as if they "were about fitting down to table. 8. And 
 laftly, b they put on a certain feftival garment, called 
 ffnthcjls^ ! ke a cloak, of purple or fcarlet colour, and 
 this gentlemen only wore. 
 
 SECT. 4, THE HISTORICAL SENSE OF THEFABLE. 
 BY SATURN IS MEANT NOAH. ' 
 
 P. Although it is generally fa id., (hat c Saturn was 
 Nimrod^ the founder of ihe empire of Babylon, yet I am 
 more inclined to believe the opinion of d Bocbartus, who 
 maintains that Saturn and Noahsveve the fame. Thefe 
 reafons, which he brings, feem perfuafive : * 
 
 1. in the time of Noah e the whole earth, fpake one 
 language - y and the ancient mythologiits fay, that the 
 beafts underwood this language. And it is faid, f that 
 in Saturn* s age there v/as but one language^ which was 
 common to men and brutes. 
 
 2. Noah is called in the 'Hebrew language, g a man of 
 the earthy that is, a hufbandman y according to the ufuai 
 phrafe of Scripture, whicK calls a fcldier iv a man of war % 
 a ftrong man, l a man of arms. ; a murderer, k a man of. 
 Hood ; an- orator,, ' a man of words \ and a Oiepherd, m a 
 wan of cattle. Now Saturn is juftly called a man of the 
 earthy hecaufe he married Tellus^ , whofe other names werr 
 Rhea and Ops.. 
 
 3. As Noah was the fir ft planter of vineyards ^ fo'the. 
 * art of cultivating vines and fields is attributed to Sa*> 
 turn's invention, 
 
 Dtecember now brings Saturn's merry feafts, 
 
 When makers bear their fpbrtiye iervants jefti. 
 * TenuJ. np. Lipf. b Petron. Asb'ifnv c Berofus, 1. 3. 
 
 A Bochart.- in iuo Phaleg. ■]. 1. c. 1. * Genefis, xr. 1. f Plato 
 in Politicis. % Vir terne, Genefis, ix. 20. k'Jofh. v. 4. * Job^ 
 xxii. 8. k % 8am. xvi. 17. l Exod. iv. m Gen. xlvi, %%* 
 
 *AnxeL Vu'br, dt Omino-Geo^s-Romanaeo,- 
 
( 13* ) 
 
 4» As Noah was once overcome with wine r becaule: 
 perhaps he never experienced the ftrength of.it before ;, 
 a fu the Saturnalians did frequently dnnk exceilively, , 
 hecaufe Saturn protected drunken mem, 
 
 5. As Noah curled hs Coa Ham, becaule he faw his 
 father's nakednefsr with delight ; b fo Saturn made a j|w ? , 
 that whoever faw the Gods naked fhouid be puniihed. 
 
 6. Rlato fays, c that Saturn ard his ivife Rhea, and 
 thofe iv ih them, were born of Oceanus and .Thetis : and 
 thus Ncahy and all that were with him,. were in a man- 
 ner new born out of the waters of the deluge, by the • 
 help of the ark. And. if a *nip was {lamped upon the.- 
 ancient coin ; s, d becaule, Saturn c^me into Italy in a 
 ffaip ; fu-rely this honour. belonged rather to Noah, who 
 ira a ihip preferved the race of ciap.kind from utter de-~ 
 ft ruction, 
 
 7. Did Nooh'foretd the coming of ike food ?." So did . 
 Saturn foretel, e that there. fioouid be, great quantities 
 of ram, and an ark built \ in vjhich men, and birds, and.] 
 creeping things Jhsuld all fail together * 
 
 8. Saturn \$ .faid to have de/oured all his fons,.but: 
 thefe three, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, . So Noah,, the 
 pallor and prophet, and as it were the father of ail mor- 
 tals, may be. faid to have condemned and deftfoyed all ■ 
 men, f becaufe he foretold that they would be ddtroyed ; 
 in the flood. For in the Scripture phrafe, the. prophets 1 
 are faid .. to do the things ivhich they foretel jkail be done - 
 hereafter. Thus when the s prophet fays, when I earner 
 U dejlrcy the city ; he means, when I came to foretel, thai • 
 the ciiy Jhould be dfiroyed,. But as Saturn had three fons , 
 
 a Macrob. Sat. 1. c. 6. Luci?.n. in Ep. Sat«j b CaH"mach';s in \ 
 Hy'mn. , c k.> Voc nail 'Psa q&oi (jlz?o. Tovj^vySaZi id ell, Saturn as > 
 et Rhea et qui cum diss n ere ex Oceana et Thetide .naii peihibentinv . 
 Plato in Tifflaso* * p] uta rch. in V^^fe e **$*** ^p- 
 
 cyqgt\mv % l<ri§oi* wy#ifo$ Jo^qui^ &£* id ell, Saturnus. piaenunciat : 
 magnam imhrium vim futuram, et fabricandajn effe arcam, et itx* 
 ea cum voluciibus, rcpulibus, atque jumentis effe navi^-d;; 
 Alex.. Pol} hiitor. apud Cyril, centra Julian, L j*, 
 xn 7-, , s Ezek; x&i, . 
 
( *3* ) 
 
 left to him not devoured ; fo had Noah three, Sem 7 
 Cham, and Japhet, who were not deftroyed in the flood. 
 
 Furthermore, thefe reafons may perfuade us that 
 Noah'? fbn Cham is Jupiter : i. His Hebrew name iifoff* 
 is by many called Chain, from which it is plain, the 
 Egyptians had the nanie-^/i^ [^fwcwwj and the Africans 
 had Ammon or Hamnwn. 2. C6tf/# was the youngeft fon 
 of Noah, as Jupiter was of Saturn. 3. Jupiter is feign- 
 ed to be a /0ns? of the heavens \ thus 6W///2 had Africa, 
 which country is efteemed nearer the heavens than other 
 countries, beeaufe it has the planets vertical. 4. Jupi- 
 ter gelded his father, which ftory feems to be taken 
 from the twenty- fecond verfe of the ninth chapter of 
 Genejts', where it is written, and Ham faw the nakednefs 
 of his father, and told \ o*5 and cut of; b for fo it might, 
 by miftake, be read in the Hebrew tongue, by altering 
 only one or two vowels, 
 
 Japhet is the fame with Neptune ; c for as Neptune 
 had the command of the fea, fo the iflands and peninfulas 
 fell chiefly to Japhefs lot. 
 
 But how fhall we prove that Sem was Pluto? What 
 carried him into hell ? Not his piety and holinefs, by 
 ■which he excelled his brothers, and' glorified his own 
 name : but, perhaps beeaufe he was fo holy, and fo 
 great an enemy to idolatry, the idolaters hated him 
 while he lived, and endeavoured to blacken his memory 
 when he died, by lending him to the Stygian darknefs, 
 and putting into his hand the fceptre of hell. 
 
 SECT. 5. A PHILOSOPHICAL SENSE OF THE FABLE. 
 
 SATURN, TIME. 
 
 The Greek d words figniiying Saturn and Time differ 
 only in one letter $ from which it is plain, that by &?- 
 
 a Callirnach. Hymn, ad Jovem. Lncan. 2. 9. *> Et nunciavit, 
 vajagged, pro quo facile legi potuit vejaggod, id eft, abfeidit 5 turn 
 maxime cum vocalia pun&a riulladum erant fubferipta confonantibus, 
 c Laftan. de falfa Relig. 1. »• c, x* d Kgow$ Saturnus, Xgoro; 
 Tempus* 
 

Tlafe 7il 
 
 J?«ye 133 
 
( *33 ) 
 
 turn 9 Time may be meant. And on this account 2 Sa- 
 turn is painted devouring his children, and vomiting 
 them up again ; as indeed Time devours and confuroes 
 all things it has produced, which at length revive again, 
 and are as it were renewed. 
 
 Or elfe days, months, and years, are the children of 
 Timey which he conftantly devours and produces anew. 
 
 Sometimes he is painted in the midft between two 
 bovs and two girls ; and Time is furrounded by the differ- 
 ent feafons of the year, as parents are by their children, 
 
 Laftly, as Saturn has his Jithe 9 (o has Time too, with 
 which he mows down all things ; neither can the hard- 
 eft adamant withstand the edge thereof. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 SECT. I. JANUS. HIS IMAGE. 
 
 P. O STRANGE ! What is this ? An image 
 with two faces and one head only ! 
 
 M. It is f o ; and by thofe faces he fees the things 
 placed both before and behind him. It is Janus the 
 * two-faced God ; holding a key in his right hand, and 
 a rod in his left. Beneath his feet you fee twelve altars. 
 If he could lay afide that rod and key, perhaps, accord- 
 ing to his cuftom, -he would exprefs to you the number 
 three hundred with one hand, and the number fixty- 
 five by the other ; by differently moving, bending, and 
 weaving his fingers. 
 
 P. I do not thoroughly underftand your meaning. 
 M. You will foon clearly and perfectly underftand 
 "both what I fay, and what you fee with your eyes. 
 Stay a little, till I explain the four molt remarkable 
 names of this God : for in fo doing, I (hall not only 
 explain this picture, but alfo tell you whatever things 
 are neceffary concerning Janus in this place. 
 
 3 Cic. de Nat". Deor. Orph. in Hymn, ad Saturn. iEfchyl. in 
 Eumen. j> Bifrons Deus, Ovid. 
 
( m ) 
 
 S:ECT 2. NAMES. AND ACTIONS OF JANUS.. 
 
 Some a fay that Janus was the (on of Ccelus and He* 
 mte : and that his name was given him b from a, word 
 fignifying to go or pa fs through, c Whence it: is, that 
 thoroughfares are called, in the plural number, jani ; 
 and the gates before the doors of private houfes, januce. . 
 A place at Rone w.^s called Jani^'m which d were three- 
 images of Janus: and there ufurers and. creditors met 
 always to pay and receive money. This place is men- 
 tioned both by e Tully and f Horace, 
 
 As he is painted with two faces, (b he is called, by, 
 Virgil § Bifrons^ and by Ovid h Biceps : becaufe, fo great 
 was his prudence, that he faw both ihe things pair, and,: 
 thofe which were future*. Of elfe, becaufe by Janus 
 the world was thought to be meant, viewing with 1 1 s : 
 two faces the two principal quarters, the eaft and weft : 
 he is.aifo defcribed i with four faces, from the four.; 
 quarters of the world ; becaufe he governs them by his 
 counfel and authority.. Or becaufe, as he is lord of the 
 day, with his two faces he obferves both the morning; 
 and the evening ; as k Horace fays. 
 
 When Romulus^ king of the Romans^ made a leaguq > 
 
 a Arnob. cont. Gentes. b Janus quafi "Ea;nus ab eundo* c Unde 
 fk, ut tianikiones pervioe.Jani (plurali numeio) forefque in liminibus 
 prcfanarum sedium Januas dicerentutt Cic. tie Nat. Dear. <* A-. - 
 crc-n. in Horat. I. 2. fat, 8* . e Viri optimi ad .medium Janumfe-> 
 denies. Cic. de Offic. 2. Dempfter. in Paralip. 'f Imus et Aun?,- 
 IDUS Janus. Horat. 1. 1 . ep. i v t g -V'rg. J£n. 12. 
 
 h 'Jane Bleep anni tacit e latent is imago, 
 
 Solus defuperis, qui tuatcrga <vides. 
 
 ThoUy.Double.pate, the fkimg year daft drew, } 
 
 The only God that thine own back canft .view.. 
 i Quadrifjons. 
 
 k Matutine pater y feu Jane, HbeniioY audit, , 
 
 lAide homines operum primos < viteeque labor es 
 
 \njlituunt-~—~ 
 
 Old Janus, if you pleafe, grave- two- fae'd father, 
 
 Or eife blight God o'th' morning, choofe you whether* • 
 
 Who iltfi\ the lives and toils of mortal men. 
 
( *3S ) 
 
 with Taints, king of the Sabims, they (dt up an image 
 of Janus BifronS) intending thereby to represent a both 
 nations between which- the peace was concluded. Numa 
 afterward built a temple, which had double doors, and 
 dedicated it to the fame Janus. When FaUJci, a city of 
 Hstruria^ was taken, b there was an image of Jani.i 
 found with four faces ; upon which th^ temple of Ja- 
 nus had four gates. But bf that temple, we -.ihall . fpealc 
 by and by. 
 
 He Was called c Clawigef, turnkey or club-bearer, from, 
 the rod and key in his hands; He held the rod, becaufe 
 he was the d guardian of the ways; and the key, for; 
 thefe reafons : 
 
 i. He was the inventor -of locks, doors,., and gates y 
 which are called janucs r after his name; and himfelf is* 
 called e Janitor^ becaufe doors were under his protcc-. 
 tion. 
 
 2. He is the Janitor of the year, and of all the 
 months ; the firft of which takes the name of January* 
 from him. ' To Juno belong the calends of the '.month?,, 
 and fhe committed them to his care, therefore he is 
 called by focnejunonius, and f Martial 'rakes notice, that 
 the government of the year was committed to him ; for 
 which rcafon,. g twelve altars- were dedicated to him* 
 according to the number of the months ; as there were 
 alfo twelve 1rn a 11 chapels in his temple. h The confute 
 were, among the Romans, inaugurated in the temple oft 
 Janus , who were from this fa id * to open the year. 
 Upon the calends of January (and as Macrobius fays odf 
 the calends of March) a new laurel was hung upon the 
 
 a EfFecerunt firanlacnim-Jsne Bifronti qualr ad imagiriem duornm- 
 popuiorum. Serv. in ./Eh. 12. b Captis Falifcis inventum eit 
 
 limulacrum Jani Quadrifrontis. Serv. in /En. 7. c Ovid. Fa'ft. 1. 
 d Re&or via; urn. Li!. Gyr. e Grasce ©fc£«?c?« 
 
 f Aimorum, nitidique fat or fulc'mrrime mundu 3. 10. ep. z$j 
 Gay founder of the world, and of our years, 
 g Var. lib. Human. Sidon. Apollin. Carrn. f\ 1, Sat. c, 12* 
 * Sidon. ibid, * Aperire annum. Vide Lexicogr. . 
 
( >3« ) 
 
 ft-atue of J 'anus, and. the. old laurel was taken away ; of 
 which cuftom a Ovid makes mention. 
 
 P. Was this done, becaufe he was the inventor of 
 laurel garlands ? 
 
 M. Pliny thought not, but believed this cuftom was 
 occafioned, becaufe ''Janus rules over the year ; b The 
 Jlaiue, fays he, of Janus, which was dedicated by Numa, 
 had its fingers fo conrpofed, as tofignify the number of three 
 hundred fixty- five days ; to /how that Janus was a God, by 
 his knowledge in the year^ and tune and ages. c He had 
 not thefe figures defcribed on his hand, but had a pecu- 
 liar way of numbering them, by bending, ftretching, 
 or mixing his fingers ; of which numeration many are 
 the opinions of authors. 
 
 3. He holds a key in his hand, becaufe he is, as it 
 were, the d door through which the prayers of mankind < 
 have accefs to the Gods : for, in all facrificcs, prayers 
 were firft offered up to Janus. And Janus himfelf gives 
 the fame reafon, as we find in e Ovid, why, before rrjen 
 facrificed to any of the other Gods, they firft offered 
 facrifice to him. But Fe/ius gives another reafon why 
 prayers and facrifices were in the firft place offered to 
 Janiit ; to wit, becaufe men thought that all things 
 took their being from Janus, therefore they firft made 
 
 a Laurea Flam'mibus, qua toto perfiitit anno, 
 
 Tollitur, etfrondesfunt in konore no^te. FafL 3. 
 
 The laurel, that the former year d : d grace, 
 
 T' a frefh and verdant garland yields his place. 
 b Quod Janus Geminus a Nurna rege dicatus digitis ita flguratis 
 ut trecentorum quinquaginta quinque (fexaginta quinque alii legunt) 
 dierum ncta, per fignificaticnem anni, temporis, et sevi, fe Deum in- 
 ch'caret. -Piinius. Vide eriam Athen. 1. 34. c. 7. & Lil. Gyr. 
 F Tiraq. Lil. Gyr. Apuleii 1. Apol. Sec. d Arnob. contra Gentes. 
 
 c ■ Cur quam c vis aliorum numlna placem, 
 Jane, tibi prtmum thura merumque fero P 
 
 Ut pojfis aditum per me, qui liminaferuo, 
 
 Ad quofcunque 'voles, inquit, habere deos % Faft» I, 
 
 Why is't that, though I other gods adore, 
 
 I firft mull Janus' deity implore? 
 
 Becaufe I hold the door, by which accsfs 
 
 Is had to any god you would addiefs. 
 
'■ ( 137 J 
 
 their {applications to him as to a common father. For 
 though the name a father is given to all the Gods, yet 
 y.imis was particularly called by this name. He firft 
 built temples and altars, b and instituted religious rites, 
 and c for that reafon, among others, in all facrifices they 
 begin their rites by offering bread, corn, and wine to* 
 fanits^ before any thing is offered to any other deity. 
 Frankincenfe was never offered to him, though Ovid 
 mentions it in the verfes adjoined, which therefore he- 
 inferts either by poetical licenfe, or only in refpeft to* 
 the facri frees which were in ufe in his time. For, as 
 4 Pliny writes, they did not facrifice with frankincenfe 
 in the times of the Trojans. Neither does Homer in the 
 leaft mention frankincenfe in any place, where he fpeaks 
 concerning facrifices ; which fo exacTi an author would 
 never have omitted, if it had been in ufe. Neither da 
 I find a Greek word that properly ftghifies thus ; for 
 Svov \jhuon\ nr 9:/sioy \iheuiQ?i\ fignifies not only thus, but 
 any odoriferous fmeli. Fie was a!fo called Patulcius 
 and Clupus, or Patulacius and Clavjius ; from c opening 
 and {hutting ; for in the time of war yanus 9 temple was 
 open, but fbut in the time of peace. This temple was 
 founded by Romulus and Tat his, as I fa id before. Numa 
 ordained that it fiiculd be opened when the Romans 
 waged war, but fhut when they enjoyed peace. It is 
 open in time of war, becaufe a fpring of hot water 
 arofe out of the place where this temple ftands, when 
 Romulus fought with the Sabines y and forced the enemy 
 to march away ; therefore in war they opened that tern-' 
 pie, hoping for the fame or the like affiftance : or, it 
 may be rather, f becaufe they that go to war, ought to 
 
 a Quod fuerit omnium primus a quo rerum omnium fa£bum puta- 
 bant initium: Ideo ei fupplicabant velut parenti. Feftus, 1. 3. in 
 verbo Chaos. b Virg. ^Bn. 8. Juv. Sat. 6. Serv. in Geo, 2. 
 
 « Proptereaque in omni facrificio perpetua ei praefatio praemittitur, 
 faique illi et vinum praelibatur. Fab. Pitt, h 1. de* Ant. -Lar. 
 d Iliacis Temporibus Thure non fupplicatum, Plin. 1. 13. c. 1. 
 Vide Dempft. in Parallp. e A patendo vel patefaclendo et clau- 
 
 <Jendo. Serv. in Mn, 1. Claud, de Hon. 6. Conf. f Seiv. in 
 
 Miu 7, 
 
( 138 ) 
 
 think of peace, and wifh for a quick reteirn Into their 
 native country. 
 
 Ovid menntions both thefe latter names of Janus in 
 a a diftich; and Virgil defcribes the b manner and oc- 
 cafion of opening his temple, and alfo the c conferences 
 of fhutting it again. It is remarkable, that within the 
 fpace of kvcn hundred years, this temple of Janus was 
 
 ■ a Nomina ri debts, mo do namque Patulcius idem, 
 Et mo do facrificio Clufius ore <vocor. 
 The pried this moment me Patulcius calls, and thea 
 Next mpment me he Clufius names again. 
 b Sunt gemtna belli porta (Jic nomine dicunt) 
 Religione facra et fowl for ffiidi?te Mart is, 
 tCtulum arei daudunt secies alernaque ferri 
 Robora; nee cujlos cuff it limine Janus, 
 Has ubi cert a pdet patrihus fententid pugna> 
 Ipfe Quirinali irabea cicluque Gabino 
 hifignis, referatfrideniia limina ConfuL 
 Two gates of (tee! (the name of Mars they bear) 
 And frill are v/oifmpp'd with religious fear, 
 Before his temple. (land 5 the dire abode 
 And the fear'cTiffues of the furious God, 
 Are fene'd with brazen bolts j without the gates 
 The weary guardian Janus doubly waits. 
 Then when the (acred fenate votes the wars, 
 The Roman conful their decree declares, 
 And in his robes the founding gates unbars.' 
 c A f per a turn pofuis mit ej cent jet cula bellis : 
 Can a fides, eiVefia, Remo cum fratre Quirinus 
 Jura dabunt : dira ferro et compagibus arclis 
 Claudenlur belli 'porta, Furor impius intus, 
 Sava fedens fuper arma, et centum <vinclus alenis 
 JPefl tergum nodis, /remit korridus ore- cruen'o. 
 Then dire debate, and impious war (hall ceafe, 
 And the ftern age be foftenM into peace : 
 Then baninYd faith (hall once again >eturn> 
 Anu veftal fires in hallow'd temples burn s 
 And Remus with ^uirinus mall fuftain 
 The righteous laws, and fraud and force reftrain, 
 Janus himfelf before his fane mall wait, 
 And keep the dreadful iflTues of his gate, 
 With bolts and iron bars. Within remains 
 Imprifon'd Fury, bouud ill brazen chains; 
 High on a trophy rais'd of ufelefs arms 
 lie fits, and threats the world with vain alarms* 
 
 ^En. 7* 
 
( 139 ) 
 
 fliut only a thrice : once by Numa ; the fecond time by 
 the confuls Marcus Aitilius and Titus Manlius, after 
 the Carthaginian war \ and laftly, by Augujlus, after the 
 victory at Aclium. 
 
 SECT, 3. AN EXPLANATION OF THE FABLEt 
 JANUS, THE EMBLEM OF PRUDENCE. 
 
 In this ftory of b Janus (whom fome call Noah, fome 
 Ogyges, fome a prieft, a philofopher, and a divine, and 
 fome an ancient king of Italy j who was the founder of 
 the town Janicu!u?n) we may behold the reprefentation 
 of a very prudent perfon ; whole wifdom confifis c in 
 the remembrance of things pajl^ and in the fbre/tght of 
 things to come. The prudent man ought therefore to 
 were, two faces \ that, according to' his na- 
 tural fagacity of mind and ripenefs of t, ob- 
 serving and future, he may be able to 
 difcern the catties and beginnings, the progrefs, and the 
 forerunning accidents of alJ things ; that he may be able 
 to draw ake corriparifons, to obferve con- 
 icquences, and perceive futurities ; and, by a wife con- 
 nection of cauies and events, be able to join things pre- 
 ftht with things to come, and things future vvkh things 
 pafr. 
 
 The prudent perfon has the key of all things : nothing- is 
 fo obfeure, that his underfianding cannot comprehend ; 
 nothing is fo fecret and private, that his confideration 
 and care cannot detect and lay open ; nothing is io hard 
 and intricate, that his quicknefs and dexterity cannot 
 explain and unfold. With this key he examines all the 
 ways of bufinefs, and finds which are the moft proper; 
 he fees the difpofitions of times, and the exigencies of 
 affairs ; he removes the difficulties and bars that lay in 
 his way; he publifhes as much as is ufeful, and con- 
 
 a Liv. 1. 2. 0:of. t 5. c?.p. 12. . Die. 1. 5 t , b Munih 2. 
 
 Cofm: 9. Fab. Pi5\ c In prateritoiuna memorta e^ procidentia 
 
 fuiurorum, C'ic. de Series. 
 
f HO ) 
 
 seals clofely whatever will be hurtful to him. With 
 this key he lays open for himfelfa paffage into the friend- 
 ship of others ; he infinuates himfelfinto the inward re- 
 cefies of their breafts ; he learns their moft fecret coun- 
 fels, their moft referved thoughts ; he folves myfteries, 
 penetrates things unknown, and feeks and finds, and 
 views objects the moft remote from the common fenfe 
 of the world. 
 
 yanus firft introduced altars, temples, and facrifices. 
 Thus it is a fign of the higheft prudence and undemand- 
 ing to pay due homage to the Almighty, to reverence 
 his power, to propagate his worfhip, and magnify his 
 glory. And as men offered firft to Janus in all facri- 
 fices, faecaufe of his exemplary holinefs and piety ; fo by 
 how much the more worfhip men pay to God, by fo 
 much the rhore honour fhall they receive both from God- 
 and men; as the precepts and examples in the Holy 
 Scripture do abundantly teftify. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SECT. I. VULCAN. 
 
 P. O HEAVENS ! I think I fee a blackfmith a- 
 mong the Gods. 
 
 M. Very true : he is both a fmith and a God, by 
 name. Vulcan. He had a fhop in the ifland Lemnos^ where 
 he exercifed his trade, and where, though he was a God 
 himfeif, he made Jupiter's thunder and the arms of the 
 Other Gods. 
 
 P. If he was a God, what misfortune drove him to 
 the forge, and tied him to fuch a nafty employment I 
 
 M. His deformity, I believe. a He was born of 
 Jupiter and Juno\ fome fay of Juno only ; and being 
 contemptible for his deformity, he was caft down from 
 heaven into the rfland Lemnos^ whence is he called Lem- 
 nius : he broke his leg with the fall, and if the Lemnians 
 
 *Phurnut. de Nat. Deor. Hefiod. Lucian, de Sacrifk. Virg. 2En< 6* 
 
JPtatc /3 
 
 Jh</e //Ht 
 
( »4* ) 
 
 iad not caught him when he fell, he had certainly broke 
 his neck ; he has ever fince been lame. In requital of 
 their kindnefs, he fixed his feat among them, and fet up 
 the craft of a fmith ; teathing them the manifold ufes of 
 iire and iron; and from foftening and polifhing iron, 
 * he received the name Mukiber, or Mulcifer. 
 
 This nafty deformed fmith, you will wonder to hear s 
 ■obtained in marriage the moft beautiful Goddefs Venus ; 
 and not long after, when he caught her and Mars com- 
 mitting adultery, he linked them together with chains, 
 and expofed them to the laughter of all the Gods. He 
 defired mightily to marry Minerva, and Jupiter con- 
 fenteTi, yielding up the virgin to the will of this nafty 
 Wretch. But fhe refilled his attempts, and in the drug- 
 gie his nature fell from him upon the earth, and produced 
 the monfter Erichthonius, Erichtbeus, or Erichihon\cus y 
 who was a boy with dragon's feet; to hide the mon- 
 ftrous deformity of which, he fir ft invented chariots. 
 Jupiter (as I faid) confented that Vulcan (hould marry 
 Minerva, if he could overcome her modefty. For when 
 Vulcan made arms for the Gods, Jupiter gave him leave 
 to choofe out of the Goddefles a wife, and he chofe Mi~ 
 nerva : but he admonifhed Minerva , at the fame time, 
 to refufe him, and preferve her virginity ; as fhe did 
 admirably well. 
 
 At Rome were celebrated the Vulcania, b feafls in ho- 
 nour of Vulcan ; at which they threw animals into the 
 fire to be burnt to death. The Athenians inftituted o- 
 ther feaffs to his honour, called Chalcea. A temple be- 
 fide was dedicated to him upon the mountain c /Etna^ 
 from which he is fometimes named Mtnaus, This 
 temple was guarded by dogs, d whofe fenfe of fmelling 
 was fo exquifite, trrit they could difcern whether the 
 perfons that came thither were chafte and religious, ©r 
 whether they were wicked : they uftd to meet, and 
 
 a A imilcendo ferro. Vide Lucan. 1. i. & Ita di&us £tto t% 
 
 if * Jo 5 xui x&wti ex content,one et terra * Vide Virg, Geo* 3, 
 « Var« ap» IaU * Pollux 1. 7. apud Lil. Gyr. 
 
( I 4 2 ) 
 
 flatter, and follow the good, efteeming them the ac- 
 quaintance and friends of Vulcan their mafier ; but they 
 barked and flew at the bad, and never left off tearing 
 them, until they had driven them away. 
 
 P. I have heard, unlefs I am miftaken, that this VuU 
 can^ by yupiter's command, made a living woman. Is 
 it true ? 
 
 M. It is a comical thing to expe& truth in fables. It 
 is indeed feigned, that the firft woman was fafhioned by 
 the hammer of Vulcan^ and that every Gcd gave her 
 fome prefent, whence fhe was called Pandora. Pallas 
 gave her wifdom, Apollo the art of mufic, Mercury the 
 art of eloquence, Venus gave her beauty, and the reft 
 of the Gods gave her other accornplifliments. a They 
 fay alfo, that when Prometheus ftole fire from heaven, 
 to animate the man which he had made, ^Jupiter was 
 incenfed, and fent Pandora to Prometheus with a fealed 
 box, but Prometheus would not receive it. He fent her 
 with the fame box again to the wife of Epimetheus, the 
 brother of Prometheus ; and fhe, out of a curiofity natu- 
 ral to her fex, opened it, which as foon as (he had 
 done, all forts of difeafes and evils, with which it was 
 filled, flew among mankind, and have infefted them 
 ever fince. And nothing was left in the bottom of the 
 box, but Hope. 
 
 SECT. 2. THE CYCLOPS, SERVANTS TO VULCAN. 
 
 P. What black, nafty, one-eyed fellows are thofe ? 
 
 M. They are Vulcan s fervants, and work with him 
 in his fliop. They were called b Cyclops^ becaufe they 
 had but one eye, which was in the middle of their fore- 
 heads, of a circular figure : Neptune and Amphitrite were 
 their parents. The c names of -three of them were 
 
 a Paufan. in At. b A xvzfos circulus, et %$, oculus. 
 
 c Fcrrum exercebant <vafio Cyclopes in antro> 
 Bt'Gntejque, Steropefque, et nudus membra Pyr demon, JEx\> $» 
 On their eternal anvils here he found 
 The brethren beating, and the blows go round* .. . 
 
( 143 ) 
 
 Brorfrs, Steropes. and Pyracmm ; befide thfcfe were many 
 more whofe frames are not mentioned, who all txercifed 
 a the art of fmithery under Vulcan^ as we are taught by 
 Virgil. 
 
 SECT. 3. CACUS AND CJECULUS, SONS OF VULCAN; 
 AND POLYPHEMUS. 
 
 Cacus w?s the vileft of rogues ; his name wa<= given 
 him b from his wickednefs. He tormented all Latium 
 with his fires an J robberies ; living like a beaft in a dif- 
 mal cave. He ftole Hercules' oxen, and dragged them 
 backward by their tails into his cave, that the track of 
 their feet might not difcover this repdfitqry of his thefts. 
 But Hercules paffing by, heard the lowing of the oxen 
 in the cave, broke open the doors, and feizing the vil- 
 lain, c put him to death. d His cave was fo dark that it 
 
 a Alii <veniojis follibus auras 
 
 Accipimit redduntque 1 alii fir identia iingu.nt 
 Mra lacui gemii mgofiris incu.ibus antrum. 
 Lit in!er fefe mult a i/i brae ia tollunt 
 
 In numerutn, ^verjanfqiid tencd ! or ripe ie-y-um, JEa. 8» 
 
 Ore ftirs the fire, and one the hallows blows. 
 The hilling iteei is in the fmithy drown' d ; 
 The grot with bearen anvils groans around : 
 By turns their arms advance, in equa'. tim?i* 
 By turns their hands descend, and hammers ch"m?$ 
 They turn the glowing mafs with crooked tongs : 
 The fiery work proceeds with luitic fbngs. 
 b 'atto t3 xuxx, a male, 
 c Hie Cacum in tenebris incendia *oana vcmentem 
 Corri/it, in nodum cmplexus \ et anget inharens 
 Elijos oculos, etfuewn fanguine guttw. Viig. /En. 8. 
 
 The inciter fpewing fruitlefs flames he found ; 7 
 
 He fqueez'd his throat, he wrea'h'd his neck, arou.id, r 
 
 And in a knot his cripple.! members bound : J 
 
 Then from the fockets to;e n ; s burning eyes j 
 RolTd on a heap the brearhlefs robber lies. 
 d Hie ipelunca fait V'fio .'ubmota recejfii i 
 Semibominis Caci fades quam .Ira tenebant 
 Solis i*mc€iffam *adm ; iemp?rquc recall 
 Caede icpeha r kumus y jO'-i'n^qu? apfixa Juperris 
 Ora <v,rkm tnjii pendsbant pallida tabo. 
 
( 144 ) 
 
 admitted not the Ieaft ray of light: the floor of it was 
 xed with the blood perpetually flied upon it 5 and the 
 Jieads and limbs -of .the men he had murdered were fatt- 
 ened to the pods of the doors. 
 
 Calculus alfo lived by plunder and robbery. He was 
 fo called from the fmallnefs of his eyes : it is thought 
 the noble family of the Cacilii at Rome derived their ori- 
 ginal from him. While his mother fat by the fire, a 
 fpark flew into her lap ; upon which ihe grew big with 
 child, and at the ufual time brought forth this fon j who 
 was afterward the founder of the city Pranejle. a O- 
 thers fay, that the fhepherds found Caculus unhurt in the 
 midft of the fire, as foon as he was born ; from which 
 he was thought to be the fon of Vulcan. 
 
 To thefe fervants and fons of fulcan, add the fhep- 
 lierd Polyphemus, a monfter not unlike them, born of 
 Neptune. For he had but one eye in his forehead, like 
 the Cyclops, and he procured his living by murders and,. 
 robberies, like Cacus and Cacuius* b This monfter drew 
 
 Muic monftro Vulcanus erat pater ; illius atros 
 Ore womens ignes, magna fe molejerebat. 
 'Twas once a robber's dtn, inclos'd around 
 With living (tone, and deep beneath the ground. 
 The- monfter Cacus^ more than half a heaft, 
 This held, impervious to lie fun, pofTeis'd 5 
 The pavements ever foul with human gorej 
 Heads, and their mangled members, hung the door, 
 Vulcan this plague begot ; and, like his fire, 
 Black clouds he belch'd, and flakes of livid fire, 
 * Virg- Mn. 7. 
 > Vifceribus mifercrum, et f anguine njefcitur atre» 
 Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora noftro 
 Prenfa manu magna, medio rtfupinv.s in antro 
 Vr anger et ad faxu?n i janicque a per fa natarent 
 Limina : njidt, atro cum membra fiueritia tabo 
 Mandrel, et upidi tremermt jub dentibus artus, 
 Haud impune quidem : n:c talia fajfus Uljjfes^ 
 Oblitufque fui >J} lihacus difcrimine ian'o. 
 Jfamjimui ex- ' tetus dapiiu>, <virtoque frpultus 
 Ctr<vkem inflexam fojuit, jacuiique per antrum 
 lmtnenfusy f anient eruclans, ac frufira cruento 
 Per fomnum commixta mero 5 nos magna precati 
 Vumwa, fortitique vices, una undique circum 
 2 
 
( ns ) 
 
 Wyjjes and Tome of his companions into his den, in Sl- 
 aty, and devoured two of them. He thouoht too that 
 the re& of Ulyfes' fcrvants could not efcape his 'few* 
 BxitUIyffes made him drunk with wine, and then" with 
 a firebrand quite put out his fight, and efcaced. 
 
 SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
 VULCAN A SYMBOL OF TWO SORTS OF FIRE. ' 
 
 That by Vulcan is underftood fire, the name itfelf 
 ;Jtcovers, if we believe *Varro, who fays that the word 
 / ulcanus is uenved from the force and violence of fir- • 
 and therefore he is painted with a blue hat, b a {ymbof 
 of the celejhal or elementary fi re , which is by nature cUr' 
 J ana unmixed ; whereas the common fire, that is u fed on 
 
 Fundlmur, et telo hme7i terebramus aculo 
 
 Ingens ; quod tcrvdfolum-fub front 'e latebat, 
 
 jrgGLci clypn aui Pbcebe* lampadls inflar ViVp- *Rn - 
 
 The joints of flaughter'd wretches are 51s food *' 
 
 And for bis wine he quaffs the Reaming blood! 
 
 Theft eyes beheld, when with his fpacious hand 
 
 Us Ivz d two captives of our Grecian band • ' 
 
 StmchMon his back, he " dafliUagainft the '(tones 
 
 1 heir broken bodies and their crackling bone. 
 
 With /pouting blood the purple pavement fwjms, 
 
 Whi.e the d.re glutton grinds the trembling limbs. . 
 
 Not unteveng'd Uiyffes bore their fate, 
 
 Nor thoughtless of his own unhappy fhte • 
 
 For gorg'd with Mi, and drunk with human wine, 
 
 While fait afleep the giant lay fupine, 
 
 Snoring aloud, and belching from his maw 
 
 His undigefted f am and morfels raw; 
 
 We pray we caft the lots ; and then furround 
 
 The monftrous body, ftretcrfd along the ground : 
 
 Each, as he could approach him, lends a hand 
 
 I o bore his eyeball with a flaming brand : 
 
 Beneath his frowning forehead lay his eve, 
 
 For only one did this vaft frame fupply/ 
 
 But that a globe fo large, his front it filfd, 
 
 Like the fun's difc, or like the Grecian ihield. 
 m Vu.canus quafi Volicanus, quod ignis per aerem volicet '• vel a 
 v. ac violent* ignis. Var. ap. Lil. Gyr? *b Serv. in jfin 8 £1 
 fcb. de Prwp, Evang, I m ^ n * 8 ' <bu " 
 
 H 
 
{ *46 ) 
 
 earth, is weak, and wants continual fuel to fupport it, 
 and therefore Vulcan is faid to be lame. a He is faid to 
 have been caft down from heaven, becaufe the lightning > 
 comes from the clouds ; and to, have fallen into Lemnos y 
 becaufe lightning often falls into that ifland. 
 
 But let us a little confider the flames of love ; for 
 Vulcan married Venus. If you admire then, why fo fair, 
 fo delicate, fo beautiful a Goddefs ihould be a wife to fo 
 deformed and black a GW, you muft fuppofe than Vul- 
 can is the fire and Venus the flame : And is not the 
 union between fire and flame very proper ? But this fire 
 is kindled in hell, and blowed by Cyclops : and thofe 
 who are addicled to venery, are fet on fire with thefe 
 flames ; for when a flame kindled by the eyes of a beau- 
 teous woman fets the breaft on fire, how violent is the 
 eombuftion, how great the havock, how certain the 
 deftruclion ? Hence comes the lover's anguifh : dead- 
 nefs and faintnefs oyer fpread his face, his eyes are dull 
 and heavy, his cheeks meagre and wan, his countenance 
 puts on the palenefs of afhes \ thefe are fatal arguments 
 of a fpreading fire within, which confumes and preys 
 upon the interior parts. But when impudence has blown 
 the fire, fo that modefty can put no further flop to the 
 rage and violence of this flame ; when this hellifh ofl> 
 fpnng breaks forth, and by degrees gathers ftrength ; 
 how does it fpread, rage, and increafe ? With what 
 fury and violence does it bear down and deftroy every 
 thing ? By this flame Semele was confumed ; Hercules 9 
 ilrength was an eafy prey to it ; and by it the flrongeft 
 towers and ftatelieft palaces of Troy were confumed and 
 reduced to afhes* 
 
 Have you given yourfelf up to Venus? She will make 
 you a Vulcan. She will make you filthy, nafty, and 
 black as hell ; fhe will darken your under {landing, 
 though you are in the midft of fire : for the fire of Venus 
 gives no ligr^t, but brings the greateft darknefs $ it 
 freezes and flupifies the foul, while the body is thawed 
 
 ■; Servius in JEn* Z 
 
J%A> /+ 
 
 jPagrss+Y 
 
( 147 ) 
 
 and melted into pleafures. How fad is the fate of au 
 effeminate man ? His toil and labour is like the work 
 of Vulcan \ for he who defperately loves a woman, takes 
 a burning iron into his breaft, his houfe is a forge, he 
 labours and toils to foften her temper, more than Vulcan 
 fweats to fafhion the hardeft fteel ; he negle&s the care 
 of himfelf to make her fine and handfome. Again, how 
 many eftates are melted in luft's furnace ? How many 
 pofleiHons reduced to afhes, till nothing but drofs is 
 left, and the nobility and honour of their families dif- 
 appear and vanifh in fmoke ? 
 
 No fuel can fatisfy this fire ; the heat of it never de- 
 creafes, it never cools ; for Venus blows it with fighs, 
 kindles it with tears, and foments it with proud difdain 
 and coldnefs. Her kindnefs is cruelty, her pride is in- 
 -fnarino;. What wonder is it then, that fo many Vul- 
 cans, not only in Lemncs y but every-where, make thun- 
 der at this forge, which will fall on their own heads ; 
 by which they are caft headlong from -heaven to earth 9 
 that is, from the higheft degree of happinefs to the low- 
 eft vale of mifery ; from which fall comes lamenefs ne- 
 ver to be cured. Thefe are the effe&s of the love of 
 Venus. If you will not believe me, believe the poet f 
 who in a witty a epigram fays the fame thing. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 JEOLUS. 
 
 LET us now blow out the fire with the wind, and 
 bring up /Eolus after Vulcan : for he who ftands next 
 him is b Molus the Gdd of the Winds, begotten by Ju- 
 piter, of Acejla or Segefta, the daughter of Hippota ; 
 from whom he is named Hippotadzs. He dwelt in one 
 
 a Ytov e%Eiq Toy *E%u)Tot,, yovocuu ^S ryv 'A^goSWwt 
 Ovx. udi)i<m<; yoO\yLiv rev m^oL ftw'Kcv ?%£*£• 
 Cupid is Vulcan"* fon, Venus his wife, 
 No wonder then he goes lame all his life, 
 Ovid. Met-. 1 1 , 
 
 H 2 
 
( 148 ) 
 
 of thofe (even iflands, which from him are called Molta ; 
 and fometimes Vulcanite, He a was a fkilful aftrono- 
 mer, and an excellent natural philofopher • he under- 
 ixood more particularly the nature of the winds : and 
 becaufe from the clouds of fmoke of the Moiian ljlands } 
 he foretold v/inds and temp-efts a great while before they 
 arofe, it was generally believed that they were under his 
 power, and that he could raife the winds, or Hill them, 
 as he pleafed. And hence he was flyled Emperor and 
 King of the Winds, -the children of Ajiraus and Juror a* 
 b Virgil defcribes "Juno coming to him, at his palace^ 
 of which he gives a defcription in beautiful verfe. 
 
 * Falaephat. de incredibil. Var. et Stiabo ajj Serv. 
 
 b Nimborum in patriam, locafoslafurentibus Auj\rv 9 
 JEoliam <venit. Hie njafio rex Aiolus antro 
 Luff- antes vent os, tempejiatefque finorat 
 Jmperio premit, ac vine lis et car cere frcenat. 
 Jilt indign antes magno cum murmur e fnoptii 
 Circum claujlra fre?nunt. Celfafedet Molm arce, 
 Sceptra tenem $ mollitque animosy et temperat iras* 
 Nifaaat, maria ac terras, ccelumque profundum 
 ^utppe ferant rapidifecum, <verran\que per auras, 
 Sed pater otnvipolens fpeluncis ahdidit a iris. 
 Hoc metuens ; mohmque, et mentes infuper alios 
 Impofuit 5 regemque dedil, qui feeder e certo 
 Et prettier e> et laxas fciret dare jujfus habenas. 
 Thus rajfd the Goddefs, and, with fury fraught, 
 The relilefs regions of the (terms (he fought. 
 Where, in a fpacious cave of living tfone, 
 The tyrant Molus, from his airy throne, 
 With pow'r imperial curbs the fkmggYifig winds, 
 And founding tempefts in dark priibns binds. 
 This way and that, th' impatient captives tend, 
 And, preffing for releafe, the mountains rend. 
 High in his hall th* undaunted monarch (tands, 
 And (hakes his fceptre, and their rage commands | 
 Which did he not, their unrefitted fway 
 Would fweep the world before them in their way : 
 Earth, air, and Teas, through empty (pace would roil, 
 And heav'n would fly befoie the driving foul. 
 In fear of this, the father of the Gods 
 ConnVd their fury to ihefe dark abodes, 
 And lock'd them fafe, opprefs'd with mountain* loads j 
 Impos'd a king, with arbitrary fway, 
 To ioofe their fetters, or their force allay* 
 2 
 
 } 
 
( H9 ) 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MOMUS. 
 
 P. WHO is this man, and what is his name ? 
 
 M. Do you expe£t a man among the Gods ? The 
 name of this God is Momus, - a which word in the Greek 
 tongue fignifies a jefter, a mocker, a mimick; for that 
 is his bufinefs. He follows no employment, but lives 
 an idle life, yet nicely obferves the actions and fayings 
 of the other Gods, and when he finds them doing amifs* 
 or negle6tmg their, duty, he cenfures, mocks, and de- 
 rides them with the greateft liberty. 
 
 Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva may witnefs the truth 
 of this. They all contended which of them was the 
 molt fkilful artificer ; whereupon Neptune made a bull, 
 rva a houfe, and Vulcan a man : they made Momus 
 judge between them ; but he chid them all three. He 
 accufed Neptune of imprudence ; becaufe he placed not 
 the bull's horns in his forehead before' his eyes ; for then 
 the bull mkrht-givea ftronger and a furer blow. He 
 blamed Minervft, becaufe her houfe was immoveable; 
 fo that it could not be carried away, if by chance it was 
 placed among bad neighbours. But he faid, that Vul- 
 can was the rnoft imprudent of them ail, becaufe he did 
 not make a window in the man's breafr, that we mip-ht 
 fee what his thoughts were, whether he deiigned feme 
 trick, or whether he intended what he fpoke. 
 
 P. Who were the parents of Momus ? 
 
 M. b Ngx and Somnus begat him. And, indeed, it 
 is a iign of a dull, drowfy, fottifh difpoiition, when we 
 fee a man cen Turing and difl;king the actions of all 
 other men ; when nothing but God is wholly perfect-, 
 fomething is wanting to every thing, fo that every thing 
 is defective^ and liable to cenfure. 
 
 a M£ ( uoc irriforem (ignificat. b Hefiod. in Theog. 
 
( *5<> ) 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SECT. I. THE TERRESTRIAL GODDESS, VESTA. 
 
 FESTd*, whom you fee fitting and holding a drum> 
 is the wife of Caelum, and the mother of Saturn. She 
 is the eldeft of the Goddeffes. 
 
 P. If fhe is the wife of Caelum, why is fhe placed 
 ^rnong thefe terrejlrial Goddefles, and not among the 
 €clejiial rather ? 
 
 M. Becaufe this Goddefs b Vejla is the fame with 
 Terra, and has her name from c clothing, becaufe plants 
 ^nd fruits are the clothing of the earth. Or, d accord- 
 ing to Ovid, the earth is called Vejla from its ftability> 
 becaufe it fupports itfelf. She fits, c becaufe the earth 
 is irnmcveabje, and is placed in the centre of the world. 
 Yejia has a drum, becaufe the earth contains the boif- 
 terous winds in its bofom; and divers flowers weave 
 themfelves into a crown, with which her head is 
 crowned. Several kinds of animals creep about and 
 fawn upon her. Becaufe the earth is round, Vejla's 
 temple at Rome was alfo round, and fome fay that the 
 image of Vejla was orbicular in fome places,- but f Ovid 
 fays her image was rude and fhapelefs. And hence 
 round tables were anciently called g vejla', becaufe, like 
 the earth, they fupply all neceilaries of life for us. h It 
 is no wonder that the firft oblations in all facrifices were 
 offered to her, fince whatever is facrificed fprings from 
 
 a Virg. i£n. 9. b Piut. 1. 1. Prim, frige. c C110J plantis 
 frugibuJque terra veftiatur. 
 
 d Stat <vi terra fuci) wiflando Vefla vacatur. Faft. 6. 
 
 By its own ihength fupported 'Terra Hands ; 
 Hence it is Vefla nanVd. 
 e Var. ap. Aug. de Civ. Dei. 7. Cic. de Somno Hecat. Miitf. 
 general. Phurnuiius. < 
 
 f Ejflgiem nullum Vefla nee ignis habei. Fall* 6. 
 
 No image Vefla 's fhape can e'er exprefs, 
 Or fire's—- 
 * Plut. in Sympof, h Kom. in Hymn* 
 
JVato / 
 
 JP, f ?e / 
 
 ye tso 
 
(' /Si ) 
 
 the earth. And the a Greeks both began and concluded 
 their facrifices with Vjiay becaufe they efteemed her 
 the mother of all the Gods, 
 
 P. I wim that you would re fol ye one doubt, which 
 I ftill have concerning- this Goddefs. How can Vejia be 
 the fame with Terra, when nothing is more frequent 
 among mythologifts, than to fignify^n? by Vejia ? 
 
 M. I perceive I do not deal with a novice: I will 
 fatisfy your doubts. There were two Vcjian the elder 
 and the younger. The firft, of whom 1 have been 
 fpeaking, was the wife of Caelum, and the mother of 
 Saturn. The fecond was the daughter of Saturn by his 
 wife Rhea* And as the fir ft is the fame with Terra* as 
 I have already faid, fo the other is the fame with Ignis i 
 and b her power was exercifed about altars and houfes. 
 The word Vejia is often put for fire itfelf, for it is de- 
 rived from a c Greek word which fig nines a chimney, a 
 houfe, or houfehold goods.- d She is efteemed the prefi- 
 dent and guardian of hovfes, and one of the houfehold 
 deities, not without reafon ; fince fhe invented the art 
 of building of houfes : and therefore an imag€ of Vejfa^ 
 to which they facrifleed every day, was placed before 
 the doors of the houfes at Rome ; and the places where 
 thefe ftatues were fet up were called vejiibuh^ from 
 Vejia. 
 
 This Goddefs was a virgin % and fo great an admirer 
 of virginity, that when Jupiter her brother gave her 
 liberty of afking what fhe would, fhe afted, that fhe 
 might always be a virgin, and have the firft oblations 
 in all facrifices. She not only obtained her defire, bat 
 received this further honour f among the Romans,' that 
 a perpetual 'frc was kept in her temple, among the facred 
 pledges of the empire; not upon an altar, or in the 
 
 Ap. Lil. Gyr. i. Strabo. b Hujns vis omn's a*? ?.\-\% et fo* 
 
 cos ptrtir.et. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. « Duciuu a Giseco nomine 
 
 | r ia quqdfocum, fenj.tem, domum fignifkat. ^ Horn, in Hymn. 
 Virg. ^n. 2. et Geo. 1. Eu^rnphios in And. T?>e>v. s;t. 4.. fc. 3. 
 e Ariftdt. J. 2. Ar flop!.. ?n VHpi*. f Liv. 5. dec. 1, V»U 
 
 Max, ]. 4. c. 4. pap. Sot. I. +. Svl. 3, 
 
( *52 ) 
 
 chimnies, but in earthen vefiels, hanging in the air ; 
 which the veftal virgins tended with fo much care, that 
 if by chance this fire was extinguifhed, all public and 
 private bufmefs was interrupted, and a vacation pro- 
 claimed, til! they had expiated the unhappy prodigy with 
 incredible pains: * and if it appeared that the virgins 
 were the occafion of its going out by carelefnefs, they 
 were feverely punifhed, and fometimes with rods. Upon 
 the kalends of March^ every year, though it was not 
 extinguished, they ufed to renew it, with no other fire 
 than that which was produced by the rays of the fun. 
 
 Ovid mentions both the elder and the younger Vefta y 
 * in the fixth book of his Fa/It, 
 
 SECT. 2, AN EXPLANATION OF THE FABLE. THE 
 YOUNGER VESTA THE VITAL HEAT IN THE 
 BODY. 
 
 From th's we may conjecture, that when the poets 
 fay, that Vefta is the fame wither*, the terrible, fcorch- 
 ing, blading fire of Vulcan's forge is not underftood ; 
 nor yet the impure and dangerous flames of Fenus^ of 
 which we fpoke above ; but a pare, unmixed, benign 
 flame ; fo neceiTary for us, that human life cannot pof- 
 fibly fubfift without it ; whofe hear, being dififufed 
 through all the parts of the body, quickens, cherifhes, 
 refreshes, and nourifhes it: a flame really facred, hea- 
 venly, and divine \ repaired daily by the food which we 
 eat ; on which the hkiy and welfare of our bodies de- 
 pend. This flame moves and actuates the whole body ; 
 and cannot be extingirifhed but when life itfelf is ex- 
 tinguifhed together with it : and then comes a lading 
 vacation, and a certain end is put to all our bufinefs m 
 this world. But, if by our own faults it is extinguished, 
 
 a Idem. c. 1. Ovid. Fad. 3. 
 
 b Vepa eaie??t eft, et Terra ; fubeft vigil ignis utrique } 
 Sign [fie ant fed em Terra foe uf que fuam , 
 Vefta, and Earth are one, one fire they (hare, 
 Which does the centre of them both declare* 
 
JP&tte /6 
 
 Jp«?c 45$ 
 
( m ) 
 
 we nre guilty-of our own death, and defer ve that our 
 memories fiiou'd rot with our Bodies in the grave, and 
 that our names fhould be entombed with our carcafes ;. 
 which would be an affliction no lefs (evere, than was 
 the pur.ifhment of the guilty veftal virgins, who. wera 
 buried alive. 
 
 CHAPTER VIL 
 
 SECT. I. CYBELE. HER. IMAGE./ 
 
 P. STRANGE ! Here is a Goddefs whofe a heatf 
 K cf owned with- towers ; what means this i Is fhc the 
 Goddefs of Cities and Garnfons- ? 
 
 M, She is the Goddefs not of cities only, but of all 
 things which the earth fuftains. b She is the Earth 
 iifeij\ On the earth are built many towels and catties* 
 fo on her head is pked a crown of towers In her hand 
 Ihe carries a key, which perhaps you did riot ohlene, 
 c - becaufe in winter the earth locks up, thofe. treafures, 
 which (he brings forth and difpenfes with, (o much 
 plenty in fummer. She rides in a. chariot, beraufe ths 
 earth hangs fufpended in the air, balanced and poifed 
 by its own weight. But that, chariot is fupported by 
 wheels, becaufe the earth is a voluble body, and turns 
 round; d and it is drawn by lions, becaufe nothing is 
 fo fierce, fo favage, or fo ungovernable, but a motherly; 
 piety and tendernefs is able to tame it, and make it fub- 
 mit to the yoke. 1 need not explain why her e gar- 
 ments are painted with diverfe colour, and figured with, 
 the images of feveral creatures, fince every body fees 
 that fuch a drefs is fui table to the^rth. 
 
 a Luc. 1. 2. de Regn. b-Seiv. in JEn.yk io, « IfidJ, 8i, 
 d OvUU Fail. 4. e Martian. Lil. Gyr,. 
 
 HJ 
 
( XS+ ) 
 
 $ECT. 2. NAMES OF CYBELE^ 
 
 P. Is then this Goddefs called Terra ? 
 
 M. No ; a (he is called Cyheky and 0/>i, and i?£^ 
 
 and Dyndymenci) and Bereeynthta^ and J5<?/2tf Z)^? (the 
 good Goddefs) and T^tf, and PeJJinuntia^ and Magna 
 Deorum Mater (the great Mother of the Gods) and 
 fometimes alfo Ptjia* All thefe names, for different 
 reafons, were given to the fame Goddefs, who was the 
 daughter of Calum y by the elder Vcjla^ and Saturn's 
 Wife. 
 
 She is called Cybek, b from the mountain Cyhelus in 
 Phryghy where her facrifices were inftituted firflv Or 
 elfe this name was given her from the behaviour of h:r 
 priefts, who ufed c to dance upon their heads, and tofs 
 about their hair like madmen, foretelling things to come, 
 and. making a horrible noife. They were named Gallt r 
 and this fury and outrage in prophefyirig is defcribed by 
 d Lucian in his fir ft book. 
 
 Others again derive the word Cybete from a e cube ; 
 becaufe the cube, which is a body every way fquare. 
 Was dedicated to her by the ancients. 
 
 She is called f Ops, becaufe fh'e brings help and aflift- 
 ance to evjery thing contained in this world. 
 
 Her name $ Rhea y is derived from the abundance of 
 benefits, which, without eeafing, flow from her on 
 every fide. 
 
 h Dyndymem and Dir.dymey is a name given her from 
 the mountain Dindymus in Phrygia. 
 
 yirgil calls her ' mater Berecynibia y: . from- Berecynthus^ 
 
 z Propert. 1. 3, eh 16. h S-'eph^nus. Struho. c ' Arro t» 
 
 stvQifoiv vel yjjQiXiTv, id eft, in caput Jal.tare. Said. Serv. in I£n. p 
 
 d r Crinetnque rot-antes 
 
 San^uineum populis utularunt trifila Galli, 
 Shaking their bloody tidies, fome fad ipe.il 
 The priefts of Cybel to the people yell. 
 « 'Awo ry xv'gy, Feftus. f (Vodcptm ferat. * A fa* 
 
 flyo, q«od bonis omnibus circumflun:. h Hor&tt 1» I. Carm, 
 
 i _ — t gualis Berecjnthia piater 
 
( *55 ) 
 
 a cadle in that country ; and in the fame place defcribes 
 her numerous and happy offspring. 
 
 She was by the Greeh called * Pafithea \ that is, as 
 the Romans ufually named her, the Another of all the 
 Gods ; and, from the b Greek word, fignifying a mo- 
 ther, her fccrifices were named Metroa^ and to celebrate 
 them was called Metrazein^ in the fame language. 
 
 Her name Bona Dea c implies, that all good things ne- 
 ceffary for the fupport of life proceed from her. She is 
 alfj called Fauna , d becaufe fhe is fa id to favour all 
 creatures ; and Fatua, e becaufe it was thought that new- 
 born children never cried till they touched the ground. 
 1 It is faid, that this Bona Dea was the wife of king Fau* 
 rms ; who beat her with myrtle rods till fhe died, be- 
 caufe fhe difgraced herfelf, and a£ied very unfuitable to 
 the dignity of a queen, by drinking fo much wine that 
 fhe became drunk. But the king afterward, repenting 
 of his ieverity, deified his dead wife, and paid her divine 
 honours. This is the reafon affigned, why it was for- 
 bid, that any one- fliould bring myrtle into her temple. 
 g And in her Sacrifices, the veflels of wine were covered ; 
 and when the women drank out of them, they called it 
 milk, not wine. h The modefty of this Goddefs was fo 
 extraordinary, that no man ever faw her except her huf- 
 
 Ifimebitur curru Pbrjgia iurriia per urbes 
 
 Lata Deum part*, centum complexa nepotes, 
 
 Omnes calicolas, cmnes fupera alia teneuies.- ./En. Co 
 
 Kigh as the mother of the Gods in place, 
 
 Ana proud, like her, of an immortal race ; 
 
 Then, when in pomp (he makes the Phrygian round, 
 
 With golden turrets on her temples crown'd, 
 
 A hundred Gods her f weeping train flip ply, 
 
 Kcr offspring z\), and all command the iky. 
 * Pafuhea, id eir, ^Sccn Bco7<; p?7*j£, omnibus diis mater. Luc. 1. 2. 
 t> A j*>;Tr^, mater, derivantur ^rp^cc Cybeles facta, et ^rfe^tiv 
 facra ea celebrare. Coel. Rhod. 1. S. c. 17. c Bona quod omnium 
 nobis ad viftum bonorum czufa lit. Labeo. ap. Lil. Syntag. 4. p. 14.3. 
 d Fauna quod animmtibus/hwrt' dicatur. e Faiud a fando, 
 
 quod infantes non prius vocem emittere crederentur quam terram ip- 
 fam attigiilent. f Sext. Clod, apud. La&anU « Flut, in 
 
 Fiobl. * Juyeual, fat, 9. 
 
( *56 ) 
 
 band ; or (carce heard her name: wherefore her fa.crU 
 fices were performed in private, a and all men were Ex- 
 cluded from the temple. From the great privacy ob- 
 served by her votaries, the place in which s her facrifi- 
 ces were performed was called b Operium, and the Sacri- 
 fices theroSelves were irykd c Qpertanea, for the fame 
 reafon ttut Pluto is by the poets called d Qpertvs. Si- 
 lence was obServed in a moft peculiar manner in the Sa- 
 crifices e -of Bona Dea^ as it was "in a lefs degree in all 
 Other Sacrifices ; according to the doctrine of the Pytha^ 
 goreans- and Egyptians- who f taught that God was to be 
 worihipped in Silence, becauSe Srom this, at the fir ft 
 creation, all things took their beginning. To the Same 
 purpofe, Plutarch Says, g ~ Men were our mafiers to teach, 
 w to fpeak, but we learn filence from the Gods : from tbefe 
 we learn- to hold our peace, in their rites and initiations. 
 
 She was called h Ida a Mater^ Srom the mountain Ida 
 in Pkrygia, or Crete, Sor {he was at both places highly, 
 honoured : as alSo at Rome, whither they brought her, 
 from the city Peffinus in Galatia y by a remakable mira- 
 cle. For vyhe-n the (hip, in which (he wasv«arried, flop-* 
 ped in the mouth of the Tiber, the veftal Claudia t 'whofq 
 fine drefs and free behaviour made her modefty fufpec-. 
 ted) eafily drew the (hiptofhp^e with her girdle, wherq 
 the GoddeSs was received by the hands.of virgins, and 
 
 a Sacra bon^maribus npnadeunda De^» Tib. 2. el. S» 
 
 .No men admitted were to Cyt-eie's rites.. 
 \ Cic. 1. ad Atricum et in E^VaJox, c Plin. 1, 1.0. c. 56. 
 
