BL 
 
 jj LIBRARY OF CONGRESsl 
 
 r. - 
 
 I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 

 M K jn: / 
 
 '{11. Cortez ■// Vpst>fl.<: 
 
A 
 
 Popular School History 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 IN WHICH ARE INSEBFEU AS PART OF THE NARRATIVE 
 
 Selections from the Weitings of Eminent American 
 
 Historians, and other American 
 
 Writers of Note. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 The Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the 
 TJnited States, with Copious Notes. 
 
 FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PORTRAITS, AJSTD VIEWS. 
 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.D., 
 
 Author of a "Orammar School ffintor;/ of the United States," a "JIamcal of General 
 
 HiHtory" a ''History of England," a "Hlstori/ qf'jFrahce," " The Historical 
 
 Reader," "The United- States Reader," etc., etc. 
 
 iW 1879. ^ 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 Clark &, Maynard, Publishers, 
 
 5 Barclay Street. .' 
 
 1879. 
 
Anderson's Historical Series. 
 
 A Junior Class History of the United States. 
 
 Illustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 272 pages. IGmo. 
 
 A Grammar School History of the United States. 
 
 Annotated ; and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than 
 forty maps, many of which are colored. 340 pp. 16mo. 
 
 A Pictorial School History of the United States. 
 
 Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, etc. 420 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A Popular School History of the United States, 
 
 in which are inserted as a part of the narrative selections from tlie writings of eminent 
 American historians and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated with maps, 
 colored and plain ; portraits, views, etc. 356 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A Manual of General History, riustrated with numerous " 
 
 engravings and with beautifully colored maps showing the changes in the political di- 
 visions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 488 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A School History of England. illustrated with numerous 
 engravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the country at 
 different periods. 333 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A School History of France. illustrated with numerous en- 
 graviugs, colored and uncolored maps. 373 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A History of Rome. Amply illustrated with maps, plans, and 
 engravings. 543 pp. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.)- 
 
 A School History of Greece, in preparation. 
 Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated with 
 
 engravings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. 
 
 1 he Historical Ixeader, embracing selections in prose and verse, 
 from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Difficult 
 Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 544 pp. 12nio. 
 
 The United States Reader, embracing selections from eniincnr 
 American historians, orators, statesmen, and poets, with explanatory observations, 
 notes, etc. Arranged so as to form a Class-manual of United States History. Illustrated 
 with colored historical maps. 414 pp. 12mo. 
 
 Clark & MaYNARD, Publishers, 
 
 6 Barclay Street, New York. 
 
 Copyright, 1819, by JOHN J. ANDERSON. 
 
 A 
 
PEEFAOE. 
 
 A TEXT-BOOK upon the history of our country so compiled 
 as to be a pleasant reading-book, with enough variety to give it 
 all the interest properly t elonging to a reading-book, and, at 
 the same time, contain all the United States history that is 
 required for ordinary school purposes, has long been desired 
 by many teachers. 
 
 It has been the aim of the author of this work to meet this 
 want. He has realized, however, that to undertake the prep- 
 aration of the work without outside assistance would surely 
 end in failure, for no such undertaking could possibly have 
 within itself the elements of variety so necessary in a school 
 reader. But variety, merely as such, is of no special impor- 
 tance. It is that variety which not only elevates, but culti- 
 vates and ennobles the mind of the pupil — a variety only to 
 be obtained by selecting from the writings that have met the 
 approval of men of judgment and scholarship. 
 
 The plan carried out in this volume, it is believed, fully 
 accomplishes this object. The works of all the American 
 writers who have distinguished themselves in the domain of 
 historic authorship, have been diligently consulted ; and, as 
 far as seemed possible consistently with the size and scope of 
 the undertaking in hand, these authors have been made to 
 contribute to the contents of the volume. It may, therefore, 
 be said to be the work of many — fifty or more — of our best 
 writers, past as well as present ; and, in addition to its merits 
 as a continuous historical narrative, it may be regarded as a 
 text-book for young students in American literature. To 
 know something of Bancroft, Palfrey, Prescott, Motley, IlaAV- 
 
iv Preface. 
 
 thome, Irving, Bryant, Hildreth, Sparks, Everett, Parkman, 
 and other distinguished xVmerican writers, and to have some 
 knowledge of what and how they wrote, is not only to make 
 a good beginning in an acquaintance with our leading authors 
 and with the best American literature, but it is to create a 
 taste for such literature and a desire for further acquaintance 
 with these authors. 
 
 In presenting another history of our country as a text-book 
 for schools, it has been the aim of the writer to give only 
 those events that were important in themselves, or that had an 
 important bearing upon or relation to important results. It 
 will be seen, then, that very much of that which finds a place 
 in the ordinary school history, is not found here. Details, 
 except as far as they are necessary to the proper understand- 
 ing of what should be known, are entirely omitted. General- 
 ly, they are not worth knowing, and, consequently, no time 
 should be spent in lumbering the mind with them. For the 
 same reason, dates have been given sparingly. The most 
 prominent, those that mark the great events, are clearly 
 given, while other events are regarded as contributing to, or 
 resulting from these. More prominence has been given to 
 the facts that have to do with the nation's progress in civil 
 matters than to those of a military character. Therefore, the 
 invention of the cotton-gin and the magnetic telegraph and 
 the construction of railroads and steamboats, with the 
 changes resulting therefrom, have been regarded and treated 
 as of more value than the numerous small battles that in no 
 wise modified the tendency of great events. 
 
 Too much importance cannot be given to geography in its 
 connection with history. It is certain that an accurate knowl- 
 edge of history cannot be acquired and retained without a 
 full and clear knowledge of its accompanying geography. 
 Events, to be remembered, must be associated with place. 
 To study history in any other way is to waste time, as every 
 successful student and teacher must be able to testify. The 
 numerous maps in this work cover all the geography belong- 
 
Preface. v 
 
 ing to the events narrated that have occurred within the 
 limits of the United States and Mexico. Whenever any place 
 is mentioned, its exact location should at once be ascertained. 
 This, like all the otlier books published by the writer, is a 
 teaching manual. If history is to be taught in our schools, 
 merely reading the story will not answer. It must be taught 
 again and again just as other subjects are taught. If this 
 course is not pursued and we look for satisfactory results, 
 then are we unreasonable in our expectations. 
 
 The Summaries in this book, placed at the close of the 
 periods, are recommended to such teachers as are preparing 
 classes for examination. These will be found, in most cases, 
 all-sufficient. Afterward it will be a labor of love to put 
 flesh upon the skeleton and inspire it with life. 
 
 Hints for Teaching the History. 
 
 1. "Give out " a short lesson, at tlie same time designating a map to be 
 drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, among other 
 things, tlie location of the important places mentioned in the lesson. 
 IJtW" Let it be understood that no lesson is thorou<rhly acquired by a 
 l)upil until he has learned how every place mentioned in it is located. 
 
 2. Let the lesson be read by the class, care being taken to have all the 
 proper names correctly ]>ronounced. Endeavor, also, to give interest to 
 tlie lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throwing in historical incidents, 
 and referring to authors. 
 
 RECITATION. 
 
 3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. la this duty the teacher 
 may be aided by a system of examinations carried out by the pupils 
 themselves, who will derive benefit in many respects by the exercise. 
 
 4. Bring out the facts of the lesson with clearness, particularly the rela- 
 tion of causes to results. Use outline wall-maps, and question freely on 
 the geography. Occasionally have the maps drawn on the blackboard. 
 dt^" Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear that the pupil is ac- 
 quainted with the location of the places referred to in it. 
 
 REVIEWS. 
 
 5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition plan 
 (see. p. 49) should occasionally be used. 
 
 6. Dates. Do not require dates too freely, — the month and the day of the 
 month in no case, unless there is a special reason for it. Take the date 
 of an important event as a turninir-point ; and when it is well fixed in 
 the mind, arrange on the one side the train of events as causes, and on 
 the other the train of results. (See model, p. 180.) 
 
SELECTIONS AND AUTHORS. 
 
 The Northmen's Discoveries. From "History of the Northmen," etc. 
 
 Wheaton 15 
 
 Henry Wheaton. — This eminent scliolar and statesman was born in 
 Rhode Island in 1785. He held several important diplomatic positions 
 in Europe, and while residing in Denmark published his "History of 
 the Northmen." His contributioDS to American periodicals were numer- 
 ous and marked by great ability ; but his fame rests mainly upon his 
 " Elements of International Law " and his " History of tlie Laws of 
 Nations." The latter appeared originally in French at Leipsic. "No 
 one, save Washington," says Allibone, "has done more to make the 
 name of America respected by scholars and honored by statesmen." His 
 death occurred in 1848. 
 
 Landing of Columbus. From " The Life and Voyages of Columbus." 
 
 Irving 21 
 
 "Washington Irving, one of the most distinguished of modern authors, 
 was born in New York City in 1783. The production which first gave 
 him a decided reputation was the famous " History of New York, by 
 Diedrich Knickerbocker," published in 1809. This is a work of inimi- 
 table humor, and was read with the greatest delight on both sides of the 
 Atlantic. Sir Walter Scott enthusiastically admired it. The " Sketch 
 Book" was published in London, and greatly enhanced the author's 
 reputation. He also published " Life and Voyages of Columbus," " The 
 Alhanibra," " Bracebridge Hall," "Life of Washington," and many 
 other popular works. Irving's style is remarkable for its elegance and 
 copiousness ; while the purity of his sentiments, his sympathy with 
 mankind, his geniality and kindliness, his innocent and playful satire, 
 mixed with the pathetic, make his writings an inexhaustible fountain of 
 intellectual enjoyment. He died at his residence, Sunnyside, a charm- 
 ing spot on the banks of the Hudson, November 28, 1859, universally 
 loved and esteemed for his artlessness and benevolence of character, 
 and honored not only for his genius, but for the virtues by which it 
 was adorned. 
 
 Return of Columbus to Spain. From ' ' The History of the Reign of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella." Prescott 23 
 
viii Selections and Authors. 
 
 William W. Prescott. — This eminent historian was born in Salem, 
 Mass., in 1796, and was the fjrandson of Colonel Prescott, of Revolu- 
 tionary fame. His principal works are the " History of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella," " The Conquest of Mexico," " The Conquest of Peru," and the 
 " History of the Reign of Philip H." The last-mentioned work he did 
 not live to finish, dying in 1859. These various productions constitute 
 a splendid contribution to English literature. The materials for their 
 composition were collected with the most laborious research, and have 
 been arranged with very great judgment and skill, while their style is a 
 model for elegance and correctness. Though in affluent circumstances, 
 and affected from early manliood with blindness, Mr. Prescott labored 
 in his lit(;rary undertakings with indefatigable industry, and accom- 
 plished a task beyond the powers of most men in the enjoyment of every 
 faculty. His high moral worth, amiable disposition, and geniality of 
 manners won for him the esteem of a very large circle of friends. 
 
 The Iiidiiins. From " The History- of the United States." Ramsay.. 25 
 David Ramsay, M.D., was born in Pennsylvania in 1749. After gradu- 
 ating at the College of New Jersey, he studied medicine, and commenced 
 practice in Charleston, South Carolina, where he resided during the 
 remainder of his life. He was for several years (1782-5) a member of 
 Congress, and during one year its president. His deatli was caused by 
 a pistol-shot wound, received in the streets of Charleston, in 1815. In 
 1785 he published bis " History of the Revolution in South Carolina;" 
 and five years afterward the " History of the American Revolution," 
 which was received with universal commendation. His " Life of Wash- 
 ington" appeared in 1807, and the " History of South Carolina" in 1809. 
 He was also the author of several other works. As a historian he was 
 diligent in research, and his narrative is characterized by accuracy and 
 impartiality, and is expressed in a simple and elegant style. 
 
 The Mound Biiihlers. From " The Popular History of the United 
 
 States." Bryant and Gay 27 
 
 William C, Bryant, though pronounced as " the foremost of American 
 poets," was also distinguished as a prose writer. He was many years 
 the editor of the New York Ecening Pod. He was born in Massachu- 
 setts in 1794. His death occurred in New York City in 1878. lie was 
 universally esteemed for his active beneficence, unbending integrity, and 
 kindness of disposition. 
 
 Were the Indians the Mound Riindersl From "The Pre-Historlc 
 
 Races in the United States." Foster 29 
 
 John W. Foster, LL.D., an eminent geologist and arclueologist, was 
 
Selections and Authors. ix 
 
 born in Massachusetts in 1815. Besides the above work, he was the 
 author of the " Physical Geography of the Mississippi Valley." His 
 .death occurred in 1873. 
 
 The New Lands not India. From "The Conquest of Peru." Presco^"!;. 30 
 
 De Soto's Expedition. From " The Pioneers of France in the New 
 
 World." Parkman 34 
 
 Francis Parkman, a native of Boston, was born in 1823. His various 
 histories, "The Conspiracy of Pontiac," "The Pioneers, etc.," "The 
 Jesuits in Nortli America," and other works, " exhibit a singular combina- 
 tion of the talents of the historian with thoi?e of the novelist." They 
 have been warmly commended by critics on both sides of the Atlantic. 
 No liistorical course of reading can be complete that excludes these 
 charming volumes. 
 
 Discovery of the Mississippi. From " The Conquest of Florida." T. 
 
 Irving 35 
 
 Theodore Irving, LL.D., nephew of Washington Irving, was born in 
 New York in 1809. Besides "The Conquest," he has written "The 
 Fountain of Waters," and contributed numerous articles, mostly of a 
 devotional character, to periodicals. His style is " terse and graceful." 
 
 Bnrial of De Soto. A translation from the " Knight of Elvas," a Spanish 
 
 narrative. Smith 36 
 
 Buckingham Smith was born in Georgia in 1810. He published a 
 
 number of works, most of which were translations from the Spanish. 
 
 " Few American scholars have been so conversant with the materials of 
 
 early American history as Mr. Smith." He died in 1871. 
 
 Drake's Voyage Around the World. From " The History of Oregon 
 
 and California." Bohert Greenhow 37 
 
 (See note, page 198.) 
 
 Marquetteon the Mississippi. From " The Discovery and Exploration 
 
 of the Mississippi River." Shea 41 
 
 John D. Gilmary Shea, LL.D., was born in New York in 1824. He is 
 
 the author of a number of works of great merit, but is best known for 
 
 those on American history. 
 
 La Salle descends tire Mississippi. From " The Discovery of the Great 
 West. " Parkman 43 
 
 Settlement of Jamestown. From "The History of the Colony and 
 Ancient Dominion of Virginia," Campbell 52 
 
Selections and Authors. 
 
 Charles Campbell was born in Virfjinia in 1807. His principal publica- 
 tion is tlie history from which we make the extract. It is a narrative of 
 the events from the discovery and settlement of this country to the sur- 
 render of Cornwallis in 1781. It is a work of faithful accuracy. 
 
 The Gold Excitement. From " The Life of Captain John Smith." Hil- 
 
 lard 55 
 
 George S. Hillard, " lawyer, orator, and man of letters," was born in 
 Maine in 1808 ; he died in 1879. He was the author of " Six Months in 
 Italy," a book of great interest, and the " Life and Campaigns of George 
 B. McClellan," as well as other works. By educators he was known 
 through his series of School Readers. " He was one of the most pol- 
 ished writers of New England." 
 
 Marrias;:e of Pocahontas. From " The History of the United States." 
 
 Bancroft 56 
 
 George Bancroft, one of the most eminent of American historians, was 
 born in Massai'luisetts in 1800. He early manifested remarkable talent, 
 graduating at Harvard College with the highest honors at the age of 
 seventeen. Tlie publication of his great work, " The History of the 
 United States," was commenced in 1884, and is btill unfinished. " Parts 
 of it may be reckoned among the most splendid in all historical litera- 
 ture." Mr. Bancroft has filled several important political offices, having 
 been Secretary of the Navy under President Polk, and having, as Minis- 
 ter-Plenipotentiary to Great Britain, represented the United States from 
 1846 to 1849. 
 
 The Pilgrims in England. From " The Life of John of Barneveld." 
 
 Motley 61 
 
 John Lothrop Motley, the eminent historian, was born in Massachusetts 
 in 1814. His " Rise of tlie Dutch Republic," " The History of the United 
 Netherlands," and "Life of John of Barneveld " are among the ablest 
 contributions to American literature. " His histories are, in some 
 degree, epics. The same high, chivalrous tone which rings through 
 them has been heard in every crisis of his public career." He was 
 Minister to Russia, and afterward to England. At the time of his death 
 (1877) he was engaged in writing a history of the " Thirty Years' War." 
 
 Embarkation of the Pilgrims. From " The New England History. " 
 
 ?:moit 63 
 
 Charles W. Elliott, descended from the pious and learned John Eliot, 
 " the Apostle to the Indians," was born in Connecticut in 1817. One of 
 his best books is " St. Domingo : its Revolution and its Hero, Toussaint 
 L'Ouverture." 
 
Selections and Authors. xi 
 
 Settlement of Plymouth. From "The History of New England." 
 
 Palfrey 64 
 
 John Gorham Palfrey was born In Boston in 1796, and educated in Har- 
 vard University, in which institution he was afterward appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Sacred Literature. His lectures on the " Evidences of Chris- 
 tianity" and on the " Hebrew Scriptures," as well as his numerous 
 literary, historical, and political discourses, have been highly com- 
 mended. His great work, the " History of New England," the first 
 volume of which was published in 1858, has been universally approved 
 and admired for its thorough appreciation of the Puritan character, its 
 accuracy of statement, and the purity and dignity of its style. 
 
 The (jJreat Aim of the Pilgrims. From an Oration. Webster 67 
 
 Daniel "Webster, the celebrated American statesman and orator, was 
 born in New Hampshire in 1783. After graduating from Dartmouth 
 College, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1805. In 1813 
 he became a representative in Congress, and from that time until his 
 death, in 1852, was almost uninterruptedly in the public service, as a 
 member of Congress or a cabinet ofBcer. In 1842, while Secretary of 
 State, under President Tyler, he negotiated the treaty with England, by 
 which the north-eastern boundary question was settled. His great 
 orations may, it has been thought, claim a favorable comparison with 
 even the most brilliant of ancient times. 
 
 Hooker's Emigration. From "The History of Connecticut." Hol- 
 
 lister 69 
 
 G. H, HoUister. — Besides the above and other valuable works, he was 
 
 the author of "Mount Hope; or, Philip, King of the Wampanoags," an 
 
 historical romance of very great merit. 
 
 A Sabbath in New Haven. From " Historical Discourses." Bacon.. 70 
 Leonard Bacon, D.D., a "distinguished champion of New England Con- 
 gregationalism," was born in Michigan in 1802. He has written several 
 books and contributed largely to periodicals. Since 1825 he has been 
 the pastor of a church in New Haven, Ct. 
 
 Williams's Flight to Rhode Island. From " The History of Rhode 
 Island." Arnold 7 72 
 
 Samuel Greene Arnold was born in Rhode Island in 1821. Besides the 
 above valuable work, he has written numerous magazine articles, 
 delivered many addresses of great merit, and held several eminent civil 
 positions. 
 
 Union of New England Colonies. From " The History of Connecticut." 
 Trumbull , , 74 
 
xii Selections and Authors. 
 
 Benjamin Trumbull, D.D., was born in Connecticut in 1735. He served 
 in the Revolutionary war both as a chaplain and a soldier. Died in 1820. 
 
 Persecution <»ftho Quakers. From " True Stories." Eaiothorne... 75 
 Nathaniel Hawthorn, " for years one of the greatest modern masters of 
 English prose," was born at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. His numer- 
 ous writings show fine culture and great originality of genius. "The 
 Scarlet Letter," as a highly-wrought fiction, composed witli the most 
 artistic finish, has no superior in the language. The most noted of his 
 other works are "Mosses from an Old Manse," the " House of the Seven 
 Gables," "Twice-told Tales," and the " Marble Faun," all of wliich are 
 compositions of distinguished merit. He also wrote many educational 
 works, in which he displayed a happy facility in adapting the style and 
 treatment to the capacity of young minds. Ilis death occurred in 1864. 
 
 Storming of the Narragansett Fort. From " The History of New 
 England." Palfrey 77 
 
 Death of Philip. From " The Sketch Book." Ircing 77 
 
 Witclicraft in Europe. From " Anecdotes of Early Social History." 
 
 Everett 79 
 
 Edward Everett, the celebrated orator and statesman, was born in 
 Massachusetts in 1794, and died in 1864. His speeches were remarkable 
 for their elaborate finish, peculiar elegance of style, and justness of 
 sentiment; while his delivery was exceedingly dignified and graceful. 
 Mr. Everett was for ten years a member of Congress, and for four suc- 
 cessive years Governor of Massachusetts. He was also Secretary of 
 State, and Minister to the Court of Great Britain. 
 
 The Half'Moon ascending the Hudson. From " The History of New 
 
 York." Brodhead 80 
 
 John R. Brodhead was born in Pennsylvania in 1814 ; was Secnstary of 
 Legation at the Hague in 18o9, and sulisequently agent of the State of 
 New York to procure historical documents in Europe. In 1846 he was 
 appointed Secretary of Legation, under George Bancroft, at the Court of 
 England. His principal literary work is " The History of the State of 
 New York" — a performance of great merit and research. He died in 
 1873. 
 
 Coniniencenient of Maryland Colonization. From " The History of the 
 United Stales." Bancroft 88 
 
 The Swedes in Delaware. From " Aerelius's History of New Sweden," 
 translated froni the Swedish by W. M. EcynoUh 93 
 
Selections and AtitJiors. xiii 
 
 Peiin's Great Treaty. From ''The Life of William Penn." Janney. 94 
 Samuel M. Janney, a pbilantLropist and Friend (Quaker), was born in 
 Virginia in 1801. He is the author of " The Country School House" 
 (poem), "Conversations on Religious Subjects," "Life of Penn," "Life 
 of Fox," " History of the Frieuds," and other works. " His style is easy, 
 flowing, and yet sententious." 
 
 The Huguenots in Carolina. From " The Pioneers of France in the 
 New World." Parkman 96 
 
 The Iroquois or, Five Nations. From " The Jesuits in North America." 
 Parkman 103 
 
 Washington's Return from the French Forts. From " The Life of 
 Washington. " Irving 104 
 
 Expulsion of the Acadians. From "True Stories." Hawthorne. . .105 
 
 Capture of (Quebec. From " The Life of Washington." Lossing. . .108 
 Benson J. Lossing, writer and artist, chiefly distinguished for his efforts 
 to illustrate and popularize the history of the United States. For this 
 purpose his " Field-Book of the Revolution" and his " Field- Book of the 
 War of 1812" are most admirable and valuable works. Mr. Lossing is 
 the author of many other works in American history of no inconsiderable 
 merit. 
 
 Panl Revere's Ride. From an oration delivered at Concord, April 19, 
 
 1875. Curtis 133 
 
 George William Curtis, " author and orator," was born in Rhode Island 
 in 1834. His principal works are "Nile Notes of a Howadji," '.'The 
 Howadji in Syria," " Lotos Eating," and " The Potiphar Papers," "open- 
 ing," in this last work, "a new vein of satiric fiction." The " great ex- 
 tent of his popularity is due to his papers in Ilmyer's Magazine." His 
 style is clear and terse. 
 
 Lexington and Concord. From "The History of the United States." 
 Bancroft 133 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill. From "History of the Siege of Boston." 
 
 FrotJiingliam 135 
 
 Richard Frothingham, Jr., historian and journalist, was born in Massa- 
 chusetts in 1813. His principal works are the " History of Charlestown," 
 "Life of Joseph Warren," " Rise of the Republic," and the " Siege of 
 Boston." Of the " Siege" Bancroft pays : " It is the best of our mono- 
 graphs that I have seen." 
 
xiv Selections and Authors. 
 
 The Necessity of the War. From a Speecli in the Virginia Convention, 
 1775. Patrick Uenrij 130 
 
 Washington chosen Commander-in-Chief. From " The Life of Wash- 
 ington." Sparks 189 
 
 Tared Sparks, LL.D., was born in Connecticut in 1789. His father was 
 a farnitr. He was apprenticed to a carpenter, but his love of books 
 overcame all obstacles, and through the assistance of friends he was en- 
 abled to prepare for admission into Harvard College, from which he 
 graduated in 1815. He subsequently became a Unitarian clergyman, 
 and wrote several works on theological subjects. His fame, however, 
 depends upon hi.s publications in relation to Washington and the history 
 of the Revolution, for which he will ever receive the gratitude of pos- 
 terity. His "American Biography" includes the life of sixty eminent per- 
 sonages, eight of which were written by the editor himself. Mr. Sparks 
 died at Cambridge in 1866. 
 
 Death of Montgomery. From " The Life of Aaron Burr." Parton. 1^1 
 James Parton was born in England in 1832, but has resided in the 
 United States since 1836. " The various biographies written by him — 
 namely, the lives of Greeley, Burr, Jackson, Franklin, and Jefferson — 
 have the great merit of being entertaining, while they rest on a solid 
 basis of facts which the writer has diligently explored. His love of i)ar- 
 adox, though a fault, certainly gives piquancy to his lucid narrative." 
 
 Expedition against Charleston. From " Life and Times of Francis 
 
 Marion. " Simms 143 
 
 Wm. Gilmore Simms, LL.D., " the most prolific of American historical 
 novelists," was born in South Carolina in 1806. His productions in 
 poetry, romance, history, biography, and criticism are numerous. The 
 best of his works of fiction are published in seventeen volumes, under 
 the title of " Revolutionary and Border Romances of the South." His 
 " descriptions are bold and graphic." His death occurred in 1870. 
 
 The Fathers of the Declaration. From an oration, July 4, 1876. 
 
 Starrs 145 
 
 Richard Salter Storrs, D.D., was born in Massachusetts in 1831, de- 
 scended from a long line of ministers. He has contributed much to 
 current literature, and his published sermons, orations, and addresses 
 are marked by great vigor and scholarship. He has been president of 
 " The Long Island Historical Society" a number of years. 
 
 Execntion of Nathan Hale. From " The Life of Captain Nathan Hale." 
 J. W. Stuart 149 
 
Selections and Autliors. xv 
 
 Lafayette Joins the Americans. Sprague 152 
 
 Charles Sprague was born in Massachusetts in 1791 ; died in 1875. His 
 writings were mostly poetical ; Whipple says : " His prologues are the 
 best which have been written since the time of Pope." He has been 
 styled " the American Pope, because of his terseness, his finished ele- 
 gance, his regularity of metre, and his nervous point." 
 
 Thc! Army at Valley Forge. From " Historic Americans." ParTcer.A^5 
 Theodore Parker was born in Massachusetts in 1810, graduated at the 
 theological school in Cambridge, and settled in Roxbury, as minister of 
 a Unitarian church. He subsequently became distinguished for the flu- 
 ency and eloquence of his public lectures and addresses, in which he 
 displayed a remarkable pungency of satire, and an intense humanitarian 
 spirit. His anti-slavery efforts were particularly vigorous and persistent. 
 The boldness with which he advanced his peculiar views in religion 
 gave great offense to many, and his theological writings have drawn 
 upon him considerable bitter animadversion and censure. He was un- 
 doubtedly a man of great intellectual power, and a most kindly and 
 philanthropic spirit. His death occurred at Florence, Italy, in 1860. 
 
 The Dark Hour at Valley Forge. From "Life of General Greene." 
 
 Greene 155 
 
 George Washington Greene, born in Rhode Island in 1811, a grandson 
 of General Nathaniel Greene of Revolutionary celebrity, is the author of 
 a " Life of General Greene," first published as a portion of " Sparks's 
 American Biography," subsequently much enlarged. He has also pub- 
 lished several historical and geographical works, as well as an edition 
 of Addison's works, and contributed many papers on historical and 
 critical subjects to the North American Review, KnicTcerhocker Magazine, 
 etc. 
 
 Arnold's Stratagem to relieve Fort Schuyler. From "The Life of 
 Washington." Irving 157 
 
 Franklin at the French Court. From " The History of the United 
 States." Bancroft 100 
 
 Massacre of Wyoming. From " The History of W^yoming." Stone.. \QZ 
 William L. Stone, a journalist and author of high rank. He was born 
 in New York, in 1793, commenced life as a printer, and subsequently 
 edited journals in Hudsmi, Albany, and Hartford. In 1821 he became 
 editor of the Commercial Advertiser, of New York City, and thus con- 
 tinued till his death in 1844. His published works are quite numerous, 
 and are highly valued for their historical accuracy and research, as 
 well as for the elegance of their style. Among them uuiy bo particu- 
 
xvi Selections and JiiitJwrs. 
 
 larly mentioned "Life of Joseph Brant, including the Border Wars of 
 the American Revolution," "Life and Times of Red Jacket," "Letters 
 on Freemasonry," and "Tale's and Sketches." In personal character 
 he was genial and benevolent, kind and considerate to all, giving his 
 warm and earnest support to every religious and philanthropic object. 
 
 Slarion. Sumter, and Pickens. From "Memoirs, etc." Lee 16(5 
 
 Henry Lee was born in Virginia in 1756. He was known in the Revo- 
 lutionary war as " Lighthorse Harry," and the partisan corps of which 
 he was commander was known as "Lee's Legion." Li his celebrated 
 eulogy of Washington, prepared by direction of Congress, occurred the 
 words, "First in war, first in peace, sui 1 (irst in the hearts of his coun- 
 trymen." His " Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department" were 
 written in 1809, while he was in confinement for deTjt. He died in 1818. 
 
 Arrest of Andre. From "The Life of W^ishington." Irvinff.. ..170 
 
 Surrender of Cornwallis. From " Military Journal of the Revolution." 
 
 Tharhcr 175 
 
 James Thacher, M.D., was bona in Massachusetts in 1754. He served 
 
 as surgeon in the Revolutionary war, and was present at many of the 
 
 principal battles. He was the author of several medical works of great 
 
 merit. 
 
 Washington's Farewell Address to his Officers. Marshall 177 
 
 The Federalist, From the Life and Times of Madison. Rites 179 
 
 William C. Eives was born in Virginia in 1793 ; died in 1868. He 
 was a Fuited States Senator, Minister to France, and filled other impor- 
 tant civil positions. He was the author of "Life of John Hampden," 
 " Discourses on the Uses and Importance of History," and other works. 
 
 The First Political Parties. From ' History of the Hartford Conven- 
 tion." Biri'/ht 179 
 
 Theodore Dwight, an able journalist and brilliant political writer, was 
 
 born in Massachusetts in 1764. He was a leader of the Federal party, 
 
 and the secretary of the Hartford Convention. He wrote " The Life and 
 
 Character of Thomas Jefferson." 
 
 Inauguration of Washington. From " The History of the United States." 
 
 llildreth 18jj 
 
 Richard Hildreth, a distinguished writer and journalist. His chief 
 work is a " History of the United States," which is especially valuable 
 for its accuracy and directness of statement, its dignified but uni)re- 
 tending style, and the fullness of its information in regard to the 
 
Selections and Authors. 
 
 xvu 
 
 political history of the country. "As a book of reference it still remains 
 as the best in our catalogue of works on American history." Born in 
 Massachusetts in 1807 ; died in Florence, Italy, in 1865. 
 
 Migration to the West. Audubon 188 
 
 John James Audubon, '• the ornithologist," of whom Professor Wilson 
 said: "He is tlie greatest artist in his own walk that ever lived." 
 "Audubon's works," says Cuvier, "are the most splendid monuments 
 which art has erected in honor of ornithology." The price of his great 
 work, " The Birds of America," was $1000. Every object in it is of tbe 
 size of life. "Audubon has indisputable claims to a respectable rank as 
 a man of letters. Some of his written pictures of birds, so graceful, 
 clearly defined, and brilliantly colored, are scarcely inferior to the pro- 
 ductions of his pencil." He was born in Louisiana. His death occurred 
 in 1851. 
 
 John Jay. From " The First Century of the Republic." Whipple. .186 
 Edwin P. Whipple, "one of our most brilliant writers," was born in 
 Massachusetts in 1819. He is the author of "Essays and Reviews," 
 "The Literature of the Age of Elizabeth," and other works. 
 
 Invention of the Cot!ou-g"in. From "The American Conflict." 
 
 Greeley 187 
 
 Horace Greeley, one of the most distinguished journalists of this coun- 
 try, was born in New Hampshire, in 1811, and commenced life as a 
 printer. The JVew York Tribune was commenced by him in 1841. 
 Mr. Greeley's style is vigorous and pungent, and his writings abound 
 in useful information, addressed to the practical common-sense of the 
 reader. His most extensive work is the "American Conflict," in which 
 he gives, with considerable fullness, the events of that great struggle 
 between the two sections of the country, together with the political and 
 social causes that led to it. He died in 1872. (S.ee p. 299.) 
 
 Washington's Farewell Address. Washington 190 
 
 Death of Washington. From "The Life of Washington." Mar- 
 shall 193 
 
 Character of Wasliington. From ' Orations and Speeches of Edward 
 Everett. Everett" 193 
 
 Fulton's First Steamboat. From a discourse delivered in 1829. 
 
 Story 301 
 
 Joseph Story, LL.D., an eminent jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 
 1779. He was admitted to the bar in 1801, served several years as a 
 member of the legislature of his native State, and in 1811 was appointed 
 by President Madison associate justice of the Supreme Court, which 
 
xviii Selections and Authors. 
 
 oflBce lie continued to fill till his deatli, in 1845. His legal treatises 
 liave had a very high reputation both in this country and England. 
 Lord Brougham pronounced bim " the first jurist living." His miscel- 
 laneous writings are numerous. 
 
 Purchase of Loiiislaua. From an address. Everett 196 
 
 How the Clermont was regarded. From "The Life of Robert Fulton." 
 C. D. Colden 203 
 
 Peri'3''s Victory, From " The Second War between England and the 
 
 United States." Ileadley 209 
 
 Joel Tyler Headley, one of the most popular writers of the time, was 
 born in Delaware County, New York, In 1814. His principal historical 
 works are "Napoleon and his Marshals," "Washington and his Gene- 
 rals," "Life of Oliver Cromwell," and "History of the Second War 
 between England and the United States." These works are chiefly 
 distinguished for their melodramatic descriptions and brilliancy of 
 style, but in respect to accuracy of statement have been sharply criti- 
 cised. Mr. Headley has also published many other works of considerable 
 literary excellence. 
 
 The Hartford Convention. From "Sketches of American Policy." 
 
 Webster 215 
 
 Noah Webster, LL.D., the author of the "American Dictionary," was 
 born in Connecticut in 1758, and graduated with considerable honor at 
 Yale College, in 1778. He was at first a school-teacher at Goshen, in 
 New York, and while thus engaged, compiled his " Spelling Book," 
 which he published at Hartford in 1783. He soon afterward published 
 an "English Grammar." The spelling book has probably been the 
 most widely circulated book ever published in this country. In 1784 he 
 published " Sketches of American Policy," a political work of consid- 
 erable interest and merit. In 1793 he started a daily paper in New 
 York, which still continues to be published as the Commercial Advertiser. 
 He commenced the Dictionary in 1807, and spent twenty years in its 
 compilation. He died in 1843. 
 
 How the News of Peace was received. Goodrich 216 
 
 Samuel Griswold Goodrich, world-wide known under the assumed name 
 of Peter Parley, was born in Connecticut in 1793. His juvenile books, 
 more than one hundred in number, comprise geographies, histories, 
 travels, stories, and illustralions of the arts and sciences. " For more 
 than twenty years his delightful compositions have instructed and 
 edified children in both hemispheres." He died in 1860. 
 
Selections and Authors. xix 
 
 War with Algiers. From "The History of the United States." Ilil- 
 dreth 216 
 
 Treaty with Algiers. From " History of the Navy of the United States." 
 
 Cooper 217 
 
 James Fennimore Cooper, the distinguished American novelist, was born 
 in 1789. At the age of sixteen he entered the navy as a midshipman, 
 and followed the life of a sailor for six years. His writings are very 
 numerous, including the " Leather Stocking Tales" and other novels, 
 and the " History of the Navy of the United States." In his description 
 of the sea and the various incidents of a sailor's life, as well as of the 
 Indians and their savage manners, no author can claim any comparison 
 with Cooper. His death occurred in 1851. 
 
 Death of Adams and Jefferson. From " Life and Public Services of 
 
 John Quincy Adams." Seward 223 
 
 William H. Seward, an eminent statesman, was born in New York in 
 
 1801. His writings, and many of his public orations, fill several volumes. 
 
 While holding the office of Secretary of State in Lincoln's cabinet, he 
 
 was attacked and seriously injured, on the night of the assassination of 
 
 Lincoln, by one of the conspirators. He died in 1872. 
 
 The Magnetic Telegraph. From "Public Men and Events." Sar- 
 gent 236 
 
 Nathan Sargent, a political writer known under the nam de plume of 
 
 Oliver Oldschool. Born in Vermont in 1794; died in 1875. 
 
 American Conquest of Mexico. From " History of the Mexican War." 
 
 Mansfield 241 
 
 Edward D. Mansfield was born in 1801, and graduated at the United 
 
 States Military Academy, at West Point, in 1819. He was the author of 
 
 several works, chief among which are the " Life of General Scott" and 
 
 the " History of the Mexican War." 
 
 Mining Life in California. From " History of California." Frankliji 
 Tuthill, M.D 246 
 
 The Mormons. From " History of the United States." J. H. Pattoi.. 248 
 Treaty with Japan. J. E. Patton 250 
 
 Battle of the Iron Ships. From " The Lost Cause." Pollard 269 
 
 Edward A. Pollard was formerly editor of the Richmond Examiner. 
 He published various works in relation to the Civil War, written from 
 a Southern standpoint. In 1866 appeared "The Lost Cause: a New 
 Southern History of the War of the Confederates ; " and subsequently 
 
XX Selections and Authors. 
 
 otlier works on topics connected with the same general subject. Mr. 
 Pollard's style is copious and vii^orous ; and the earnestness with which 
 he writes makes his works interesting to all classes of readers. 
 
 Confederate Money. From "A Rebel's Recollections." George Gary 
 Eggleston 274 
 
 Misapplication of Means. From "A Narrative of Military Events, etc." 
 
 Joh/isto/i 276 
 
 Joseph E. Johnston was born in Virginia in 1807. He graduatetl at 
 West Point, served iu the Semiu(de War and in tlie Mexican War, and 
 was a Confederate general iu the great Civil War. (See p. 307.) 
 
 Obligation to the Patriot Dead. Abraham Lincoln. . , 278 
 
 Organizations of Mercy. From " History of the American Civil War." 
 
 Draper 279 
 
 John W. Draper, M.D., LL.D., was born in England in 1811; came to 
 the United States iu 1833. Besides the above and many valuable 
 treatises on chemistry, physiology, and mixed mathematics, he is the 
 author of a " History of the Intellectual Development of Europe," pro- 
 nounced by Whipple " comprehensive iu scope, brilliant in style, and 
 bold iu siieculation." 
 
 Evacnatiou of Richmond. From "A Southern History of the War." 
 Pollard 291 
 
 Miracles of the War. From "History of the American Civil U'ar." 
 Draper 295 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Section I. Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 First Discovery of America ; The Northmen's discoveries (15) ; Co- 
 lumbus (18) ; India — the route to it ; Idea and plan of Columbus (19) 
 Landing of Columbus in the New World (31) ; Other Discoveries of 
 Columbus (33) ; Return of Columbus to Spain (33) ; The Indians (35) ; 
 The Mound-builders (37) ; Were the Indians the Mound-builders? 
 English Discoveries (39) ; Origin of the name America ; The new lands 
 not India (30) ; The first voyage around the earth (31) ; Discovery of 
 Florida (33) ; De Soto's Expedition (34) ; Discovery of the Mississippi 
 (35) ; Burial of De Soto (30) ; Drake's Voyage around the world (37) ; 
 Other expeditions by the English (40) ; Explorations by the French ; 
 Marquette on the Mississippi (41) ; La Salle descends the Mississippi 
 (43) ; How the lands were disposed of (47) . Summary ; Claims (48) ; 
 Topical Review (49) ; Model for a written exercise (50). 
 
 Section II. The Colonial Period. 
 
 Virginia. — Settlement of Jamestown (53) ; Character of the Colo- 
 nists (54) ; The gold excitement ; The starving time (55) ; Lord Dela- 
 ware's administration ; Marriage of Pocahontas (56) ; Tobacco (57) ; 
 Importation of wives (58) ; Bacon's Rebellion (59). 
 
 New England. — Early explorations (59) ; First English settlement in 
 Maine (GO) ; The Great Patent ; Puritans and Pilgrims ; The Pilgrims 
 in England (61) ; The Pilgrims in Holland (63) The Embarkation (63) ; 
 Settlement of Plymouth (64) ; The first winter at Plymouth (66) ; Great 
 aim of the Pilgrims ; Settlement of New Hampshire (67) ; Massachu- 
 setts Bay Colony ; Settlement of Boston (68) ; Settlement of Connecti- 
 cut ; Hooker's emigration (69) ; PequoJ War ; New Haven Colony ; 
 A Sabbath in New Haven (70) ; The founder of Rhode Island ; His 
 flight to Rhode Island (73) ; Early history of Rhode Island (73) ; Union 
 of New England Colonies (74) ; Persecution of the Quakers (75) ; King 
 Philip's War (76) ; Storming of the Narragansett Fort ; Death of 
 Philip (77) ; Salem Witchcraft (78) ; Witchcraft in Europe (79). 
 
 New York and New Jersey. — Discovery of the Hudson river; The 
 Half-Moon ascends the Hudson (80) ; The first settlement (83) ; Growth 
 of the colony (83) ; The English take New Netherlands (85) ; New 
 Jersey (86). 
 
 Maryland. — Lord Baltimore (87) ; Commencement of colonization (88) ; 
 Clayborne's Claims ; Civil war (90). 
 
xxii Contents. 
 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. — William Penn (91) ; The Swedes in 
 Delaware (92) ; Dutch Claim — Conquest by Stuyvesant (93) ; Delaware 
 united to Pennsylvania (94) ; Peun's great treaty (94). 
 
 North and South Carolina. — The Huguenots in Carolina (96) ; Albe- 
 marle and Clarendon colonies ; The Grand Model ; Division of the 
 province (98). 
 
 Georgia. — Motives for the settlement ; Settlement of Savannah (99) ; 
 Wesley and Whitefield (100). 
 
 European Wars that affected the Colonies. — King William's, Queen 
 Anne's, and King George's (101) ; The Iroquois (102). 
 
 The French and Indian War.— The French Claim (102) ; The English 
 Claim ; Washington's Mission (108), his expedition (105) ; Expulsion 
 of the Acadians ; Braddock's Defeat (106) ; Capture of Quebec (108). 
 
 Condition of the Colonies. — Population (112); Government; Industry 
 (113) ; Fisheries ; Printing (115) ; Education and Schools (116) ; Man- 
 ners and Customs (117) ; Money (119). Summary by Colonies (120): 
 General Summary (123) ; Topical Review (124). 
 
 Section III. The Revolutionary Period. 
 
 Causes of the war (125) ; The Stamp Act (126) ; Boston Massacre 
 (127) ; Boston Tea Party (128) ; First Continental Congress (130) ; Paul 
 Revere's Ride (132) ; Lexington and Concord (133) ; Capture of Ticon- 
 deroga ; Battle of Bunker Hill (135) ; Necessity of the War ; Washing- 
 ton chosen Commander-in-Chief (139) ; Expedition against Canada (140) ; 
 Death of Montgomery (141) ; The British evacuate Boston ; Expedition 
 against Charleston (142) ; Birth of the Nation (144) ; The fathers of the 
 Declaration (145) ; Battle of Long Island ; Retreat of Washington (148) ; 
 Execution of Hale (149) ; Battle of Trenton (150) ; Battle of Princeton ; 
 Lafayette joins the Americans (152); Expedition against Philadelphia 
 (153) ; Battle of Germantown (154) ; The Army at Valley Forge ; The 
 Dark Hour at Valley Forge (155) ; Burgoyne's invasion (156) ; Arnold 
 relieves Fort Schuyler (157) ; Battle of Bennington ; Foes of ihe pa- 
 triots (158) ; Surrender of Burgoyne (159) ; Franklin at the French 
 Court (160); Evacuation of Philadelphia (161); Battle of Monmouth 
 (162) ; Massacre of Wyoming (163) ; Events in the South (164) ; Storm- 
 ing of Stony Point ; Paul Jones's victory (165) ; Loss of Charleston 
 (166) ; Marion, Sumter, and Pickens ; Battle of Camden (167) ; Treason 
 of Arnold (169) ; Arrest of Andre (170) ; Fate of Andre (171) ; Battle of 
 the Cowpens (172) ; Cornwallis pursues Morgan ; Battles of Guilford 
 Court House and Eutaw Springs (173) ; Arnold's expedition against 
 Virginia ; Siege of Yorktown (174) ; Surrender of Cornwallis (175) ; 
 Condition of the country (170) ; Washington's farewell to his officers; 
 Resigns his command (177) ; Adoption of the Constitution (178) ; The 
 
Contents. xxiii 
 
 Federalist ; First political parties (179) ; Summary (180) ; Topical 
 Review (181). 
 
 Section IV. The Constitutional Period. 
 
 "Washington's Administration. — His inauguration (183) ; First Meas- 
 ures ; Admission of Vermont (184) ; Indian war ; Foreign affairs (185) ; 
 John Jay (186) ; Invention of the cotton-gin (187) ; Migration to the 
 West (188) ; Admission of Kentucky and Tennessee ; Washington's 
 Farewell Address (190). 
 
 John Adams's Administration. — His inauguration (191) ; Hostilities of 
 France ; Death of Washington (192) ; Character of Washington (193). 
 
 Jefferson's Administration. — His inauguration ; Admission of Ohio 
 (195) ; Purchase of Louisiana (196) ; War with the Barbary States (198) ; 
 Exploit of Decatur (199) ; Death of Hamilton (200) ; Trial of Burr ; 
 Fulton's first steamboat (201) ; How the Clermont was regarded ; 
 British aggressions (203) ; The embargo (205). 
 
 Madison's Administration. — War declared against Great Britain ; 
 Hull's invasion of Canada ; Victories on the ocean (206) ; Capture of 
 the Guerriere (207) ; " Don't give up the ship !" (208) ; Perry's victory 
 (209) ; Harrison's victory (211) ; Brown's invasion of Canada (212) 
 Plattsburg and Lake Champlain (213) ; Attack on Baltimore (213) 
 New Orleans saved (214) ; Hartford Convention (215) ; End of the war 
 How the news was received ; War with Algiers (216) ; Admission of 
 Louisiana and Indiana (218). 
 
 Monroe's Administration. — The Seminole war and Florida (219) ; 
 Admission of Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Maine ; The Missouri 
 Compromise (220) ; Lafayette's visit (221). 
 
 John Quincy Adams's Administration. — The 10th national election 
 (222) ; Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (223) ;. The tariff 
 (224) ; Internal improvements (225) ; Canals (226). 
 
 Jackson's Administration — The 11th national election (226) ; Rotation 
 in office ; Bank of the United States (227) ; Nullification (228) ; Admis- 
 sion of Arkansas and Michigan (229). 
 
 Van Buren's Administration. — The- 13th national election (230) . 
 Panic of 1837 ; Slavery agitation (231) : Railroads ; Steam navigation 
 (233). 
 
 Harrison and Tyler's Administrations. — The 14th national election 
 (233) ; Death of Harrison (235) ; Annexation of Texas ; The magnetic 
 telegraph (236). 
 
 Polk's Administration. — The 15th national election (237) ; War with 
 Mexico ; Taylor's campaign (238) ; Conquest of New Mexico and Cali- 
 fornia (239) ; Scott's campaign (240) ; American conquest of Mexico 
 (241) ; Treaty of peace (242) ; Discovery of gold in California (243) ; 
 Admission of Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin (244). 
 
xxir Contents. 
 
 Taylor's Administration. — The Ifitli national plection (244) ; Mining 
 life in California {■24(!) ; Slavery agitation revived (247). 
 
 Fillmore's Administration. — The Compromise of 18.")0 (247) ; The 
 IMormons ("248). 
 
 Pierce's Administration. — liepeal of the Missouri Compromise (249) ; 
 Civil war in Kansas ; Treaty with Japan (2.50). Summary (2.'31); Topi- 
 cal review (i.jS). 
 
 Buchanan's Administration. — The 18th National Election ; John 
 Brown's raid (2.'Jo) ; Condition of the country in 1860 (254) ; Secession 
 (255) ; Occupation of Fort Sumter ; the Southern Confederacy (256) ; 
 Admission of Minnesota, Oregon, and Kan.«as (257.) 
 
 Lincoln's Administration. — His inauguration ; Fall of Fort Sumter 
 (258) ; Battle of Bull Hun (2G1) ; The war in Mis.souri (2G2) ; Naval oy- 
 erations (2G3) ; Confederate privateers ; Tlie Trent affair (204) ; Union 
 successes (20.")) ; Battle of Slilloh ; Taking of New Orleans (2GG) ; At- 
 tack of the Virginia (2G8) ; Battle of the iron ships (20!)) ; Peninsula 
 campaign (270) ; Lee's first invasion of the North (272) ; Burnside's 
 campaign ; Confederate money (274) ; Misapplication of means ; Eman- 
 cipation ; Hooker's cainiaign (27G) ; Lee's second invasion ; Battle of 
 Gettysburg (277) ; Obligation to the patriot dead (278) ; Organizations 
 of mercy (279) ; The Mississippi opened (280) ; Draft riot in New York 
 (281); The war in Tennessee and Georgia (282); West Virginia and 
 Nevada (28.j) ; Red river expedition (284) ; Sherman's campaign (285); 
 Battle of Nashville; Sherman's march to the sea (286) ; Grant's cam- 
 'paign in Virginia (287) ; The Siienandoah valley (288) ; Achievements 
 of the navy (289) ; Sherman's campaign of 1805(290); Evacuation of 
 Richmond (291) ; Surrender of Lee and Johnston ; Assassination of 
 Lincoln (29:)) ; Cost of the war (294) ; Miracles of the war (295). 
 
 Johnson's Administration. — Lincoln's funeral (295) ; Reconstruction 
 (296) ; Johnson's impeaciiment (296) ; Nebraska and Alaska (297). 
 
 Grant's Administration. — The Alabama Claims (298) ; The nation's 
 centennial ; Achuis.sion of Colorado ; The century of progress (300). 
 Summary (;lO."i) ; Topical revi(>w (306). 
 
 Hayes's Administration. — His inauguration ; Important events (308). 
 
 Acquisition of Territory ... 310 
 
 The States, origin of their names and their pet names 311 
 
 Table of the Presidents and Settlement of the States 316 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Declaration of Independence 1 
 
 Constitution of the United States 5 
 
History of the United States. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 1. Who first discovered America ? This question lias been 
 discussed by many able writers, but no one thus far has so 
 answered it as to carry conviction to the minds of all persons. 
 It has been claimed by some of these writers that 
 hundreds of years before the time of Columbus, Discovery of 
 navigators from countries on the east a'nd north 
 
 of the Mediterranean sea sailed to the Atlantic ocean, and 
 then were driven by tempests across the ocean to the continent 
 beyond. Other writers have contended that the honor of the 
 discovery belongs to Wales. Again, we have the tradition of 
 Irishmen having found a beautiful country far to the west of 
 their island, on which they lived for a long time. These are 
 not the only claims that have been put forth ; but, among 
 tliem all, that which has the best evidence to sustain it is in be- 
 half of the people called Scan-di-na'-vi-ans, who occupied the 
 region comprising the countries of ISTorway, Sweden, and 
 Denmark. They were also called Northmen or Norsemen. 
 
 2. " The restless activity and adventurous spirit of the Scan- 
 dinavians were not confined to the Baltic sea. They boldly 
 roamed over the great northern and western oceans, without 
 chart or compass, in (juest of adventures and plun- 
 der, or to find out new lands where they might Northmen's 
 
 - ,,1 , 1 , mi • Discoveries, 
 
 form settlements more or less permanent, iheir 
 
 navigators discovered many islands north of Scotland. At 
 
 a very early period, a Norwegian sea-rover was driven by a 
 
 storm quite to the Arctic Circle, until he descried a large 
 
16 Discoveries and Explorations. 1001 
 
 country which, from its aspect, he called Snce'-land, or the 
 land of snow, but which has been since more ajipropriately 
 named Iceland (8G1). 
 
 3. About a century after, Torwald, a jarl (petty king) of 
 Norway, who had been exiled from his native land for having 
 slain liis enemy, retired to that island with his son Er'-ik, sur- 
 named Eandi, or the Eed. After the death of his father, 
 Erik was compelled to leave Iceland for the same reason 
 which had banished Torwald from Norway. Seeking a new 
 asylum, he took ship, and directed his course towards tlie 
 south-west. He found a small island in a strait, and passed 
 the winter there. In the spring he explored the main-land, 
 and, finding it covered with a delightful verdure, he called it 
 Greenland. 
 
 4. There was formerly, say the ancient sagas, a man of Nor- 
 way wlio navigated from one country to another with his son 
 Bjarne {hydr'-ne), and generally spent the winters in Norway. 
 It happened, once on a time, that they were sejiaratcd from 
 each other, and Bjarne sought his father in Norway, but not 
 finding him there he learnt that he was gone to the newly- 
 discovered country of Greenland. Bjarne resolved to seek 
 and find out his father wherever he might be, and for this 
 purpose set sail for Greenland, directing himself by the obser- 
 vation of the stars and by what others had told him of the 
 situation of the land. 
 
 5. The three first days he was carried to the west, but after- 
 wards the Avind, changing, blew with violence from the north, 
 and drove him southwardly for several days. He at last 
 descried a flat country covered with Avood, tlie ai)pearance of 
 which was so different from tliat of Greenland, as it had been 
 described to him, tluit he would not go on shore, but made 
 sail to the north-west. In this course he saw an island at a 
 distance, but continued his voyage, and arrived safely in 
 Greenland, where he found his father (1001). 
 
 6. In the following summer, Bjarne made another voyage 
 to Norway, where he was hos})itably received by Erik, a dis- 
 
1002 Tlie NortJinieii' s Dlscoderies. 17 
 
 tinguished jarl of that country. The jarl, to whom he related 
 his adventures, rej)roached him for not having explored the 
 new land towards which he had been accidentally driven. 
 Bjarne having returned to his father in Greenland, there was 
 much talk among the settlers of jDursuing his discovery. The 
 restless, adventurous spirit of Leif {life), son of Erik the Red, 
 was excited to emulate the fame his father had acquired by 
 the discovery of Greenland. He purchased Bjarne's ship, 
 and manned it with thirty-five men. Leif then requested his 
 father to become the commander of the enterprise. Erik at 
 first declined, on account of the increasing infirmities of his 
 old age. He was, however, at last persuaded by his son to 
 embark ; but as he was going down to the vessel on horseback 
 his horse stumbled, which Erik received as an evil omen for 
 his undertaking. ' I do not believe, ' said he, ' that it is 
 given to me to discover any more lands, and here will I 
 abide.' Erik returned to his house, and Leif set sail with 
 his thirty-five companions, among whom was one of his 
 father's servants, a native of the south-countries, named 
 Tyrker {tur'-hei'), probably a German. 
 