 A Nojfe domos Sjjgias, arcanaque Dilis. Operiu Luciai\. i. 6* _ 
 
 To.he;r hejl's fecrtt caunftls, and to kjiow 
 
 iBark Pluto's .rites and myifenes below. 
 
 c. Mine mater Quiir'm \bele. Cor bantiaqus ara* 
 
 Idaumque nemus 1 h nc Jidajuentia facris, 
 
 Etjun'n currum Domini fubte re Leones*_ e^Sneid. 1* 3* 
 
 Kei\. tybele, die mother ol the Gods, 
 
 With tinkling cymbal? chavm'd th* Idaan woods, 
 
 She fc.cret rues and ceremonies taught, 
 
 And to tile yoke the lavage; 1 ons brought. ' 
 f Ap. De la Cerda in JE eid. 3. " s Loquendi magUt'os ho- 
 ^ane$ habemus, tacendi Deos : ab illis flkntium accipiemes .in ina*. 
 iiauo».ibus et myfteriis, Plut, de Lpquac*. b Lu.c, 1? % % 
 
( HI ) 
 
 the citizens went out to meet her, placing cenfers wuhi 
 frankincenfe before their doors, and when ihey had light-*- \ 
 ed the frankincenfe, they prayed that (he wouU enter 
 freely into Rome, and be favorable to it. And becaufe 
 the Sibyls had prophefied, that Idaa Mater, flapid I be. in- 
 troduced by the beji man amtfrig the Romans, U a 
 was a little billed to fa\s a judgment in the tofe y and re- 
 folp^i who was the heft man in the a: cry one icas 
 a??;biti:us to get the viclcry in a difuie of that nature + ?nore 
 than if they flood to be elected to u .:ands or honours 
 by i er of the fenate* o? Mz 
 refolved that P. Scipio, the fen of Quzus wh&.WA$ killed in 
 Spain, a young gentleman who had never been quajhr^ zujs. 
 the lejl man in the whole city. 
 
 bhe was called Pejjhiuntia y b from a certain field in. 
 Phrygia, into which an image of her fell from he iven y 
 from which fill c the place was called Pefftma* and the 
 Goddefs Peffnuntia. And. in rhis place firft the Phry- 
 gians began to celebrate the Sacrifices Orgia to this God- 
 defs, near the river Galium, from which her priells were 
 called d Galli\ as I thai! teil you, after 1 have obfe?ved 5 
 that when thefe priefts defired a great refpecft and adora- 
 tion fhould be paid to any thing, they pretended that 
 it fell from heaven; and they called thofe images ^z-rrirr, 
 [Dispete'] that is, feni from Jupiter. Of which foct wer§* 
 the e Ancihy the Palladium^ and the effigies of this God-- 
 defs concerning which we now fpeak, 
 
 a Hand parvs rei judicium itnatum teneba% qui w. optimus ip 
 civitate effet :. verum certe vicloriam ejus rei fibi quifque mallet, qnam, 
 ulla imperia, honorefve, iumagio feu Patmm, feu Plebis, delator 
 Patres Coniciipti P v Sc:pitntm, Cnei filiusn ejus, qui in Hiipama. 
 occidebat, adolefcentem, nondum Quaeilorem, judicaverunt in tota 
 civitate vt^um optimum effe. b Hefiod, J. i. c '^^ T j ^^^^ 
 a cadendo ^ Feiius, e Herod, \^% M 
 
( 158 ) 
 
 SECT. 3, THE SACRIFICES OF CYBELE. 
 
 Her facrifices, like the facrifices of Bacchus, a we re 
 celebrated with a confufed noife. of timbrels, pipes, and 
 cymbals; and the facrificants howled, as if they were 
 mad; they profaned both the temple of their Goddefs. 
 and the ears of their hearers, with their filthy words and 
 actions. The following rites were peculiarly obferved 
 in her facrifices : b her temple was opened not by hands, 
 but by prayers ; none entered who had tafted garlic ; the 
 priefts facrificed to her fitting and touching the earth, 
 and offered the hearts of the victims. And laftly, among 
 the trees, the box and the pine were fac red to her. The 
 box, becaufe the pipes ufed in her facrifices were made 
 of it : c the pine, for the fake of Jtys, Aties, or Attines, 
 a boy that Cybele much loved, and made him "prefident 
 of her rites, upon condition that he always preserved his 
 chaftity inviolate, But he forgot his vow and toft that 
 virtue. d Wherefore the offended Goddefs threw him 
 into fuch a madnefs, that he emafculated hirhfelf (though 
 c Luc tan fays that Cybele did it) and when he was about 
 to Jay violent hands upon himfelf, fhe, in pity, turned 
 him into a pine. 
 
 But take notice that there was a true Atys* the fon of 
 Croefus ,king of Lydia. He was born dun>b : but when 
 he few in the fight a foldier at his father's back, with a 
 fword lifted up to kill Tiim, the firings of his tongue, 
 which hindered his fpee,ch, burft ; and by fpeaking clear- 
 ly, he prevented his father's deftruction. 
 
 a Apulei. 8. Metam. Claud, de Rap. Prof. *. b Serv. in 
 
 JEn. 6. Athen. ap. Lil. Gyr. fynt. 4. La&ant. p. in 8; Theb. 
 « Serv. in JEn. 9. d Aug. de Civ. Dei. 7. e Lucian, de 
 
 Pea Syria. 
 
( *59 ) 
 
 SECT. 4. THE PRIESTS OF CYBELE. 
 
 I just a now told you that her pricfls were called 
 Gallic from a river of Phrygicr t of that name. Such 
 was the nature of the water of this river, that whoever 
 drank of it, immediately grew mad to fuch a degree as 
 to geld himfelf. This is certain, that the Gahl were 
 caftrated, and thence ca\hd Stmiviri : as often as they 
 facririced, they furioufly cut and lLfhed their aim'; 
 knives ; and thence all furious and mad people were call- 
 ed GallarUes. b Be fide the name of GfaUi^ they were 
 alfo called Curetes^ Cdrybantes^ Telchines, Gabirt^ and 
 Idai Daolyll. Some lay, that theft 
 
 from the Galli ; but, becaufe rhem 
 
 to be the fame, and fay that thev were all priefts ... 
 bele, therefore I will (peak fonaething of each of them. 
 
 The Curetes were either Cretans^ or /EfotianS) or 1 
 bceam, and had their names from c (haying'; (o that Cv- 
 retes and Detonfi fignify alflioft t::e fame thing. For they 
 fhaved the hair of their heads before, but ir be- 
 
 hind, that they might not be taken (as it has 
 pened) by the forelocks, by the enemy; or, peri 
 they were called Curetes, d bec'aufe thee 
 lone: vefts, like young maidens; or Lniy, e became chey 
 educated Jupiter in his infancv. 
 
 Her priefts were alio called Qqrybant^ hccu.fe in the 
 facrifices of their Goddefs, they toiled their heads and 
 danced, and butted with their foreheads like rams, after 
 a mad fafhion. Thus, when they initiated any oj 
 their facrifices, f they placed him in a chair, and danced 
 about him like fools. 
 
 Another name of her priefls was TeLhines. Thefe 
 
 * Lil. Gyr. p. 14T. b Var.. apud Norm, in verba Ca.lns. 
 
 c 'A7ro tȤ Ktyas, a tonfijra Curetes dictbantor. d 'Atto t?s r$pnc % 
 apuella, quod pucllarum ttolam inducbanr. e '^^. s rvt%x 
 ab educatione iuvenum, quod Jovem infantem akiiflfe perhibentur. 
 Strabo. f 'attq ru K.fvTTsiVy acomibus feiiendo, et $u{tm 
 
 incede&<fo« Strabo 1.x, Piato in Euthid, 
 
f & ) 
 
 were famous magicians and enchanters *, and they came 
 from Crete^o Cyprus, and thence into Rhodes, which lat- 
 ter ifland was called Telchhics from them. a Or, if we 
 , believe others, they were defer ving men, and invented 
 many arts for the good of the public : for they firft fet 
 ijp the ftatues and the images of the Gods. 
 
 The Cablri, or Ca'beri r fo called from Cabiri, moun- 
 tains of Pbryria, b were either the fervanrs of the Gods,, 
 or Gods themfelves, or rather iamvm* or the fame with ' 
 the Corybaritn \ for the people's opinions concerning them 
 are different.. 
 
 The Idai Dafiyli c were the feryants and aff'Jlants of 
 Magna Mater ; called Idai from the Mountain Tda^ 
 where they lived , and Daclyli d from the fengtys y for 
 thefe priefts were ten, hke the fingers: e they, ferved 
 Rhea every -where, and in every things as if they were 
 fingers to her.. f Yet many affirm, that, there, were, more,: 
 than ten.. 
 
 CHAPTER Vlfft 
 
 SECT. X. GERES. HER IMAGE,. 
 
 P. YOU have faid enough, dear fir, of Cybele\ pray 
 tell me, who that tall majeftic lady is, who ftands- 
 there, g beautified w.i h^yellow hair, and crowned with 
 a turban corn po fed of the ears of corn i her bofom fvvells 
 with hreaiis as white as fnow ; her ri^ht hand is full of 
 poppies and ears of corn, and in her left is a lighted 
 torch. 
 
 M. It is Ceres ^ my Palaophilus^ h the daughter of Sa~ 
 turn and Ops ; whofe lingular beauty made the Gods 
 themfelves her lovers and admirers. Her brothers Ju- 
 piter and Ntpiune Tell in love. with her, and debauched 
 
 a Strabo 1. i. b Idem ibid. c Sopbocl. apud. Lil. Gyr. . 
 
 d Dfgiti enim Grxce 'dicuntur cWri^oi- . e Jul- i 3 oh 1. i. f Strabo. 
 33icd. ap. Gyr. £ Ovid. Fa/t, 4. Arnobius 5, cpntia Gentes* 
 
 Martian, % t de Nupt, * JEMcd, in Theog, 
 

 lYafc // 
 
 Tat/v /oo 
 

( i6i ) 
 
 her. a She had Prefer pine by Jupiter ; and by Nep- 
 tune it is uncertain whether fhe had a daughter cr a 
 horfe: for, b as fome fay, when fhe avoided the purfuits 
 of Neptune, who followed her, fhQ caft heifelf among a 
 drove of mares, and immediately put on the fhape of a 
 mare; which Neptune perceiving, he made himfelf a 
 horfe; and from her he begat the horkdrion. c Cvid 
 himfelf is of this opinion : and hence I fuppofe the {lory 
 comes, which ,l Pau/anfas relates. Upon the mountain 
 /Eieus in Arcadia, an altar was dedicated to Ceres \ her 
 image had the body of a woman, but the head of a 
 horie ; it remained entire and unhurt in the mid 
 fire. Yet others have told us, that C not bring 
 
 forth a horfe, but a daughter: e the Arcadians thought 
 it a wicked thing to call this daughter by any other 
 name than f the lady, or the great Gcddefs, which were 
 the ufual nair.es of her mother Ceres. 
 
 Ceres was greatly afhamed of this diigrace : fhe ex- 
 ceedingly lamented the lofs of her honour, and teftified 
 her for row by the mourning clothes, which afterward 
 fhe wore ; whence fhe was named Melcsna, 
 nigra: fhe retired into the dark receffes of a cave, where 
 fhe lay fo privately that none of the Gods knew where 
 fhe was, till Pan, the God of the woods, difcovered 
 her by chance, and told Jupiter ; who, fending the Fates 
 to her, perfuaded her at taft to lay afide her grief, and 
 rife out of the cave, which was a happy and joyful thing 
 for all the world. For \n her abfence, a great infection 
 reigned throughout a!i forts of living creatures, which 
 fprang from the corruption of the fruits of the earth, and 
 the granaries every where. 
 
 a Hefiod. in Theog, b Prod, in Georg. Vfrg. 
 
 c Et te, fla-va comas frugum mitijfima ?naier> 
 
 Sen/it eqiium. Met. 6. 
 
 The gold- hai r^d gentle goddefs Ceres knew 
 
 Thee in a horiVs ihape. 
 d Paufan. in.Arcad. e I&m ibid. f Afemw* Dcmiiu, 
 
 et Magna Dea, 
 

 ( 162 ) , 
 
 JP. But why were the fruits of the earth corrupted in 
 her abfence ? 
 
 ' M. Why ! Do you not know that (he is the Goddefs 
 ef the Fruits^ and that her very name is derived a from 
 her care, in producing or preferving the fruits of the 
 earth? And have you not heard that fhe firft invented 
 and taught the art of tilling the earthy and fowing corn, . 
 and all pulfe (except beans) and of making bread there- 
 with, when before they only eat acorns ? This you may; 
 learn from b Ovid v who tells us that Ceres was the firft 
 that made laws ; provided ' whoJefome food y and taught 
 the art of hufbandry, of ploughing and fowing. For 
 before her time, the earth lay rough and uncultivated,, 
 covered with briars, .and unprofitable plants ; when there 
 were no proprietors of land, they negle&ed to cultivate 
 it; when nobody had any ground of his own, riiey did < 
 not c care to fix landmarks : but all things were com- 
 mon to all men, till Ceres who had invented the art of" 
 husbandry, taught men how to exercife it; and then 
 they began to contend and difpute about the limits of 
 thofe fields, from the culture of which" they reaped fo ; 
 much profit : and hence it was neceffary that laws fhould 
 be enacted to determine the rights and properties of thofe 
 who contended. For this reafon Ceres was named the 
 ^ foundrefs of laws. 
 
 a Ceres dkhvv quafi Geres agerendis frucHbus : aufc<$iafi Serens, „ 
 
 vel ab antique verbo Gerec, quod idem eft ac Creo, quod cun&)arum 
 frugum cicatrix fit et altr-ix. Cx. Na . Deo. 2. Mater), de prof. ReU 
 6. i8« Scaligsi ■ ct Serv. in Geo. 1. Cajhmach. Hymn, in Ger. fiin. 
 f. q, 50. 
 
 b Prima Ceres unco *glebam dlmow'.t arairo, 
 
 Prima dedit fruges atimentaqye mittCi t err is, 
 
 Prima dedii. leges. Gereris [tint omnia mtinuss 
 
 Ceres -was Che who firft our furrows ploughed j 
 
 Who gave fweet fruits, and eafy food allow'd. , 
 
 Ctres m& tarr.M us with her gentle laws. 
 
 From her kind band the world fubfiftante draws. 
 
 c Antjignare qiiidepi> aut partin litmU campum* } 
 
 Or to imke landmarks, or to balk their nei Is. 
 d L.egifera, et Gr&ze SgcrpoQopic ; ejufque facia dicebantur $£$•- 
 (lotpopia. : Vocabatur etiam Ceres Av^jjTijp, qi^afi Tvpmvfi >*" e ^» 
 Terra Mater. Vlrg. Mn, 3, & Servius ibid. 
 
( 163 ) 
 
 p T underftand now the meaning offer crcOTm ? .de 
 of Ln • but yet I do not fee what the handful of pop- 
 
 P #?|m explain the Unification of that alfo in its 
 
 i u ^ firfr let me foeak of forne other things. 
 
 Pk r ke" s bSuti uTa/rwel. fhaped, becaufe the .earth 
 w hich Lrefembles, appears beautiful and dehghtrul o 
 To the beholders; rfpSally when it ,, **W ** 
 rfants, diverged with trees, adorned with Bowers, en* 
 fchdwith fruits, and covered wnh greens ; when t 
 difplays the honours of fpring, and pours forth the gilts 
 of autumn with a bountiful hand. 
 
 "Kir is yellow, and when the ears of corn are 
 rioe they are adorned with that golden colour. 
 
 P ; HeTbreafts fwell with milk, * whence (he s ftyled 
 ji^iometimes, « becaufe after Ajg*""^ 
 r.ated with feed, and big w.th the fruit thereof, it t nng? 
 forth all things out of itfelf in abundance, and, hkrj 
 mother, feeds'and nouriihes us ; and hence fne » caned 
 * ^Aiw, and d Altnx nojha. p f 
 
 4 . She holds a lighted torch, becaufe **™f"J' r 
 
 S^LuLa" V«, and «tth them IBbgta her e.e» S h. 
 
 heard wheift Pr*fe*fin* was; as you wnl hear in its 
 proper place. 
 
 a L1I. Gy, f>t. x 4 ^ic.Nat^eo,^ J™* 
 
 Geo. i . * Ci<?. Nat. I>eor. %. e Cic m Ye, rem* 
 in Geo. * . 
 
( i6 4 ) 
 
 P. But what is that young man, who fits in a cha- 
 riot drawn by flying ferpents ? 
 
 M It is Triptolemus, in the chariot which Gmpave 
 him. He was the fon of Gr^j, k,Wgo£j&kfi t xnAt- 
 
 tica. Ceres brought him up from his infancy, upon 
 this occafion. Wh,ie fte fought Projerpine b/'fea and 
 land, upon the way- fte came into the city Eleufis, 
 where kmg &/,«, entertained her ; whofe kindnefs fte 
 requited, by breeding up his young fon, whom in the 
 daynme fte fed with ceiefti,i and divine milk, but in 
 the night covered him all over with fire. The child in 
 a iew days Decame a beautiful young man, by this ex- 
 traordinary manner , t Jon. Meganlra his mother, 
 gteatly wonaenng at this fpeedy progress, was very de- 
 Jirous to jcnow how Geres dealt with her fon • fi ;e 
 therefore* looked through a fmail hole, and faw Ceres 
 cover her fon TnptcUmm with burning coal. This af- 
 frighted her fo, that fte cried out that Ceres was mur- 
 fler.ng her fon j and fte ran into the room to flive him. 
 C^pumfted her imprudent curiofity with death ; 
 jqea_ putting Iriptokmus into the chariot that you fee, 
 Ihe lent aim throughout the world, to ftow mankind 
 
 flV t? rf \ HS ex L eCU£edher commands fo faith- 
 iu.Jy, and taught men the art of husbandry, of fowinir 
 reapmg, and pf thrashing the corn fo well, that hence 
 he obtained his name ' Triptolemus. " Ovid gives us an 
 
 » Callimacb. Hymn, in Cer. » Serv. in Geo. i. c Tripto. 
 leimis dicitnr quali r f ^cct. r ^^ u id eft, hordeum terens. By- 
 
 gm. fab. 147. J 
 
 — j- Geminos dea fertilis anvues 
 Curribus admovit : franifque coercuit ora ; 
 Et medium cceli, terra: que per aera vedae/i: 
 A/que le<vem currum Tritonida mifit in arcem 
 Triptolemo ; partimqae nidi datafeminajuffit 
 Spargere bumo, partim poji tempora lon»a reculta. 
 teres her chariot mourns : yok'd dragons ftand, 
 i sine and obedient to her gentle hand : 
 With ftiwcHM out wings, through yielding aft they fly, 
 i ill Ceres (ends her chariot from the fky, 
 To fto'-d triptolemus, her Athenian friend ; 
 triptolemus, whofe ufeful cares intend 
 
( i6s ) . 
 
 excellent description of this in the fifth book of his Me- 
 tamorphoies. 
 
 P. But what evet is that near the wheel of Geres* 
 chariot ? for I fancy I fee an evet there. 
 
 AL That creature was once a boy, whom Cere's , for 
 his malapertnefs, changed into a little beift like a lizard. 
 For when Ceres was very weary with travelling, and 
 thirfty, fhe came to a cottage, and begged a little water 
 to waih her mouth, of an eld woman that lived there : 
 the old woman not only gave her water, but a!fo bar- 
 ley-broth ; which when the Goddefs fuppecj up greedily, 
 the woman's fon Stellio* a fancy boy, mocked her. This 
 railed Ceres 9 anger fo far, that in a rage fhe flung fome 
 of the broth into the boy's face, a who was thereby 
 changed into an evet or newt. 
 
 But do you fee the man rolling himfelf upon the 
 ground, and tearing and eating his own fiefh ? 
 
 P. I pbfeive him: what is his name, and why is he 
 fo cruel to himfelf? 
 
 $/. They call him Erijichthon, In contempt of the 
 Sacrifices of Ceres^ he defiled her groves, and cut down 
 one of her oaks; for which he was punifhed with per- 
 petual hunger: fo that 5 when he has devoured all the 
 meat and food which he can by any ways procure, he 
 is forced to eat his own flefh to fupport his own body ; 
 and to bring upon himfelf a horrible death, the better 
 to fuftain his life. 
 
 The common good : Ued was the chariot's load, 
 
 Which Hie on him for public life beftow'd : 
 
 Part fhe for fallow fields new ploughed defign'd, 
 
 -And part -for lend by frequent tilth re-fir. 'd. 
 
 a Fmit anu??i y lattbmmque petit, aptumque cohrl 
 
 Nomen habet> warns ft ettaius corpora guttis. 
 
 Files the old wife, and creeps into a hole, . 
 
 And from .his fpeckkd back a name he gets* 
 
( 1 66 ) 
 
 SECT* 2. THE SACRIFICES OF CERES. 
 
 Among al! the Cerealia, or facrifices inftituted to thg 
 honour of Ceres, thefe which follow are the chtef: Eleu- 
 : finia (by which a name the Goddefs herfelf was alfo 
 known) were fo called, becaufe they /we re fir ft celebra* 
 ted in the city Eleufis. b Of thefe were two forts ; the 
 Majora^ confecrated to Ceres, and the Minora, to Pro-' 
 ferpine. c It was a cuftom, that thofe who were initia- 
 ted in the Major a, never pulled off the clothes which 
 they then wore, till they fell off in rags. d ln both the 
 Mojora, and Minora, a perpetual and wonderful filence 
 was kept : to publilh any thing concerning them was a 
 crime; whence came the proverb concerningy?/W per* 
 fons, 'ArTixa^^vcrtvia, [ rfttica Elevfinia'] and the word 
 myjierium fignifies a religious rite, from pw [muo] os clau- 
 do. Lighted torches were ufed in their facrifices, e be- 
 caufe Ceres with them fought Proferpine \ and up and 
 down the ftreets and the highway?, they cried out, Pro- 
 ferpine! till they had filled all places with their difmal 
 howlings. Games were celebrated in thefe facrifices, 
 in which the vigors f were honoured with a barley 
 crown. 
 
 The * Thefmophoria were inftituted by Triptolemus : 
 2nd thofe women, who vowed perpetual chaftity, were 
 initiated in them. For fome days a fail was kept; and 
 wine was h altogether baniftied from her altar ; whence 
 this expreffion came, Cereri nuptiasfacere, which (among 
 the ancients) fignifies a feafi where there was no wine. 
 Swine were facrificed to this Goddefs, } becaufe they 
 
 a Paufan. in Attic. b p] u t. in Demetrio. c Ariftoph. in 
 
 Pluto. d Seneca 1. 7, oat. quseft. c. 31. 
 
 e NoJIurnifque Hecate triviis ulitlata per urbes. 
 
 JEn. 4. vide Servium. 
 And Hecate by night ador'd with fhrieks. 
 f Pindar, in Ifthm. g Pliny, 1. 24. h Serv. in JEn. 3. 
 * Prima Ceres avida ga^vifa efl f anguine porca, 
 Ultafuas merit a caede noc entes opes % Ovid. Faft. *• 
 
( 16 7 ) 
 
 •hurt the fruits of the earth. And garlands, a compofed 
 of ears of corn, were offered to her. 
 
 Ajnhervalm were initituted to purge the fields, and to 
 beg fruitfulnefs and plenty. They were fo called, b be*. 
 ■ caufe the facririces were led about the fields ; as the fub- 
 i urbs [amburbinm | were efteemed facred, becaufe the fa- 
 crifice was carried round the city. Thefe facrifices were 
 performed by hufbandmen, c who carried a fow big with 
 .young, or a cow-calf, through the corn and the hay 5 
 i in the beginning ofharveft, thrice; the countrymen fol- 
 lowing him with dancing, and Jeaping, and acclamati- 
 ons of joy, till all the fields rung with the roife. In' 
 the mean time, one of them, adorned with a crown, 
 i fung the praifes of Ceres y and after they had offered an 
 oblation of wine mixed with honey and milk, before they 
 i began to reap, they facrificed the fow to her. d The rites 
 . of thefe Ambarvalta are beautifully defcribed by VirgiU 
 
 ■ Ceres with blood of Twine we beft atone, 
 Which thus requite the m fchi -fs they have done,, 
 a Fla za Ceres , tibijit noftro de rare corona 
 Spicea, qua: tempi pendeat ante fores, TibuIIus* 
 
 To thee, fair Goddtfs, we'll a garland {plait 
 Of ears of corn, f adorn thy temple gate. 
 b Quod vicliraal -.mbiretarva. Serv. in Geo. i. ** Vitg. Eel. 3. 
 d Cuncla tibi Cererem pukes agreftis adoret : 
 Cut tu laclefazos. et mti dilue Baccho, 
 Ter que novas cir cum fell x eat kofiafruges\ 
 Omnis quant chorus et focii comitentur ov antes, 
 Et Cererem clamor e -ocent in tecla : neque ante 
 ¥ ale em maiuris quifquam Tupponat arifiis, 
 £ltfam Cereri, toria redlmitus iemfora quercu y 
 Det motus incompofitos^ et carmina dicat. Geo* i* 
 
 Let every Twain adore her power divine, 
 And milk and honey mix with fparkling wine : 
 Let all the choir oT clowns attend this fhow, 
 "In long proceffion, (homing as they go 5 
 Invoking her to bleis th-ir yearly ftores, 
 Inviting plenty to their crowned floors* 
 Thus in the Tpring, and thus in Tummer's heat, 
 ^Before the Tickles touch the ripening wheat, 
 On Ceres call, and let the labYing hind 
 With oaken wreaths his hollow temples bind : 
 On Ceres let him call, and Ceres praife, 
 With uncouth dances, and with country -lays* 
 
 3 
 
( i68 ) 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SECT. I. THE MUSES. THEIR IMAGE. 
 
 P. O WHAT beauty, what fweetnefs, what ele- 
 gance is here ! 
 
 M. You mean in thofe nine virgins^ a who are crown- 
 ed with palms \ do you not ? 
 
 P. Certainly. How pleafantly and kindly they 
 fmile ! How decent and becoming is their drefs ! How 
 handfornely do they fit together in the fhade of that lau- 
 rel arbour! How fkilfully fome of them play on the 
 harp* fome upon the cithern, fome upon the pipe, fome 
 upon the fymbal, and fome harmonioufly fing and play 
 at once ! Methinks I hear them with united minds, 
 voices, and hands, make an agreeable concord arife from 
 their different inftru merits, governing their federal voices 
 infuch a manner, that they make the moft noble har- 
 mony, whofe pleafing charms, entering into my ears, 
 ravifh my mind with pleafure. 
 
 M. They are the Mi/fes •> b the miftrefles of all the 
 fciences, the prefi dents of the muficiam and poets^ and 
 the governors of the feafts and folemnitics of the Gods. 
 c Jupiter begat them of the nymph Mnemojyne, who 
 afterward brought them forth upon the mountain Pteri- 
 ns. d Some affirm that they had other parents, and e 
 ancient writers fay, that they lived before Jupiter^ and 
 were the daughters of Ccelum* They are called the 
 daughters of Jupiter and Mnemofyne f which in Greek 
 fignifies memory) becaufe all ftudents and fcholars ought 
 not only to have great ingenuity, but ready memories. , 
 
 a Corint. apud Li!. Gyi\ b Orpb. in Hymn. Muf. * He- 
 fiod. in Theog. d Tzetzes Chil. 6, hilt. 50. e Muf. ap. Lil. Gyr. 
 
Z%i& /s 
 
 T«?r/&8 
 
C 169 ) 
 
 SECT. 2. THE NAME OF MVS JG. 
 
 The Muf& were formerly called Mofcz, and were 
 fo named from a a Greek word, that figniftes to inquire ; 
 'becaufe men, by inquiring of them, learn [he things of 
 'which they were before ignorant. But others fay, they 
 had their name from b their refemblance, becaufe there 
 is a fimilitude, and an affinity and relation between all 
 the fciences; in which they agree together, and are 
 oinited with one another. Wherefore the Mufes are 
 often painted with their hands joined, dancing in a ring; 
 in the middle of them "fits Apollo, their commander and 
 prince. The pencil of nature defcribed them in that 
 manner upon the agate which Pyrrhus, who made war 
 agalnft the Romans, wore in a ring: for in it was a re- 
 prefentation of the nine Mufes? and Apollo holding a harp ; 
 and thefe figures were not delineated by art, but by the 
 G fpontaneous handy work of nature ; and the veins of 
 die ftone were formed fo regularly, that every Mufe had 
 &er particular diftinclion. 
 
 SECT. 3. THE PROPER NAMES OF THE MUSES. 
 
 P. What was the proper name of each of the 
 Mufes ? 
 
 M. They had each a name derived from fome parti* 
 •cular accomplifliment of their minds, or bodies. 
 
 The firft, Calliope, was fo called from d the fiueeinefs 
 of her voice ; (he prefides over rhetoric, and is efteemed 
 the mod excellent of all the nine. 
 
 The fecond, Clio, is fo named from e glory. For (he 
 is the hiflorical mufe, and takes her name from the fa* 
 \ -moufnefs of the things file records. 
 
 . 
 
 » 'Atsro t3 pucrcu, id eft, ab inquirendo. Plato in Cratyky 
 b Mxa-oa, qnafi l^ i0 vcrou, id eft, fimiles. CalTiodor. c Pii a , 
 
 i. 37. c. 1. d 'akI qfis x.&7$s otty.^ a fuavitate vocis. c '& v l 
 t£ kTUhu a gloria fc. rei um geftarum quas memQrau Schol. Ap. L 
 
 I 
 
( *7o ) 
 
 The *hird, Erato, has her name from a /bs/iV becaufe 
 fhe fings of amours ; or becaufe learned men are beloved 
 and praifed by others. She is alfo called Soltatrixi 
 for (he firft invented the art of dancing, over which 
 fhe prefided. She was alfo the inventrefs of poetry. 
 
 The fourth, Thalia, from b her gayety, brifknefs,' arid 
 ,fleafantry\ becaufe flue fings pleafantly and wantonly* 
 Some afcribe to her the invention of comedy, others of 
 geometry. 
 
 The fifth, Melpomene, from c the excellency of her fong^ 
 and the melody Jhe makes when Jhe fwgs. She is fuppofed 
 to prefide over tragedy, and to have invented fonnets. 
 
 The fixth, Terpjichor^ has her name from d the plea- 
 fur e {he takes in dancing, becaufe ihe delights in balls. 
 Some call her ' Chharijlria. 
 
 The feventh, . Euterpe^ or Euterpia, from e ihefweet- 
 nefs of her finging. Some call her Tibicina, becaufe ac- 
 cording to them, (he pref.des over the pipes : and fome 
 Jay, logic was invented by her. 
 
 The eighth, Polyhymnia, or Polymni a, or Polymneia^ 
 from [ her excellent ?nemory : and therefore g the invention 
 of -writing hijlory is attributed to her ; which requires 
 a .good memory. It was owing toher, h that the fong- 
 llersadd to the vcrfes that they fing^ hands and fingers 
 which fpeak more than the tongue;, an expreffive ii- 
 lence \ a language without words \ in fhort,. gefture and 
 a£Uon.. • 
 
 The ninth, * Urania, was fo called either becaufe 
 
 ,4he fings of divine things \ or becaufe, through her 
 
 affiftance* men are praifed to thejfeVij or becaufe, by 
 
 a 'A7ro t« ^t©$, ab amore. Ovid. Art. Am.-z. b 'Atg 
 
 *re SaMsiv, id eft, vireie, germinare, et flprere. Piocl. in Heiiod. 
 c A /xEA^o/xaj canto et moduIor,rvel u^o tS ^7.q<; ^o^Tv concen- 
 turafac^re. d 'Awl ri^wsiv ^cTq %opm> <l uoe * chords delecletur. 
 <* Ab eJt£^>j?, jucunda r>eriipe in concentu. f & 'sroAi^ mu!tus 
 
 et uveTu memoiia. 6 Pint, in Sympof. h Quod carmmibus 
 
 additae fint orcbeltiarurh loqusciflimoe manus, linguofj digiti, filen- 
 s,tium dam fum, expofitic tacita^ uno verbo geftus et a£bo. * 'Ara© 
 
( m ) 
 
 the fcknces, they become converfant in the contempk* 
 lion of celeflial things. 
 
 Bahufius, a modern poet, has comprifed the names of 
 all the Mufes in a a diftich : that is, he has made the 
 nine Mufes to {land, which is fomething ftrange, but 
 upon eleven feet. Perhaps you will remember their 
 nanres better, when they are thus joined together in two 
 verfes. 
 
 •SECT. 4. THE COMMON NAMES OF THE MUSES. 
 
 P. What names have the Mufes common to them 
 all ? 
 
 M. The moft remarkable are, 
 
 Heliconide, or Heliconiades^ from the mountain -Hell- 
 -con, in B&otia. 
 
 Parnaffides^ from the mountain Parnajfus, in Phccis^ 
 which has two heads; b where if any perfon flept, he 
 prefentiy became a poet. It was anciently called Lar~ 
 ■najfusy from Larnace, the ark of Deucalion, which refted 
 here ; and was named ParnaffiiSj after the flood, from 
 >an inhabitant of this mountain fo called. 
 
 Citherides, or Ciiheriades % from the mountain Cithe* 
 ron, where they dwelt. 
 
 Aonides, from the country Aonia. 
 
 Pierides, or Pierice, c from the mountain Pierus, or 
 Pieria, in Tkrace ; or from the daughters of Pterins 
 and Anippe, who, daring to contend with the Mufes % 
 were changed into pies. 
 
 Pegafides and Hippocremdes, from the famous foun- 
 tain Helicon, which by the Greeks is called d Hippocrene^ 
 and by the Latins^ e Caballinus^ both which words fig- 
 nify the horfe's fountain : it was alfo named Pegafeius 3 
 'from Pegafus the winged borfe, f which by ftriking a 
 
 a -Calliope, Polymneia, Erato, Clio, atqus c fhaUa, 
 Melpomene, Euterpe, Terpfichore, Urania, 1. 4, epig. !• 
 
 b Perfius in Prooemio. c Idem ibid. d Ab iW'sr&s equus, et 
 je^i/tj fons. « Csballinus, a Caballus, id eft; equus # f Ovid* 
 Met. 5. 
 
 X Z 
 
<■( i 7 2 :) 
 
 'it one in this place with his foot, opened the fountain 
 
 5 and the waters of it became vocal. 
 
 Aganippides, or Aganippecs, fr om the fountain Aga* 
 •nippe. 
 
 CqftalideS) from the- fountain Cajlalius at the foot of 
 
 :Parna(Jus. 
 
 SECT, 5. THE NUMBER OF THE MUSES. 
 
 P. What was the number of the Mufes? 
 
 21/1. Some write b , that they were but Three in the 
 'beginning; becaufe found., out of which all finging is 
 formed, is naturally threefold ; either made by the voice 
 alone; or by blowings as in pipes ; or by linking, as 
 in citherns and drums. .Or it may be, becaufe there 
 are three tones of the voice or other inftruments, the 
 t bafs, the tenor ) and the treble* c Or becaufe three is 
 the moft perfect of numbers ; for k agrees to the perfons 
 of the Godhead. d Or Jaftly, becaufe all the fciences 
 -are diftributed into three general .parts, philofphy, rhe- 
 toric, and mathematics ; and each, three: parts are fubdivi- 
 ded into three other parts ; philofophy into logic, ethics^ 
 and pbyfics ; rhetoric into the demonjlr alive, deliberative^ 
 and judicial kind ; mathematics into mufic, geometry^ and 
 arithmetic a and hence it came to pzfc, that they reckon- 
 ed not only Th ree Mufes, hut Nine. 
 
 Others give us a .-different .-reafon why they. are Nine. 
 e When the citizens of Sicyon appointed three fkilful 
 artificers to make the ftatues of the Three Mufes, pro- 
 mifing to choofe thofe three ftatues out of the nine, 
 which they liked beft, they were all fo well made that 
 they could not tell which to prefer ; fo that they bought 
 them all, and placed them in the temples : and Heftod 
 afterward affigned to them the names mentioned/above* 
 
 P. Were they virgins ? 
 
 M. * Someaffirrp it; and others deny it, who reckon 
 
 * Sidonlus Apollin. b Var. apud Auguft. « Cenfor : n. d« 
 
 die natali. d Phur. de Deorum Natura. e Var. apud Augufi, 
 ex hi. Gyr. f Plato ap. eyndem» Vide Nat# Conn 
 
( nz' ) 
 
 up their children. But however, let no person defpife 
 the Mufes, unlefs he defigri to bring definition upon 
 hicrifclf by the example otThamyras or Tbamyrh a ; who 
 being conceited of his beauty and fldfl in imging, pre- 
 fumed to challenge the Mufis to fmg, upon condition, 
 that if he was overcome, they fhould punifh him as they 
 plea.'ed. And after he was overcome, he was deprived 
 at once both of his harp and his eyes. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THEMIS, ASTRiEA, NEMESIS. 
 
 P. THESE three GoddefTes, I fee, contrive and 
 cenfult together on affairs of great moment. 
 
 M. I fuppofe fo ; for the buiineis of them is almofi: 
 the fame: the fame function is incumbent upon each 
 of them. But, however, let us infpect them all ilngly. 
 
 Themis^ the firft of them, b is the daughter of Caelum 
 and Terra. According to the c fignification of her 
 jiame,, her office is to inftruct mankind to do things 
 honeft, juft, and right. d Therefore her images were 
 brought and placed before thofe who were about to 
 fpeak to the people, that they might be admoniflied 
 thereby to fjy nothing in public, but what was juft and 
 righteous. Some fay, e ihe fpoke oracles at Delphi^ 
 before Apollo - y though f Homer fays, that fhe ferved 
 Jtolh with ne£lar and ambrofia. There was another 
 Themis of whom JujVr:e, Lan\ and Peace y are laid to 
 be born. Hefiod, by way of eminence, calls her 5 mo- 
 
 ?, becaufe fhe was afhamed to fee any thing that 
 was done agaihft right and equity. Eufehim calls her 
 Carmenta ; h becaufe by her verfe and precepts fhe di- 
 rects every one to that which is juft. But here he 
 
 a Hom. Iliad 2. Pint, de Mufica. b Hefiod. in Theog, 
 
 * Grajr enmi figniFcat/tf/. d Ex Lil, Gyr. e N , ;d. Met. 1. 
 
 f Hymn, in Apollinem. £ ' A,c: /..;:, id c'i, pudibundam. He* 
 
 fiod. in Theog. k Quod carminihus tdittiiqne (iris prsecipiat uhi- 
 
 cuique quodjuilum eft. Eu&b. Prep. Ev^r.g. i. 3, 
 
( i74 ) 
 
 means 'a different Carmenta from the Roman Garmenta* 
 who was the mother of Evander^ otherwife called The^ 
 mis Nicojlrata^ a prophetical lady. a She was worfhip- 
 ped by the Romans^ becaufe fhe prophefied ; and was 
 called Carmenta ) either b from the verfe in which (he 
 littered her predictions, or c from the madnefs which 
 feemed to poffefs her when fhe prophefted; To this 
 lady an altar was dedicated near the gate Garmentalis % 
 by the Capitol ; and a temple was built to her honour 
 alfo upon this occafion : When d the fenate forbad the 
 married women the ufe of litters or fedans, they combi- 
 ned together, and refolved, that they would never bring 
 children, unlefs theip hufbands refcinded that edi£t : 
 they kept to this agreement with fo much refolution, 
 that the fenate was obliged to change their fentence, 
 and yield to the women's will, and allow them all fe- 
 dans and chariots again. And when their wives con- 
 ceived, and brought forth fine children, they erected a 
 temple in honour of Carmenta. 
 
 Ajlraa^ Q the daughter of Aurora and AJlraus the 
 Tit am (or, as others rather fay, the daughter of Jupiter 
 and Themis) was efteemed f the princefs oj Jujiice. The 
 poets feign, that in the Golden Age fhe defc ended from 
 heaven to the earth; and being offended at laft by the 
 wickednefs of mankind, g fhe returned to heaven again, 
 after all the other Gods had gone before her. She is 
 many times dire&ly called by the name oiJuJiitia* 9 as 
 particularly by h Virgil. And when (he had returned 
 to heaven again, fhe was placed where we now fee the 
 conftellation 5 Virgo. 
 
 a Solinus in defcriptione Romae. b A Carmine. Ovid. Fa(h 
 
 « Quafi carens mente. d Vide Ovid, in Faft. 1. 2. * e Hefiod, 
 
 in Theog. f Juftitise antiftita. 
 
 g Ficlajacet pet as ^ et <virgo cede madentes 
 
 Ultima cceleftum terras Aft r a a reliquit. 
 
 All duty dies, and weary M juftice flies 
 
 From bloody earth at laft, and mounts the fkies* 
 
 fc . Extrema per illos 
 
 Juflitia excedens terris vefligia fecit. Geo. 2* 
 
 Juftice laft took her flight from hence, and here 
 
 The prints of her departing fteps appear, 
 * Boccat. Gem Deor. 4. 
 
( 175 )■ 
 
 The parents of Nemefts were a Jupiter and Neceffttyy 
 Of, according to others, Nox and Oeeanus. She was 
 the Goddefs that rewarded virtue, and punifhed vice 5 
 and fhe taught men their duty, fo that fhe received her 
 name b from the diftrihution that fhe made to every 
 body. Jupiter enjoyed her, as the ftory fays, in the 
 fhape ot a goofe ; c and afterward (he brought forth an 
 egg, which fhe gave to a fhepherd whom fhe met, to 
 be carried to Leda. l&da laid up the egg in a box, and 
 Helena was foon after produced of that egg. But others 
 give us quite different accounts of the matter. The 
 Romans certainly facrificed to this Goddefs, when they 
 went to warj whereby they fignified that they .never 
 took up arms, unlefs in a juft caufe. She is called by 
 another name, Adrajiaa^ from Adrajius^ a king of the 
 ArgiveS) who firft built an ?1tar to her : or, perhaps, from 
 d the difficulty of efcaping from her : becaufe no guilty 
 perfon can flee from the punifhment due to his crime, 
 though Ju/tice fometimes overtakes him late. She has 
 indeed e wings, but does not always ufe them ; but then 
 f the flower her foot is, the harder is her hand. Rham- 
 nufia is another name of this Goddefs, from RhdmnuSy 
 a town in Attica g , where fhe had a. temple, in which- 
 h there was a ftatue of her made of one ftone, ten cubits 
 high ; fhe held the bough of an apple-tree in her hand, 
 and had a crown upon her head, in which many images 
 of deer were engraven. l She had alfo a wheel, which 
 denoted her fwiftnefs when fhe avenges. 
 
 a Paufan. in Arcad. b 'A^o r£ faars emvE(M<rsvq,a diftru 
 
 butione quae unicuique fit. Plato de Legibus Dial. c Apoliod. 
 
 L 3. Bibl-oth. d Ab & non, et i^^a-Ka fugio, quod videlicet nemo 
 nocens effugere queat poenam fuis fceleribus debitam. « Paufan. i$i 
 Attic. 
 
 f Ad feeler urn fcenas ultrix 'venit ira tonantis^ 
 
 Hoc graviore manu 9 quo gr&viore pede. 
 
 Vengeance divine to punifh fin moves flow, 
 
 The flower is its pace, the furer is its blow, 
 g Strabo 1. 9. & In Atticis. 
 
 1 Sed Dea, qua n'tmiis obftat Rbamnufia votis, 
 
 lngemuit, fexitque rot am, Claudian* 
 
 Th' avenging Goddefs, t' our defires unbent, 
 
 Fiiftgroan'd, then turn'd her wheel. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 THE GODS OF THE WOODS, AND THE RURAL GODS. 
 SECT. I* PAN. HIS NAMES. • 
 
 WE are now come to the fecond part of the right- 
 hand wall, which exhibits the images of the Gods and 
 GoddeJ/es cf the Woods, Here you may fee the Gods 
 Pan, Silvanus, the Fauni, the Satyri, Silenus, Priapus^ 
 Ariftczus, and Terminus. 
 
 And there you fee the Goddefies, Diana, Pales, Flo- 
 ra, Feronia, Pomona y and an innumerable company of 
 Nymphs. 
 
 P. What Gods do you fhovv me ? Do you call thofe. 
 cornuted monfters, Gods, who are half men, and half 
 beafts, hairy, and ftiaggy, with goats feet and horfes 
 tails ? 
 
 M* Why not, fince they have attained to that ho- 
 nour ? Firft, let us examine the prince of them all, Pan, 
 
 Pan is called by that name, either, as fome tell us, 
 
 * becaufe he was the fon of Penelope by all her wooers ; 
 or, b becaufe he exhilarated the minds of all the Gods 
 with the mufic of the pipe, which he invented ; and by 
 the harmony of the cithern, upon which he played fkil- 
 fully as foon as he was born. Or, perhaps, he is call- 
 ed Pan, c becaufe he governs the affairs of the unlverfal 
 world by his mind, as he reprefents it by his body, as 
 we .(hall fee by and by. 
 
 The Latins called him Inuus and Incubus, the night** 
 mare ; d becaufe he ufes carnality with all creatures. 
 
 And at Rome he was worfhipped, and called e Lu~ 
 percus and Lyceus. To his honour a temple was built 
 
 a A ftzrav omne, quod ex omnium procorum congreflu cum Pene- 
 Icpe fit natus. Samius. b Horn, in Hymn. c Pbutnnt. 
 
 d Ah inewndd pa dim cum omnibus animalibus. Serv. in J¥mu 
 
 * Jaitin. L 4j. 
 
( 177 ) 
 
 at the foot of the Palatine hill, and fefHvals called Lu- 
 percalia were inftituted, in which his priefts, the Lu~ 
 perci) ran about the itreets naked. 
 
 SECT. 2. THE DESCENT OF PAN. 
 
 His defcent is uncertain; but the common, opinion 
 is, that he was -born of Mercury and Penelope, a For 
 when Mercury fell violently in, love with her, and tried 
 in vain to move her, at lair, by changing hirpfelf into 
 a very white goat, he obtained his dehre, and begat 
 Pan of her, when fhe kept the fheep of her father lca~ 
 rius in the ixfount Taygetur. Pan^ after he was born, 
 b was lapt up in the fkin of a hare, and carried to hea- 
 ven. But why do I here detain you with words ? Look 
 upon the image of him. 
 
 SECT. 3. THE IMAGE OF PAN. 
 
 P. Is that Pan? c that horned half goat, that refem- 
 
 bles a bead rather than a man, much lefs a God ; whom 
 
 I fee defcribed with a fmiling ruddy face, and two 
 
 horns : his nofe is flat, his beard comes down to his 
 
 breaff, his fkin is fpotted, and he has the tail, thighs, 
 
 legs , and feet of a goac ; his head is crowned or girt 
 
 ; about with pine, and he holds a crooked ftafFin one 
 
 hand, and in the other a pipe of uneven reeds, with the 
 
 rnuiic of which he can cheer even the Gocis themfelves. 
 
 O ridiculous deity, tit only to terrify boys ! 
 
 j M. Believe me, he has frighted the men too: for 
 
 j when the Gauh, under Brennus their leader, made an 
 
 irruption into Greece, and were juft about to plunder 
 
 j the city Delphi, Pan in the night frightened them fo 
 
 1 much, that they all betook themfelves to flight, when 
 
 j nobody purfued them. Whence we proverbially fay 3 
 
 a Herod, in Euterpe, b Horn, in Hymiu c Luciaa. ia 
 
 sBacch, 
 
 35 
 
( 178 ) 
 
 that men are in * panic fear y when we fee them affright- 
 ed without a caufe. 
 
 : Now hear what the image of Pan fignifies. Pan 9 
 they fay, is a fymbol of the univerfal world, as I inti- 
 mated before. b In his upper part he refembles a man, 
 in his lower part a beaft ; becaufe the fuperior and ce- 
 leftial part of the world is beautiful, radiant, and glori- 
 ous; as is the face of this God, whofe horns refemble 
 the rays of the fun* and the horns of the moon : the 
 rednefsofhis face is like the fplendor of the fky; and 
 the fpotted fkin that he wears, is an image of the ftarry 
 firmament. In his lower parts he is fhagged and de- 
 formed, which reprefents the fhrubs, and wild beafts, 
 and trees of the earth below : his goats feet fignify the 
 folidity of the earth; and his pipeoffeven reeds, that 
 celeftial harmony which is made by the feven planets. 
 He has a fheephook, crooked at the top, in his hand^ 
 which fignifies the turning of the year into itfelf. 
 
 SECT. 4. ACTIONS OF PAN. 
 
 P. But what mean thofe young ladies that dance 
 about bim ? 
 
 M. They are nymphs, who dance to the mufic of 
 Ills pipe ; c which inftrument Pan firft invented. You 
 will wonder when you hear the relation which the poets 
 give of this pipe, to wit, d as oft as Pan blows it, thfe 
 dugs of the fheep are filled with milk : for he is the God 
 if the Shepherds and Hunters y the Captain of the Nymphs % 
 the Prefident of the Mountains and of a Country Life, and 
 the e Guardian of the Flocks that graze upon the moun- 
 tains. Although his afpedt is fo deformed, yet when 
 
 a Terrores Panici eorum funt qui fine causa perterrentur. Paufan, 
 Plutarch* b Serv. in Eel. 2. 
 
 c Pan primus calamos cera cenjungere plures 
 
 InfiituiU Virg. Eel. a 
 
 Pan taught to joip with wax unequal reeds, 
 • Orph. in Hymn. Ibicus, Poeta Grsecus, 
 
 < 1 Pan curat o<ves y oviumque mag[ftras. Virg, Ecl» %i 
 
 fan loves the fhepherds* aad their flecks he feeds* 
 
( *79 ) 
 
 he changed himfelf into a white ram, he pleafed and 
 gratified Luna, a as it is reported. The nymph Echs 
 fell alfo in love with him, and brought him a daughter 
 named fringes, who b gave Medea the medicines (they 
 fay) with which flie charmed Jafon. c He could not 
 but pleafe Dryope, to gain whom, he laid afide, as it 
 were, his divinity, and became a fhepherd. But he 
 did not court the nymph Syrinx with fo much fuccefs : 
 for flie ran v, away to avoid fo filthy a lover ; till coming 
 to a river (where her flight was flopped) fhe prayed the 
 Naiades, the Nymphs of the Waters, becaufe fhe could 
 not efcape her purfuer, to change her into a bundle of 
 reeds, juft as Pan was laying hold of her, d who there- 
 fore caught the reeds in his arms inftead of her. e The 
 winds moving thefe reeds backward and forward occa- 
 sioned mournful but mufical founds, which Pan perceiv- 
 ing, he cut them down, and made of them reeden pipes. 
 
 a Munerejic niveo lana, Ji credere dignum ejf f 
 Pan Deus Arcadia captam te y Luna, fefellit. Vlrg. Geo. 3.* 
 'Twas thus with fleeces milky white (if we 
 May truft report) Pan, God of Arcady, 
 Did bride thee, Cynthia, nor didft thou difdain, 
 When calPd in woody (hades, to eafe a lover's pain. 
 *> Theaetet. Poeta Graecus. c Horn, in Hymn. 
 <* Hicfe mutarent liquidas ordjfe forores : 
 Panaque cum prenfamfibi jam Syringa putaret 
 Corpore pro nympha c alamos trivife paluflres. Ov. Met, t « 
 When, that (he might avoid a luitful rape, 
 She begg'd her fitter nymphs to change her (hape : / 
 
 Pan thought h' had hugg'd his miftrefs, when indeed 
 He only huggM a trufs of moorifh reed. 
 « Dumque ibifufpirat, moios in ar undine wenios 
 Effecijfe fonum tenuem fimilemque querenti. 
 Arte no<vdy <vocifque Deum dulcedine capturn % 
 Hoc mihi concilium tecum, dixiffe, manebit \ 
 * Atque ita difparibus calamis compagine cera 
 Inter fe junclis nomen tenuijfe puella. 
 He fighs, his (ighs the tofftng reeds return 
 In (oft fmall notes, like one that feemM to mourn* 
 The new, but pleafant notes the God lurprife, 
 Yet this (hall make us friends at laft, he cries : 
 So he this pipe of reeds unequal fram'd 
 
 ;With wax J jtfui Sjrinn frsm his miftrefc nam'd* 
 
( *i8o ) 
 
 But a Lucreiim afcribes the invention of thefe pipes not 
 to Pan y but to fome countrymen, who had obferved, 
 on fome other occafion, the whittling of the wind 
 through reeds. In the facrifices of this God, b they 
 offered to him milk and honey in a fnepherd's bottle. 
 He was more efpecially worfliipped in Arcadia, for 
 which reafon he is fo often called c Pan Deus Arcadia. 
 Some derive from him d Hifpania, Spain, formerly 
 called Iberia l , for he lived there, when he returned from 
 the Indian war, to which he went with Bacchus and th$ 
 Satyrs. 
 
 CHAPTER XII, 
 
 SILVANUS. 
 
 ALTHOUGH many writers confound the Silvani, 
 Fauni, Satyri, and Sileni, with Pan, yet many diftin- 
 guifh them ; therefore we will treat of them feparately, 
 and begin with Sihanus.. 
 
 That okl man is -Silv-anus, whom you fee placed next 
 to i Pan, with the feet of a. goat, and the e face of a man, 
 of little ftature % f he holds cyprefs in his hand ttretched 
 out. He is fo called homjihcs, the woods ; for he pre- 
 fides ever them. g He mightily loved the boy CypariJJus y 
 $yho had a tame deer, in which he took great pleaJure. 
 
 a — miL Zepbyri cava per calamorumjibilaprimum 
 Agrees docuepecoiv'as inflare cicii'as j 
 Inde mlnutaiim dukes didicer't querelas ', 
 Tibia quas jundit digiiis fid at a ctimentutk: 
 Avia per nemora ac fytVas jaUujque reperta, 
 Per loca pajhrum d»<eria> atque otia Dia. Lucr. I. 5« 
 
 And while (oft ev'ning gales blew o'er the plains, 
 And (hook th^ founding reeds, they taught the i wains j 
 And thus the p pe was franrfd, and tuneful reed ; 
 And white the tender docks 'ecu rely feed, 
 The harmiefs (hep-herds tune their pipes to love, 
 And Amaryllis founds in ev'ry grove. 
 t Theocr. in Viator, c Virg. Geo. 3. et Eel. 4. d Lil. Gyr« 
 
 « i^iian. Hilt. Vari». f Martin, de Nuptiis. S Sew. in <£En* 
 
 et Geo. 
 
( i8i ) 
 
 Silvanut by chance killed it ; upon which the youth 
 died for grief. a Therefore Sihanus changed him into 
 a cvprefs-tree, and carried a branch of it always in his 
 ,hand, in memory of his lofs. 
 
 There were many other Silvani, who endeavoured, 
 as much as they could, to violate the chaftity of women, 
 St. b Auguftin fays, that they and the Fauni (commonly 
 called lnawi j were oftentimes wicked to women, de- 
 Tiring and enjoying their embraces. And Varvo fays 3 
 that thevwere mifchievous to big-bellied women. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 SILENUS, 
 
 THAT old fellow, who follows next, with a Hat 
 nofe, bald head, large ears, and with a feiall, flat, 
 gorbellied body, is Sttenm ; ib called c from his jocular 
 temper, becaufe he perpetually j efts upon people. He 
 fits upon a d faddlefoacked afs"; but when he walks he 
 leans upon a ftaff. He was Bacchus' fofler father, his 
 mafter, ,and his perpetual companion, and confeqUentJy 
 almoft always drunk, as we find him deicribed e in the 
 
 a EltemratnaradiceJerinS) $ifcvdne % cufrejfum, Geo.i. 
 
 A- it.' nder c y p rt is p I a n t S 
 b Eos cum Faunis (quos vulgo (ncubo 
 extitiiTe iW.jeiibus, et eaium appetifle^ et peregifig concubitum. 
 Dei. 1. 15. c. i\. c ' A<zro r&? (rt.'KK&lvzw 3 id eft, dielena In ali- 
 
 quem dicere. ^Ii-n. 3. Var. Hut. c. ior d Pando Ateilo. 
 
 e Silenum puerifomno wider) jacmtem, 
 
 Iriflatum boflerno <ve>uu-> Utj<mper s I cho 5 
 
 Scrta proculy tanlum caput dtlapjaj \ -jbant^ 
 
 E> gravis atirita pendebat cantbarus a 
 
 ■— Two Satyrs] on the ground, 
 
 Stretch'd at his eafe, their fire Site nits found ; 
 
 DosM with his fumes, and heavy with his load, 
 
 They found -him lhoring in his dark, abode j 
 
 His roiy wreath was dropp'd not iong before, 
 
 Bom by the tide of wine, and floating on the floor* 
 
 IJis empty can, with eats half worn away, 
 
 Was hung on high, to boait ihe triumph of the day 4 
 
( i8a ) 
 
 fixth Eclogue of Virgil. The cup which he and Bac- 
 chus ufed, was called Cantharus\ and the ftaff with 
 which he fupported himfelf, a Ferula : this he ufed when 
 he was fo drunk, as it often happened, that he could 
 not fit, b but fell from his afs. 
 
 The Satyrs were not only conftant companions * of 
 Silenus^ but very affiftant to him ; for they held him in 
 great efteem, and honoured him as their father ; and, 
 c when they became old, they were called Silent too. 
 And concerning Silsnus 9 - afs, they fay, that d he was 
 tranflated into heaven, and placed among the ftars ; be* 
 caufe in the giants war, Silenus rode on him, and help- 
 ed Jupiter very much. , 
 
 e But when Silenus once was taken, and afked, What 
 was the bejl thing that could befall man ? he, after long 
 filence, anfwered, // is bejl for all never to be born^ but 
 being born^ to die very quickly. Which expreflion Pliny 
 reports almoft in the fame words : f There have been 
 many who have judged it happy never to have been 
 born, or to die immediately after one's birth. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE SATYRS. 
 
 BEHOLD ! g Thofe are Satyrs who dance in lafci- 
 vious motions and poftures, under the ffaade'of that tall 
 and fpreading oak; they have heads armed with horns, 
 
 a Quln que fenex ferula iitubanies ebrius artus 
 
 Suftinety et pando nonfortiter beret afello. Ovid. Met. 4. 
 
 His ftaff dots hardly keep him on his legs, 
 
 When mounted on his afs, fee how he fwags. 
 
 b Ebrius ecce fenex ^ pando delapfus afello, 
 
 Clamarunt Satyri/furge, age,/urge 9 pater. Ov. Art. Am, a* 
 
 TV old foker*s drunk, from 's afs he's got a fall, 
 
 Roufe, father, roufe, again the Satyrs bawl, 
 cpaufan. in Attic. <* Aratus in Phcenomen. * Rogatus 
 
 quidnam ejfet ho minibus optimum ? refpondit, omnibus effe optimum 
 non nafciy et natos. quam citiffime interne. Plut. in Confolatione 
 Apol. f Multi extitere qui non nalici optimum cenferuat, aut 
 quam citiffime aboleri. In Pr$fot, 1, 7, s Paufen, in Attk ft 
 
( i8 3 ) 
 
 and goats feet and legs, crooked hands, rough hair^ 
 bodies, and tails not much fhorter than horfes tails. 
 There is no animal in nature more falacious and libidi- 
 nous than thefe Gods. Their a name itfelf fhows the 
 filthinefs of their nature : and Paufanias gives a proof of 
 it, by relating a ftory of fome mariners, who were drove 
 upon a defert ifland by ftorm, and faw themfelves fur- 
 rounded by a flock of Satyrs : the feamen were frighten- 
 ed, and betook themfelves to their fhips, and the Satyrs 
 left the men, but they feized the women, and commit- 
 ted all manner of wickednefs with them. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE FAUNS. 
 
 THE Fauns, whom you fee joined with the Satyrs^ 
 differ from them, in the name only ; at leaft they are not 
 unlike them in their looks: b for they have hoofs and 
 horns, and are c crowned with the branches of the pine. 
 When they meet drunken perfons, they ftupify them 
 (as it is faid) with d their looks alone. The boors of 
 the country call them the e rural Gods ; and pay them 
 the more refpefl:, becaufe they are armed with horns 
 and nails, and painted in terrible fhapes. 
 
 Faunus, or Fatuellus, f was the fon of Picus king of 
 the Latins. g He married his own fifter, whofe name 
 was Fauna, oxFatuella: he confecrated and made her 
 prieftefs, after w T hich fhe had the gift of prophecy. Hif- 
 tory likewife tells us, that this Faunus was the father 
 and prince of the other fauns and thefatyrs. h His name 
 was given him from his (kill in prophefying ; and thence 
 alfo fatus fignifies both perfons that fpeak rafhly and 
 
 a Satyrus derivator u^o ryq crMs a veretro. Eufeb. Praep. Evan, 
 t> Ovid. Faft. a. c Idem in Epift. Oenones. d Idem, in Epift. 
 Phaedrae. o Dii agreftes. Virg. Geo. x. f Serv. in Mi). 6. 
 