 7. They first discovered what they supposed to be one of 
 the countries seen by Bjarne, the coast of which was a fiat, 
 stony land, and the background crowned with lofty moun- 
 tains covered with ice and snow. Pursuing their v^oyage 
 further south, they now came to another coast, also flat, cov- 
 ered with thick wood, and the shores of white sand gradually 
 sloping toward the sea. Here they cast anchor and made a 
 landing. Pursuing their voyage with a north-east wind for 
 two days and nights, they discovered a third land, the north- 
 ern coast of which was sheltered by an island. Here they 
 again landed, and found a country, not mountainous, but 
 undulating and woody, and abounding with fruits and ber- 
 ries delicious to the taste. 
 
 8. From thence they re-embarked and made sail to the 
 west to seek a harbor, which they at last found at the mouth 
 of a river, where they were swept by the tide into the lake 
 
18 Discoveries and Explorations. 1003 
 
 from wliicli tlie river issued. They cast anchor, and pitched 
 their tents at tliis spot, and found the river and hike full of 
 the largest salmon they had ever seen. Finding the climate 
 very temperate and the soil fruitful in pasturage, they deter- 
 mined to build huts and pass the winter here." 
 
 9. The spot selected, it is supposed, was in the latitude of 
 Boston. " It happened one day. soon after their arrival, 
 that Tyrker, the German, was missing, and as Leif set a 
 great value upon the youth on account of his skill in various 
 arts, he sent his followers in search of him in every direction. 
 When they at last found him he began to speak to them in 
 the Gernum language, with many extravagant signs of joy. 
 They at last made out to understand that he had found 
 vines bearing wild grapes. He led them to the spot, aud 
 they brought to their chief a quantity of tlie grapes which 
 they had gathered. Leif, thereupon, named the country 
 Vinland." 
 
 10. The Northmen made settlements in Greenland, as 
 
 they had previously done in Iceland ; but these, after a period 
 
 of more than a hundred years, 
 
 perished ; and when Columbus set 
 
 Christopher sail on his eventful voy- 
 Columbus. g^gg ij^ 2492^ they were 
 
 entirely forgotten. It is safe to 
 say tha^ Columbus had no knowl- 
 edge then, or afterward, of a sec- 
 ond continent, nor is there any 
 evidence that he even supposed ,^ 
 there was a second. His object 
 was to find a short way to the rich 
 country in the south-eastern part chkistci-iiek culumhus. 
 of Asia, and the islands near to it, called India, or the Indies. 
 
 11. A Venetian traveler, named Marco Polo,' as well as other 
 
 ' The first and most extensive traveller among the Eastern nations was 
 ]\Iarco Polo, who passed seventeen y^'iU's In the service of Ihe Khan of 
 Tartary, d\iriug which he visited the chief countries and cities of Eastern 
 
Idea and Plan of Columbus. 19 
 
 travelers, had been to India, and brought back to Europe ex- 
 citing accounts of the riches to be found there. A consid- 
 erable commerce was consequently carried on by india- 
 Venice and other cities of Italy with that coun- the route to it. 
 try ; but the journey was long and dangerous. Vessels 
 sailed through the Mediterranean to the north-east part of 
 Africa, where they were unladen, and the goods were carried 
 on the backs of camels across the isthmus of Suez, and thence 
 again by ship down the Eed sea and through tlie Indian 
 ocean to India. Sometimes the goods were carried overland 
 through Asia. Desiring to share in this profitable trade, the 
 jjeople of Portugal, encouraged and aided by their king, en- 
 deavored to find a passage to India — one entirely by water — 
 by sailing along the west coast of Africa, and around its 
 southern point. ^ 
 
 12. The plan formed by Columbus was very different. 
 Believing the earth to be round, he concluded that the short- 
 est way to India was across the Atlantic ocean. It is plain 
 that while he had a correct idea as to the shape ^^^^ ^^^ 
 of the earth, he was mistaken as to its size. Plan of Columbus- 
 Various discouragements, too, beset him, but nothing could 
 shake his determination. Being too poor to fit out an expe- 
 dition at his own expense he applied for aid, it is asserted, 
 to his native country, Genoa {je)i'-o-ali) ; then to Portugal. 
 In both cases he was unsuccessful. He then turned to Spain, 
 
 Asia, among them .Japan, the existence of which was not previously 
 known. He returned to Venice in 1295 ; and subsequently a very inter- 
 esting account of his travels was published, which had a wonderful effect 
 in encouraging geographical research. 
 
 ' " The crown of Portugal was constant in its efforts, through the fif- 
 teenth century, to find a passage round the southern point of Africa into 
 the Indian Ocean, thougli so timid was the navigation that every fresh 
 headland became a formidable barrier ; and it was not till the latter part 
 of the century that the adventurous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy 
 cape, as he termed it, but which .John the Second (Iving of Portugal), 
 with happier augur3% called the cape of Good Hope. Bui; before Vasco 
 de Gama had availed himself of this discovery to spread his sails in the 
 Indian seas (1497), Spain entered on her glorious career, and sent Colum- 
 bus across the western waters." — Prescoit's Conquest of Peru. 
 
20 
 
 Discooeries and Explorations. 
 
 and during seven years, while his theory and offer were be- 
 fore the Spanisli court, he implored and waited, until at last, 
 when, in despair, he was in the act of leaving that country 
 for France, he was recalled. 
 
 SPANISH CARAVAL IN WHICH COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 
 
 (From a drawing attributed to Columbus, and placed in a volume of his letters pub- 
 lished in 1494.) 
 
 13. Queen Isabella had become deeply interested in his 
 plan, and, " with an enthusiasm worthy of herself," had 
 offered to " pledge" her '' jewels to raise the necessary funds." 
 
1492 Landing of Colnmbiis in tlie New World. 31 
 
 There was, however, no need of the sacrifice. Money was 
 advanced from the public treasury, three small vessels were 
 fitted out, and with this miniature fleet Columbus set sail 
 from Spain, on Friday morning, August the 3d, 1492, and, 
 after a voyage of ten weeks — the greatest among voyages 
 that ever was made — discovered one of the Bahama islands.^ 
 
 14. " It was on Friday morning, the 12th of October, that 
 Columbus beheld the New World. As the day dawned, he 
 saw before him a level island, several leagues in extent, and 
 covered with trees like a continued orchard. Landing 
 Though apparently uncultivated, it was populous, °^ ^n^ife'^^ 
 for the inhabitants were seen issuing from all New "World. 
 parts of the woods, and running to the shore. They were per- 
 fectly naked, and, as they stood gazing at the ships, appeared 
 by their attitudes and gestures to be lost in astonishment. 
 
 15. Columbus made signal for the ships to cast anchor, 
 and tlie boats to be manned and armed. He entered his own 
 boat, richly attired in scarlet, and holding the royal standard ; 
 whilst the commanders of the other vessels put off in com- 
 pany in their boats, eacli with a banner of the enterprise 
 emblazoned with a green cross, having on either side the let- 
 ters F. and Y., the initials of the Castilian'^ moharchs, Fer- 
 nando (Ferdinand) and Ysabel (Isabella), surmounted by 
 crowns. As he approached the shore, Columbus, who was 
 disposed for all kinds of agreeable impressions, was delighted 
 with the purity and suavity of the atmosphere, the crystal 
 transparency of the sea, and the extraordinary beauty of the 
 vegetation. He beheld, also, fruits of unknown kinds upon 
 the trees which overhung the shores. 
 
 ^ " The island where Columbus had thus set his foot was called by 
 the natives Guanahani {gmih-ni(h-7i(ih'-ne). It still retains tlie name of 
 San Salvador, which he gave to it, though called by the English Cat 
 island. ' ' — Irving. 
 
 ^ Castile {kns-teeT) was an ancient kingdom or state of Spain. " "When 
 the various states were consolidated into one monarchy (1479), the capi- 
 tal of Castile l:>ecame the capital of the new empire, and her language 
 the language of the court and of literature. " — PrescoU. 
 
22 Discoveries and Explorations. 1492 
 
 16. On landing, he threw himself on his knees, kissed 
 the earth, and returned thanks to God with tears of joy. His 
 example was followed by the rest, whose hearts, indeed, over- 
 flowed with the same feelings of gratitude. Columbus tlicn 
 rising, drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and 
 assembling round him all who had landed, took solemn pos- 
 session in the name of the Castilian sovereigns, giving the 
 island the name of San Salvador, Having complied with 
 the requisite forms and ceremonies, he called upon all present 
 to take the oath of obedience to him as admiral and viceroy, 
 representing the persons of the sovereigns. 
 
 J 7. The feelings of the crew now burst forth in the most 
 extravagant transports. They had recently considered them- 
 selves devoted men hurrying forward to destruction ; they 
 now looked upon themselves as favorites of fortune, and gave 
 themselves uj) to the most unbounded joy. They thronged 
 around the admiral with overfloAving zeal, some eml)racing 
 him, others kissing his hands. Those who had been most 
 mutinous and tvirbulent during the voyage Avere now most 
 devoted and enthusiastic. Some begged favors of him as if he 
 had already wealth and honors in his gift. Many abject spir- 
 its, who had outraged him by their insolence, now crouched 
 at liis feet, begging pardon for all the trouble they had caused 
 him, and promising the blindest obedience for the future. " 
 
 18. Leaving San Salvador, Columbus soon discovered other 
 islands, the largest being Cuba and His-pan-i-o-la ( LittJe 
 
 SiJain).^ As he supposed that all these were out- 
 discoveries of lying islands of India, he called the natives In- 
 Coiumbus. ^._^^^^^ ,,^j^^ islanders were friendly and gen- 
 tle," says Irving, '' and treated the Spaniards with kindness." 
 
 19. Leaving a small colony at Hispaniola, "in the month 
 of January, 1493, Columbus embarked for Spain. One of his 
 vessels had previously foundered, and another had deserted 
 
 ' Hispaniola was afterwards called San Domingo. The name Ilayti 
 (hay'-te) was given to it after the French were expelled, in 1803. 
 
1493 Return of Columbus to Spain. 23 
 
 him ; so that he was left alone to retrace his steps across the 
 Atlantic. After a most tempestuous voyage, he was compelled 
 to take shelter in the Tagus, sorely against his in- 
 clination. He experienced, however, the most of Columbus 
 honorable reception from the Portuguese monarch, ° ^*^^' 
 John the Second, who did ample justice to the great qualities 
 of Columbus, although he had failed to profit by them. After 
 a brief delay the admiral (Columbus) resumed his voyage, 
 and about noon on the 15th of March entered the harbor of 
 Palos (pah'-los), being exactly seven months and eleven days 
 since his departure from that port. 
 
 20. Great was the agitation in the little community of 
 Palos as they beheld the well-known vessel of the admiral re- 
 entering the harbor. Their desponding imaginations had long 
 since consigned him to a watery grave. Most of them had 
 relatives or friends on board. They thronged immediately 
 to the shore to assure themselves with their own eyes of the 
 truth of their return. "When they beheld their faces once 
 more, and saw them accompanied by the numerous evidences 
 which they brought back of the success of the expedition, 
 they burst forth in acclamations of joy and gratulation. 
 They awaited the landing of Columbus, when the whole 
 po2:)ulation of the place accompanied him and his crew to the 
 principal church, where solemn thanksgivings were offered 
 up for their return ; while every bell in the village sent forth 
 a joyous peal in honor of the glorious event. 
 
 21. The admiral was too desirous of presenting himself 
 before the sovereigns to protract his stay long at Palos. He 
 took with him on his journey specimens of the products of 
 the newly-discovered regions. He was accompanied by sev- 
 eral of the native islanders, arrayed in their simple barbaric 
 costume, and decorated, as he passed through the principal 
 cities, with collars, bracelets, and other ornaments of gold, 
 rudely fashioned. He exhibited also considerable quantities 
 of the same metal in dust or in crude masses, numerous 
 vegetable exotics possessed of aromatic virtue, and several 
 
24 Discoveries and Explorations. 1493 
 
 kinds of quadrupeds unknown in Europe, and birds Avliose 
 various gaudy plumage gave a brilliant effect to the pageant. 
 The admiral's progress through the country was everywhere 
 impeded by the multitudes tlironging forth to gaze at the ex- 
 traordinary spectacle, and the more extraordinary man, Avho, 
 in the emphatic language of that time, which has now lost 
 its force from its familiarity, first revealed the existence of a 
 'New World.' As he passed through the busy, populous 
 city of Seville (sev'-il), every window, balcony, and house- 
 top which could afford a glimpse of him is described to have 
 been crowded with spectators. 
 
 22. It was the middle of April before Columbus reached 
 Bar-ce-lo'-nsu The nol)ility and cavaliers in attendance on the 
 court, together with the authorities of the city, came to the 
 gates to receive him and escort him to the royal presence. 
 Ferdinand and Isabella were seated, with their son, Prince 
 John, under a superb canopy of state awaiting his arrival. 
 On his approach they rose from their seats, and, extending 
 their hands to him to salute, caused him to be seated before 
 them. These were unprecedented marks of condescension 
 to a person of Columbus's rank in the haughty and cere- 
 monious court of Castile. 
 
 23. It was indeed the proudest moment in the life of Co- 
 lumbus, lie had fully cstal)lished the truth of his long-con- 
 tested theory, in the face of argument, sophistry, sneer, skep- 
 ticism, and contempt. He had achieved this, not by chance, 
 Ijut by calculation, supported through the most adverse cir- 
 cumstances by consummate conduct. The honors paid him. 
 which had hitherto been reserved only for rank, or fortune, 
 or military success, purchased Ijy the blood and tears of thou- 
 sands, Avere in his case a homage to intellectual i)ower success- 
 fully exerted in behalf of the noblest interests of humanity. "^ 
 
 ' Columl)us niiuic tlirce other voyages to the new world, in the first of 
 -whi{;h, as well as in the one (leseril)e(l jibove, his diseoveries were con- 
 tined to tiie islands between North and South America. In his third 
 voyage, niudc in 14'J8, he discovered the niaiulaiid at the mouth of thq , 
 
Tlie Indians. 25 
 
 24. " The continent of North America was then one con- 
 tinned forest. There were no horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, or 
 tame beasts of any kind ; bnt a plenty of deer, moose, bears, 
 elks, buffaloes, and a variety of other wild ani- 
 mals. There was no domestic poultry ; but the 
 woods were full of turkeys, partridges, pigeons, and other 
 birds. Wild-geese, ducks, teal, and other water-fowl abounded 
 in the bays, creeks, rivers, and ponds. There were no gar- 
 dens, orchards, public roads, meadows, or cultivated fields ; 
 but the Indians so often burned the woods that they could 
 advantageously plant their patches of corn. They were clothed 
 with the skins of wild beasts. Their houses were generally 
 made of small young trees bent and twisted together, and so 
 curiously covered with mats or bark as to be tolerably dry and 
 warm. 
 
 35. The Indians made their fire in tlie centre of the house, 
 which had an opening at the top for the escape of the smoke. 
 Their food was coarse and simple, without any kind of sea- 
 isoning. They had neither spice, salt, bread, butter, cheese, 
 nor milk. Their drink was water. They fed on the flesh and 
 entrails of moose, deer, bears, beasts, and birds of all kinds ; 
 lon fish, eels, and creeping things. Nothing came amiss. In- 
 the hunting and fishing seasons they had venison, moose, fat 
 l3ears, raccoons, geese, turkeys, ducks, and fish of all kinds. 
 In the summer they had green corn, beans, squashes, and the 
 various fruits which the country naturally produced. In the 
 winter tliey subsisted on corn, beans, fish, nuts, ground-nuts, 
 and acorns. 
 
 26. They had not set meals, but ate when they were hun- 
 gry and could find anything to satisfy the cravings of nature. 
 Sometimes, from necessity, they lived without food for several 
 
 river O-ri-no'-co, in South America. He died in Spain, in 150G, at al)ont 
 the afje of seventy, and his body was deposited in a convent at Val-la- 
 do-liiT, Spain, but was afterward removed to Seville. Twi'nty-tiiree 
 years after, it was taken across tlie Atlantic to Ilispamola, and, tinally, 
 two hundred and sixty j'ears later, was carried with great ceremony to 
 Ihe cathedral of Havana^ Cuba, its present resting-place. 
 
26 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 days ; but wlien Avell supplied they goiirmandized. Very lit- 
 tle of their food was derived from the earth, excejit what it 
 spontaneously produced. Indian corn, beans, and squashes 
 were the chief articles for which they labored. The ground 
 was both their seat and table. Trenchers, knives, forks, and 
 napkins were unknown. Their best bed was a mat or a skin. 
 They had neither chair nor a stool ; but they sat upon the 
 ground, commonly with their elbows on their knees. A few 
 wooden and stone vessels and instruments served all the pur- 
 poses of domestic life. 
 
 27. They had neither steel, iron, nor any metallic instru- 
 ment. Their knife was a sharp stone, shell, or reed, which 
 they sliarpened in such a numner as to cut their hair and 
 make their bows and arrows. They made their axes of 
 stones. These they sharpened somewhat like common iron 
 axes, with this difference that they were made with a neck 
 instead of an eye, and fastened with a withe, like a black- 
 smith's chisel. They had mortars, stone pestles, and chisels. 
 They dressed their corn with a clam-shell, or with a stick 
 made flat and sharp at one end. 
 
 28. Their only weapons were bows and arrows, the toma- 
 hawk, and the wpoden sword or spear. Their bow-strings 
 were made of the sinews of deer or of Indian hemp. Their 
 arrows Avere constructed of young elder or of other straight 
 sticks and reeds. These were headed with a sharp flinty 
 stone or with bones. The arrow was cleft at one end, and 
 the stone or bone was put in and fastened with a small cord. 
 The tomahawk was a stick of two or three feet in length with 
 a knob at the end. Sometimes it was a stone hatchet, or a 
 stick with a piece of deer's liorn at one end. Their spear 
 was a straight piece of wood sharpened and hardened in the 
 fire or headed with bone or stone. 
 
 29. They had made no improvement in navigation beyond 
 the construction and management of the hollow trough or 
 canoe. Tliey made their canoes of the chestnut, white-wood, 
 ami pine trees, As these grew straight to a great length, and 
 
The Mound-builders. 27 
 
 were exceedingly large as well as tall, they scooped out some 
 which would carry fifty or sixty men. The construction of 
 these with such miserable tools as the Indians possessed was 
 a great curiosity. When they had found a suitable tree they 
 made a fire at the root and continued burning it and cutting 
 it with their stone axes till it fell. They then kindled a fire 
 at such distance from the butt as they chose, and burned it 
 off again. By burning and working with their axes, and 
 scraping with sharp stones and shells, they made it hollow 
 and smooth. In the same manner they shaped the ends, and 
 finished it so that it could cut its way with ease through the 
 water. ' ' 
 
 30. The Indians had no kind of coin, but they had a sort of 
 money which they called wampum. It consisted of small 
 l)eads most curiously wrought out of shells, and perforated 
 in the centre so that they might be strung on belts in chains 
 and bracelets. ' ' With respect to religion, the Indians believed 
 that there was a Great Spirit or God, but they worshipped a 
 variety of gods. They paid homage to the fire and water, 
 thunder and lightning, and to whatever they imagined to be 
 sujierior to themselves or capable of doing them an injury. 
 They paid their principal homage to an Evil Spirit, and from 
 fear worshipped him to keep him in good humor." 
 
 31. *' Behind these Indians, who were in possession of the 
 country when it was discovered by the Europeans, is dimly 
 seen the shadowy form of another people who have left many 
 remarkable evidences of their habits and customs, Themound- 
 and of a sino-ular degree of civilization, but who, ^i^ilders. 
 many centuries ago, disappeared, either exterminated ])y pes- 
 tilence or by some powerful and pitiless enemy, or driven from 
 the country to seek new homes south and west of the gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 32. The evidences of the presence of this ancient people are 
 found almost everywhere ujjon the North American conti- 
 nent, except perhaps upon the Atlantic coast. They consist 
 of mounds, sometimes of imposing size, and other earthworks, 
 
28 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 so numerous that in Ohio alone there are, or were till quite 
 recently, estimated to be not less than ten thousand of the 
 mounds, and lifteen hundred inelosures of earth and stone, 
 all evidently the work of the same people. In other parts of 
 the country they were found in such numbers that no attempt 
 has been made to count them all. 
 
 MOUND NE.VK WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA.* 
 
 33. There are no data by which the exact age of these sin- 
 gular relics of a once numerous and industrious people, living 
 a long-sustained agricultural life, can be fixed ; but it is evi- 
 dent from certain established facts that this must date from 
 a very remote period. The chief seat of their power and 
 population seems to have been in the Mississippi valley. The 
 signs of their occupation are many along the banks of its 
 rivers. It is very seldom that the human l)oncs found in 
 these mounds, except those of later and evidently intrusive 
 
 ' This, known as tlie Grave Crock Mound, is one of the most notable 
 in \\w Oliio valley. It is scvciily feet liii;li and nine hundred in eircuni- 
 t'erence. In it were found two vaults containini;: human skeletons. One 
 of these skeletons -was surrounded by about seven hundred shell beads. 
 Another skeleton, besides a iJiofusiou of slu'll beads, had eopper rni.ixs, 
 and more than two hundred and li fly plates of mieu. "These facts," 
 says Foster, " show that the principal occupant of this mound was a 
 royal personage. " 
 
English Discoveries. 29 
 
 burial, are in a condition to admit of their removal, as they 
 crumble into dust on exposure to the air. These vrorks are 
 often also covered by the primeval forests, which are known 
 to have grown undisturbed since the country was first occu- 
 pied by the whites, and the annular growth of these trees has 
 been ascertained to be sometimes from five to eight centuries." 
 
 34. " A broad chasm is to be spanned before we can link 
 the mound-builders to the North American Indians. They 
 were essentially different in their form of government, their 
 habits, and their daily pursuits. The Indian, since 
 
 known to the white man, has spurned the re- ^fans the^" 
 
 straints of a sedentary life which belongs to agTi- i,^??^*^", 
 •' . . builders \ 
 
 culture, aud whose requirements, in his view, are 
 ignoble. He was never known to erect structures wliicli 
 should survive the lapse of a generation. His lodges consist 
 of a few poles, one end planted in the ground and the other 
 secured with withes at the top, and over which are stretched 
 plaits of matting or of birch bark, or the skins of the buffalo. 
 This frail structure is his shelter from the elements. 
 
 35. The domestic economy of the Indians, as contrasted 
 with that of the mound-ljuilders, exhibits two widely differ- 
 ent conditions of society. In the one case the people had 
 fixed habitations and methodical pursuits, and the day's labor 
 Avas crowned with definite and accumulative results. In the 
 other case the people led a nomadic life — a feast followed a 
 famine ; and, with their shifting habitations the accumula- 
 tion of personal property would prove an encumbrance rather 
 than a convenience." 
 
 36. The tidings of Columbus's discoveries produced aston- 
 ishment and excitement not only in Spain, but in English Dis- 
 Portugal, England, Prance, and other countries of covenes. 
 Europe ; and at once preparations were made for discovery 
 and exploration in the new lands.' 
 
 ' " The discovery of a strait into the Indian ocean is the true key to 
 tlie maritime movements of the fifteenth and tlie first half of the six- 
 teenth century." — Prescott. 
 
80 Discoveries and Explorations. 1497-9 
 
 In 1497, Jolni Cabot {hah'-bot), accompanied by his son 
 Sebastian, sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of 
 England, reached the coast of Labrador, and thus was the 
 first to discover the continent of America. In a second voy- 
 age, made by Sebastian Cabot the next year, a krge extent of 
 the eastern coast of North America was explored.^ 
 
 37. Columbus, it is certain, never realized how grand 
 
 was the discovery he had made. It never dawned upon his 
 
 mind that he had oi)ened the Avay to another continent. His 
 
 „ . . name, wc all believe, should have been given to 
 Origin ° 
 
 of the name the new world, but that honor was reserved for 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci {((h-md-re'-f/o ves-jioot'-clie), an 
 Italian navigator. Seven years after Columbus had made his 
 discovery Vespucci visited the coast of South America (in 
 1499), and two years later made a second visit to the same 
 regions. lie prepared accounts of the two voyages, one 
 of which being published, moved a German geographer, un- 
 der an assumed name, in a Latin work printed the next year 
 after the death of Columbus, to suggest the name America for 
 the newly-discovered lands. In alluding to this person, Hum- 
 boldt says : " I have been so happy as to discover the mime 
 and the literary relations of the mysterious personage who, in 
 1507, was the first to propose the name of America to desig- 
 nate the new continent." 
 
 38. The opinion that the lands discovered by Columbus 
 were islands of India was entertained several years after his 
 death. It was finally dis])elled (in 1513) by aS})aniard named 
 The new lands ^^'^^"^'^'^' gf>^ci'nor of a settlement at Daricn. 
 
 not India. " Floating rumors had reached the Spaniards from 
 time to time of counk-ies in the far west teeming with the 
 metal they so much coveted; l)ut the first distinct notice of Peru 
 was about the year 1511, when Balboa was weighing some gold 
 
 ' It is not known with certainty when and where the Cahots were 
 born, nor at what time and place tiicy died, tliouu,li it is supposed thej' 
 were natives of Italy. Bancroft says of Si-hastian ('id)ot lliat " he i;ave 
 Eni>lan(l a continent and no one knows his l)urial-pkce. " 
 
1513 Tlie First Voyage around the Earth 31 
 
 whicli he had collected from the natives. A young barbarian 
 chieftain Avho was present struck the scales with his fist, 
 and, scattering- the glittering metal around the apartment, 
 exclaimed : ' If this is v/hat you prize so much that you are 
 willing to leave your distant homes and risk even life itself 
 for it, I can tell you of a land where they eat and drink out 
 of golden vessels, and gold is as cheap as iron is with you.' 
 
 39. It was not long after this startling intelligence that 
 Balboa achieved the formidable adventure of scaling the 
 mountain rampart of the isthmus which divides the two 
 mighty oceans from each other ; when, armed with sword 
 and buckler, he rushed into the waters of the Pacific and 
 cried out, in the true chivalrous vein, that ' he claimed this 
 unknown sea, with all that it contained, for the king of Cas- 
 tile, and that he would make good the claim against all, 
 Christian or infidel, who dared to gainsay it. ' All the broad 
 continent and sunny isles washed by the waters of the South- 
 ern ocean ! Little did the bold cavalier comprehend the 
 full import of his magnificent vaunt. "^ 
 
 40. No other evidence was needed to prove that the lands 
 discovered by Columbus, the Cabots, and others Avere no 
 parts of India, yet additional proof was given in the voy- 
 age made by a Portuguese navigator named Ma- r^^^ 
 gellan (fna-jel'-Ian), commanding a Spanish fleet, ^^armmd^^ 
 Sailing from Spain across the Atlantic, he discov- ^^^ earth, 
 ered the strait which bears his name. Passing through this 
 strait he reached the ocean which Balboa had seven years 
 previously discovered. This ocean he called the Pacific, be- 
 cause of the mild weather he experienced on entering it and 
 for several days after. Steering boldly for India, he reached 
 a number of islands, but at one of the Philippine group was 
 slain in a battle with the natives. His ship, however, pro- 
 
 ' About twenty j^ears after Ballioa's discDvery of the Pacific, Pizarro, a 
 Spanisli adventurer, crossed tlie Istlimns of Panama, and, vr'ith a small 
 force, of whom four men were his brothers, and one was De Soto (see 
 p. 34), proceeded against and conquered Peru, 
 
32 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 ceeded on the voyage westward, passed the cape of Good 
 Hope, and in this way reached Spain, thus completing the 
 first voyage ever made around tlie eartli.^ 
 
 41. Among tliose who accompanied Columbus on his sec- 
 ond expedition to the new world was a Spaniard named Ponce 
 de Leon {jpon'-tlia da iCi-oan'), of whom it has been said : " He 
 
 was a lion l^y name and still more by nature."' 
 o?FlorfdJ. ^ ^'i-^it t^ ^^^c beautiful island of Porto Rico, wliicli 
 
 he made after the expedition alluded to, inspired 
 him with the desire of being its governor, and the king of 
 Spain gave him the appointment, '' But his commission as 
 governor conflicted with the claims of the family of Colum- 
 bus ; and policy as well as justice required his removal." He 
 had, without good cause, fought the natives of the island, 
 had killed many of them in battle, and those that still lived 
 and had not escaped to the small islands in the vicinity, were 
 slaves. He had been deprived of his office, but he was still 
 living on the island on the riclies that he had accumulated, 
 when one day he was told by one of tlie natives that on an isl- 
 and far to the north-west plenty of gold could be found, 
 and at the same place there was a wonderful fountain, . 
 
 42. The Indian, in describing the fountain, said that if 
 any old person phould go into it and wash liimself with its 
 waters he would immediately become young again. I'lie In- 
 dian further stated that a party of Indians had gone to the 
 fonntain many years ])efore, and as they had never returned, 
 they were without doubt living in that happy land — all of 
 them young and all liajiiiy. Tliis story was afterwards told 
 to Ponce by other Indians, for they all believed it to be true ; 
 and it was told so often, and with so much sincerity, that he, 
 too, ilnally believed it. In fact, lie was not the only European 
 wlio did believe it. Tlie story found believers not only in 
 
 ' iMiiiicUan's ticet orig-iniilly (;onsisted of five vcjssels, but, owini;- to de- 
 sertion ami loss, was reduced to one. Before tlie Pacific ocean came to 
 be so called generally, it was often called the South Sac or the Soalhrni 
 Sea. 
 
1513 Disco'Gery of Florida. 33 
 
 Porto Rico, but in Spain itself. Peter Martyn, an Italian his- 
 torian of the time, in one of his letters writen in Spain, 
 says : '' This rumor of the fountain for a truth has been so 
 spread that not only the peoj^le, hut also many of them whom 
 wisdom or fortune had divided from the common sort think 
 it to be true." 
 
 43. Ponce, evidently, gave willing credence to the story, 
 for he was growing old, and eagerly desired to be young once 
 more ; besides, he thought of the glory it would give him 
 to make known to the world the magic pool. At last, with 
 the determination of finding the land of gold, and the " won- 
 derful fountain of youth," ho fitted out three ships and sail- 
 ed from Porto Rico. This took place about twenty years 
 after Columbus had discovered that island. Exactly how 
 many and what islands Ponce visited is not known. We do 
 knoAV, however, that he landed on the island of San Salva- 
 dor, the one that Columbus first discovered. He also touched 
 at other islands, and at every one inquired for the fountain. 
 We can believe that he tasted of the water of many springs, 
 and bathed in the waters of many ; still, so long as he did 
 not get to be a young man again, he kept going from island 
 to island. 
 
 44. In this way he continued his efforts, till one Sunday — 
 it was Easter Sunday — he came to a large country which he 
 thought was a great island (1513). Its trees were full of blos- 
 soms, and millions of flowers covered the ground. The occa- 
 sion was one to make him and his men very happy. The day 
 was clear, the air balmy, and, as the fragrance of the blos- 
 soms was wafted to the hapjiy Spaniards, they no doubt be- 
 lieved they had at last come to the fairy land. To the new- 
 found region Ponce gave the name of Florida, because the 
 discovery was made " on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards 
 call Pascua Florida" {pali' -8coo-oh fio-re'-dah) ; and as the 
 word floi'ida means flowery, it may be said there were two 
 reasons for calling the country by that beautiful name. 
 
 45. Ponce landed, but found not the fountain. He sailed 
 
34 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 1588 
 
 along the coast, going around the southern point of Florida ; 
 but at last, weary of the search, returned to Porto Rico. 
 Sevonil years after, lie went again to Florida, his object l)eing 
 to make a settlement, he having l)een appointed governor of 
 the country on the condition tlnit lie would colonize it. His 
 com])any was attacked by the natives and driven back to the 
 ships ; and he, '' mortally wounded by an arrow, returned to 
 Cuba to die. So ended the adventurer who had coveted 
 immeasurable wealth and perpetual youth. The discoverer 
 of Florida desired immortality on earth, and gained its 
 shadow.'" * 
 
 46. " Hernando de Soto was the companion of Pizarro in 
 The conquest of Peru. He had come 
 to America a needy adventurer, with 
 
 no other fortune than his 
 But his 
 
 exploits had given him 
 fame and fortune, and he appeared 
 at the Spanish court with the retinue 
 of a nobleman. Still his active ener- .„,^,„ 
 gies could not endure repose, and his '^| 
 avarice and ambition goaded him to 
 fresh enterprises. He asked and ob- 
 tained permission to conquer Florida.^ de soto. 
 His plans were embraced with enthusiasm. Nobles and gen- 
 tlemen contended for the privilege of joining his standard ; 
 and, setting sail with an ample armament, he landed at 
 
 ^peduloif^' sword and target. 
 ' ■ had ■ 
 
 1 Two expeditions were made to Carolina by De Ayllcn {Ile-yone'), one 
 (in ir)20) for slaves to work on the plantations and in the mines of St. 
 I)onnnu:o, the other (in l."")'2r)) for eon<iuest ; l)ut hoth were iinsnecessful. 
 In l.">2], Cortez eoiuincred tlie .Mexicans and that country became a j^'ov- 
 ince of Spain. In ir)2S, Narvaez i^Xar-nih' -clh) made a disastrous at- 
 tempt to C()n(iiier Florida, only four of his men returning, after years of 
 wandering. These three commanders were Spaniards. 
 
 ""It must be recollected that the name of Florida then (ir);{S) desig- 
 nated a vast extent of country, stretchinii- from the gulf of Mexico, 
 north-westwardlv, towards luiknown Y^i^^\(n\■n."— Fairbanks s UiMonj of 
 Fhrala. 
 
1541 Discovery of the Mississippi River. 35 
 
 the bay of Es-pi-ri'-tu Santo, now Tamjja bay, in Florida, 
 with six hundred and twenty chosen men, a band as gal- 
 lant and well appointed, as eager in purpose and auda- 
 cious in hope as ever trod the shores of the new world. The 
 clangor of trumpets, the neighing of horses, the fluttering 
 of pennons, the glittering of helmet and lance startled the 
 ancient forest with unwonted greeting. 
 
 47. Amid this pomp of chivalry religion was not forgotten. 
 The sacred vessels and vestments, with bread and wine for 
 the Eucharist were carefully provided ; and De Soto himself 
 declared that the enterprise was undertaken for God alone, 
 and seemed to be the object of his sj^ecial care. The adven- 
 turers began their march (1539). Their story has been 
 often told. For month after month and year after year 
 the procession of priests and cavaliers, cross-bowmen, sol- 
 diers with hand guns, and Indian captives laden with the 
 baggagC;, still wandered on tlirough wild and boundless Avastes, 
 lured hither and thither by the ignis-fatuus of their hopes. 
 They traversed great portions of Georgia, Alabama, and Mis- 
 sissippi, everywhere inflicting and enduring misery, but never 
 approaching their phantom El Dorado." 
 
 48. "At length, in the third year of their journeying, 
 they reached an uninhabited country full of forests and 
 swamps, where they had sometimes to swim their horses. 
 For seven days they traversed this country, coming 
 
 at last in sight of a village (1541). It was seated of the Missis- 
 near a wide and rapid river, which, being the 
 largest they had discovered, they called the Eio Grande. 
 This was the ' Father of Waters,' the mighty Mississippi. De 
 Soto was the first European who looked out upon the turbid 
 waters of this magnificent river, and that event has more 
 surely enrolled his name among those who will ever live in 
 American history, than if he had discovered mines of gold 
 and silver," 
 
 49. As the canoes of the Indians were not large enough 
 nor strong enough to convey horses across the river, the 
 
36 Discoveries and Explorations, 1642 
 
 Spaniards built suitable boats, and in these they were borne 
 
 to the Avestern bank of the stream. The search for the land 
 
 De Soto "^ ^^^^ ^^'^'^ ^^^^^ resumed ; and a region west 
 
 MissfsW^® of tlie Mississippi, to the distance of more than 
 
 two hundred miles, was explored. But De Soto, 
 
 discouniged and sick, turned his wanderings eastward, and 
 
 finally made his way back to the river, where he died of a 
 
 fever (1542). 
 
 50. " So soon as the death had taken place, Mos-co'-so, 
 whom De Soto had named to be his successor, directed the 
 
 Burial ^^^^J to be put secretly into a house, where it re- 
 ef De Soto, mained three days; and thence it was taken at 
 night, by his order, and buried. The Indians, who had seen 
 De Soto ill, finding him no longer, suspected the reason ; 
 and passing by Avhere he lay, they observed the ground loose, 
 and, looking about, talked among themselves. This coming 
 to the knowledge of Moscoso, he ordered the corpse to be 
 taken up at night, and among the shawls that enshrouded 
 it having cast abundance of sand to increase its weight, it 
 was taken out in a canoe and committed to the middle of 
 the stream. 
 
 51. An Indian chief asked for De Soto, saying : ' AVhat 
 has been done with my brother and lord, the governor ? ' 
 
 Moscoso told him he had ascended into the skies as he had 
 done on many other occasions ; but as he would have to be 
 detained there some time, he had left him in his stead. The 
 chief, thinking within himself that he was dead, ordered two 
 Avell-proportioned young men to be brought, saying that it 
 was the usage of the country Avhen any lord died to kill some 
 persons who should accompany and serve him on the way, on 
 which account they were brought ; and he told him to com- 
 mand their heads to be cut off that they might go according- 
 ly to attend his friend and master. 
 
 52. Moscoso replied to him that the governor was not dead, 
 but only gone into the heavens, having taken with him of 
 his soldiers sufficient number for his need ; and he besought 
 
1577 Drak^ s Voyage around the World. 37 
 
 him to let those Indians go, and from that time forward not 
 to follow so evil a practice. The two men were presently 
 ordered to be let loose that they might return to their homes ; 
 but one of them refused to leave, alleging that he did not 
 wish to remain in the pov/er of one Avho, without cause, con- 
 demned him to die, and that he who had saved his life he 
 desired to serve so long as he should live. Ue Soto's property 
 was ordered by Moscoso to be sold at public outcry. It con- 
 sisted of two male and three female slaves, three horses, and 
 seven hundred swine." ^ 
 
 53. While the eastern and sonthern parts of North Ameri- 
 ca were being explored, the western part was not neglected. 
 Expeditions sent by Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, ex- 
 amined the California peninsula ; and Coronado other ex- 
 (Jco-ro-nali' -do) "with an army of three hundred Prorations. 
 Spaniards, most of them mounted," sent by the governor of 
 Mexico, wandered for three years, extending his excursion as 
 far as the western part of Kansas (154:0-1543). His courage 
 and skill should have secured for him the aj^probation of 
 King Charles : instead, " his failure to find a northern Peru 
 threw him out of favor. "^ The most memorable enterprise, 
 however, in connection with the early Western explorations 
 was that commanded by the English navigator, Francis Drake, 
 during his " career of splendid piracy." 
 
 54. On the 13th of December, 1577, Drake sailed from Ply- 
 mouth, England, with five small vessels which had 
 
 been procured and armed by himself and others, age\round 
 ostensibly for a voyage to Egypt, but really for a ^ ^°^ " 
 
 ' The remnant of De Soto's followers, having in vain tried to reach 
 Mexico through the forests, built seven frail barks, and sailed down the 
 Mississippi and along the coasts of Mexico, till they reached a Spanish 
 settlement. 
 
 ^ Alarcon (aJi-lar'-son), sent up the coast with two ships, to aid Coro- 
 nado, discovered the Colorado of the west, and sniled up it nearly a hun- 
 dred miles above the present boinidary of the United States. In 1542, 
 Cabrillo {kah-reel'-yo), sailinsr from ]\Iexico, explored the coast as far as 
 San Francisco bay ; but, dying, his pilot, Fer-i'e'-lo, continued the ex- 
 plorations as far north, probably, as the latitude of the forty-third degree. 
 
88 Discoveries and Explorations. 1579 
 
 cniise against the dominions and subjects of Spain. The 
 governments of Enghmd and Spain were then indeed at peace 
 with each otlier ; but mutual liatred prevailed between the 
 two nations, and the principles of general law or morals were 
 not at that peirod so refined as to prevent Queen Elizabeth 
 from favoring Drake's enterprise. 
 
 55. ^" For some months after leaving England, Drake roved 
 about the Atlantic without making any prize of value. lie 
 then refitted his vessels at a port on the eastern coast of 
 Patagonia, and succeeded in conducting three of them safely 
 through the dreaded strait of Magellan into the Pacific. 
 Scarcely, however, was this accomplished ere the little squad- 
 ron was dispersed by a storm ; and the chief of the expedition 
 was left Avith only a schooner of a hundred tons' burden and 
 about sixty men to jirosecute his enterprise against the power 
 and wealth of the Spaniards on the western side of America. 
 
 56. jSTothwithstanding these disheartening occurrences, 
 Drake did not hesitate to proceed to the parts of the coast 
 occupied by the Spaniards, whom he found unprepared to 
 resist him either on land or on sea. He accordingly plundered 
 their towns and shij)s with but little difficulty ; and so deep 
 and lasting was the impression produced by his achieve- 
 ments that, for more than a century afterward, his name 
 Avas never mentioned in those countries without exciting feel- 
 ings of horror and detestation. 
 
 57. At lengtli, in tiie spring of 1579, Drake, having com- 
 pleted his visitation of the Spanish American coasts by the 
 plunder of a town on the south side of Mexico, and filled his 
 vessel with precious spoils, became anxious to return to Eng- 
 land ; but having reason to expect that the Spaniards would 
 intercept him if he should attempt to repass Magellan's 
 strait, he resolved to seek a northern route to the Atlantic. 
 Accordingly, on quitting the coast he steered west and north- 
 west ; and, having sailed in those directions about fourteen 
 hundred leagues, he had, in the beginning of June, advanced 
 beyond the forty-second degree of north latitude, where his 
 
1579 Drake' s Voyage around the World. 3D 
 
 men, being thus ' speedily come out of the extreme heat, found 
 the air so cold that, being i^inched with the same, they com- 
 plained of the extremity thereof. ' 
 
 58. Thinking it best to seek the land, he soon made the 
 American coast, and endeavored to approach it so as to 
 anchor ; but finding no proper harbor there he sailed along 
 the shore southward until the seventeenth of the month when 
 • it pleased G-od to send him into a fair and good bay, within 
 thirty-eight degrees towards the line.' In this bay (San Fran- 
 cisco, or Bo-de'-ga), the English remained five weeks, emj)loy- 
 ed in refitting their vessel, and obtaining such supplies for their 
 voyage as the country offered. 
 
 59. The natives, ' having their houses close by the water's 
 side,' at first exhibited signs of hostility ; but they were soon 
 conciliated by the kind and forbearing conduct of the stran- 
 gers ; and their respect for Drake so increased that, when 
 they saw him about to depart, they earnestly imj)lored him to 
 conti)iue among them as their king. The naval hero, though 
 not disposed to undertake, in person, the duties of sovereign- 
 ty over a tribe of naked or skin-clad savages, nevertheless 
 ' thought not meet to reject the crown because he knew not 
 what honor or profit it might bring to his own country ; 
 whereupon, in the name and to the use of her majesty. Queen 
 Elizabeth, he accepted the crown, sceptre, and dignity of 
 the country, wishing that the riches and treasure thereof 
 might be so conveniently transported for the enriching of her 
 kingdom at home. ' The coronation accordingly took place 
 with most ludicrous solemnity, and Drake bestowed on his 
 dominions the name of New Albion. 
 
 60. The vessel having been refitted, Drake erected on the 
 shore a pillar bearing an inscription commemorating the fact 
 of this cession of sovereignty ; and on the 22d of July he 
 took leave of his worthy subjects to their great regret. Hav- 
 ing, however, by this time abandoned all idea of seeking a 
 northern passage to the Atlantic, he sailed directly across the 
 Pacific, and thence through the Indian seas, and around the 
 
40 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 1584 
 
 Cftpe of Good Hope, to England, where he arrived on the 
 26th of September, 1580." ^ 
 
 61. Four years hiter the celehrated courtier, Walter Ra- 
 leigh, having obtained from Eliza- 
 beth a grant of land on the eastern 
 
 part of North America, 
 other expe- , , ^ 
 
 ditionsby sent out two VCSSCls 
 theEngUsh. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^ 
 
 the coast of Carolina, and the voy- 
 agers landed on the island of Eoan- 
 oke, "but made no extensive exam- 
 ination of the coast." They found 
 the region delightful ; and so glow- 
 ing an account did they give of it on raleigh. 
 their return to England that Elizabeth declared the event to 
 be the most glorious in her reign. As a memorial of her un- 
 married state she named the country Virginia. Upon Raleigh 
 she conferred the honor of knig-lithood.^ 
 
 ' Elizabeth received Drake with the most diHtinguished honor. His 
 vessel was ))rought to the Thatiies, and a baiKjuet was held on hoard, at 
 which Elizabeth was ])reseut, and the occasion was used to give Drake 
 the honor of knighthood.' .^ 
 
 " Attempts, l)_y direction of Rald^l, were afterward made to plant per- 
 manent settlements on Roanoke island, but \\\(i^- proved unsuccessful. 
 
 The tobacco plant was first ca^^ted to England by some of Raleigh's 
 returning colonists, and he inirodllcad, the habit of* smoking it. " It is 
 related that when his servant^intered his-room with a tankard of ale, and 
 for the first time saw the^smol^issuing from liis master's mouth and 
 nostrils, he cast the licpior iOsli^fi'Cf^t v Terribly frightened, he alarmed 
 the household with the intelligpiic'e that Sir Walter was on fire." 
 
 The death of Elizabeth (1G0;J} proved fatal, to Raleigh's fortunes. lie 
 was tried on a false charge of treason, convicted, and imprisoned. Dur- 
 ing his imiirisnnment he wrote a History of England. Being released, in 
 order that he might point out a gold mine wliich lie said existed in the 
 northern part of South America, and having failed in the exjicdition, he 
 was, on his return, iieheaded, under the sentence which had been almost 
 forgotten (IfilS). " He met death with the most heroic indiiTerence. Be- 
 fore he laid his head ujioii the l)lofk he felt the edge of the axe. and said, 
 with a smile ujion his face, that it was a sharp medicine, but would cure 
 the worst disease. ^Yhen he was bent down, readv for death, he said to 
 the executioner, finding that he hesitated, ' What dost thnu fear ? Strike, 
 man ! ' So the axe came down and struck his head oil, in the sixty-sixth 
 year of his age." 
 
1608 Marquette on the Mississippi. 41 
 
 62. " The French competed without delay for the Kew 
 World." Cartier {car-te-a') made two voyages, discovered 
 the St. Lawrence river, and, in the name of his king, took 
 possession of all the country he saw. Later, Port Royal, 
 now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, was settled ; 
 
 and, later still, Champlain {sham-plain') founded Vthe °^ 
 the city of Quebec, and explored the lake which 
 hears his name (1608). To the region now included in Nova 
 Scotia and New Bi-unswick the French gave the name 
 A-ca'-di-a. They extended their efforts at settlement to Caro- 
 lina and Florida, but without permanent success. No ex- 
 peditions, however, were marked with more heroism and self- 
 sacrifice than those conducted by the French Catholics in 
 their efforts to explore the country in the region of the great 
 lakes and along the Mississippi river, and to convert the 
 Indians to their faith. 
 
 63. Prominent among these heroic men was Marquette 
 {mar-ket'). "In the spring of 1673, he, with Joliet 
 {zhuh-lyd) for his chieftain, and five other Frenchmen, em- 
 barked at Mackinaw in two frail bark canoes. With paddle 
 in hand, and full of hope, they soon glided merrily 
 
 over the crystal waters of Lake Huron. Before on the 
 entering the Wisconsin, they looked back a last ^ssissippi. 
 adieu to the waters which, great as the distance was, con- 
 nected them with Quebec and their countrymen. They 
 knelt on the shore to offer, by anew devotion, their lives, their 
 honor, and their undertaking to their beloved mother, the 
 Virgin Mary Immaculate. Then, launching their boats on the 
 broad river, they sailed slowly doAvn its current amid its vine- 
 clad isles, and its countless sand-bars. No sound broke the 
 stillness, no human form ajipeared, and at last, after sailing 
 seven days, they hapj^ily glided into the great river — the Mis- 
 sissippi, 
 
 64:. Joy that could find no utterance in words filled the 
 grateful heart of Marquette. The broad river of the Con- 
 ception, as he named it, now lay before them, stretching away 
 
42 
 
 Discoveries and Exploratioits. 
 
 1G73 
 
 hundreds of miles to an unknown sea. Soon all was new. 
 Mountain and forest had glided away ; the islands, with their 
 groves of cotton-wood, became more frequent ; and moose 
 
 MARQUETTE ON THE >riSSISSiri'I. 
 
 and deer browzed on the plains ; strange animals were seen 
 traversing the river, and monstrous fish appeared in its 
 waters. But they proceeded on tlieir way amid this solitude, 
 
1673 La Salle descends the 3fississippi. 43 
 
 frightful by its utter absence of man. Descending still 
 further, they came to the land of the bison, which, with the 
 turkey, became sole tenants of the wilderness : all other game 
 had disappeared. 
 
 65. At last, on the 25th of June, they descried footprints 
 on the shore. They now took heart, and Joliet and the mis- 
 sionary (Marquette), leaving their five men in the canoes, 
 followed a little beaten path to discover who the tribe might 
 be. They traveled on in silence almost to the cabin doors, 
 when they halted, and, with a loud halloa, proclaimed tlieir 
 coming. Three villages lay before them. The first, roused 
 by the cry, poured forth its motley group, which halted at 
 the sight of the new-comers and the well-known dress of the 
 missionary. Old men came sloAvly on, step by measured step, 
 bearing aloft the all-mysterious calumet. All was silence : 
 they stood at last before the two Europeans, and Marquette 
 asked, 'Who are you?' 'We are Illinois,' was the answer, 
 which dispelled all anxiety from the explorers, and sent a 
 thrill to the heart of Marquette. The Illinois missionary was 
 at last amid the children of that tribe which he had so long, 
 so tenderly yearned to see (1673)." ^ 
 
 66. " We now turn from the humble Marquette, and by our 
 
 side stands the masculine form of Cavelier de la Salle (sal)." 
 
 La Salle was no missionary. His object was fame and fortune. 
 
 " Three thoughts were mastering him. First, he would 
 
 achieve that which Champlain had vainly attempt- 
 
 T n X- 1 • 1 J.- ^ r. 4- LaSaUe 
 
 ed, and oi which our own generation has but now descends the 
 
 seen the accomplishment — the opening of a pas- 
 sage to India and China across the American Continent. 
 Next, he would occupy the great West, develop its commer- 
 cial resources, and anticipate the Spaniards and the English 
 in the possession of it. Thirdly, he would establish a forti- 
 
 ' Marquette descended the Mississippi a distance of seven hundred 
 miles. His deatli occurred two years after, near a small stream in Mich- 
 igan, which bears his name. 
 
44 Discoveries and Explorations. 1681 
 
 fied post at the mouth of the Mississippi, thus securing to the 
 French an outlet for the trade of the interior." These 
 schemes, or at least the first two, after years of effort, attended 
 with great sufferings and loss of life and property, ended 
 in failure. How far the third was successful we will relate. 
 
 67. The summer of 1681 was spent when La Salle reached 
 Lake Huron, and December was nearly gone when he crossed 
 to the little river Chicago. His party, composed of twenty- 
 three Frenchmen, was increased by the addition of some new 
 friends, savages, whose midnight yells had started the border 
 hamlets of New England ; who had danced around Puritan 
 scalps, and whom Puritan imaginations painted as incarnate 
 fiends. They insisted on taking their women with them to 
 cook for them and do other camp work. Thus the expedi- 
 tion included fifty-four persons, of whom some were useless 
 and others a burden. It was the dead of winter, and the 
 streams were frozen. They made sledges, placed on them the 
 canoes, the baggage, and a disabled Frenchman ; crossed 
 from the Chicago to the northern branch of the Illinois, and 
 filed in a long procession dov/n its frozen course. They reach- 
 ed the site of the great Illinois village, found it tenantless, 
 and continued their journey, still dragging their canoes, till 
 at length they reached open water below Lake Peoria. 
 
 68. La Salle had abandoned his original plan of building 
 a vessel for the navigation of the Mississippi. Bitter expe- 
 rience had taught him the difficulty of the attempt, and he 
 resolved to trust to his canoes alone. They embarked again, 
 floating prosperously down between the leafless forests that 
 flanked the tranquil river, till, on the sixth of February, 
 they issued forth on the majestic bosom of the Mississippi. 
 Here for a time their progress was stopped ; for the river 
 was full of floating ice. La Salle's Indians, too, had lagged 
 behind ; but within a week all had arrived, the navigation 
 was once more free, and they resumed their course. Towards 
 evening they saw on their right the mouth of a great river ; 
 and the clean current was invaded by the headlong torrent of 
 
1682 La Salle descends the Mississippi. 45 
 
 the Missouri, opaque with mud. They built their camp-fires 
 in the neighboring forest ; and at daylight, embarking anew 
 on the dark and mighty stream, drifted swiftly down towards 
 unknown destiiiies. 
 
 69. With every stage of their adventurous progress the 
 
 mystery of this vast New World was more and more unveiled. 
 
 More and more they entered the realms of spring. The hazy 
 
 sunlight, the warm and drowsy air, the tender foliage, the 
 
 opening flowers, betokened the reviving life of Nature. For 
 
 several days more they followed the writhings of the great 
 
 river on its course through wastes of swamp and cane-brake, 
 
 till they found themselves wrapped in a thick fog. Neither 
 
 shore was visible ; but they heard on the right the booming 
 
 of an Indian drum, and the shrill outcries of the war-dance. 
 
 La Salle at once crossed to the opposite side, where, in less 
 
 than an hour, his men threw up a rude fort of felled trees. 
 
 Meanwhile the fog cleared, and from the farther bank the 
 
 astonished Indians saw the strange visitors at their Avork. 
 
 Some of the French advanced to the edge of the water, and 
 
 beckoned them to come over. Several of them approached 
 
 in a canoe to within the distance of a gun-shot. La Salle 
 
 displayed the calumet, and sent a Frenchman to meet them. 
 
 He was well received ; and the friendly mood of the Indians 
 
 being now apparent, the whole party crossed the river. 
 
 70. On landing they found themselves at a town of the 
 Kappa band of the Arkansas, a people dwelling near the mouth 
 of the river which bears their name. The inhabitants flocked 
 about them with eager signs of welcome, built huts for them, 
 brought them firewood, gave them corn, beans, and dried 
 fruits, and feasted them for three days. ' They are a lively, 
 civil, generous people,' says one of the missionaries who ac- 
 companied the ex})edition, ' very different from the cold and 
 taciturn Indians of the North. ' They showed, indeed, some 
 slight traces of a tendency towards civilization ; for domes- 
 tic fowls and tame geese were wandering among their rude 
 cabins of bark. La Salle and Ms lieutenant, at the head of 
 their followers, marched to the open area in the midst of the 
 
46 Discoveries and Explorations. 1682 
 
 village. Here, to the admiration of the gazing crowd of war- 
 riors, women, and children, a cross was raised bearing the 
 arms of France, The Frenchmen shouted Vive le Roi 
 {veeve leJi' rouah — long live the king) ; and La Salle, in 
 the name of Louis XIV., took formal j)ossession of the 
 country. 
 