 « Nat. Comes 1. 5. h Faunus dicitur \fanfa feu vaticinando. 
 
 Serv, in /En f 7, Ifid, Hifp. Epifcopus, 
 
( i«4 ) 
 
 inconfulerately, and enthufiafts; becaufe they, who 
 prophefy, deliver the mind and will of another, and 
 fpeak things which themfelves, many time?, do not 
 undeiftand. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 PRIAPUS. 
 
 P. HA ! What means that naked God, with his 
 fickle, behind the trunk of that tree ? Why does he 
 hide the half of his body fo ? 
 
 M. The painter was modef}, and therefore painted 
 but half of him, becaufe he is a fhamelefs and obfeene 
 deity. His name is Priopus. I am alhamed to tell the 
 ftory of him, it is fo very filthy; and therefore I (hall 
 only fay, that he was the fon of Venus and Bacchus^ 
 born at Lawpfacus^ where his mother, hating his defor- 
 mity and the difproportion of his members, rejected 
 him. Yet he pleafed the women of Lampfacus^ info- 
 much, that their hufbands banifhed him from the city, 
 till by the oracle's command he was recalled, and made 
 God of the Gardens^ and crowned with garden herbs. 
 He carries a fickle in his hand, to cut off from the trees 
 all fuperfluous boughs, and to drive away thieves and 
 beafts, and mifchievous birds; whence he is called 
 Avijlufor. Therefore his image is ufuiliy placed in 
 gardens, as we may learn from a Tibullus^ b Virgil^ and 
 c Horace. He is called Hellefpontiacus by the poets | 
 
 a Pcmofifque rubor cufi^s ponatur in hortis, 
 
 Arceat ut f ansa fake Priapus anjes. 
 
 With the fwarthy guardian God our orchards grace ; 
 
 "With his (lift fickle he the birds will chace. 
 
 b Et cvfios jurum air.ue a«uium cum fake faligna 
 
 Jiellefponiiaci fernjet tutela Priapu Geo, 
 
 Bolide the God obfeene, who frights away, 
 
 With his lath Avoid, the thieves and birds of prey. 
 
 e Olim truncus eram ficulnus, inutile lignum, 
 
 Cumfaber incerius fcamnum facer elne Priapum, 
 
( **5 7 
 
 becaufe the city of Lampfacus, where he was born, was 
 fituate upon the Heliefpont. All agree that he was very 
 deformed; and they fay, that this was the occafion of 
 the deformity of this God. When Juno- faw Venus was 
 big with child, (he was jealous y and therefore, under 
 pretence of aflvfting her in her labour, {he fpitefully 
 mifufed her, £o that the young child was fpoiied and de- 
 formed, and from his deformity called Priapus^ Phallus, 
 and Fafcinum ; all which three names favour of obfeeni- 
 ty \ though by fome a he is called Bonus Damon, or 
 Genius: Indeed Juno's touch was not neceffdry to make 
 the child monftrous; for, can any beautiful offspring be 
 expected from a fot and a whore ft 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 ARISTJfcUS. 
 
 HE is called Artjlaus, whom you fee bufied in that 
 nurfery of olives, fupporting and improving the trees. 
 He is employed in drawing oil from the olive, which 
 art he firft invented. He alfo found out the ufe of ho- 
 ney, and therefore vou fee fome rows of beehives near 
 him. b For which two profitable inventions, the anci- 
 ents paid him divine honours. 
 
 He was otherwife called Nomius and Agraus, and 
 was the fon of c Apollo by Cyrene ; or, as Cicero fays, 
 the fon of Liber Pater ', educated by the nymphs, and 
 taught by them the art of making oil, honey, and cheefe. 
 He fell in love with Euridice^ the wife of Orpheus, and 
 purfued her into a wood, where a ferpent ftung her lb, 
 
 Malult ejfe Devm, Deus fade ego fur um aviumqje 
 Maxima formido . Sat. 8. 
 
 'Till afttfts doubting, which the log was good 
 For, ftool, or God ; relblv'd to make a God : 
 So I was m.-;de ; my form the log receives ; 
 A mighty terror I to birds and thieves, 
 a Vide Phurnutiuna, ; b Paufan. in Arcad, c ApolJon. 1. 6- 
 in Verr, 
 
( i£6 ) 
 
 that fhe died;. The nymphs hated him fomuch for this,:, 
 that they deftroyed all his bees, to revenge the death of 
 Euridue. This lofs was exceedingly deplored by him ;,, 
 and afking his mother's advice, he was told by the ora- 
 cle, that he ought by facrifices to appeafe Eundice. 
 Wherefore he facrificed to her four bulls, and four hei- 
 fers, and. bis lofs was fupplied ; for fuddenly a fwarm of-~ 
 feees burft forth from the carcafes of the bulls. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIIL 
 
 TERMINUS. 
 
 p BUT, pray, what is that ftone or log placed ^ 
 there ? It is fo far off that I cannot diftinguifh whether- 
 of the two it is* 
 
 M. It has a place among the rural Gods, becaufe it- 
 is a God itfelf. 
 
 P. A God, do you fay ? Surely you jeft, fir. 
 
 M. No;-, it^is hot only a God, but a God greatly 
 honoured in this city of Rome. They call him Termi~ 
 nusj and imagine that the boundaries and limits of men's' 
 eftates are under his protection. His name, and the di- 
 vine honours paid to him by the ancients, are mentioned 
 by a Ovid, b Tibullus, and c Seneca. The ftatue of this 
 God d was either a fquare ftone, or a log of wood 
 
 a T ermine, five lapis, five es defertus in agro 
 Stipes, ab antiquis tu quoque nomen babes. Faft. %• 
 
 Terminus, whether ftump or ftone thou be, 
 The ancients gave a Godhead too to thee. ' 
 *> Nam verier or, feu ftipes habet defertus in agris, 
 Seu njetus in trwiis florida ferta lapis. 
 For I my adoration freely give, 
 Whether a ftump forlorn my vows receive. 
 Or a beflowerM ftone my worfhip have, 
 c — Nullus in campo facer 
 
 flfatifit agro arbiter populis lapis. Hippol. a£l. ** 
 
 The facred landmark then was quite unknown. 
 <* Arnobius contra Gentes, 1. i. Clemens Alex. Strom. 7. 
 
JP/erfr 20 
 
 J&f* /<f 7 
 
C 187 ) 
 
 pTainedf which they ufually perfumed with ointments 
 and crowned with- garlands. 
 
 And indeed the Lapides Terminates fthat is, land- 
 marks) were efteemed facred ; a fo that whoever dared 
 to move, or plough up, or transfer them to another 
 place, his head hecame devoted to the Diis Terminalibus^ 
 and it was lawful for any body to kill him. 
 
 And further, though they did not facrifice the lives 
 of animals to thofe ftones, becaufe they thought that it 
 was not lawful to ftain them with blood ; yet they offer- 
 ed wafers made of flour to them, and the firft fruits of 
 corn, and the like : and upon the laffc day of the year 
 they always obferved feftivals to their honour 3 called 
 Tarminaiia. 
 
 Now we pafs to the GoddeJJes of the Woods* 
 
 CHAPTER XIX, 
 
 THE GODDESSES OF THE WOODS. 
 DIANA. 
 
 P. IT is very well. Here comes a Goddefs* b taller 
 than the other Goddeffes, in whofe virgin looks we may 
 cafe our eyes, which have been tired with the horrid 
 fight of thofe monftrous deities. Welcome, Diana; 
 € your hunting habit, the bow in your hand, and the 
 quiver full of arrows, which hangs down from your 
 fhoulders, and the (kin of a deer faftened to your breafl^ 
 difcover who you are. * Your behaviour, which is free 
 and eafy, but modeft and decent ; your garments, which 
 are handfome and yet carelefs, fhow that you are a vir- 
 gin. Your e name indicates your modefty and honour. 
 I wifh that you, who are the talleft of the Goddeffes, 
 f to whom women owe their ftature, would implant in 
 
 * Dion. Halicarn. 1. 2. b Virg. JEn. 1. c Idem ibid. 
 
 d Paufan. in Arcad. « "A^re^, ab ^ Tg/x „V, perfefius> pudi- 
 
 citiam integritatemque Dianx indicat, Strabo 1. 14. * Horn, 
 
 OdyfT. 20. 
 
( m y 
 
 them alfo a love of your chaft-ity. For I know ybtt* 
 hare, y-xt abhor the converfation of men, and fly from- 
 the very fight of them : you reject the temptatrons of 
 delight, and abhor the charming witchcraft of pleafure- 
 with all your- heart. 
 
 Mfaon^ iht fori of ■■ Arijiaui^ that famous huntfman,< 
 a fatally iearneci this, - when he impudently looked upon- 
 you, when you were naked' in the fountain ; you defer- 
 ed not the punifhinent of his impurity for a moment $> 
 for,... fpr inkling him with the water, you- changed him 
 into a deer, which, was afterward torn in pieces by his. 
 own dogs. 
 
 Further honour is due to- you 5 becaufe you are the> 
 Moon, b the glory of, the ftars, and the only Goddefs* 
 c who obferved perpetual chaftity. 
 
 Nor am I ignorant of that famous and defervmg ac- 
 tion which you did, to avoid the flames of Alpheus^ d when * 
 you fo haftily fled to your nymphs, who were all toge- 
 ther in one place ; and fo befmeared both yourfelf and 
 them with dirt, that when he came he did not know* 
 you: whereby your- honeft deceit fucceeded according 
 to your intentions; and the dirt, which fouls every 
 thing elfe, added a new luflre to your virtue. Welcome 
 once again, O ! e guardian of the mountains, by whofe- 
 kind ailiftance women -in child-bed are .preferved from 
 death. 
 
 a Ovid. Met. 4, b Aftronim clecus. VWg.JBh. 9. 
 
 c /Eternum tclorum et Virgi nit ails amGrt?n 
 
 Iniemcr aia coin. Virg. JEr). zi« 
 
 — — Heifelf untainted ft ill. 
 
 Hunting and chaitity (he always loy , cL 
 d paufan. in poller. Eliac. 
 
 e Montium cufios\ ncmo'rumqve <virgo 9 
 
 Qute labor an' es u'ero paellas 
 
 ^Ter <vocata audit admifqua leth. 
 
 Diua triformis* Hor. Carro. 1. 3. 
 
 Queen of the mountains and the groves I 
 
 V/hofe hand the teeming pain removes, 
 
 Whofe aid the i;ck ancj w:':v: implore, 
 
 And lb* ics- invoke thy threefold power. 
 
( is* ) 
 
 M. So ! Palaopbilus, you have thus long cheated me ! 
 P. What, I cheated you ! 
 
 M* Yes, you ; who have fo dexteroudy concealed 
 -your knowledge, and endeavoured to mate me relieve 
 -fo long, that you are ignorant ana unfkl al in the my- 
 thology of the Heathens. 
 
 P. I am as unfkiiful as [ pretended. You may be- 
 lieve me when I declare, that 1 am altogether ignorant 
 ■of thofe things which you teach me. Nor can you fup- 
 -pofe otnerwife from what i have now repeated about 
 -Diana, For from a-biy i have loved this Goddefs for 
 her rnodefty ; and out of refpecl to her I learnt thofe few 
 •tilings which you heard me fpeak. I am wholly blind, 
 -and beg, that by your affiftance you would guide me. 
 "I fpeak imcerely, I am. a mere frefh-man. 
 
 M. You can fcarce make me believe fo. But, how- 
 -ever, I will verify the old proverb, a and teach one 
 that -knows more than rnyfelf. I -will begin from the 
 .words that you laff. mentioned. 
 
 Diana is called b Trtformis and Tergemina. Fi-rft, 
 -becaufe though fhe is but one Goddefs, yet file has three 
 ^-different names, as well as three different offices. In 
 .the heavens fhe is called Luna ; on the earth fhe is 
 -named Dlana^ and in hell fhe is ftyled Hecate or Pro- 
 iferpine. in the heavens fhe enlightens every thing by 
 her rays; on the earth, fhe keeps under her power all 
 wild hearts by her bow and her dart ; and in hell fhe 
 keeps all the ghofts and fpirits in fubje&ion to her by 
 her power and authority. Thefe feveral names and of- 
 fices, are comprifed in an ingenious c diftich. But al- 
 though d Luna, Diana, and Hecate are commonly 
 -thought to be only three different names of the fame 
 Goddefs, yet 2 Mefiod efteem-s them three ciftincT: God- 
 ■defles. Secondly, becaufe fhe has, as the poets fay, 
 
 a Sus Minervam. b Nat. Cic. Deor. 3. 
 
 c ferret, luflrat, avit : P^oferpina, Luna, Diana $ 
 Ima, fuprema, feras 5 figptro 9 fulgore, fagktd. 
 
 Dempfter in Paralip* 
 
 ^ In Theogoru e Oipheus in Argon, 
 
■."( 19° ) 
 
 three heads; the head of a horfe on the right fide, of a 
 dog on the left, and a human head in the midft: whence 
 fome call her a three- headed, or three-faced. And b 
 others afcribe to her the likenefs of a bull, a dog, and 
 a lion. c Virgil &x\& d Claudion alfo mention her three 
 countenances. Thirdly, according to the opinion oif 
 fome, (he is called Triformis> e becaufe the Moon hath 
 three phafes or fhapes: the new moon appears arched 
 *with a femieircle of light; the half moon fills a femi- 
 circle with light ; and the full moon fills a whole circle 
 or orb with its fplendor. But let us examine thefe 
 *mames more exactly. 
 
 She is named Luna f from -fhining, either becaufe fhe 
 only in the nighttime fends forth a glorious light, or elfe 
 becaufe fhe fhines by borrowed light, and not by her 
 own ; and therefore the light with which fhe fhines is 
 always s new light. Her chariot is drawn with a white 
 and a black horfe; or with two oxen becaufe fhe has 
 got two horns ; fometirnes a mule is added, fays Fe/lus? 
 becaufe fhe is barren, and fhines by the light of the fun. 
 Some fay, that Luna of both fexes have been worfhip- 
 ped, efpecially among the -Egyptians ; and indeed they 
 give this property to all the other Gods. Thus both 
 ■Lunus and Luna were worfhipped, but with this differ- 
 ence, that thofe who worfhipped Luna were thought 
 fubje£t to the women, and thofe who worfhipped Lunus 
 were fuperior to them. h We muft alfo obferve, that 
 
 a T%u?(rox£<pca>ov xcu rptzrocrwwov, Cornut. et Artemidor. *» 
 Oneirocr. b Porph. ap. Gz> 
 
 c Tercentum tonal ore Deos, Erebumque, Cbaofque, 
 fTevgeminamque Hecaem, tria tirgm/s ora Diana. JEn. 4» 
 Night, Erebus, ard Chaos (he proclaims, 
 * And threefold Hecate with her hundreu names, 
 And three Dianas. 
 
 d Ecce proculternis, Hecate, *variatajiguris. *De Rap. Prof. 
 Behold far off the Goadeis Hecate 
 In threefold fhape advances, 
 e Ap Lil. Gyr. * A lucendo, quod una fit qua? noclulucet, 
 Cic. Nat. Deor. i. % Quod luce aliena fplcndeat, unde Gra?oe 
 
 dicitur SiXttyji a ai'KoK veq9 9 id eft, lumen novum. Id. ibid, * Serv. 
 in^Bn. a, Philocor* Spanian. in Imp. Caracal* 
 
X *9* ) 
 
 the men facrificed to Venus, under the name of Luna? 
 in women's clothes, and the women in men's clothes. 
 
 This Luna had a gallant who was named Endymion^ 
 and he was mightily courted by her; a infomuch that, 
 , to kifs him, fhe defcended out of heaven, and came to 
 the mountain Latmus, or Lathynius, in Qaria ; where 
 he lay condemned to an eternal fleep by Jupiter ; be- 
 caufe, when he was taken into heaven, he impudently 
 attempted to violate the modefty of .^#0. In reality,' 
 -Endymion was a famous aftronomer, who firft defcribed 
 the courfe of the moon, ana he is reprefented lleeping, 
 becaufe he contemplated nothing but the planetary mo- 
 tions. 
 
 Hecate may be derived from etccthv \Joehaihen\ eminus% 
 becaufe the moon darts her rays or arrows afar off, 
 b She is faid to be the daughter of Ceres by Jupiter^ 
 who being cart out by her mother, and expofed in the 
 - ftreets, was taken up by fhepherds, and nounihed by 
 them j for which reafbn c fhe was worfhipped in the 
 ftreets, and her ftatue was ufually fet before the doors 
 of the houfes, whence fhe took the name Propylaa. 
 Others derive her name from £*«*•* [hckaton] centum be- 
 caufe they facrificed a hundred victims to her : d or be- 
 . caufe, by^ her edict, thofe who die, and are not buried, 
 vwander a hundred years up and down hell. However, 
 it is certain, ihe is called Trivia, from triviis^ thejireets ; 
 for fhe was believed toprefide over the ftreets and ways 5 
 fo that they facrificed to her in the ftreets; e and the 
 Athenians^ every new moon, made a fumptuous fupper 
 for her there, which was eaten in the night by the poor 
 people of the city. f They fay that fhe was exceffive 
 tall, her head covered with frightful fnakes inftead of 
 ,hair, and her feet were like ferpents. g She was repre- 
 sented encompailed with dogs ; becaufe that animal was 
 
 ! a Apoll. Argon. 4. PUn B 1. 2. c. 9. b Hefiod. in Theog. 
 c Noftumifque Hecaie iri<viis ululataper urbes. Virg. JEn, 9* 
 And H-cate by night ador'd with (hrieks. 
 d Paufan. in At*ic. e Aiiftoph. in Pltuo, f Lucian. Pfeudoph, 
 g Apud Gyrald. Apollin, 
 
X 192 ) 
 
 facred to her; and Hefychius fays, that fhe was feme* 
 times reprefented hy a dog. We are told that fhe pre- 
 sided over inchantments, and that a when fhe was called 
 feven times, file came to the facrifices : as fobft as thefe 
 were finiflied, b Several apparitions appeared, called from 
 her Hecate a. 
 
 She was called by the Egyptians \ c Buhajlis ; her feafts 
 were named Buba/lte ; and the city where they were 
 •yearly celebrated, was called Buhajlis. 
 
 Brimo is another of the names of Hecate and Diana% 
 which is derived from d the cry that fhe gave, when 
 Apollo or Mars offered violence to her when fhe was a 
 hunting. 
 
 She was called Lucina and Qpis* becaufe e fhe helps 
 to bring children into ihe world, which good office (as 
 they fav) fhe firft performed to her bro her Jpolh: for, 
 as foon as fhe herlelf was born, fhe affifted her mother 
 Latona^ and djd the office of a midwife; f but was fo 
 affrighted with her mother's pain, that fhe refolved ne- 
 ver to have children, but to live a virgin perpetually. 
 
 She is called Chitone and Chitonia^ %> becaufe women 
 after childbirth ufed fir ft to facrifice to *Juno, and then 
 offer to Diana their own and their children's clothes. 
 
 She was named Diclynna., not only from the h nets 
 which fhe ufed, • for ihe was a huntrefs, and the prin- 
 ce-fs of hunters (for which reafon all woods were dedi- 
 cated to her) but alfo becaufe k Britomartis the virgin, 
 whom fhe hunted, fell into the nets, and vowed, if fhe 
 efcaped, to build a temple for Diana* She did efcape, 
 and then confecrated a temple to Diana Diclynna, O- 
 thers relate the ftory thus ; When Britomartis^ whom 
 
 a Argonaut. b Ovid. Met. 9. c Apoll. Argon. 3, * A 
 Peseta;, fremo, ira exardefco. « Quod infantibus in lucem veni- 
 entibus opem ferat, Aug. de Civ. Dei. 4. c. 1. *" Callimach. 
 
 Hymn, in Dian. £ Xiwjj, quafi tunicata a xireiv 9 tunica-} 
 
 fokbantenim fceminae partus laborious perfuntfae Junoni facrificarej 
 &as autem et infantium veites Dianas confecrare. Piut. ,3. Symp. c. 
 ult. h Retia enim & X ti/« dicuntur. i Ovid, Met, a, La&. Piae* 
 * Schol. Arittoph. . 
 
 
( *93 ) 
 
 Diana loved became (he was a huntrefs, fled from Mi- 
 nos her lover, and caft herfelf into the Tea ; fhe fell into 
 the fifliermen's nets, and Diana made her a Goddefs* 
 Since we are talking of hunting, give^ne leave to add, 
 that the a ancients thought that Diana left off hunting 
 on the ides of Auguft\ therefore at that time it was not 
 lawful for any one to hunt, but they crowned the dogs 
 with garlands, and, by the light of torches made of 
 ftubble, hung up the hunting inftruments near them. 
 
 We fhall only adjoin, to what has been faid^ the two 
 ftories of Chime and Meleager. 
 
 Chione was the daughter of Dadalion, the fon of Da- 
 dalus: fhe was defloured by Apollo and Mercury , and 
 brought forth twins; namely, Pbilammon, a fkilful 
 mufician, the fon of Apollo; and Autolycbus, the fon of 
 Mercury, wh /ed a famous b juggler, and an art- 
 
 ful thief. She j (o far from thinking this a fhame, 
 that fhe grew very proud ; nay openly boafted, c that 
 her beauty had charmed two Gods, and that fhe had 
 two fons by them. Befides, fhe was d fo bold as to 
 fpeak fcornfully of Diana's beauty, and to prefer her- 
 felf before her ; but Diana punifhed the infolence of this 
 
 * Brodaeus in Anthol. ex Schol. Pindari. 
 k ■ Furtum ingeniofus ad omne> 
 
 Qui facer e ajfuerat, p atria non degener artis, 
 Candida de nigris et de candentibus atra* Ovid. Met. ii« 
 
 Cunning in theft, and wily in all Heights, 
 Who could with iubtlety deceive the fight, 
 Converting white to black, and black to white. 
 c — — Se pep erijje duos, et D'ds placuijfe duobus r . 
 That (he two fons had brought, by having pleas'd two Gods# 
 d ■ Se praferre Diana 
 
 Suflinuit, faciemque Dea culpavit. At Mi 
 Iraferox mota eft, faclifque placabimus, inquit. 
 Nee mora curvavit comu, nervufque fagittam 
 Impulity et meritam trajecit arundine linguam* 
 She to Diana's durft her face prefer, 
 And blame her beauty. With a cruel look, 
 She faid our deed (hall right us. Forthwith took 
 Her bow, and bent it 5 which fhe fhongly drew, 
 And through her guily tongue the arrow flew. 
 
( *94 ) 
 
 "boaftcr, for fhe drew her, Bow, and fiot an arrow 
 through her tongue, and thereby put hei to (iience. 
 
 Meleager was punifhed for the fault of his father 
 a Oenens, who, when he offered his firfl-fn.its to the 
 Gods, wilfully forgot Diana ; therefore fhe was angry, 
 and fent a wild boar into the;, fields o'f his kingdom of 
 Caledonia, to defuoy them. Meleager, accompanied 
 -with many chofen youths, immediately undertook either 
 to kill this boar,, or to drive him out of the country, 
 The virgin Atalanta was among the hunters, and ^ave 
 the boar the iirft wound ; and loon after Meleager killed 
 him. HevAiizd.Jtalanta more who wounded him, than 
 himfelf who killed him, b <md therefore offered her the 
 boar's fkin. But the uncles of Meleager were enraged 
 that the hide was given to a Granger, and violently took 
 it frornjier ; upon which Meleager killed them. As foon 
 as his mother Althcea underftood that Meleager had killed 
 her brothers, fhe fought revenge like a mad woman. 
 In Akkra's chamber was a billet, which, when. A4ele- 
 oger^ was born ,- c the Fates took, and threw it into the 
 ;fire, faying, The new-born infant fhall live as long as 
 
 * Ovid. Met. 8. 
 
 t> „ ExwviaS} rigidis horrentta fells 
 
 "Terga dat. el ' magnis tnjignia deniibus or a, 
 
 Jlli la?iiii<2 eft cum munere muneru au^or, 
 
 Jwvidere alii, toicque erat agmine murmur. 
 ■ Then gave the brimed fpoil, and ghatliy head 
 
 With monftrous tufhes arm'd, which terror bred. 
 
 She in the gift and giver pleaiure took, 
 
 Ail murmur, with piepofterous envy ftruck. 
 
 c 'Tempora^ dxerunti eadem Hgnoque tibique, 
 
 O modo nate^ damns : quo fOjiqua?n carmine diclti 
 
 ExceJftre.Dea ; flagrant em mater ab tgne ^ 
 
 Eripuii ramum, fparfiique liqueniibus undis 5 
 
 Servatufque diuju enis jer-vaz erat annos. 
 
 O la ely Born, one period we aflign 
 
 To thee ?.v.d to the brand. The charm they weave 
 
 Into his fate, and then the changes leave. 
 
 His' mother fnatcfi'd it with a hafty hand 
 
 Out of the fire* mid qirench'd the flaming brand. 
 
 This in an Inward ciofet ciofely jays, 
 
 And by preferring it prolongs his days. t 
 
( 195 ) 
 
 this ftick remains unconfamed. The mother matched 
 it out of the fire, and quenched it, and laid it in a'clo- 
 ic-t. But now moved with rage, fhe goes to her cham- 
 ber, and fetching the ftick a fee threw it into the fire: 
 as the log burned, Meleager^ though abfent, felt fire in 
 his bowels, winch confumed him, in the fame manner 
 that the wood was confumed ; and when at laft the log 
 was quite reduced to allies, and the fire quenched, M&~ 
 ledger at the fame time expired, and turned to dull. 
 
 CHAPTER XX, 
 
 PALES. 
 
 THAT old lady, whom you fee b furrounded by 
 fliepherds, is Pales* the Goddefs of Shepherds end Pas- 
 tures. Some call her Magna Maier, and Vefia. To 
 this Goddefs they facrificed milk, and ©wafers made of 
 millet, that fhe might make the paftfcres fruitful. They 
 inftituted the feafts called Pahlia or Parllla to her ho- 
 nour, which were bbferved upon the eleventh or twelfth 
 day of the calends of May^ by the fliepherds, in the field, 
 I on the fame day in which Romulus laid the foundation 
 of the city. Thefe feafts were celebrated to appeafe I 
 Goddefs, that fhe might drive -away the wolves, 
 prevent the difeaies incident to cattle. The folemnieies 
 obferved in the palilian Feafts were many : the fhepherds 
 placed little heaps of ftraw in a particular order, and at 
 a certain diftance ; then they danced and leaped over 
 them ; then they purified the fheep, and the reft of the 
 cattle with the fume of rofemary, laurel, fulphur, and 
 the like ; as we learn from Ovid> c who gives a defcrip- 
 tion of thefe rites. 
 
 * ■ Dextraque aver/a trementi % 
 
 Tuner eum torrem.med '■■:. in ignes. 
 
 ■ With eyes turn'd back, her quaking hand 
 
 To trembling flames exposed the funVal brand. 
 k Virg. Eclog. 
 
 c Alma Pales, foveas pafioria facta canentig 
 Profequar efficioji iua facia meo. 
 K 2 
 
( *9* 1 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 P. YOU need not tell me who that Goddefs is, 
 a whom I fee adorned with fo much finery and grace- 
 ful nefs, fo drefled and beautified with flowers. It is 
 Flora, the Goddefs and Prefident of Flowers* Is it not? 
 
 M. It is true, the Ramans ga^e her the honour cf a 
 Goddefs; but in reality fhe was a famous {trumpet, 
 who, by her abominable trade, heaped up a great deal 
 of money, and made the people of Rome her heir. Par- 
 ticularly, fhe left a certain fum, the yearly intereft of 
 which was fettled, that the games, called Florales, or 
 Floralia y might be celebrated annually on her birthday. 
 But becaufe this appeared fcandalous, impious, and pro- 
 fane to the fenate, as it really was, they covered their 
 defign, and worfhipped Flora, under the title of God- 
 defs of Flowers ; and pretended that they offered facrifice 
 ;to her, that the plants and trees might flourifii. 
 
 Ovid follows the fame fi&ion, and relates b that Chlo- 
 vis an infamous nymph was married to Zephyrus, from 
 whom ihe received the power over all the flowers. But 
 let us return to Flora and her games. Her image, as 
 we find in Plutarch, was expofed in the temple of Caf- 
 tor and Pollux^ drefled in a clofe coat, and holding in 
 her right hand the flowers of beans and peas. c For 
 while thefe fports were celebrated, the officers, or adiles^ 
 
 Certe ego de vitulo cinerem, flipulamque fabalem 
 
 Sape tuli 9 lava, februa tojia, manu, 
 Certe ego tmnfilui pqfitas ter in or dine flammas, 
 
 Virgoque r or ales laurea mi/it aquas. 
 Great Pales, help 5 the paft'ral rites I fing, 
 With humble duty mentioning each thing. 
 Afhes of calves, and bean-ftraw oft I've held, 
 With burnt purgations in a hand well fill'd. 
 Thrice o'er the flames, in order rang'd, I've leapt, 
 And holy dew my laurel twig has dript. 
 * La&ant* 1. 1 . c, 24, b Ovid, in Faftis. * Val. Max. 1. a, c. 5* 
 
( *97 I 
 
 fcattered beans, and other pulfe among the people, 
 Thefe games were proclaimed and begun by found ofc* 
 trumpet, as we find mentioned in ^ "Juvenal. Then the 
 lewd women came forth in public, and fhowed tricks 
 naked. Strange! that fuch filthinefs fhould be called 
 FloreSy and fuch games Floralia* 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 FERONIA. 
 
 FERONIA the b Goddefs of the Woods, is juftly pla- 
 ced near Flora the Goddefs of Flowers. She is called 
 Feronia^ from the care flie takes in c producing and pro- 
 pagating trees. Their higher place is due to her, be- 
 caufe fruits are more valuable than flowers, and trees 
 than fmall and ignoble plants. It is faid, flie had a grove 
 facred to her, under the mountain Soraffe $ this was fet 
 on fire, and the neighbours were refolved to remove 
 the image Feronia thence, when on a fudden the grove 
 became green again. d Straho reports, that thofe who 
 were infpired by this Goddefs, ufed to walk barefoot 
 upon burning coal without hurt. Though many be- 
 lieved, that by the Goddefs Feronia, that virtue only is 
 meant by which fruit and flowers were produced* 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 POMONA. 
 
 POMONA is the Goddefs, the Guardian, the Preft- 
 deni, not of the e Apples only, but of all the Fruit and 
 the Producl of trees and plants. As you fee, fhe fql- 
 
 a — Digmffima certe 
 
 FloraH matrona tuba. Sat. 6. 
 
 ■ " A woman worthy fure 
 
 Of Floral feilal trumpet. 
 b Virg. JEru 7. c Feronia a ferendis arboribus di£h. 
 
 * Geogr. 1. 5. « Pomona a pom'.s dicitur. 
 
( i 9 8 ) 
 
 lows after Flora and Feronla in order; but in the great- 
 nefs of h^r merit file far furpailes them ; and has a prieffc 
 who only ferves her., called Flumen Pomonalis. 
 
 P. What toothlefs hag is that, which is fo obfequi- 
 ous to Pomona ? 
 
 M. It is not an old woman, but a God. I do not 
 wonder that you are deceived, iince in this difguife he 
 deceived Pomona herfelf. When fhe was very hufy in 
 looking after her gardens and orchards with great care, 
 and was wholly employed in watering and fecuring the 
 roots, and lopping the overgrown branches ; a Fertum- 
 nusy a principal God among the Romans (called fo be- 
 caufe he. had power to turn himfelf into what fhape he 
 pleafed) fell in love with Pomona y and counterfeited the 
 fhape of an old gray-headed woman. He b came lean- 
 ing on a fcaff into the gardens, admired the fruit and 
 beauty of them, and, commending her care about them, 
 he faluted her. He viewed the gardens, and from the 
 obfeFvatipns he had made, he began to difcourfe of mar- 
 riage, telling her that it would acid to the happinefs even 
 of a God, to have her to wife. Gbferve, fays he, the 
 trees, which creep up this wall : how do \h+ - ' 
 plums flriee w h; ^ K '■< ~ <*pptes and 
 
 M-1V i, tudii excel the other in beauty and 
 colour ! whereas, if they had not c props or fupports, 
 which like hufbands hold them up, they would perifh 
 and decay. All this did not move her, till Fertumnus 
 
 ■ a Vertumnus a vertendo, quod in quas vellet figures tee vertere 
 poterat. > _ . 
 
 b hmitenshaculo., pojitis ad temper a^canis. ^ Ovid. JVieU 14.* 
 
 With gray-hair'd noddle, leaning on a itaff. 
 
 *_AtJiflareti ait, Calebs Jine palmite tr uncus % 
 
 Nil prater frondes, quafe peteretur, haberet% 
 
 Jiac quoque, qua j unci a *vitis requiefcit in ulmo, 
 
 Si non juncla foret, terra acclindta jaceret : 
 
 <Tu tamen exemplo non tangeris arboris hujtis. 
 
 Yet, faith he, if this elm fhould grew alone, 
 
 Except for ihade, it Would be prtz'd by none 5 
 
 And fo this vine in am'rous foldings wound, 
 
 If but disjoined, would creep upon the ground s 
 
 Yet art not thou by fuch examples led, 
 
 But fljuni-fft the pteafdres of a happy bed, 
 
( m r 
 
 a - changed hwnfelf into a young man ; and then fhe be- 
 gan alio to feel the force and power of love, and fubm it- 
 ted to his willies. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE NYMPHS. 
 
 NOW obferve that great company of neat, pretty, • 
 hnnaforne, beautiful, charming virgins, who are very 
 near the gardens of Pomona. Some run about the woods, 
 and hide themfelves in the trunks of the aged oaks ; 
 fome plunge themfelves info the fountains, and fome 
 fwim in the rivers. They are called by one common 
 name b Nymphs^ c became they always look young; or 
 d becaufe they are handfome : yet all have their proper 
 names betide, which they derive either from the places 
 where they live, or the offices they perform ; they are 
 efpecially diftributed in three claffes, celeftial> terrejirial^ 
 and mar ins. 
 
 i The cdejllal Nymphs were thofe genii, ihok fmh and 
 intelUofs^ e who guided the fpheres of the heavens, and 
 difoenfed tV*~ ; - ' - ru_ &&** *- a^^^^ H r-a*V- 
 earth. 
 
 a ■ In jwvenem red Jit ; et aralia demit 
 
 Inftrumenta Jibl : talifque apparuit Ml, 
 
 Quails ubl oppofaas niudijjima foils Imago 
 
 E-vlclt nubes, nuUdque Xibftante reluxit : 
 
 Vimque par at ; fed <w non eft cpus, inque figurd 
 
 Capta Del Nymph e eft, et mutua uulnerafetifit. 
 
 » Again himfelf he grew j 
 
 Trf infirmities of heatiefs age deposed 5 
 
 And fuch himfeif unto the nymph difcios'd, 
 
 As when the fun, fubduing with his rays 
 
 The muffling cloud, his golden brow difplays j 
 
 He force prepares 5 of force there was no need, 
 
 Struck with his beauty, mutually they bleed. 
 b Phurnut. c y A ^ T g ££ v ' lOL c (pctivto-Qai quod femper juvenes 
 appareant. d 'Attg tS Qct'vuv fplendere, quod forms; decore pre* 
 fulgeant. * Ex. Piut» Macrob. Procl. 
 
( 200 ) 
 
 Of the terrejirial Nymphs fome prefide over the woods, 
 and were called Dryades from a Greek word a , which 
 principally fignifies an oak^ but generally any tree what- 
 ever. Thefe Dryades had their habitations in the oaks. 
 Other Nymphs were called b Hamadryades, for they were 
 born when the oak was firft planted, and when it pe- 
 rifhes they die alfo. The ancients held ftrange opinions 
 concerning oaks, they imagined that even the fmalleft 
 oak was fent from heaven. The c Druida^ priefts of 
 the Gauls) elteemed nothing more divine and facred, 
 than the excrefcence which flicks to oaks. Others of 
 thofe nymphs were called d Oreades or Oreftiades^ be- 
 caufe they prefided over the mountains. Others e Na- 
 ptea^ becaufe they had dominion over the groves and 
 vallies* Others f Limoniadesy becaufe they looked after 
 the meadows and fields. And others g Melics^ from the 
 afh, a tree facred to them ; and thefe were fuppofed to be 
 the mothers of thofe children, who were accidentally 
 born under a tree, or expofed there. 
 
 Of the marine Nymphs^ thofe h which prefide over the 
 feas, were called Nereides or Nerincz^ from the fea god 
 NereuSy and the fea nymph Doris^ their parents ; which 
 Nereus and Doris were born of Tethys and Oceanus^ from 
 
 of thofe nymphs prefide over the fountains, and were 
 called l Naides or Naiades : others inhabit the rivers, 
 and were called Fluv'iales or k Potamides : and others pre- 
 fide over the lakes and ponds, and were called ! Limnades. 
 AH the Gods had Nymphs attending them. "Jupiter 
 fpeaks of his m in Ovid. Nettune had many nymphs, 
 
 * &$u id eft, quercus. Virg. Geo. 4. *> Ab ^ a , fimul, et 
 
 hvc 9 quercus. c Lil. Gyr. fynt. 1. <* Ab opoq, mons. 
 
 « A poem, faltus vel vallis. f A As^wy, pratum. B A ^eaU, 
 fraxlnus. h Orph» in Hymn. * A yaw, fluo. k iaoroc^l<;» 
 fluvius. ] A hi(jwv 9 lacus. 
 
 m Sunt mihi Semidei, funt rufiica numina Fauni, 
 EtNympha, Satyrique, et montlcola Syl<vani. Met. i» 
 
 Half Gods and ruitic Fauns attend my will, 
 Nymphs, Satyrs, Sylvans that on mountains dwell. 
 
( 201 ) 
 
 rnfomuch that Hefcd and Pindar call him a Nymphagetr, 
 that is, the Captain of the Nymphs ; the poets generally 
 gave him fifty. Phoebus likewife had nymphs called 
 Aganippidcs and Mufas, Innumerable were the nymphs 
 of Bacchus, who were called by different names, Baccha % 
 Bajfarides, Eloides, and Thyades. Hunting nymphs at- 
 tended upon Diana ; Tea nymphs, called Nereides, waited 
 upon Tethys ; and b fourteen very beautiful nymphs be- 
 longed to Juno. Out of all which I will only give you 
 the hiftory of two. 
 
 Jrethufawzs one of Diana's nymphs: her virtue was 
 as great as her beauty. The pleafantnefs of the place 
 invited her to cool herfelf in the waters of a fine dear 
 river: Jlpheus, the God of the river, affumed the fhnpe 
 of a man, and aroie out of the water: he fir it fa! u^e* I 
 her with kind words, and then approached near to her ; 
 but away fhe flies, and he follows her ; and, when I12 
 had almoft overtaken her, fhe was dilTolved with fear 
 (by the affiftance of Diana, whom fhe implored) into a 
 fountain. c Alpheus then refumed his former ftiape of 
 water, and endeavoured to mix his ftream with hers, 
 but in vain \ for to this day /frethufa continues her flight, 
 and by her pafTage through a cavity of the earth d fhe 
 goes under ground into Sicily. Alpheus alfo follows by 
 the like fubterraneous paffages, till at laft he unites and 
 marries his own ftreams to thofe of Arethufa in that 
 ifl^nd. 
 
 Echo e was a nymph formerly, though nothing of her 
 
 a Nvufxyirr/Cy id eft, Nymphaium dux. Heiiod. et Ptnd. in 
 Mhm. 
 
 b Bis feptemprafanti corpcre Nymph a. Virg. JEn. i„ 
 
 Twice (even the charming daughters of the ma'n, 
 Around mv per fort wait, and bear my train. 
 
 c Sed enun csgnofcit am at as 
 
 Am»' s aquas \ fqfitpqueinri, quod fUmpferat, ore, 
 Vertitur m prcpriasi utfe 11 mifceat, undas. Ov. Met, p 
 The river his beloved waters k ew ^ 
 And putting off th' affumed Jia ; >.- of man, 
 Relumes his own, and in a current ran. 
 * Virg. JEn. 3. 
 
 e Corpus adhuc Echo, non vox erat ; et tamenjifwn 
 
 K 5 
 
{ 202 ) 
 
 but her voice remains now* and even when flie was 
 alive, fhe was fo far deprived of % her fpeech, that fhe 
 could only repeat the Jaft words of thofe fentences which 
 lHe heard. a 9V$* inflicted this punifhment on her for 
 her taikativenefs : for when fhe came down to difcover 
 Jupiter* <s amours with the nymphs, Echo detained her 
 very long with her tedious difcourfes, that the nymphs 
 might have an opportunity to efcape, and hide them- 
 felves. This Echo by chance met Narciffus rambling 
 in the woods ; and file fo admired his beauty that fhe 
 fell in \o\q with him : fhe difcovered her love to him, 
 courted him, followed him, and embraced the proud 
 youth in her arms ; but he broke from her embraces, 
 and haftily fled from her fight : upon which the defpifed 
 nymph hid herfelf in the woods, and pined away with 
 grief, b fo that every part of her but her voice was con* 
 fumed, and her bones were turned into ftones. 
 
 ■ Garrula non alium, quant nunc habef, er'is habebat ; 
 
 Redder e de multis ut 'verba no^vijfuna pojfet . Ov. Met, g« 
 
 She was a nymph, though only now a ibund 5 
 
 Yet of her tongue no other vAh was found, 
 
 Than now fhe has ; which never could be more, 
 
 Than \o repeat what me had heard before. 
 
 51 Fecerat hoc Juno, gum cum deprendere pojfet 
 
 Sub Jo<ve f&pe fuo nymphas in monte jacentes, 
 
 Ilia deam longo prudent fermone tenebat y 
 
 Dumfugerent nympha. 
 
 This change impatient Juno's anger wrought, 
 
 Who, when her Jo<ve (he o'er the mountains fought, 
 
 Was oft by Echoes tedious tales .milled, 
 
 Till the (hy nymphs to caves and grottos fled. 
 
 b Vox tanium, atque cjja fuperfunt : 
 
 Vox manet : ojfaferunt lapidis traxijfe figurant $ 
 
 Inde latet Jyl<vis 9 nulloque in monte ^videtur, 
 
 Omnibus auditur : fonus eft qui ^viuit in ilia* 
 
 Her fle(h con fumes and moulders with defpair, 
 
 And all her body's juice is turn'd to air ; 
 
 So wondVous are the effects of reftlefs pain, 
 
 That nothing but her voice and bones remain 5 
 
 Nay, ev'n the very bones at laft are gone, 
 
 And metamorphosed to a ihougbtfcfs ftone, 
 
 Yet ftili the voice dots in the woods fuvvive 5 
 
 The form' iftve* 
 
( 203 ) 
 
 NarciJJus met with as bad a fate ; for though he would 
 neither love others, nor admit of their Jove, yet he fell 
 fo deeply in love with his own be uty, that the love of 
 himfelf proved his ruin. His thirft led him to a a foun- 
 tain whofe waters were clear and bright as filver : when 
 he ftooped down to drink, he faw his own image; he 
 ftayed gazing at it, was wonderfully pleafed with the 
 beauty of it, infomuch that he fell paffionately in love 
 with it. A b little water only feparated him from his 
 beloved object. He continued a c long time admiring 
 this beloved picture, before he difcovered what it was, 
 that he fo paffionately adored; but at length d the un- 
 happy creature perceived, that the torture he fuffered 
 was from the love of his own felf. In a word, his paffion 
 conquered him, and the power of love was greater than 
 he could refift, fo that, by degrees, e he walled away 
 
 a Tons erat i Hi mis nitidis argent eus undis. Ovid, Met, 3^ 
 
 There was by chance a living fountain near, 
 
 Whole unpolluted channel ran To clear, 
 
 Tint il feem'd liquid filver. 
 
 b Exigudprobibcturaqua—— 
 
 A little drop of water does remove 
 
 And keep him from the object of his love* 
 
 c — S d opacajufus in herba 
 
 Speclat inexphto mendacem lumine formam* 
 
 Perque oculos perit ipfe luos. 
 
 He lies extended on the ihady grafs, 
 
 Viewing with greedy eyes the piclurM face, 
 
 And on himfelf brings ruin. 
 
 * — Fiammas, inquit, moveoque, fsroque : 
 
 £>uod cupio me cum eft : inopem me c opt a fecit, 
 
 O uiinam a nofiro jecedere corpore fajfem ! 
 
 Votum in amante novum eft, <vellem quod amamus abejjef* 
 
 My love does vainly on myfelf return, 
 
 And fans the cruej flames with which I burn. 
 
 The thing dehYd I ftill about me bore, 
 
 And too much plenty has confirmY! me poor, 
 
 O that I from my much-lovM felf could go, 
 
 A ftrange requeft, yet would to God 'twere fb I 
 
 c , Attenuatus am re 
 
 Liquitur 7 et caco faulatim carpitur igne. 
 
 No vigour, ftrength, or beairy does remain, 
 
 But hidden flames confume the waiting twain. 
 
( 204 ) 
 
 and confumed, and at Jaft, by the favour of the Gods, 
 was turned into a daffodil, a flower called by his own 
 name. 
 
 Now let us proceed to the inferior Rural Deities, as 
 they muft not be entirely neglected. 
 
 , CHAPTER XXV, 
 
 THE INFERIOR RURAL DEITIES. 
 
 THE images of thefe Gods rnd Goddefles are fo 
 fmall, that we cannot difcern their figures : therefore I 
 will only recount their names. 
 
 Rufina, the Goddefs to whofe care all the parts^>f the 
 country are committed. 
 
 Collina, (lie who reigns over the hills. 
 
 Vallonia, who holds her empire in the vallies. 
 
 Hippona, a who prefides over the horfes and ftables. 
 b This was the name alfo of a beautiful woman, begot- 
 ten by Fulvius from a mare. 
 
 Bubona, who hath the care of the oxen. 
 
 Seia, c who takes care of the feed, while it lies buried 
 in the earth. She is likewife called d Segetia, becaufe 
 file takes care of the blade, as foon as it appears green 
 above the ground. 
 
 Runcina is the Goddefs of weeding. She is invoked 
 c 'when the fields ate to be weeded. 
 
 Occator is the God of harrowing. He is worfhipped 
 i when the fields are to be harrowed. 
 
 Sat or and Sarritor are the Gods of g /owing and rak- 
 ing. 
 
 To the God Robigus were celebrated feftivals called 
 Robigalia, which were ufually obferved upon the feventh 
 
 a Ab lWc$, equus. Apuleius Afin. aur. L y. b Tertullian. 
 Apbi. c A ferendo ncmen habet Seia, ut d Segetia a fegete. 
 
 Plin. I. 8. e Cum runcaniur agri, f Cum occantur agri. 
 
 Serv. in Geo. i. Plin. 1. x8. c. iy. S Ita di&i a ferendo et 
 
 far r Undo. 
 
( 205 ) 
 
 of the kalends of May, to avert the a Waiting of the 
 corn. 
 
 Stercutius, Stercuius, or Stercidius, called likewife 
 Sierquilinius and PifumnuSj is the God who firfi invent- 
 ed the art of h dunging the ground. 
 
 Proferpine is the Goddefs who prefides over the corn, 
 c when it is fprouted pretty high above the earth. We 
 fliall fpeak more of her when we difcourfe concerning 
 the infernal Deities. 
 
 Nodofus, or Nodotus, is the God that takes care of 
 the d knots and the joints' of the ftalks. 
 
 Volujia is the Goddefs who takes care to fold the blade 
 round the corn, before the beard breaks out, which 
 e foldings of the blade contain the beard, as pods do the 
 feed. 
 
 Paielina, who takes care of the corn, f after it is 
 broken out of the pod, and appears. 
 
 The Goddefs Flora prefides over the ear, when it 
 * blofioms. 
 
 Lacfura, or Laftueina, who is next to Flora, prefides 
 over the ear when it begins h to have milk. 
 
 And Maiura takes care that the ear comes to a juft 
 maturity. 
 
 HojVilina was worfhipped that the ears of the corn 
 might grow * even, and produce a crop proportionable 
 to the k^d fown. 
 
 Tutelino, or Tutulina, hath the tutelage of corn when 
 it is reaped. 
 
 Pilumnus invented the art of k kneading and baking 
 bread. He is commonly joined with Picumnus, his 
 brother, whom we mentioned above. 
 
 a Ad avertendsm a fatis rubigbzem. b Tta dftitur zJiercore, 
 
 Cum fuper tetram feges proferpferif. d Pisepormur nodis ge- 
 
 niculifque culmorum. e Folliculorum in*wlucri$ praefkitur. 
 
 f Cum Cp\capafet poftquam e folliculis emerfit. s C\ifnfloreJcit, 
 h Cum lafiefcere. i Ab b'^ire, quod veterum lingua fignificabat 
 idem quod square, Auguflinus de Civitare jam laudatus. k A 
 
 filandoy id eft, condeniando et farinam fubigendo. Vid. Serv. in 
 /En. 9. 
 
( 206 ) 
 
 Mellona is the Goddefs who invented the * art of 
 making honey. 
 
 And Fornax is efteemed a Goddefs ; becaufe, before 
 the invention of grinding the wheat, the bread ccrnwas 
 parched in a furnace. Ovid b makes mention of this 
 Goddefs * 
 
 Thefe mean Deities are but the refufe of the Gods. 
 Let us leave them, and turn our eyes to the left-hand 
 wall in this Pantheon^ where we fhall fee the Gods of 
 the Sea. 
 
 * Artem mellificii excogitavit. 
 
 b Faff a Dea efl Fornax, latifornace coloni 
 
 Or ant, ut <vires temper et iliafuas. Faft. 6$ 
 
 A Goddefs Fornax is, and her the clowns adore, 
 
 That they may 've kindly batches by her pow'r* 
 
 
( 207 ) 
 
 PART III. 
 
 OF THE GODS OF THE SEA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SECT. I. NEPTUNE. HIS NAME AND DESCENT, 
 
 P. THIS is a glorious and beautiful fcene. Are 
 thefe the Gods of the Waters ? Are* thefe the Marine 
 Gods, whofe numerous companies are carried all over 
 the liquid plains of the fea in fheils ? 
 
 M. Thefe are the Gods? the Preftdents> the Princes^ 
 of the vaft Finny Regions, and the moderators of the 
 flowing waves. 
 
 P. And who is that king, with black hair and blue 
 eyes, who holds a fceptre in his right hand like a fork 
 with three tines, and is fo beautifully arrayed in a mantle 
 of blue, clafping his left hand round his queen's waift ? 
 He Hands upright in his chariot, which is a large efca- 
 lop-fhell drawn by fea horfes, and attended by odd kind 
 of animals, which referable men in the upper parts, and 
 filh in the lower. 
 
 M. It is Nepiune r whofe name is derived, by the 
 change of a few letters, from the word a nubo y which 
 fignifies to cover ; becaufe the fea encompafles, embra- 
 ces, and, as it were, covers the land. Or, as others 
 believe, he is fo called from an Egyptian word (nepthen) 
 which fignifies the coafts and promontories, and other 
 
 J A nubendo, quod mare terras ohnubat, Varro. 
 
( 208 ) 
 
 parts of the earth wi ich are wafhed by the waters. 
 So that a Cicero, who derives Neptune from nando (fwim- 
 ming) is either miffoken, b or the place is corrupt. 
 
 It is Neptune, I fay, the Governor of the Sea, the 
 Father of the Rivers and the Fountains, and the fori 
 of Saturn by Ops. His mother preferved him from 
 the devouring jaws of Saturn, who, as we remarked 
 before, eat up all the male children that were born to 
 him, by giving Saturn a young foal to eat in his f ead. 
 In the Greek he is called Uoaa^v [Pofeidon] becaufe he 
 fo binds our c feet that we are not able to walk within 
 his dominions, that is, on the water. 
 
 When he came to age, Saturn's kingdom was divi- 
 ded by lot, and the maritime parts fell to him. He 
 and Apollo, by Jupiter's command, were forced to ferve 
 Laomedon, in building the walls of Troy : becaufe he and 
 fome other Gods had plotted againft Jupiter* Then he 
 took d Amphitrite. to wife, who refufed a long time to 
 hearken to his courcfhip, and comply with his defires ; 
 but at laft, by the affiftance of a dolphin, and by the 
 power of flattery, he gained her. To rccompenfe which 
 kindnefs, the dolphin was placed among the ftars, and 
 made a conftellation. Amphitrite h^d two other names ; 
 Salacia, fo called from/alum, the fea, e or the fait water 
 toward the lower part and bottom of the fea ; and Vem-* 
 lia, fo named from veniendo, becaufe the fea goes and 
 comes with the tide ? or ebbs and flows by turns. 
 
 SECT. 2. ACTIONS OF NEPTUNE. 
 
 The poets tell us, that Neptune produced, a f horfe 
 in Attica out of the ground, by s flriking it with his 
 
 a DeNat. Deor. 2. b Lipiius et Bochartus. c Qui & G( rl 
 
 hap.ov, hoc eft, pedibus vinculum injicit, ne pedibus aquas ambule- 
 rnus. Plato in Cratyh <* Dscitnr ^tpxr^m nza>& to a, {j,(p it %i£w, 
 a circumterendo, quod ferrarn mare circumterat. e Aug. de Civ. 
 Dei. f Soph, in CfidiV. 
 
 g ■ - ~ Magno teilus t>ercuffa triienti. Virg, Geo. x. 
 
 With his huge trident having (truck the ground. 
 
( ^cg ) 
 
 trident ; whence he is called Hippius, and a Hippodre- 
 mus, and is efteemed the prefident over the horfe-races. 
 At his altar in the Circus of Rome, games were inftitu- 
 ted, in which they reprefented b the ancient Romans by 
 violence carrying away the Sabine virgins. His altar 
 was under ground, and he was facrificed unto by the 
 name of c Confus, the God of Counfel; which for the 
 moft part ought to be given privately ; and therefore the 
 God Confus was worfhipped in an obfcure and private 
 place. The folemn games d Confualia^ celebrated in the 
 month of March, were inftituted in honour of Neptune, 
 whofe other name was, as I have faid, Confus. At the 
 fame time, the horfes left working, and the mules were 
 adorned with garlands of flowers. 
 
 Hence alfo it comes that the chariot (as you fee) of 
 Neptune is drawn by hippocampi, or fea horfes, as well 
 as fometimes by dolphins. Thofe fea horfes had the 
 tails of fiihes, and only two feet, which were like the 
 fore feet of a horfe* according to the defcription given 
 of them in c Statins; and this is the reafon why f Virgil 
 calls them two-footed horfes. Neptune guides them, 
 and goads them forward with his trident^ as it is prettily 
 exprefled in s Statius, 
 
 a Au iv-v^.-Tp™ , ^ ^_^ cm f us# pf n d ar . oc j e x. Ifth. Var. ap e 
 Lil. Gyr. & Dion. Halle. I. 2. c A o»^o «u~J~. <Wv, 
 
 in JEn. 8. d Plut. in Romulo. Dion. Halic. 1. 2. 
 
 e lllic JEgeo Neptunus gurgite fefos 
 
 In port am deducit :quos, prior haurii habenas 
 
 Ungula, poflremifol-vuntur in aquora pifces. Theb. 2. 
 
 Good Neptune** iteeds to reft are Jet tip here, 
 
 In the JEgean gulf, whofe fore parts harnefs bear, 
 
 Their hinder parts fifli-ftiap'd.- 
 
 f — Magnum qui pifcibus tequor, 
 
 Etjunclo bi pedum curru metitur equorum, Geo, 4, 
 
 — Through the vaft Tea he glides, 
 
 Drawn by a team half fifh half horfe he rides, 
 
 ■s «— - TrlpUci telojubet ifejugales ; 
 
 Hit fpumiferos glomerant a p eft ore flu&us, 
 
 Pone nai ant, d el eni que pedum ve/iigia cauda* Achil. s» 
 
 Shaking his trident, urges on his fteeds, 
 
 Who with twg feet beat from their brawny breads 
 
( 210 ) 
 
 It was therefore Neptune's peculiar office, a not only 
 to prefide over, and govern horfes both fay land and^by 
 fea, but alfo the government of fhips was committed to 
 his care, which were always fafe under his protection : 
 for whenever he b rides upon the waters, the weather 
 immediately grows fair and the fea calm. 
 
 SECT. 3. CHILDREN OF NEPTUNE. 
 
 The moft remarkable of his children were Triton*, 
 Phorcus, and Proteus. Of the firft we fhall fpeak in 
 another place. 
 
 'Phorcus^ or Phorcys, was his fon c by the nymph 
 Tbefea. He was vanquifhed by Atlas, and drowned in 
 the fea. His furviving friends faid, that he was made a 
 fea God, and therefore they worshipped him. We read 
 of another Phorcus, * who had three daughters 5 they 
 had but one et/f* ».mnn^ tW»m <*\\ which thev all could 
 ufe. When any of them defired to fee anything, file 
 fixed the eye in her forehead, fn the fame manner as 
 men fix a diamond in a ring : when ftie had ufed it, file 
 
 The foaming billows ; but their hinder parts 
 Swim, and go fmooth againft the airliner fn»vjo 
 ft Hcm. in Hyr^~- on. ifaJ. J. I. 
 b ■■ Tumida aquora placat, 
 
 ColleSiafque fugat nubes, folemque reducit* Virg. -£En. i« 
 
 ■■ He fmooth/d the fea, 
 
 Difpeli'd the darknefs, and reftor'd the day, 
 
 ■ JEqucra pofiquam 
 
 Frofpiciens genitor, ccekque inveSIus aperto, 
 
 Fiefiit equos, curruque volant dat lorafecundQ* Ibid, 
 
 ■ Where'er he guides 
 
 Kis finny couriers, and in triumph rides, 
 The waves un ruffle, and the fea fubfidts* 
 Subfidunt unddty tnmidumque fub axe tonanti 
 Sternitur aquor aquis>fugiunt <vaffo at here nimbi* JEn, 5. 
 High on the waves his azure car he guides, 
 Its axles thunder, and the fea fub fides ; 
 And the fmooth ocean rolls her filent tides. 
 c Var. ad. Nat. Com. <* Palsephat in fab. 
 
( 211 ) 
 
 pulled the eye out again, that her fitters might have it; 
 thus they all ufed it, as there was occafion. 
 
 Proteus^ his (on by the nymph Phoenicia was the 
 * keeper of the fea calves. b He could convert himfelf 
 into all forts of fhapes : fometimes he could flow like 
 the water, and fometimes burn like the fire'; fometimes 
 he was a fifh, a bird, a lion, or whatever he pleafed. 
 
 Nor was this wonderful power enjoyed by Proteus 
 alone ; for Vertiunnus^ one of the Gods of the Romans 9 
 had it ; his c name fhows it, as we obferved before in 
 the ftory of Pomona. And from this God, FeriumnuSy 
 comes that common Latin expreffion, bene or male ver- 
 tatj may it fucceed well or ill ; becaufe it is the bufinefs 
 of VertumnuS) to d prefide over the turn or change of 
 things, which happen according to expectation ; though 
 oftentimes what we think good, is found in the cpnclii- 
 fion [male verier e~) to be worfe than was epxeited ; as 
 that e fword was which Dido received from /Eneas^ with 
 
 which &*»-* — * ' M *- J *- rtr 
 
 - w ...vcrwaru Kmeu aerieu. 
 
 Neptune f endued PerlcUmeriui, Nejhr's brother, 
 with the fame power ; and he was killed by Hercules 
 \vhen in the ihape of afy: for when Herculm fought 
 againft Neleus^ a fly tormented him and ftung him vio- 
 lently ; and on Pallas discovering to him that this fly 
 was Peridymenm, he killed' him. 
 
 Neptune gave the fame power to Metra^ Meftra, or 
 
 IVleftre, the daughter of Brificbthrm .- ih-z obtained this 
 reward fom him, bec&ufe he had debauched her ; by 
 which power 5 fne was enabled to fuccour her father's 
 infatiable hunger. 
 
 b^ 
 
 a Ph oca rum feu viiulorum mannoruni paftor. Tzetz. chil. a» 
 hill. 44, b Ovid, Met, 8. c Vertumnus di&us eft a vertendo. 
 d Rebus ad opinata reverter in Terent. 
 
 e .., En ) mque reel-, a it 
 
 Pardanium, non bos qua vS in ufus* Virg. JEn,-$.» 
 