 71. After touching at several other towns of this iieoi)le, 
 the voyagers resumed their course, and now, on the sixth of 
 April, they are near their journey's end. The river separat- 
 ed itself into three broad channels. One division of the jmrty 
 followed that of the Avest, another that of the east, Avhile the 
 third took the middle. As La Salle drifted down the turbid 
 current between the low and marshy shores, the brackish 
 water changed to brine, and the breeze grew fresh with the 
 salt breath of the sea. Then the broad bosom of the sfreat 
 Gulf opened on his sight, tossing its restless billows, limitless, 
 voiceless, lonely, as when borij of chaos, without a sail, with- 
 out a sign of life. La Salle, in a canoe, coasted the marshy 
 borders of the sea ; and then the reunited i)arties assembled 
 on a spot of dry ground, a short distance above the mouth of 
 the river. 
 
 72. Here a column was made ready, bearing the arms of 
 France; and -while the New England Indiaus and their squaws 
 stood gazing in wondering silence, the Frenchmen chanted a 
 song of the church. Then, amid volleys of musketry and 
 shouts of Vive le Roi, La Salle planted the column in its 
 place, and standing near it, proclaimed in aloud voice, in the 
 name of his king, Louis XIV. of France, that he took ' pos- 
 session of all this country of Louisiana, the seas, harbors, 
 ports, bays, and all the nations, peoples, provinces, cities, 
 towns, villages, mines, minerals, fisheries, streams, and rivers, 
 witliin the extent of the said Louisiana.' Shouts of Vive le 
 Roi and volleys of musketry responded to his Avords. Then 
 a cross was planted beside tlie column. On that day the 
 realm of France received on parchment a stupendous acces- 
 sion ; and all by virtue of a fcol)le human voice, inaudil)le at 
 half a mile. Louisiana was the nauic bestowed by La Salle 
 
1682 How the Lands were disposed of. 47 
 
 on the new domain of the French crown. The rule of the 
 Bourbons in the West is a memory of the past, but the name 
 of the Grreat King still survives in a narrow corner of their 
 lost empire. The Louisiana of to-day is but a single State of 
 the American Eepublic. The Louisiana of La Salle stretched 
 from the Alleghanies to the Rocky mountains (1682)." ' 
 
 73. "The right of the Indian natives to the soil in their 
 possession was founded in nature. Unfounded, therefore, as 
 the claims of European sovereigns to America were, they sev- 
 erally proceeded to act upon them. By tacit consent, they 
 decided that the countries Avhich each explored should 
 be the property of the explorer." In keeping 
 with this law, Sjjain claimed all the southern lands were 
 part of North America from ocean to ocean. ^^P°^^ 
 The French claim extended from the Atlantic, in the lati- 
 tude of Nova Scotia, Avestward to the region of the great 
 lakes, and then southward through the entire valley of the 
 Mississippi. England's claim embraced all the country from 
 Labrador to Florida, westward to the Pacific, including a large 
 tract to which the Dutch possessed a title by reason of explo- 
 ration and settlement." It would be impossible to make a 
 single map showing these several claims, inasmuch, as it is 
 seen, they lapped over one another. While, then, " the na- 
 tions of Europe sported with the rights of the unoffending na- 
 tives of America, they could not, it is evident, agree in their 
 respective shares of the common spoils." 
 
 ' La Salle never carried out liis x)lan. He returned to Canada, and 
 thence to France, where he avus received with great honors. Four vessels 
 were given to him, with soldiers and settlers, and he sailed in 1684 to 
 establish a settlement on the Mississippi ; but instead of landmg at the 
 mouth of the river, by mistake the voyagers passed it, and landed in 
 Texas. A vain search by land was afterward made for the river, and, 
 after much suffering and wandering, La Salle was treacherously shot 
 by one of his men (1087). 
 
 "' The Dutch claim was founded on the explorations of Henry Hudson, 
 an Englishman, sailing in the service of the " Dutch East Indies Com- 
 pany," who (in 1(509) discovered the Hudson river, and sfiiled up it more 
 tluw a hundred miles (see p. 80). 
 
48 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 Discoveries, 1492-1609. 
 
 
 
 European Sovereigns. 
 
 
 
 English. 
 
 French. 
 
 1492. 
 
 America was discovered by Columbus. 
 Other discoveries followed in quick 
 succession. 
 
 Henry VU. 
 
 CharlesVni 
 
 1497. 
 
 The Cabots, for England, discovered 
 
 
 
 
 North America. 
 
 '< 
 
 " 
 
 1513. 
 
 Be Leon, for Spain, discovered Flor- 
 
 
 
 
 ida. 
 
 Henry VHI. 
 
 Louis XII. 
 
 1513. 
 
 Balboa, for Spain, discovered the Pa- 
 cific ocean. 
 
 .■ 
 
 .< 
 
 1541. 
 
 De Soto, for Spain, discovered the 
 
 
 
 
 Mississippi river. 
 
 " 
 
 Francis I. 
 
 1609. 
 
 Htid.wii, lor the Dutch, discovered 
 
 
 
 
 the Hudson river. 
 
 James I. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 CLAIMS. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 England. 
 
 France. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 By reason of the discoveries of Columbus, De Leon, 
 and De Soto, and the explorations of Cortez, I'oronado, 
 and others, Spain claimed the southern part of North 
 America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The northern 
 limits were indefinite. 
 
 By reason of the discoveries of the Cabots, and the 
 explorations of Go.snold, Smith, and Drake, with those 
 made ))y the exi)editions sent by Kaleij^h, England 
 claimed all the heart of Nortli America — from the lati- 
 tude of Labrador to tliat of Florida — from ocean to ocean. 
 By reason of the discoveries of Cartier, Ciiamplain, 
 and others, in connection with the exjdorations of Mar- 
 quette and La Salle, and the i)lantin(r of military, mis- 
 sionary, and trading stations at different points, France 
 claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence, Ohio, and 
 Mississipiii. and tlu; country, iucluding the islands, in 
 the region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 By reason of the discoveries and explorations of 
 Hudson, the Dutch claimed the valley of the Hudson, 
 with all the country from the Connecticut river, and 
 even further east, to Delaware bay on the south, 
 
Topical Remew. 
 
 49 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 Biographical. — The numbers given refer to the pages of this book. 
 If, in the estimation of the teacher, the information to be found on these 
 pages is not sutficient, resort must be had to cyclopjedias, biographies, 
 and other works. The topics may be presented by tlie pupils as verbal 
 narratives, or, at the will of the teacher, as written exercises — com- 
 positions. It is recommended that both methods be pursued in alterna- 
 tion. 
 
 Columbns. 
 
 The Cabots. 
 
 De Leon. 
 Cortez. 
 
 De Soto. 
 Baleigli. 
 Drake. 
 Marquette. 
 
 La Salle, 
 
 (See Model following, p. 50. Irving's Life of 
 Columbus is recommended to pupils for refer- 
 ence.) -..----- 
 (See Hay ward's Life of Sebastian Cabot, also Bid- 
 die's.) .---.--- 
 (See Irving's Companions of Columbus.) 
 (He died in Spain, neglected and in solitude, in 
 the sixty-third year of his age. See Prescott's 
 Conquest of Mexico.) . - - - Note 
 (See Theodore Irving's Conquest of Florida.) 
 (See Edward's Life of Sir Walter Raleigh.) 
 (See Knight's History of England, Vols. IX., X.) 
 (See Shea's Discovery of the Mississippi river. 
 
 Also Sparks's Life of Marquette.) - 
 (See Sparks's Life of La Salle.) - - - - 
 
 18-34 
 
 30 
 32-34 
 
 34,37 
 
 34-36 
 
 40 
 
 37-40 
 
 41-43 
 43^7 
 
 Geographical. — 1. Give the location of each place. 3. Give the 
 events connected with each. 3. State other facts of interest. 
 
 Iceland 16 
 
 Greenland 16 
 
 San Salvador 33 
 
 Cuba 33 
 
 St. Domingo 33 
 
 Labrador 30 
 
 Isthmus of Darien 31 
 
 Porto Rico 33 
 
 Florida 33 
 
 Mississippi river 35 
 
 Mexico 37 
 
 California 37 
 
 San Francisco bay 39 
 
 Roanoke island 40 
 
 Virginia 40 
 
 St. Lawrence river 41 
 
 Nova Scotia 41 
 
 Hudson river 47 
 
 Historical. — 1. Slate when the event occurred. 3. Give the circum- 
 stances leading to it. 3. State the facts connected with it. 4. De- 
 scribe the effects or consequences of it. When the nature of the 
 topic will not admit of this, narrate the facts, giving them, as far as 
 possible, in chronological order ; or, as in the case of The Indians 
 or Tlte Mound Builders, give a description. 
 
 The Northmeii's Discoveries. . . .15 
 Columbus's Discovery of Amer- 
 ica 18-31 
 
 The Indians 25 
 
 The Mound Builders 37 
 
 Discovery of the Pacific 30, 31 
 
 First Voyage around the World. 31 
 
 Discovery of Florida 32 
 
 De Soto's Expedition 34 
 
 The Second Voyage around the 
 
 World 37 
 
 French Explorations 39 
 
 Marquette's Expedition 41 
 
 La Salle's Expedition 43 
 
50 
 
 Discor>eries and Explorations. 
 
 MODEL FOR A WRITTEN EXERCISE. 
 Christopher Columbus. 
 
 His 
 early life. 
 
 His 
 
 great theory. 
 
 His 
 
 efforts 
 for aid. 
 
 His 
 
 voyages 
 
 and 
 
 discoveries. 
 
 While we know that Columbus was born in Italy, we 
 are not quite certain as to the exact phace of Iiis birth. 
 After his fame began to spread, several i)laces in Italy 
 claimed liim as a native, but it is ffeneraily believed 
 tlial to Genoa belongs the coveted honor. The year of 
 his birth is also in doubt, nor has any writer been able 
 lo solve the uncertainty so as to leave no shadow upon 
 the conclusion. Irvin<r cautiously says he was born 
 " about the year 1435." His father, who was a wool- 
 comber, was poor, it is supposed, though the son was 
 sent to good schools, and gained a knowledge of geome- 
 try, geography, astronomy, navigation, and the Latin 
 language, besides the common branches. He soon be- 
 gan to love the sea, and at the early age of fourteen 
 made his first voyage. This was followed by many 
 others. Taking up his residence in Portugal, he there 
 married the daughter of a man who had gained some 
 reputation as a navigator and map-maker. 
 
 India was a rich country even in those early days, but 
 the merchants of Italy, who traded with it, had no way 
 of reaching it except Ijy the Red sea or overland through 
 Asia. No other route was then known. Columbus be- 
 lieved there was a shorter Avay across the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Of course, he had no idea that another conti- 
 nent was in the way and would therefore stop him, nor 
 had he any idea that the earth was so large. 
 
 He wanted to make an effort to reach India, accord- 
 ing to his theory, by sailing westward from Europe, but 
 h(^ was too ])oor to build or buy the necessary vessels. 
 So he applied for aid to (ilenoa ; then, receiving no en- 
 couragement, to Portugal. Here, again, he was unsuc- 
 cessful. Then he api)lied to Spain ; and, after years of 
 waiting, solicitation, anxiety, and poverty, the Spanish 
 queen, Isabella, generously offered to sell her jewels in 
 order lo raise the money for tlu^ ])urchase of a fleet. 
 This offer was the turning-i)oint, for it shamed the pub- 
 lic treasurer into advancing the needed funds. 
 
 Three small vessels were fitted out, and in the summer 
 of 1493 they sailed from tin- little portof Palosin Spain. 
 At the Canary islands a brief stop was made. Again the 
 vessels put to sea. It was difficult for Columbus to pru- 
 
Topical Remew. 
 
 51 
 
 The 
 disgrace 
 
 put 
 upon him. 
 
 ceed, for lie had no such excellent instruments to aid 
 him as are now in use among navigators. He did not 
 know how to account for the variation in the needle, and 
 his sailors became alarmed. But he kept on vpitli heroic 
 resolution, and, on a bright morning in October, was re- 
 warded with a sight of land. The island first seen is a 
 little one north of Cuba. He called it San Salvador. 
 His landing was effected with great ceremony, while the 
 friendly natives, perfectly naked, looked on, believing 
 that their visitors were from heaven. Other islands 
 were discovered, among them the large ones of Cuba and 
 Hayti. Leaving some men, as the beginning of a colony, 
 at Hayti, he returned to Spain, where he was received 
 amid great rejoicings. Columbus made three more voy- 
 ages, and discovered other islands and even the main 
 land of South America, but he never for a moment sus- 
 pected that these lands belonged to a New World. He 
 thought they were the outlying islands of Asia. 
 
 We read of " Columbus in Irons " and wonder what 
 it means. What had Columbus done that he should be 
 so cruelly treated ? Who put him in irons ? It seems 
 that while he was making his third visit to America his 
 enemies were btisy in Spain ; for he, like many eminent 
 men before his time and since, had incurred the envy of 
 others. Even Washington, good and great as he was, 
 had enemies. The enemies of Columbus made the king 
 and queen of Spain believe that he was treating the 
 Spaniards in America with great injustice and cruelty; 
 and a person was consequently sent to inquire into the 
 facts. This person was also clotlied with certain 
 authority, but, instead of doing as he was instructed, 
 he made a prisoner of Columbus and sent him home in 
 irons. When Columbus arrived in Spain and the people 
 saw him — the great navigator who had opened the doors 
 of wealth to them — saw him with iron chains fastened 
 upon his arms, thej'^ were moved with sorrow and indig- 
 nation. Queen Isabella ordered the chains to be re- 
 moved, and she and the king gave Columbus a kind 
 reception. 
 
 So, ignorant to the last that " he had given a new 
 continent to the world," and when his best friend, Isa- 
 bella, was no more, and he was sutfering neglect and 
 poverty, Columbus died. This event took place in a little 
 town in Spain, when he was about seventy years of age. 
 His body was at first deposited in a convent, where it was 
 allowed to rest seven years, then it was taken to a monas- 
 tery in another town. Twenty-three years later it was 
 transported to one of the great islands he had discov- 
 ered — that of Hayti ; and here surely his remains would 
 be permitted to rest forever ! Not so. In 1796, nearly 
 three hundred years after his death, they were conveyed, 
 with imposing ceremonies, to the island of Cuba, and 
 there, in the cathedral qf Havana, they still repose. 
 
 His 
 
 death and 
 
 burial. 
 
62 Virginia. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 COLONIAL PEKIOD. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 1. The English claim to torrritory in America had for its 
 principal foundation stone tlie discoveries of the Ca1)ots. 
 By virtue of this claim, James I. granted to an association 
 of "noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants," known as the 
 London company, " the exclusive right to occupy the regions 
 from thirty-four to thirty-eight degrees of north latitude ;" 
 and, to an association of " knights, gentlemen, and mer- 
 chants," known as the Plymouth company, an equal right to 
 the regions from forty-one to forty-live degrees. " Collision 
 was not probable, for each company was to possess the soil 
 extending fifty miles north and south of its first settlement, 
 so that neither might plant within one hundred miles of its 
 rival," The northern regions were called North Virginia ; 
 the southern. South Virginia. 
 
 2. " The London company spent several months in prepa- 
 rations for planting a colony. At length three vessels, fitted 
 out under the command of Captain Christopher Newport, 
 a navigator experienced in voyages to the New World, 
 sailed from England. After passing tliree weeks in the 
 
 Settlement ^^^^^t Indies, they sailed in quest of Roanoke isl- 
 of and ; and, having exceeded their reckoning three 
 
 Jamestown. .^.^^^^ Avithout finding land, the crew grew im- 
 patient. At tliis juncture, a violent storm, com]wlling 
 tliem to scud all night under ))are poles, providentially drove 
 them into the mouth of Chesai)eake hay. The first land 
 they came in sight of they called Cape Henry, in honor of the 
 
1607 Settlement of Jamestown. 63 
 
 Prince of Wales, eldest son of King James, as the opposite 
 point, Cape Charles, was named after the king's second son, 
 then Duke of York, afterwards Charles the First. 
 
 3. A party of twenty or thirty, with Newport, landing here, 
 found a variety of pretty flowers and goodly trees. While 
 recreating themselves on the shore, they were attacked by five 
 savages, who came creeping upon all fours from the hills like 
 bears, and with their arrows wounded two, but retired at the 
 discharge of muskets. Seventeen days were spent in quest of 
 a place for the settlement. A point on the western side of 
 the mouth of Chesapeake bay they named Point Comfort, 
 because they found a good harbor there, which, after the re- 
 cent storm, put them in good comfort. 
 
 4. On the 8th of May (1607), the colonists went farther 
 up the river to the country of the Ap-po-mat'-tocks,who came 
 forth to meet them in a most warlike manner, with bows and 
 arrows, and formidable war clubs ; but the whites, making 
 signs of peace, were suffered to land unmolested. At length 
 they selected for the site of the colony a peninsula lying on 
 the north side of the James river, about forty miles from its 
 mouth. The western end of this peninsula, where it is con- 
 nected by a little isthmus with the main land, was the spot 
 pitched upon for the erection of a town, which was named, 
 in honor of the king, Jamestown. This was the first 
 permanent settlement effected by the English in North 
 America.^ 
 
 5. Upon landing, the council to govern the colony took the 
 oath of office. Wingfield, a member of the council, was 
 elected president. John Smith, another member, was ex- 
 cluded from the council upon some false j^retences. Dean 
 SAvift says : ' When a great genius appears in the world, the 
 dunces are all in confederacy against him. ' All hands fell to 
 
 ' The first permanent settlement made by Europeans within the pres- 
 ent Umits of the United States was made ))y the Spaniards at St. Augus- 
 tine, Florida, in 15(35. Santa Fe, New Mexico, is also a very old city. 
 " When first visited by the Spaniards, about 15-12, it was a populous Indian 
 pueblo. When it was first settled by the Spaniards is not known." 
 
54 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 1607 
 
 /V 
 
 \ I'l 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 work, tlie council pl.inning a fort, the rest clearing ground 
 for 2'i telling tents, preparing clapboards for freighting the 
 vessels, laying off gardens, and making fishing-nets. 
 
 6. On the fourth of June, New- 
 port, Smith (restored to his position 
 in the council), and twenty others 
 were dispatched to discover the 
 head of the river on Avhich they 
 had located their settlement. This 
 stream Avas called by the Indians 
 Pow-ha-tan', and by the English 
 the James river. The natives every- 
 where received the strangers kind- 
 ly, feasting them with fish, straw- 
 berries, and mulberries, for which 
 Newport requited them Avith bells, pins, needles, and looking- 
 glasses, which so pleased them that they danced before their 
 guests and folloAved them from ])lacc to place. In six days 
 they reached a town called Powhatan, one of the seats of the 
 great chief of that name, whom they found there. It con- 
 sisted of tAvelve wigwams, j)leasantly situated on a bold range 
 of hills overlooking the river, Avith three inlets in front and 
 numy cornfields around. This picturesque spot lies on the 
 north bank of the riA^er, about a mile beloAv the falls, and still 
 retains the same name." 
 
 7. The men sent out Avere but poorly fitted to settle in a 
 wild country. Of the number, only tAvelve Avere laborers. 
 " There Avere forty-eight gentlemen to four carpenters." 
 Quarrels occurred, the provisions Avere spoiled, the natives 
 Ch racter ^^^'*^"'"ic! hostile, and sickness prevailed. In less 
 of the than four months fifty men, ''one half of the 
 colony," Avere carried to the grave, among them 
 being Bartholomev/ (Josnold. The president of tlie coun- 
 cil, accused of dishonest acts, Avas deposed, and his suc- 
 cessor, "possessing neither judgment nor industry, the 
 management of affairs fell into the hands of Smith, Avhose 
 
1610 The Starving Time. 56 
 
 buoyant spirit of heroic daring diffused light amidst the gen- 
 eral gloom. To his vigor, industry, and resolution, the survi- 
 val of the colony is due." 
 
 8. In an open boat, Smith made several voyages, sailing 
 more than two thousand miles in exploring Chesajjeake bay 
 and the rivers that flow into it. While on one of these ex- 
 cursions, he was made a jorisoner by the Indians, 
 
 "but he saved his life by displaying a pocket 
 compass and exj)laining its properties to the savage chief.'' 
 The first printed notice of this adventure in England 
 " made famoiis the name of Po-ca-hon'-tas, the daughter 
 of PoAvhatan, a girl of ten or twelve years old. This child, 
 to whom in later days Smith attributed his rescue from 
 death by the club of an Indian, often afterward came to the 
 fort with her comj)anions, bringing baskets of corn for the 
 garrison." 
 
 9. New settlers came, "yet the Joy in Virginia on the 
 arrival of the first recruits was of short continuance, for 
 they were chiefly vagabond gentlemen and goldsmiths who 
 thought it impossible to thrust a shovel into the ^he gold 
 soil, without bringing up a lump of gold. In a excitement, 
 small rivulet near Jamestown was found a glittering, yellow- 
 ish sand, which they immediately believed to be gold. This 
 became the all-absorbing topic of thought and discourse, and 
 there was now no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash 
 gold, refine gold, load gold. The unskilful refiners pro- 
 nounced this shining sand to be very valuable gold, forgetting 
 that ' all that glitters is not gold.' This, of course, carried 
 the frenzy to its height ; and nothing would content Newport 
 but the freighting of his ship with the worthless trash." 
 
 10. A new charter conferring greater privileges was ob- 
 tained by the London company, and Lord Delaware Avas 
 appointed governor. Before, however, the arrival „, 
 
 of Delaware, Smith, who had been president of starving 
 the council nearly two years, was Avounded by the ^°^®' 
 accidental explosion of a bag of gunpowder while he was sleep- 
 
56 Yirginia. 
 
 ing in liis boat, and Avas compelled to embark for England, 
 " never to see Virginia again." ^ There were nearly five hun- 
 dred men in the colony when he left ; but " in six months, 
 indolence, vice, and famine reduced the number to sixty, 
 and these were so feeble and dejected that if relief had been 
 delayed but ten days longer, they also would have perished 
 (1610)." 
 
 11. Under Lord Delaware, who was a prudent and kind- 
 hearted man, the colony prospered. " At the beginning of 
 the day they assembled in the little church, which was kept 
 
 neatly trimmed with the wild flowers of the coun- 
 
 Delaware's ^^J '■> ^'^^^^ ^^^J I'eturned to their homes to receive 
 
 administra- their allowance of food. The settled hours of 
 
 labor, the work being done in common, were from 
 
 six in the morning till ten, and from two in the afternoon till 
 
 four." Unfortunatel}', Lord Delaware was soon compelled by 
 
 ill-health to return to England, leaving his colony to be ruled 
 
 by a deputy. At this time a majority of tlie colonists were 
 
 Episcopalians. All persons of other denominations were 
 
 looked upon as Dissenters. From England the settlers for 
 
 many years received their clergy, and to England they sent 
 
 their sons to be educated. 
 
 12. A trading party, headed by Argall, an English adven- 
 turer, made several voyages up the Potomac. While engaged 
 
 „ . in one of these, Aroall '' persuaded an Indian chief 
 Marriage ' o i 
 
 of to betray Pocahontas into his hands, to be kept 
 oca ontas. ^^ Jamestown as a ransom for the return of Eng- 
 lishmen held in caj^tivity by her father. For the sake of her 
 
 ' Smith had traveled through a large part of Europe, and had passed a 
 very adventurous life. He had fought against the Turks ; had been 
 captured in battle, and made a slave ; had been rescued from slavery 
 througli the compassion of his Turkish mistress, and had been sent by 
 her to Russia, where he was treated as a serf. Rising against his task- 
 master, he slew him, and tied from the country. Tiience, in search 
 of new adventures and dangers, he went to Morocco ; and at length re- 
 turuetl to England in time to embark in the enterprise of settling the 
 New "World. In making his explorations in the Virginia waters, he 
 sailed, by his own computation, about 3,000 miles. (See page GO.) 
 
1614 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 57 
 
 POCAHONTAS. 
 
 liberation, Powhatan set free his English captives. During 
 the period of her stay at Jamestown, John Eolfe {rolf), ' an 
 honest and discreet' young Englishman, daily, hourly, and, 
 as it were, in his very sleep, heard a 
 voice crying in his ears that he 
 should strive to make her a Chris- 
 tian. After a great struggle of 
 mind, and daily and believing pray- 
 ers, he resolved to labor for the 
 conversion of the ' unregenerated 
 maiden ; ' and, winning the favor 
 of Pocahontas, he desired her in 
 marriage. 
 
 13. The youthful princess re- 
 ceived instruction with docility ; 
 and soon, in the little church at 
 Jamestown, which rested on rough pine columns, fresh from 
 the forest, she stood before the font, that out of the trunk of 
 a tree ' had been hewn hollow like a canoe, openly renounced 
 her country's idolatry, professed the faith of Jesus Christ, 
 and was baptized. The gaining, of this one soul, the first 
 fruit of Virginia conversion,' was followed by her nuptials 
 with Eolfe. The immediate result of this event to the colony 
 was a confirmed peace with Powhatan." ^ 
 
 14. At first the settlers cultivated the soil in common ; 
 but this did not promote industry, and it was found best to 
 give each man a few acres to till for himself. Soon the cul- 
 tivation of tobacco began in good earnest. Then 
 
 there were no more gold-seekers. The fields, the 
 
 gardens, the squares, and even the streets of Jamestown 
 
 were planted with tobacco. As early as the year 1610, to- 
 
 ' Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas was taken to England 
 by her husband, where she was received as a princess, bcin^ presented at 
 court, and treated with marked attention by all classes. When about to 
 return to her native land, she suddenly died (in 1017), leaving a son 
 from whom are descended the Boiling, Randolph, Fleming, and other 
 families in Virginia. 
 
58 Virginia. 1620 
 
 bacco was in general use in England. The manner of using 
 it was partly to inhale the smoke and blow it out through 
 the nostrils ; and this was called " drinking tobacco." 
 
 15. The Virginia tobacco was imj^orted into England in 
 the leaf, in bundles ; and was sometimes called the "American 
 silver- weed. " Bancroft says : " It was generally used instead 
 of coin. Taxes were paid in tobacco ; remittances to Europe 
 were made in tobacco ; the revenue of the clergy, the magis- 
 trates, and the colony, was collected in the same currency. 
 The colonial tradesman received his pay in straggling parcels 
 of it ; and ships from abroad were obliged to lie whole 
 months in the river, before Ijoats, visiting the i)lantations on 
 their banks, could pick up a cargo." Up to 1G19, the plan- 
 tations Avere cultivated by the settlers, most of the laborers 
 being " apprenticed servants." In that year a Dutch vessel 
 sailed up the James river and landed twenty negroes, who 
 were sold as slaves. This was the beginning of negro slavery 
 in the English colonies. 
 
 16. As yet there were but few families in the colony, and 
 most of the men intended in time to return to England. 
 
 Encouraged by the London company, ninety 
 
 Importation yQ^^j^pr women of good reputation embarked for 
 of wives. J t> . 
 
 Virginia. These met with a favorable reception, 
 
 and were " married to the tenants of the company or 
 to men who were al)le to support them," each man giving 
 for his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the 
 price of her passage to Virginia (1G20). A second emigration 
 met with even greater favor, the price paid, in some cases, 
 exceeding one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. Domes- 
 tic ties soon l)ound the settlers to their new homes. 
 
 17. The London company procured another charter — their 
 
 third — which gave them greater privileges. Still the re- 
 
 _. . . turns from the colony did not satisfv them ; and 
 Virginia . -^ .- ? 
 
 a royal the Indians, on two occasions, massacred hundreds 
 colony. ^£ ^i^g settlers. At last the king, James I., dis- 
 pleased with the freedom of speech indulged in at the public 
 
1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 59 
 
 meetings of the company, took the affairs of the colony into 
 his own hands, his excuse being that the disasters were the 
 result of bad government (1G20). 
 
 18. Virginia thus became a roj^il province, her governors 
 receiving their appointment from the king. Nearly fifty 
 years later, all the " dominion of land and water called Vir- 
 ginia" was ceded by Charles II. to Lord Culpep- 
 per and the Earl of Arlington " for the term of j^^eif/on 
 thirty-one years. " This act exasperated the inhab- 
 itants, who already had become dissatisfied because Berkeley, 
 their governor, had carried out with great severity the offen- 
 sive royal instructions in relation to commerce, taxes, the 
 privileges of voting, and church worship. 
 
 19. The people wanted but an excuse for appearing in 
 arms, and this was soon found in an invasion made by the 
 Susquehanna Indians. The struggle for pojiular lilierty that 
 ensued is known as '' Bacon's Eebellion." In that struggle 
 the little village of Jamestown was destroyed by fire. The 
 people were in the full tide of success, when, suddenly, their 
 leader, JSTathaniel Lacon, sickened and died, leaving them 
 without a head (1G7G). Berkeley caused twenty-two of them 
 to be hung ; and for this cruel and vindictive conduct he was 
 recalled by the king, who exclaimed as he did so : " The old 
 fool has taken away more lives in that naked country than I, 
 for the murder of my father." ^ 
 
 iVew England. 
 
 1 . In the history of the struggle to plant a lasting settle- 
 ment at Jamestown are the names of two men whose good 
 sense, honesty, and enterprise commend them to all who 
 read the interesting story. These are of Smith and Gos- 
 
 ' Charles I. was tiled on a oharire of treason to liis people, was pro- 
 nounced guilty, and beheaded (1649). His sou, Charles II., on beeoming 
 king, showed moderation and clemencj' (lfi(!0-l(58r>). 
 
60 New England. 1602-20 
 
 nold ; and to these two men, more than to any other two, 
 is the first success of that struggle due. These have also 
 
 honorable records in the early liistory of New Eng- 
 explwations. ^'^"^' ^^osnold, before going to Virginia, crossed 
 
 the Atlantic in a small bark, explored a large 
 part of the coast from Maine southward, discovered Ciipe 
 Cod, and " well-nigh secured to New England the honor of 
 the first permanent English settlement" (1602). 
 
 2. Smith, a few years later and after leaving Virginia, 
 sailed Avith two sliips, examined with care most of the coast 
 that Gosnold had previously seen, jirepared a map of his ex 
 plorations, and gave to the country tlic name l)y which it has 
 ever since been known, that of New England. Unfortu- 
 nately, a terrible blot was cast upon the expedition, for 
 which, however, its commander was in no wise to blame. 
 After Smith's departure for England, the master of the 
 second ship kidnapped several Indians, and, sailing to Europe, 
 sold them to the Spaniards as slaves. 
 
 3. But we are anticipating events. It will be recollected 
 that King James granted to two companies a large jiart of 
 the vast region that had been discovered by the Cabots. We 
 
 have sliown how the beo^inning of settlement Avas 
 
 English made in the soutliern portion of this region. 
 
 settlement Under the charter to the Plymouth company, a 
 m Maine. • , /-, t-. • . 
 
 colony, Avith George Popham as its president, was 
 
 planted in tlie northern portion, near the mouth of the Ken- 
 nebec river. This Avas also in 1G07, only tliree months after 
 Smith, Gosnold, and tlieir companions had begun to clear 
 the ground for tlie settlement of Jamestown. A fort, store- 
 house, rude cabins, and a church Avere built ; but the intense 
 cold of the Avinter, the death of tlieir president, the destruc- 
 tion of their storehouse by fire, and other causes', so discour- 
 aged the settlers that they returned to Europe. Thus ended 
 the colony. 
 
 4. To forty wealthy men, the most powerful of the Eng- 
 lish nobility. King James, in 1620, issued a patent Avhich, 
 
1607 Tlie Pilgrims in England, 61 
 
 " in American annals, and even in the history of the world, 
 
 has but one parallel." By this charter, known as the " Great 
 
 Patent," the whole of North America, from the 
 
 The 
 fortieth to the forty-eighth degree of latitude, was Great 
 
 granted in full property. This vast region, in- ^^^^^^- 
 
 eluding all its islands, rivers, harbors, mines, and fisheries, 
 
 was given to forty persons. The name of the new association 
 
 was " The Council established at Plymouth ;" but, for the 
 
 sake of brevity, it was called the Council of Plymouth. The 
 
 Plymouth company, so called, no longer existed. 
 
 5. There were at that time in England large numbers of 
 the inhabitants who did not believe that it was right to wor- 
 ship God in the manner required by the laws of the country. 
 
 They desired to purify the Established Church „ .^ 
 
 '' 1 Puritans 
 
 from what they regarded its corrujjtions : hence, and 
 
 in derision, they were called Puritans. The term ^ grims. 
 was applied to several sects, including one known as Brown- 
 ists ; but these last were not strictly Puritans, for, while the 
 Puritans denounced the Church of England, they still con- 
 tinued to have the most profound reverence for it. The 
 Brownists, so called by the Puritans, were seceders or Sepa- 
 ratists, inasmuch as, "renouncing all obedience to human 
 authority in spiritual things," they separated themselves 
 entirely from the Church of England and formed themselves 
 into independent congregations. 
 
 6. "At an early period of King James's reign one of these 
 congregations of seceders had been wont to hold meetings at 
 Scrooby, then the residence of one William Brews- ^j^^ 
 ter, a gentleman of fortune, a good scholar, who was _ Pilgrims 
 living a retired life, devoted to study, meditation, ^° ^^ ^'^ ' 
 and practical exertion to promote the cause of religion. The pas- 
 tor of the church, one John Robinson, was a man of learning, 
 eloquence, and lofty intellect. But what were such gifts in the 
 possession of rebels, seceders, and Puritans ? It is needless to 
 say that Brewster and Eobinson Avere baited, persecuted, watch- 
 ed day and night, some of the congregation often clapped into 
 
62 
 
 JVew England. 
 
 1607-20 
 
 prison, others Into the stooks, doprivod of tho moans i>f live- 
 lihood, outhiweil, famished, banned. IMainly their tH)nntry 
 was no plaee for them. After a few years of sneh work tliey 
 resolved to establish themselves in lloUand, where at least 
 they hoped to tind refnge and toleration. 
 
 7. But it pmved as diltienlt for them to ipiit the country 
 as to remain in it. Watched and liunted like gang's of i-oin- 
 ers, forgers, or other feli>ns attempting to tlee from just ii'c, 
 set upon by troopers armed with " bills and guns and otliev 
 weapons.' seized when about to embark, pillaged autl 
 stripped by catcl\poles, exhibited as a show to grinning voww- 
 try folk, the wonuMi and (.'hildren tlealt with like drunken 
 tramps, led before magistrates, committed to jail, they were 
 only able after attemi)ts lasting through two years' time to 
 etl'ect their escape to Amsterdam." Then the wanderers 
 were Pilgrims. 
 
 8. Their residence in Amsterdam was brief. To Leyden 
 (Ji'-ilen) they soon renu>ved, and here for several years they 
 " lived togetlier in peace, and k)ve, and holiness. But they fear- 
 ed that, if tliev continued there much longer, thev 
 
 The • ^ ^ • 
 
 Pilgrims would cease to be Eng- 
 in Holland, jj^j^^ .^^^^^ ^^.^^^^j^^ ^^^1^^^,^ 
 
 all the manners and ideas and feel- 
 ings of the Dutch. For this and 
 other reasons," they decided to 
 plant a colony in America, where, 
 in the enjoyment of their religious 
 rights, they would once more be 
 niuler the government of their 
 native land. The *' embarkation" 
 took place at Delft-IIaven. 
 
 9. '" Delft- Haven is 5iu iinim- 
 portant seaport on the long line 
 of the Dutch coast ; yet it is 
 worthy of remembrance, for it marks the manh of man to- 
 ward the future, and toward freedom. On the morning of 
 
 SHIP or THK TIMK OF THK ril.HlUMS 
 
1620 The Emharkation. 65 
 
 tlic 22(1 of July, of the year 1C20, a few perBons, on the quiet 
 key, knew tliut a small bark of sixty tons, called tlie Speed- 
 well, was preparing for a voyage ; but whither YiL^ 
 and for what ? She was no merchantman bound Embarkation, 
 for gain, no privateer for plunder, no holiday sail for pleas- 
 ure, no explorer for new continents. 
 
 10. On that morning the living freight of that vessel 
 gathered on her deck, men, women, and children, some old, 
 but mostly young. They were English born, and English 
 bred, though they had now lived in this foreign land twelve 
 years. They did not forget the land of their birth, yet they 
 thanked the Dutch for shelter when they were driven out 
 from their homes and the places they loved so well. They 
 had taken counsel of their hope and their fears ' to seek of 
 God,' using their own words, ' a right way for us and our 
 children.' They believed they had found the right way, 
 and were now to go forward on it, leaving behind the larger 
 part of their church and their minister, for all could not 
 then go. 
 
 11. The Pilgrims stood in groups, and the conversation, if 
 brief and low, was earnest. Then Robinson knelt down on 
 the deck, and with him knelt his friends and companions. 
 He stretched out his hands, and cried to the Lord, "and his 
 words moved all hearts. ... It would be hard to say 
 which were the more bereft ; those who went, or those who 
 stayed. As they on the shore watched the departing bark 
 with streaming eyes, they were borne up by a living faith 
 that liberty and righteousnes should one day prevail. 
 
 12. They sailed for Southampton, England, where awaited 
 them another small ship, the Mayflower. The final arrange- 
 ments having been made, the two ships stood out to sea. 
 The passengers had hardly begun to arrange themselves to 
 their ncAv circumstances, when signals from the Speedwell 
 told them that something was wrong — that evil threatened 
 them. To turn back was the only alternative ; and then to 
 learn that the Speedwell was leaking badly was the unwcl- 
 
64 New England. 1620 
 
 come news. To old England, then, they must once more 
 steer, and that without delay, for tlie water made fast, so that 
 when they arrived at Dartmouth, they believed that in three 
 hours more the ship ' would have sunk right down.' 
 
 13. After eight days of delay, they again sailed, but, be- 
 fore long, the signals told of further trouble. The supersti- 
 tious element was then rife in the land ; and the habit of 
 tracing every event to a special act of God led some to fear 
 that these delays and rebuffs signified that God was dis- 
 pleased at the voyage. It was decided to put back to England 
 — this time to Plymouth. Finally the Mayflower, with as 
 many of the Pilgrims as could be accommodated on board, 
 set sail for America, solitary and alone." 
 
 14. After a boisterous voyage of more than three months, 
 the Mayflower dropped her anchor at noon, on a Saturday, in 
 the harbor of Cape Cod. There, in the cabin of the little 
 
 tti t "^'^^s^-'' ''^ ^^^6 men, forty-one in number, agreed 
 of to a form of government for their colony, by signing 
 
 ymou . |.]-jgjj, najneg to a compact that had been pre- 
 viously prepared. With the same unanimity they chose John 
 Carver governor for one year. " Having ke])t their Sabbath 
 in due retirement, the men began the labors of the week by 
 landing a shallop from the ship, and hauling it up the beach 
 for repairs, while the women went on shore to wash clothes. 
 While the carpenter and men were at work on the boat, six- 
 teen others, armed and provisioned, with Stand ish for their 
 commander, set off on foot to explore the country. The 
 only incident of this day was the sight of five or six savages, 
 who, on their approach, ran away too swiftly to be overtaken. 
 At night, lighting a fire and setting a guard, the party 
 bivouacked at the distance, as they supposed, of ten miles 
 from the vessel. 
 
 15. Proceeding southward, next morning, they ol>served 
 marks of cultivation ; some heaps of eartli which they took 
 for signs of graves, and the remains of a hut, with a ' great 
 kettle, which had been some ship's kettle.' In a heap which 
 
1620 Settlement of Plymouth. 65 
 
 they opened tliey found two baskets containing four or five 
 bushels of Indian corn, of which they took as much as they 
 could carry away in their pockets and in the kettle. The 
 second night, which was rainy, they encamped again with 
 more precaution than before. On Friday evening, having 
 lost their way meanwhile, and been amused by an accident 
 to Bradford, who was caught in an Indian deer-trap, they re- 
 turned to their friends. 
 
 16. The succeeding week was spent in jmtting their tools 
 in order and preparing, timber for a new boat. During this 
 time, which proved to be cold and stormy, much inconven- 
 ience was experienced from having to wade through the shal- 
 low water to the shore ; and many took ' coughs and colds, 
 which afterward t^^rned to scurvy.' On Monday of the week 
 next following, twenty-four of the colonists, in the shallop, 
 which was now refitted, set out for an exploration along the 
 coast. That day and the following night they sufi'ered from 
 a cold snow-storm, and were compelled to run into the shore 
 for security. 
 
 17. As soon as the state of the weather permitted, a party 
 of ten, including Carver, Bradford, and others of the princi- 
 pal men, set off with eight seamen in the shallop, on what 
 proved to be the final expedition of discovery. The severity 
 of the cold was extreme. ' Tbe water froze on their clothes, 
 and made them, many times, like coats of iron.' Coasting 
 along the cape in a southerly direction for six or seven 
 leagues, they landed and slept at a place where ten or twelve 
 Indians had appeared on the shore. The Indians ran away 
 on being approached. 
 
 18. The next day, while part of the company in the shal- 
 lop examined the shore, the rest, ranging about the country, 
 found a burial-place, some old wigwams, and a small store of 
 parched acorns buried in the ground. The following morning, 
 at daylight, they had just ended their prayers, and were pre- 
 paring breakfast at their camp on the beach, when they heard 
 a yell, and a flight of arrows fell among them. The assail- 
 
66 New England. 1621 
 
 ants turned out to be thirty or forty Indians, who, being 
 fired upon, retired. Neither side had been harmed. A num- 
 ber of the arrows were picked up, ' some wliereof were 
 headed with brass, others with hart's horn, and others witli 
 eagles' chiws. ' 
 
 \\). Getting on board, they sailed along the shore in a 
 storm of snow and sleet. In the afternoon, the gale having 
 increased, their rudder was disabled, and they had to steer 
 with oars. At length the mast was carried away, and they 
 drifted in the dark with a flood tide. With difficulty they 
 brought up under the lee of a ' small rise of land. ' Here a 
 part of the company, suffering from wet and cold, went on 
 shore, though not without fear of hostile neighbors, and 
 lighted a fire by which to pass the inclement night. 
 
 20. On Monday they sounded the harl)or, and found it fit 
 for shipping, and marched also into the land, and found 
 divers cornfields and little running brooks, a place, as they 
 supposed, fit for situation." And here they all landed, to the 
 number of one hundred and two, on the 21st of December, 
 1620, a memorable day in the calendar. "A grateful pos- 
 terity," says Bancroft, " has marked the rock on which they 
 first trod. In memory of the hospitalities which the company 
 had received at the last English port from which they had 
 sailed, this oldest New England colony took the name of Ply- 
 mouth." 
 
 21. " The imagination," says Palfrey, " vainly tasks itself 
 to comprehend the horrors of that fearful winter. The only 
 mitigations were, that the cold was of less severity than is 
 
 first "^"'"^^ '" ^^^^ place, and that there was not an en- 
 winter at tire want of food and shelter. The men carried 
 Plymouth. ^^^^ ^i^g ^|g.^^ through the cold and snow, and then 
 hastened back from the burial to wait on the sick ; and as 
 the sick began to recover, they took the places of those 
 whose strength had been exhausted. Warm weather came at 
 length, and the birds sang in the woods most pleasantly. 
 Never was spring more welcome ;" but death had carried to 
 
1623 Settlement of New Hampshire. 67 
 
 the grave more than half their namber, inchiding Carver and 
 his wife. Bradford was their second governor. The fears 
 that at first they had of the Indians were put at rest by a 
 treaty of friendship made with Mas-sa-soit', the great chief of 
 the Wam-pa-no'-ags (1621).^ 
 
 22. " Our fathers were brought hither by their high ven- 
 eration for the Christian religion. They journeyed by its 
 light, and labored in its hope. They sought to incorporate its 
 principles with the elements of their society, and to „, 
 diffuse its influence through all their institutions, aim of the 
 civil, political, or literary. Let us cherish these ^ g"°is. 
 sentiments, and extend this influence still more widely ; in 
 the full conviction that that is the happiest society which 
 partakes in the highest degree of the mild and peaceable 
 spirit of Christianity." 
 
 23. The " Great Patent " to the Council of Plymouth, in- 
 cluding, as it did, the exclusive right of fishing in the waters 
 off the coast of New England and beyond, found no favor 
 with those outside of the company who desired to 
 
 engage in the business. Said Sir Edward Coke, of New 
 a celebrated English lawyer, '' This is to make a Hampshire, 
 monopoly upon the high seas." The opposition, however, 
 did not prevent the council from granting to two men, 
 Gorges {gor'-jez) and Mason, the lands between the Merrimac 
 and the Kennebec. Under this grant, a colony of fishermen 
 made settlements at Plymouth and Dover (1623). When, six 
 years later. Mason obtained, in his own name alone, a title to 
 the southern and western portions of the same land — New 
 Hampshire — he gave cause for the series of lawsuits about 
 lands that for a quarter of a century distressed the settlers.'' 
 
 ' This treaty, " made in a day, was sacredly kept for more than half a 
 century. A bundle of arrows, wrapped in the skin of a rattlesnake, was 
 the warlike message of Ca-non'-i-cus, sachem of the Narragansetts ; but 
 when Bradford sent back the skin stuffed with powder and shot, his cour- 
 age quailed, and he sued for amity" (1022). — Bancroft. 
 
 " In 1641, the people of the different settlements of New Hampshire 
 placed themselves under the government and protection of Masssachu- 
 
Neio England. 1630 
 
 24. The third English colony j)lixnted with success in New 
 Enghind was at Salem. John Endicott, by authority of a 
 grant made by the Council of Plymouth to a company of 
 
 five persons beside himself, arrived in the autumn 
 Massachusetts of 1638 ; and, joined by persons who had already 
 Bay ony. ggj^^^ig^j there, laid the foundation of the colony. 
 This was the beginning of the " Puritan refuge'' in America. 
 Endicott's associates, re-enforced by many Puritans of note and 
 many other excellent men, obtained from King Charles a 
 charter, which formed them into a body by the name of the 
 " Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New 
 England" (1G29). "This charter was cherished for more 
 than half a century as the precious boon." 
 
 25. Twelve ships soon arrived in Massachusetts bay ; but, 
 in consequence of their long voyages, the emigrants suffered 
 from fevers and the want of proper food. They "had in- 
 
 Setiiement tended to dwell together ; but, in their distress, 
 of Boston, they planted where each was inclined." John 
 Winthrop, their governor, made Charlestown his first home. 
 " On the other side of the river, on the little peninsula, 
 scarce two miles long by one broad, marked by three hills, 
 and blessed with sweet and pleasant springs, safe pastures, 
 and land that promised rich cornfields and fruitful gar- 
 dens, the first good house was built, even before the place 
 took the name (Boston) which Avas to grow famous through- 
 out the world. "^ Winthrop took possession of this i^enin- 
 sula, and there commenced a settlement (lG30j. 
 
 setts ; but in 1680 the two colonies were separated by order of the kins;. 
 Twice after this New Hampshire was united to Massachusetts ; but from 
 1741 it was independent. 
 
 * Tlie Indian name of the peninsula was abbreviated into the name 
 Shawmut. Some of the colonists were from Boston, England. The first 
 Englisli settler there was William Blackstone. ' ' There is a mystery in his 
 life wliich i)robably can never be explained. When and how he came to 
 America is unknown. The first planters of .ALissachusetts bay found liim 
 already established on the Siiawmut peninsula, now Boston. In l(j:J4 he 
 sold out his title to Shawmut, and lu'came probably the first white settler 
 of Rhode Island. WilHams found him there in 1030. "— ^l/V(yW« llidvry 
 of lihudc Island. 
 
1636 Hookef s Emigration. 69 
 
 26. The valley through which the Connecticut river flows 
 was soon found to be pleasant and fertile. The Dutch of New 
 Netherlands were the first to ascend the stream ; and, to pro- 
 tect their claim to the region, they put up a building settlement of 
 on the west side of the river, which answered the Connecticut, 
 double purpose of a fort and trading-house. The Pilgrims of 
 Plymouth also ajDpear in the early history of Connecticut. 
 They, too, erected a building — a trading-house — where they 
 carried on a profitable traffic in furs with the natives. Mean- 
 time, however, the " soil of Connecticut," by an act of the 
 Council of Plymouth, had been ' ' ceded away, ' ' and was now the 
 property of Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others. At 
 the mouth of the Connecticut a colony was planted by John 
 Winthrop, son. of the Massachusetts governor, which, in 
 honor of the proprietors, was named Saybrook (1635). 
 
 27. In the autumn of the same year a second colony was 
 established in Connecticut. It was made at Hartford, where 
 the Dutch fort had stood. The settlers were from the vicin- 
 ity of Boston. These were followed the next year Hooker's 
 by another emigration from the same locality, con- emigration. 
 ducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker. " About the begin- 
 ning of June, the first warm month of the New England 
 year, Mr. Hooker^ with about one hundred men, women, and 
 children, set out upon the journey which had been long m 
 contemplation. Over mountains ; through swamps ; across 
 rivers, fording or upon rafts ; with the compass to point out 
 their way, slowly they moved westward. 
 
 28. Now, in the open spaces of the forests where the sun 
 looked in ; now, under the shades of the old trees ; now, 
 struggling through the bushes and vines — driving their flocks 
 and herds before them — with hearts as cheerful as the month, 
 slowly they moved on. A stately, well-ordered journey it was, 
 for gentlemen of fortune and rank were of the company. 
 Ladies, too, who had been delicately bred and had known 
 little of toil or hardship until now, were there. At the end 
 of about two weeks they reached the land almost fabulous to 
 
70 New England. 1639 
 
 them — the valley of the Connecticut. It lay at their feet, 
 beneath the shadow of the low-browed hills. It lay holding 
 its silvery river in its embrace, like a strong bow half bent in 
 the hands of the swarthy hunter, who still called himself lord 
 of its rich acres." 
 
 29. These settlers had come to a delightful region, but they 
 were surrounded by perils. Their neighbors, the Dutch, were 
 unfriendly, for they looked upon them as intruders ; but their 
 
 The worst foes were the hostile tribe of Indians called 
 Pequod War. Peqiiods or Pequots, With these (in 1G37) they 
 were compelled to Avage a fierce war ; but Indian cunning 
 and ferocity were no match for European courage and skill. 
 What could clubs and arrows avail against muskets and ar- 
 mor ? The Pequods were defeated and completely broken up 
 as a tribe. Of the few that survived and surrendered, some 
 were enslaved by the English, the others Avere sent to the 
 Narragansetts and Mohegans. 
 
 30. Two colonies Avere already in Connecticut. A third, 
 
 " remarkable for the religious sj^irit that marked its laAvs," 
 
 was founded at Ncav Haven, by Theophilus Eaton, a man 
 
 „^ „ of large fortune, and John Davenport, a distin- 
 The New ^ ^ . . . x * • i 
 
 Haven guished Puritan minister (1G38). A title to the 
 
 Colony, lands was obtained by a treaty with the natives. 
 
 Annual elections Avere held, and Eaton was chosen governor 
 
 annually till his death — a period of tAventy years. 
 
 31. " The first house for public Avorship in Xcav HaAcn 
 was commenced in 1639. That such a house should be built 
 Avas decided in the town meeting. It was fifty feet square, 
 
 having a toAver surmounted with a turret. The 
 
 A Sabbath i^vexv Avcre seated on one side of the house ; the 
 
 m New T i 
 
 Haven in Avomen on the other. Every one, according to 
 
 '^^imes^'^ his ofiice or his age, or his rank in society, bad 
 his place assigned to him. In this temple the 
 fathers of New Haven maintained the Avorship and ordi- 
 nances of God for about thirty years. Let us go back to one 
 of their ancient Sabbaths, You see in the morning no mo- 
 
1639 
 
 A Sabbath in New Haven. 
 
 71 
 
 tion, save as tlie herds go forth to their pasture in the com- 
 mon grounds, driven by the herdsmen. At the appointed 
 hour, the drum having been beaten both the first time and 
 the second, the whole population, from the dwellings of the 
 town and from the farms on the other side of the river, come 
 together in the place of prayer. 
 
 PURITANS GOING TO CHURCH. 
 
 (From Boughton's celebrated Picture.) 
 
 32. The sentinel is placed in the turret to give the first 
 alarm in the event of an attack by the Indians. Those who 
 are to keep ward, the military guard, go forth, pacing two 
 by two the still green lanes. In this rude and unfurnished 
 structure is devotion true and pure. Through a long course 
 of exercises, Avhich would weary out the men of our degen- 
 erate days, these hearers sit or stand. They love the word 
 that comes from the lips of their pastor. They love the order 
 of this house. To them, each sermon, every prayer, every 
 
72 New England. 1639 
 
 tranquil Sabbath is the more precious for all that it has cost 
 them. As the day declines they retire to their dwellings, 
 and close the Sabbath with family worship." ^ 
 
 33. Roger "Williams, the founder of Ehodc Island, was a 
 "fugitive from English persecution." Landing at Boston, 
 the year next after Winthrop had taken up liis a])ode there. 
 
 The founder ^^® soon incurred the enmity of those in power, 
 of Rhode for on every occasion he held firmly to the doc- 
 ^ *° • trine that "the civil power should have no con- 
 trol over the religious opinions of men." After a two years' 
 residence at Plymouth lie went to Salem, and there he became 
 the pastor of the church. His efforts, however, to separate 
 the affairs of State from the affairs of the Cliurch so excited 
 the hostility of the authorities, that they resolved to banish 
 him from the colony. 
 
 34. " His immediate departure, in a shij) then ready to 
 sail for England, was resolved upon. An order was sent for 
 him to come to Boston, which he declined to do. A boat was 
 
 His fli ht '^^^^ despatched to take him l)y force, and jilace 
 to him on board the ship. Warned l)y the ]irevious 
 "order, he had already escaped three days before, 
 no one knew whither. Leaving his wife and two infant 
 children, he set out alone in midAvinter to perform that 
 arduous journey of whicli, thirty-five years later, he Avrote, 
 ' I was tossed for one fourteen weeks, in a bitter winter 
 season, not knowing what bread or bed did mean.' 
 
 35. Happily for tlie world, and most fortunately, as the 
 event soon proved, for the people of New England, he ehuled 
 the vigilance of his ]iursurers. Driven from the society of 
 civilized man, Williams turned his steps soutliward, to find 
 among heathen savages the boon of cliarity which Avas re- 
 
 ' The people of the Connecticut colony — Tlartforrl, Windsor, and 
 Wethersfield — met at Hartford in lOofl, and united in forminii; a govern- 
 ment. In 1044, Sayhroolv joined the ("oiuiecticut eolonj'. The two col- 
 onies, Connecticut and Ts'ew Haven, were formed into one in 1(3(35, under 
 ii royal charter grtyited by Charles H, 
 
1663 Early History of Rliode Island. 73 
 
 fused at lionie. Tlie now venerable Massasoit/ who, sixteen 
 years before, had first welcomed the weary Pilgrims to his 
 shores, and with whom Williams, during his residence at Ply- 
 mouth, had contracted a friendship, received with open arms 
 the lonely and twice-exiled Puritan. From him Williams 
 obtained a grant of land, where lie built a home and com- 
 menced planting. 
 