 ■ ' :\ ' - I eath'dj 
 
 A gift bv h :■. oot to this ufe bequeath'd. 
 t Horn, in Odyff. 11. 
 
 e Nunc equa, nunc ale s y modo * bos, modoferqms abibat 9 
 
 Prabebatque avMo mnjufla aliment a pareniL Ov. Met. S» 
 
( 212 } 
 
 For the fame caufe Canis, a virgin of Theffaly, ob- 
 tained the fame, or rather a greater power, from Nep- 
 tune ; for he gave her power to change her fex, and 
 made her invulnerable ; fhe therefore turned herfelf inta 
 a man, and was called Ganeus. a She fought againft 
 the Centaurs^ till they had overwhelmed her with a vaft 
 load of trees, and buried her alive ; after which, fhe 
 was changed into a bird of her own name. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TRITON, AND THE OTHER MARINE GODS, 
 
 TRITON was the b fon of Neptune by Amphitrite\i 
 he was his father's c companion and d trumpeter. Down 
 to his navel he refembles a man, but his other part is- 
 like a fifli : his two e feet are like the fore feet of a horfe^. 
 his tafl is cleft and crooked, like a half-moon, and his 1 
 hair refembles wild parfley. Two princes of Pamajjus 9 
 f Virgil and g Ovid y give moti elegant defcriptions of. 
 him. 
 
 Now hart-like, now a cow, a bird, a mare, 
 She fed her father with ilF- purchased fare, 
 a Ovid. Met. b Hefiod. in Thcog. 2. c Stat. Theb. 6> 
 
 d Virg. iEn. 1. e Apollon. Argon, 4. 
 
 f J-Iunc at phi t iwaxumit 'Triton, et Crf>r?i1a COYtcha 
 
 Exterretisfreta ; cut laterum lenus biff Ida nanti 
 
 Frons komincm pr^fert^ in prijlim defimt alvus, 
 
 Spumea pejiifero fub peat ore mwmurat unda. ./En. is. 
 
 Him and his martial train the Triton bears, 
 
 H'gh on his poop the tea green God appears ; 
 
 F« owning, he feems his crooked iheli to found, 
 
 And at the blaft the billows dance around. 
 
 A hairy man above the waift he mows ; 
 
 A porpoife tail beneath his belly grows, 
 
 And ends a fidi : his breads the waves divide, 
 
 And froth and foam augment the murmVing tide* 
 
 g Caruleum Trilona <vocat y conchaque fonaci 
 
 bifpirare jubet ; fluftufque et flmnina figno 
 
 Jam relocate dato, Ca<va buccinafumitur illi 
 
 Tortiiis, in latum qua turbine crefcit ab imo 1 
 
 
( 2i3 ) 
 
 Oceanus, another of the fea Gods, a was the fori of 
 Ccelum and Vejla b . He, by the ancients, was called the 
 Father, not only of all the Rivers, but of the Animals, 
 snd of the very Gods themfelves ; for they imagined, 
 that all the things in nature took their beginning from 
 him. It is faid, he begot of his wife Tethys three thou- 
 fand fons, the mod eminent of which was 
 
 Nereus % who was nurfed and educated by the Waves, 
 d and afterward dwelt in the JEgean Sea, and became 
 a famous propheiier. He e begat fifty daughters by his 
 wife Doris, which nymphs were called, after their fa- 
 ther's name, Nereides* 
 
 Palamori) and his mother Ino, are alio to be reckoned 
 among the fea Deities. They were made fea Gods on 
 this occafion : Ino's- hufband Athamas was diftradted, 
 and tore his fon Learcbus into pieces, and dafhed him 
 againft the wall : Ino faw this, and fearing left the fame 
 fate fhould come upon herfelfand her other fon Melicer- 
 ta, fhe took her fon, and with him threw herfelfinto 
 the fea ; where they were made fea Deities. Nothing 
 periflied in the waters but their names. Though their 
 former names were loft in the waves, yet they found 
 new ones: {he was called Leucothea, and he Palcemon 
 by the Greeks, and Portumnus by the Latins. 
 
 Glaucus the fifherman became a fea God by a more 
 pleafant way : for when he pulled the fifhes which he 
 had caught, out of his nets, and laid them on the ftiore, 
 he obferved, that by touching a certain f herb, they 
 
 Buccina, qua medio concefii ut aera pontiff 
 Littora 'voce repfet fub utroque jdtentia Phceba* Met. I. 
 
 Old Triton riiing'from the deep he fpies, 
 Whofe (boulders rob'd with native purple rife, 
 And bids him his loud -founding (hell infpire, 
 And give the floods a fignal to retire. 
 He his wreathed "trumpet takes (as given in charge) 
 That from the turning bottom grows more large ; 
 This, when the Numen o'er the ocean founds, 
 The eaft and weft from fbore to more rebounds. 
 * Hefiod. in Theog. t> Orph. in Hymn. Hefiod. ibid. * Herat, 
 C^rm. i* d Eurip, in Iphig. e Apol. 4. * Strabo L 9. 
 
( 214 ) 
 
 recovered their ftrength, and leaped again into the water. 
 He wondered at fo ftrange an effe£t, and had a deiire 
 to taile this herb. a When he had tafted it, he follow- 
 ed his fifties, and, leaping into the water, became a 
 God of the fea. 
 
 To thefe we may add the ftory of Canopus, a God of 
 the Egyptians, who, by the help of water,, gained a me- 
 morable vidtory over the God of the Chaldeans. b When 
 thefe two nations contended about the power and fupe- 
 riority of their Gods, the priefts confented to bring two 
 Gods together, that they might decide their controverfy. 
 The Chaldeans brought their God Ignis [Fire) and the 
 Egyptians brought Campus : they fet the two Gods near 
 one another to fight. Canopus 9 belly was a great pitcher 
 filled with water, and full of holes, but fo flopped with 
 wax, that nobody could difcern them : when the fight 
 began ; Fire, the God of the Chaldeans, melted the wax 
 which flopped the holes; fo that Canopus, with rage 
 and violence, aflaulted Ignis with ft reams of water, and 
 totally e&tinguiihed, vanquiftied, and overcame him. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE MONSTERS. OF THE SEA. 
 SECT. I. THE SIRENS. 
 
 THERE were three Sirens, whofe parentage is un- 
 certain, though fome fay, c that they were the offspring 
 of the river Achelous, and the mufe Melpomene. d They 
 had the faces of women, but the bodies of flying fifties : 
 they dwelt near the promontory Peloris in Sicily (now 
 called Capo di Faro) or in the Ifiands called e Sircnufa y 
 which are fituate in the extreme parts of Italy ; where, 
 with the fweetnefs of their finging, they allured all the 
 men to them, that failed by thofe coafts ; and when by 
 
 a Ovid. Met. 13. t> Ruffin. 1. 11. c, 26. c Nicand* 
 
 Met. 3. d Qvid, Met, 3. « Strabo 1. 5. Idem 3, 1. 
 
(215 ) 
 
 their charms they brought upon them a dead fleep, they 
 drowned them in the lea, and afterward took them out 
 .and devoured them. Their names were Parthempe 
 (who died at Nr t ples^ for which reafon that city was 
 formerly called Parthenope) Ligaa^ zndLeuco/ia. 
 
 That their charms might be more eailiy received, and 
 make the gre: ^ r imprellion on the minds of the hearers, 
 they u(tc I inftruments with their voice?, and 
 
 a adapted the riatler of their fongs to the temper and 
 inclination r hearers. b With fome fongs they 
 
 inticed the ambitious, with others the voluptuous, and 
 with other fongs they drew on the covetous to their 
 deflruclion. 
 
 P. What then, could no paflengers ever efcape this 
 plague ? 
 
 M. Hiftory mentions only two, fJhjfis and Orpheus^ 
 who efcaped. c The firft was forewarned of the danger 
 of their charming voices by Circe ; therefore he flopped 
 the ears of his companions with wax, and was hinnfelf 
 faft bound to the mail: of the ihip, by which means he 
 fafely palled the fatal coafts, d But Orpheus overcame 
 them in their own art, and evaded the temptations of 
 their murdering miific, by playing upon his h^rp, and 
 finging the praifes of the Gods fo well, that he outdid 
 the Sirens, The Fates had ordained, that the Sire?is 
 ihould live till fomebody who puTed by heard them fing, 
 and yet efcaped alive. When therefore they faw them- 
 felves overcome, they grew defperate, and threw thern- 
 Jelves headlong into the lea, and were turned into ftones. 
 Some write, that they were formerly virgins, Profer- 
 fine's companions, who fought every-where for her 
 , when fhe was flolen away by Pluto ; but when they 
 could not find her, they were fo grieved, that they caft 
 
 • Horn. Od : IT. 
 
 b Morftra mans Slrenes erant> qua voce canora 
 
 Q^a.iibti adtrijfas detinuere rates. Ov. Art. Am. 3« 
 
 Sirens ue^e once fea monfters, mere decoys, 
 
 Trepanning feamen with their tuneful voice. 
 t Hora.CXiyfT. i* * Apolion. Argon, 3. 
 
( *i6 ) 
 
 themfelves into the fea, and from that time were 
 changed into fea monfters. a Others add, that by Juno's 
 perfuafion they contended in mufic with the Mufes, who 
 overcame them, and, to punifh their rafhnefs, cut off 
 their wings, with which they afterward made for them- 
 selves garlands. 
 
 P. What did the poets fignify by this fiction ? 
 
 M. That the b minds -of men are depofed from their 
 proper feat and Ji ate by the allurements of plea fur e. It cor- 
 rupts them ; and there is not a more deadly plague in 
 nature to mankind than voluptuoufnefs. Whoever ad- 
 dicts himfelf altogether to pleafures, lofes his reafon, and 
 is ruined ; and he that defires to decline their charms, 
 muft ftop his ears and not liften to them ; but muft 
 hearken to the mufic of Orpheus^ that is, he muft ob- 
 ferve the precepts and inftru£iions of the wife. 
 
 Now turn your eyes to thofe two monfters, who are 
 called Scylla and Charybdis. 
 
 SECT. 2. SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS. 
 
 The defcription of Scylla is very various ; for fome 
 . fay, that c fhe was a moft beautiful woman from the 
 breafts downward, but had fix dogs heads : and others 
 fay, that in her upper parts fhe refembled a woman, in 
 her lower a ferpent and a wolf. But whatever her pic- 
 ture was, d every body fays £he was the daughter of 
 Phorcus. She was courted by Glaucus, and received 
 his embraces ; upon which Circe, who paffionately lo- 
 ved Glaucus, and could not bear that Scylla was pre- 
 ferred before her by Glaucus, e poifoned with venomous 
 herbs thofe waters in which Scylla ufed to wafti her- 
 felf: Scylla was ignorant of it, and according to her 
 cuftom, went into the fountain; and when (he faw 
 that the lower parts of her body were turned into the 
 
 * Paufan. In Boeot. b Voluptatum illicebris mentem e fua-fede 
 t\ ftatu dimoveri. Cic. cte Sene6hite. c Horn. OdyfT. d A- 
 pollon. Argon. 3. e Myro Piiarj. t. 3. Rerujn Meflan. 
 
 3 
 
( 2i; ) 
 
 heads of dogs, being extremely grieved that fhe had loft 
 her beauty, fhe caft herfelf headlong into the fea, where 
 fhe was turned into a rock, infamous for the many 
 ihipwrecks that happen there. This rock is ftill feeti 
 in the fea that divides Italy from Sicily, between MeJJina, 
 a city of Sicily, and Rhegium (now Rjggio) in Calabria. 
 It is faid to be furrcunded with dogs and wolves, which 
 devour the perfons who are caft away there: but by this 
 is meant, that when the waves, by a ftorm, are dafhed 
 againft this great rock, the noife a little refembles the 
 barking of dogs, and the howling of wolves. 
 
 P. You fay that Scylla was the daughter of Phorcus ; 
 was not fhe the daughter of Nifus, king of Megara? 
 
 M, No ; that Scylla was another woman : for Scylla, 
 m the daughter of king Nifus, was in love with Minos, 
 w r ho befieged her father in the city of Megara, She be- 
 trayed both her father and her country to him, by cut- 
 ting off the fatal lock of purple hair, in which were 
 contained her father's and her country's fafety, and fent 
 it to the befieger. Minos gained the city by it, but de- 
 tefted Scylla's perfldioufnefs, and hated her. She could 
 not bear this misfortune, but was changed into a lark* 
 Nifus, her father, was llkewife changed into a fparhawk, 
 which is called nifus, after his name; and this fparhawk, 
 as if he yet fought to puniili his daughter's great bafenefs, 
 itill purfues the lark with great fury to devour her. 
 
 Charybdis is a vaft whirlpool in the fame Sicilian Sea, 
 over againft h Scylla^ which fwailows down whatfoever 
 comes within its circle, and vomits it up again. They 
 fay, that this Charybdis was formerly a very ravenous 
 
 1 woman, who ftole away Hercules' oxen ; for which 
 theft Jupiter ftruck her dead with thunder, and then 
 turned her into this gulf. c Firgd gives an elegant de- 
 
 I fcription of thefe two monfters, Scylla and Charybdis. 
 
 a Paufan. in Attic. b Virg. Geo. 5. 
 
 c Dextrum Scylla latus, Le-vum implacafa Charybdis 
 Objidet: atque imo barathri ier gurgite njajhs 
 Sorbet in abruptumfluftus, rurfufyuefub auras 
 Erigit aliernos, etjidera verberat unda. 
 
 L 
 
A 2l8 ) 
 
 P. What do thefe fables of Scylla and Charybdis mean 1' 
 S M. They reprefent luji and gluttony, monfirous vices, 
 which render our voyage through this world extremely 
 hazardous and perilous. Lu-ft, like Scylla, engages. un- 
 wary paflengers hy the beauty and pomp of her outfide ; 
 and when they are entangled in her fnares, flie tortures, 
 vexes, torments, and difquiets them with rage and fury, 
 which exceeds the madnefs of dogs, or the ravenoufnefs 
 of wolves. Gluttony is a Charybdis^ a gulf or whirlpool 
 that is infatiable ; it buries families alive, devours eftates, 
 confumes lands and treafures, and fucks up all things. 
 They are neighbouring vices, and, like Scylla and -.Cha- 
 rybdis ^ are but little. diftant .from each other; nay, they 
 are feldom feparate, but a£t with united forces; for you 
 will not eafily find a man, who is greatly addicted to the 
 luxury of eating an.d drinking, who is not alfo a fiave, 
 to the luxury of concupifcence, and befmeared with the 
 fordid filth of bafe pleafures, :and wholly given up to do 
 the moft vile and impudent lufts. 
 
 But it is now time to confider the place in which the 
 wicked are tormented eternally; or rather to caft down 
 our eyes upon it, in the lower apartment of this Pan~ 
 theoriy where the infernal Gods are painted. We will 
 only take a tranfitory view of this fcene, fince it will be 
 very unpleafant to ftay Jong in :fo doleful, fo fad a place. 
 
 At Scyllam c#ch cohibet Jpelunca latebris 
 
 Ora exertanteni, et na<ves infaxa trahentem* 
 
 Prima bominis fades r et pulihro peflore <virgo 
 
 Pube tenus ■: fioflrema immani corf ore priftti, 
 
 Delpbinum caudas utero commiffa lufo^um. JEn, 3* 
 
 Far on the right her dogs foul Sqilla hides,: 
 
 Charybdis roaring on the left pielides, 
 And inkier greedy whirlpool fuc&s the tides : 
 Then fpouts them from below ; with fury dnVn, 
 The waves mount up, and wafh the face of beav'iu 
 But Scylla, from her den, with open jaws 
 The finking veflel in her eddy draws ; m 
 Then dafhes on the rocks. A human face, 
 And virgin bofom, hide* the tail's difgrnce : 
 Her parts obfcene below the waves deicend, 
 With dogs inclos'd, and in a dolphin end. 
 
 I 
 
( 2i 9 ) 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 OF THE INFERNAL DEITIES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 A VIEW OF HELL. 
 
 P. O WONDROUS ! What a horrid and difmal 
 Tpeflacle is here ! 
 
 M. You muft imagine that we are now in the con- 
 fines of Hell, Prithee come along with me; I will he 
 the fame friend to you that the a 'Sibyl was to /Ericas. 
 Nor (hall you need a golden bough to prefent to Pro* 
 ferpine. You fee here painted thofe regions of hell, of 
 which vou read a mod elegant defcription in b Virg-L 
 The paflage that leads to thefe infernal dominions was 
 
 • Virg. ^£n. 6. 
 
 b Spelunca aUafuit, <vaftoque immams ktatu, 
 Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro tiemorumque tenehris ; 
 Quamfuper baud alia poterant impune tolantes 
 Tender 'e iter pennis : talis fefe halitus atris 
 Taucibus fffundens fupera ad con<vexafzrebat \ 
 JJndt locum Graii dixeruni nomine Avernum, 2En> 6e 
 
 Deep was the cave, and downward as it went 
 From the wide mouth, a reeky rough defcentj 
 And here th' accefs a gloomy grove defends j 
 And there th* unnavigabie lake extends, 
 O'er whofe unhappy waters, void of light, 
 No bird prefumes to fleer his airy flight, 
 Such deadly ftenches from the dep'h arijfe, 
 And (learning fulphur, which infecls the ikies 5 
 Hence do the Grecian bards their legends make$ 
 And give the name Awnius to the lake* 
 L 2 
 
( 220 ) 
 
 a wide, dark cave, through which you pafs by a fteep 
 rocky defcent, till you arrive at a gloomy grove, and 
 an unnavigable lake called a Avernus, from which fuch 
 poifonous vapours arife, that no birds can fly over it, 
 tor in their flight they fall down dead, being poifoned 
 with the ftench of it, 
 
 P. But what monfters are thofe which I fee placed 
 at the very entrance of hell ? 
 
 M. Virgil will tell you b what tliey are. They are 
 thofe fatal evils which bring deftru£tion and death upon 
 mankind, by the means of which, the inhabitants of thefe 
 dark regions are greatly augmented ; and thofe evils are 
 care, forrow, difeafes, old-age, frights, famine, want, 
 labour, fleep, death, fling of conscience, force, fraud, 
 itrife, and war. 
 
 a Avernus dicitur quad »o^vo<; 9 id eft, fme avibus. Quod nulla? 
 
 volucres Jacum ilium, ob lethiferum halitum, praetervolare falvae 
 
 pofient. 
 
 *> Veftibulum ante ipfum, primifque infaucibus Or<i 9 
 
 Luflus et ultrices pofuere cubilia Cura $ 
 
 Pallentefque habitant Morbi, triflefque Seneftus, 
 
 JSt Metus, et malefuada Fames, et turpis Egeflas, 
 
 ( Terr ib iles ^uifu forma) Lethumque^ Labor que, 
 
 ^Tum confanguinsus Let hi Sopor, et mala mentis 
 
 Gaudia, mortijerumque adverfo in limine Bellum, 
 
 Ferreiqug Eumenidum thalami, et Difcordia demens 
 
 Viper eum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. JEn. 6. 
 
 Juft in the gate, and in the jaws of Hell, 
 
 Revengeful Care and fullen Sorrow dwell 5 
 
 And pale Difeafes, and repining Age, 
 
 Want, Fear, and Famine's unrefilted rage : 
 
 Here Toil and Death, and Death's half brother, Sleep, 
 
 {Forms terrible to view) their fentry keep. 
 
 With anxious Pleafures of a guilty mind, 
 
 Deep Fraud before, and open Force behind, 
 
 The Furies iron beds, and 8frife that fhakes 
 
 Her hiding treflfes, and unfolds her fnakes. 
 
Plate 22 
 
 /'<'/' 22/ 
 
{ 221 ) 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 CHARON. THE RIVERS OF HELL. CERBERUS. 
 
 P. WHO is that nafty, old 9 decrepid, long-be,: 
 fellow ? Or what is his name ? 
 
 M. He is the Ferryman of Hell ; his a name is Qka- 
 rori) which word denotes tHe ungracefulnefs of his af- 
 pe£t. In the Greek language he is called yi^^-jc [Perth- 
 7neus] that is, portitor^ ferryman. You ke his in age 
 painted by the pencil ; but you may read a more foeau - 
 tiful and elbgant pi£lure cfhirn drawn by mc oe.i of 
 * Virgil. 
 
 P. Why does he tarry with his boat here ? 
 
 M. To take and carry over to the other fide of :h\t 
 lake the fouls of the dead, which you fee flocking 0:1 
 the fhores in troops. Yet he takes not all promi-cu- 
 ©ufly who come, but fuch only whofe bodies are buried 
 when they die: for the c unburied wander about the 
 
 a Charon, quafi Acharon, id eft, fine gratia, ab - ron. et - 
 gratia* 
 
 b P or tit or has korrendus aquas et fiumlna fer^vat 
 Terribili fqualore Charon : cut plurima r 
 Canities inculta jacet \ ft ant lumina flamma>. 
 Strdidv.s ex bumeris nodo depmdet amid us. 
 Ipfe rat em onto fubigit , *velifqu£ tmnifirat t 
 Et ferruginea jubvetiat corpora cymba, 
 
 Jamf-nicr ; fed cruda Deo nslridifqiw feneclus. JEn. 6, 
 
 There Charon tands, who rules the dreary ccafts : 
 A ford'd God $ down from his hoary chio- y 
 A length of heard defcends, rmcombM, unclean j 
 His eyes like hollowTurnaces oh fire ; 
 A girdle foul with greafe birds his obfcene attire. 
 He fpreads his canvas, with h : s po'e he fleers, 
 The freights of Hitting ghofts m his thin bottom bears* 
 He look'd in years : yet in his years were feen 
 A youthful vigour, and autumnal green. 
 c Centum erran* anna, <vclitant h<zc litora circuvi : 
 . 'Turn demum ajmiffi fiagna exoptata revifunt. V.rg. JSgn. 6, 
 A hundred years they wander on the (hore, 
 At length, their penance dene, are wafted o^v. 
 
( 222 ) 
 
 fhores a hundred years, and then are carried over. But 
 iirft they pay Charon his fare, a which is at leaft a half- 
 penny. 
 
 P. Thofe three or four rivers (if my eyes do not de- 
 ceive me) muft be pafled over by the dead, muft they 
 not ? 
 
 M. Yes: the firft of them is Acheron y b which re- 
 ceives them when they come firft. This Acheron was 
 the fon of Terra or Ceres^ born in a cave, and conceived 
 without a father; and becaufe he could not endure light, 
 c he ran down into hell and was changed into a river, 
 whofe waters are extremely bitter. 
 
 The fecond is Styx, which is a lake rather than a ri- 
 ver, d and was formerly the daughter of Oceanus, and the 
 mother of the Goddefs Victoria by Acheron. When 
 Victoria was on Jupiter** fide in his war againft the Gi- 
 ants, fhe obtained this prerogative for her mother, that 
 no oath that was fworn among the Gods by her name, 
 fhould ncvQr be violated ; for if any of the Gods broke 
 sn oath (worn by Bfyxptkey were banifhed from the 
 nectar and the table of the Gods, e a year and nine days. 
 This is the Stygian lake, by which f when the Gods 
 fwore, they obferved their oath with the utmoft fcrupu- 
 loufnefs. 
 
 The third river, Cocytus, flows out of Styx with a .la- 
 mentable groaning noife, and imitates the howling, and 
 increafes the exclamations of the damned. 
 
 Next comes s Phlegethon^ or Puriphlegethon^ fo called 
 becaufe it fwells with waves of fire, and all its ftreams 
 are flames. 
 
 When the fouls of the dead have pafled over thefe 
 four rivers, they were afterward carried to the palace of 
 
 a Lucian. de Lu£h b Plato in Phoedone. c Paufan. in Attic, 
 d HeficxL in Theog. * Serv. in JEn. 6. 
 
 f Dii cujusjurare tment et jailer e numen. Virg. ./En. 6+ 
 
 The (acred ftream which heaven's imperial Hate 
 Attefts in oaths, and fears to violate. 
 c A (fhiyu ardeo, quod imdis intumeat ignis flammeofque fluttus 
 eyolvat. 
 
( m ) 
 
 Flut?, where the gate is guarded by Cerberus, a dog: 
 with three heads, whofe body is covered in a terribk 
 manner with fnakes* inftead of hair. This dog is the 
 Porter of Hell, a begotten of Echidna, by the giant Ty- 
 phori, and is defcribed by b Virgil and by c Horace, But 
 from him let us pafs to the prince and princefs of hell^ 
 Fluta-and Proferpine* 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 PLUTO, 
 
 THIS is Pluto, the King of Hell, d begotten of Sa~ 
 turn and Ops, and the brother of Jupiter and Neptune. 
 He had thefe infernal dominions allotted to him, not only 
 becaufe, in that divifion of his father's kingdom men- 
 tioned before, the weftern parts fell to his lot ; but alfo* 
 as fome fay, e becaufe the invention of burying, and of 
 honouring the dead with ^funeral obfequies, proceeded 
 from him : for the fame reafon he is thought to exercife 
 a fovereignty over the dead. Look upon him: he fits 
 
 on a throne covered with darknefs, and difcover, if you- 
 
 \ 
 
 • Hefiod. in Theog. 
 
 b Cerberus bac ingens latratu regna trifauci 
 
 Perfonat ad^verfo recubans immanls in antro. JEn t fam 
 
 Stretch'd'in his kennel, monftrous Cerberus round 
 
 From triple jaws made alHhefe realms refound. 
 
 c CeJJit immanis tibi blandienti 
 Janitor aula 
 
 Cerberus y quamvis furlale centum 
 
 Muniant anguss caput ejus 5 at que 
 
 ■Spirit its teier, faniefque manat 
 
 Ore trilingui. 1. 3, od. is* 
 
 Hell's grill v porter let you psfs, 
 
 And frown'd and liften'd to your Jays 5 
 
 The fnakes around his head grew tame, 
 
 His jaws no longer 'glow'd with-flame, 
 
 Nor triple tongue was (taiVd with blood 5 
 
 No more his breath with venom flow'd. 
 d Diodor. Sicul. 4, Bibl, e Idem apud Lil. Gyr. Eurip. in 
 
 Phoem 
 
( 224 ) 
 
 can, his habit, and the enfign of his majefty more nar- 
 rowly. 
 
 P. [ fee him, though in the midft of fo much dark- 
 nefs; and can diftinguifh him eafily: a he holds a key 
 in his hand, initead of a fceptre, and is b crowned with 
 ebony. 
 
 M. Sometimes I have alfo feen him crowned with a 
 diadem ; and c fometimes with the flowers of narcljfus^ 
 or white daffodils,, and fometimes with cyprefs leaves ; 
 becaufethofe plants greatly pleafe him, and efpecially the 
 narciJfuS) becaufe he ftole away Proferpine when fhe 
 gathered that flower, as I fliail fhow prefently. Very 
 often a d rod is put into his hand in the place of a fcep- 
 "re, with which he guides the dead to hell : c and fome- 
 times he wears a headpiece, which makes him f invifi- 
 ble. His chariot and horfes are of a black colour, and 
 g when he carried away Proferpine, he rode in his cha- 
 riot. But if you would know what the key fignifies, 
 which he has in his hand, the anfwer is plain, that 
 when once the dead are received into his kingdom, the 
 gates are locked againft them, and h there is no regrefs 
 thence into this life again. 
 
 P. Why is h.: called Pluto ? 
 
 M* I will tell you that, and alfo the meaning of the 
 reft of his names. 
 
 His Greek name ! Phut on or Pluto, as well as his La- 
 tin name D/, c , fignifies wealth. The reafon why he is 
 fo called, is, becaufe all our wealth comes from the 
 loweft and moft inward bowels of the earth ; and be- 
 
 a Paufan. in pr. Iliac. b Marian. c Lil. Gyr. d Varr. 
 spud eund. e Pind. in Od. f Horn. Iliad 5. Hygen. Aftron. 
 Poet. S Ovid. Met. 5. 
 
 - h , Facilis defcenfus Averni : 
 
 Nocles at que dies patet atrijanua Ditis ; 
 Sed relocate gradum, fuperafque evader e ad auras > 
 Hoc opus, hie labor eft. « Virg. JEx\* 6. 
 
 To trf fhades you go a downhill eafy way 5 
 But to return, and re-enjoy the day, 
 7 hat is a work, a labour.— 
 * UxSrost divitiae. 
 
( 225 ) 
 
 caufe, as Cicero writes, a all the natural powers and fa- 
 culties of the earth are under his dire&ion ; for all thing? 
 proceed from the earth, and go thither again. 
 
 The name*A&jg {Hades] by which he is called among 
 the Greeks, b fignifies dark, gloomy, and melancholy \ 04c 
 elfe, c as others guefs, invifible\ becaufe he fits in dark- 
 nefs and obfcurity : his habitation is melancholy and 
 lonefome, and he feldom appears to open view. 
 
 He is likewife called d Jgejllaus, becaufe he leads 
 people to the infernal regions; and fometimes e rfge- 
 lajlus, becaufe it was never known that Pluto laughed. 
 
 His name Februus, comes from the old word felruo, 
 to purge by facrifice, becaufe purgations and luftrations 
 were ufed at funerals : whence the month of f February 
 receives alio its appellation ; at which time efpecially. 
 the facrifices called Februa were offered by the Romans 
 to this God. 
 
 He is alfo called Onus or Urgus, and Ouragus, as 
 fome fay, s becaufe he excites and haftens people to 
 their ruin and death: but others think that he is fp 
 named, h becaufe, like one that brings up the rear of 
 an army, he attends at the laft moments of men's lives. 
 
 We find him fometimes called l Quietus, becaufe by 
 death he brings reft to all men. 
 
 He is called Summanus, that is, the chief k of all the 
 infernal deities ; the principal governor of all the ghofts 
 and departed fpirits. The thunder that happens in the 
 night is, attributed to him: whence he is commonly 
 
 * Terrena vis omnis ac natura ipfi dicata credebatur, Cic. de Nat* 
 Deor. 2. b "Ahis «s»fe» id ei *> l « lte » tenebrofura. c Ant 
 
 quafi ocogxT^, quod videri minime poffit, autab «, privante, et si&ft 
 videre. Socr. ap. Plut. Phurnut. Ga£a. ap. Lil. Gyr. d t\cweL 
 to ayem rhc KaS$ 3 a ducendis populis ad inferos. e An oc non, et 
 yiKcio: rideo, quod fine rifu fit. f Ovid. Faft. 2. g Orcus 
 
 quafi Urgus et Ouiagus ab urgendo, quod homines orgeat in interi- 
 turn. Cic. in Verrem. 6. *> 'Gv^ayo:, eum fignificat qui agmen 
 chudit; fimili modo Pluto poftremum b 11 manse vitoe aclum excipit. 
 Guth. 1. i. c. 4, de jur. Msn. i Qnod moue qukteqs cun&is 
 
 afFerat. Feltus. k Quafi lummus Dcorum manium/ Aug, de Civ. 
 Dei. 1. 4; > 
 
 i 5 
 
( 226 ) 
 
 ftyled alfo, the Infernal Jupiter ', the Stygian Jupiter, 
 the Third Jupiter-, as Neptune is the Second Jupiter.. 
 
 P. What v/as the office and power of Pluto? 
 
 M. If you do not fully underftand that, from what 
 has been faid already, the Fates will tell you that he 
 a prefides over life and death ; that he not only governs 
 the departed fpirits below, but aifocan lengthen or fhort- 
 en the Jives of men here on the earth, as he thinks fit*, 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PLUTUS* 
 
 
 THOUGH Plutus be not an infernal God, I join 
 him to PlutOy becaufe their names and office are very 
 like and agreeable; therefore I will take this occafion 
 to fay fomething of him \ for they are both of them Gods 
 of Riches, which are the root of all evil,, and which 
 Nature, our common parent, hath placed near hell ; 
 and indeed, there is not a nearer way to hell, than to 
 hunt greedily after riches. 
 
 This Plutus was the fon of b J'afon, or Jafius^ by 
 Ceres: he was blind and lame, injudicious, and mighty 
 timorous. And truly thefe infirmities arejuftly afcribed 
 to him; for, if he was not blind and injudicious, he 
 would never pafs over good men, and heap his treafures 
 upon- the bad. He is lame; becaufe great eftates come 
 flowly. He is fearful and timorous; becaufe rich men 
 watch their treafures with a great deal of fear and care, 
 
 a . maxime noflis 
 
 Arbiter, umbrarumque potens, cui noflra labor ant 
 Stamina, quifinem cunftis et feminapmbes, 
 Ifafiendique vices alternd morte rependis, 
 S$ui <viiam lelhumque regis, Claud, de Rap. Prof*. 
 
 Great prince o' th* gloomy regions of the dead, 
 From whom we hourly move our wheel and thread, 
 Of nature's growth and end thou haft the fway, 
 All mortals birth with death thou doft repay, 
 Who doll- command 'era both, 
 b Hdiod, in Theog, 
 
( * 2 7 ) 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SECT. I. PROSERPINE. * 
 
 SHE who fits next to Pluto is the §>ueth of Helt^ 
 * the Infernal Juno^ b the Lady (as the Greeks commonly 
 call her) and the moft beloved wife of Pluto ^ c the 
 daughter of Ceres and Jupiter. She is called both Pro- 
 ferpine and Libera. Jupiter begat her when he was 
 difguifed in the (nape of a bull ; and after fhe was born 
 and grown up, d he debauched her himfelf in the fhape 
 of a dragon : e whence it came to pafs, that in the myf- 
 teries of the Sabazia, a golden fnake folded in a circle, 
 was produced ; which, when any were initiated, was* 
 ufually put into their bofoms, and received again when 
 itfltd down from them below. 
 
 P. But by what fate became Proferpine the wife of 
 this black God ? 
 
 M. In this manner. When all the Goddefies refufed^ 
 to marry Pluto, becaufe he was fo deformed, he w r as v 
 vexed at this contempt and fcorn ; and troubled, that" 
 he was forced to live a Tingle life always : wherefore in 
 a rage he feated himfelf in a chariot, and arofe on a fud- 
 den from a den in Sicily; where f he faw a company- 
 of very beautiful virgins gathering flowers in the fields 
 of Enna r a beautiful place, fituate about the middle of 
 the ifland, and therefore called the Navel of Sicily. 
 One of them, Proferpine, pleafed him above the refr 5 
 for fhe furpafTed them all in beauty. He came raging 
 w T ith love, and carried her with him from that place; 
 and on a fudden he funk into the earth near Syracufe.- 
 Ih the place where he defcended, a lake arofe : and 
 £ Cicero fays, the people of Syracufe keep yearly feftivals,-, 
 to which great multitudes of both fexes refort. 
 
 a Virg. JEn. 6. b &£evrpivct 9 domina. Pauf. in Arcad. c He- 
 £od. in Theog. d Amob. 1. «j, e Eufefe 4 Pisep. Bfyang. 
 
 * Cic. in Veirem, £, 8 Ibid c 
 
( 228 ) 
 
 P. O poor lady ! I am troubled at her misfortune; 
 her unhappinefs moves my companion. But what fol- 
 lowed ? 
 
 M. The nymphs, her companions, were grievoufly 
 affrighted, and fled away to any place where they could 
 expect fafety. In the mean time Ceres, the mother of 
 Proferpine^ comes, who by chance was abfent when her 
 daughter was ftolen ; fhejeeks her daughter among her 
 acquaintance a long time, but in vain. Therefore, in 
 the next place, (he kindles torches, by the flames which 
 burft out from the top of the mountain Mtna^ and goes 
 with them to feek her daughter throughout the whole 
 world ; neither did fhe give over her vain labour, till 
 the nymph Arethufa fully allured her, that Proferpine 
 was ftolen by Pluto , and carried down into his kingdom. 
 She then, in great anger, haftened and expoftulated with 
 a J u pi ter concerning the violence that was offered to her 
 daughter ; and, in fhort, Jupiter promifed to reftore 
 Proferpine again, if fhe had not yet tafted any thing in 
 hell. Ceres went joyfully down, and Proferpine^ full 
 of triumph and gladnefs, prepared to return into this 
 world ; when Afcalaphus difcovered, that he law Prefer* 
 pine, while fhe walked in Pluto's orchard, pluck a .pome- 
 granate, and eat (ome grains of it; therefore Proferpine's 
 journey was immediately flopped. Ceres being amazed 
 at this new mifchance, and incenfed at the fatal difco- 
 verv'of Afcalaphus, turned him into an (jwl> a bird faid 
 to be of an ill omen, and unlucky to all that fee it : but 
 at laft, by the importunity of her prayers to Jupiter^ fhe 
 extorted this favour from him, that he fhould give leave 
 b that Proferpine might live half the year, at leaff, with 
 herjn heaven, and the other half below in hell with her 
 hufband. Proferpine afterward loved this difagreeable 
 
 a Serv. in Geo. i. 
 b Et Dea regnorum numen commune duorum, 
 Cum mart p. efi to? idem, t of idem cum conjuge menfis, Qv, Mtt • $> 
 The Go&iefs now in either empire {ways, 
 Six mcnijhs with Ceres, fijt with Pluto ftays. 
 
t 22 9 ) 
 
 hufband To much/ that fhe was jealous ; and changed 
 Mentha, who v/as his miftrefs, into mint, a herb of her 
 own name. 
 
 SECT. 2. AN EXPLANATION' OF THE FABLE, 
 
 P. You have told a very pretty itory} pray what is 
 its figmfication ? 
 
 M. The fignification of it is this : a Ceres is the earth, 
 and her daughter Proferpine the fertility of the earthy 
 or rather the 5 fc^d by which it is fertile, which feed lies 
 buried in the ground in the winter, but in the fumrner 
 breaks forth and becomes fruit. Thus Proferpine (xhg 
 emblem of the feed) lives half the year in hell, and the 
 other half in heaven. Others explain this fable fo as 
 by it to fignify the monn, which is hid from us, in the 
 hemifphere of the countries beneath us, as long as it 
 fhines to us in our own. 
 
 Some believe that Hecate is the fame with Proferpine 5 
 and if you are willing to follow their opinion, you mult 
 call to mind what I have faid before, when I difeourfed 
 of Diana. 
 
 Let us now turn our eyes toward the tribunal of Pl%- 
 to; where you fee in that difmal picture, continual trials, 
 and all perfons, as well the accufevs as the offenders, ' 
 who have been formerly wicked in their lives, receive 
 their deaths impartially from the three Fates \ after death 
 they receive their condemnation impartially from the 
 three 'Judges ; and after condemnation, their puniihment 
 impartially from the three Furies. 
 
 * Var. ap;id Aug, de Civ. Dei. 7. b Euhb. Fisep. Ev3i3|s z> 
 
( n° ) 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FATES. 
 
 P. WHERE are thok Fates P Show me, fir. 
 
 At Thofe three old ladies are the Fates : their a gar- 
 ments are made of ermin, white as fnow, and bordered 
 with purple. They were born either of b Nox and Ere± 
 bus 9 or of c Necejjity^ or of the d Sea, or of that rude 
 and indigefted mafs which the ancients called Chaos. 
 
 They are called Farces in Latin \ becaufe, as e Varra 
 thinks, they diftrihuted good and bad things to perfons 
 at their birth; or, as the common and received opinions 
 is, f becaufe they fpare nobody. They are likewife 
 called Fatum, fate ; and are three in number, * becaufe 
 they order the paft, prefent, and future time, Fate, 
 fays h Cicero, is all that which God hath decreed and 
 refolded fhail come to pafs, and which the Grecians call 
 iyitKysitn [Eimarmene], It is, fays * Chryfippus, a per- 
 petual, certain, and unavoidable feries and chain cf 
 tiings, wrapping and infolding up itfelf in an order of 
 confequences, which compofe the feveral links, and fol- 
 low one another to all eternity. k Fatum is derived from 
 the word fari, to pronounce or declare; becaufe when 
 any one is born, thefe three fifters pronounce what fate*.- 
 will befall him; as we faw in the ftory of Mekager* 
 
 P. What are their names and offices? 
 
 M. The name of one is l Clot bo - y the fecond is called 
 
 a Catullus in Epith. Thet. b Hefiod. in Theog. * Plato, 
 de Republ. 10. d Licophron. e Parca3 dicuntur a partu, 
 
 quod nafcentibus hominibus bona malaque confeire cenfeantur. 
 f Aut a parcendo per Antipbrafm., quod nemini parcant. Sen*, in 
 JEn. i. A g Eufeb. Prscp. Evang. 6. h Eft an tern Fatum id 
 
 o.nne quod a Deo conftitutum et defignatum eft ut eveniat, quod- 
 Graeci st^ct^hy) appellant. De Fato et Divinat. * Eimar-. 
 
 mene fempiterna quaedam eft et indeclinabilis rerum feries et ca- 
 tena, kfe volvens tt implicans per aeternos confequentiae ordines e 
 quibus connexa eft. Boet. in Top. k Var, ap, LiI..Gyr» J &. 
 verbo K&o$Vf id eit, neo. 
 2 
 
( *3* ) 
 
 * Lachefts ; the third b Atropos, becaufe fhe is unalterable, 
 unchangeable. Thefe names the Grecians give them; 
 c the Romans call them Nona, Decima, and Morta. 
 
 To "them is intruded the management of the fatal 
 thread of life: for Clotho draws the thread between her 
 fingers ; Lachefts turns about the wheel * and Airopos 
 cuts the thread fpun, with a pair of fciffors. That is, 
 Clotho gives us life, and brings us into the world ; La- 
 chefis determines the fortunes that {hall befall us here; 
 and Airopos concludes our lives. d One fpeaks, the 
 other writes, and the third fpins. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE FURIES. 
 
 P. AND what are thofe monfters called, that have 
 the faces of women ? Their looks are full of terror ; 
 they hold lighted torches in their hands; fnakes and fer- 
 pents lafh their necks and fhoulders. 
 
 M. They are the Furies, called in Latin fometime's 
 Furia\ e beca'ufe they make men mad, by the flings of 
 confcience which guilt produces. They are alfo called 
 f Dira, § Eumenides, and h Canes \ and were the offspring 
 of l Nox and k Acheron, Their proper names are Aleclo, 
 Tijiphone^ and Megara ; l and they are efteemed vir- 
 gins ; becaufe, fince they are the avengers of all wick- 
 ednefs, nothing can corrupt and pervert them from in- 
 fixing the punifhment that is due to the offender. 
 
 P. Why are there only three Furies ? 
 
 M* Becaufe there are three m principal paffions of the 
 mind, anger, covetoufnefs, and hift, by which mankind 
 are chiefly hurried into all forts of wickednefs : for an- 
 
 * Ab Xctyyocvv, fortior. b' Ab cc privativa particula, et r^inco 
 verto, quod veiti et flecli nequeat. c Cenfen. Virul. ap. Lil. Gyr. 
 * Una loquitur, altera fcribir, tertia fila ducit. Serv. in J&n. i. 
 e Quod fceleratos in furorem agant. f Virg. JEn. 3. s Ibid. 8. 
 fc Ibid* 4, i Ibid. 6, k Ibid. 11. * fcuidas et Oipli. in- 
 
 Hymn, » Ifidor. p.p. Gyr. 
 
( 232 ) 
 
 ger begets revenge, covetoufrtefs provokes us to get im-* 
 moderate wealth by right or wrong, and luft perfuades 
 us to purfue our pleafures at any rate, Indeed fome add 
 a a fourth Fury, called Liffo^ that is, rage and madnefs ; 
 but ftie is eafily reduced to the other three: as alio 
 ErinnyS) a name common to them all. 
 
 P. What is the office of the Furies? 
 
 M. They are appointed to obferve and punifh the 
 crimes of ill men, and to torment the conferences of fe- 
 cret offenders ; whence they are commonly alfo entitled 
 b the GoddeJfeS) the Difcoverers and Revengers of evil ac~ 
 tions. They punifh and torment the wicked, by fright- 
 ening and following them with burning torches. You 
 fee the picture of them there, and you will find them 
 beautifully c defcribed in the twelfth book of VirgiFs 
 iEneid. 
 
 P. What did the poets intend by thefe Furies? 
 
 M. Only, fays Cicero^ that they, who have done any 
 wicked and unlawful thing, are tormented and affrighted, 
 not with the blows and the burning torches of the Fu- 
 rieS) as it is in the fable, but w 7 ith the flings of their 
 own evil confeiences : For, d fays he, every one's own 
 fraud, and his own terror, bring, him the greateft vex- 
 ation: every one's own wickednefs torments and enra- 
 
 a Eurip. in Hercule furente. b Deae fpeculatrices et vindices 
 
 Facinorum. 
 
 « Dicuntur gemma pefles, cognomine Dira, 
 Quas et r art are am Nox intempefta Megaram 
 TJrtO eodemque tulit partu, faribujque revinxit 
 Serpentum fpiris, nsentofafque addidit alas. 
 Deep in the difmal regions void of light, 
 Two daughters at a birth were born to Night : 
 Thefe their brown mother, brooding on her care, 
 EnduM with- windy wings to fleet in air, 
 With ierpents girt alike, and crown'd with hiding hair, 
 In heav'n the Dira cali'd. 
 <1 Sua enim quemque fraus et fuus terror maxime vexat : fuum 
 quemque fceJus exagitat, amentiaque afficit : fuse malas cogitationes 
 copfc ten tiaeque animi terrent. Hae funt irnpiis affiduge ^poiefticae 
 Furiae, quae dies no&efque pcenas a fceleribus repetunt. Or. pro 
 Rofcio Am, 
 
( 233 ) 
 
 ges him : his own evil thoughts and the lathes of his 
 confcience affright him. Thefe are conftant and do- 
 meftic Furies to the wicked, that night and day exait 
 the punifhment which their crimes deferve. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 NIGHT, DEATH, SLEEP. 
 
 P. YOU mentioned juft now Nox and Erebus. Are 
 they of the number of the Gods ? , . • . 
 
 - M. Yes ; Nox is, pf all the Gods, the moft ancient: 
 fhe was the fitter of Erebus , and the daughter of the firft 
 . Chaos i and of thefe two, Nox and Erebus, Mors [DeaihJ 
 was born. She is reprefented as a fkeleton, drefled ufu- 
 ally with a fpeckled garment and black wings: but 
 there are no temples nor facriflces, nor priefts confecra- 
 ted to Mori\ becaufe fhe is a Goddefs whom no 
 a prayers can move, or facrifices pacify. 
 
 Somnus [Sleep'] b is the brother of Death) and c he 
 alfo hath wings, like her. Iris 9 who was lent by Juno 
 to the palace of this God, mentions the great benefits 
 that he beftows on mankind; fuch as d quiet of rriind,. 
 tranquillity, freedom from care, and refrefhment of the 
 fpirits, by which men are enabled to proceed in their 
 labours, in his palace there are e two gates out of which 
 
 a Herat. i. Sermonum. b Orpb, m Hymn. s Horn. Iliad 14, 
 Virg. JEn. 5, 
 
 d 8j?mxe 9 quies'rerum, placidijfime So mm Deorum, 
 
 Pax animi, quern curafugh, qui corpora duris 
 
 Fejj'a mixi/hrm mulcts rifarafque laborh Ovid, Met. n, 
 
 Thou reft o' th 1 world, Sleep, the moft peaceful God, 
 
 Who driv'ft care from the mind, and doit unload 
 
 The tired limbs of all their wearmefs, 
 
 And for new toil the body doit refrefli. 
 
 * Sunt gemwa Somni porta, quartern altera fertur 
 
 Cornea, qua Vtrisfaalis Jafur exit us umbris ; 
 
 - Altera candenh ptrfetla nit ens elcpha-Uo 5 
 Sedfalfa ad cesium iriuiunl injomnia manes. 
 
 Virg. JEn.. 6. 
 
( 2 3 4 ) 
 
 dreams pafs. and repafs : one of thefe gates was made of 
 clear ivory.,, through which falfe dreams pafs; the other 
 was made of tranfparent horn, and through that gate 
 true vifions come to. men. a Morpheus, the fervant of 
 Somnus, who can put on. any fhape or figure, prefents 
 thefe dreams to thofe who fleep ; and thefe dreams were 
 brought from a great fpreading elm in hell, under whofe? 
 ffaade they ufualjy fit.. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE JUDGES OF HELL, MINOS, RHADAMANTHUS r 
 AND. JEACXJS.. 
 
 NEAR the three Furies and the three Fates, b you 
 fee the, three Judges of Hell, Minos, Rhadamanthus, and 
 Macusi who are believed to be judges of the fouls of the 
 dead ; becaufe they exercifed the offices of judges in Crete 
 with the greatest prudence, difcretion, and juflice. The 
 firft two were the fons of Jupiter ■ by Europa : the laft 
 was the fon of Jupiter by Mgina. When all the fuh- 
 je£ts of queen Mgina were fwept away in a plague, be- 
 fide JEacus, he begged of his father, that he v/ould re- 
 pair the .race of mankind, which was almoft extinft j..-, 
 and Jupiter heard his prayer, and turned c a great mul- 
 titude of ants, which crept about a hollow old oak> 
 into men, who afterward were called Myrmidones, from 
 pvpfjw? [?nurmex~] which word fignifies an ant* 
 
 Thefe three had their particular province afligned by 
 Pluto in this manner : Rhadamanthus was appointed to 
 judge the AJiatics, and Macus the Europeans, each hold- 
 ing a ftaff in his hand ; but Minos holds a golden fcejw- 
 
 Two gates the filent houfe of Sleep adorn 5 
 Of polifh'd iv'ry this, that of tranfparent horn s 
 True vifions through tranfparent horn arife 5 
 Through polifli'd ivVy pafs deluding lies, 
 a Ovid. Met. 11. \\vg. JEn. 6* * Horn. OdyflV a*. ^O- 
 vid Met, 7. Plato in Georg, 
 
( 235 ) 
 
 tre and fits alone, and overfees the judgments of Rha- 
 damantbus and /Eacus ; and if in their courts there arofe 
 a cafe that was ambiguous and difficult, then Minos 
 ufed to take the cognizance thereof, and decide it, 
 a Cicero adds to thefe a fourth judge, Jriptolemus ; but 
 we have already difcourfcd of him in his proper place 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 SECT. I. THE MOST FAMOUS OF THE CONDEMNED 
 IN HELL. 
 
 FROM the Judges let us proceed to the Criminals^ 
 whom you fee reprefented there in horrid colours. It 
 will be enough if we take notice of the moft celebrated 
 of them, and fhow their crimes, and the punifhrnents 
 which were therefore inflidled on them. 
 
 SECT. 2. THE GIANTS.^ 
 
 These Giants b were the Tons of Terra (tbe eartb) 
 when fhe was impregnated by the blood of Coslum^ 
 which flowed from that diihonorable wound given him 
 by his fon Saturn. They are all very high in ftature^ 
 w 7 ith horrible dragon's feet ; their looks and their bodies 
 are altogether full of terror. Their impudence c was 
 fo great, that they ftrove to depofe Jupiter from the 
 poffeflion of heaven : and when they engaged with the 
 celejlial Gods^ they d heaped up mountains upon moun- 
 tains, and thence darted trees, fet on fire, againit the 
 Gods and heaven. e They hurled alfo prodigious maffy 
 itones and folid rocks, fome of which falling upon the 
 earth again, became mountains ; others fell into the 
 fea, and became iflands. This f battle was fought up- 
 on the Bhlegraan plains, near the borders of Campania^ 
 
 a Tufc. Quaeft. 1. i. b Hefiod. in Theog. c Horn. OdyfT. 12, 
 * Ovid, Met. 1, e Duris Samius. f Nat. Comes, 1. 6. 
 
( 2 3 6 ) 
 
 a which country is called Pblegra, from Qtiyu [phlegoj 
 uro^ for it abounds in fubterraneous fires, and hot' baths 
 flowing continually. The Giants were beaten and all cut 
 off, either by 'Jupiter's thunder, Apollo's arrows, or by the 
 arms of the reft of the Gods. And fome fay, that out 
 of the blood of the ftain, which -was fpilled upon the 
 earthy ferpents and fuch invenomed and pernicious ani- 
 mals were produced. The moft eminent of thofe 
 Giants were, % 
 
 Typhosus*) or Typbon, the fon of Juno r conceived by 
 her without a father. So vaft was his magnitude, that 
 he touched the eaft with one hand, and the weft with 
 the other, and the heavens with the crown of his 
 head. A hundred dragon's heads grew from his 
 Ihoulders ; his body was covered with feathers, fcales, 
 rugged hair, and adders ; from the ends of his fingers 
 fnakes iiTued, and his two feet had the fhape and folds 
 of a ferpent's body ; his eyes fparkled with fire, and his 
 mouth belched out flames. He was at laft overcome, 
 and thrown down ; and, left he fhould rife again, b the 
 whole ifland of Sicily was laid upon him. This ifland 
 was alfo called frinacria, becaufe it bears the fhape of 
 a triangle, in the corners of which are the three pro- 
 montories, Pelorus^ Pachynus^ and MHybaus ; Pelorus 
 was placed on his right-hand, Pachynus^ on. his left, and 
 Lilybcens lay upon his legs. 
 
 Mgeon was another prodigious and cruel giant : c Fir- 
 
 a Horn. Hymn, in A poll in. 
 
 b Nilitur Me quidem, fugnatque refurgere Jape ; 
 
 D extra fed Aufonio manus efi fubjeSia Peloro ; 
 
 LoP-va, Pachyne t tibi \ Lilybceo crura premuntur ; 
 
 Pragravat JEtna caput. Ovid. Met. 5, 
 
 He ftrnggies oft, and oft attempts to rife \ 
 
 But on his right hand vaft Pelorus lies 5 
 
 On's left Pachynus\ Liljbaeus fpreads 
 
 O'er his huge thighs ; and JEina keeps his heads* 
 
 c JEgeon qualis> centum cui brae hi a dicunt, 
 
 Centenafque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem 
 
 Pecloribujque arfijfe : Jowls cum fu'.mina contra 
 
 Tot paribus freperet cljpeis, tot f ringer et enfes* /En. iq# 
 
( 237 ) 
 
 gj7 tells us he had fifty heads, and a hundred hands, 
 from which he was called Centumgeminm, and a by the 
 Grecians, Briar rus* He hurled a hundred rocks againft 
 Jupiter at one throw \ yet Jupiter dalhed him down, 
 bound him in a hundred chains, and b thruft him un- 
 der the mountain Mtna ; where, as often 'as he moves 
 his fide, the mountain cafts forth great flames of fire. 
 
 c Aloeus, becaufe of his age, could not in this war 
 take up arms againft the Gods ; but he fent Othus and 
 Ephialtes, who, though his wife Iphimedia had them by 
 Neptune, were called Aloidcs^ from their reputed father. 
 They went in their father Akeus* ftead, and affifted the 
 Giants ; but the fame fate attended them, and they alfo 
 fuffered the punifhment of their rafhnefs in hell. 
 
 Tityus was the fon of d Jupiter and Elara, born in a 
 fubterraneous cave, in which Jupiter hid his mother, 
 fearing the anger of Juno. She brought forth a child of 
 fo prodigious a bulk, that the earth was rent to give 
 him a paflage out of the cave; and thence he was be- 
 lieved to be the fon of the earth. Juno afterward per- 
 fuaded this giant to accufe Latona of adultery ; for which 
 Jupiter ftruck him with thunder down into hell : e there 
 
 And as JEgeon, when with heaven he llrove, 
 Stood oppotite'in arms to mighty Jove, 
 Mov'd all his hundred hands, provok'd to war, 
 Defy'd the forky lightning from afar : 
 At fifty mouths his flaming breath expires, 
 And rlsfh for flam returns, and fires for fires ; 
 In his right hand as many fwords he wields, 
 And takes the thunder on as many (liields. 
 a Horn, Iliad. 1. b Callimachus in Lavacr. Deli. * Virg # 
 Mn. 6. <* Apol. i. 
 
 e tfec non et Titjum, terra ot?miparentis alumnum, 
 
 Cernere erai \ cut tota novem per jugera corpus 
 
 Porrigitur, rojiroque immanis <vultur obunco 
 
 Immortale jecur tundens, fcecundaque pcenis 
 
 Fife era, rimaturque epulis, habit at que fub alto 
 
 Peel ore : nee fibris requies datur ulla renatis. Virg. J£n* 6. 
 
 There Tityus torturM lay, who took his birth 
 
 From heavn> his nurfmg from (he fruitful earth 5 
 
 Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace, 
 
 Infold nine acres of infernal fpace ; 
 
( * 3 8 ) 
 
 he lies ftretched out, covering nine acres of ground with 
 his body; and a vulture continually gnaws his liver, 
 which grows again every month. 
 
 To thefe we may add the Titans^ a the fons of Terrs, 
 and Caelum; the chief of whom was Titanus^ Saturn's 
 eldeft brother: they made war againft Saturn^ becaufe 
 the birth of Jupiter was concealed, and conquered him ; 
 but they were afterward overcome by Jupiter^ and caft 
 -down into helL 
 
 SECT. 3. OTHER FAMOUS OFFENDERS. 
 
 Phlegyas, who was king of the Lapitha in Tbef- 
 jalia^ and the father of the nymph Coronis. When he 
 heard that Apollo had debauched his daughter, he went 
 in anger, and fired the temple -of Apollo at Delphi ; for 
 which the enraged God fhot him through the body with 
 an arrow, and inflicted on him the following punifh- 
 ment: b A great flone hangs over his head, which he 
 imagines every moment will fall down and crufh him 
 to pieces: thus he ■fits, perpetually fearing what will 
 never cometopafs; which makes him frequently call 
 out to men, c to obferve the rules of juftice and the pre- 
 cepts of religion. 
 
 Ixion was the fon of this Phlegyas; he killed his own 
 fitter, and obtained his pardon from the Gods, who ad- 
 vanced him to heaven ; and his profperity made him ib 
 
 A ravenous vulture, in his open fide 
 Her crooked beak, and cruel taions try'd $ 
 Still for the growing liver digg'd his bread:, 
 The growing liver ftill fupply'd thefeaft.2 
 Still are the entrails fruitful to their pains, 
 Th' immortal hunger lafts, tfa* immortal food remains* 
 *i£fchyl. in Prometheo. 
 
 b Quosfuper atrafilexjamjam lapfura, cadentique 
 
 lmminet affwiilis* Virg, JEn, $ 6 
 
 — A'mafTy ftone, 
 
 Ready to drop, hangs o'er his curfed head. — 
 c D'ifcite jupitiam moniti, et non temnere Di<vos* 
 Learn juitice hence, and don't defpife the Gods, 
 
t 239 } 
 
 ■wanton, that he attempted to violate the chaftity of 
 Juno. This infolent attempt was difeovered to Jupiter^ 
 who fent a cloud in the -fhape of Juno, which the de- 
 ceived lover embraced, and thence thofe monfters the 
 Centaurs were born: "he was then thrown down to the 
 
 -earth again \ where, becaufe he boafted every- where 
 that he had familiarly known the ^hieen of the Gods, he 
 was ftruck with thunder down into hell, and tied faft 
 to a wheel, which turns about continually. 
 
 Salmoneus was king of Elis: his ambition was not 
 fatisfied with an earthly crown, for he defired divine 
 honours ; and, that the people might efteern him a God, 
 he built a brazen bridge over the city, and drove his 
 chariot upon it, imitating, by this noife, Jupiter's thun- 
 der; he alfo threw down lighted torches, and thofe who 
 were ftruck by them, were taken and killed. Jupiter 
 would not fuffer fo great infolence, therefore threw the 
 proud man from his ftage headlong into hell, where 
 
 JEneas, when he vifited the infernal regions, faw him 
 punifhed, as a Virgil relates. 
 
 Sifyphus was a famous robber, killed by Tbefeus : h he 
 
 'is condemned in hell, to roll c a great and unwieldy 
 ftone to the top of a high hill, and as oft as the ftone 
 almoft touches the top of the mountain, it Aides down 
 again. 
 
 The Betides were fifty virgin- fitters, fo called from 
 their grandfather Belus ; and named alfo Danaides, from 
 their father Danaus, who married them to the fifty fons 
 of his brother. The oracle foretold, that Danaus (hould 
 
 (be flain by his fon-in-law ; wherefore he commanded 
 
 ilhis daughters to provide daggers, and on their wedding- 
 
 oijght to kill their hufbands. i The daughters performed 
 
 * Vidi crudeles dantem Salmon ea pcenas, 
 Dumfiammas Jo-vis et (on tus nnitatur Olympu *£En. 6. 
 
 Salmoneus fuffering cruel paws I found, 
 For emulating "Jove 5 the ratt'ing (bund 
 Of mimic thunder, and the elitfring blaze 
 ■Of pointed lightnings, and their forked ray?. 
 b HefiocL Argon. c Ingens tt non exfuperabile faxum. Virg. 
 
( H° ) 
 
 their promifes, and killed their hufbands, except Hy- 
 permnejira^ for fhe fpared Lynceus^ her hufband, who 
 afterward killed Danaus y and took his kingdom. This 
 great impiety was thus puniffaed ; a they were con- 
 demned to draw water out of a deep well, and fill a tub 
 that (like a fieve) is full of holes : the water runs out of 
 the tub as faft as it is put in, fo that they are torment- 
 ed with an unprofitable labour, without end. 
 