 36. But this was not to be his home. He was soon advised 
 by his friend, Governor Winslow of Plymouth, that, as his 
 plantation was within the limits of the Plymouth colony, he 
 should remove. This he resolved to do ; and, in company 
 Avith five others, who appear to have folloAved him from Sa- 
 lem, he embarked in his canoe to find at length a resting 
 place on the free hills of Providence. . . . Sailing up 
 what was then a broad and beautiful sheet of water, skirted by 
 a dense forest, their attention was attracted by a spring close 
 on the margin of the stream, where they landed, and com- 
 menced a settlement, to which, in gratitude to his Supreme 
 Deliverer, Williams gave the name of Providence (1G38)." 
 
 37. A deed from the Narragansett Indians soon made 
 
 Williams the owner of a large tract of land. To this asylum 
 
 for those " distressed for conccience" many fled. They came 
 
 from England as well as from Massachusetts ;_ , . . ^ 
 
 *=> . ' Early history 
 
 and to those whom he thought most m want " he of 
 gave away his lands until he gave all away." The K^o^e Island, 
 affairs of the colony, so long as the population was not large, 
 were managed by the settlers at their town meetings. New 
 settlements in a short time were made, which were united 
 under one government by a charter obtained by Williams 
 from the English Parliament (1G44). (Not long after Charles 
 the Second ascended the throne, he gave to Khode Island 
 another and better charter (1663). This, Andros, the gov- 
 ernor of all New England when James the Second was king, 
 tried to take away ; but he was foiled, and it continued to be 
 
 ' The nam§ ,qis givjKn by Arnold is Ous-ci/-'rm'-qnm, 
 
74 New England. 1643 
 
 the great foundation law of Rhode Island for threescore 
 years and a century. 
 
 38. The first union of any of the American colonies, " for 
 mutual lielp and strength," took place in 1643. " A general 
 confederation of the New England colonies had been pro- 
 
 . posed, and in agitation several years. The cir- 
 
 New England cumstances of the English nation and the state of 
 CO onies. ^.j^^ colonies at this time made it a matter of ur- 
 gent necessity. The colonies had extended their settlements 
 upon the rivers, and had made them in a more scattering 
 manner than was at first designed. No aid could be ex- 
 pected from the mother country. The Dutch had so ex- 
 tended their claims, and were so powerful and hostile, as to 
 afford a just ground of general alarm. All the plantations 
 were compassed by numerous tribes of savage men. The 
 Narragansetts appeared hostile, and there were the appear- 
 ances of a general combination among the Indians to extir- 
 pate the colonies. 
 
 39. Commissioners from the colonies of Connecticut, New 
 Haven, and Plymouth were sent to Boston to confer with 
 the commissioners of Massachusetts. A spirit of harmoay 
 and mutual condescension prevailed, and articles of union 
 were adopted for the four colonies. This was of the highest 
 consequence to the colonists. It made them formidable to 
 the Dutch and Indians, and respectable among their French 
 neighbors. It was happily adapted to maintain harmony 
 among themselves. It was one of tlie principal means for the 
 preservation of the colonies during the wars in which Eng- 
 land was engaged. It was the grand source of mutual de- 
 fence in Philip's war. The union lasted more than forty 
 years, until tiie abrogation of the charters of the New Eng- 
 land colonies by King James the Second." 
 
 40. " The rise in England of ' the people called Quakers ' 
 was one of the most renuirkable results of the Protestant 
 revolution." " Twelve of their number, converts of George 
 Fox, the first Quaker iu the world, came to Boston. They 
 
1660 Persecution of the Quakers. 75 
 
 seemed to be impelled by an earnest love for the souls of 
 
 men, and a pure desire to make known what they considered 
 
 a revelation from Heaven. But the rulers looked „ 
 
 Persecution 
 upon them as plotting the downfall of all govern- of the 
 
 ment and religion. They were banished from the ^^^^^''s- 
 
 colony. In a little while, however, not only the first twelve 
 
 had returned, but a multitude of other Quakers had come 
 
 to rebuke the rulers, and to preach against the j)riests and 
 
 steeple houses. 
 
 41. These enthusiasts were received with hatred and scorn. 
 They were thrown into dungeons ; they were beaten with 
 many stripes, women as well as men ; they were driven forth 
 into the wilderness, and left to the tender mercies of wild 
 beasts and Indians ; but the more the Quakers were scourged 
 and imprisoned and banished, the more did the sect in- 
 crease, both by the influx of strangers and by converts from 
 among the Puritans. In 1659 two Quakers were hanged in 
 Boston. A woman had been sentenced to die with them, 
 but was reprieved on condition of her leaving the colony. Her 
 name was Mary Dyer. Next year she returned to Boston and 
 was executed. 
 
 42. In 1660, the same year in which Mary Dyer was ex- 
 ecuted, Charles the Second was restored to the throne of his 
 fathers. This king had many vices ; but he Avould not 
 permit blood to be shed, under pretence of religion, in any 
 part of his dominions. The Quakers in England told him 
 what had been done to their brethren ; and he sent orders to 
 Governor Endicott, of Massachusetts, to forbear all such 
 proceedings in future. And so ended the Quaker persecu- 
 tion, one of the most mournful passages in the history of 
 our forefathers." 
 
 43. About forty years after the Pequod war, another fierce 
 war broke out in Kew England, known as King Philip's war. 
 King Philip, as he was called by the English, was a son and 
 successor of Massasoit, who had been the fast friend of the 
 colonists. But the whites )i§cl now greatly increased in num- 
 
70 Neio England. 1675 
 
 bcrs, the whole popuhition in IVew England being about sixty 
 thousand, while the Indians were only half as numerous. The 
 latter, however, were much more to be feared than 
 Philh)''s war formerly, for many of them had guns and ammu- 
 nition instead of Ijows and arrows, and hatchets 
 and knives instead of the rude weapons made of stone or 
 bone which they had used during the Pequod war. 
 
 4-4. Fk^tween Narragansett bay and Plymouth Avere the 
 Wam-pa-no'-ags, of Avhich tribe Philip was the chief. As the 
 farms and villages of the Avhites were rapidly encroaching 
 upon the hunting grounds of this tribe collisions followed ; 
 but whether the storm which broke out so suddenly in 
 1675 was accidental or the result of a plot is not certain. 
 A converted Indian, who had informed the colonists that his 
 people were making preparations for war, was killed. His 
 murderers were seized, tried by a jury, of which one half 
 were Indians, convicted, and hung. Panting for revenge, 
 the young men of the tribe killed eight or nine of the colo- 
 nists. The war that ensued was terrible. On the i^art of 
 the Indians it was one of ambuscades and surprises ; and 
 for many months they kept all New England in a state of 
 terror. Brookfield was besieged and set fire to ; and Deer- 
 field, Northfield, and other towns were destroyed.^ 
 
 45. A treaty of peace had been made with the Narragan- 
 setts, but as they gave shelter and protection to the AYam- 
 panoags, it was resolved to regard them as enemies. " The 
 place where they were to l»o sought was iti Rhode Island, a 
 little more than eighteen miles from that Pequod fort whicli 
 
 ' One Sal)b;ith mornini'-, while the people of TTadley were at worship 
 in the village church, a tall and venerable man, a stranger to them, ap- 
 peared and" told tliem that the savages were coming, lie rallied the men 
 and led tliem against the Indians. The savages were routed and tied ; 
 but when the i)eople looketl around for their preserver, he had gone ; and 
 they for some time believed that they had bef;n rescued by an angel. It 
 was afterward discovered that the fall and venerable man was General 
 Goffe, one of the judges who liad condemned Charles the First to be be- 
 headed. He had beeii hidden in Iladley. This is the story that used to 
 be told, but it has recently been disproved. 
 
1675 Storming of the Narragansett Fort. 77 
 
 had been destroyed by the force imder Captain Mason, forty 
 
 years before. According to information afterwards received 
 
 from a captive, the Indian warriors here collected 
 
 were no fewer than three thousand and five liun- oTST^ 
 
 dred. They were on their guard, and had fortified Narragansett 
 
 their hold to the best of their skill. It was on a 
 
 solid piece of upland of five or six acres, wholly surrounded 
 
 by a swamp. On the inner side of this natural defence, they 
 
 had driven rows of palisades ; and the only entrance to the 
 
 enclosure was over a rude bridge consisting of a felled tree. 
 
 46. Having passed without shelter a very cold night, the 
 English had made a march of eighteen miles through deep 
 snow, scarcely halting to refresh themselves with food. In 
 this condition they immediately advanced to the attack. 
 The Massachusetts troops were in the van of the storming 
 column, next came the two Plymouth companies, and then 
 the force from Connecticut. The foremost of the assailants 
 Avere received with a well-directed fire. Captain Johnson, of 
 Eoxbury, was shot dead on the bridge, as he was rushing 
 over it at the head of his company. Others shared his fate ; 
 but, nothing discouraged by the fall of their leaders, the men 
 pressed on, and a sharp conflict followed, which, with fluc- 
 tuating success, lasted for two or three hours. There was 
 nothing for either party but to conquer or die, enclosed 
 together as they were. At length victory declared for the 
 English, who finished their work by setting fire to the wig- 
 wams within the fort. The military strength of the formid- 
 able Narragansett tribe was irreparably broken." 
 
 47. " Philip was hunted from spot to spot. At last, with 
 a scanty band of followers, who still remained true to his 
 desperate fortunes, the unhappy man wandered back to 
 Mount Hope, the ancient dwelling of his fathers. Death 
 Here he lurked about, like a spectre, among scenes o^ Philip, 
 of former power and prosperity, now bereft of home, of 
 family, and friends. Little minds are tamed and subdued by 
 misfortune, but great minds rise above it. The very idea of 
 
78 
 
 New England. 
 
 1692 
 
 submission Jiwiikencd the fury of Philip, and he smote to 
 death one of his followers who proposed an expedient of peace. 
 The brother of the victim made his escape, and, in revenge, 
 betrayed the retreat of his chieftain. 
 
 48. A body of white men and Indians Avere immediately 
 dispatched to the swamp where Philip lay crouched, glaring 
 with fury and despair. Before he was aware of their ap- 
 l)roach they had begun to surround him. In a little 
 while he saw five of his trustiest followers laid dead at 
 his feet. All resistance was vain. He rushed forth from 
 his cover and nuide a headlong attempt to escape ; Init was 
 shot through the heart by a renegade Indian of his own 
 nation. Such is the scanty story of the brave but unfortu- 
 nate King Pliilip. " His body was cut in quarters, and his 
 head was sent to Plymouth, where it was exposed on a gibbet 
 for twenty years. His captive child was sold as a slave in 
 Bermuda. 
 
 49. In the year 1692, Sir William Plii])])?. a native of 
 Maine, came from England with 
 a commission from King Wil- 
 liam, as governor of Massachu- 
 setts. Within the 
 
 Wt^if"^ft li^^^i^s ^^ ^^^^ province 
 
 were the old colony 
 
 of Plymouth and the territories 
 
 of Maine and Nova Scotia. All _ __ ^-_^_ 
 
 this region, not including New thestocks.» 
 
 Hampshire, was now called Massachusetts. Phipps was a 
 " ship carpenter and a fortune-seeker. Accustomed from 
 boyhood to the axe and the oar, he had gained distinction 
 
 ' " The stocks und pillory were movable machines on wheels, and 
 had no fixed position. l?oth were used as a means of enforcing attend- 
 ance at church mcctinfis, or punishinu; oiTences against the church, and 
 their location at its very portal served no doubt as a gentle remiiidcr to 
 the congregation. It is related th.-.t in the year 175:5 a woman .stood for 
 an hour" in the i)illory of the Town House, Boston, amid the scotl's aud 
 jeers of the multitude." — Drake' a Old Landmarks. 
 
1692 
 
 The Salem Witchcraft. 
 
 79 
 
 only by his wealth, the fruits of his enterprise with the div- 
 ing-bell in raising treasures from a Spanish wreck." Almost 
 as soon as he assumed the government he became engaged in 
 a very frightful business. 
 
 50. In the little village of Salem, now Danvers, were two 
 young girls, in the family of a clergyman, who "began to 
 have strange caprices. They complained of being pinched 
 and pricked with pins ; and often would pretend to be seized 
 with strange convulsions, and would cry out that witches 
 were afflicting them." This led to a strange excitement and 
 alarm. Numbers of persons were accused of the crime of 
 witchcraft, and, to escape torture, con- 
 fessed that they were guilty. More 
 than fifty, in this way, were compelled 
 to make such a confession. Twenty 
 persons were put to death, and many 
 others were cast into prison. This 
 dreadful delusion lasted more than six 
 months ; and it was not until some of 
 the magistrates themselves, and even 
 the governor's wife, were accused, that 
 the people began to see how terribly 
 they had been deceived. All the pris- 
 oners were set at liberty ; " but the 
 innocent dead could not be restored to 
 life ; and the hill where they were exe- 
 cuted will always remind people of the saddest and most 
 humiliating passage in our history." 
 
 51. "It is Avell known that no exclusive reproach can 
 with justice be cast upon any part of New England on ac- 
 count of a delusion which equally prevailed in the most 
 enlightened countries of Europe, and received 
 the countenance of the most learned and intel- 
 ligent men and upright magistrates. In contem- 
 plating this sorrowful page in the history of our ancestors, 
 we must bear in mind that, as I have already intimated, no 
 
 THE PILLORY. 
 
 "Witchcraft 
 
 in 
 
 Europe. 
 
so 
 
 J^eiD Yorlc and New Jersey. 
 
 1609 
 
 peculiar reproach attaches to them. They acted upon 
 principles which all professed, and in which the sincere in all 
 parts of Ohi'istendom. reposed an undoubting faith." 
 
 New York and Neio Jersey. 
 
 1, Two years after Smith and his companions had begun to 
 fell the trees for the settlement of Jamestown, but eleven 
 years before the Mayflower landed the Pilgrims at Ply- 
 mouth, the Half-Moon, a Dutch 
 ship, entered the harbor of New 
 
 . York (lG09).i Its 
 Discovery of ^ ' 
 
 the Hudson commander, Henry 
 "'''^- Hudson, was an Eng- 
 lishman. In the service of his 
 countrymen, Hudson had twice 
 tried to find a shorter passage 
 by water from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific than the one dis- 
 covered by Magellan around the 
 southern part of the American 
 continent. Now, in the service 
 of a Dutch company, he was making his third attempt. 
 
 2. " The ship was soon visited by canoes full of native 
 warriors ; but no one was suffered to come on board, though 
 their oysters and beans were gladly purchased. The first of 
 
 Europeans, Hudson, now began to explore the 
 
 Half-Moon great river Avliich stretched before him to the 
 
 ascending north, opening, as he hoped, the way to eastern 
 
 seas. Slowly drifting upward with the flood-tide, 
 
 he anchored one night just above Yonkers, in sight of ' a 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ' In behalf of the French, it has been claimed, and the claim has been 
 very generally allowed, that Verrazzaiii explored a part of tlie eastern 
 coast Of North America in ir)24, and then discovered the Hudson river. 
 Rvit tliis claim has been disputed (See the works on tlie subject bj' H. C 
 Murphy and J. C. Brevoortj. 
 
1609 The Half-Moon Ascending the Hudson. 81 
 
 high point of land, which showed out ' five leagues off to the 
 north. The next day, a southeast wind carried him up 
 rapidly through the majestic pass guarded by the frowning 
 
 
 "J^-^fc.:^ 
 
 
 r v-- 
 
 THE HALF-MOON ASCENDING THE HUDSON. 
 
 Donderberg. At nightfall he anchored his yacht near 
 West Point, in the midst of the sublimest scenery of the 
 mountains. 
 
 3. The next morning was misty until the sun arose, and 
 the grandeur of the overhanging highlands was again re- 
 vealed. A fair south wind sprung up as the weather became 
 clear, and a bright autumnal day succeeded. Kunning sixty 
 miles up along the varied shores which lined the deep chan- 
 nel, and delighted every moment Avitli the ever-changing 
 scenery and the magnificent virgin forests which clothed the 
 river-banks with their gorgeous autumnal hues, Hudson ar- 
 rived towards evening opposite the loftier ' mountains which 
 lie from the river's side,' and anchored the Half- Moon nea,r 
 
82 NeiD Yor'k and New Jersey. 1609 
 
 Catskill landing. Here lie found a ' very loving people, and 
 very old men.' 
 
 4. The friendly natives flocked on board the yacht as 
 she remained lazily at anchor the next morning, and brought 
 the crew ' ears of Indian corn, and pumpkins, and tobacco,' 
 which were readily bought for trifles. In the afternoon 
 Hudson went six miles further up the river, and anchored 
 one night near the marshes which divide the channel oppo- 
 site the flourishing city Avhich now bears his name. Early the 
 next morning he set sail again, and, slowly working his way 
 through the shoaling channel and among the small islands 
 which embarrassed navigation, anchored toward evening 
 about eighteen miles further up. Here the Half-Moon re- 
 mained at anchor all the next day. With the flood-tide on 
 the following morning the vessel ran higher up, and an- 
 chored in deep water near the site of the jiresent city of Al- 
 bany. 
 
 5. The people of the country came flocking on board, and 
 brought grapes and pumpkins, and beaver and otter skins, 
 which were purchased for beads, knives, and hatchets. Here 
 the yacht lingered for several days. Everything now seemed 
 to indicate that the Half-Moon had reached the head of ship 
 navigation. The downward current was fresh and clear, the 
 shoaling channel was narrow and obstructed ; yet Hudson, 
 unwilling, 2)erhaps, to abandon his long-cherished hope, 
 dispatched the mate, with a boat's crew, to sound the river 
 higher up. After going eight or nine leagues, and finding 
 ' but seven feet of water and inconstant soundings,' the ex- 
 ploring party returned, and reported that they had ' found it 
 to be at an end for shii)ping to go in. ' Hudson now reluc- 
 tantly prepared to return." 
 
 6. The Dutch made no more attempts to find a north- 
 
 western passage from ocean to ocean, but they sent 
 
 first ships to the country which Hudson had discovered 
 
 settlement, ^^j, ^jj^j^-j^ j^j^^j explored the coast from ])oth sides 
 
 of Delaware bay to Massachusetts bay. To a company of mer- 
 
1614-47 Growth of the Colony. 83 
 
 chants was given the exclusive right to trade for three years 
 with all this territory. In the grant thus made the region was 
 named New JSTetherlands (1614)^ Previous to this grant, how- 
 ever, little fortified trading houses had been built in the prov- 
 ince, one of them on the island of Manhattan. Another was 
 Ijuilt just south of the present city of Albany, which brought 
 the Dutch in friendly relations with the Mohawks, the most 
 easterly tribe of the Iroquois {ir-o-hiuoiz') , or Five Nations. 
 
 7. A few years later thirty families arrived from Holland. 
 Several of these settled at Orange, now Albany, while " a 
 party under the command of May, who has left his name on 
 the southern county and cape of New Jersey," ascended the 
 Delaware river and on its eastern bank built a fort. In 1626, 
 Peter Min'-u-it came as the governor of New Netherlands. 
 He soon contracted with the Indians for the purchase of 
 Manhattan island, giving beads, buttons, and other glitter- 
 ing trinkets, to the value of about twenty-four dollars, for 
 more than twenty thousand acres of land. Fort Amsterdam 
 was built, and about this centre wooden huts, with roofs of 
 straw and chimneys of wood, soon began to cluster. 
 
 8. The growth of the colony was not rapid, although 
 every individual who succeeded in forming a settlement of 
 fifty persons had a large tract of land granted to him. 
 These land-holders were called jjatroons ; and in 
 
 quite recent times the claims of their descendants of the°colony 
 to rent, led to the anti-rent troubles in the State 
 of New York. Minuit was succeeded by the renowned Wou- 
 ter Van TAvil'-ler, and he, in turn, by Kieft {Iceeft) ; and all 
 this time there were disputes with the English settlers on the 
 Connecticut. The Dutch had first explored the river, and 
 even occupied its banks. There were disputes, too, with the 
 Swedes, who had planted a colony in the southern part of New 
 Netherlands. There were also troubles with the Indians. 
 
 9. The prosperity of the colony dates from the arrival, in 
 
 ' Brodhead spells the name New Netherland, in the singular form. 
 
84 
 
 Neio York and New jersey. 
 
 1647-55 
 
 1647, of the brave and honest Peter Stnyvesant {sti'-ve- 
 sant), the last of the Dutch governors. In his early military 
 career he had lost a leg, which was replaced by a wooden one 
 
 (1655) ; 
 cnlturc, 
 
 and 
 as AV 
 
 tried 
 ell as 
 
 with silver bands, giving rise to 
 the tradition that he wore a silver 
 leg. As governor of New Nether- 
 lands he made peace with the 
 English settlers in Connecticut 
 and Avith the Indians ; he subdued 
 the Swedes on the Delaware 
 in every Avay to encourage trade and agri- 
 to induce people to join the settlement.^ 
 
 ' In 1C98, the Earl of Bellamont became governor. As commerce 
 was greatly disturbed by pirates, lie sent out a bold eai>tain named Kidd, 
 to capture their vessels ; but Kidd was a l)ad man, and kiif)\viii,u: that 
 Kidd there were very man_v Spanish ships carrying across the 
 ocean gold, silver, and other treasures from America, lie 
 determined to turn pirate himself. He continued on this career for 
 several years, and is said to have o])tained immense (juantities of gold 
 and rich treasures, some of which he is reported to have buried on 
 
1664 New Neilwrlands Lost. 85 
 
 10. These dangers were scarcely settled before a new and 
 greater one appeared ; for Charles the Second, caring noth- 
 ing for the claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the 
 Duke of York, all the country from the Connec- The 
 ticut river to Delaware bay ; and a fleet was sent "^"^^^l^*^^® 
 to take possession of it. When the fleet appeared Netherlands, 
 before New Amsterdam, the citizens, hoping for greaiter priv- 
 ileges under English rule, were unwilling to make any 
 defense. But Stuyvesant, faithful to his trust to the last, re- 
 luctantly, and not till the English were in actual possession 
 of the town, was compelled to march out of the fort and 
 surrender New jSTetherlands. With this change of masters, 
 New Amsterdam, having a population of fifteen hundred 
 souls speaking eighteen different languages, changed its name 
 to New York, and Fort Orange was presently called Albany 
 (1G64). Ill less than ten years after, while England was at 
 war with Holland, the Dutch regained their former posses- 
 sions, but, after fifteen months, returned them to the Eng- 
 lish. ^ 
 
 11. In the course of its colonial history, New Jersey passed 
 through many ownerships. The claim of the English king 
 Henry VII. came first, by reason of the discoveries of the 
 
 Long Island and in otiier parts of the country. At last he was seized 
 and sent to England, where he suffered death for his crimes (1701). His 
 buried treasures have been sought for at various places. 
 
 ' In consequence of the arbitrary conduct of .Tames II., a revo- 
 lution took place in England ; the king fled to France, and the 
 English crown was bestowed upon William and Mary (l()88-9). The 
 news of these proceedings was received in New York witli demon- 
 strations of satisfaction. Jacob Leisler, aided by several 
 hundred armed men, and with the general approliation of Leisler 
 the citizens, took possession of the fort there in the name MiuJorne 
 of the new sovereigns. He continued at the head of affairs, 
 managing with prudence and energy, for more than two j'ears, his son- 
 in-law, Milborne, acting as his deputy. On the arrival of Governor 
 Sloughter, bearing a commission direct from William and Mary, Leisler 
 surrendered all authority. This would not satisfy his enemies ; they 
 were bent upon his destruction. So he and Milborne were arrested, 
 tried on a charge of treason, and condemned to death. Sloughter, while 
 drunk at a feast, signed the death warrant, and l)oth men were executed 
 
86 New York and New Jersey. 1664 
 
 younger Cabot. Then, as part of New Netherlands, it Avas a 
 Dutch possession. Then, by a gift from King Charles the 
 Second, it, Avith New York, became the property 
 ersey. ^^ ^|^^ Duke of York. It was next sold to Lord 
 Berkeley and Sir George Carteret,^ receiving its name in honor 
 of Sir George, who, as governor of the little island of Jersey, 
 in the British channel, had defended it for the king's father, 
 Charles I., during that monarch's contest with the parliament. 
 Then, Berkeley selling his interest to two Quakers, New 
 Jersey was owned by three persons. Again,, for a period of 
 thirteen months, the Dutch were in possession ; and then the 
 English. English proprietors effected a division of the terri- 
 tory into eastern and western portions, one of the parts be- 
 ing called East Jersey, and the other West Jersey. By pur- 
 chase (in 1682), the province became the property of twelve 
 Quakers, of whom William Penn was one ; but tAventy years 
 of rule were twenty years of strife and trouble, and the 
 Quakers finally surrendered their powers of government to 
 the crown. New Jersey, as a royal province, was united to 
 NeAv York, and so continued for thirty-six years.'' 
 
 12. We have seen that the Dutch built a fort on the east 
 bank of the Delaware, in Ncav Jersey. A number of fami- 
 lies, Dutch and SAvedes, also made their homes in the prov- 
 ince, the former in the eastern part, the latter in the south- 
 western part. But the actual colonization of New Jersey did 
 not commence before 1664. In that year, some Puritans 
 
 ' Berkeley and Carteret Avere already the proprietors of Carolina. 
 
 "^ In 1674, Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor of New York, 
 and received its surrender by the Dutch after their tifteen months' repos- 
 session of it. In 1()80 he seized the government of East Jersey, depriv- 
 ing the governor, Pliilip Carteret, brotlier of the jiroprietor, of his otiice. 
 In'^lOSl lie was recalled to p]ngland. New England havinsr been consoli- 
 dated, he was appointed its governor in l(J8(j. In KKSH, New York and 
 New Jersey were added to his jurisdiction. (Brodhead's History of New 
 York, andPalfrey's of Ncav England, treat the story of the lescue of the 
 Connecticut Charter and its concealment in the hollow of a tree as a 
 " tradition." Palfrey says : " No writing of the period alludes to this 
 remarkable occurrence." 
 
1632 Lord Baltimore. 87 
 
 from New England, who liad dwelt for a time on Long 
 Island, left the island and established themselves at Eliza- 
 bethtown, now Elizabeth ; and there the first governor, Car- 
 teret, brother of the proprietor, took up his abode. ^ 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 13. Among the notable persons in attendance at the court 
 of James I. was Sir George Calvert, distinguished for his 
 learning and benevolence. Becoming a Roman Catholic, he 
 freely confessed the same to the king, and resigned j^o^d 
 a high office which he was holding at the time. Baltimore. 
 Two acts of James showed that Calvert continued to be held 
 in esteem by that monarch notwithstanding the latter's con- 
 version to the Catholic Church. The title of Lord Baltimore 
 was conferred upon Calvert, and to him also was given a large 
 part of the island of Newfoundland. " How zealous Calvert 
 was in selecting suitable emigrants for his Newfoundland col- 
 ony, how earnest to promote order and industry, how lavishly 
 he expended his estate in advancing the interests of his settle- 
 ment, — is related by those who have written of his life." 
 But his efforts, owing to the severe cold of the climate — 
 ' ' both land and sea were frozen the greater part of the time ' ' 
 — were not rewarded with success ; and he asked for an un- 
 cultivated domain in a warmer climate. This request was 
 granted, not, however, by King James, but by his successor. 
 