 Tantalus^ another remarkable criminal, was the b fon 
 of Jupiter by. the nymph Plota. He invited all the Gods 
 to a feaft, to get a plain and clear proof of their divU 
 nity : when they came, he killed and quartered his own 
 fori PelopSj and boiled him, and fet the joints before 
 them to eat. All the Gods abftained from fuch horrid 
 diet, except G?ra, who (being melancholy and inatten- 
 tive from the recent lofs of her daughter) eat one of the 
 child's fhoulders. Afterward the Gods fent Mercury to 
 recall him to life, and gave him an ivory fhoulder, in- 
 ftead of the fhoulder which Ceres had eaten c . This 
 Pelops was the hufb and of Hipp odamia^ who bore him 
 Atreus and Thyejies ; the latter of whom was baniftied, 
 becaufe he corrupted Mr ope his brother Atreus'' wife ; 
 and when he was recalled from banifhment, he eat up 
 thofe children that he had by her; for Atreus killed them, 
 and had them ferved in difhes to the table, where he 
 and Thyejies dined together. It is faid, that ths Jun could 
 not endure fo horrible a fight, and turned his courfe 
 back again to the eaft. But as Tantalus 9 crime was 
 greater* fe u ? as his punifhment; d for he is tormented 
 with et~ ■■/. hunger and thirft in the midft of plenty both 
 of meat ' drink: he Hands in water up to his lips, 
 but can.: . ach it ; and fruit is placed juft to his mouth, 
 which he cannot take hold of. e Ovid mentions the 
 
 a AJJiduas repeiunt quas perdunt Belides undas* Ov. Met. 4* 
 They hourly fetch the water that they fpill. 
 * Eufeb". Praep. Evang. c Pindar, in Olymp. d Horn. QdvfT. 1 1 . 
 c Quarit aquas in aquis, et poma fugacia cap tat 
 Tantalus , hoc Hit garrula lingua dedit. 
 Half-drownM he thirds, the dangling apples fwing 
 .From's gaping chaps : this comes of prattling. 
 
( 2 4 < > 
 
 puniflimept of Tantalus, but afligns another reafon for 
 it; namely, becaufe he divulged the fecrets of the Gods 
 to men. 
 
 Now this fable of Tantalus reprefents the condition of 
 a mifer y who in the midft of plenty fuffers want, and 
 wants as much the things which he has, as thofe which 
 he has not; as Horace rightly fays, a where he applies 
 this fable of Tantalus to the real wants of the covetous 
 man. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 MONSTERS OF HELL. 
 
 THERE are many ftrange pi&ures of thefe infernal 
 monfters, but the moft deformed are the Centaurs, who 
 were the ancient inhabitants of TheJJklia, and the firfl: 
 who tamed horfes, and ufed them in war. Their neigh- 
 bours, who firfl: faw them on horfeback, thought that 
 they had partly the members of a man, and partly the 
 limbs of a horfe. But the poets tell us another ftory ; 
 for they fay that Ixiqn begat them of a cloud, which he 
 believed to be Juno, whence they are called b Nubi- 
 gena ; and Bacchus is faid to have overcome them. 
 
 Geryon, becaufe he was the king of three iflands, call- 
 ed Balearides, c is feigned to have three bodies : or, it 
 may be y becaufe there were three brothers of the fame 
 name, whofe minds and affe£tions were fo united, that 
 they feemed to be governed and to live by one fouL 
 They add, that Geryon kept oxen, which devoured the 
 ftrangers that came to him : they were guarded by 2 
 
 a Tantalus a labrls f.iiens fugientia capiat 
 Flumlna. <$uid rides ? muiato ncmine, de te 
 Fabula narratur. Serm.Ul© 
 
 Though Tantalus you've heard, does ftand chin deep 
 In water, yet he cannot get a iip : 
 At which you fniile 5 row all on't would be true, 
 Were the name chang'd, and the tale told of you. 
 * Virg. JEn. 6. c Tricorporem ct tergeminum fuifle a 
 
 xs 
 
( 2 4 2 ) 
 
 <!og with two heads, and a dragon with feven. Her* 
 tules killecFthe guards, and drove the oxen away. 
 
 The Harpies^ fo called a from their rapacity, were 
 born of Oceanus and Terra. They had the faces of vir- 
 gins, and the bodies of birds ; their hands were armed, 
 with claws, and their habitation was in the iflands. 
 Their names were Aello* Ocyp§te^ and Celeno; which 
 laft brought forth .Zephyrus (the weft wind) and Balius 
 and Xanthus, the horfes of Achilles, Virgil gives us an 
 b elegant defcription of thefe three fillers. 
 
 To the three Harpies^ add the three Gorgon^ Medu- 
 fa^ SthenO) and Euryale^ who were the daughters of 
 Phorcus and Cete. Inftead of hair, their heads were 
 covered with vipers, which fo terrified the beholder, 
 that they turned him prefently into a ftone. Perhaps 
 they intended to reprefent, by this part of the fable, the 
 extraordinary beauty of thefe fillers ; which was fuch, * 
 that whoever faw them were amazed, and flood im- 
 moveable like ftones. There were other Gorgons befide, 
 born of the fame parents, who were called Lamia^ or " 
 Empufaj. c They had only one eye, and one tooth, 
 common to them all : they kept this tooth and eye at 
 home in a little veffel, and whichfoever of them went 
 
 a Ab agt&Zp, rapid. 
 
 b Atfubit* horrifico lapfu de moritlbus adfunt 
 
 Harpya $ et magnls quatiunt dangoribus alas : 
 
 Si<ve Deje, feu funt Dir<z, obfccenaque valucres, 
 
 Triflius baud tilts monjlrum eft^ ticcfavior ulla 
 
 Pejlis et ira Deum 9 Stygiisfefe extulit undis, 
 
 Virglnei <vo lucrum <vultu$ , fcedfima uentris 
 
 Prolu-vieS} uncaque tnanus, et pallida femper 
 
 Or a fame t JEn. 3. 
 
 When from the mountain -tops, with hideous cry 
 
 And clattering wings, the filthy harpies fly : 
 
 Mongers more fierce offended heaven ne'er fent, 
 
 From hell's abyfs, for human punifliment. 
 - With virgin faces, but with wombs obfeene ; 
 
 Foul paunches, and with ordure (till unclean 5 
 
 With claws for hands, and looks for ever lean. 
 
 JEkhyl. in Prometh. 
 
 I 
 
( 2 43 ) 
 
 abroad, (he ufed them. a They had the faces of wo- 
 men, and alio the necks and breafts ; but below they 
 were covered with fca-les, and had the tails of ferpents. 
 They ufed to entice men, and then devour them. Their 
 breafts were naked, and their bofoms were open ; they 
 looked on the ground as it were out of modefty ; thus 
 they tempted men to difcourfe with them, and when 
 they came near, thefe Lamia ufed to fly in their faces, 
 and ftrangle them, and tear them to pieces. And what 
 more plainly expreffes the evil arts of wicked women ? 
 Againft whom the Scriptures caution us in thefe words, 
 b Thefeamonjiers draw out tbebreaji^ they give fuck. c Ou- 
 tliers only mentioned one Lamia^ who was a moft beau- 
 tiful woman : Jupiter debauched her, and Juno, through 
 jealoufy, deprived her of the children that file bore. 
 She became diftra&ed with grief, and devoured other 
 people's children in their cradles. 
 
 The Chimcera d Was a monfter, e which vomited forth 
 fire; he had the head and breaft of a lion, the belly of 
 a goat, and the tail of a dragon, as it is exprefled f in 
 a known verfe, and defcribed by g Ovid, A vulcano 
 in Lycia occafioned this fable ; for in the top of the 
 mountain were lions, in the middle (where was pafture^ 
 goats lived, and the bottom of it abounded with ferpents. 
 b Seller opkonmz&Q this mountain habitable, and therefore 
 is faid to have killed the Ghimara. 
 
 The monfter Sphinx was begotten * of Typhon and 
 Echidna* She had the head and breaft of a woman, 
 
 a Dion. Hift. Libvse, b Lamise nudaverunt manimam. La- 
 
 mentat. iv. 3. c Dures Rerum Lihycar. 1. 2. d Horn. Iliad 14* 
 € Heiiod. in Theog. 
 
 * Prima leo, pofirema draco, media inde capella* 
 A lion's head and breaft refemble hi?, 
 His waift a goafs, his tail a dragon's is. 
 - ' * Quoqtie '-Chimera jugs, mediis in partibus ignem, 
 
 Pefius et ora lea, caudam ferpentis habebat. Met. 9. 
 
 ■ > And on the craggy top 
 
 Chimara dwells, with lion's face and mane, 
 A goat's rough body, and a ferpent's train. 
 * Paufan. in Corinth/ * Vide Nat. Com, 
 M 2 
 
t 244 ) 
 
 the wings of a bird, the body of a dog, and the paws 
 of a lion. She lived in the mountain Sphincius, aflault- 
 ed all paiTengers, and infefted the country about Thebes ; 
 inibmuch that the oracle of Apollo was confulted con- 
 cerning her, and anfwer was made, that unlefs fome 
 body did refolve the riddle of Sphi 'nx,, there would be no 
 end of that great evil. Many endeavoured to explain 
 it, but were overcome, and torn in pieces by the mon- 
 ger. Creon, at that time king of Thebes, publifhed an 
 €di£k through all Greece, in which, if any one could 
 explain the riddle of Sphinx, he promifed, that he would 
 give him to wife his own fifter Jocajla. The riddle 
 was this: a What animal is that, which goes upon four 
 feet in the morning, upon two at noon y and upon three at 
 night? Oedipus., encouraged with the hopes of the re- 
 ward, undertook it, and happily explained it; fo that 
 the Sphinx was engaged, and caft herfelf headlong from 
 a rock, and died. He faid, that the animal was a man 9 
 who in his infancy creeps upon his hands and feet, and 
 fo may be faid to go on four feet ; when he grows up* 
 he walks on two feet ; but when he grows old, he ufes 
 the fupport of a itaff, and fo may be faid to walk on 
 three feet. 
 
 This Oedipus was the fon of Lotus, b king of Thebes. 
 Soon after his birth Laius commanded a foldier to carry 
 his fon Otdipus into a wood, and then deftroy him 5 be- 
 caufe it had been foretold by the oracle, that he fhould 
 be killed by his own fon. But the foldier was moved 
 with pity toward the child, and afraid to imbrue his 
 hands in royal blood ; wherefore he pierced his feet with 
 a hook, and hanged him upon a tree to be killed with 
 hunger. One of the fhepherds of Polybius, king of 
 Corinth, found him, and brought him to the queen, 
 who, becaufe fhe had no children, educated him as her 
 own fon, and from c his fwollen feet called him Oedipus. 
 
 a Quidnam animal mane quadrupes, meridie bipes, velperi tripes 
 eflet ? *b Stat. 1. Theb. Plutarch. Julian, et alii. « Puerum 
 CEdipum vecavit a tumore pedum, qI&u enim tumeo ct *-£$ pedem 
 fignificat# 
 
{ H5 ) 
 
 When Oedipus came to age, he knew that InngPofyiiup 
 was not his fatheiyand therefore refolved to find out his 
 parents : he confulted the oracle, and was told, that he 
 iliould meet his father in Phocis. In his journey ha 
 met fome paiTengers, among whom was his father, but 
 he knew him not ; a quarrel arofe, and in the fray he, 
 by chance, killed his father. After this, he proceeded 
 on his journey, and arrived at Thebes, where he over- 
 came Sphinx, and for his reward married Jocafta, whom 
 he knew not to be his mother then, but difeovercd it' 
 afterward. He had by her two fons, Eteocks ?.n& Po- 
 lynices, and two daughters, Antigone and Jfmena* 
 a When afterward he found, by clear proof, that he had 
 killed his father, and married his mother, he was ieized 
 with fo great madnefs, that he pulled out his own eye?,* 
 and would have killed himfelf, if his daughter Antigen* 
 (who led him about after he was blind) had not hindered^ 
 him. 
 
 Eteocles and Polynices, the fons of G^dipus and Joca/ia,- 
 h fucceeded their father in the government ; and they 
 agreed to reign a year each, in their turns. Eteocles 
 reigned the firft year, and then refuted to admit his bro- 
 ther Polynices to the throne: upon which a war arofe, 
 and the two brothers, in a duel, killed each other. 
 Their enmity lafted longer than their lives; for when 
 their bodies were placed on the fame pile to be burnt 
 by the fame fire, the flames refufed to unite, but divided 
 themfelves into two parts. 
 
 *, Seneca CEilp. fe Stat. Theb, 
 
( * 4 6 ) 
 
 CHAPTER XIL - 
 
 THE ELYSIUM, 
 
 THERE is a place in the infernal dominions abound- 
 ing with pleafures and delights, which is called the Ely- 
 Jiurn ; a becaufe thither the fouls of the good refort, af- 
 ter they are loofed from the chains of the body, and 
 have been -purged - *- from the light offences that they had 
 contra&ed in this world. b Mneas received this account 
 from one of the inhabitants of it, as Virgil 'tells us, 
 c who defcribes this place as abounding with all the de- 
 lights that the irioft pleafant plains, the molt verdant 
 fields, the foadieft groves, and the fineft and moft tem- 
 perate air can produce. 
 
 a 'atto tS& hiatus, a folutione ; quod Animje piorum corporels 
 Iblutse vinculis, ioca illi petant poftquam purgatse funt a kvioribus 
 noxis, quas contraxerant. 
 
 b &uifquefuos patimur manes ; exinde per amplum 
 
 Miitimur Elyfium % et panel lata ar>va lenemus* JEn, 6, 
 
 All have their manes, and thofe manes bear : ( 
 
 The few, who' re cieans'd, to thofe abodes repair, 
 
 And breathe in ample fields the loft ELJian air. 
 
 * Devenere locos !atos> et amazna uireta 
 
 Tortunatorum nemorum, fedejque beatas, 
 
 Largior tie campos aether et tumina njejiit 
 
 Purpurea : 4 fole?nquefuum, fuafidera norunt. 
 
 Thefe ho'y rites perform'd, they took their way, 
 
 Where long extended plains of pleafure lay. 
 
 The verdant fields with thofe of heav'n may vie> 
 
 With ether veiled, and a purple fky : 
 
 The blifsful feats of happy fouls below, 
 
 Stars of their own, and their own fun they know. 
 
 t 
 
( U7 ) 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE RIVER LETHE. 
 
 THERE is a river in hell called Lethe, * from the 
 forgetful nefs it caufes. For if any body drinks this wa- 
 ter, he immediately forgets all things pa ft : (o that when 
 the/;//// of the pious have fpent many ages in the Elyfi* 
 bids, b they drink the water of Lethe > and are be- 
 lieved topafs into new bodies, and return into the world 
 a^ain : and it is neceiiary they ihould forget, both the 
 pleaiures they have received in Elyjium, and the mffeties 
 they did formerly endure in this life, that they may 
 willingly return into this miferable life again. Theie 
 fouls went out from Elyfium by that ivory gate, which 
 you fee painted in the lower part of this wall : and, if 
 you pleafe, we will go through this gate, and leave thefe 
 infernal regions, to view more beautiful, though not 
 lefs ridiculous, images of the other Gods, 
 
 P. I will attend you with pleafurc 
 
 * 'Awo rr.c hv$r,c, ab olivione. 
 
 b ■ Anhn<r 9 quibus altera fat o 
 
 Corpora debentur y Lztbai adfluminis undam 
 
 Secures ialices et longa obLvia potant,. Virg. JEn* 6, 
 
 • Souls rh u by fate 
 
 Are doom'd to take new fhspes, at Letke^s brink 
 Quaff draughts fecure, and long oblivion drink,- 
 
( 248 ) 
 
 PART V. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DIJ MI NO RUM GENTIUM i 
 
 OR, 
 
 THE SUBORDINATE DEITIES, 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 THE PENATES. 
 
 M. NOW, PalatophiluS) let us view the fifth divi* 
 fion of this Fabulous Pantheon^ in which the inferior ox 
 fubordinate Gods are contained : the Latins generally 
 called them Dii Minorum Gentium^ and fometimes Se- 
 mones, Minuti, Plebeii^ and Patellar it. 
 
 P. Thofe Deities appear to be painted without con- 
 fufion, in very good order, and very diftin&ly. 
 
 M. They are fo ; and if we confider how infinite the 
 number of them was, it is plain, that the Romans had 
 almoft as many Gods as there are things. And indeed, 
 how great is the number of Gods who prefide over in- 
 considerable things, fince there are three Gods to keep 
 one door ; firft, the God Fer cuius looks after the door, 
 the Goddek Cardua after the hinges, and Limentius after 
 the threfhold. I (hall only briefly fpeak of thofe, who 
 aflift, or in any wife preferve men from their birth to 
 their death, »* 
 
 ii 
 
( m ) 
 
 The Penates are fo called from the Latin word feme* 
 which word, a Cicero fays, includes every thing that 
 men eat. - Or elfe they have this name from the place 
 allotted to them in the heavens, b becaufe they are pla- 
 ced in the mod inward and private parts of the heavens 
 where they reign 3 hence they call them Penetrates, and 
 the place of their abode Penetrale. They entirely go- 
 vern us by their reafon, their heat, and their fpirit, fo 
 that we can neither live, nor ufe- our underftanding 
 without them ; yet we know neither the number nor- 
 names of them. The ancient Hetrufci called them Con- 
 fentes and Complices; fuppofing that they are Jupiter's - 
 counfellors, and the chief of the Gods : and many rec- 
 kon Jupiter himfelf, together with Juno and Minerva j 
 among the Penates. But I will give you a more diftin£i : 
 and particular information in this matter. 
 
 There were three orders of the Dii Penates : 1. Thofe 
 who governed c kingdoms and provinces, and were ab- 
 folutely and folely called Penates, 2. Thofe who prefi- 
 ded over cities only ; and thefe were called the d Gods of 
 the Country, or the great Gods: JEneas makes mention 
 of them in e Virgil. 3. Thofe who prefided over parti- 
 cular houfes and families, and thefe were called the 
 * fmall Gods. The poets make frequent mention of them, - 
 efpecially Virgil, who in one place mentions fifty maid 
 fervants, whofe bufinefs it was to look after their affair?, 
 and s to offer facrifices to the houfehold Gods : and in * 
 h another place he fpe?.ks of thefe houfehold Gods being 
 ftained and defiled by the blood of one that was killed 
 by his brother. But it muft likewife be obferved, that, 
 
 a Eft enim penns omne quo vefcuntur homines. De Nat, Deor. 
 fe Quod penitus infideant, ex quo Penetrates a Poetis vocantur, el 
 Jocus in quo fervabantur eoruin effigies Penetrate diclus. Vane ?p» 
 Arnob. 1. 3. c Virg. JEn. 1.5. d £)ij Patrii &# *p£tg*»**. 
 
 MacroK 3. Saturn. 14. Plar. 4. Symp. 1. 
 
 1 « T», gemtor>. cape fac> a manu, patriofqite Penates. J£n. 2, 
 Our country Gods, the reliques and the bands, 
 Hold you, my father, in your guiltleis hands. 
 
 f Parvique Penates. Virg. ^En. 8. § Flammis adolere J*ft* 
 
 nates. ^En. 1. h Sparios fraterna csede Penates. J2k\, 4, 
 
( *5° ) 
 
 among the Latins^ the word Penates- not only fignifies 
 the Gods, of which we have been fpeaking, but like- 
 wife llgnifies a dwelling-houfe, of which we have inftan- 
 ces in many authors, and among the reft, in * Virgily 
 * Cicero., and c Fabius. 
 
 d Timausy and from him Dionyfius y fays, that thefe- 
 Penates had no proper fhape or figure ; but were wooden, 
 or brazen rods, fhaped fomewhat like trumpets. But 
 it is alfo thought by others, that they had the fhape of 
 young men with fpeats,, which, they held, apart fmm* 
 another*. 
 
 chapter n. 
 
 THE LARES., 
 
 THE Lares were children born from the ftolen em* 
 Braces of Ms? wry and the nymph Lara-, for when,, by 
 her prating, file had di (covered fome of Jupiter's -amours^. 
 he was To enraged that he cut out her tongue,. and ba- 
 ll i feed- her. to the Stygian lake. Mercury , wha was ap~ 
 pointed to conduct her thither, raviihed her upon the 
 road. e She grew big with child, and in due time 
 brought forth-, twins, and .named them Lares, , 
 
 They were made domefiic-GQch y and: accordingly pre- 
 iided over f houfes, itreets, and -ways, ., 0n this account 
 they weie worshipped " in the roads and open ftreets$ : . 
 called cQmpitam Latin, whence^ the games celebrated in ? 
 their honour . were called b Comphalitli^ Co7npitalttia y ancU 
 fometimes Gompitalia* When thefe fports were exerci-- 
 
 * Moftrrs fuceede penatibus nbfpes, 7Ex\*. 8& b Exterminare 
 aiiquem a fa's Diis Penatibus. Pro Sexto. c Liberos ptlleie do* 
 mo, ac prohiberfc Pemtibu*. Dec 4 a6o. d Lib. i. 
 
 e ?ilque gravis Geminofque parit qui -comfit a few ant, 
 
 Rt vigilant n f >J\ra fimper in ade Lares* Ovid. Fail/ 2, 
 
 H r twins the Lares cailVi.- 'Tis by their care 
 
 Our, houfes, roads, and ..Greets in Mety are. 
 
 * Martial, i, 3. ep. 57. s Arnob.v**. h Varro^eHe. 
 luilic'a j^et 5 2 . de Lwg, f Lafc- 
 
( 251 ) 
 
 fed, a the images of men and women, made ofwool^ 
 were hung in the ftreets ; and fo many balls made of 
 wool as there were fervants in the family, and fo many 
 complete images as there were children. The meaning. 
 of which cuftom was this: Thefe feafts were dedicated 
 to the Lares^ who were efteemed infernal Gods ; the 
 people defiring by this, that thefe Gods would be con- 
 tented with thofe woollen images, and fpare the perfons 
 reprefented by them. The Roman youths u fed to wear 
 a golden ornament, called bulla^, about their necks ; it 
 was made in the fh ape of a heart, and hollow within : : 
 this they wore till they were fourteen years of age, theni 
 they put it off, and, hanging jt up, confecrated it to 
 the Lares ; as we learn from b Perjius. Thefe Lares 
 fometirnes c were clothed in the fkins of dogs, and 
 d fometimes fafhionedin the fhape of dogs \ whence that^ 
 creature was confecrated to them,- 
 
 The place in which the Lares ■ were worihlpped was ;; 
 called Larariurn; an& in-tbe facrifices offered to them r 
 e *the firft fruits of the year* f wine and incenfe were 
 brought to their altars, and their images adorned with- 
 chaplets and garlands. g The beginning of which wor-~ 
 fliip came hence.; that anciently the dead^ h who were 
 buried at home, were worshipped as Gods, and called 
 Lares^ And befides, we find in * Pliny^ that they fa-- 
 crificed, with wine and incenfe, to the images of the- 
 emperors, .while they yet lived,-, 
 
 a -Fc'ftus apud Lil. Gyr.~. 
 
 b BuLaquefucdn3is Lhribus dohata pependlL 
 When fourteen years are paft, the Bulla's laid i 
 Afide, an offering to the Lares made, 
 c Plutarch, in Prob. <* Plautus.\ e TibuHus L I* * 
 
 f PJau. in prol. Aul. g Juvenal, fat. 9. iauv. k Arnob. c.-.-.e** 
 Vaiv I Epift.l..iOtf. 
 
( a 5 a ) 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SECT. I. THE GENII, THEIR NAMES. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the Genii and the Lares fornetimes 
 finean the fame Deities, yet by Genius is commonly meant 
 that fpirit of nature which Begets all things, from which 
 3 generative power it has its name ; or elfe it is fo called,, 
 becaufe it affifts all generations ; or laftly, becaufe it 
 protects and defends us when we are begotten. The 
 birthday, and the marriage bed, had the name b genial 
 from him ; which name c was likewife given to all days 
 wherein mirth, pleafure, and joys did abound. And on 
 ihe fame account thofe who live merrily, who deny 
 themfelves nothing that makes for their eafe and plea- 
 fure, or that is grateful to their appetite, who entirely 
 follow the dictates of their fenfual defires, are faid to live 
 a genial life, or to indulge their genius. 
 
 The Greeks called thefe Genii, demons; as it is 
 thought, from the d terror and dread they create in thofe 
 to whom they appear ; or, as it is more probable, e from 
 the prudent and wife anfwers which they gave when 
 they were eonfulted as oracles. f Hence fome think, 
 that illuftrious men, whofe actions in this life gain them 
 univerfal praife and applaufe, do after their deaths be- 
 come daemons ; by which daemons is to be underftood, 
 g as Plutarch fays, beings of a middle kind, of a greater 
 dignity than man, but of a nature inferior to the Gods. 
 
 *- A gignendo feu genendo, nam geno pro gigno olira dicebatur. 
 A«g. de Civ. Dei. 7. Cic. de Orat. a. et de Invent. 2. b Cen- 
 
 ibtin. de Die Nat. 3. c Ifidor. 8. Etymol. d Dsemones 
 
 eheuntuif «, $diua,iw exterreo, aut pavefacio. Eufebius. e Vel 
 
 quafi Ja'A/zofE?, id eft, periti rerumque prssfcii, nam refponfa dabant 
 confulentibus. Ifidor. S. Etvmoh f Socrates ex Hef. ap. Plat* 
 
 * Lib. ds Qrac. 
 
( 253 ) 
 
 SECT. 2. THEIR IMAGES* 
 
 The images of the Genii refembled for the moft part 
 the form a of a ferpent, according to b Perfius y and his 
 commentators. Sometimes alfo they were c defcribed 
 like a boy, or a girl, or an old man : and crowned with 
 the leaves of the plane-tree, d which was a tree facred 
 to the Gem:. 
 
 SECT. 3. SACRIFICES OFFERED TO THE GENII, 
 
 Wine and flowers were offered up in the facrifices 
 to the Genii, and that efpecialiy by people on their birth- 
 days, as we may learn fiom e Perjius and * Horace* 
 To thefe flowers and wine they added s incehfe, parch- 
 ed bread, and corn ftrewea with fait. h Sometimes 
 alfo a fwine was facrificed -, though Cenforinus writes, 
 that it was not ufual to facrifiee to the Genii with the 
 blood and {laughter of any thing, fince we oirght not to 
 take life from other creatures on that day on which we 
 received it. 
 
 a Sat. Theb* 5. 
 
 b Pvige duos angues ; pueri, Jacer tfi locus, extra 
 
 Meiete. Sat. 1* 
 
 Paint here two fnakes 5 let no youth dare 
 
 Defile with pifs thofe walls that (acred are. 
 
 c Vide la Cerdse Corumentar. in .^Eneid. £ Platanus putabatur 
 arbor genial h. 
 
 e Tiuiie mirvm Gmh. Sat. 6* 
 
 To Genius consecrate a cheerful glafs. 
 
 i — _ Piabant 
 
 Floribus et njino Genium fkemorem brents avi, 
 
 Cum foci'ts operum et pueris et conjuge fija. Epift. % 
 
 Their wives, their neighbours, and their prattling boys, 
 
 Were call'd 5 all tafted of their fpcrtive joys : 
 
 They drank, they danc'd, they fuflg, made wanton fport, 
 
 Enjoyed thernfelves, for life they knew was fhort. 
 
 » Plut. in Aul. fc Pa'sephr Ed. 5. Hor. Carm. 3. 
 
(( *54 )) 
 
 SECT. 4. THEIR OFFICES*. 
 
 The Genii were- appointed the continual guardians,, 
 overfeers, a and fafe keepers of the men (as b the wo- 
 men's guardians and protestors were called Junones) 
 from their cradles to their graves. They likewife car- 
 ried the prayers of men to the Gods, and interceded for 
 them. Whence fome call them Prcejlites^ or chief go- 
 vernors, c ^becaufe they are fet over the management of 
 all things. 
 
 To every perfon d were afilgned two Genii, a bonus < 
 Genius,. and a .malm Genius .: e Horace calls them a white 
 and a black one. We are told by f Valerius Maximus r . 
 that when CoJJius fled to Athens, after Antony was beaten 
 at Aflium, there, appeared to him a man of a large fta- 
 ture, of a black fwarthy complexion, with long hair, 
 aod a nafty beard. Cajjius alked him who he was? 
 and the apparition anfwered, / am your evil Genius*. 
 Virgil is thought, by- his g commentator Servius, to 
 mean thefe two Genii, by the. word manes. Of thefe 
 two Genii, the good one, which is given to everyone 
 at his birth, conftan.tly incites him to the practice of 
 virtue and goodnefs ; whereas the bad one prompts, him 
 to all manner of vice and wickednefs* , 
 
 Nor were they afligned to men only ; , for feveral \ 
 countries had their Genii, who therefore were. called the 
 h Deities of the place* Nay, i Genii were allotted to all \ 
 houfes, and doors, and ftables, and hearths : and becaufe 
 the hearths were ufually covered with Hates, therefore 
 the God of .'the Heartht was called Later anus. But of 
 tbefe enough. . Let us npw, proceed to the. other inferior c 
 Deities. 
 
 a Arrian. in Epiclet. bpolit. Mifcell. c< 99. . cQoddprae- 
 fint gerundis omnibus. Martianus de Nupt. a. d Plut. de Ifide • 
 
 et Ofir. e Genium album et nigrum. Epift. 2* f Intenogatuss 
 qu'fquam efiet refpondit fe efle xatioctxifAovx. 1. !•»* 7»' & Qmi- - 
 
 que fuos patiminv manes. Virg. JEn. 6. Vide Servium in ioc a , 
 h Numen loci. Virg. JEn. 7. i Prud. in Symm. .Laterculis.extriu..-, 
 foci folebant. Lil. Gyx. fynt. 1.. . 
 
 I 
 
C *55 I 
 
 CHAPTER IV.. 
 
 THE NUPTIAL GODS AND -GODDESS ES. . 
 
 FIVE Deities were fo abfolutelynecefFary to allmar- 
 riages, that none could lawfully be folemnized without 
 them. They were * 'Jupiter perfe^lus ox aduhus^ Jima 
 perfefta ox adult a, Venus, Suada, and Dicma : befide 
 thefe,. feveral inferior Godsend Goddeffes- were wor- 
 Ihipped at alt marriages* 
 
 Jugatinus joined thQ man and the woman together irr 
 b the yoke of matrimony. 
 
 Dcmidzcus c guided ... the bride into the bridegroom's 
 houfe. 
 
 Domltius was worshipped, that^ the bride mights be 
 d kept at home, to look after the affairs of the family. 
 
 Maniuma was worfhipped,, that, the wife might ne- 
 ver leave her hufhand, but in all conditions of life e abide,- 
 with him,. 
 
 Then the Goddefs Virginenfii, and alfo the Goddefs 
 Gtnxia Juni) f was invoked when the virgin's girdle; 
 was unloofed.. 
 
 Prio.pus, or Muilnus, was ; alfo reckoned S one of the 
 nuptial Gods, beeaufe in his fifthy lap the bride, was 
 commanded to fit, according to. a very religious audi 
 modeft cuftom^ fbrfooth! 
 
 Pertunda or. Pariunda^, was alfo worfhipped. St.- 
 Augujiin, mentioning her,, advifes us to g fpare the mo^- 
 defty of human nature. 
 
 h Viriplaca<. reconciles hufbands to their wives. A\ 
 temple at Rome was dedicated to her, whither the mar- 
 ried couple ufually repaired when any quarrel arofe be-, 
 tween them ; and there opeing their minds freely ta 
 
 a Minores et Plebeii Dji. b A jtigo matrimonii di£his. Aug... 
 
 de Civ. Del 4. c Qgod fponfam in ipoafi doraum duceret. Idem 
 
 ibid. d Ut fponfam dorai teneret.- e Ut cum mariio Temper 
 
 roanerct. f Auguft. ibid. 8 Ut parcaturhumanse vcrecundi*,. 
 ikid v b A piacando viro. Val, Max, 1. 2, c. 1. 
 
( 256 y 
 each other, without paffion, they laid allele all anger 5 
 and returned home together friendly. 
 
 The Goddefs Matuta, a according to the opinion of 
 fome, was the daughter of Cadmus ^ whom the Greeks 
 . called Leucoihea^ or Ino. b The maid fervants were 
 not fuffered to come within her temple ; but the mar- 
 ried women admitted one of them, and afterward buf- 
 fetted hen Mothers prayed to this Goddefs to fend 
 bleilings on their filler's children, but never prayed to 
 her for their own : and therefore while they were prefent 
 at her facrifices, they carried not their own, but their 
 fifter's children in their arms. 
 
 The Goddefs Mena prefided over the women's 
 c monthly courfes ; and was the fame with the d Moon* 
 
 And Februa..w2L$ employed in the fame affair: fbe; 
 was fo called e for the fame reafon. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE DEITIES PRESIDING OVER WOMEN WITH 
 CHILD. 
 
 THREE Deities aflifced breeding women when their 
 affiftance was afked. 
 
 Pilumnus was one of the Gods of children: he was fo 
 called from the f peftle which the ancients pounded their 
 corn with, before they m^de their bread ; or g becaufe 
 he keeps off thofe misfortunes which attend children. 
 He was mentioned before among the rural Deities. 
 
 Intsrcidona was the Goddefs who firft taught the art 
 h of cutting wood with a hatchet to make fires. 
 
 Deverra was worfhipped as a Goddefs, becaufe fhe 
 invented brooms, ' by which all things are brufhed cleanj 
 and thofe diftempers prevented that proceeded from 
 naftinefs. 
 
 a Ovid. Met. 3. *> Plut. in Camillo, et Qtiasft. Rom. tif 
 * A menitru's. d Etiam Graece Luna dicitur. e A februo, 
 
 id eft purgo. f A ptlo, 3 Quod mala ah infantibus pelHt. 
 
 Serviusi h Ab intuciiione fecuris. * A fcopis qitibus ycifitw; 
 
( *57 ) 
 
 The Sylvan Gods, who were always hurtful to biV- 
 bellied women, were driven away by thofe Deities, and 
 the mifchiefs they intended were prevented. For, as 
 neither the trees, a lays St. Augujiin y are cut down- 
 without an ax 9 nor bread made without a pejile^ nor 
 things preferred clean without a brujb; fa, fince thofe 
 inftruments are thought figns of good houfewifry, it was 
 fuppofed, that thefe wild unclean Gods would never dare 
 to enter into the the chamber of a breeding vxrnian* 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 THE GODDESSES PRESIDING OVER WOMEN lit 
 LABOUR. 
 
 THESE GoddefTes afllfted women in travail, and 
 promoted the happy birth of the child. 
 
 Juno Lucina, b whole image was thus formed : one 
 hand was empty, and ready, as it were, to receive the 
 new-born babe ; the other hand held a lighted torch, by 
 which that light of life was fignified, which all enjoy as 
 Kbon as they are born. 
 
 Diana ; though c feme make no difference between 
 her and Lucina. Tima us fpeaks very handfomely, d when 
 he relates that Diancfs temple was burnt the fame night 
 in which Alexander 'was born : e It is (fay? he) no wonder 
 file was abfent from her houfe, when bee afiiirance was 
 neceffary at the labour of Olympias^ Alexander 's mother. 
 She is called alio Solvizona\ for when, women lay in the 
 firft time, they loofed their %ona^ or girdle, and dedicat- 
 ed it to Diana. 
 
 Egeria is (o called f from calling forth the birth. 
 
 Pro/a, or Prorfa^ or Porrima (who was called a!fo 
 Poft-verta and Anteverta) looked after the birth of the 
 child : s it was in her power to make the birth eafy and 
 regular, or difficult and prepofterous. 
 
 a De Civ. Dei, 7. b Nat. Comes. c Catull. Carm. z& 
 
 Dian. iz. * Cic. Nat. Deer. 1. e Theocr. Idyll. 17. * A 
 putu egerendo. s Gell. c, 19. Plutarch. Rom. qu. 25* 
 
( 2 5 8 ) 
 
 Managmeta a prefided alfo over the infant, both before 
 and after its birth. 
 
 Laftlyy the Goddefs Latcna^ of whom we have fpoken 
 in her place. It was thought that fhe very much loved 
 a dunghil-cock ; becaufe a cock was prefent when fhe 
 brought forth Diana and Apollo ; and thence feme ima- 
 gine, that the prefence of a cock renders women's la- 
 bours eafy, 
 
 Nixii Dii> fo called b from Jirlving^ becaufe the mo- 
 ther and the child ftruggle at that time: the mother 
 ftruggles through pain, and the child > that it may come 
 into the world* 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE DEITIES PRESIDING "OVER INFANTS AT, THE 
 TIME OF THEIR BIRTH, AND AFTERWARD. 
 
 THESE Deities prefided over children in the time of 
 their birth, and afterward. 
 
 yanus, who opened c the door of life to- them. 
 ~'OptS) who d affifted them when they came into the 
 world. 
 
 Nafczo, or Natio^ a Goddefs fo called from a Latin 
 word e Signifying to be born. 
 
 Cunia* f who attends the cradle, and watches the in- 
 fants while they lie and Sleep. 
 
 Carmenta, g who Sings the deftinies. 
 
 Vagitanus, or Vaiicanus^ h who takes care of them; 
 when they cry. 
 
 Levant i from lifting them up from the ground: k for 
 when a child was born, the midwife constantly laid the 
 child on the ground, and the father, or, in his abfence, 
 
 a iEliani variae Hiftorias, b Ab enitendo* quod eniteretur cum 
 mater, turn fsetus. Aufon. Idyll. 12. c Qui aperiret vitas januam.. 
 drQuae-opem ferret. ' e A nafcendo. f Quae cunis prseeft. 
 
 8t A canendo. h A vagiendo.. i: A.levando.. k-Var. 2.. 
 de vita pop. Bom.. 
 
{ 259 ) 
 
 Somebody appointed by him, lifted it from the ground ; 
 and hence toller e liber qs, fignifies to educate children?* 
 
 Rumia, who milks the breaft for the child. a Ruma 
 is an old word fign Hying a breaft. 
 
 Potirx, b who gives the infant its drink. 
 
 Educa* or Edufa, from whom it receives its c food, 
 
 OffilagO) who fallens the d bones, and hardens the 
 body. 
 
 Carna^ or Carnea, e who keeps the inward parts fafe. 
 To this Goddefs they facriiicecl 5> upon the calends of 
 June, bacon, and cakes made of beans. "W hence thofe 
 calends were c ailed Fa bar i a. 
 
 The Goddefs Nundina was fo called from f the ninth 
 day of the cnild's age, which was the day of the purifi- 
 cation : in which the name was given if, if it was a boy ; 
 if it was a girl, this ceremony was performed on the 
 eighth day. 
 
 Staianu$i or Staiulinus^ who teaches infants g to & and 
 and walk \ and preferves them from falling. 
 
 Fabulinus? h who' looked after them when they began. 
 to fpeak. 
 
 PaventJa was the Gcddefs who s preferved them 
 from frights, 
 
 CHAPTER YIIL 
 
 THE GODS AND GODDESSES PRESIDING OVEX 
 YOUNG AND ADULT PERSONS, 
 
 OUR feveral actions are fuppofed to be under the 
 protection of divers Gods. 
 
 Juvenilis, or Juventas, protects us in the beginning 
 of our youth, k when we have thrown off the child's, 
 coat. 
 
 Agenorla excites men to ' actiom 
 
 a Auguft 4. c. 8» k A polando. c-Abedendo. d Ab 
 
 ©filbus. e A carne. Vide Macrob, Saturn. J. 1. f A nono 
 
 die, qui fuit dies luftricus. Vide Macrob. Feftum in voce luftricus. 
 S A ftaiido. o A fando. i Ab avertendo pavore. k Auguft* 
 4* ov. 11. * Idem 4* c, 16, 
 
( 260 } 
 
 Strenua encourages us to z behave ourfelves ftrenu- 
 ©ufly and bravely upon all occafions, " 
 
 Stimula eggs and ftimulates us on to extraordinay 
 aftions. 
 
 Horta is the Goddefs b who exhorts us to undertake 
 noble enterprifes. Her temple at Rome flood always 
 ©pen: and fome call her Hora. 
 
 Quhs had her temple without the city y and c was* 
 fuppofed to be the donor of peace and quietnefs.. 
 
 Murcia renders ' men- d lazy, idle, and dull. 
 
 Adonea and Abeona protect us fo, that we have power 
 fo go in and out in fafety., 
 
 ffibilia brings wanderers into their way again,, 
 
 Vacima prote&s the idle and lazy. 
 
 Fejfonia recreates and refrefhes the weary. 
 
 The Goddefs Mediirina has her name from c heal- 
 ing \ and her facrifices were called Meditrinalia^ in 
 which they drank new and old wine inftead of phyfic. 
 
 The Goddefs Vitida is fo- called from f leaping for 
 joy: fhe is the Goddefs of Mirth \ 9 which mitigates the 
 toils of life* 
 
 The Goddefs Volufia^ from s pleafure; for from her 
 we receive it.- 
 
 Orbona was worfhipped, that ffie ffaould not leave pa- 
 rents h deftitute of children. 
 
 v Pellonia was thought to have great power in ' driving 
 away the enemy. 
 
 Numeria was worfliipped, that from her we might 
 learn k to caft accounts. 
 
 Camoena was efteemed a. Goddefs, who inclines in- 
 fants l to fing. 
 
 Sentia was worfiiipped, that chidren might imbibe at 
 firPc juft and honorable m ' fentiments. 
 
 Angercna was the Goddefs that removed the R an- 
 
 a -Varro 4- de Ling. Lat. b Plot. Qnzeft. Rom. 14. c An- 
 gull. 4. c. 16. d Murcidos reddit. Idem ibidv e A medendo* 
 Var. et Feilus. f A vitulando, id eft, iaetitia^eftiendo. e A 
 
 voluptate. h Orbos libeiis. ' l A peliendis hoftibus. k A 
 
 numerando. l A canendo. ra A fen den do. Feft, Jul. ModdL 
 * lit gellsret angorea animi. 
 
r ( 261 ) 
 
 :gulfnes of the mind : or elfe was fo named from a the 
 fqu-nancy : when the cattle of the Romans were almoft 
 wholly deftroyed by this difeaie they offered vows to her, 
 and fhe removed the b plague. 
 
 Hares Martia was one of the companions of Mars, and 
 fergs worfhipped by thofe who obtained an inheritance. 
 
 Staia, or Statua Mater, was worfhipped in the Fo- 
 rum, that it fhould not be burnt, or fuffer damage from 
 frequent fires, which happened there in the night. 
 
 The Goddefs Laverna was the proteftrefs of thieves, 
 who, from her, were named Laverniones : they wor- 
 fhipped her, that their defigns and intrigues might be 
 fuccefsful : c her image was a head without a body. 
 
 The God Averruncus was thought to d repel and pre- 
 sent misfortunes. 
 
 Confus fuggefted good e counfel in the management of 
 affairs. 
 
 Cat'ius made men f circumfpecft, acute, and wise. 
 
 Volumnus and Volumna were fo named, becaufe, 
 through their means, men s were willing to follow things 
 that are good. 
 
 Honorhis, the God from whom they begged honours, 
 
 Alius Locutius was worfhipped on this occafion : h A 
 common foldier reported, that in the night he heard a 
 voice fay, The Gauls are coming. Nobody minded what 
 he faid, becaufe he was a poor fellow. After the Gallic 
 war, Camillas advifed the Romans to expiate their offence 
 ; in neglecting this nocturnal voice, which forewarned them 
 of the Gallic war, and the enfuing deftru&ion ; upon which 
 a temple was dedicated in Via Nova to Aius Lotutius. 
 
 Among the Ethiopians, or the AJJyrians., and Perfia?is 9 
 
 ' Pcena and Benepciian (Punifbment and Favour) were 
 
 reckoned in the number cf the Gods. For the former 
 
 was efteemed the diilributer of evil, the other the dif- 
 
 penfer of good things. 
 
 - 
 
 a Ut arceret art gi nam, b Fed. id. ib. t Scalig. in Feft. 
 
 d Ab averruncando, id eft, avertendo mala. e A cjr.fulendo* 
 
 * Qood'*hoaiines Cantos redderet. g A vclendo, qudd ejus con*, 
 
 filto bona vellent. h Auguii, t t c, ait Val. Max, 
 
( 262 ) 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 tTHE GODS ASSIGNED TO THE SEVERAL PARTS OF 
 HUMAN BODIES. 
 
 A PARTICULAR God was affigned and afcribed 
 to every member of the body of man. 
 
 The head was facred to a Jupiter , the breaft to Nep± 
 tune, the waift to Mars, the forehead to Genius, the 
 eyebrows to Juno, the eyes to Cupid, the ears to Me- 
 morial the right hand to Fides, the back and the hinder 
 parts to Pluto, the reins to Venus, the feet to Mercury, 
 the knees to Mifericordia, the ancles and foles of the 
 feet to Thetis, and the fingers to Minerva, 
 
 The aftrologers aflign the parts of the body to the 
 celeftial conftellations, in another manner, thus : b The 
 head they affign to Aries, the neck to Taurus, the 
 ihoulders to Gemini, the heart to Cancer, the breaft to 
 Leo, the belly to Virgo, the reins to Libra, the fecrets 
 to Scorpio^ the thighs to* Sagittarius, the knees to Ca- 
 pricornus, the legs to Aquarius, and the feet to Pifces* 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE FUNERAL DEITIES. 
 
 THE chief of the funeral deities is Libitina, whom 
 forne account to be the fame as \ Venus, fince her name 
 is derived c from luft or concupifcence; but others 
 think that fhe was Proferpine. In her temple all things 
 neceffary for funerals were fold or let. Libitina fome- 
 times fignifies the grave, and Ltbitinarii thofe men who 
 were employed in burying the dead. Porta Libitina, 
 at Pome, was that gate through which the dead Bodies 
 were carried to be burnt: and Rationes Libitina, in 
 Suetonius, fignifies thofe accounts which we call the bills 
 of mortality, or the weekly bills. . , 
 
 a Serv. in Geo. b Firmic. et Maftilius apud Lil. Gyr. fynt. i, 
 c Ita diSa a libitu vel libidine. 
 2 
 
C 263 ) 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 J)1I INDIGETES AND ADSCRIPTlTIIi 
 
 OK, 
 
 THE SEMI-DEI AND HEROES. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 M. THIS now is the lafl divihon of the Fabulous 
 Pantheon, in which you fee exactly defcribed the images 
 
 I of the Indigetes, or Semi-Dei, and the Heroes. I told 
 you at firft who the Dii Adfcript it it and the Indigetes 
 were, and whence they were fo called. 
 
 P. I remember it perfectly, and will be attentive to 
 hear a further account of them. 
 
 ■■ M. The Semi-Dei y e H^0so; [Hemitbeoi] or Demi- 
 Gods, were thofe who had human bodies, facred minds, 
 and celeftial fouls : they were born in this world for the 
 
 'good and fafety of mankind. a Labeo, in St. Augujlin, 
 
 Idiftinguifhes them from the Heroes. He thinks that 
 Heros was one of Juno's fons, and that the name Heros 
 is derived from c h^ [Hera'] Juno's name in the Greek 
 language. b Others think the word comes from %x 
 [era] the earth; becaufe mankind owe their original to 
 it. c Others again think it comes from tyti$ [eros] love; 
 
 a Lib. 10. c. 21. b Lvterp. Homeri apud Lil. Gyr. fynt. 1, 
 
 * Plat, in Cratylo, 
 
( 2^4 ) 
 
 lor heroes are the moft illuftrious product of love, and 
 are themfelves, as Hierocles obferves, full of love. But 
 others think that this name is derived from e^w [ereo] to 
 plead, and is given them becaufe heroes are very elegant, 
 and moft powerful, and fkilful in rhetoric. Or laftjy, 
 it is thought that the word comes from «pgW [arete] vir~ 
 tue\ for heroes are endued with many virtues, but let 
 'us fpeak particularly concerning fome of thefe heroes^ 
 cf whom the moil famous was Hercuks* 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 SE€T. I. HERCULES. HIS BIRTH* 
 
 THERE were many heroes called Hercules, but (as 
 * Cicero fays) the famous actions of them all are afcribed 
 to him, who was the fon of Jupiter, by Alcmena^ the 
 wife of Amphytrio, king of Thebes. 
 
 When Amphytrio was dbkntj b Jupiter put on his 
 ihape and drefs, and came to Akmena\ who, thinking 
 that her hufband was returned, entertained the deceitful 
 God both at table and at bed, and had by him a fon, 
 whofe limbs were fo large, his conftitution fo robuft, 
 and every part of his body fo full of vigour, that Jupiter 
 'was forced to join three nights together, and employ 
 them all in producing a fon of fuch marvellous ft^ength. 
 Before this adultery, Alcmena had conceived a fon by 
 her hufband, This fori and Hercules were twins ; his 
 name was Iphiclus\ c he was wonderfully fwift in run* 
 ning. 
 
 When Juno had difcovered Jupiter's adultery, file 
 began to hate Hercules fo violently, that fhe endeavoured 
 with might and main to ruin him. Firft, {he obtained 
 an edi£l from Jupiter, which fhe endeavoured to turn 
 
 a De Nat. Deor. 2. ' b Nat. Comes. Lil. Gyr. 
 c Nam fuper extremas fegetum currebat ariftas, 
 Net 'ficcos firuftus la deb at ponder e plants. Orph. in Hym.n> 
 He over (landing corn would run, and ne'er 
 In his fwift motion bruife the tender ear* 
 
&«*> t$ 
 
 fi&e 2.6a- 
 
( 26 S ) 
 
 to his utter deftruflion ; for the wife of Sthenelus, king 
 of Mycena, was big with Eurijlheus at the fame time 
 when Alcmena was big with Hercules. Jupiter ordained, 
 that whichever of the two children was born firft, he 
 fhould be fuperior to the other : Ju.no accelerated Eu- 
 riJlbeuC birth, fo that he was born after kv^n months, 
 and came into the world before Hercules. Again, fhe 
 fent two vipers to deftroy him when he lay crying in the 
 cradle: but it was in vain ; for the valiant infant griped 
 them in his hands till they perifhed by his grafp, a as 
 we are told by Ovid. b At length, by the mediation 
 of Pallas, Juno was reconciled to the noble youth, and 
 let him fuck her breafts: but he fucked with fueh vio- 
 lence that he hurt her breafts; therefore fhe put him a- 
 way, and fome of her milk was fpilt ; but it was not 
 loft, for it fell upon the fky, and made the Milky-way, 
 which is in Greek called [r&Xaf^J Galaxia. Some of it 
 pafied through the clouds, and fell on the earth, and 
 where it fell lilies fprang up : hence fome call thofe 
 flowers c the Rofes of Juno, 
 
 SECT. 2. NAMES OF HERCULES. 
 
 He had two proper names, Hercules and Alcides; but 
 his furnames are innumerable. His parents called him 
 d Alcides, from his extraordinary ftrength ; becaufe he 
 greatly excelled all mankind in ftrengtj}. He was after- 
 ward called Hercules, e from the glory which Juno 
 caufed him. For her hatred and unkind nefs toward him 
 was the great means of the increafe of his glory : for 
 when (he expofed him to the greateft dangers, (he made 
 his glory and honour moft illuftrious, and by enjoining 
 him fo many labours, fhe only exercifed his patience 
 and courage. 
 
 a Tene ferunt geminos preffijfe tenaciter angues, 
 Cum tetter in cum s jam Jo<ve dignus eras ? EpifL 
 
 You kiird two feipents with your infant-hand, 
 Which then deferv'd Jo-ve^s fceptre to command ? 
 b Eumolph. i. de My ft. * R fae Junoniae. Lil. Gyr. d Ah a\m 
 robur, c J uno Greece dicitur ^ %f et x*go§ gloria, unds nomenHercutes* 
 
 N 
 
( 266 ) 
 
 The furnames I choofr rather to omit, becaufe it is 
 plain, that he derived them either from the places where 
 his mighty feats were done, or from the actions that 
 he performed with applau-fe and honour; which 1 will 
 carefully and diflmdily recount: they are called Hercu- 
 les' Labours - y fo great was the pai-ns^ and to infinite the 
 toil of them. 
 
 SECT. 3. THE XABOURS OF HERCULES. 
 
 Hercules was fubje&ed to Ewifibeus, not only by 
 the edict of Jupiter and. utk^ndnefs ai Juno, but alfo 
 becaufe the oracle of Ytpollo at Del t hi adi ifed and per- 
 suaded him to fubmit himfeif, and obey Eurjftheus* com- 
 mands ; and efpeciailv to undergo willingly the twe.ve 
 labours which his malter fliould hy upon hrn. Her- 
 cules obeyed the Fates^ and ferved Eurijibtus twelve 
 years; and performed the n. oft dangerous and difficult 
 commands wnh a fuitable courage ami fuccefs. Some 
 fey, thar Hercules ferved him \oluntarily, and performed 
 thefe difficult talks, to fhow how great love he bore 
 Fu r iflbeus. 
 
 Though- Hercules performed an infinite number of 
 great and men or; ble a£tions, twt-lve are t Specially cele- 
 brated : and thofe twelve are compriftd in as many 
 % Latin verfes, tranfl.ted out of the Greet. The parti- 
 cular account of thefe twelve is this, 
 
 B P ima Cl< on i toleraia arnmna horns * 
 
 V--CX ma Lev*. seam jerro et face contudit bydram* 
 
 Mox Erymanthtum <vis tenia ptrcvlit aprum* 
 
 JEr p>rfis quarto fulit awra cornua cer<vi, 
 
 Siymj halidas pe[u(i' iclucres difcrimine qu'nto. 
 
 tfkre'iaam J* x o J]o iavit ma%<na batbeo, 
 
 Sepiima in A- ge a ft abuts impenfa labor is* 
 
 Oclaua expufo nume amr ado* ta tauro. 
 
 In Diomedis -ziclor am nana quadrigis. 
 
 Geryon- tx.fn : -o drcimam dat iberia pafmam, 
 
 Utdec mum mala Htfftridum diftrafla triumphum* 
 
 C fi rberi<s extremi fuprema ffi me 1 a labor is. 
 
 •— « — — The Chonian lion fill he kills 5 
 
 With fire and fwerd theii Lernas pvft he quells s 
 
( 267 ) 
 
 I. He tore in pieces, with his nails, a (he lion in the 
 wood of Nemcza, which feme fey fell from the orh oi 
 the moon, and was invulnerable by any weapon. This 
 place was alfo named Cleone, from which the lion was 
 alfo called Cleoneus* This wis the firit labour of Her- 
 cules. He fkinncd the lion, and with the (kin he made 
 him a (hield and breaftplate. 
 
 1. There was a hydra, a ferpent, in the lake Lerna+ 
 in the field of Argos^ that had feven heads ; fome fay 
 nine, others fifty. When any of thefe heads were cut 
 ofT, another prefently fprang up in the place of it; un- 
 less the blood which ifiiied from the wound was flopped 
 by fire, lolaus, the fon of Iphiclus, procured for him 
 lighted brands from the neighbouring wood, and vvrdi 
 them Hercules ftanched the blood iffuirig from the wounds 
 he made. This feafonable affiftance was not forgotten; 
 for when lolaus was grown to decrepid age, Hercules^ 
 b by his prayers, ^eiiored to him his youth again. 
 
 3. He bound the wild boar, whofe fierce nefs and 
 bignefs were equally admirable, in the mountain Ery- 
 manihus of Arcadia \ and' afterward brought it to Eu- 
 rijibms. 
 
 4. He was ordered to bring to Mycena a hind, whofe 
 feet were brafs, and horns gold. Nobody dared to 
 wound her, becaufe fhe was confecrated to Diana ; 
 nor could any body outrun her: yet. Hercules, hunted 
 her a year on foot, caught her, and brought her away 
 on his fhoulders. 
 
 5. He partly killed, and partly drove away the birds 
 
 
 Of the wild boar he clears uY Er'ntanthean fieldsj 
 The brafs-foot ftag with golden antlers yields : 
 He S/ympha clears of man- devouring birds j 
 And next the bouncing Amazon ungirds : 
 The (tables of king Augeas he cleans ; 
 The Cretan bull he vanquishes and chains ; 
 Viomedes 1 horfes him their conqif ror own \ 
 Then he brings low three-headed Geryom 
 Hefperian apples next his name Curtains j 
 And his laft labour Cerberus enchains. 
 • Eurip. in Herculo Man. b Ovid. Met. $« 
 
 N 2 
 
C 263 ) 
 
 called Stympba/ides, from the lake Stymphalus, which 
 tifed to feed upon man's flefli. 
 
 6. He defeated the army of the Amazons, and took 
 from Hippolyte, their queen, the fineft belt in the world. 
 
 7. He in one day cleanfed the ftabJe of Augeas, by 
 turning the courfe of a river into it. This (table had 
 never been cleanfed, although three thoufand oxen (ta- 
 bled in it thirty years. Whence, when we would ex- 
 prefs a work of immenfe labour and toil, in proverbial 
 Speech, we call it clean ftng the Jt x able vf Augeas. 
 
 8. He tamed a great bull, that did innumerable mif- 
 chiefs in the ifland Crete, and brought him bound to 
 Eurijlheus. 
 
 9. He overcame Diomedes, the moft cruel tyrant of 
 ^Thrace, who fed his horfes with the flefli of his guefts. 
 Hercules bound him, and threw him to be eaten by thofe 
 horfes, to which the tyrant had expofed others. 
 
 10. He overcame in war Geryon, king of Spain, who 
 had three bodies : we faw him before in hell. He took 
 likewife hi* bay oxen, that ate man's flefh, and brought 
 them into Italy, wh.n he had killed the dragon with 
 feven heads, and the two-headed dog, which guarded 
 him. 
 
 11. He killed the dragon that watched, and then 
 carried away the golden apples in the gardens of the 
 Hefperides ; whence perhaps he is called a Melius, and 
 apples were offered up in his facrifices. In , Bteotia, 
 when no bull (or fheep) could be procured at the time 
 of facrifice, they took an apple, and ftuck into it four 
 ftraws, which reprefented four legs, and two more for 
 horns, with another for a tail, and offered Hercules this 
 apple inftead of a victim. 
 
 12. Laftly, he was commanded by Enriftheus to go 
 down into hell, and bring away thence the dog Cerbe- 
 rus. This he performed without delay; he bound the 
 three-headed monfter in a triple chain; and by force 
 brought with him up to the earth the dog, which ftrove 
 
 f M^Km Gnece figniHcat malum Yel pomurai* 
 
( 26 9 ) 
 
 and refifted in vain. When Cerberus Saw the light, he 
 vomited, and thence the poifonous herb a wolfsbane 
 Sprang. Thefe are the twelve labours of Hercules. 
 
 P. Pray, fir, let me a little interrupt you now, as 
 I want you to fatisfy thefe two fcruples. Why could 
 not Juno, his enemy, hinder his birth ? Secondly, I 
 know that many mention more than twelve labours of 
 Hercules. 
 
 M. What you call an interruption, Palacphilus, is 
 both feafonable and acceptable to me; becaufe it recalls 
 a thing to my memory that I had forgot, and gives me 
 an occaiion of mentioning fomething which ought not 
 to be omitted. Know, therefore, that Juno defigr.ed 
 to kiJl him in his mother's womb, or elfe deStroy him 
 immediately after his birth ; and to perform ir, contrived 
 a plot : but Alcmends fervant, Galantbis, prevented it; 
 for She cheated Juno, and told her, that Alcmena had 
 brought forth a (on. Juno believed her,- and thinking 
 that her contrivances were ineffectual, (he defifted ; 
 and then Alcmena brought forth Hercules, without trou- 
 ble. But the deceit of Galantbis was punifhed ; for fhe 
 was turned into a b weafel ; and, becaufe Galantbis of- 
 fended by her mouth, therefore the weafel brings forth 
 her young at her mouth, with 'great pain and anguifli. 
 
 As for the labours of Hercules, I confefs that they were 
 more than twelve, though thefe principally were called 
 Hercules' Labours. If you pleaie, we will continue our 
 account of him thus. 
 
 13. He vanquished the enormous giant Antaeus, the 
 fon of the earth, who was above fixty-four cubits high. 
 He was barbarous to all Strangers, for he forced them 
 to wreftle with him, and then choaked them. Hercules 
 threw this giant down thrice, and perceived that he re- 
 covered new Strength as oft as he touched the earth ^ 
 therefore he lifted him in his arms from the ground, and 
 
 . pinched and fqueezed him till he burft and died. 
 
 14. Bufiris the tyrant ufed to facrifice all the Strangers 
 
 • Aconitum, * Muftela, Grsece y«U n dicitur. 
 
C 270 } 
 
 that he caught, to his father Neptune, till Hercules fa+ 
 crlficed both him and his fon upon the fame altar. 
 
 15. He killed the giants Albion and Bergeon, who 
 intended to flop his journey: and when, in the fight, 
 his arrows were confumed, fo that he wanted arms, 
 a he prayed to Jupiter, and obtained from him a ftiower 
 of Hones, with which he defeated and put to flight his 
 adverfaries. This, they fay, happened in that part of 
 France, b anciently called Gallia Narbonerifis \ which 
 place is cajled the c ' Stony Plain. 
 
 16. When Atlas was weary of his burden, Hercukt 
 took the heavens upon his fhoulders. 
 
 17. He overcame the robber Cacus> who fpit fire, 
 and ftrangled him, 
 
 18. He fhot the eagle that devoured the liver of Pro- 
 metheus, as he lay chained to the rock. 
 
 19. He flew Theodamus, the father of Hylas, becaufe 
 he denied to give him victuals. But he took Hylas 
 with him, and was very kind to him. 
 
 20. He delivered d Hefione, daughter of Laomedon^ 
 king of Troy, from the whale (to which feamonfter fhe 
 was expofed) in this manner: He raifed, on a fudden, 
 a bank in the place where Hefione was to be devoured, 
 arid. e flood armed before it; and when the whale came 
 feeking his prey, Hercules leaped into his mouth, Aided 
 down into his belly, and fpent three days in tearing the 
 monfter's belly; but at length he burit through fafe, 
 and loft his hair. Laomedon, after this, brake his word, 
 and refufed to give Hercules the reward he promifed ; 
 therefore he took by force, and pillaged the city of Troy ; 
 giving to Telarnon, who.fi'rft mounted the wall, the lady 
 He/lone^ as a part of the booty. 
 
 21. He overcame Achehus, the fori of Oceanus and 
 Terra (they fought for Deianira, who was betrothed 
 to them both) though Achelous firft turned himfelf into 
 a fzrpcni, then into a- bull. By plucking one of his 
 
 a Cato in Orig. b Mela. 1. 26. Geog. c Campus Lapideus* 
 « Ovid. Met, 11, e Andtsetus Tcnedi in Navig. Prop, 
 
( 2 7 I ) 
 
 horns off, he obliged him to yield : but Achehus pur- 
 chafed his horn again ; giving Amalthcea% horn in its 
 Read. The meaning of which is this : 4cbdlous is a 
 river of Greece, whole courfe winds like a ferpent ; its 
 ftream is fo rapid, that it makes furrows where it flows, 
 and a nolle like the roaring of a bull; and indeed it is 
 common among the poets, to compare a river to a bull. 
 This river divided itfelf into two ftreams, but Hsrcules 
 with banks forced it into one channel ; that is, he broke 
 off one of the horns or ftreams. The lands thus drained 
 became fertile ; (o that Hercules is faid to have received 
 the horn of plenry. 
 
 22. Detanira was daughter of Oeneus, kingof Mtolia. 
 Hercules carried her to be married, and in their way they 
 ■were flopped by a river : but the centaur Nefjus pro£- 
 fered to carry Daanira over upon his back. Nqjus^ 
 when (he was over, endeavoured to ravifti her ; which 
 Hercules obferving, while he fwam, fhot him with an 
 arrow. When NeJJus was dying, he gave Deianira his 
 bloody coat, and told her, if a huiband wore that coat, 
 he would never follow unlawful amours. The credu- 
 lous lady long after experienced the virtue of it, far 
 otherwife than fhe expected. For Hercules, who had 
 furmounted fo many and fo great labours, was at length 
 overcome by the charms of Omphale queen of Lydia ; 
 he ferved her, and changed his club into a 'diftaff, and 
 his arrows into a fptndle. His love alio to hie, daugh- 
 ter of Eurytus, king of.Oechalia, brought on him deilruc- 
 tion. For his wife Deianira, being defirous of turning 
 him from unlawful amours, fent him Nffus' ccat Do put 
 on when he went to facrifice ; which drove him into 
 fuch diftra£ti6n, that he burned himfelf on the pile he 
 had railed, and was accounted among the number of 
 the Gods* 
 
( * 7 2 ) 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 JASON. 
 
 JASON, fon of Mfon king of Theffhlia, by Alcimede* 
 was an infant when his father died, fo that his uncle 
 Pelius adminiftered the government. When he came 
 of age, -he demanded poffeffion of the crown ;' but Pe- 
 lius advifed him to go to Colchis, under pretence of 
 gaining the Golden Fleece thence, though his intention was 
 to kill him with the labour and danger of the journey. 
 
 P. What Golden Fleece was that ? 
 
 M> it was the hide of a ram, of a white or a purple 
 colour, which was given to Phryxus, fon of Athamus 
 and Nephele, by his mother. Phryxus and his filter 
 Melle, fearing the defigns of their ftep-mother Ino, got 
 on a ram to fave themfelves by flight. But while they 
 fwam over the narrower! part of Pontus, Helle, affright- 
 ed at the toiling of the waves, fell down ; whence the 
 fea was named the Hellefponi, Pkryxhs was carried 
 over fafe, and went to Mta, king of Colchis, a country 
 of AJia, near the Pontus \ where he was kindly received, 
 and facrificed the ram to Jupiter*, or Mars, who after- 
 ward placed it among the conciliations. Oniy his 
 hide, or fleece, was hung up in a grove facted to Mars. 
 It was called the Golden Fleece, becaufe it was of a 
 golden colour ; and it was guarded by bulls that 
 breathed fire from their noflrils, and by a vaft and 
 watchful dragon, as a facred and divine pledge, and as 
 a thing of the greateit importance. 
 
 P. Did J of on carry away that fleece ? 
 
 M. Yes. He. went on board a fhip called Argo,' 
 from the builder of that name - y and chofe forty-nine 
 noble companions, who, from the fhip, were called 
 Argonauts, among whom were Hercules, Orpheus, Caf~ 
 tor, and Pollux. In his voyage he yifited Hipfyphile, 
 queen of LenmoSj who had twins by him. Then, after 
 a long voyage, and many dangers, he arrived at Colchis, 
 and demanded the Golden Fleece of king Mta, who grant- 
 
( m ) 
 
 ed his requeft, on condition that he tamed the bulls 
 which guarded it, -whofe feet were of brafs, and which 
 breathed fire ; and killed the dragon, and fov/ed his teeth 
 in the ground; and, laftly, destroyed the fold iers who- 
 fprang from the ground where thefe teeth were fown. 
 Jafon undertook the thing on thefe conditions, and was* 
 delivered from manifeft deftrudlion, by the affiftance of 
 Medea, the king's daughter, w r ho was in-lbve with him. 
 For, obferving her directions, he overcame the bulls,, 
 laid the dragon afleep, carried away the fleece, and fUd 
 by night, carrying Medea with him, whom he afterward 
 married. 
 
 P. What did king JEta do then ? : 
 
 M. He purfued them : but Medea, to (Top his pur- 
 ■ foit, tore her brother Abjyrtus (who went with her) im 
 pieces, and fcattered the limbs on the road ; that whenu 
 her. father faw the torn members of his fon, he flopped: 
 to gather them up. So Jafon and the Argonaut a. return- 
 ed to their own country, where Medea by her charms 
 reflored Jafon's father, the old decrepid Mfon,. to youth* 
 again; though forne fay that Mfon died before their 
 return. The daughters of Pelias were affected fo by 
 this miraculous cure, that (defiring that their father 
 might receive the like benefit) they were eafily induced,, 
 through rniflaken duty and unfkiiful kindneis, to tear 
 their father in pieces; foolifhly and ridiculoufly hoping 
 that he, like Mfon, would become young again.. Aftec 
 this ^W/0/2. hated Medea, and divorcing himfelf from her, 
 he married Creufa, the daughter of Creon y king of Co~ 
 r.intb : and Medea,, to revenge his perfidioufnc :fs,< not 
 only murdered the two children that file had by him,, 
 in his own fight, but, in the next place, inclofcd firc*.- 
 in a little box, and fent it to. Creufa, who opened the- 
 box,- *nd by the fire which burft out of it was burnt 
 together with the. whole court. When fhe had done; 
 this, the admirable (orcerefs flew by magic art to Athens.. 
 Some write, that fhe was reconciled afterward to fafon.. 
 But what has been faid is enough for this Inro.-flzL uss 
 proceed to Tbefeus., 
 
 N 5: 
 
 ** 
 
( 274 } 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THESEUS, 
 
 P. WHO were the parents of Thefeus? 
 
 M. Mthra was his mother, and JEgeus king of Athens 
 his father. Minos king of Crete made war againft Mgeus, 
 becaufe the Athenians had difhonorably and barbaroufly 
 killed his fon, who carried the prize in the games from 
 them all. When he had banifhed the Athenians , he im- 
 pofed this fevere condition upon them, that they (hould 
 lend feven of the moft noble youths of their country into 
 Crete by lot every year. In the fourth year the lot fell 
 upon Thefeus, which mightily grieved and troubled his 
 father JEgeus. "Thefeus went on board a fhip, whofe fails 
 and tackle were black, and received this command from 
 his father: If by the propitious providence of Heaven 
 he efcaped the dangers, arid did return fafe unto his own 
 country again, that then he fhould change his black fails 
 into white ones, that his father being affured of his fafe- 
 ty by that fignal, might be fenfible of his happinefs as 
 ibon as might be. 
 
 P. And what was the event of that voyage ? 
 
 M. The event was fortunate to Thefeus \ but very 
 unfortunate to his father /Egeus : for, when Thefeus came 
 to Crete, he was (hut up in the Labyrinth; but he flew 
 the Minotaur, and efcaped out of that inextricable prifon 
 by the help of : Ariadne. After this he fet fail for Athens 
 in the fame, mournful (hip in which he came to Crete, 
 but forgot to change his fails, according to the inftruc- 
 tions which his father had given him ; fo that, when 
 his father beheld from a watchtower the fhip returning 
 •with black fails, he imagined that his fon was dead, and' 
 C2ft himfelf headlong into the fea, which was afterward 
 called a the Mgcan Sea, from his name and deftiny. 
 
 i\ Who was that Ariadne? 
 
 a iEgeum mare. 
 
( *7$ > 
 
 M. She was the daughter of -Minos, king of Crete. 
 She was violently in love with Thefeus, and delivered 
 him a out of" the Labyrinth by the means of a thread. 
 She followed him in his return to tht£ ifland of Naxusy 
 and there Thefei/s perfidioufly and ungratefully left her. 
 But Bacchus pitied her miferable condition, and married 
 her ; and gave her a crown that was illuminated with 
 feven ftars, which he had before received from Venus. 
 This crown was called Gnoffia Corona, and Ariadne herfelf 
 was fur named Gnofjis, from the city of that name in 
 Crete. After the death of Ariadne, the fame was carried 
 among the ftars, and made a conftellation in the hea- 
 vens. It was thought that Diana caufed the death of 
 Ariadne, brcaufe {he preferved not her virginity. 
 
 P. What great actions did Thefeus perform ? 
 
 ,M. His actions were fo famous, that they accounted 
 him a Hercules, For, I. He killed the Minotaur. 2. He 
 overcame the Centaurs 3, He vanquifhed the Thebans. 
 4. He defeated the Amazons. 5. He went down inta 
 hell ; and returned back into the world again. 
 
 P. Why did he go down into hell ? 
 
 M. He and P without, his moft intimate friend, the 
 lawful fon of lxion, agreed never to marry any women 
 except Jupiter's, daughters. Thefeus married Helena? 
 the daughter of Jupiter and Leda, and none of Jupiter s 
 daughters remained on earth for Pirithous ; therefore 
 they both went down into hell to fteal Proferpine away 
 from her hufband Pluto, As foon as they entered hell* 
 Pirithous was unfortunately torn in pieces by the dog 
 Cerberus ; but Thefeus came alive into the palace of Pluio r 
 who fettered him, and kept him till Hercules was fent 
 into hell by EurijVoeus to refcue him. 
 
 P. And who were thofe Amazons that you mentioned 
 3 uft now ? » 
 
 M. They were women animated with the fouls and 
 bravery of men ; a military race, inhabiting that part 
 of Scythia which is wafned by the river Tanais. They 
 
 » Pxopert. 1. 3, el, if. 
 
( 2 7 6 ) 
 
 were called Amazons, a either becaufe they cut off one 
 of their breafts, or b . becaufe they lived together with- 
 out the fociety of men. They were a nation of women, 
 who, that the country might have inhabitants and not 
 be depopulated when the prefent race of women died, 
 admitted the embraces of the neighbouring men, and 
 had children by them. They killed the boys at their 
 birth, but brought up the girls. They cut off their 
 right breaft, that they might more conveniently ufe their 
 hands in fhooting their arrows, and brandifhing their 
 weapons againft their enemy. Thefe female warriors, 
 ty their frequent excurfions, became poflefforsofa great 
 part of Afia, when Hercules, accompanied with Thefeus^ 
 made war upon them, and defeated them; and taking 
 Hippolyte their queen prifoner, he gave her in marriage 
 to Theft 'us. 
 
 The feus had by Hyppolyte his fon Hyppalytus, who was 
 very beautiful, and mightily addicted to hunting, and 
 a remarkable lover of chaftity : for when c Phadra^ 
 his ftep-mother (the daughter of king Minos, whom 
 Tbejeus had preferred to her fifter Ariadne) folicited him 
 to commit wickednefs when he was grown a man, he 
 refufed to coinplv. This repulfe provoked her fo much, 
 that when her hufband returned, fhe accufed him wrong- 
 fully, as if he had offered to raviih her. Thefeus gave 
 ear to the wicked woman, and believed her untruth, 
 againft his fon Hyppolytus, who perceiving it, fled away- 
 in his chariot.. In his flight he met feveral monftrous 
 feacalves, which frighted his horfes, fo that they threw- 
 him out of his feat, h s feet were entangled in the har- 
 uefs, and he was dragged through the thickets of a wood,, 
 and torn to pieces miferably. Mfculapim afterward, at 
 the requeft of Diana, reftored him to life again. But 
 he however left Greece, and came into Italy, where he 
 changed his name to Virhtus, d becaufe he had been a man: 
 twice, Pbadra was gnawn with the flings of her own 
 
 a Ab a privativo et pk&lps mnmma. b Ab ^a fim'ul et ££j» 
 
 fbete* c Oyid, in Ep. Phsediv d Q^od vir bis efTet* 
 

IVafr 24 
 
 Tap, Zjy 
 
( 277 ) 
 
 confcience, and hanged herfelf. And, not long after* 
 Thefeus, being baniihed from his country, ended an . ilv 
 luftrious life with an obfcure death, 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CASTOR AND POLLUX. 
 
 P. WHO are thofe two handfome, beautiful young 
 men, that/ide upon white horfes ? 
 
 M. They are twin brothers,. a the fons of Jupiter 
 and Leda ; their names are Cajlor and Pollux.. 
 
 P. What Leda was that? 
 
 M. The wife of Tyndarus, king of La 'com \a ', whom 
 Jupiter loved, but could not fucceed in his <irnour till 
 he changed himfelf into afwan - y b which fwan was af- 
 terward made a coniielSation. In this form he gained 
 the mutual love of Leda, by the fweetnefs of his Ting- 
 ing ; and flying into her bofom, as it were, that he 
 might fecure himfelf from the violence of an eagle which 
 purfued him, he enjoyed her, though fhe was then biar 
 with child by her hufband. Leda brought forth two 
 eggs which were hatched, and produced the twin- bro- 
 thers that you fee. 
 
 P. You mean, that one came out of one ego-, and 
 the other out of the other egg ? 
 
 M. No, . Out of the egg which Leda had conceived 
 by Jupiter i came Pollux and Helena^ who fprang from 
 divine feed, and were therefore imjmortal. But out of 
 the other, which fhe conceived by Tyndarus her huf- 
 band, c came Cajlor and Clytemnejlra, who were mor- 
 tal, becaufe they were begotten by a mortal father. 
 Yet both Cajlor and Pollux are frequently called Tynda- 
 rides by the poets, as Helena is alfo called Tyndaris, from 
 the fame king Tyndarus. 
 
 P. What memorable actions did Cajlor and Pollux 
 perform ? 
 
 » Fiad« in Pythag, * Manil. x. Aftroiw c Hor, Sat. i. 
 
( W ) 
 
 M They both accompanied Jajon, when he failed 
 to Colchis-, and, when he returned thence, they reco- 
 vered their fifter Helena from The/ens (who had ftolea 
 her) by overcoming the Athenians that fought for him • 
 to whom their clemency and humanity was fo great, 
 after the defeat, that the Athenians called them a the ions 
 or Jupiter ; and hence white lambs were offered upon 
 their altars, r 
 
 b But although they were both born at the fame birth, 
 and, as fome think, out of the fame egg, yet their tern- 
 pers wene different, 
 
 P. What end had they ? 
 
 M \ Cpft'** bein S ( as fome fay) a mortal perfon, 
 was killed by Lynceus : upon which Pollux prayed to 
 Jupiter to reftore him to life again, and confer an im- 
 mortality upon him. But this could not be granted. 
 However, he obtained leave to divide his immortality 
 between himfelfand his brother Cajhr : and thence it 
 came to pafs, c that they lived afterward by turns every 
 other day, or, as fome fay, every other fortnight. Af- 
 ter the death of Cq/lor, a kind of pyrrhick, ox dance in 
 armour, was inftituted to his honour ; which was per- 
 formed by young men armed, and called d Cqftor 9 * 
 dance* 
 
 At length they both were translated into heaven, and 
 made a conftellation, which is ft ill called Gemini. Sai~ 
 lors efteem thefe ftars lucky and profperous to them, 
 e becaufe when the Argonauts' were driven by a violent 
 tempeft, two lambent flames fettled upon the heads of 
 
 *; Aiocrxxgoi, id eft, Jovis fllii. Horn, 'in Hymn, 
 
 b Cafior gaudet equis : Oqjo prognatus eodem, . 
 
 Pugnis : quot captiurn <vi<vunt> tot idem in fiudiorum 
 
 Millia. ' Horar. Serm. 2. ii 
 
 As many men, fo many their delights* 
 
 c Sicjratrem Pol lux alter na morte redemit, 
 
 hque reditque <viam< Virg. 2En 9 . (4 
 
 1 hus Pol/ux, offcrmg his alternate U r e, 
 
 Cculd free h ; s brother. They did d ily go 
 
 By turns aloft, by turns defc ni bcicw. 
 < Piin. 1, 7, c. 5, 7. ap. Nat, Con, * Hor, Caim. 3* 
 
( *79 ) 
 
 Cajlor and Pollux^ and a calm immediately enfued ; from 
 which a virtue more than human was thought to be 
 lodged in thefe youths. If only one flame appeared, 
 they called it Helena, and it was efteemed fatal and 
 <leftrucl:ive to mariners. 
 
 There was a famous temple dedicated to Ca/lor and 
 Pollux in the Forum at Rome ; for it was believed, that, 
 in the dangerous battle of the Romans with the Latins^ 
 they aflifted the Romans, riding upon white horfes. 
 And hence came that form of fwearing by the temple of 
 Cajlor, which women only ufed, faying, a Mcajlor; 
 whereas when men (wore, they ufually fwore by Her* 
 cules, ufing the words, b Hercule, Hercle, Hercules^ 
 Mebercules, Mehercule. But both men and women fwore 
 by the temple of Pollux, ufing the word Mdepol, an 
 oath common to them both. 
 
 P. But what became of Clytemnejlra ? 
 
 M. Clytemnejlra -was married to Jgamemnon, whom, 
 after his return from the liege of Troy, fhe killed, by the 
 help of Mglfthu s ; with whom, in the mean time, (he 
 lived in adultery. She attempted alfo to kill his fon 
 Orejles, and would have done, c if his filler Elecira had 
 not delivered him at the very point of dell ruction, fend- 
 ing him privately to Strophius, king of Phocu. After 
 Orejles had lived there twelve years, he returned into 
 his own country, and flew both Clytemnejlra and Mgif- 
 thus. He killed alfo Pyrrhus, in the temple of Apallo *, 
 becaufe he had carried away Hermione, the daughter of 
 Menelaus, who was firft betrothed to Orejles/ There- 
 fore the Furies tormented him, neither could he obtain 
 deliverance from them, till he had expiated his wicked- 
 nefs at the altar of Diana Taurka, whither he was con- 
 dueled by his friend Pylades, his perpetual companion 
 and partner in all his dangers : d their friendfhip was fo 
 clofe and facred, that either of them would die for the 
 other, 
 
 a -^Ecaftor, et iEdepol, id eft, p^r aedem Caftoris et Pollucis, 
 k Paflim apud Terent. Plaut. Cicer. &c, t Soph, in .Ele&r, 
 
 Eurip. in Oreft, d Cic, de Amicit. 
 
C a8© J 
 
 P. Who was that Diana Taurica? 
 
 M* The Goddefs D ana? who was worfhipped in 
 Taurica Cherfonefus r ox Cherronejus^ a peninfula fo called 
 from the Tauri, an ancient people of Scythia Europaa* 
 a She was worfhipped with human victims ; the lives 
 and the blood of men being facrifked to her. When; 
 GreJIes went thither, his filler Iphigenia, the daughter 
 of Agamemnon,- was prieftefs to Diana Taurica : ihe was> 
 made prieftefs on the following occafion,. 
 
 Agamemnon, king of the Argivi, was, by the common 
 confent of the Grecians, appointed general in their ex*- 
 pedicion againft Troy; and,- as X faid before, after his 
 return home, was killed by his own wife Clytemnejlra*. 
 This Agamemnon killed a deer by chance, in the country 
 ©f Aulisy which belonged to Diana \ the Goddefs was 
 angry ^ and caufed fuch a calm, that for wanf of wind 
 the Grecian Slips bound for Troy were fixed and im- 
 moveable : upon this they confulted the foothfayers, who 
 anfwered, b That they muft fatisfy the winds, and /)/- 
 ana, with fome of the blood of Agamemnon. Therefore 
 Ulyjfts was forthwith fent to bring away Iphigenia, the 
 daughter of Agamemnon, from her mother, by a trick, 
 under the pretence of marrying her to Achilles. While 
 the young lwdy flood at the altar to be facrificed 5 the 
 Goddefs pitied her, and fuhftituted a hind in her ftcad, 
 and fent her into Taurica Cherfcnefus y where, by the . 
 order of king Thcas, (he prefided over thofe facrifices of 
 the Goddefs, which were folemnized with human blood; 
 When Orejies was brought thither by the inhabitants to* 
 be facrificed, he was known and preferred by his fifter; 
 After which Thoas was killed, and the image of Diana j 
 which, lay hid among a bundle of flicks, was carried; 
 away ; and hence Diana was called Fafcelisyixoxnfafcisy 
 a bundle* * 
 
 a. Eurip, in Iphig. in Taur», ? Idem ih» 
 
( a8x ) : 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PERSEUS. 
 
 PERSEUS was the fon of Jupiter, by Danae, the 
 
 daughter of Acriftus^ a who was fhut up by her father 
 in a very ftrong toWerj where no man could come to 
 her; becaufe her father had been told by an oracle, that 
 he fhould be killed by his own grandchild. But nothing 
 i> Impregnable co love: for Jupiter ', by changing him- 
 felf into a fliower of gold, defcended through the tiles 
 into the lady's bofom ; and when he had enjoyed her, 
 he left her with a full purfe and a big belly. b Horace 
 telis the ffory very ingenioufly. 
 
 As foon as Acrtjins had heard that his daughter had 
 brought forth a fon, he ordered that fhe and the infant 
 'fhould be fhut up in a chert, and thrown into the fea : 
 'the cheft was driven to the ifiand Senphus^ where ■ a 
 fiflherman found ir, and took them out, and prefented 
 them to king Pclydsfies; who became enamoured of 
 Danae, and brought up her fon, whom he called Per* 
 feus. 
 
 Perfeus, when he was a grown man, received from 
 
 * Pan fan. in Corinth. 
 
 Aufam Danaen turrls abenea 
 Robvftaguz fores , et nj'igilum canum 
 Trifles txcubiae munierant j'atis 
 
 No5fu y ms ab adulter is : 
 Si ncn acri/iutn, virginis ahdita 
 Cufodtm pallidum, Jupiter et Venus 
 Rijijfent : fore enim turum iter et patens 9 
 
 Corrufrjb in pre (turn Dec, Carm, 1. 3. 3 5* 
 
 Within a brazen to-*-er immurM, 
 
 By dogs and centinels fecuffd, 
 From midnight revels and intrigues of love, 
 
 Fair Danae was kept within ber guardian's pow'r s 
 But gentle Venus fmiPd, and amorous Jove 
 
 Knew he could foon unlock the door, 
 And by his art fuccefsful prove, 
 
 Chang'd to a golden fliowV. 
 
i 282 } 
 
 Mercury a fithe of adamant, and wings, which he fixed 
 to his feet: Pluto gave him a helmet,, and Minerva a 
 Ihield of brafs, fo bright, that it reflected the images of 
 things, like a looking-glafs. His fir ft exploit was the 
 deliverance of Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus king* 
 of Ethiopia, w.ho was bound by the nymphs to a rock 
 to be devoured by a fearnonfter, becaufe her mother 
 Caff ope, or Caffiopeia, had proudly preferred her daugh- 
 ter's beauty to theirs; and when he had delivered her y 
 he took her to wife. After which both the mother and 
 the daughter, and the fon-inJaw, were placed among 
 the a celeftial conftellatiorrs. His next expedition was 
 SgainiL the Gorgons, of whom we have fpoken before 1 
 he encountered with Medufa, their princefs, whofe head 
 was fupplied with fnakes in the place of hair -> he favir 
 the image of her head by the brightnefs of his fhield^ 
 and by the favorable ailiftance of Minerva ilruck it off; 
 he then fixed it upon a (hield, and by fhowing it, he 
 afterward turned many perfons into ftone. Atlas was 
 turned by the fight of it, into the mountain in Mauri- 
 tania of that name ; becaufe he rudely refufed to enter- 
 tain Perfeus. When Medufa's head was cut of?, the 
 horfe Pegafus fprang from the blood which fell on the 
 ground : he was fo called from ^-ny\ [pege] a fountain^ 
 h becaufe he was produced near the fountains of the fea. 
 This horfe had wings; and flying over the mountain 
 Helicon, he ftruck it with his hoof, and opened a foun- 
 tain, which they called in Greek, Hippocrene ; and in 
 Latin, Pons Caballinus*; that is, the horfe- fountain. But 
 afterward, while he drank at the fountain Pyrene in Co- 
 rinth, where Seller ophon prepared hirnfelf for his expedi- 
 tion againft the Chimera, he was by him taken and 
 kept, 
 
 Bellerophon' $ firft name was Hipponus ; c becaufe he 
 firft taught the art of governing horfes with a bridle : 
 but when he had killed Seller us, a king of Corinth, he 
 was afterward called Bellerophontes. This Bellerophon y 
 
 a Proper* « I, 2. Hyghi. de fignis Codefttbus L *. - b Strabo 1. S, 
 c Ita di&us ab equis fraeno regendis. 
 
( 283 ) 
 
 the fon of Glaucm king of Ephyra, was equally beautr- 
 ful and virtuous : he refitted all the temptations by which 
 Sthenobaa^ the wife of Prcztus^ enticed him to commit 
 adultery; and his denial provoked her fo, that in revenge 
 fhe accufed the innocent ftranger to her hufband. Prce- 
 tuS) however, would not violate the laws of hofpitaliry 
 with the blood of Bellerophon ; but fent him into Lycia 9 . 
 to his father-in-law JohUs, with letters, which dejired 
 him to punilh Belletophon as his crime deferved. J cha- 
 fes read the letters, and fent him to fight againit ths 
 Solymi) that he might be killed in the battle: but he ea- 
 fily vanquifhed them, and in many other dangers to 
 which he was expofed, he always came off conqueror. 
 At latt he was tent to kill the Chimara \ which he un- 
 dertook, and performed, wh?n he had procured the horfe 
 Pegafus, by the help of Ntptune. a Therefore Job-iies 
 admired the bravery of the youth, and gave him one of 
 his daughters to wife, allotting him alfo a part of his 
 kingdom. Sther,oba:a killed herfelf, When fhe heard this. 
 This happy fuccefs fo tranfponed Belleropbon y that he 
 endeavoured to fly upon Pegajus to heaven ; for which 
 ^Jupiter ftruck him with madnefs, and he fell from his 
 hone into a field, called Alelus Campm, b bec^ufe in 
 that place Bellerophcn wandered up and down blind, to 
 the end of his life : but Pegajus was placed among the 
 ftafs. Some fay that this was the occafion of the fable 
 of the Chimera. There was a famous pirate, who ufed 
 to fail in a ftiip in whofe prow was painted a lion, in 
 the ftern a dragon, and in the body of the (hip a goat 
 defcribed; and this pirate was killed by BelUrcph:n, in 
 a long-boat that was called Pe^afus. From the letters 
 which Bellerophon carried to jobates, c comes the pro- 
 verb BiUeropbons letters ; when any one carries letter?, 
 which he imagines are wrote in his favour, but are fent 
 to procure his ruin : and fuch letters are frequently 
 called Letters of Uriahs for the (lime reafon. 
 
 a Horn. Iliad. ' t> Ab ocXevu erro. c Bs>.?.f;GS^1o$ ^^ptok* 
 Bellerophoniis liters, ufitatius di&ae, Lit era Uria. 
 
( *H ) ! 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 JESCULAPIUS. 
 
 WHY are you fo tilent, Palaophllus ? What employ* 
 your thoughts fo long ? 
 
 P. I was cbferving that a bearded old man who leans 
 Upon his jointed cane, and is adorned with a crown of 
 laurel, and encompaffed about with dogs. Pray, fir, 
 tell me who 'he is, and what are his excellencies ? 
 
 ' M. it is ALfcuhpius^ b the God of the phyficians and 
 phyiic, and the fon of Apollo by the nymph Geronis. 
 He improved the art of phyiic, which was before little 
 underfiood ; and for that reafon they accounted him a 
 God. c Apollo fhot the nymph his mother, when fhe 
 was with child of him ; becaufe ftie admitted the em- 
 braces of another young man after he had enjoyed her* 
 But he repented after he had killed her, and opening her 
 body, took out the child alive, and delivered him to be 
 educated by the phyfician Chiron^ d who taught him 
 his own art: the youth made fo great a progrefs in it, 
 that, becaufe he reftored health to the fick, and fafetjf 
 to thofe whofe condition was defperafe, he was thought 
 to have a power of recalling the dead to life again* 
 Upon this PLiiOj the king of he'll, e complained to Ju- 
 piter that his revenue was very much diminifhed, and 
 his fubjedts taken from him by means of Mfculapius * t 
 and at length by his perfusion Jupiter killed him with 
 a ftroke of thunder. 
 
 He wears a crown of laurel, f becaufe that tree is 
 powerful in curing manv difeafes. By the knots in his 
 ftaffc, is Tignified the difficulty of the ftudy of phyfic. 
 He has dogs painted about him, and dogs iri his temple ; 
 becaufe many Believe that he was born of uncertain pa- 
 rents, and expofed, and afterward nouriihed by a bitch* 
 
 a Lncim. in Jove Trag* b Cic. cle Leg. 2/ Corn. Celfus* 
 
 * Horn. in"Hymn. d Ovid, Met.. 1. e Yirg. ./En. 7.. f Vide 
 Feftunu 
 
TAttr 2S 
 
 Pcfy 2Q4 
 
( 285 ) 
 
 a Others fay, that a goat, which was purfued by a dog, 
 gave fuck to the forfaken infant -, and that the fhepherds 
 few a lambent flame playing about his head, which was 
 a prognoftication of his future divinity. The Gjreni- 
 ans ufed to offer a goat to him in the facriftces; either 
 becaufe he was nourifhed by a goat, as was faid, b or 
 becaufe a goat is always in a fever ; and therefore a 
 goat's conftitution is very contrary to health. c Plato 
 fays, that they ufed to facrifice dunghil- cocks to him, 
 which is deemed the moft vigilant of all birds; for of 
 all virtues principally wakefulnefs is necefiary to a phy- 
 sician. 
 
 P. Where was he particularly worfhipped ? 
 
 M. At Epidaurus d firft, where he was born ; after- 
 ward at Rome, becaufe, on being fent for thither, he 
 delivered the city from a dreadful peftilence. For which 
 reafon e a temple was dedic ted to him in an iil md in 
 1 the mouth of the Tiber, where he was worfhipped un- 
 der rhe form of a great ferpent; for when the Romans 
 came to Epidaurus to tranfport the God thence, a great 
 ferpent entered into the (hip, which they believed was 
 JEfculapius, and brought it to- Rome with them. Others 
 tell the itory thus : when the Romans were received by 
 -the people of Epidaurus wifh all kindnefs, and were car- 
 ried into the temple of JEJcul pius ; the ferpent, under 
 whofe image they worfhipped that God, went volunta- 
 rily into the (hip of the Romans. 
 
 I can tell you nothing of the children of M feu lap ius y 
 except their names. He had two fons calied Machaon 
 and Podaihius, both famous phyficians, who followed 
 Agamemnon, the general of the Grecians^ to ihe Trojan 
 war, and wee very ferviceable among the foldiers ; 
 and two daughter^ f Hygiea (though fume think this 
 was his wife) and Jajo. 
 
 a La&ant. de falf. Rel ; g. Paufa'i. in Corinth. b Didym. 1. 3. 
 apiul Nat. Com. c f n Phaedone. d Liv. 1. 45. t I. 10. 
 
 Fiori Epitome i. n. e Sueton. in Claud, c. 25. f Hygiea ab 
 vy\uc& fanitas, et Jafo derivatur ab iaopou fano* 
 
{ aS6 ) 
 
 P. Is there nothing remarkable concerning his matter 
 
 Chiron ? 
 
 M. Since you afk, T will tell you, that he was a 
 Ceniaur r and the fon of Saturn and Phillyra\ for when 
 Saturn embraced that nymph, he fuddenly changed him- 
 felf into a horfe, a becaufe his wife Ops came in. Phil- 
 lyra was with child by him, and brought forth a crea- 
 ture, in its upper parts like a man, in its lower parts 
 like a horfe, and called it Chiron ; who, when he grew 
 up, betook himfelf into the woods; and there learning 
 the virtues of herbs, he became a moft excellent phyft- 
 cian. For his fkill in phyfic, and for his other virtues, 
 which were many, he was appointed tutor to Achilles ; 
 he alfo inftru&ed Hercules in aftronomy, and taught 
 Mfculapius phyfic. At laft, when he handled Hercules' 
 arrows, one of them dipped in the poifonous blood of 
 the Lerncenn hydra fell upon his foot, and gave him a 
 wound that was incurable, and pains that were intole- 
 rable ; infomuch that, he defired to die, but could not ; 
 becaufe he was born of two immortal parents. There- 
 fore at length the Gods iranflated him into the firmament, 
 where he now remains, for he became a conftellatioa 
 called Sagittarius^ which is placed in the zodiac* 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 • PROMETHEUS. 
 
 PROMETHEUS the fon of Japeius^ and the fa- 
 ther of Deucalion^ was the firft (as we find in hiftory) 
 that formed man out of clay ; which he did with fuch 
 art and (kill that Minerva was amazed, and proffered to 
 procure any thing from heaven, which would any way 
 complete his work. Prometheus anfwered, that he did 
 not know what in heaven would be ufeful to him, fince 
 he had never feen heaven. Therefore Minerva carried 
 him up into heaven, and fhowed him all that there was 
 
 ! Virg. Geo. 3. b Vide Claud, Panegyr, de conf, Hon t 
 
( *8 7 ) 
 
 to be feen. He obferved that the heat of the fun would 
 be very ufeful in animating the man which he had 
 formed ; therefore he lighted a ftick by the wheel of the 
 fun's chariot, and carried it lighted with him to the 
 «anh. This theft difpleafed Jupiter fo much, that he 
 fent Pandora into the world to Prometheus^ with a box 
 filled with all forts of evils. Prometheus^ fearing and 
 fufpecting the matter, refufed to accept it : but his bro- 
 ther Epimetheus was not fo cautious ; for he took it, 
 and opened it, and all the evils that were in it flew 
 abroad among mankind. When he perceived what he 
 had done, he immediately (hut the box again, and by 
 good fortune hindered Hope from flying away, which 
 ftuck to the bottom of the box. You may remember 
 how fweely a Horace fpeaks of this thef: of Prometheus. 
 
 Jupiter punifhed Prometheus in this manner: he com- 
 manded Mercury ° to bind him to the mountain Gauca- 
 jus ; and then he fent an eagle to him there, which con- 
 tinually gnawed his liver. Yet fome fay, c that he was 
 not punifhed became, he dole fire from heaven, but be- 
 caule he had made a woman, which, they fay, is the 
 moft pernicious creature in the world. 
 
 To this Nicander adds another fable. d When man* 
 Jkind had received the fire of Prometheus , fome ungrate* 
 
 * Audax omnia ftrp-ti 
 Gens humana tup \ tr e vetitum nefas* 
 Audax Jareti genus 
 Jgnem . raude ma la gtn 1 1 1 us m ' u lit t 
 
 Fofi -gnem atb'.rea cono 
 Subdnfium, modes et no<va febrium 
 
 Terris m< ubu t tobors : 
 Semotiqur prius tarda nee JJi'as 
 
 Lethi corrljutt gradam* Cams. !. x» 
 
 No pow'r the piide of morals c n n control : 
 
 Prone to new aimes, by frrong preemption driv'n 
 With lacnlt'gious hands Prc?nt >eus ftoie 
 
 Ctieftiai fire, and bore it -down from heaven : 
 The fatal pufnt bi ought on m rtal race 
 
 An army of difeaies : death br^nn 
 Wi h vigour then to mend its halting pace, 
 And found a more compendious *^ay to man. 
 * Hefiod, in Theog, c Menander Poeta. d In Thcocr, 
 2 
 
( 288 ) 
 
 fully discovered this theft to Jupiter^ who gave them 
 the gift of perpetual youth. They put this gift upon 
 an afs' back, that it might be brought to the earth. 
 The afs in his journey was thirfty, and came to a fpring 
 to drink ; but a water-ferpent would not fuffer him, 
 unlefs the afs would give him the burden which he car- 
 ried : the afs gave it him ; and hence it comes to pafs, 
 that when the ferpent is. old, he calls his ikin, and 
 feems to grow young again. 
 
 Prometheus had been ferviceable to Jupiter^ for he 
 difcovered to him his father Saturn's confpiracy, and 
 prevented the marriage of Jupiter and Thetis^ which he 
 forefaw would be fatal - 9 therefore Jupiter fuffered Her- 
 cules to fhoot the eagle, and fet Prometheus at liberty. 
 
 This perhaps is the meaning of this fable : Prometheus 
 (whofe name is derived a from a word denoting forefight 
 and providence) was a very prudent perfon ; and becaufe 
 he reduced men, who before were rude and favage, to 
 the precepts of humanity, he was feigned thence to 
 have made men out of the ant : and becaufe he was dili- 
 gent in obferving the motions of the ftars from the 
 mountain Caucafus, therefore they faid that he was 
 chained there. To which they added, that he Jiole fire 
 from the Gods, becaufe he invented the way of ftriking 
 fire out of the flint; or was the firft that difcovered the 
 nature of lightning. And laftly, becaufe he applied his 
 mind to ftudy with great care and folicitude, b therefore 
 they imagined an eagle preying upon his liver continually. 
 
 P. You faid juft now, that he was the father of 
 Deucalion ; did you mean him who repaired the race of 
 mankind, which was almoft extinct ? 
 
 M. Yes I men the fame Deucalion. When he 
 reigned in TbeJJcily, there was fo great a deluge, that the 
 whole earth was overflowed by it, and all mankind en- 
 tirely deftroyed, excepting only Deucalion and Pyrrha 
 his wife, who were carried in a {hip upon the mountain 
 
 » 'Awo t>?$ vjpo unices, id eft, provldentia. Paufan. in Eliac. 
 * Apoil. 1. 3. 
 
( *8 9 ) 
 
 Parnaffus ; and when the waters were abated, they con- 
 fult ci the oracle of Themis, to know by what means 
 mankind fhould again be reiiored. The oracle anfw r- 
 ed, that mankind would be reftored, if they caft the 
 bones of ther great mother behind them, lay great 
 mother the oracle meant the earth ; and by her boms % 
 the Jiones : therefore carting the ftones behind their 
 back, a prodigious miracle enfued ; a for thofe ftones 
 that were thrown by Deucalion became men, and thofe 
 that were thrown by Pyrrha became women. The 
 occafion of which fable was this: Deucalion and his wife 
 were very pious, and by the example of their lives, and 
 thefan&ity of their manners, they foftened the men and 
 women, who before were fierce and hard like ftones, 
 into fuch gentlenefs and rnildnefs, that they obferved 
 the rules of civil fociety and good behaviour. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ATLAS. 
 
 P. WrlO is he that fuftains the heavens upon his 
 (houlders ? 
 
 M. It is Atlas, king of Mauritania, the fon of Jape-* 
 tus, and brother of Prometheus. Ke was forewarned 
 by an oracle, that he fhould be almoft ruined by one 
 of the fons of Jupiter, and therefore refolved to give 
 entertainment to no ftranger at all. At laft Perfeus (who 
 was begotten by Jupiter) travelled by chance through 
 
 Saxa 
 
 Mijja <viri manlbus faciem traxere <virilem 5 
 
 Et defcemineo reparata eftfcemlnajatfu. 
 
 Inde genus durum fumus, experienfque labornm $ 
 
 Et document a damns, qudfimus orpine nati. Ov. Met* x-« 
 
 -' And of the ltones 
 
 Thofe thrown by th' man the form of men endue \ 
 And thofe were women which the woman threw ■ 
 Hence we, a hardy race, inur'd to pain 5 
 Our actions our original explain, 
 O 
 
( 2Q0 ) 
 
 Ada? dominions, and defigned, in civility, to vifit him. 
 But the king excluded him the court, which inhumanity 
 provoked" him fo much, that putting his fhicld, which 
 he carried with him, before thj? eyes of Adas, and fhow- 
 ing him the head of Me duj a , he turned him into the 
 mountain of his own name ; which is of fo great height, 
 that it is believed to touch the a heavens. Virgil makes 
 mention of him b in the fourth book of his JEneid. 
 
 The reafon why the poets feigned that Adas fuftained 
 the heavens on his fhoulders, was this : Adas was a very 
 famous aftronomer, and the firft perfon who undeiftood 
 and taught the doctrine of the fphere 5 and on the fame 
 account the poet tells us, that his daughters were turned 
 into ftars. 
 
 P. How many daughters had he, and what were 
 
 their names ? 
 
 M. By his wife Pleione c he had feven daughters, 
 whofe names were Elettra^ Halcyone, Celano, Maia^ 
 Afterope y Taygete, and Merope ; and they were called by 
 one common name, Pleiades : and by his wife Mthra 
 4 he had feven other daughters, whofe names were Am- 
 bro/ia, Eulora, Pafihoe, Coronis, Plexaris, Pytho, and 
 ¥ycbe\ and thefe were called by one common name, 
 
 IJyades. '" k 
 
 P, Why were thefe latter daughters called hyadesf 
 
 » Herod, in Melpom. 
 
 fe Jamque volant apicem et later a wdua cermt 
 
 Atlantis duri, ccelumque werttce fulcit : 
 Atlantis, cinclum ajjidue cut nubihus atns . 
 Piniferum caput, et <vento pulfatur et imbri : 
 Nix burner os i fufa tegit h tumfiumina mento 
 Precipitant ferds, et glacis riget borrida barba. 
 Now fees the top of Alias, as he flies, 
 Whofe brawny back fupports the ftarjy fluer: 
 A'las, whofe head with p-ny foielts crown'd, 
 Is beaten by the winds, with foggy vapours bound 5 
 Snows hide his (houlde?B 5 from beneath his chm 
 The founts of rolling dreams their race beg n. 
 t Ovid. Faft. 5. d Aratus in Aftron, 
 
( 2 9 I ) 
 
 M, From a a word which , in the Greek language 
 fignifies to rain, becaufe when they rife or fet, they 
 caufe great rain ; and therefore the Latins called them 
 b Sucula (that is 5 Swine) becaufe the continual rain that 
 they caufe makes the roads fo muddy, that they feem 
 to delight in dirt, like fwine. c Others derive their 
 names from Hyas their brother, who was devoured by 
 a lion; his fifters were fo immoderately afflicted and 
 grieved at his death, that Jupiter in compaffion changed 
 f hem into feven ftars, which appear in the head of Tau- 
 rus. And they are juftly called Hyades, d becaufe fhow- 
 ers of tears flow from their eyes to this day. 
 
 P. Why were the daughters firft mentioned called 
 Pleiades ? 
 
 M* Their name is derived from a Greek word Signi- 
 fying s failing. For when thefe ftars rife, they portend 
 good weather to navigators. Becaufe they rife in the 
 * fpring-time, the Romans call them Vergilia. Yet o- 
 thers think that they are called Pleiades g from their 
 number, becaufe they never appear fmgle, but all toge- 
 ther, except Merope, who is fcarce ever feen ; for fhe 
 is afhamed that fhe married Sifypbus a mortal man, when 
 all the reft of the lifters married Gods : h others call this 
 obfeure ftar Eleftra, becaufe fhe held her hand before 
 her eyes, and would not look upon the deftruftion of 
 Troy. The Hyades were placed .among the ftars, becaufe 
 they bewailed immoderately the death of their brother 
 Hyas; and the Pleiades were translated into heaven, 
 becaufe they inceflantly lamented the hard fate of their 
 father Atlas, who was converted into a mountain. But 
 let us fpeak a little about their uncle Hefperus* 
 
 a c a«7to tS veiVy id eft, pluere. 
 
 Nauita quas Hyades Grains ab imbrt vecai. 
 From rain the failors call them Hyades. 
 b Suculae, qtiemadmodum eas Giseci vocant S^ 9 id eft 5 fues. 
 Aulus Geil. 1. 13. c. 19. c Eurip. in Jove. a Hefiod. in 
 
 Theog. e 'Aro tS to^inv a navigando, commodum enim tem- 
 
 pus navlgaticni oftendunt. f Virgil : se diclas a verno tempore quod 
 exoriuntur. g Quafi &i&ovb$, hoc eft, plures, quod nunquam 
 
 fingulse appareant, fed omnes fimul. h Ovid, Fall. 4. 
 
 2 
 
( 2 9 2 ) 
 
 Hejpents was the brother of Atlas^ and becaufe he 
 lived iome time in Italy^ that country was called anci- 
 ently Hefperia from him. He frequently went up to 
 the top of the mountain Atlas to view the ftars. At laft 
 he went up, and came down from the mountain no 
 more. This made the people imagine that he was car- 
 ried up into heaven; upon which they wor (hipped him 
 as a God, and called a very bright liar from his name 
 ..He/perns^ He/per, Hefperugo? Vefper, and Vefperugo^ 
 '■■which is called the evening (tar, when it fets after the 
 fun ; but when it rifes before the fun, it is called 
 ^•cr^Qgo* [Pbofphorus] or Lucifer; that is, the morning 
 itar. Further, this Hefperus had three daughters, Egk 9 
 preihjja^ and Hefperethufa ; who in general were called 
 the Hejferides. It was (aid, that in their gardens, trees 
 v/ere planted that bore golden fruit ; and that thefe trees 
 were guarded by a watchful dragon, which Hercules 
 killed, and then carried away the golden apples. Hence 
 the phrafe, a To give fome of the apples of the Hefpe- 
 -?ides$ that is, to gire a great and fplendid gift. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ORPHEUS AND AMPHION. 
 
 YOU fee thefe two, Orpheus and Amphion, are drawn 
 In the fame mariner, and almoft in the fame colours, 
 fcecaufe they both excelled in the fame art, namely, in 
 nvufic ; in which they were fo (kilful, that by playing 
 on the harp they moved not only men, but beads, and 
 the very (tones themfelves. 
 
 Orpheus, the fon of Apollo by Calliope the Mufe, with 
 the harp that he received from his father, played and 
 fang fo fweetly, that he tamed wild beafts, ftayed the 
 -courfe of rivers, and made whole woods follow him. 
 % He defcended with the fame harp into hell, to recover, 
 
 ' & M.vha, ^<?wv%i$w ovfio-xi, id eft, mala Hefperidum largiri* 
 * AgoihL s. Ai'go. 
 
( m ) 
 
 from Pluto and Proferpine, his wife Eurydice y who had 
 been killed byaferpent, when fhe fied from the vis!ent£ 
 of Arijl&us* And here he fo chanrted both the 
 jtnd queen with the fweetnefs of his mufic, that they 
 permitted his wife to return to life again, upon this 
 condition, that he fhould not look upon her till they 
 were bo:h arrived upon the earth : but fo impatient add 
 eager was the love of O-pkeus, that he could not perform 
 the condition • therefore fhe was taken back into he!I 
 again. Upon this Orpheus refohed for the future £p 
 a widower j and. with his example alienated the u mas 
 of many others from the love of )n}efl This fo pro- 
 voked the Manades an >,?, that rhey tore him in 
 pieces: though others afiigi another feaforrof his death, 
 which is this ; the women, by tlje mitigation of Vthtis\ 
 were fo inflamed with the love of him, that ftriving to 
 run into his embraces, arc quarrelling with one another 
 who (hould have him, they tore him in pieces. Hri 
 bones were afterward gathered by the Mufes, and re- 
 pofed in a fepulehre, n Lit tears; and his haff 
 made the condeHatiori Lyra, 
 
 Amphion was the fon of Jupittf by Antiope. He re- 
 ceived his lute and harp from Mercury \ and a with the 
 found thereof moved the ftones fo regularly, that they 
 compofed the -walls of the city of Thebes, 
 
 The occafion of which fable was this : Orpheus and 
 Amphtcnvtzrz both men fo eloquent, that- they perfuaded 
 thofe v/ho lived a wild and favage life before, to embrace 
 the rules and manners of civil fociety. 
 
 Anon is a proper companion for wqCq two mufician? 5 
 and I wonder that his image is not in this place : for he 
 was a lyric poetr of Methymna in the ifland of LeJbos 3 
 
 a Ditfus et Amphioh, Tbeban* conditor urbis, 
 
 Saxa mover e Jono teftudinis, et prece blanda 
 
 Ducere quo vellet. Her. Arte Poet*- 
 
 Amphion too, as ftory goes, could call 
 
 Obtdient ft dcs to make the The ban wall. 
 
 He led them as he pleased ; the rocks obey'd. 
 
 And dane'd in order to the tunes he play'd. 
 
{ 294 ) 
 
 and gained immenfe riche's by his art. a When he was 
 travelling from Lejbos into Italy ^ his companions aflaulted 
 him to rob him of his wealth ; but he intreated the fea- 
 men to fuffer him to play on his harp before they caff 
 him into the fea : b he played fweetly, and then threw 
 himfelf into the fea, where a dolphin, drawn thither by 
 the fweetnefs of his mufic, received him on his back, 
 c and carried htm to Tenedos, The dolphin for this 
 kindnefs was carried into heaven, and made a conftel- 
 ktion. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 ACHILLES. 
 
 ACHILLES was the fon of Pekus by Thetis. His 
 mother plunged him in the Stygian waters whenhe was 
 an infant 5 which made his whole body ever after invul- 
 nerable, excepting that part of his foot by which he 
 was held when he was wafhed. Others fay, that Thetis 
 hid him in the night under a fire, d after fhe had anointed 
 bim in the day with Ambrofia\ whence at firft he was 
 called Pyrifous, becaufe he efcaped fafe.from the fire ; 
 and afterward Achilles, e becaufe he had but one lip, for 
 he licked the Ambrofta from his other lip, fo that the fire 
 had power to burn it off. Others again report, f that 
 he was brought up by Chiron the Centaur ', and fed, in- 
 itead of milk, with the entrails of lions, and the marrow 
 of boars and bears; fo that by that means he received 
 immenfe greatnefs of foul, and mighty ftrength of body. 
 From him thofe who greatly excelled in ftrength, were 
 
 a Pauf. in Bceotic. b Herod, in Clio. 
 
 c Itte feuet, citharamque tenet , prethitnque <vehcndi 
 
 Cant at, et aquoreas. carmine mulcet aquas. Ov. Fail. 2* 
 
 He on his crouching back fits all at eafe 
 
 With harp in hand, by which he calms the feas, 
 
 And for his pafTage with a long he pays. 
 
 . «* A poll. 4. Argon. e Ab a priv, et p^efoos, labrum \ quafi 
 
 fine labio. * Apoll. 1, 3, Euiip. in Iphig. 
 
( 295 ) 
 
 called Achilles \ a and an argument is called Achilkum^ 
 when no obje&ion can weaken or difprove it. 
 
 Thetis ) his mother, had heard from an oracle, that 
 he ihould be killed in the expedition againft Troy. On 
 the other hand, Calchas the diviner had declared, that 
 Troy could not be taken without him. By the cunning 
 of Ulyjfes he was forced to go : for when his mother 
 Thetis hid him in a boarding-fchool (in Gynecao) in the 
 ifland Scycros (one of the Cyclades) in the habit of a vir- 
 gin, among the daughters of king LycGwedes^ Ulyjfes dis- 
 covered the trick : for he went thither in the difguife of 
 a merchant, and took with him feveral goods to fell ; 
 the king's daughters, as is the temper of women, began 
 to view and handle curioufly the bracelets, the glaiTes, 
 the necklaces, and fuch like women's ornaments ; but 
 Achilla on the contrary, laid hold of the targets, and 
 fitted the helmets to his head, and brandifiied the fwords, 
 and placed them to his fide. Thus Ulyjfes plainly dis- 
 covered Achilles from the virgins, and compelled him to 
 go to the war ; after that Vulcan^ by Thetis 9 ' entreaty* 
 had given him impenetrable armour. Achilles at Troy 
 killed Heftor, the fon of Priamus ; and was killed him- 
 felf by Parisj by a trick of Polyxena : b and all the 
 Nymphs and Mufes are faid to have lamented his death. 
 
 This Polyxena was the daughter of Priamus^ king of 
 Troy, 2l virgin of extraordinary beauty. Achilles by chance 
 faw her upon the walls of the city, and fell in love 
 with her, and deiired to marry her. Priamus confented. 
 They met in the temple of Apollo to folemnize the 
 marriage; where Paris, the brother of Heftor, coming 
 in privately, and lurking behind Apollo's image, foot 
 Achilles fuddenly with an arrow, in that part of his 
 foot in which only he was vulnerable. After this Troy 
 was taken, and the ghoft of Achilles demanded fatisfac- 
 tion for the murder, which the Grecians appeafed by 
 offering the blood of Polyxena. 
 
 a Gell. 1. z, c. ii. b Lycophron. in Alexand. 
 
( 296 ) 
 
 CHAPTER XIL 
 
 ULYSSES. 
 
 ULYSSES . was fo named, becaufe when his mother 
 was travelling, as fome fay in the-ifland of Ithaca, as 
 others fay in Boeoiic, file fell down on the a road, and 
 brought him into the world. He was the fon of Laertes 
 and Anticlea. His wife was Penelope, a lady highly 
 famed for her prudence and virtue. He was unwilling 
 - :X the Trojan war fhould part him and his dear wife ; 
 therefore to avoid the expedition, he pretended to be 
 mad, joining different bcafts to the fame plough, and 
 fbwing the furrows with fait. But this pretence was 
 detected by Palamedes, who laid his infant fon in the 
 furrow, while TJlyffes was ploughing, to fee whether he. 
 would fuffer the plough-fhare to wound him or not. 
 When Vlyjfes came where his fon lay, he turned the 
 plough another way, for fear left he fhould hurt him. 
 i hus he difcovered that Ulyjjss was not a madman, and 
 compelled him to go to the war. There he was migh- 
 tily ferviceable to the Grecians ; for he was almoft the 
 fole occafion of taking the town, fince he removed the 
 fatal obftacles which hindered it from being taken. 
 For he brought Achilles (as I faid) to the war, out of 
 his retreat. He obtained the arrows of Hercules from 
 Philocletes, and brought them againft Troy. He brought 
 away the afnes of Laomedon which were preferved upon 
 the gate Scaa in Troy. He ftole the Palladium from 
 the city. He killed Rhcefus, king of Thrace, and took 
 his horfes, before they had tafted the water of the river 
 Xanthus* In which things the deftiny of Troy was 
 wrapped up : for if the Trojans had preferved them, the 
 town could never have been conquered. 
 
 Afterward he contended with Ajax (the fon of Tela* 
 
 a Graece 'obvero-ivs, ah ooh v}a 5 q«od in ipsa via ejus mater iter 
 faciens lapfa ilium peperit* Vide Nat. Com, et Horn, in Qdyff. 
 
( 297 ) 
 
 mm and Hejzone^vtho was theftouteft of all the Grecian? 
 except Achilles) before judges, for the arms of Achilles* 
 The judges were pcrfuaded by the eloquence of Ulyjfes^ 
 and gave fentence in his favour, and affigned the arms 
 to him. This disappointment made Ajax mad, upon 
 which he killed himfelf, and his blood was turned into 
 the violet. 
 
 When Ulyffes departed from Troy to return home, he 
 failed backward and forward ten years $ for contrary 
 winds and bad weather hindered him from getting homer 
 In which time, i. He put out the eye cf Polyphemus 
 with a firebrand ; and then failing to JEolia^hz there 
 obtained from Mclus all the winds which were contrary 
 to him, and put them into leathern bags. His compa- 
 nions believing that the bags were filled with money, , 
 and not with wind, intended to rob him ; therefore, 
 when they came almoft to Ithaca r xhzy untied the bags, . 
 and the winds gufhed out, and blew him back to Molia 
 again. 2. When Circe had turned his companions into 
 heafts, he firit fortified himfelf againft her charms with \ 
 the antidote that Mercury had given him, and then ran n 
 into her cave with his fword drawn, and forced her to -.* 
 reftore his companions their former fhapes again. After 
 which Circe and he were reconciled, and he had by her 
 Telsgonus, 3. He went down into hell, to know his 
 future fortune from the prophet Xirefiau ^ Whefi he 
 failed to the iflands of t\i^ Sirens^ he flopped the ea;r> 
 of his companions, and bound himfelf with ftrong. ropes 
 to the fhip 9 s maft; by thefe means he avoided the dan- 
 gerous fnares into which, by their charming voices, j 
 they led men. 5. And laftiy, .after his fhio was broken 
 and wrecked; by the waves, ne efcaped by twirnmi-ng., , 
 and came naked and alone to the port of Pbaatia 9 where ' 
 Naujtcaa, the daughter of king Alcinous^ found him hid • 
 among the young trees, and entertained him civilly ; 
 and when his companions were found, and the (hip re- 
 fitted, he was fent afteep into Ithaca^ where Pallas 
 awaked him, and advifed him to put on the habit of a 
 gar* Then he. went to his neat-herds, where he : 
 o 5 
 
( 298 ) 
 
 found his fon Telemachus ; and from them he went home 
 in a difguife : where, alter he had received feveral af- 
 fronts from the wooers of Penelope^ by the affiftance of 
 the neat-herds, and his fon, to whom he difcovered 
 himfelf, he kt upon them, and killed them every one j 
 and then received his Penelope: 
 
 Pendope, the daughter of Icarus, was a rare and per- 
 fect: example of chaftity. For though it was generally 
 thought that her hufband Vlyffes was dead, fince he had 
 been abfent from her twenty years; yet, neither the 
 defires of her parents, nor the felicitations of her lovers* 
 could prevail with her to marry another man, and to 
 violate the promifes of conftancy which fhe gave to her 
 hufband when he departed. For when many noblemen 
 courted her, and even threatened her with ruin unlefs 
 fhe declared which of them fhouid marry her, fhe de- 
 fired that the choice might be deferred till fhe had fi- 
 nifhed that needlework about which {he was then em- 
 ployed : but undoing by night what (he had worked 
 by day, fhe delayed them till Ulyffes returned and killed 
 them all. Hence came the proverb, a To weave Pe- 
 nelope's web ; that is, to labour in vain; when one 
 hand deftroys what the other has wrought. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 ORION. 
 
 Pi WHAT was the birth of Orion ? 
 
 M. Modefty will hardly let me tell you : however I 
 will conceal nothing from you. They fay that he 
 was born from the urine of "Jupiter, Neptune, and 
 Mercury. For when they travelled together, they were j 
 benighted, and forced to lodge in a poor man's cot- 
 tage, whofe name was Hircus. He entertained them 
 as handfomely as the meannefs of his condition would 
 fuffer. Their entertainment pleafed them fo, that they 
 
 a Penelopes telam tejeere, id eft, inanem operam fumere. Vid, 
 Brafm. Adag. 
 

J>f«i*>2# 
 
 Jrtr/r 
 
( ^99 ) 
 promifed to grant whatever he afked. He faid, that he 
 promifed his wife, when fhe died, never to marry again, 
 and yet, that he extremely defired to have a fon. This 
 pious defire pleafed the Gods, and they confented to his 
 requeft, and moiftened the hide of an ox (on which 
 they were entertained) with their urine, commanding 
 him to bury it ten months : after which he digged it up, 
 and found in it a new-born child/ which, from this 
 occafion, he called Urion, or Orion. 
 
 OriGn, when young, was a conftant companion of 
 Diana : but becaufe his love to the Goddefs exceeded 
 the bouads of modefty, or becaufe, as fome fay, he ex- 
 tolled the ftrength of his own body very indecently, and 
 boafted that he could outrun and fubdue the wildeft and 
 fieiceft bedfts, his arrogance grievoufly difp^eafed the 
 Earth ; therefore (he fent a fcorpion, which killed him. 
 He was afterward carried to the heavens, and there made 
 a conftellation , which is thought to predict foul wea- 
 ther when it does not appear, and fair weather when 
 it is vifible ; whence the poets call him a tempejiuous or 
 Jiormy Orion, 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 OSIRIS, APIS, SERAP1S. 
 
 OSIRIS^ Apis, and Serapi&, are three different names 
 of one and the fame God ; therefore they are not to be 
 fepa rated in our difcourfe. 
 
 Ofiris was the fon of Jupiter^ by Niobe, the daughter 
 oi-Phoroneus ; and was king of the Argives many years. 
 He was ftirred up, by the defire of glory, to leave his 
 kingdom to his brother /Eghlus, and to fail into, Egypt, 
 to fee k a new name, and new kingdoms there. The 
 Egyptians were not fo much overcome by his arms, as 
 obliged to him by his couriefies and great kindneiTes 
 toward them. After which he married lo^ the daughter 
 
 a Nimbofus Orion. Virg. Mn. nam opUco fignificat turbo 9 moveo, 
 unde etiam ipfe nomen fumpfuTe a noniwllis judicatur. 
 
( 3 00 ) 
 
 of InachiH, whom yupiter formerly turned into a cow* 
 as we faid above : but, when by her diftra&ion fhe was 
 driven into Egypt, her former fhape was again reftored, 
 and fhe married Ofiris, and inftru&ed the Egyptians in 
 letters. Therefore, both fhe and her hufband attained 
 to divine honours, and were thought immortal by that 
 people. But Ofiris fhowed that he was mortal; for 
 he was killed by his brother Typhon. Io (afterward 
 called lfis) fought him a great while $ and when fhe had 
 found him at laft in a cheft, fhe laid him in a monu- 
 ment in an ifland near to Memphis, which ifland is en- 
 compafied by that fad and fatal lake, the Styx. And 
 becaufe when fhe fought him fhe had ufed dogs, who 
 by their excellent virtue of fmelling might difcover 
 where he was hid, thence the ancient cuftom came, 
 a that dogs went firft in an anniverfary proreflion in 
 honour of lfis. And the people carefully and religioufly 
 worfhipped a God with a dog's head, called Anubis 5 
 which God the poets commonly call b Barker, a God 
 half a dog, a dog half a c man. He is alfo called d Her- 
 rnanulis ; becaufe his fagacity is fo great, that fome 
 think him to be the fame with Mercury. But let us 
 return to O fir is and lfis. 
 
 After the body of Ofiris was interred, there appeared 
 to. the Egyptians a lately beautiful ox\ the Egyptians 
 thought that it was Ofiris, therefore they worfhipped it, 
 and called it Apis, which in the Egyptian language fig- 
 jnifies an ox. But becaufe his body, after bis death, was 
 found fhut up in a e cheft, he was afterward from this 
 called Sorapis, and by the change of a letter Serapis \ as 
 we fhall fee more clearly and particularly by and by, 
 when I have cbferved what Plutarch fays, that Ofiris 
 was thought to be the Sun. His name comes from os % 
 which in the Egyptian language fignifies much, and iris 
 an eye $ andvhis image was a fceptre, in which was pla- 
 
 . * Ex Gyr. fynt. 9. b Latratorem, femlcanem Benm, Vu'g* 
 ,8. c Semi-hominem canerri. Ovid. Met. 9. Lucan. fedulu 
 * Pint, in Ofiride. Serv. in i£n. 8. c £ go$ fignifkat arcane La 
 
 qua in ventura eft iiiius corpus inclufura.> 
 
( 3<» ) 
 
 ced an eye. So that Ofiris fignifies the fame as 
 
 ^c*i:o<pU^oc[polyQphthaimo$] many-eyed, which agrees very 
 well to the fun, who feems to have fo many eyes as he has 
 rays, by which he fees, and makes all things vifible. 
 
 Some fay that Ifis is Pallas, others Terra, others 
 Ceres, and many the Moon; for fhe is painted foretimes 
 a - horned, as the moon appears in the increafe, and 
 wears black garments , becaufe the moon ihines in the 
 night, fn her right hand fhe held a cymbal, and in 
 her left a bucket. Her head was crowned with the 
 feathers of a vulture ; for among the Egyptians that bird 
 is facred to Juno: and therefore they adorned the tops 
 of their porches with the feathers of a vulture. The 
 priefts of IJis* called after her own name Ifiaci* b ab- 
 ftained from the flefh of fwine and fheep ; they ufed no 
 c fait to their meat, left they fhould violate their chafti- 
 ty. d They fhaved their heads', e they wore paper fhoes r 
 and a f linen veft, becaufe //is firft taught the ufeof flax; 
 and hence fhe is called g Linigera, and al'fo h Jnachis, 
 from Inachus, her father. By the name of I/is is ufually 
 underftood wifdom : and accordingly, upon the pavement 
 of the temple, there was this inscription: • lam every 
 thing that hath been, and is, and fh all be\ nor hath any 
 mortal opened my veil. 
 
 By the means of this Ifis, k Iphis, a young virgin of 
 Crete, the daughter of Lygdus and Teiethuja, was changed 
 into a man. For when Lygdus went a journey, he 
 commanded his wife, who was then big with child, if 
 fhe brought a daughter, that fhe fhould not educate her ? 
 but leave her expofed in the fields to perifh by wane 
 Teiethuja brought forth indeed a daughter, but was very 
 
 a KscaQOo=oCj id eft, corr.igera affingebatur, ad Lunae crefcentls 
 fimilitudinem, et p,&Bu>ir<>ho$ 9 nigris veiiibus induta, quod luna lu- 
 ceat in tenebiis. Vide Serv. in JEn. 8, b iEIian. de Acini. 
 
 Herodot. i. z. c Plut. fymp. 5. c. io. d Coel. Rhodig'n. 5. 
 c. 12. e Hercdot. 1. 1. f Claud. 4. Hon. conf. g Ovid. 
 dePon. el. 1. h Propert, }. iv et 2. * Tbyu eiul vjoLv rs ysyo- 
 
 *0$> :u lv t y^ Z0-J(JLS.I/QV X^ TO ZfAOV Z7S7i7\0V ZOiic To";' 9yijT«V OLTTcX.CC'hvi/tV . 
 
 Ego liim quicquid fait, eft, ei it 5 nee rceum quifquam mortaJium 
 jpeplusn retexit, Plut, in Hide* * Ovid Met- 9./ 
 
/( 3 02 ) 
 
 unwilling to lofe her child ; therefore {he drefled it in a 
 boy's habit, and called itlphis^ which is a common 
 name to boys and girls. The father returned from his 
 journey, and believed both his wife and his daughter, 
 who perfonated a fon : and as foon asfhe was marriage- 
 able, her fa her, who ftill thought that fhe was a man, 
 married her to the beautiful lanthe. As they went to 
 the temple to celebrate the marriage, the mother was 
 mightily concerned ; and fhe begged the favorable aifift- 
 ance of //?/, who heard her prayers, and changed the 
 virgin Iphis into a mod beautiful young man. Now let 
 us come to Serapis and Apis again. 
 
 Though Serapis, of whofe name we gave the etymo- 
 logy before, was the God of the Egyptians, yet he was 
 worshipped in Greece, a efpeciab^ at Athens, b and alfo 
 at Rome. Among different nations he had different 
 names ; for he was called fome times c Jupiter Ammon^ 
 fometimes Pluto, Bacchus^ Mfculapius, <*nd fometimes 
 OJiris. His name w T as reckoned abominable by the 
 Grecians ; d for all names of feven letter?, £jT^y£a^aa.ra 
 [heptagrammata] are by them etteemed infamous. Some 
 fay, that Ptolemy., the fon of Lagus, procured the effigies 
 of him at Pontus, from the king of Sinope, and dedicated 
 a magnificent temple to him at Alexandria. . Eufebius 
 calls him the e Prince of evil Damons : a flafket was 
 placed f upon his head ; and near him lay a creature 
 with three heads ; a dog's on the right line, a wolPs on 
 the left fide, and a lion's head in the middle : a fnake 
 with his fold encompafied them, whofe head hung down 
 unto the God's right hand, with which he bridled the 
 terrible monffer. There was befides, in almoft-all the 
 temples where Serapis and Ifts we?e worfliipped, an 
 image which pre fled its lips with its finger. Varro fays, 
 the meaning of this was, that no one thou! J dare to fay 
 that thefe Gods had been men formerly ; and the laws 
 inflicted death upon him who faid that Serapis was once 
 a mortal man. 
 
 a Paufcn. in Attic. b Puhl. Victor. c Tacitu? 1. 20. PJut. de 
 Ofnide. d Porphyrius, e Prsep. Evang. 4. f Macrob. in Saturn, 
 
( 303 ) 
 
 Apis, of whom we fpake fomething above, a was king 
 of the Argivi, and being tranfported thence into Egypt, 
 he became Serapis, or the greateft of all the Gods of 
 Egypt. After the death oi Serapis, the ox, that we men- 
 tioned a little before, fucceeded in his place. b Pliny 
 describes the form and quality of this ox, thus : An ox, 
 in Egypt, is worfhipped as a God. They call him Apis. 
 He is thus marked ; there is a white fhining fpot upon 
 his right fide, horns like the moon in its increafe, and 
 a node under its tongue, which they call cantharus. 
 His body, c fays Herodotus, was all black: in his fore- 
 head he had a white fquare fhining figure; the effigies 
 of an eagle in his back; and befide the cantharus in his 
 mouth, he had hair of two forts in his tail. But Pliny 
 goes on : If he lives beyond an appointed period of time, 
 they drown him in the priefts fountain ; then the priefts 
 fhave their heads, mourn and lament, and feek another 
 to fubftitute in his room. When they have found one, 
 he is brought by the priefts to Memphis. He hath two 
 chapejs, or chambers, which are the oracles of the peo- 
 ple; in one of them he foretels good, in the other ill. 
 He gives anfwers in private, and takes meat from them 
 that confult him. He refufed meat from the hand of 
 Germanicus Cafar, who died not long after. He acts, 
 for the moft part, in fecret; but when he pleafes to ap- 
 pear publicly, the officers go before and clear the way 5 
 and a flock of boys attend him, finging verfes to his 
 honour. He feems to underftand things, and to expeft 
 worfhip. Once a year a cow is fhown to him, which 
 hath her marks, though different from his ; and this cow 
 is always both found and killed the fame day. So far 
 Pliny. /Elian adds : That the cow which conceives 
 Apis, conceives him not by a bull, but by lightning 
 d Cambyfes, king of AJfyria, gave no credit to thefe trifles ; 
 and ftruck Apis in the thigh with his fword, to fhow, 
 by the bleeding of the wound, that he was no God ; but 
 his impiety (as they pretend) did not pafs unpunished. 
 
 * Aug. de Civ. Dei 18. b pi; n . Hift. Nat. 1. 8. c, 40. ? He- 
 fodot. 1. 3* d Epiphan, ap. Syr. 
 
( 304 h 
 
 APPENDIX; 
 
 OE THE; VIRTUES AND VICES WHICH HAVE.: 
 BEEN DEIFIED.. . 
 
 OF THE GODDESSES THAT MAKE THE GODS* 
 
 THOSE Goddefies (whole images are fmall, and a!f 7 J 
 painted in one pi£iure) are /he Virtues ; by whofe favour, 
 not only the Dii Adfcriftftii^ but all the other Gods be- 
 fide, were advanced to heaven, and honoured with the 
 utmoft veneration. You fee feme Vices among them ^ 
 (for they had altars dedicated to them too) which, like 
 fhades, increafe the luftre of the .Virtues \ whofe bright — 
 nefs is doubled by the reflection of the colours, To 
 both of them there are adjoining feme Gods, either fa- 
 vouring or oppofing them. I ftiaii fay fornething briefly^ 
 according to my defign, of them. 
 
 CHAPTER L\ 
 
 SECT. I. THE VIRTUES, AND GOOD DEITIES. 
 
 THE ancients not only worftiipped the feveral fpecies 
 of virtues, but Mo -Virtue herfelf, as a Goddefs. There- 
 fore, firft of her, and then of the others. 
 
T/.'/< 27 
 
 Ta<?t 30* 
 
( 305 } 
 
 SECT. 2. VIRTUE AND HONOUR. 
 
 Virtue derives her name from pir, becaufe virtue 
 is the moft manly ornament, f She was efteemcd a God- 
 dtfc, b and worshipped in the habit of an elderly matron 
 fitting upon a fquare iione. c M. MarceUm dedicated 
 a temple to her; and hard by placed ano her, tb*t was 
 dedicated to Honour : the temple of Virtue was the paf- 
 fage to the temple of Honour \ by which was Signified, 
 that by virtue alone true honour is attained, The prieils 
 facrificed to Ho-ixur with bare heads a and we ui 
 uncover our beads when we fee honorable and worthy 
 men ; and fince honour itfelf is valuable and eftimable, 
 it is no wonder if fuch refpedi is fhown in celebrating 
 its facrijfices. 
 
 SECT. 3. FAITH, 
 
 Fides had a temple at Rome, near the Capitol, which 
 d Numa Pompilius (as it is (aid) firft con ice rated to her. 
 c Her faenfices were performed without fiaughter, or 
 blood fpilt. The heads and hands of the priefts were 
 covered with a white cloth when they facrificed, becaufe 
 Faith ought to be clofe and fecret. Virgil calls her 
 f Cana Fides, either from the candour of the mind, 
 whence fidelity proceeds, or becaufe faith is chiefly 
 obfervd by aged perfons. The fymbol of this Goddefs 
 was a white dog, which is a faithful creature. g Ano- 
 ther fymbol of her was two hands joined, or two young 
 ladies fhaking hands : for, h by giving the right hand, 
 they engaged their faith for their future friendfhip. 
 
 a Cc. Qjiteft. Tufc. 2. b Aug. de Civ. Dei 4. c Liv. I. 2. 
 * Cic. de Otficiis, * Dion. Halicam. 1. 2. * Serv. m 1. et 8. JEn« 
 8 Stat. Theb. i„ & Dextra data fidem futuise amicitias iancibant* 
 Liv. 1, 2i, 
 
( 3°6 ) 
 
 SECT. 4. HOPE. 
 
 Hope had a temple at Rome, in the herb- market, 
 which was unfortunately burnt down with lightning. 
 8 Giraldus fays, that he has Teen her effigies in a golden 
 coin of emperor Adrian. She- was defcribed in the 
 form of a woman (landing, her left hand lightly held 
 up the fkirts of her garments ; fhe leaned on her elbow, 
 and in her right hand held a plate, on which was placed 
 a ciberiutn (a. fort of a cup) fafhioned to the likenefs of 
 a flower, with this inscription, SPES, P. R. The 
 Hope of the People of Rome. We have already related 
 in what manner Hope was- left and preferved in the bot« 
 torn of Pandoras box. 
 
 SECT. 5. JUSTICE. 
 
 Justice was defcribed like a virgin, with a piercing 
 ftedfaft eye, a feve're brow, her afpe6l awful, noble, 
 and venerable. Alexander fays, that among the Egyp- 
 tians (he had no head, and that her left hand v/as ftretch- 
 ed forth and open. The Greeks called her AJiraa y as 
 was faid before. 
 
 sect. 6. piety. 
 
 
 Attilius, the duumvir, dedicated ~a chapel to Piety 
 at Rome, in the place where that woman lived, who fed 
 her mother in pnfon with the milk of her breafts. The 
 ftory is this : b The mother was punifhed with impri- 
 fonment ; her daughter, who was an ordinary woman, 
 then gave fuck ; fhe came to the prifon frequently, and 
 the gaoler always fearched her, to fee that (he carried 
 no food to her mother : at lait fhe was found giving 
 
 a Syntagm. 1.x. * Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 7. c, 36. 
 
( 3^7 ) 
 
 fuck to her mother with her breafts. This extraordi- 
 nary piety of the daughter gained the mother's freedom ; 
 and they both were afterward maintained at the public 
 charge, while they lived ; and the place was confecrated 
 to the Goddefs Piety. There is a like example in the 
 a Grecian hiftory, of a woman, who by her breafts 
 nourifhed Cymon, her aged father, who was imprifoned, 
 and fupported him with her own milk. 
 
 SECT. 7. MERCY. 
 
 The Athenians erected an altar to Miferlcordia, Met* 
 cy\ b where was firft eftablifhed an afylum, a place of 
 common refuge to the miferabie and imfprtuijate. It 
 was not lawful to force any thence. When Hercules 
 died, c his kindred feared fome mifchief from thofe whom 
 he had afflicted ; therefore they erected an afylum, or 
 temple of mercy, at Athens. 
 
 SECT. 8. CLEMENCY, 
 
 Nothing memorable occurs concerning the Goddefs 
 CLmcncy, unlefs that there was a temple erected to Cfc- 
 mentia Cafarh 7 The Qkmency of Ccfar> as we re^J in 
 
 * Plutarch. 
 
 SECT. 9. CHASTITY. 
 
 Two temples at R.ome were dedicated to Chajiity\ 
 the one to Pndiciiia Patricia, which flood in the ox- 
 market \ the other to Pudic.it: a PIebia\ built by Virginia^ 
 the daughter of Aldus : for when ihe, who was born of 
 a patrician family, c had married a plebeian, the noble 
 ladies were mightily incenfed, and banifhed her from 
 
 a Val. Max. 1. 3. b Paufan. in Attic. c Serv. in JEn. Sc 
 * Ib VkaCseiaris. e Liv. 1, 10. 
 
{ 3°8 ) 
 
 their facrifices, and would not fuffer her to enter into* 
 the temple of Pudicitta, into which je-:atorian families 
 only were permitted entrance. A quarrel arofe upon 
 this among the women, and a great breach was made 
 between them. Thn- induced Virginia y by feme extra- 
 ordinary action, to blot out the difgrace ftie had receiv- 
 ed; and therefore fhe built a vhapel in the long ftreet 
 where flie lived, and adorned it with an altar ; to which 
 ihe ihvited the plebeian matrons, and complaining to 
 them that the ladles of quality had ufed her fo barba- 
 roufly : 1 dedicate (fays fhej this altar to Pudicitia Ple- 
 beia ; and 1 defire of you that you will as much adore Chaf* 
 tity, as the men do Honour ; that this altar may be followed 
 by purer and more chajle votaries than the altar ^Pudicitia 
 Patricia, if it bepojfibk. Both thefe altars were reve- 
 renced almoft with the fame rites, and no matron, but. 
 of approved chaftity, and who had been married but 
 once, had leave to facrifice there. It is likewife faid~ 
 in hiftory, that the women, who were contented with 
 one marriage, were ufually rewarded with a a crown 
 of chaftity. 
 
 SECT. IO. TRUTH* 
 
 Truth, the mother of Virtue^ b is painted in gar- 
 ments as white as fnow ; her looks are ferene, pleafant, 
 courteous, cheerful, and yet modeft ; fhe is the pledge 
 of all honefty, the bulwark of honour, the light and 
 joy of human foctety. c She is commonly accounted 
 the daughter of Time y or Saturn; becaufe truth is dis- 
 covered in the courfe of time: but Democritus feigns that 
 flie lies hid in the bottom of a well. 
 
 2 Corona pudicitias. Val. Max, 1, a> b Phiioft, b Heroic, et 
 A^p. c P-lut« in Quaeft, . 
 
{ 3^9 ) 
 
 SECT. IT. MENS. 
 
 . 
 
 Good Senfe^ or Unhrjiandlng ( Mens) was made a 
 Goddefs by the Romans, s that they might obtain a found 
 mind. b An altar wns built to her in the Capitol, by 
 M. Mmilius. c The prater Ai : iliu$ vowed to build a 
 chapel to her; which he performed when he was, upon 
 that account, created duumvir. 
 
 SEGT. 12, CONCORP. 
 
 We fhall find by d the concurrent teftimony of ma- 
 ny, that the Goddefs Concordia had many altars at fe ve- 
 ra! times dedicated to her ; but (he was efpecially wor- 
 shipped by the ancient Romans, Her image held a bowl 
 In her right hand, and a horn of plenty, or a fceptre 
 from which fruit feemed to fprout forth, in her left. 
 c Thefymbol of her was two right hands joined together, 
 and a pomegranate. 
 
 sect. 13. PEACE. 
 
 Pax was honoured formerly at Athens with an altan> 
 
 * as Plutarch tells us. At Rome (he had a moil magni- 
 ficent temple in the Forum, begun by Claudius and fi- 
 nifhed by Fejfafian \ % which was afterward con fumed in 
 a fire under emptor Conmiodus. She was clefcribed in 
 the form of a matron., holding forth ears of corn in her 
 hands, and crowned with olives and laurel, or fometimes 
 rofes. Her particular fymbol was a caduceus, a white 
 flaft born by ambafladors when they go to treat of 
 peace. 
 
 a Aug. de Civ. Dei 1. b Cic Nat, Deor. 2. c Liv. 22 et 23, 
 « Liv. 1. 9. P'ut. in L. Gracch. Suet, in Tib. e Lii. Gyr. fynt. 3, 
 
 * Piut. in Cimon* * Herodot. 1. 2. 
 
{ 3« ) 
 
 SECT. 14. HEALTH. 
 
 The Goddefs Salus was fo much honoured by the 
 Romans ^ that anciently feveral holydays were appointed 
 in which they worshipped her. a There was a gate at 
 Rome called Porta Salutarily becaufe it was near to the 
 temple of Salus. Her image was the figure of a woman 
 fitting on a throne, and holding a bowl inlier right 
 hand. Hard by flood her altar, a fnake twining round 
 it, and lifting up his head toward it. The Augurium 
 fSalutis was formerly celebrated in the fame place ; which 
 was intermitted for fome time, and renewed again by 
 Auguftus. b It was a kind of divination, by which they 
 begged leave of the Gods that the people might pray for 
 peace ; as though it was unlawful to pray for it, before 
 they had leave. A day in every year was fet apart for 
 that purpofe, upon which none of the Roman armies 
 might either march or engage. 
 
 SECT. 15. FIDELITY. 
 
 Fidelity, c fays St. Augujlin, had her temple and 
 altar, and facrifices were performed to her. They re- 
 prefented her like a venerable matron fitting upon a 
 throne, holding a a white rod in her right hand, and a 
 great horn of plenty in her left. 
 
 a 
 
 sect. 16. liberty. 
 
 -As the Romans were, above all things, careful of 
 their liberty, efpecially after the expulfion of the kings, 
 when they fet themfelves at liberty, c fo they built a 
 temple to Liberty, among the number of their other 
 Goddeffes. And Cicero tells us, that Chdius confecrated 
 his houfe to her. 
 
 a Macrob. Saturn. 1. c. 16. b Dion. 1. 27. Ang. Pollutian. 
 
 Mifcel. c. 12. c De Civ. Del 4- d Caduceus. e LiL Gyr. 
 
 2 
 
( 3" ) 
 
 SECT. 17. MOtfEY. 
 
 The Romans invoked Pecunia as a Goddefs, that they 
 might be rich. They worfhipped the God sEjculanus 
 and his fon Argentinus % that they might have plenty of 
 bra is aod filver : and etteemed Mfculanus^ the father of 
 Argentines, becaufe brafs money was uied before filver. 
 / wonder, a fays St. Aujujlin, that Aurinus zuas not 
 made a God afier Argentinus, becaufe filver money zvas 
 follovued by gold. To this Goddefs, Money, O how 
 many apply their devotions to this day ; wh.-.t vows do 
 they make, and at what altars do they importune, that 
 they may fill their coffers ! If you have thcfe Gods s b fays 
 Menc.ndcr, Gold and Silver at home, afk whatever you 
 pleafe, you Jhall have it^ the very Gods themf elves will he 
 tat your Jervice. 
 
 sect. 18. MIRTH. 
 
 Lycurgus ridiculoufly erected an image, among the 
 c Lacedemonians, to the God R'fus. The Tbeffalonians^ 
 of the city of Hypaia, every year .facrificed to this God 
 with great jollity. 
 
 SECT, 19. THE GOOD CENIUS, 
 
 The God d Bonus Genius^ had a temple in the way 
 that leads to the mountain M&nalus^ as fays Paufanias. 
 At the end of the fupper, they offered a cup to him, 
 filled with wine and water ) which was called e the grace 
 tup. Some fay that the cup had more water than wine$ 
 others Fay the contrary. 
 
 a Miror autem quod Argentinus non genuit Aurinum, quia et 
 aurea pecunia iubfecuta eft. De Civ, Dei, ). 4.. b Hos Deos Au- 
 rum et Argentum i\ dorni habeas, quicquid vales, Jogr?, tibi omnia 
 aderunt; ipfcs habebis ve! rninifh antes Deos. Ap. Stob. or. de laude 
 ami. c Plut in Lycurgo. d AyaOo^ She;, e AyaSS 
 
 A&ipcvoe, poculum boni Genii. 
 
{ 3*2 ) 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 SECT, X. THE VICES AND EVIL DEITIES. 
 
 I CALL thofe Evil Deities which oppofe our happi- 
 r\ek, and many times do us rnifchief. And firftj of the 
 Vicesy to which temples have been confecrated. 
 
 SECT. 2. ENVY. 
 
 That Envy is a Goddefs, appears by the confeffion 
 t>f Pallas, who owned that (he was a/lifted by her, to 
 infeft a young lady, called Aglauros, wiih htr poifon. 
 "Ovid defcribes the a houfe where file dwells, in very 
 elegant verfe, and afterward gives a moft beautiful des- 
 cription of b Envy herfelf. 
 
 a Protinus Inwdite nigra fqualhnlia tabo 
 
 T<'ffa pei-t. Domut rfiimis in vallibus antri 
 
 Abdita, fole car ens ^ nee ulli pervia <vento 5 
 
 < Trifiis 9 et igna<vi plenijfimaj rigor •<> ; ei qua 
 
 Igne <vacet femper, cdligifte jemptr abundet. Met, X* 
 
 Then ftraight to Envy's ceil fhe bends her way, 
 
 Which all w ; .th putrid gore infecled lay. 
 
 Deep in a gloomy cave's obicire recefs, 
 
 No bams could e\r that hocrid manfion blefs j j 
 
 No breeze e'er fann'd it j but about it roli'd 
 
 Eternal woes, and ever lazy cold 5 
 
 No fpark ffeotfe there, but everlafting gloom> 
 
 Impenetrably dark, obfctir'd the room. 
 
 b tailor in ore fedet 5 macies in cor r ore toto 5 
 
 Nufquam red a acles 3 tivent rub'igne d ntes 5 
 
 Pecloraftlle -went-, lingua eft fufftifa *i eneno\ 
 
 Rifus abejl^ nifi quern wjt mover t dolor s. 
 
 Necfruiurfvmno^ <vig -Ian:: 1 us exe'va curtsy 
 
 Sedvidtt i'lgratosy intabejHtque v^endo^ 
 
 Succejfus bminum : carpit'que, et carpi tur una j 
 
 Suppitciumqae fuum efi, IbkL 
 
 A deadly palenefs in her cheeks was feen 5 
 
 Her meagre (keleton fcarce cas'd wirh ikin 5 
 
 Her looks awry 5 an t -flatting fcoul 
 
 Sits on her brows $ her teeth defornVd and foul $ 
 
( 3*3 ) 
 
 SECT. 3. CONTUMELY AND IMPUDENCE. 
 
 The vices Contumely and Impudence, were both adored 
 as Deities by the a Athenians : and particularly, it is faid f 
 they were reprefented by a partridge ; which is efteemed 
 a very impudent bird. 
 
 SECT. 4. CALUMNY. 
 
 The Athenians erected an altar to Calumny* b Apel- 
 les painted htr thus: c There fits a man with great and 
 open ears, inviting Calumny, with his hand held out, 
 to come to him ; and two women, Ignorance and Sufpi- 
 tion, (land near him. Calumny breaks out in a fury; 
 her countenance is comely and beautiful, her eyes fpar- 
 kle like fire, and her face is inflamed with anger : fhe 
 holds a lighted torch in her left hand, and with her right 
 twifts a young man's neck, who holds up his hands in 
 prayer to the Gods. Before her goes Envy^ pale and 
 nafty ; on her fide are Fraud and Confpiracy ; behind her 
 follows Repentance, clad in mourning and her clothes 
 torn, with her head turned backward, as if (he looked 
 for Truth, who comes flowly after. 
 
 Her bread had gall more than her breaft could hold j 
 Beneath her tongue black coats of poifon roll'd ; 
 No frniles e'er fmooth'd her furrow'd brows, but thofe 
 Which rife from common mifchiefs, plagues, and woes s 
 Her eyes, mere Grangers to the Tweets of fieep^ 
 Devouring fpite for ever waking keep ; 
 She fees blefsM men with vaft fucceffes crownM, 
 Their joys diftracl her, and their glories wound ; 
 She kilis abroad, herfelPs confum'd at home, 
 And her own crimes are her perpetual martyrdom. 
 Paufan. in Attic. Cic. d-e Leg. 1. Theophr. de Leg. & Ides* 
 apiul Diogen* < Lucian. lib. de non temere ciedendis calumniis* 
 
{ 3*4 ) 
 
 SECT. 5. FRAUD. 
 
 Fraud * was defcribed with a human face, and with 
 a (erpent's body : in the end of her tail was a fcorpion's 
 fting : fhe fwims through the river Cocytus^ aad nothing 
 appears above water but her head. 
 
 SECT. 6. DISCORD. 
 
 Petronius Arbiter^ where he treats cf the civil war 
 between Pompey and Cefar, has given a b beautiful des- 
 cription of the Goddefs Difcordia. 
 
 sect. 7. FURY. 
 
 Fury is defcribed fometimes chained, fometimes 
 raging and revelling with her chains broke : but c Virgil 
 
 Bocat. in Gen. Deor. 
 
 *> Intrtmuere tula-, ac fciffo Difcordia cnne 
 Bxiuiit ad -uperos Styg'mm caput. Hujus in or* 
 £oncretus fa hgms 9 co> ■ u 'ague lumin a flu bant 4 
 Stabant aratdfcabrd rubigine dcntrs 5 
 Tabo H.gua ftuensy obfejfa d y -aco ibus or a : 
 Atqur inter oto lacera'am pttlore <v(jitm, 
 Sangui earn tremua quatubat iampada dextra* 
 *The titimpets found, arvJ with a difmal yell 
 Wild Dilc rd riles from the vale of hell. 
 From h<-r fwell'd eyes thene '.an a briny flood, 
 And clotted gore upon her vtfage iiood j 
 Around her head fe pent<ne e'f-locks hung, 
 And ({reams of bice I flowM from h-r ih\t tongue^ 
 Her tattef'd clothes her yelkrv (kin betray 
 (An emblem of the bread on, which they lay) 
 And bran I'fh'd tfame* her trembling hand obey* 
 c .,, .- furor impius in' us 
 
 Sgf-vafd m Jiifer a>ma, et centum *vin8u$ ahenis 
 Pojl Urgurn nod) y f remit horridus ore cmento* 
 
 — "« — — - Within fits inn ioup war 
 
 Ci) curled arms, bound with a ihouf<*nd chains, 
 And horrid wah a bloody mouth* complain*. 
 
 } 
 
 JEn* 
 
( 3i5 ) 
 
 choofes to deferihe her bound in chains, although 3 Pe- 
 tronius defer; bes her at liberty, unbound. 
 
 SECT. 8. FAME. . 
 
 * Pausanias and c Plutarch fay, that there were 
 temples dedicated to Fame, She is finely and delicately 
 defcribed by Virgil, which defcription I will fin-join d , 
 for it deferves not only to be remembered, but tran- 
 fcribed into all books as there is occafion. 
 
 Furor abfitpiis, ceu liber, kabenis 
 
 Sar.guin urn late tollit caput $ oraque mlie 
 
 Vulneribus couftjfa Omenta cofjide <velat. 
 
 Jiaret de ritus la va Mavortius umho 
 
 hmumerabilibus tells gravis % af qui flagranti 
 
 Stipite Jex??'<i minax terns Uucendta poriat. 
 
 Difordefd Ra^e, from brazen fetters freed, 
 
 Afcends to earth with an impetuous freed : 
 
 Her wounded face a bloody helmet hides. 
 
 And her left ami a battered target guides ; 
 
 Red brands of fire, fupported in her right, 
 
 The impious world with flames and ruin flight, 
 
 Paufan. in Attic. « Plut. in Carn'io. 
 
 d Fama, malum quo non aliud vehcisis uUam, 
 
 Mnbititate vget, virefque acquit it eur.d^. $ 
 
 Parva metu priim ; mox fefe a'tollv. in a -ras, 
 
 Ingrediiurque fc'c 9 ft caput inter 'nub la condit % 
 
 litam terra par-r.s, v a in i at a Dtcrum, 
 
 Extremam [ut perbikent) C<zo Euceladoque fororcm 
 
 Trogettuii ; pedibus celerem ti pe*aicibu$ ai:s : 
 
 Monfl urn h'.-rrrndum, in ens ; cui quo 1 fufti corf ■:■> ' e plam*e 9 
 
 Tot vigiles cculi fubtgtx (imrabiu di 'Ja) 
 
 Tot Hngu*, tQii.u-.771 era jc .or.; , toifubrigii qnret* 
 
 Node vela? coed medio temegw rain 
 
 S ridens, nee dulci dedinat lumina ft 
 
 Luce fedet cvjios, uut \umtni culmiue itct : , 
 
 Turribus am aliis, ttmqgnas ..-■ bes : 
 
 Tarn fell pravique tenax, qitam nun da vert* JEn, a, 
 
 Fame, the great iU, f om frriali beginnings grows, 
 
 Swift from iht fiirtf, ar,d ev\y moment brings 
 
 New vigour to her flights, new pinions to her wings. 
 
 Soon grows the pigmy to gigantic nze, 
 
 Her tecton earth, her roiebeau in the fk:es. 
 
 P 2 
 
( 3'6 ) 
 
 sEer. 9. FORTUNE. 
 
 Why was Fortune made a Goddefs, fays a St. Au* 
 gujiin^ fince fhe comes to the -good and the tad without 
 any judgment ? She is fo blind, that without diftindtion 
 fhe runs to anybody ; and many times fhe pafles by th-ofe 
 that admire her, and (licks to thofe that defpife her. So 
 that b Juvenal had reafon to fpe<ik in the manner he docs 
 of her, Yet the temples that have been confecrated to 
 her, and the names that' (he has had, are innumerable : 
 the chief of them I will point out to you. 
 
 She was fiyled Aurea or Regia Fortuna, and c an 
 image of her fo called was ufually kept in the emperor's 
 chamber \ and when one died, it was removed to the 
 palace of his fucceflor. 
 
 She was worfhipped in the Capitol under the d title 
 ©f Bona; and in the Efquilia, under the title of Mala* 
 
 Servius Tullus had in his court a chapel dedicated to 
 
 Enrag'd aptnft the Gods, revengeful earth 
 
 Produced her la 11 of the Tjtanian b j th. 
 
 Swift is hei walk, more fwift her winged hade, 
 
 A monftrous phantom, honible and vaft ; 
 
 As m.my plumes as raiie her lofty Might, 
 
 £0 many piercing eyes enlarge her fight ; 
 
 Millions of op'ning mouths to Fame belong, 
 
 And evVy mouth is furniftfd with a tongue j 
 *> And round with NfVnittg tars the fifing plague is hung. 
 
 She 6 Is the peaceful univt rfe with cres ; 
 
 No (lumbers ever cloie her wakeful eyes 5 
 
 By day from lofty tow'rs her head fhe (hews, 
 
 And fpreads thro* trembling crouds diiaftrous news. 
 
 With court informers haunts, and royal ipies, 
 
 Things done relates, not done fhe feigns, and mingles truth with 
 
 Talk is her hufinefs, and her chief delight [hes : 
 
 To tell of prodigies, and caufe affi ight. 
 * Aug. de Civ. Dei 1. 
 
 b Nullum numen abeft fi fit prudentia ; fed te 
 
 Nosfacitws, Fo>iuna t Deam> cceloque locamus* Sat* 20» 
 
 Fortune is never worihipp'd K y th^ w le ; 
 
 Bu*r (he, hy fools let up, ufurps the ikes. 
 e SparL in Severo. G>r. fynt. 15, d Piin. ct Cic, 
 
 \ 
 
JPa 9 v 1,6 
 
( 3^7 ) 
 
 a Fortuna Barbata : ftie was called Brevisiov Parva hi 
 the Cane place. 
 
 She is alfo called Ctsca, blind. Neither is fee only, 
 fays b Cicero, blind herfe'f, but fee many times makes 
 thofe blind that enjoy her. 
 
 In fame intcripuons fee is called c Confer vatrix* 
 The pra-tor |& Fidvius FLiccus, in Spain, when the 
 laft battle was fought with :he Celtiberi, vowed a chapel 
 to 1 Fortuna Eg uejlr is ; bee aufe he in the battle com- 
 manded the bridles to be t ken off the horfe?, that they 
 might run upon th- enemy with the greater force, and 
 violence, by which he got the victory, 
 
 Fors Fortuna, or c Forth Fortuna, was another of her 
 names; and fee was worfeipped by thofe who lived 
 without any art or care. 
 
 She had a chapel near the temple of Venus, where fee 
 W< s called f Mafcula and s p iritis, mafculine. 
 
 She was called h -Muliebris, becaufe the mother and 
 the wife of Goriolanus faved the city of Rome. And 
 when her image was confecrated in their prefnee, \ it 
 fpoke thefe words twice : Ladies, you have dedicated me 
 as you Jhould do. k Yet it was not lawful for all matrons 
 to touch this image, but for thofe only who had not been 
 married twice. 
 
 Mammofa, either from her feape, or becaufe fee fup- 
 plies us with plenty. 
 
 Servius Tullus dedicated a temple to Fortuna Ohfcauens, 
 becaufe fee obeys the wifees of men. The fame prince 
 worfeipped her, and built her chapels; whe^e fee was 
 called Primigema^ l becaufe both the city and the em- 
 pire received their origin from her ; alfo Priva'a, or 
 m Propria, becaufe fee had a chapel in the court, which 
 that prince ufed fo familiarly, that fee was thought to 
 go down through a little window into his houfe. 
 
 a P!ut. mQuaeff, b De Armenia. c Ap. Gyr. fym. i$ 
 
 d Vide Liv. 1. 41, 42. c idem 1. 27. f Plutarch, de Fora 
 
 Rormm. g O/id. Fad. 4. h Dion. 1. 8. i Rite me, Mi- 
 
 Uonse, dedicaftis, Aiig. de Civ. Dei 4, Val. Max. I, 2. * | e ,^ 
 hi JEn. 4.. ] Plutarch. a Ibid. 
 
( 3*8 ) 
 
 Her temple at Pranejie^ * from which fhe was called 
 Pranejiina, was more famous and notable than all the 
 red ; becaufe very true oracles were uttered there. 
 - Dwiitian confederated a chapel to b Fortuna Redux. 
 
 In ancient infcriptions fhe is named c Stata* 
 
 To d Vhgo Fortuna the little coats of the young girls 
 Were prefented, 
 
 Laftly, file was called e Fifcata, or Vifcofa^ becaufe 
 we are caught by her, as birds are with birdlime $ in 
 which fenfe Seneca fays, f kindnejjes are birdlime* 
 
 SECT. 10. FEVER. 
 
 , Fhbrts, Fever^ had her altars and temples ?n the 
 palace, s She was worfhipped that fhe fhould not hurt: 
 and for the fame reafon they worfhipped 'all the other 
 Gods and God defies of this kind. 
 
 Fear a'nd Palenefs were fuppofed to be Gods, b and 
 , woi (hipped by Tullus HoJldius\ l when in the battle 
 between the Romans and the Vejentes it was told him, 
 that the Albans had revolted, and the Romans grew afraid 
 and pale : for in this doubtful conjecture, he vowed a 
 temple to Pallor and Pavor. 
 
 The people of Qadara k made Poverty and Art God- 
 defTes ; becaufe the firft whets the wit for the difcovery 
 of the other, 
 
 NeceJJity and Violence had their chapel upon the Aero* 
 Corinth us : but it was a crime to enter into it. 
 
 J!A. Marcel/us dedicated a chapel to Tempejlas, with- 
 out the gate of Captna^ after he had efcaped a fevere 
 tempeR in a voyage to the ifland of Sicily. 
 
 a Liv. I. 5*. Sueton. in Domit. c. 15. b xMart. I. 3. c Ap. 
 Gyrnli. d Arnobius 2. adverius Gerite? . e Plntaih . in 
 
 Qoaeii. f Beneficia funrvifcofa. De Benefices. * Cic. 3. de 
 
 Nat. e^ 2 de Leg. h Aug. de Civ, Dei 4.. * Liv. 1. j, 
 
 k Airian cpud Gyr. fynt. 4. 
 
( 3^9 ) 
 
 SECT. II. SILENCE. 
 
 Both the Romans and Egyptians worfliipped the 
 Gods and Goddelles of Silence. The Latins particu- 
 larly wo? (hipped a Anger onia and Tacit a, whofe image 
 (they fay) flood upon the altar of the Goddefs Volupia^ 
 with its mouth tied up and fealed j b becaufe they who 
 endure their cares with filence and patience, do by that 
 means procure to themfelves the greateft pleafure. 
 
 The Egyptians worfliipped Harpocrates^ as the God of 
 Silence^ c after the death of OJiris. He was the fon of 
 I/is. They offered the firft fruits of the lentils and pulfe 
 to him. They confecrated the tree perfea to him ; be- 
 caufe the leaves of it were ftiaped like a tongue, and the 
 fruit like a heart* He was painted naked, in the figure 
 of a boy, crowned with an Egyptian mitre, which ended 
 at the points as it were in two buds ; he held in his left 
 hand a horn of plenty, while a finger of his right hand 
 was upon his lip, thereby commandingyz/W^. 
 
 And therefore I fay no more; neither can I better be 
 filent, than when a God commands me to be fo. How 
 vain have I been, and troublefome to you, Palaophilus? 
 I acknowledge my fault, and fhall fay no more for 
 fhame. 
 
 P. But I muft not be filent; for, dear fir, your ex- 
 traordinary civility to me, as well as your great merit, 
 commands me at all times to fpeak and write of you 
 with honour, to exprefs my gratitude as much as I can 
 that way, if I am not fo able to do it in another. 
 
 » Macrob. Sat. Plut. in Numa. Plin. 1. 3. b Q^od, qui 
 
 fuos angores (unde Angeronia difta eft) aequo ansmo ferunt, perve- 
 niunt ad maximum voluptatem* < Epiph* 3. contra Haeiefes* 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABEONA, or Adeona, a guar- 
 dian goddefs to grown pet Tons, 
 290 
 
 ■Abjyrtus % torn to pkces by his 
 fitter Medea, 273 
 
 Achelous, turns him r elf info a fer- 
 pent, then into a bull, and is 
 conquered by Hercules, 270 
 
 Acheron, one of the infernal ri- 
 vers, :12 ' 
 
 Achilles, his birth and education ; 
 invulnerable, fave only in the 
 foot, 294 j hid by his mother to 
 prevent his going to Troy, and 
 difcovefcd by Ul'yfTes ; kills Hec- 
 tor, and is himfeif killed by Pa- 
 n's, 295 
 
 A:idalia y a title of Venus, 101 
 
 Aconitum, wolfsbane, grew fhft 
 out of the vomit of Cerberus, 
 269 
 
 Aclaon, turned into a deer by 
 Diana, and torn in pieces by his 
 own dogs, 188 
 
 Adonis, the gallant of Venus, kil- 
 led by a boar, 113$ his blcod 
 turned into the flower called A- 
 nenapiie, 1 1 4 
 
 A-iraJlaa, the fame with Neme- 
 fif, one of the gcddeffes of juf- 
 tfce, V7 5. 
 
 Ad/viptiiii, gods of lower rank 
 and ui-gnity, 6 
 
 Abacus, one of the infernal judges, 
 
 JEcafior, an oath, only ufed by 
 
 vomen, 279 
 JEdepol, an oath, uftd both by 
 
 me^i and women, 279 
 JEgeon, one of the giants, 236 
 JEgeuS) drowns himfeif in thefea, 
 
 wh'ch from him was afterward 
 
 called (he JEgbm lea, 274 
 AEgis, the mieid of Jupiter, 13 
 JEgina, debauched by Jupiter in 
 
 the mape of fire, 15 
 Aello, one of the Harpies, 242 
 Molus, the god of the winds* 147 
 JEfculanus, one of tne gods of 
 
 wealth, 311 
 JEfculap'tus , liis birth, education, 
 
 and wonderful ikll in phyfic; 
 
 he reft ores the dejd to lire, and 
 
 Jupuer, on Pluto's complaint, 
 
 (bikes him dead with thunder, 
 
 284 5 he is woj (hipped as a god 3 
 
 his lour children, 285 
 JEfon, the father of jalbn, when 
 
 very old and decrepid, reftored 
 
 to youth by Medea, 273 
 Mtciy the father of Medea, and 
 
 king of Colchis, 272 
 JEtbra, the wife of Atlas, 290 
 JEtnaus, a title of Vulcan, 141 
 Agamemnon, chofen general a- 
 
 gainft Troy, and at his return" 
 
 murdered by his wife CI y tern - 
 
 neiira, 279 
 Aganippe*^ and Aganipfddes, 
 
 common names of the Mutes, 
 
 172 - Nymphs ot Phcebu-, 201 
 Agfujftus, and Agejilaus, names 
 
 of Pluto, 225 
 Agenoria, a guardian goddefs to 
 
 adult peiibns, 259 
 Aglaia, one of the Graces, 113 
 Sgraus, a ttame of Ariilaeus, j ?$ 
 Ajax, -kills himfeif, and hisbiood 
 
 is turned into the violet, '297 
 Arus Locutius, a tutelar god to a- 
 
 dult perfbns, 261 
 Albion, a giant killed by Hercules, 
 
 270 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Alcidrs, a name of Here u lee, 265 
 Aldikoe, tur ed into a bat* 63 
 Acm-ena, deceived by Jupiter* 
 
 who transformed himfeif into 
 
 the fnape of her huflband A;i> 
 
 phytrion, 15 
 AUdiOy one of the Furies, 231 
 AkBrjon, <*:ned im&A cork, 74 
 Ajma, and Alt>ix i titles of Ceies, 
 
 163 
 Abnus f and A'umius, titles of 
 
 Jupiter, 22 
 Alofus, one of the giants that 
 
 warred a j?imt heaven, 237 
 A } ph£iiii attempts Diana, but is 
 
 diJappomted, 1 8 8 
 Amaltbaas horn, defcribed, 13, 
 
 271 
 Amazons, military women, de- 
 
 fcribtd, 2? 5 j fubdued by Her- 
 cules and Thefeus, 276 
 Am*ar;vyli#, faciifices offered to 
 
 Cere^fe/-' 
 Am l iroJia$jMvz\s in honour of 
 
 Bacchus, 61 — A daughter cf 
 
 A'lvs, 324 
 Amice, a name of Venus, 99 
 Amnwn, or Mammon, a name of 
 
 Jupiter, iS 
 Am; hitn, builds the walls of 
 
 Thebes by the rrmfic of his harp j 
 
 this table explained, 293 
 Amphymt?, the wife cf Neptune, 
 
 206 
 AttadyQmene, a name of Venus, 
 
 JOi 
 
 A ciiia, holy AVelds kept in the 
 
 temple of [ylars, 77 
 Jvdro^eda, delivered by Per feus 
 
 from a (eatiionfie 1 , 2^2 
 
 Angtr :fia 9 a tutei i\ go. kiefs to 
 
 adu't peri ns, 260 
 Angcrunia, a gudv e;s of h'ence, 
 
 3' 9 
 Ar.tceus, a g'ant overcome by 
 
 Jicicuits, 269 
 Astros, a name of Cupid, 111 
 
 Ant evert a, a tutelar goddtfs to 
 
 women in labour, 257 
 Anthia, a name of Juno, 82 
 Antiope, debauched by Jupier In 
 the fhape of a faryr, 1 5 
 Anubisy an Egyptian god with a 
 
 dog's head, 300 
 Aonidts, the Mules fo called, 171 
 Apaturia, festivals in honour of 
 Bacchus, 62 — A title of Venus, 
 ico 
 
 Avhrodah, a name of Venus, iot 
 
 Apis, a god worshipped by the 
 Egyptians in the fhape of an ox, 
 300 j a description of him, 303. 
 
 Apollo, hfs image, 2^ ; his pa- 
 rentage 28 \ place of birth, ad- 
 rmrable endowments, and me- 
 morable aclionsj 295 his feveral 
 mmes 33 5 what was meant 
 by this fable, 38 
 
 JJrachfie, turned into a fpider by 
 Minerva, 93 
 
 Ares, Mars fo called by the. 
 Greeks, 72 
 
 A'eopogus, Mars' hill fo called, 
 brcaule Mars was theje rried for 
 inceir and rrinrcfer ; capita! crimes 
 always tried there, 72 
 
 Arropagiia^ judges of the great- 
 ell integrity, 72 
 
 Arethufa, courted by Alpheus, 
 and turned into a fountain whole 
 water lhixes with the river Al- 
 pheus in Sicily, 201 
 
 Ayi<ya 9 a name of Juno, 82 
 
 Argonaut &> J axon's companions* 
 who went with him to fetch- the 
 gulden tieeee. 271 
 
 A g ntinm > a goi of wraith, 31X 
 
 Argus 9 fent by Juno to keep Io, 
 So 5 i killed by Mercury, .and 
 turned by J tino in, 6 a peacock, 8 1 
 
 A i'dne, in love win lh kus, 
 and. af'eiw^d* marked to Bac- 
 chus, Hy a horn- her crown was 
 mare a contteliaiton, 275 
 
 ?5 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Atio??, an admirable muflcian, caft 
 into the lea, and carried fafe to 
 land by a dolphin, 293 
 A* ifitfit!) a rural god, 185 
 A*mata, a title ot Venus, 100 
 Art, worfhipped as a goddefs, 318 
 A'calaphus, turned into an owl, 
 
 Afeclifi, games in honour of Bac- 
 chus, 62 
 
 Afiarte, a title of Venus, ico 
 
 Afleria, ravifbed and carried away 
 by Jup ; ter, in the fliape of an 
 eagle, 3 6 
 
 Ajhrope, a 'daughter of Adas, 
 290 
 
 Aft r act) the pi i .eels of juflice, 
 174, 306 
 
 Atalanta and H ppomenes, un- 
 i ltunaie lovers, their ftory, 107 
 
 Aphonias, minders his fon Lear- 
 chus, 213 
 
 Aihentiy a n .me of Minerva, 90 
 
 A ias 7 fu (fains the heavens on his 
 jmouU'eis, 2S9 ; is turned in*tp a 
 flor'e by Pcifeus ; his children j 
 the meaning of this fable, 290 
 
 Ar< us, kills and feeds upon his 
 wife's childs en, 240 
 
 Atr'pos, one of the Fates, 231 
 
 A }S, Attes, or At.i'its, a favou- 
 rs of Cyhele, errafculates hirri- 
 feK and is turned into a pine, 
 158 
 
 AtjS, the fon of Ooefu?, born 
 dumb, and gains his fpeech by a 
 fright, 138 
 
 Avnn< s t a lake on the borders 
 of hell, 220 
 
 A vi¥\ uncus, a tutelar god to a- 
 club bei f< ns, 261 
 
 Atfg#d*) his liable contain? three 
 thciiKuid oxen, and is e'eanfed 
 in one day by Hercules, 268 
 
 /iqj'fiu; or, -a. title of IViapus, 1 84 
 A-i a&i a title of Fortune, 3 1 6 
 Aurora, ha description, and de- 
 
 fcent, 120; carries Cephalus 
 and Tithonus into heaven, 121 
 AutoljcuSy a notorious thief, 193 
 
 B. 
 
 Baal, a name of Jupiter, 18 
 
 Babylon, the walls of it, one of 
 the feven wonders of the world, 
 42 
 
 Bacchanalia, feftivals in honour 
 of Bacchus, 63 
 
 Baccha, prieftefTes of Bacchus, 
 61 ; nymphs of Bacchus, 201 
 
 Bacchus, his image, 52 ; his birth, 
 53 ; his feveral names, 55 5 his 
 exploits, 59 ; the facrifkes of- 
 fered to him, 60 ; the hiftorical 
 meaning of this fable, 64 $ the 
 moral ienfe of it, 66 
 
 Balms, one of rhe horfes of A- 
 chiiles, 242 
 
 Barbata, a title of Venus, 100 j 
 and of Fortune, 3, i 7 
 
 BaJJarides, nymphs of Bacchus, 
 201 
 
 Bati us, turned by Mercury into a 
 ftone called Index, 51 
 
 Bcel, Bceiphego*, Beelzebub, Bel- 
 scemeti) names of Jupiter, 18 
 
 BelidiS, the fifty daughters of Da- 
 naus, who killtd their hufbands- 
 on the wedding- night, 239 ; the 
 punifhment they futfer for it in 
 hell, 240 
 
 B idler ophon, his admirable chaf- 
 tity expofes him to many dan- 
 gers ; he catthes Pegalus, and 
 on his back < ; efiio}s the Chime- 
 ra, for which Jobases gives him 
 his daughter' in marriage j this 
 fuccefs makes him vain and in- 
 foment, for which Jupiter ilrikes 
 him with madnefs, 283 
 
 Belter* phen's letters, thofe which 
 any man carries tcw4iis own pre- 
 judice, 283 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Belkrus, king of Corinth, killed 
 
 by Bellerophon, 282 
 BelLca, a pillar before the temple 
 of Bellona, over which the he- 
 rald threw a fpear when he pro- 
 claimed war, 71 
 Bellona, rhe goddefs of war, 70 
 Bellonariii prieft? or Beiiona, 70 
 Belus, king of Affyria, the fir ft to 
 wlu»m an idol was iet up and 
 worfhipped, 3 — A name of Ju- 
 piter, 18 
 Beneficium, accounted a dcfjty, 261 
 Berecynikia, a title of Cybele, 154. 
 Bergion, a giant llam by Her- 
 cules, 270 
 B.biis, fails in love w'th her bro- 
 ther Caunus pines away for 
 grief, and is turned into a foun- 
 tain, <p 
 Bicefi, and Btfrons, names of Ja- 
 nus. 134 
 Biformis, and Bmater, names of 
 
 B.cchus, 56 
 Beared Erjmanihus, tamed by 
 
 He cults, 267 
 Bo r ma, courted by Apollo, 31 ; 
 drown* btrfetf, but i> afterward 
 made irmnuita!, 32 
 Bona., a title of Fortune, 316 
 Bona D a, a title of Cybeie, 155 
 Bows Damon, 0% Genius, a title 
 
 of Pn -pus 185 
 Bot.us Genius, worshipped as a 
 
 god, 350 
 Br^areus, one of the giants, 2-17 
 Br -vis, a title of F rune, 5*7 
 Br mo, a name of Hecate, or Dia- 
 na, 1 92 
 Bri au , and Bromius, Dames of 
 
 B icchus, 56 
 B 1 omartu, made a goddefs by 
 
 Diantn, 192 
 B':niutGS, a litle of Jupiter, 13 
 B U'»a, a name of .Bacchus, 6^ 
 BrunuAia, fe (rivals in honour of 
 Bacchus, 6a 
 
 BuSofiiS) a name of Hecate, or 
 Diana, 192 
 
 Bubona, a deity preuding over 
 oxen, 204. 
 
 B ge.es, a name of Bacchus, 56 
 
 Bull, of a great fjze, tamed by Her- 
 cules, 268 
 
 Bulla, a golden ornament worn 
 about the necks of the Roman 
 youths, 25 1 
 
 Bw.aa, a name of Juno 9-z 
 
 Buj]ru, a tyrant that offered hu- 
 man iacnficcs to his father Nep- 
 tune, facrificed by Hercuies, 
 269 
 
 Cahiriy or Caberi, priefts of Cy- 
 beie, 160 
 
 Cabalinus Tons, the horfe-foun- 
 tain, 2S2 
 
 Cacus, a fon of Vulcan, and a 
 m_'(t notorious robber, 1435 
 killed by Hercules. 143, 270 
 
 Cadmus banifhed, buil.>s the city 
 of Thebes, and fows the teetn of 
 a frpent in \ke ground trom 
 which armed men fpr-ng nn, 16 5.. 
 he and his wife Hrsm-ne are-r 
 turned into lei pent;-, 1 7 ^ the- 
 meanmgot this fable, ij 
 
 Caduceur, the wand of Mercuryy 
 
 Caca, a title of Fortune, 317 
 Caculus, a robber, Vqicapi's on, 
 
 144 
 
 Ca*u, a woman that turned her- • 
 i ir intvj a man 21* 
 
 Cai '-f^iaris, ana Caprotina, names 
 of Juno, 82 
 
 Galifio, debauched bv Jupiter un- 
 der the (hape of Diana, turned" 
 into a hear, and iua.it: a cqwliel- 
 lation, 1 5. 
 
 Cailiopc, one of the Mules; 169. 
 
 Calumny, worshipped as 3 god*- 
 dels, Vi 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Cal^va, a title of Venus, ioo 
 
 Cambyfes, wounds Apis with his 
 fword, 303 
 
 Camilius, Cafmilfus, or Cadmil- 
 ius, a name of Mercury, 48 
 
 Camiliy and Camilla?, ail hoys 
 and girls under age fa called, 48 
 
 Cami-tna, a tutelar goddefs to 
 young perfcns, 291 
 
 Canephjria, facri rices offered to 
 Bacchus, or Dinna, 61 
 
 Canes, a name of the Furies, 231 
 
 CanopuSy an Egyptian god, fights 
 with Ignis, a god of the Chal- 
 deans, and vanqu'fhes him, 214 
 
 Cantbarusy the name of Silenus' 
 jug, 182 
 
 CapitoIiiiUSy a title of Jupiter, 18 
 
 Cardua, a domeftic goddefs, 248 
 
 Carmenta, the fame with The- 
 mis, 173 — Another, a famous 
 prophetefs of Rome, 174 5 and 
 a tutelar goddefs to infants, 258 
 
 Camay ox Caniea, a tutelar god- 
 defs to infants, 259 
 
 Cajfiope, or CaJJiopeia, made a 
 confteliation. 2^3 
 
 CafialidtSy the Mufes fo called, 
 1.72 
 
 Cafior and Pollux, twins, their 
 birth, 277 ; their actions ; they 
 tore immortality between them ; 
 sue made the conftellation Ge- 
 mini, 278 
 
 CatiuSy a tutelar god to adult per- 
 fcns, 261 
 
 Cek&ta, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
 
 CeltfiQy one of the Harpies, 242 
 
 Celefial Gods, thole or the high- 
 err, dignity, 6 
 
 Ceiffiial Nymphs, their offices, 
 199 
 
 Centaurs, half men and half 
 horfes, 24> j overcome by The- 
 feus, 275 
 
 Centipeda, a title of Jupiter, 22 
 
 Cepbalus, carried into heaven by 
 Auicra, who fends him back to 
 
 his wife Procris, and he kills 
 her unawares, 121 
 
 Ceraunius, a title of Jupiter, 20 
 
 Cerberus, a dog with three hea is, 
 223 ; conquered and brought . 
 up from hell by Hercules, iG% 
 
 Cerecdia, faenfiecs offered to Ce- 
 res, 166 
 
 Ctre%, her image, 760 5 the ufe- 
 ful arts (lie taught men, 162 $ 
 the facrifices to her honour, 166 
 
 Chalcea, festivals in honour of 
 Vulcan, 141 
 
 Charities, the three Graces, 1 1 3 
 
 Chary bdif, a ravenous wonun 
 turned into a guif, 21-7$ the 
 meaning of this fable, 2 1 8 
 
 Charon, the ferryman of hell, 
 221 
 
 Chajliiy, worfhipped as a goddefs, 
 307 
 
 Chiwara, a ftrange monfter, kil- 
 led by Beilerophon, 245, 283 ; 
 the meaning of this fable, 283 
 
 Chhne, has twins by Apollo and 
 Mercury 5 contemns Dian «'s 
 beauty, and is therefore (hot 
 through the tongue, 19: 
 
 Chiron, a centaur, his excellent 
 /kill in phyfic, and teaches the 
 art to ./Efcuhpius j appointed 
 tutor to Achiiles, and initrucls 
 Hercules in agronomy ; wound- 
 ed by one or Hercules'" arrows, 
 and made the compilation Sa- 
 gittarius, 2 So 
 
 Chlorisy married to Zephyrus, 
 196 
 
 Cinxia,^ name of Juno., 83 
 
 du€y ik famous forceteis, banim- 
 ed for poifonirig Ivv hu(bamJ 5 
 falls in love with Glaucus, and 
 turns her rival Scylla into a fea- 
 monlter ; entertains UlyflTes, and 
 tu» ns ins companions into hearts, 
 bui reports them to their former 
 /bapes, 45,5 the meaning of this 
 fable, 4.5 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Cbheridef, or Cuhiriades, the 
 
 Mules fo called, 171 
 Ci'h-ronia, a name of Juno, 82 
 CL'rviger, a title of Jam*?, 135 
 
 ;r,, vvorihipped as a god- 
 
 dds, 3-7 
 C/0, one of the Mufes, 169 
 CI tbo, one of the Fat^s, 2:0 
 Clowns of Lvcia, turned into 
 
 fiogs by Latona, 1 19 
 Cluacna^ a name of Vtfius, ioo 
 Cut/ms, or Clau/ius, a name of 
 • Janus, 1 37 
 Cl, : .emnrfira. kills her hufband 
 
 Agamemnon, and is killed by 
 
 her fon Oreftes; 279 
 Cljtu 7 turned into a lunfiower, 32 
 Clyfsr'is, defkmred by Jupiter in 
 
 the fit ape of an ant 15 
 Coc\tu-^ one of the infernal rivers, 
 
 222 
 CoUirtHy the goddefs of the hills, 
 
 2 04 
 
 Coioffus of Rhodes'* one of the fe- 
 
 ven won:! 'ES of the world, 4.1 
 Ctf/w/) /#.'/ HComti a iia.oxCom- 
 
 fiialia, gam=s in honour-of the_ 
 
 domeftic go s, 250 
 C;m[iic,s, d imeH c gods, 549 
 Concord t wcrfhij ped.as a go idefs, 
 
 347 ; x 
 
 Confutes t mperior gods, 6 — Do- 
 mett c god-, 2^9 
 C ,1 f'^acr- 1 :it:e of Jupiter, 13 
 C'jiferuaix-.Xi a title of Fortune, 
 
 3,7 
 Coajvalia, games in honour of 
 
 Nep'une, 2.^9 
 
 Co-ifu. ( y anmvof Sep^une. 209— 
 A tutelar goddefs to adult* per - 
 fons 161 
 
 Con.ume'y> wo fnippd as a god- 
 del ,313 
 
 Cor ?ns 9 a daughter of Alas, 
 290 
 
 C\r;^iru the fame with the Tri- 
 in the tempte < f A olio, 36 
 
 Corybantes, prietts of Cj btle, j 59 
 
 Croma, feftlvals in honour of Sa« 
 
 turn, 129 
 Cvnia, a tutelar goddefs to mfanls, 
 
 Cu; id, his decent ; two different 
 C lipids mentioned by the poets, 
 in ; h : s m'ghty power 112 
 
 Cure'ts* piiejtsof Cybele, 159 
 
 Cur it} gi Lvmtifi a name ot Ju- 
 no. 83 
 
 Crjls, a lire of Jupiter, 19 
 
 Cybelt) her image, 153 j her 
 name?, 1 54 ^ her Jacnfices, 
 158; her prielts, i 59 
 
 Ceops, the iervams of Vn!can> 
 142 5 rjeiiroyed by Apollo, 30 
 
 GpJUnius, or Cylliu^ a name cf 
 Mercury, 52 
 
 C\K:tius< a title of Apollo, 34 
 
 CjporijjuSy a beautiful y.uh 
 turned into a cypreis-t ee, 37, 
 3S0 
 
 C p is , Cy p t\g , C • /> r og £ /, ?£ r Cr- 
 iter is, and Cythtrea^ names of 
 Venus, 100 
 
 Cyry£ polace, one of the feven 
 wonders of the world, 43 
 
 D. 
 
 Ddrdahts § a famous artificer, his 
 ■ -ntions 5 is /hut up m a !a« 
 bymth, but fljes out of it with 
 artificial wings, 46 
 
 D demon Bonus , a name of Bac- 
 chus, 56 
 
 Doiiae. corrupted by Jupiter, kl 
 the form of a gulden &ow<er, 
 34, 28 1 ; btiovrd by king Po- 
 lydecles, who educates her fen 
 Perfeus* 28 r 
 
 Dann:de! y the fifty daughters of 
 Danaus, who killed their huf- 
 bands on the wedding nsgbt, 
 ^39 
 
 Daphne, turned : n'<* a laurel, 31 
 
 Da hyrhii a title of V.nus, ico 
 
 Da' by a goddcl's not Wviihipp-d, 
 *33 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Decima, one of the Fates 231 
 
 Dtianira, the wife of Hercules, 
 occafions his death, 271 
 
 Delius, Delphicus, and Delphinius, 
 names of Apollo, 34 
 
 Delos, at fir It a woman, then a 
 floating ifiandj afterward a fixed 
 one called alio Ortygia, 117 
 
 Defpoina, a title of Proferpine, 
 227 
 
 Deucalion, king of ThefFaiy, re- 
 flores the race of mankind de- 
 ftroyed by a deluge, 288; the 
 meaning of this fable, 289 
 
 Veverra, a .tutelar goddefs to 
 breeding women, 256 
 
 Diana, her image, 187 5 the fame 
 with the Moon 5 188 ; her names 
 and offices, 1 29 5 her temple at 
 Ephefus, one of the Cevtn won- 
 ders of the world, 42 — One of 
 the nuptial goddefles, 255 —.A 
 tutelar gcddeis to women in 
 labour, 257 
 
 Diana 1 'auric a , a goddefs to 
 whom men and women were of- 
 fered in facrifice, 280 
 
 Diclynna, a name of Diana, 192 
 
 Didymaus, a name of Apollo, 
 
 Dtejfittr, a name of Jupiter, 21 
 Dii Confetti es 9 luperior deities, 6 
 DH Minor urn Gentium, fubordi- 
 
 nate deities, 6, 2? r 8 
 Dii Indigetes and Adfcriptitii, 
 
 gods thai once were men, 263 
 D'wdymene, or Dindjme, a name 
 
 of Cylxle, 1 54 
 Dlomedes, a tyrant of Thrace, 
 
 fubdued by Hercules, and given 
 
 for food to his hones, 2 / >8 
 Donyfia, feltivajs in honour of 
 
 Bacchus, 63 
 Dionyfius, Dicnyfi'Sy and Ditby- 
 
 rambus 9 names ot Bacchus, 56, 
 
 57 
 Di'te, a nam'' of the Furies, 231 
 Disj, a mme of Pluto, ia + 
 
 Difcordy worfhipped as a goddefs, 
 
 Dodona's grove, defcribed, 19 
 Dodonaus, a name of Jupiter, 19 
 Dolius, a name of Mercuty, 52 
 Dymiducus, and Domitius 9 nup- 
 tial gods, 255 
 Domina 9 a title of Proferpine, 
 
 227 
 Doris, a nymph of the fea, 200 
 Dreams, by what ways they are 
 
 conveyed to men, 234 
 Druida, prietts among the Gauls, 
 
 200 
 D>yades 9 nymphs of the woods, 
 
 500 
 Duellona y a name of Beliona, 70 
 
 E, 
 
 Echo, debauched by Pan, 179; 
 pires away for love of Natciflfus, 
 and her bones turned into ifones, 
 202 
 Educa, or Edufa 9 a tutelar god- 
 dels to infants, 259 
 Egeria, a title of Juno, 84 — A 
 tutelar goddefs to women in la- 
 bour, 257 
 Eleclra, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
 FJicius, a name of Jupi.er, 19 
 El us, Elehus, and Eleutberios, 
 
 names of Bacchus, 57, 58 
 Eloiaes, nymphs of Bacchus, 201 
 Eievfinia, a name of Ceres ; fa- 
 crihees to Ceres, and to Profer- 
 pine, 166 
 Ely/mm, defcribed, 246 
 Empuja', Gorgon s,. delcribed, 242 
 Enaymioti, a gallant to Luna, 191 
 Envy, worihspped as a goddefs, 
 
 312 
 Ey alius, a title of Mars, 73 
 Epk ales, one of the giants, 237 
 Epitenad) (acn rices offered to 
 
 Bacchus, 61 
 Ej>iftro[Jjia t a name of Venus, 
 
 103 
 Eqxefris, a title of Fortune, 317 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Erato, one of the mufes, 170 
 Ergatis, a name of Minerva, 91 
 Erichtbonius, Erichtheus, or E- 
 richtbonicus, a fon of Vulcan, 
 and the inventor of chariots, 141 
 Erinnys, a name of the Furies, 
 
 232 
 Ertf.chtbon, punifhed with perpe- 
 tual hunger, fo that he devours 
 his own flefti, 165 
 Eros, a name of Cupid, tii 
 Erycina, a name of Venus, 101 
 Eteocles and Polynices, brothers 
 that hated and killed each other j 
 on the fame funeral pile burnt, 
 and the fiame divides, 245 
 Eudora, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
 E-vius, Evous, Evan, and Eu- 
 
 cbius, names of Bacchus, 57 
 Eumenidcs, a name of the Furies, 
 
 231 
 Euphrojyne, one of the Graces, 
 
 1,3 
 Europa, carried away by Jupiter 
 
 in the fbape of a bull, 16 
 Euryale, one of the Gorgons, 
 
 242 
 Euterpe, or Euterpta, one of the 
 
 Mufes, 170 
 
 F. 
 Fabaria, the calends of June, 
 
 259 
 Fabulinus, a tutelar goddefs to 
 
 infants, 259 
 Faith, wormipped as a goddefs, 
 
 305 
 Fame, worfhipped as a goddefs, 
 
 3I 5 
 fafcelis, a title of Diana Tauri- 
 
 ca, 280 
 Fafcinum, a name of Priapus, 185 
 Fates, a defctipnon of the three, 
 
 230 j their offices, 231 
 Fatv.a, and Fauna, names of 
 
 Cybeie, 155 
 Fauns, nearly the fame as fatyrs, 
 
 rural gods, i S3 
 
 Famus, or Fatuellus, the hufbanc! 
 
 of Fauna, or Faiuella, both 
 
 were Ikilled in prophecy, 183 
 Fear, worfhipped as a god, 318 
 Fever, worfhipped as a goddefs, 
 
 3 r8 
 Februus, a name of Pluto, 225 
 Februa, facrifkes of purgation, 
 
 84, 225 — One of the nuptial 
 
 goddefTes, 256 
 Februahs, Februaia, and Februa , 
 
 or Februla, titles of Juno, 84. 
 Fer cuius, a domefh'c god, 248 
 Feretrius, a name of Jupiter, 19 
 Feronla, 2l goddefs of the woods, 
 
 197 
 Ferula, the walkingftafF of Sile* 
 
 nus, 182 
 Feffonia, a tutelar goddefs to a* 
 
 dult perfons, 260 
 F.delity, worfhipped as a goddefs* 
 
 310 
 Flamen Pomonalis, a prieft that 
 
 only ferves Pomona, 198 
 Flora, the goddefs of flowers, 
 
 196 — One of the goddeffes of 
 
 corn, 205 
 Florales, or Floralia, feafts in 
 
 honour of Flora, 196 
 Fluonia, a title of Juno, 84 
 Flwviales, nymphs of the rivers, 
 
 100 
 Fans CabaUinus, the Mufes 1 foun- 
 tain, 282 
 Fornax, a goddefs of corn, 206 
 Fortune, wormipped as a goddefs, 
 
 316 
 Fors, or Fort is, a title of Fortune, 
 
 317 
 Fraud, worfhipped as a goddefs, 
 
 Fulminator, and Fulgens, names 
 of Jupiter, 20, 23 
 
 Funeral Deities, 262 
 
 Furies, a deicriptton of the three, 
 231; their office, 232 j what 
 is meant by this fable, 231 
 
 Fury, worfhipped as a goddefs, 3 14 
 
INDEX, 
 
 GalantliSy turned in<o a weafel, 
 
 G ataxia, the milky-way in the 
 heavens, why Co called, 4.7, 
 
 Gtf/#, the pnefls of Cybele, their 
 mad behaviour, 154; the fea Ion 
 of their na&e, and their offices, 
 
 *|7> 159 
 
 Ganymede, carried from Mount 
 Ida to heaven by Jupiter, in the 
 ■inapt of an eagle, 1 5 
 
 Gates, m the palace of Somnus, 
 through which falfe and true 
 viiions came to mankind, 233, 
 
 Gemi 1, one of the conciliations 
 in heaven, the lame with Caftor 
 and Pollux, 27 8 
 
 Geniior, a name of Jupuer, 20 
 
 Genii, the guardian angels of men, 
 ibmetimes the fame with the La- 
 res, and with the Daemons, 
 252; tbdr images, and the la-, 
 crirkes offered to them, 253 j 
 their office^ 254 
 
 Geryort, a monfter with three bo- 
 dies, 243 ; overcome by Hercu- 
 les, 268 
 
 Giants, 1 heir defc ent, 2355 en- 
 deavour to depofe Jupiter, but 
 are dettroyed by him, 236 
 
 Gfaucopis,' a name of Minerva, 
 94 
 
 Giaucus, a fiflierman, made a fea 
 £><*, 213 
 
 Gnoffis, a tit 1 3 of Anadne, 275 
 
 Golden Age, defcribed, 127 
 
 Golden lieece, defcribed, 272 
 
 Gorgons] their names and delcrsp- 
 tion, 242 
 
 Graces, three fitters, their defcent 
 and dcfcription, 113 
 
 Grace tup, tilled with wine and 
 water, and drank off to the Bo- 
 nus Genius, 31 1 
 
 Gradivas, a title of Mars, 73 
 
 Gragus, and Grapfias, names of 
 
 Jupiter, 20 
 Greek Let ters 9 by whom invented, 
 
 17 
 
 H. 
 
 Hides, a nnme of Pluto, 225 
 Hares Marlia, a tutelar godJefs 
 
 to adult ptrlons, 261 
 Halcjone, a daughter of Aths, 
 
 290 
 Hamadryades, nymphs of the 
 
 wood?, 200 
 Hartie^, their names and defcrip- 
 
 T; on, 24.2 
 Hurpocra'es, the god of filence, 
 
 Health, wortmpped as a goddefs, 
 
 2.IQ 
 Hebe, the goddefs of youth, her 
 
 birth 5 made cupbearer lojapi- 
 - ter 5 but for an unlucky fall is 
 
 turned out of her office, 8 8 
 Hecatr, why Duma was called by 
 
 this name, 189. 191 
 Helena, the mud beautifij virgin 1 
 
 in the wo hi, runs away with 
 
 Paris j af r bis .ieadi manits 
 
 his brother Deiphobus, and then 
 
 betrays him to Mtnelaus, 310 
 HUcon, the MuC-s' mount, zt? 4 
 H licotiides, or Heilconiades, the 
 
 Mules, 10 called, 171 
 HH, defcribed, 21 9 
 II. lie, drowned in ihtt fea which- 
 
 from her s fmce called the Bel- 
 
 lefpont, 272 
 Hllefyoniiacus, a tide cf Pria- 
 
 pus, 184 
 Hraia, facrifices offered to Juno,, 
 
 82 
 Hircules, h's birth, 264; his 
 
 names, 265 ; his labour^ a66 ; 
 
 hi* deadi 271 
 Hercule, H rele, or H rcules, an, 
 
 oath, tiiken onl) hy men, 279 
 H'-rma, (tames of Me. cm v fet up. 
 
 fcr the direction ol travellers, 5.1 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Htrmaphroditus and Salmads, 
 made inro one perfon, called a 
 Hermarhrodre, 50 
 
 Htrmathtna, images ufed among 
 the Romans, 52 
 
 J/ rmesy a name of Mercury. 48 
 
 Mermione, a tutelar deity, 74 — 
 The daughter of Meneiaus, pro- 
 m trd to Oreftes, but married to 
 Pynhus, 279 
 
 Hfinne, the daughter of k : ng 
 Laonudon, delivered from a fea- 
 montter by Hercules, 270 
 
 Helper, or Hefperugo, ihe evening 
 ftar, 292 
 
 He perns, the brother of Atlas, 
 turned into a ftar, 292 
 
 Hrfp rides, the three daughters of 
 Hefperus, in whole garden were 
 golden apples, guarded by a 
 dragon, which Hercules kills, 
 and takes away the fruit, 268, 
 292 
 
 Hind, with brazen feet and golden 
 horns, hunted and caught by 
 Hercules, 267 
 
 Hippiu-, and Hipp:dromus, names 
 of Neptune, 209 
 
 Hippocamii,* the horf-s of Nep- 
 tune's chariot, 209 
 
 Hippocrtne, the Mules' fountain, 
 282 
 
 fiippecretiides, the Mutes fo call- 
 ed, 171 
 
 Hippdjte, queen of the Amazons, 
 married to Thefeus, 276 
 
 Hppolytus, the fon of Theihis, 
 his exemplary chaftity ; h killed 
 by a fall from his chariot, and 
 reftored to life by /Efcolapius, 
 276 
 
 Hippomcnes and A'alana, unfor- 
 tunate lovers, their Itoiy, 107 
 
 Hppna, a goddefs prefixing over 
 horf -s and tables, 204 
 
 Hifonus, the firit name of Bel- 
 
 Icroplion, 282 
 
 Hippotades, a name of JEolm 9 
 
 '47 
 "HiifypliU, queen of Lemnos, has 
 
 twins by Jafbn, 272 
 Hb'cus, the reputed father of Ori- 
 
 < n. 208 
 Horn -ynus, a name of Jupiter, 
 
 20 
 Honor ius, a tutelar god to adult 
 
 persons, 261 
 Honour, woiihipped as a god, 
 
 305 
 Hopt, found at the bottom of 
 
 Pandora'' s hoy, 142, 287, 306 5 
 
 wcrfhipped as a goddel?, 306 
 Hopiqfmia, a title of Juno, 84 
 H phfmius, a title of Jupiter, 84, 
 H ra, ci H;rta, a tutelar goddefs 
 
 to acfujt unions, 2 A o 
 Hora, or fours, their defcent and 
 
 offices, 41 
 Horte Jis y a f ltle of Venqs, 101 
 forus, a name of the Sun, 40 
 H r 'Jt i'tna, a goddef- of corn, 205 
 Hyacinihus, killed by Apollo with 
 
 a quoit, 30 
 Hyatttsjfevwn of VJas* daughters, 
 
 290 ; why they weie called by 
 
 this name, 291 
 Hjas, the ion of Atlas, devoured 
 
 by a lion, 291 
 Hydra, a mor.ftrcus ferment, kill- 
 ed by Hercule?, 267 
 Hy^itta, or ianitas, a daughter 
 
 of iSlcutap'us. 2S5 
 Hjas, a favourite of Hercules, 
 
 ? ^o 
 Hmenaus, the god of marriage* 
 
 1 11 
 
 I. 
 lacchus, a name of Bacchus, 57 
 %ani, a place at Rome, where 
 
 ufurers met, 1 34 
 Janitor, a title of Janus, 135 
 lantbe, the wife of Jphis, 302 
 Janus, his image, 1 3 3 \ his names 
 
INDEX. 
 
 arid anions, 1345 in all facilfi- 
 ces, prayers are fir ft offered to 
 him, 136; his temple open in 
 time pf war, but (hut in nme of 
 peace, 137 ; the meaning of this 
 fable, 139 — A tutelar god to 
 new-born infants, 258 
 
 Jafo, a daughter of iEfcuIapius, 
 285 
 
 Jajon, makes an expedition to 
 fetch the golden fleece, and de- 
 bauches the queen of Lemnos, 
 272 j gains the fleece by the af- 
 fitlance of Medea, whom he 
 marries, but afterward forfakes 
 her, arjd marries Creufa, 273 
 
 Icarus, flies with artificial wings, 
 but the fun melts them, fo that 
 be falls into the fea, and is 
 drowned, 46 
 
 Ida a Mater, a name of Cybele, 
 
 *«? 
 
 Jdai DaByll, priefts cf Cybele, 
 
 160 
 Idalia,. a name of Venus, 101 
 Idolatry, whence it had its rife, 
 
 a 5 where it was firfr. exerciied, 
 
 Ignis, a gcd of the Chaldeans, 
 fights with the Egyptian god 
 Canopus, and is vanquished, 
 214. 
 
 hr.perator, a name of Jupiter, 20 
 
 Impudence, worshipped as a god- 
 defs, 313 
 
 Jnachis, a name of Ifis, 301 
 
 Incubus, and Inuus, names of Pan, 
 176 
 
 Indigetes, gods of an inferior rank, 
 and dignity, 7 
 
 Jno, a fea goddefs, 213— A nup- 
 tial goddefs, .256 
 
 Inter cidona, a tutelar goddefs to 
 breeding women, 256 
 
 Jnterduca, a title of Juno, 84 
 
 Jo, Jupiter's intrigue with her, 
 and by him turned into a cow, 
 So j after her death worfhipped 
 
 by the Egyptians, and called lG$ r 
 81, 300 
 
 I laus, affifts Hercules, for which, 
 when become eld, he is reftored 
 to youth again, 267 
 
 hie, beloved by Heicules 271 
 
 Iphiclus, twin brother to Hercules, 
 264 
 
 Iphigenia, carried to be facrificed 
 to Diana Taurica, but is f pared, 
 and made her pneftefs, 2$p 
 
 Iph'is, a beautiful virgin, turned 
 into a man, 301 5 marries Ian- 
 the, 302 
 
 Iris, the fervant of Juno, her pa- 
 rentage and oMices, 785 never 
 fent but to promote frrife and 
 diffention, 79 
 
 lringes, the daughter of Pan, 179 
 
 lfis, a goddefs worfhipped by the 
 Egyptians, 81, 301 
 
 Judges of hell, their names and 
 characters, 234 
 
 Juga, a title of Juno, 84 
 
 Jugat'wus, a nuptial god, 255 
 
 Juno, violated by Jupiter in the 
 ihape of a crow, 14 -, her image, 
 and parentage,, 7 8 ; her children, 
 and,, difpofuicn, 80 5 her feveral 
 names, 82 the ngnification of 
 this fable, 86 
 
 Juno In] em a, a name of Profer- 
 pine, 227 
 
 Juno Lucina, a tutelar goddefs 
 to women in labour, 257 
 
 Juno Perfet'ta, or Adulta, a nup- 
 tial goddefs, 255 
 
 Junones, the guardian, angels of 
 women, 86 
 
 Junonius, a title of Janus, 135 
 
 Jupiter, many of them, and of 
 different parentage, but the moll 
 famous thefon of Satgrn j where 
 born, and by whom educated, 
 125 his image, 105 his war 
 with the giants, 13; his fhame r 
 ful debaucheries, 145 his names, 
 i8j his. itatue at Olympia, one 
 
INDEX. 
 
 «f the. feven wonders of the 
 world, 42 ; the fignification of 
 this fable, 24- 
 
 Jttfittr Sccundus, a name of 
 Neptune, 226 
 
 Jupiter Tertius, Inftrnus, Sygius 9 
 names of Fluta, 26 
 
 Jupiter Perftflus, or Adultus, a 
 nupuai god 255 
 
 Jujiice, woifliipped as a goddefs, 
 306 
 
 Juvenilis, or Jwventas, a tutelar 
 goddefs to youths, ^59 
 
 Ixion, kills his filter Z38 5 at- 
 tempts to ravifli Juno, and begets 
 the Centaurs j his punilhment 
 in hell, 239 
 
 Labynnfby made by Daedalus, 45 
 Lachefis, one of the Fates, 431 
 Lacima, a title or Juno, 84 
 La3ura 9 01* Laclucina, a goddefs 
 
 of corn. 205 
 Lamitr, Gorgons, defcribed, 242 
 Laom< don, king of Troy, breaks 
 
 the promife he had made, for 
 
 which Hercules deihoys Troy, 
 
 270 
 Lojis % or LapideuSy a title of Ju- 
 
 p'tei, 20 
 Lares, domeftic god?, worfhipped 
 
 in the roads ar.d ftreets, 250 
 Larorium, the place where the 
 
 Lares wtre worshipped, 251 
 Later anus, a domett ic god, 254 
 Latialis, a title of Jupiter, 20 
 Lai,m, and Latini, Italy and 
 
 Italians, (b called, 126 
 hato ia y devoured by Jupiter, and 
 
 has Apollo and Diana by him, 
 
 117; pun? flies Niobe, for her 
 
 pride, 1 1 8 j turns the clowns of 
 
 Lycia into frogs, 119 
 laverna, the goddefs of thieves, 
 
 261 
 Lautia, a name for prefents made 
 
 to ftrangers, 24 
 
 Learchut, killed by his father A- 
 
 thamas, 213 
 Leda, abufed by Jupiter in the 
 fliape of a fwan, 15 ; the chil- 
 dren (he had by him, 277 
 Lenausy a name of Bacchus, 58 
 —The month of January fo cal« 
 Jed, 62 
 Lethe, a river of hell, 247 
 Levana y a tutelar goddefs to new- 
 born infants, 25 8 
 Leucofwy one of the Syrens, 215 
 Leucotbeay the fame with Ino, 
 
 213, 256 
 Leueoihoe, buried alive for her in- 
 continence, and turned into a 
 tree, bearing frankincenfe, 32 
 Liber,* and Liber Pater y names, 
 of Bacchus, 58 
 Libera* a name of Proferpine, 
 
 227 
 Liberty, worshipped as a goddefs, 
 
 310 
 Libitina, the goddefs of funerals 5 
 alfo a name for the grave itfeif, 
 2*2 
 Lihiiina-'ii, officers that buried 
 
 the dead, 262 
 Lig&a, one of the Syrens, 215 
 Limnades, nymphs of the lakes 
 
 and ponds, 200 
 
 Limomades, nymphs of the mea- 
 dows and fields, 200 
 Linigera, a title of Ifis, 301 
 LijTo, by fome accounted a fourth 
 
 Fury, 232 
 Lucetius, a title of Jup : ter, 21 
 Lucifer, the morning ftar, 29a 
 Lucilia, a title of Juno, 84 
 Lucina % a name orjuno, 84 ; and 
 
 of Diana, 192 
 Lunciy why Diana was called by 
 
 this name, 189, 190 
 Lupercusy a name of Pan, 176 
 Lupercalia, feftivals in honour of 
 
 Pan, 177 
 Luperciy the priefts of Pan, 177 
 Ljceus, a name of Bacchus, £$ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Lycaon, king of Arcadia, turned 
 
 into y wolf for his inonftrous im- 
 
 pier*, 14. 
 JLyctus, a name of Bacchus, 58 5 
 
 ami of Pan, 176 
 Lycum coixnsy turned into frogs 
 
 by La ton a, 119 
 Lycurgus, cuts cff his own legs, 
 
 €4. 
 Lygdus, the father of Jphis, 301 
 
 M. 
 
 Manades, female companions of 
 
 Bacchus, 55 
 Macbaon, a fon or .^Bfculapius, 
 
 Maia, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
 Mala y a title of Fortune, 316 
 Mammofa, a title of Ceres, 163 j 
 
 and of Fortune, 3 (7 
 Manageneta, a tutelar goddefs to 
 
 women in labour, 258 
 Manes, the fame with Genii, 254 
 Mantuma .anu pt '13 1 god 1 1 e fs , 2 5 5 
 Marina, a name of Venus, 101 
 Marine Gods, 207 
 Marine Nymphs > 200 
 Mar J 3 his i m a g e , 6 9 ; his de fcen * , 
 715 his names, 72 , his adul- 
 tery with Vejms. 74 j the ftory 
 of his ion Tereus, 75 j facrifices 
 offered to him, 77 
 Marftas, challenges Apollo in 
 n hi he, is overcome by him, and 
 turned into a river, 32 
 Martins, a trie of Jupiter, 21 
 Mafcuia, a title of Fortune, 317 
 M^iura, a geddefs of corn, 209 
 UatU'la, a nuptual ^cdJels, 256 
 Manjcrs, a name of Mais, 72 
 Maufolus" tomb, one of the kven 
 
 w< nd~rs of :he world, 42 
 Medea, a f>rcercfs, the wife of 
 
 Jaion, her exploits, 273 
 Meditrina, a tutelar goddefs to 
 adult perfons, whofe iacrifices 
 arfc- called Meditriualia } %do 
 
 Medufa, debauched by Neptune, 
 and her hair changed into makes, 
 91— One of the Gorgons, 242$ 
 her head fixed on Minerva's I 
 ftiield, 87 
 Mega a one ff die Furies, 231 
 Mchercules. o\ Me herculean oath, ! 
 
 11 fed only bv men. 279 
 Melanis, or Melanis, a name of 
 
 Venus, 101 
 Melenger, his adventures, T94 
 Melia, nymphs of the fields, 200 j 
 Melicerta, made a tea god, 113 
 Melius, a name of Hercules, 26 8 I 
 Mellona, the goddefs of honey, 
 
 206 
 Melpomene, one of the Mules, 
 
 170 
 Memnon, killed by Achilles in a 
 duel 5 the place where he fell is 
 turned into a fountain, and his 
 body into a bird j his (tatue ut- 
 ters mufical founds, 122 
 Mena, a nuptial godde:s, 256 
 Mentha, Pluto's midrefs, turned 
 
 into mint, 229 
 Mercury, bis 'mage, parentage, 
 offices, and qualities, 4.7 5 his 
 a£t ons, 5 ■ 
 Mercy i worshipped as a goddefs, 
 
 Meretrix, a name of Venus, 102- 
 Merope, a daughter of Atlas, 
 
 290 ; married to Sif prn'S, 291 
 Metra, Meftra, or Mefire, the 
 
 daughter of Eniic'nhon, who 
 
 could transform hetieif into any 
 
 fhape, 2t 1 
 Meiroa, Iacrifices offered to Cy~ 
 
 b :!-, 155 
 Midas, gwes an unjufr fentence 
 
 againft Apollo, for which his 
 
 ears are turned into the ears of 
 
 an afs, 33 ; his covetoufnefs 
 
 proves his ruin, 60 
 Migonitis: a title of Venus, 102 
 Milky way, in the heavens, how 
 
 made, 47, 265 
 
INDEX. 
 
 MlmalloneSy female attendants on 
 
 H icchuSt 56 
 \Miner<va, her birth, 83 j her 
 itn^ge, S7 ; h^r contention with 
 N ptune about naming A hens, 
 8X 5 her names. 89 5 the mean- 
 : ing of th s fabie, 9 y 
 
 Minos, one of the infernal judges, 
 • 14 
 
 Minotaur, defer ibe^, 45 ; over- 
 come by Thefeus, 2-4 
 
 Minufcularii, gods of" an inferior 
 rank, and dignity, 7 
 
 Minuii. gods of the lowed order 
 and jank, 7 
 
 Mirth, worshipped as a goddefs, 
 
 iy 
 
 Mifcsllanei, gods of the 1 weft 
 
 rank and degree, 7 
 ; Mithra s a name of the Sun, 40 
 Momus, his defcent, and ceniori- 
 
 ouj ci ipoiition, 149 
 Monet a, a title of Juno, 85 
 Money, worfhippd as a goddefs, 
 
 311 
 Mofes, thought to be the fame 
 
 w.th Ba chu?, 64 
 Morpheus, the [ervant of Somr.us, 
 
 he bungs ro people their dreams, 
 
 Mors, the goddefs of death, 233 
 Morta, one of th- Fates, 231 
 Mu ^iber. or Mm cifer, a n<.me of 
 
 Vu can, 141 
 Murcia, a n me of Venus, 102 
 
 —A tutelar goddefs to adult 
 
 peribns 260 
 Muj'caiuSy a tide of Jupiter, 21 
 MujeSy their birth and character, 
 
 168 5 ihe.r n.unes, 169 j tneir 
 
 number, 17 1 
 Mufica, a title of Minerva, 93 
 Muiinus, a 10 ptial god, 255 
 Myrmidones, men made from 
 
 arts, by Jupiter, 234. 
 Myrrha, commns mceft with her 
 
 father, and is turned into a tree> 
 
 104 
 
 Naiades, or Nat its, priefhfles of 
 
 Bacchus, 61 — Nymphs of the 
 
 fountains, 200 
 Ncpaa, nymphs of the g r oves 
 
 anci tallies, 233 
 Narcijfus, falls in love with h's 
 
 o.vn mi tge, 203 ; pines aw <y»and 
 
 is turned in< 5 a daftb ',il, 2 4 
 Na/cio, or Natio> a tutelar god- 
 
 dels to infants, 288 
 NebrodiS, a name of Bacchus, 64 
 Ntcffity worfhipped as a god« 
 
 drift, 318 
 Nmaan Lion, k lied by Hercu- 
 
 left, 267 
 Nemrjis, a goddefs of juftice, vio- 
 
 lat d by Jupiter in the (hape of 
 
 a go*.fe, .75 
 N ptune, hs name and defcent,* 
 
 20-; his £tions, 20? 5 his 
 
 ch id en, 2 ,0 
 Nereus, a lea god, 200— A fa- 
 - m us propter, 21 3 
 Nereides, or Nerina,\<z\ nymphs, 
 
 2 30, 21 3 
 Nerio, or Nerione, the wife of 
 
 !Vlar% 71 
 Nejus, the centaur, killed by Her- 
 
 ciiks, 271 
 N cephorus, a t tie of Jupite-, 21 
 Night, v\ov nipped as gcddHs, 233 
 Nimrcd, luppoied to be the lame 
 
 wuh Bacchus, 64 
 Ninus kmg of Aflyria, the fir ft 
 
 idolator, 3 
 Niobe, mined by h?r pride and 
 
 felf- conceit, 1 8 , ttup rved w.th 
 
 gr ef for the lofs of all htr criU 
 
 d\e^ 9 and tu.ned into a ttone, 
 
 NifuSy turned into a fparrmvk, 
 
 2 t 7 
 
 Nixii Dii, tutelar deitirs to wo- 
 
 m^n in labour, 2 ^,8 
 Nodofus, or Nodotus, a god of 
 
 corn, 205 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Nomitts, a name of Apollo, 2 8, 
 
 35 5 and of Ariftaeus, 185 
 Nona, one of the fates, 23 1 
 Nov enfiles, gods brought to Rome 
 
 by the Sabines, 7 
 ifotf, the moil ancient of all the 
 
 deit-es, 233 
 Nubigena, the Centaurs fo called, 
 
 240 
 Numeraria, a tutelar goddefs to 
 
 adult perions, 260 
 Nundina, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
 fants, 259 
 NuptiaHs, a title of Juno , 85 
 Ny&ilius, a name o{ Bacchus, 58 
 Nyclimene, commits i n ce i t w it h 
 
 her father, and is turned into an 
 
 owl, 103 
 Nymphagetes, a name of Neptune, 
 
 201 
 Nymphs, celeftial, terreftrial, and 
 
 tnanne, 199 
 Nyfaus, a name of Bacchus, 58 
 
 Ohfequens, a title of Fortune, 317 
 Occator, the god of harrowing, 
 
 204 
 Oceania, and Oceanitides, fea 
 
 nymphs, 200 
 OceanuS) a fea god, 213 
 Ocypete, one of the Harpies, 242 
 Oedipus, explains the riddle of 
 
 Sphmx, 244 ; kills his father, 
 
 marnes his mother, falls dif- 
 
 tracled, and tears out his own 
 
 eyes, 245 
 O/ympius, a name of Jupiter, 22 
 Omphale, queen of Lydia, makes 
 
 Hercules I pin, 271 
 Opertus, a name of Pluto, 136 
 Overturn, the place ^here Cybele's 
 
 lac. ihces, called Operianea, were 
 *' Offered up, 156 
 Opigena, a tide of Juno, 85 
 Opis, a name of Diana, 19 2—- A 
 
 tutelar goddefs to new-born in« 
 
 fan is, 258 
 
 Opitutus, or Opitulator, a name 
 of Jupiter, 22 
 
 Ops, a name of Cy^ele, 1 54 
 
 Or bona, a tutelar goddefs to adult 
 perlbns. 260 
 
 Orcus, a name of Pluto, 2? 5 
 
 Oreades, or Orejliades, nyrr.pbs 
 of th^ mountains, 201 
 
 Orefies, kdls his mother Clytem* 
 neltra and her gallant ^Egilmus t 
 alfo Pyrthus, for marrying his 
 fweetheatt Hermione, 279 
 
 Orgia, realls of Bacchus, 63— 
 Sacrifices to Cybele, 157 
 
 Orion, his ftrange birth, 2985 
 kdled for his arrogance by a. 
 fcoipion, and made a conftella- 
 tion, 299 
 
 Orpheus, his parentage, and ama* 
 zing lie ill in mufic, 292 , he 
 overcomes the Syrens, 21 5 ; ob- 
 tains Junydice, his wife, from 
 hell, but lofes her again 5 re- 
 folves never more to marry, for 
 which he is torn In pieces ; his 
 harp made a con (reflation, 2935 
 the meaning of this fable, 216, 
 
 Ortygia, the ifland Delos called 
 by that name, 117 
 
 Ofcilla, fmall images of Bacchus, 
 hung on trees whiie his feftivals 
 were folemnizing, 62 
 
 Ofcophoria, facrifices to Bacchus, 
 61 
 
 Ofiris, king cf the Argives, quits 
 his kingdom, and travels into 
 Egypt, where he marries Io, 
 299 ; killed by his brother Ty- 
 phon, 300 ; the lame with Apis 
 and Serapis, and alfo thought 
 to be the Sun, 300 
 
 OJJilago, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
 fants, 259 
 
 Othus, one of the giants that war- 
 red again ft heaven, 237 
 
 Ouragus, a name of Plmo, 225 
 
INDEX* 
 
 P. 
 
 PaBolus, a river whefe fand is 
 
 go d, 60 
 Ptean, a name of Apollo, 35 
 PaUmon, a fea god, 213 
 Palenefs, Pallor, worfhi^ped as a 
 
 god, 318 
 Pa/*?/, the goddefs of fhepherds, 
 
 19 5 
 Palilia, or Pa- ilia, facririces of- 
 fered to Pales, 195 
 Pallas, the fame with Minerva, 
 
 9 9 . 90 
 Palladium, an image of Minerva 
 
 th.it fell from heaven, 90 
 Pallantias, a name or Aurora, 
 
 121 
 Pan, the chief of the rural gods, 
 1765 his defcent, and image, 
 377 j hisaclion^ and inventions, 
 178 ; i he meaning of this fa- 
 ble, 178 
 Panic fears, what they are, and 
 
 whence fo called, 177 
 Pandora, the firft woman, fafhion- 
 ed hy Vulcan 5 her box, and the 
 miichiefs that came from it on 
 mankind, 142 
 Pantheon, its defcription, 1 
 Paphia. a fide of Venus, 102 
 Parca, the Fates fo called, 230 
 Paris, his defcent and birih, 109; 
 de eirhires who is the fa* reft of 
 Juno, Mmei va, and Venus, 1 ro; 
 runs away with Helena, who 
 Was betrothed to" Menelaus, 
 which occalions the war et vetn 
 the Greeks and Trojans, in 
 wh ch Paris is killed by Phdoc- 
 tetes, no 
 Parnaffides, the Mufes fo called, 
 
 Parthenos, or Partbenia, a title 
 of Juno^85 5 an^ of Mimrva, 
 
 9 l 
 
 Panhenope, one of the Syrens, 
 
 521 
 
 Pariunda> a nuptial goddefs, 255 
 % 
 
 Parva, a title of Fortune, 317 
 Pa/ipkae, fails in love wan a 
 bull, an>i biings forth a Mino- 
 taur, 45 j the meaning of this 
 
 fable, 4.5 
 Pafithea, a name of Cybele, 155 
 Pafitbeo, a daughte: of Atlas, 290 
 Patelina, a goddefs of corn, 205 
 Pate liar ii. gods of the loweit or- 
 der and rank. 7 
 Patulcius, oj Patulacius, a narrre 
 
 of jar.us, j 37 
 P amentia, a tutelar goddefs to in* 
 
 fants, 259 
 Pa<vor, wo; (hipped as a god, 318 
 .P<2#, Peace, woi ihipped as a god- 
 defs, 309 
 Pegafus, the Mufes' horfe, his 
 birth and defcription, 2S2 \ is 
 caught and rode upon by Belle- 
 rophon, and afterward placed ia 
 heaven among the liars, 283 
 Pegafides, the Mufes £0 called, 
 
 171 
 
 Pelias, fends Jafon to fetch the 
 golden fleece, 272, ; is torn to 
 P'eces by his daughters, 273 
 
 Pellonia^ a tutelar goddefs to a- 
 oult prrfons, 260 
 
 Penates, dorr.eftic or houfehold 
 gods, three ranks and degrees 
 of them, 249 ; Penates, fome- 
 times limply aken for a dwel- 
 linghoufe, 2sO; delcription of 
 their images, 250 
 
 Penelope, the wife of UIvfTes, 
 296 j a molt lemarkabie exam- 
 pie of ch%rhty, 29 % 
 
 Pentheus, torn to pieces by his 
 mt her and filters, 63 
 
 PerfeBa, a title of Juno, 85 
 
 Perfea, a tiee dedicated to Har> 
 
 no rates, 319 
 Perfeus, h\* defcent, 281 5 re- 
 ceives p e'en's hom the gods'; 
 delivers Andromeda from a iea- 
 monder, arid nwrYiVs her j ton- 
 queis the Gorgons, ftr^kes o£f 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Medufa's head, and turn? At- 
 las into a rock 5 he, Andiomeda, 
 and her mother Carhopeia a»e 
 made conftclidtions, S82 
 
 ttridymenuSy one that could 
 transform himfelf into any fhape, 
 and wa c killed by Hercules when 
 in the (ha e of a fly, 211 
 
 P< r'un *a y a r.upt'al goddefs, 255 
 
 feffinun~ia y -a goddefs whole image 
 was a fiKpciefs Utile, 103— A 
 nami- of Cvbele, 1 57 
 
 Vhxara % foicits her ion Hippoli- 
 ius to wickedr.ef-, but in vain, 
 276 
 
 P bat* on, the fen of Sol, ohta'ns 
 leave to dr\Q the chaijoi of the 
 S'ls f© o $ day, 43 $ overthrows 
 ir, by whxh the htaven and the 
 earth are k' on fire, and he is 
 by Jupiter (Vtuck with thunder 
 into rht rive i Po 44$ h-s filter s 
 turned nto pop ar-s 44 5 the 
 meaning of th's iable, 44 
 
 Pbal i y images fet up in honour 
 of B rch s c6 
 
 Phal I a, feaft s in honour of Bac- 
 chus, 66 
 
 Pbctiius, a name of Prispus, 185 
 
 Phataus, a name of Apollo,* 34 
 
 Fhiiuthm //, the fon of Apollo, a 
 famous mufxian, j 93 
 
 Phiu.mtla \ fee Tereus. 
 
 Phoe-us* a name of Apollo, 55 
 
 Phltgttbon, or* Punpbttgetbon, 
 ore cf the infernal rivers, the 
 fiieams of which are fire, 222 
 
 Pbugjtih burns the temple of A- 
 jpolio, and is punifhed for it in 
 hell, 238 
 
 Pborcus> or Pborcjs, a ion of 
 Neptune, ? 10 
 
 Pboj}bcrus, the morning ffar, 291 
 
 Picumnui a rural god, 205 
 
 Purid.Sy 01 Puri*> the Mufes fo 
 called, 171 
 
 JP/V ), woi (hipped as a goddefs, 
 306 
 
 Pi umnus, a rural god, 205 ; and 
 a tutelar god to breeding women, 
 256 
 
 Pirithousy the trend of Thefeos, 
 torn to pieces by Cerb rus, 275 
 
 Pifiovy a name of Jupiter, 22 
 
 P ciadcSy ieven of Atlas* daugh- 
 ters, 290 ; why they were cailed 
 by this n me, 291 
 
 PI tone y the wife of Atlas , 290 
 
 P exatiS) a daughter of Atlas, 
 590 
 
 PluiOy the king of hell, his de- 
 scent, 223 j iteals away Piofer- 
 pine, 224, 227 j his 1 ames, 
 224 ; his office and power, 226 
 
 P!uu< 9 the god of riches, 226 
 
 Pitt-vim^ a name of Jupi'er, 22 
 
 PodalinuSy a ion of iEiculapius, 
 285 
 
 Poena* accounted a diety, 261 
 
 Pollux ; fee C a ft or, 
 
 Polyhymnia , Pol,m»ia 9 or Polym* 
 Tieia^ one of the Mufes, 170 
 
 P lynices 5 fee Eteocits. 
 
 Po< phemus* a ion of Neptune, 
 and a great robber, 144 
 
 Poljxena, at her marriage with 
 Achilles caufes him to he killed, 
 and is iacrficed to appeafe his 
 ghofr, 295 
 
 Pomona, tnegoddtf- of fruit, 197 
 
 Pantia, a m>me of Venus, 112 
 
 Pcpukna, or Populonia, ?l title of 
 Juno, 85 
 
 Porrima, or Poft<vetta 9 a tutelar 
 goddefs to women in labour, 
 
 *57 
 
 Porta Libittnay a gate at Rome, 
 through which dead bodies weie 
 carried to be burnt, 262 
 
 Ponbmeus, or Portitor, a name 
 of Charon, 221 
 
 P rtumnusy a lea god, 213 
 
 Po,eidon 9 a name oi Neptune, 
 ?o8 
 
 Por amides, nymphs of the riws, 
 200 
 
INDEX. 
 
 to'tna, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
 fants, 2 59 
 Povrfty, wof (hipped as a goddefs, 
 
 3,8 " # ■ 
 
 Pradator, a name cFJupiter, 22 
 
 Pranejlina, a title of Fortune, 
 318 
 
 Praflites, the fame with Genu, 
 254. 
 
 Priapus, the god of the gardens, 
 bis birth and deformity, 1S4— 
 One cf the nuptial gods, 25^ 
 
 Primigen'ui, trixata, and Pro- 
 pria, names of Fo? tune, 317 
 
 Procris, married to Ctphalus,and 
 killed accidentally by him, 121 
 
 Progne ; fee Tereus. 
 
 Promeibeus, makes a man of clay, 
 and animates him *iih fire ftolen 
 from heaven, 142, 2865 pun- 
 ifhed by Jupiter for his theft, 
 287 ; freed from his punimment 
 by HerciTes, 2^8; the meaning 
 of this fable, 288 
 
 Pronuba, a title of Juno, 85 
 
 Propeptides, the firft proftitutes, 
 turned into ftones, 104. 
 
 Propylaa, a name of Hecate, or 
 Diana, 191 
 
 Proja, or Prorfa^ a tutelar goddefs 
 to women in labour, 257 
 
 Proferpine, a goddefs of com, 
 205 j her defcent, and how car- 
 ried away by Pluto, 2275 is 
 fought for by her mother Ceres, 
 who obtains from Jupiter that 
 Proferpine mail be fix months 
 with Piuto, and the other &x 
 with her in heaven, 218 5 the 
 meaning of this fable, 229 
 
 Proteus^ a ion of Neptune, who 
 could transform himfeif into 
 "any (hape, 2 1 1 
 
 Putatitii, gcieof an Inferior rank 
 ~ and Order, 7 
 
 ItygmaWon, falls in love with an 
 ivory ftatue, which, when turned 
 into a woman, he marries, J04 
 
 Pylades, the friend of Oreftes, 
 
 Py'ofis, a title of Minerva, 94. 
 Pyramid* of Egypt, one of the 
 
 (even wonders of the world, 42 
 Pyramus and T hi/he, unfortunate 
 
 lovers, their (lory 105 
 Pyrrba, the wife of Deucalion, 
 
 288 
 PyrkvSy killed by Orele« foe 
 
 marrying Hermione, 279 
 Pythius, a/iame of Apollo, 36 
 Py \bo % a daughter of Atlas, 290 
 
 <^ 
 
 Quadrifons, a name fometrmes 
 given to Jan*s, 134, 1 35 1 
 
 %uies 9 a tutelar goddefs to adult 
 peifons, 260 
 
 ^uictuf, a name of Pluto, 225 
 
 Quirinus, a title of Jupiter, 223 
 and of Mars, 7 3 
 
 R. 
 
 Rat tones Lihitin*, an account of 
 the dead, not unlike our Bills 
 of Mortality, 262 
 Refius, a title of Bacchus, $% 
 Redux, a title of Fortune, 318 
 Regia, a title of Fortune, 316 
 Regina, a title cf Juno, 85 
 Regnator, and Rex, titles of Ju- 
 piter, 23 
 Rbadamanthus, one of the infer- 
 nal judges, 234 
 Rhamnufia, the fame with Nemc- 
 
 fis, 175 
 Rhea, a name cf Cybele, 154 
 Ridtv.s, a title of Venus, 101 
 Robtgus, a god of corn, whofe 
 feftivals are called Rob^alia^ 
 
 Rumia, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
 fants, 259 
 
 Runcina, the goddefs of weeding, 
 205 
 
 Rural Gods and Goddfjfes, 17S 
 
 Rujina, a rural deity 204 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Sabazia, rnyfterious rites of Pro- 
 ferpine, 227 
 
 Salacia, a name of Amphitrite, 
 208 
 
 Salii, priefts of Mars, 73 
 
 Saiifubfulus, a title of Mars, 73 
 
 Salmoneus, imitates Jupiter's 
 thunder, for which he undergoes 
 a fevere punifhment in hell, 239 
 
 Sa'us, Health, worshipped as a 
 goddefs, 348 
 
 Sanitas, or Hygiaa, a daughter 
 of ^Efculapiusj 285 
 
 Satory and Sarritor, rural gods, 
 204. 
 
 Satyrs ', priefts of Bacchus, 61 ; 
 a defoiption of them, 182 
 
 Saturn, Wis image, family, and 
 aclions, 124.5 devours all his 
 male children, 125; taken pri- 
 foner by Titan, but fet at liberty 
 by Jupiter, 1265 depofed by 
 Jupiter, flies into Italy, and re- 
 duces the wild people to civil fo- 
 ciety, 126 ; his names, 128 ; fa- 
 crifices offered to him, 129 j the 
 hiftorical meaning of this fable, 
 130 j the philofophical meaning 
 of it, 13,2 
 
 Saturnalia, feftivals in honour of 
 
 Saturn, 129 
 Scoteia, a title .of Venus, 102 
 Scylla, the daughter of Phorcus, 
 courted by Glaucus, and turned 
 by Circe, her rival, into a mon- 
 ger, 45, 216 j throws herfd fin- 
 to the fea and becomes a rock, 
 
 Scylla, the daughter*or wii"d*§ :"- 
 ins her country, by cutting off 
 her father's purple lock of hair, 
 and is turned into a lark, 217 
 
 Scylla and Cbarjbdis, the meaning 
 of that fable, 218 
 
 Seta, or Segetia, a goddefs of 
 corn> 204. 
 
 SeleBi Dii, the Jupreme gods, 6 
 Semele, beloved by Jupiter, 54 \ 
 through her own ambition is def- 
 troyed by his embraces, 55 
 Stmones, gods of the loweit order 
 
 and rank, 7 
 Senfe, or Mens, worfhipped as a 
 
 goddefs, 309 
 Sentta, a tutelar goddefs to youths, 
 260 ' I . 
 
 Serapis, or Sorapis, an Egyptian 
 
 god, the fame with Apis, 300; 
 Silence, the gods and goddkiTcsof 
 
 it worshipped, 319 
 Sileni, pnefts of Kacchus, 61 
 Sdcnus, the companion of Bac- 
 chus, 181 
 . Silvanus, a god of the woods, 180 
 Sir tns, their description, 2145 
 overcome by Orpheus, and tui n- 
 el into ftones, 21 5 j the expli- 
 cation of this fdble, 216 
 Sijypbus, how pumfhed in hell for 
 
 his robberies, 239 
 Sleep-, worfhipped as a god, 233 
 Soogena, a title of Juno, 84 
 Sol* a name of Apollo, 33 5 and 
 
 of the Sun, 40 
 Solvizona, a name of Diana, 257 
 SomnuSi the god of fleep, 233 
 Sofpita, a title of Juno, 86 
 Safer, or Servator, a title of Ju- 
 piter, 23 
 Sphinx, a monfter that tore many 
 in pieces for failing to explain 
 her riddle, and on Oedipus re- 
 folving it (lie deftroys herfelf, 
 244 
 Spolia Gpirha, the fp^ils which 
 one general takes from another 
 in battle, 19 
 Siabilitor, and Stator, names of 
 
 Jupiter, 22, 23 
 Stata, or Statua Maier, a tute- 
 lar goddefs to adult perfons, 261 
 Stata, a title of Fortune, 318 
 Statanus, or S'atulinus, a tutelar 
 goddefs to infants, 259 
 3 
 
INDEX* 
 
 SteWe, a fancy boy turned into an 
 evet by Ceres, 165 
 
 StercuUus,' StercuUus, Stercutus, 
 or Sierquiiuuus, a rural god, 
 205 
 
 Sterol ius> a name of Saturn, 128 
 
 StbenG, one ot the Gorgons, 242 
 
 , Sihenobtea, endeavours to entice 
 
 Bellerophon to adultery, but is 
 
 iclecled, snd therefore kiils her- 
 
 k\f, 283 
 
 Stunula, and Stremta, tutelar 
 goddefTes to acluk perfons, 260 
 
 StymrbaUdes, birds that feed on 
 human fiefh, deilroyed by Her- 
 cules, 267 
 
 Styx, one of the infernal rivers, 
 
 212 
 
 Suada, a nuptial goddefs, 255 
 Sucula, feven of the daughters of 
 
 Atlas, called alfo Hyadts, 290 
 Sumtnanus, a name of Pluto, 225 
 Sun, his defcent and names 40 j 
 
 his anions 41 5 his children, 41, 
 
 Sjn hrfis, a cloak vorn only by 
 gemlrmen, 1 ^c 
 
 Sy r ln x. a n\ mph, crurted by Pan, 
 but Hies from him, and s turned 
 into a bundle of reeds* 179 
 
 'Tacit a., agoddefs of filence, 319 
 Tanalus, kills and drefTeski* fon 
 
 Pel-'ps, 2405 his mijhment 
 
 for i in hell, 24-, ; the meaning 
 
 of this table. 241 
 Tauriceps, or Taw vermis, a name 
 
 of Bacchus 56 
 Tayqetf, a daughter of Atlas, 
 
 290 
 foldings, p; iefts of Cyhde, 159 
 TelegonuSs the Ion or UlvrTes by 
 
 Circe, "97 
 *Telemactus, the fun of UlyfTes by 
 
 Penelope, 298 
 Telethuja, the mother of Iphis, 
 
 301 
 
 Tempeflas, wor (hipped as a gcd- 
 defs, 318 
 
 Versus, marries Progne, falls in 
 love with her filler Philomela, 
 debauches her, and cuts cut her 
 tongue, 75 ; me informs Prcgne 
 of this villainy by needlework, 
 and to revenge themfelves they 
 kill and drefs Itys, whom his 
 father Tereus teed* on for fup- 
 per, 76 ; Progne becomes a fpar- 
 row, Philomela a nightingale, 
 Tereus a hoopoe, and itys a 
 pheaiant, 77 
 
 < 7erg im ina> a title of Diana, 1S9 
 
 Terminus, a rural god, 186 \ hts 
 faenfices called TermhmUa, 187 
 
 Terpficbore, one of the Mufes, 
 170 
 
 Terrejlrial Gods and Goddejfes, 
 124 
 
 Ter refrial Ny mpbs,' 00 
 
 T ; <dia, one of 'he Graces, 113— 
 Tne of the Mufes, 170 
 
 Tbeo Jamas, kiiied by Hercules, 
 270 
 
 1 he feus, his parentage, and efcape 
 from Crete, 2745 he and his 
 friend Prirhous gc down to 
 hell, 275 , his other adveniures, 
 276 
 
 Tbefmofb:riri, facrifkes offered 
 to Ceres, 166 
 
 Tbi/b- and P>ramus % unfortunate 
 levers, thir fioiy, 105 
 
 Tboas, kng of Taurica Cherfo- 
 r.efus, appoints Iph genia prief-' 
 tels of ; uman facrifices, and is 
 afu-rw and kiile i, 280 
 
 Tbyades, B-cchus' companions, 
 <^5 , an.1 his nymphs, 201 
 
 T.'yovfus, a name of Bacchus, 5S 
 
 Tire/ias, lofes his fight, and ob- 
 tains the gift of prophecy, 91 
 
 Tifipbone, one of the Furies, 23X 
 
 luan, or Titanus, transfers the 
 kingd m ot the woi'd to Saturn, 
 125 ; takes Saturn prifoner, but 
 
INDEX. 
 
 is afterward overcome by Jupi- 
 ter, 1265 the chief of the Titans, 
 238 
 
 Titans, make war on Jupiter, and 
 are fubdued, 238 
 
 *littonus, marries Aurora and 
 obtains immortality, 1215 grows 
 weary of life and is turned into 
 a grashopper, 122 
 
 Titjus, one of the giants that 
 waned againft heaven, 237 
 
 Dorians , and Tonitrualis , names 
 of jupiier, 23 
 
 Trieterica 9 facrifkes to Bacchus, 
 61 
 
 Triformis, a title cf Diana, 189 
 
 Triorulus, or Tricphtbalmosy a 
 name cf Jupiter, 24 
 
 Trip>ole?nus, educated by Ceres 
 in an extraordinary manner, and 
 Jem by her to teach men hul- 
 feandry, 164. 
 
 Tripos, m Apollo's temple, 36 
 
 Triton, the fon and companion of 
 Neptune, 212 
 
 Tritonia 9 a name cf Minerva, 92 
 
 Triumphus, a name of Bacchus, 
 
 Trivia, a name cf Hecate, or 
 Diana* 191 
 
 Troy the walls of it built by the 
 ronCc of Apollo's harp, 30 - y the 
 cny taken and pillaged by Her- 
 cules, '70; deiiroyed by the 
 Grecian?, no 
 
 Truth, worshipped as a goddefs, 
 308 
 
 TuUlvta, or Tutulina, a goddefs 
 of com, 205 
 
 Tyche* a daughter of Atlas, 290 
 
 Tyndarls, a name of Helena, 277 
 
 TjnJarida, the children of Tyn- 
 darus, 277 
 
 Tyndarus, king of Laconia, the 
 hufband of Leda, 277 
 
 Typhoms, or Typbon, one of the 
 giants that warred againit hea- 
 utr, 236 
 
 Vacunci) a tutelar goddefs to adult 
 perfons, 260 
 
 Vaiitanus, or Vaticanus, a tute- 
 lar "goddefs to infants, 258 
 
 Vallonia, the goddefs of the v al- 
 lies, 204 
 
 Vejovis, Vejupiter, and Vediur } 
 titles of Jupirer, 24 
 
 Ve> iia, a name of Ampbitrite, 
 
 2C8 
 
 Venus, her image, 97 5 her 6eC- 
 cent 98 5 htr marriage, and her 
 feveral names, 99 5 her a6tions, 
 103 ; her companions, 11 1 ; the 
 explanation of this fable 114*— 
 One of the nuptial goddiTes, 255 
 
 Vergilix, the lame with Pleiades, 
 29 \ 
 
 Verticordia, a title of Venus, 103 
 
 Veriumnus courts and obtains 
 Pomona, 1985 has power to 
 transform himielf into any fhape, 
 198, 21 1 
 
 Vefci, gods of the lowett rank and 
 order, 7 
 
 Vefper, Vefperugo> the evening 
 (tar, 292 
 
 Vejia, thr- Elder, the oldeft of the 
 godderTes, and the fame with the 
 Earth, 150 
 
 Vefia, the Younger, the fame with 
 Fire, 1515 the explana ion of 
 this febje, 152 
 
 Vefia, why round tables were fo 
 called, 150 
 
 Vefial Fire, how preferved perpe- 
 tually by the Romans, 151 
 
 Vibtiia, a tutelar goddefs to adult 
 perions, 260 
 
 Vines, fi ft planted by Bacchus, 
 aid the art of pruning them fir It 
 taught by an afs, 59 
 
 Vioexce, worshipped as a goddefs, 
 
 Vir ius, a name of H'mpolytus* 
 *77 
 
1XDEX. 
 
 Firginenfs, ^r\d Viriplaca, nuptial 
 go defies, 255 
 
 Virginia^ daughter of Aulus, de- 
 dicates an akar to Pudicitia Ple- 
 beis, 307 
 Virgo i a title of Fortune, 318 
 Firilis, a title of Fortune, 3 1 7 
 Virtue, woriliipped as a goddefs, 
 
 Fife at a, or Vifccfa, a title of 
 
 Fortune, 318 
 Vitula, a tutelar goddefs to adult 
 
 perfens, 260 
 Vljjles, hs defcent, marriage, and 
 
 various adventures, 296 
 U?iderfand'mg, cr Senfe, wor- 
 
 (hipped as a goddefs, 309 
 Unxia, a title e f Juno, 86 
 Vclumnus, and Fclumna, tutelar 
 
 dei r ies to adult perform, 261 
 Folupia, a tireiar geddefs to adult 
 
 perions, 260 
 Folufm, a goddeA of corn, 205 
 Urgus, a name of P'mo, 225 
 Urania.) one of the Mies, 170 
 Vulcan, his birth, defcent, and 
 
 enip ] oymenr, 140 ; courts Mi- 
 
 neiv3, but is rejected, 141 j 
 
 marries Venus, who is falfe to 
 his bed, 74, 141 ; makes the 
 firft woman, who is called Pan- 
 dora, 142; his fervants, 1425 
 his children, 143 ; the fignifica- 
 ticn of this fah'e, 145 
 Fultama, feafts in honour of Vul- 
 can, 141 
 
 W. 
 
 Walls of Babylon, one of the fe- 
 ven wonders cf the world, 42 
 
 Wonders cf the World, ieven par- 
 t cu arly lo called, 41 
 
 Wife Men of Greece, their names 
 and chaiaders, 37 
 
 Xanikus. ore ot the horfes of A« 
 
 chillesj 242 
 Zenia, a name for prefents madt 
 
 to llran^ers, 14 
 
 Zagteus, a title of Bacehus, 64 
 Zephyr us, his defcent, 942 
 Zeus, a name of Jupiter, 24 
 
 END. 
 
 [M. Erown, Priiiter, St. John's •% arc] 
 
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