 ^ The opposition of Massachusetts to the "Navigation Act," and 
 other obnoxious laws of Parliament, displeased the king, Charles II. , and 
 he declared her charter void. His death occurring not long after, his 
 successor, .Tames II., pursued the same arbitrary policy, and, in 1686, de- 
 prived Massachusetts of her charter government. In the same year An- 
 dros was appointed roj'al governor of New England. These proceedings 
 on the part of King James rendered him so unpopular, that, when the 
 news of the English Revolution and of his dethronement reached Boston, 
 in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his officers, whose tyranny 
 had made them odious to the people, were seized and sent to England, 
 when the New England colonies established their former modes of gov- 
 ernment. (See \ 39, p. 74.) 
 
88 Maryland. 1634 
 
 Charles I. The patent was duly prepared, hut before it 
 could receive the king's name and seal. Lord Baltimore died, 
 and it was then issued to his oldest son, who by the English 
 law of inheritance received the title as well as the estate of 
 his father (1632). ' 
 
 14. " Lord Baltimore was unwilling to take upon himself 
 the sole risk of colonizing his province. Others joined with 
 him in the adventure ; and, all difficulties being overcome, 
 
 his two brothers, of whom Leonard Calvert was 
 
 Commence- 
 ment of appointed his lieutenant, embarked themselves for 
 
 CO oniza ion. j^^^ voyage in the good shij) Ark, and a pinnace 
 called the Dove. It was not till the last week of Febru- 
 ary (1G34) that they arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia ; 
 where, in obedience to the express letters of King Charles, 
 they were welcomed with courtesy and humanity by Governor 
 Harvey. The governor offered them Aviiat Virginia had 
 obtained so slowly, and at so much cost, from England : cat- 
 tle, and hogs, and poultry ; two or three hundred stocks 
 already grafted with apples and pears, peaches and cherries. 
 Clayborne, who had begun a trade in furs with the Indians 
 under a license from the king, also appeared, predicting the 
 hostility of the natives. 
 
 15. After a week's kind entertainment, the adventurers 
 bent their course to the north, and entered the Potomac. 
 Under an island, which can now hardly be recognized with 
 certainty, the Ark came to an anchor ; while Calvert, with 
 the Dove, ascended the stream. At about forty-seven leagues 
 above the mouth of the river, he came upon the village of 
 Pis-cat'-a-qua, an Indian settlement nearly opposite Mount 
 Vernon, where he found an Englishman, who had lived many 
 
 ' " It was intended, it is said, that the country frranted by this charter 
 should have been called Cirs^rentia ; but when it was presented to the king 
 (Charles I., of England) for his signature, in conformity to his majesty's 
 wishes the name of the province was changed to that of Maryland, in 
 honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria, a daughter of the great king Henry 
 TV. of France."— Bozman's Jlist. of Mui-yland. 
 
1634 Goinmeiicement of Colonization. 89 
 
 years among tlie Indians as a trader and spoke tlieir language 
 well. With him for an interpreter, a parley was held with 
 them. To the request for leave for the new comers to sit 
 down in his country, the chieftain of the tribe would neither 
 bid them go nor stay. ' They might use their own discre- 
 tion. ' 
 
 16. Taking with him the trader, Calvert went down the 
 river, examining the creeks and estuaries nearer the Chesa- 
 peake. He entered the branch which is now called St. 
 Mary's ; and, about four leagues from its junction with the 
 Potomac, anchored at an Indian town. The native inhabi- 
 tants, having suffered from the superior power of the Sus- 
 quehannas, who occupied the district between that river and 
 Delaware bay, had already resolved to move into places of 
 more security ; and many of them had already begun to mi- 
 grate. It was easy, by presents of cloth and axes, of hoes 
 and knives, to gain their good-will, and to purchase their 
 rights to the soil which they were preparing to abandon. 
 
 17. On the twenty-fifth, the day of the Annunciation, in 
 the island under which their great ship, the Ark, lay moored, 
 a Jesuit priest, who was of the party, offered the sacrifice of 
 the mass, which, in that region of the world, had never been 
 celebrated before. This being ended, he and his assistants 
 took upon their shoulders the great cross which they had 
 hewn from a tree. Going in procession to the place that had 
 been designated, the governor (Calvert) and other Catholics, 
 and some Protestants as well participating in the ceremony, 
 they erected the cross as a trophy to Christ the Saviour, while 
 the litany of the holy cross was chanted humbly on tlieir 
 bended knees. ^ 
 
 18. The Indian women taught the wives of the new comers 
 to make bread of maize. The warriors of the tribe instructed 
 the huntsmen how rich the forests of America were in game, 
 
 • The town purchased of tlie Indians was called by the settlers St. 
 Mary's. It was anticipated that it would become a great city. None of 
 the houses then built now remain, nor is there even a village there. 
 
90 Maryland. 
 
 and joined them in the chase. As the phmters had come into 
 possession of ground ah-eady subdued, they at once phmted 
 cornfields and gardens. No sufferings were endured. No 
 fears of want arose. The foundation of the colony of Mary- 
 land was peacefully and happily laid ; and in six months it 
 advanced more than Virginia in as many years. 
 
 19. Toleration grew up in the province silently, as a cus- 
 tom of the land. Through the benignity of the administra- 
 tion, no person professing to believe in Jesus Christ was per- 
 mitted to be molested on account of religion. Koman 
 Catholics, who were oppressed by the laws of England, were 
 sure to find a peaceful asylum on the north bank of the Poto- 
 mac ; and there, too, Protestants were sheltered against 
 Protestant intolerance. From the first, men of foreign Inrth 
 were encouraged to plant, and enjoyed equal advantages with 
 those of the English and Irish nations. Such were the beau- 
 tiful auspices under which Maryland started into being." 
 
 20. There ought to have been peace in the colony, but there 
 was not. From the first, Clayborne, who had established a 
 trading post on the largest island in Chesapeake bay, refused 
 
 Clayborne's ^0 acknowledge the authority of Governor Cal- 
 ciaim. vert, and defended his claim by force of arms ; 
 but he was defeated and obliged to flee. Afterward, however, 
 he returned, and made himself master of the province, com- 
 pelling the governor, in his turn, to flee into Virginia for 
 safety. Calvert the next year appeared at the head of a mili- 
 tary force and regained possession of his government. 
 
 21. While Cromwell and his Puritan associates were a power 
 
 in England, the Protestant party obtained control of affairs 
 
 in Maryland, and, by an act of the Assembly, Catholics were 
 
 declared not entitled to the protection of the laws 
 Civil war. , ,, , r^ • j • i 
 
 of the colony. This measure caused a civil war 
 
 between the Catholics and the Protestants, After Crom- 
 well's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored, and 
 the colony enjoyed a long repose. Like Virginia, it was " a 
 colony of planters. Its staple was tobacco. A state house 
 was built at a cost of forty thousand pounds of tobacco." 
 
William Penn. 
 
 91 
 
 22. During tlie revolution in England tliat placed Wil- 
 liam, Prince of Orange, and his wife Mary, on the throne, the 
 peace of Maryland was again disturbed. An armed associa^ 
 tion gained possession of the government in the Further 
 names of William and Mary, and Maryland, by the history, 
 act of the king, was made a royal province. Tjord Baltimore 
 and his heirs were thus deprived of their rights till 1715, 
 when the fourth Lord Baltimore, then a very young child, 
 had his claim as the j^roprietor of the colony acknowledged by 
 George I.^ 
 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 William Penn. 
 
 23. We have already spoken of William Penn (see p. 8(3). 
 
 Although brought up in wealth 
 and luxury, he soon learned " to 
 despise all vanities and 
 all avarice," and join- 
 ed the new sect called Quakers, or 
 Friends, of Avhom Cromwell said : 
 •' They are a people whom I can- 
 not win with gifts, honors, offices, 
 or places. " By becoming a Quak- 
 er, Penn incurred the displeasure 
 of his father ; and he suffered 
 much ill-treatment, even to im- 
 prisonment, from agents of the 
 government. The death of. his father, who had distinguished 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 ' The northern boundary of Maryland is known as Mason and Dixon's 
 Line. The line separates Pennsylvania from the former slave slates, 
 Maryland and Virginia. " It was run, witii the exception of about 
 twenty-two miles, by Charles Mason and .Jeremiah Dixon, two English 
 mathematicians and surveyors, between November 15th, 1763, and De- 
 cember 26th, 1767. During the excited debate in Congress in 1820, on 
 the question of excluding slavery from Missouri, the eccenti-ic John 
 Randolph, of Roanoke, Va., made great use of the phrase, Muson and 
 Dixon's Line, which was caught up and re-echoed by every newspaper 
 in the land, and thus gained a proverbial celebrity which it still retains. ' 
 
92 Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 himself in tlio history of Enghmd l)y the conquest of Jamaica, 
 and had been admiral of the British navy, left him a claim 
 against the government for sixteen thousand pounds. 
 
 24. Desiring to found a colony where civil and religious 
 liberty might dwell together in peace, Penn applied for a 
 grant of land west of the Delaware river. " To the prodigal 
 Charles II., always embarrassed for money, the grant of the 
 province seemed the easiest way" of cancelling the claim 
 which Penn had inherited. A charter was accordingly 
 obtained. It was Penn's design at first to call the territory 
 New Wales, but afterward he suggested the word Sylvania, as 
 suitable for a land covered with forests. The king, however, 
 would not consent to this, but at last prefixed the word 
 Penn, in honor, as he said, of his late friend, the admiral. 
 This, instead of pleasing Penn, made him think that people 
 would accuse him of being vain ; and he offered twenty 
 guineas to the king's secretary to have the name changed. 
 
 25. Previous to this — more than forty years before — Gusta- 
 vus Adolphus, the brave king of Sweden, proposed to found 
 in America " a free state, where the laborer should reap the 
 
 „, fruit of his toil, where the rights of conscience 
 
 Swedes in should be inviolate, and which should be ojien 
 ^ ■ to the whole Protestant world." A Hollander pre- 
 sented himself to the king, and laid before him a proposition 
 for a trading company, to be established in Sweden, its opera- 
 tions to extend to Asia, Africa, and America. Full power 
 was accordingly given to carry out this project, but before the 
 necessary arrangements could be made, the German war and 
 the king's death occurred, which caused the work to be laid 
 aside, "and the whole project seemed about to die with the 
 king. But just as it appeared to be at its end, it received 
 new life. 
 
 26. Another Hollander, by the name of Peter Minuit,^ 
 made his appearance in Sweden. He had been in the service 
 
 ' Other Avriters speak of Minuit as a native of Germany (see p. 83). 
 
1638 Conquest hy 8t'uyvesant. 93 
 
 of Holland, in America, but had been recalled home and dis- 
 missed from service. He was not, however, discouraged by 
 this, and went over to Sweden, where he renewed the repre- 
 sentations in regard to the excellence of the new country, and 
 the advantages that Sweden might derive from it. Queen 
 Christina, then a child of only eleven years of age, who had 
 succeeded her royal father in the government, was glad to 
 have the project thus renewed. 
 
 27. As a good beginning, the first colony was sent off, and 
 Minuit was placed over it, as being best acquainted in those 
 regions. They set sail in a ship-of-war, followed by a smaller 
 vessel, both laden with people, provisions, ammunition, and 
 merchandise suitable for traffic and gifts to the Indians. 
 The ships reached their places of destination ; and the high 
 expectations which the emigrants had formed of that new 
 land were well met by the first views which they enjoyed of 
 it. They made their first landing on the bay or entrance to 
 the river Poutaxat, whicli they called the river of New Swe- 
 den. A purchase of land was immediately made from the 
 Indians. Posts were driven into the ground as landmarks ; 
 and a deed was drawn up for the land thus purchased. This 
 was written in Dutch, because no Swede was yet able to inter- 
 pret the language of the heathen. The Indians subscribed 
 their marks ; and the writing was sent home to Sweden, to be 
 preserved in the royal archives" (1638). 
 
 28. The country thus bought of the Indians was named 
 New Sweden. The Swedes made a settlement near where 
 Wilmington now is, and their colony began to prosj)er ; but 
 they were not permitted to enjoy their new homes 
 
 in peace. The Dutch regarded the settlement as claim— Con- 
 
 an intrusion upon their territory of New Nether- ^^^st by 
 ^ '' . Stuyvesant. 
 
 lands, and molested the new comers in various 
 
 ways. At length, after a period of more than twenty-five 
 
 years, Governor Stuyvesant, with a force of six hundred men, 
 
 proceeded against the Swedes, and compelled them to submit 
 
 to the Dutch government (1G55). (See p. 84.) 
 
94 Pennsylvania and Delaware. 1682 
 
 29. We have seen how the Dutch, in turn, were compelled 
 to surrender New Netherlands, including Delaware. Penn, 
 on the eve of his departure for America, extended his posses- 
 sions, by obtaining from the Duke of York the 
 
 united to duke's title to the " three lower counties, now 
 
 Pennsyl- formino; tlie state of Delaware." Several ships 
 vania. ® . , • , 
 
 with emigrants, chieily Quakers, came over in. 
 
 1681 and 1682. Penn himself landed in 1682. In conform 
 mity with his instructions, a site for a city had already been 
 selected. This city, he said, "' shall be called Phihideli)]iia,- a 
 name which means brotherly love." He treated all the set- 
 tlers with kindness and liberality, and took great pains to 
 show the Indians that he was their friend. 
 
 30. Beneath aAvide spreading elm tree Penn met the chiefs 
 and warriors in council, and made his famous " treaty of 
 peace and friendship." The scene is thus described by one 
 
 Penn's ^^^^^ ^^^^ written a life of the great Quaker : " It 
 great is near the close of November, — the lofty trees on 
 rea y. ^^^^ banks of the Delaware have shed their sum- 
 mer attire, the ground is strewed with leaves, and the council 
 fire burns brightly, fanned by the autumnal breeze. Under 
 the wide-branching elm the Indian tribes are assembled, but 
 all unarmed, for no warlike weapon is allowed to disturb the 
 scene. In front are tlie cliiefs, with their counsellors and 
 aged men on either hand. Behind them, in the form of a 
 half moon, sit the young men, and some of the aged mat- 
 rons ; while beyond, and disposed in still widening circles, 
 are seen the youth of ])oth sexes. Among tlie assembled 
 chiefs there is one who holds a conspicuous rank — the Greai 
 Sachem Tam-i-nend, one of nature's noblenuin, revered for 
 his wisdom, and beloved for his goodness. 
 
 31. But see ! a barge is approaching, bearing at its mast- 
 head the broad pennant of the governor (Penn). The oars are 
 plied with measured strokes, and near the helm sits William 
 Penn attended by his council. On the river's bank, waiting 
 with others to join them, is the hospitable Swede, whose 
 
PenrC s Great Treaty. 95 
 
 dwelling is near the treaty ground. They land and advance 
 towards the conncil fire. They pause. Taminend jiuts on 
 his chaplet, surmounted by a small horn, the emblem of 
 kingly power, and then, tlirough an interpreter, he announces 
 to William Penn that the nations are ready to hear him. 
 
 32. Being thus called upon, Penn begins his speech : 
 ' The Grreat Spirit, ' he says, ' who made me and you, who 
 rules the heavens and the earth, and who knows the inner- 
 most thoughts of men, knows that I and my friends have a 
 hearty desire to live in peace and friendship with you, and 
 serve you to the utmost of our power. It is not our custom 
 to use hostile weapons against our fellow creatures, for which 
 reason we have come unarmed. Our object is not to do 
 injury, and thus provoke the Great Spirit, but to do good. 
 
 33. We are met on the broad pathway of good faith and 
 good will, so that no advantage is to be taken on either side, 
 but all to be openness, brotherhood, and love. I shall not call 
 you children or brothers only, for parents are apt to whip their 
 children too severely, and brothers sometimes will differ. 
 Neither will I comjiare the friendship between us to a chain, 
 for the rain may rust it, or a tree may fall and break it. But 
 I will consider you as the same flesh and blood with the 
 Christians, and the same as if one man's body were to be 
 divided into two parts.' 
 
 34. This speech being listened to by the Indians in per- 
 fect silence and with much gravity, they take some time to 
 deliberate, and then the king orders one of his chiefs to speak 
 to Penn. The Indian orator advances, and in the king's 
 name salutes him. Then, taking him by the hand, he makes 
 a speech, pledging kindness and good neighborhood, and that 
 the Indians and English must live in love as long as tlie sun 
 and moon shall endure." ^ 
 
 ' The tree under which the treaty was made stood in what was after- 
 ward Ivnown as Kensington, but which is now a part of the city of Phila- 
 delphia. When the British were quartered near it during the war of 
 American Independence, their general so respected it, that, when his 
 
96 
 
 North and South Carolina. 
 
 been truly said, "was never 
 The Quakers never abused or 
 
 35. "This treaty," it has 
 sworn to and never broken." 
 cheated the natives, and 
 Subsequent c o n s e q uently 
 history, there were no 
 Indian wars in the territo- , 
 ries which they settled. 
 " Not a drop of Quaker 
 blood was ever shed by an 
 Indian." Penn made two 
 visits to England ; and at 
 his death, which occurred 
 there, he left his American 
 possessions to his sons, by 
 whom the government was 
 managed, most of the time 
 through deputies, till the 
 Eevolution. Finally their claims were purchased 
 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 TIIEATY JIONUJIENT. 
 
 by the 
 
 North and South Carolina. 
 
 36. In looking for the circumstances that gave to Carolina 
 its name, we come to the first attempt to settle the region. 
 Some French Protestants, known as Huguenots, with Ribault 
 {re-I>o) as their leader, entered the commodious haven of 
 Port Eoyal and so named it. " When they landed, all was 
 „, solitude. The frightened Indians had fled, Init 
 
 Huguenots in they lured them back with knives, beads, and 
 
 aro ma. jooking-glasses, and enticed two of them on board 
 their ships. Here, by feeding, clothing, and caressing them, 
 they tried to wean them from their fears ; but the captive war- 
 
 soldiers were cuttiiiE: down every tree for firewood, he placed a sentinel 
 under it that not a hrancli of it niii,dit he touehed. A few years atrn (in 
 ISIO) it was l)l()wn down, wlicn it was split into wood, and many ciijis, 
 bowls, and other articles were made of it to be kept as memorials. A 
 mouuraeut marks tlj«.; spot wUeic the tree stOQ(J, 
 
1562 The Huguenots in Carolina. 97 
 
 riors moaned and lamented day and night, till Ribault, with 
 the prudence and humanity which seem always to character- 
 ize him, gave over his purpose of carrying them to France, 
 and set them ashore again (1562). 
 
 37. Preliminary exploration, not immediate settlement, had 
 been the object of the voyage ; but all was still rose color in 
 the eyes of the voyagers, and many of their number would 
 fain linger in the New Canaan. Eibault was more than will- 
 ing to humor them. He mustered his company on deck, 
 and made them a stirring harangue. He appealed to their 
 courage and their patriotism, told them how from a mean 
 origin men rise by enterprise and daring to fame and fortune, 
 and demanded who among them would stay behind and hold 
 Port Royal for the king. The greater part came forward, of 
 whom thirty were chosen. 
 
 38. A fort was forthwith begun, on a small stream, which 
 they named Charlesfort — the Carolina — in honor of Charles 
 IX. of France. But how were they to subsist ? Their thought 
 was not of subsistence, but of gold. Of the thirty, the 
 greater number were soldiers and sailors, with a few gen- 
 tlemen, that is to say, men of the sword, born within the pale 
 of nobility, who at home could neither labor nor trade with- 
 out derogation from their rank." Famine, contention, and 
 homesickness were the consequence. " But how to escape? 
 A continent was their solitary prison, and the pitiless Atlan- 
 tic closed the egress. Not one of them knew how to build a 
 ship ; but Ribault had left them a forge, with tools and 
 iron ; and strong desire supplied the place of skill. Trees 
 were hewn down and the work begun. 
 
 39. All, gentle and simple, labored Avith equal zeal. They 
 calked the seams with the long moss which hung in profusion 
 from the trees ; the pines supplied them with pitch ; the 
 Indians made for them a kind of cordage ; and for sails they 
 sewed together their shirts and bedding. At length a brigan- 
 tine worthy of Robinson Crusoe floated on the waters. They 
 laid in what provisions they might, gave .^11 that remained to 
 
98 North and South Carolina. 
 
 the delighted Indians, embarked, descended the river, and 
 put to sea." ^ 
 
 4-0. " To sujipose that Sir Walter Raleigh's efforts accom- 
 plished nothing, because he did not actually plant an abiding 
 colony in North Carolina, would be unjust to him, as well as 
 
 ,,, , sadly to violate the truth of history. His zeal and 
 Albemarle •' 
 
 and ciaren- enterprise prompted otliers to pursue the path in 
 ^' which, with so much loss, he had been the bold 
 pioneer." In IGG;), Charles II. granted to Lord Clarendon 
 and other English noblemen a vast territory south of Vir- 
 ginia. In honor of the Duke of Albenuirle, one of the grant- 
 ees, a settlement previously made on the Ciiowan river, by 
 emigrants from Virginia, who would not obey the church rules 
 prescribed in Virginia, was called the Albemarle County 
 Colony. Another settlement, begun near "Wilmington, by 
 planters from Bar-ba'-does, was called the '' Clarendon County 
 Colony." 
 
 41. John Locke, the most eminent philosopher of his time, 
 was engaged to draw up a charter and scheme of government 
 
 The for tlie new province. It was to be, the proprietors 
 Grand Model, thought, a populous empire. A constitution 
 was accordingly proposed, which became known as the 
 " Grand Model ;" but it was so poorly adapted to the wants 
 of the settlers, that it never Avent into full effect, and was 
 finally abandoned by the proprietors (1693.) 
 
 42. In 1G70, a third colony was planted in Carolina. It was 
 
 ^. . . on the western bank of the Ashley river : but, ten 
 
 Division 1 ,, 1 J- i. 
 
 of the years after, was removed to a better location, at 
 
 province, ^j^^ junction of that stream with the Cooper river. 
 
 ' The sufferings which thej^ endured on the voyage, because of their 
 want of food, were frightful "; but a remnant of their numl)er at length 
 reached France. " One day, while at sea, they cast lots for the life of 
 one of their number, who was sacrificed, and his flesh divided equally." 
 — F(N'rh(ni/.s' Illstiirn of Florido. 
 
 It will be noticed that Parkman says that thirty persons were left at 
 Port Royal by IJibauU. Other authoVs say twenty-si.v. Parkman, who 
 is excellent authority, also spells the name of the Huguenot Captain 
 without the I — thus, Kibaut. 
 
1732 Settlement of Georgia. 99 
 
 Thus the first settlement was made in South Carolina, and 
 the foundation of Charleston was laid. About fifty years 
 later Carolina became a royal province, the king, George II., 
 having purchased the proprietors' rights. North Carolina 
 and South Carolina then, as royal provinces, began their sepa- 
 rate existence (1729). 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 43. '' Each year, in Great Britain, at least four thousand 
 unhappy men," says Bancroft, " were put into prison for the 
 misfortune of poverty. The subject won the attention of 
 James Oglethorpe, a member of the British parlia- „ . 
 ment ; and to him, in the annals of legislative for the 
 philanthropy, the honor is due of having first settlement, 
 resolved to lighten the lot of debtors. Touched with the 
 sorrows whicli the walls of a prison could not hide from him, 
 he searched into the gloomy horrors of jails " ; and was the 
 means of " restoring to light and freedom multitudes who, 
 by long confinement for debt, were strangers and helpless in 
 the country of their birth. He did more." For them, as 
 well as for others who were poor, distressed, or persecuted, 
 " he planned a new destiny in America, where former poverty 
 or misfortune would be no rej)roach. " 
 
 44. To him and to others, twenty-one in all, the king, 
 George II., granted, for a term of twenty-one years, " in trust 
 for the poor," as the charter stated, all the country be- 
 tween the Savannah and the Altamaha (al-ta-ma- „ _, 
 
 7 ;\ r\ 1 l^ i i t • , Settlement 
 
 haw ). Oglethorpe embarked with more than a of 
 
 hundred emigrants ; and, ascending a river, on a ^*'^^°°*^- 
 
 high bluff he laid the foundation of a town, which received 
 
 the name of Savannah. The new province was called 
 
 Georgia, in honor of the king (1733). " Next year the colony 
 
 was joined by about a hundred German Protestants. The 
 
 colonists received this addition to their numbers with joy. A 
 
 place of residence was chosen for them which the devout and 
 
100 Georgia. 
 
 thankful strangers named Ebenezer. The river and the hills, 
 they said, reminded them of home. They applied themselves 
 with steady industry to the cultivation of indigo and silk, and 
 they prospered." 
 
 45. There came to Georgia " the two brothers, John and 
 
 Charles Wesley. John, the founder of the sect of Methodists, 
 
 was even then, although a very young man, a preacher of un- 
 
 usual promise. He burned to spread the Gospel 
 
 and among the settlers and their Indian neighbors. He 
 
 Whitefieid. gpent two years in Georgia, but these were unsuc- 
 cessful years. Then he returned to England to begin his great 
 career, with the feeling that his residence in Georgia had been 
 of much value to him, but of very little to the people whom 
 he sought to benefit. Just as he reached England, his fellow- 
 laborer, George Whitefield {liwW -feelcl), sailed for Georgia. 
 There were now (1737) little settlements spreading inland, 
 and Whitefield visited these, bearing to them the word of life. 
 He founded and maintained an orphan home in Savannah, 
 visited all the provinces from Florida to the northern fron- 
 tier, and made his grave in New England." His eloquence 
 was wonderful ; his voice powerful, rich, and sw^eet. Said 
 Dr. Franklin : ''When Whitefield was preaching in the open 
 air, more than thirty thousand persons might hear him dis- 
 tinctly." 
 
 4:6. Emigrants continued to arrive, including Swiss and 
 Scotch ; but while the colony thus increased in numbers, the 
 bright anticipations of plenty and comfort which had been 
 Further indulged in, were not, for a long time, realized, 
 history, ''phis was owing in large part to the poverty and 
 idle habits of the English settlers. Besides, the regulations 
 of the trustees were not suited to the condition and needs of 
 the people. Trouble, too, came from their neighbors on the 
 South. The Spaniards, in Florida, looking upon the Savan- 
 nali settlement as an encroachment upon their territory, hos- 
 tilities ensued between the rival colonies ; but Oglethorpe, 
 who was a good general and a brave soldier, made a successful 
 
European Wars. 101 
 
 defense. The trustees governed till 1752, when wearied with 
 their charge, they gave up their charter, and Georgia became 
 a royal province. Eleven years later all the lands between 
 the Altamaha and St. Mary's were annexed to Georgia by a 
 royal proclamation. The western limit was the Pacific ocean. 
 
 European Wars that affected the Colonies. 
 
 1. During the colonial period, there were three wars in 
 which England was engaged on the one side and France on 
 the other, that disturbed the peace of the colonists and enlist- 
 ed their aid in behalf of the " mother country," as England 
 was affectionately called. In the first of these, known as 
 King WiUia>n's War, an expedition, fitted out by Massachu- 
 setts and commanded by Sir William Phip^os, captured Port 
 Eoyal, in Nova Scotia, and returned to Boston with a large 
 amount of plunder ; but at the close of the war the place was 
 given back to the French (1689-1697). In the second contest, 
 known as Queen Anne's War, Port Royal was again cap- 
 tured, when its name was changed to Annapolis, in honor of 
 the queen, and Acadia was annexed to the British realm 
 (1702-1713). 
 
 2. In the last contest, known as Ki?ig George's War, the 
 fortress of Louisburg, the " Gibraltar of America," was cap- 
 tured after a long siege, by New England troops and an Eng- 
 lish fleet ; but the treaty of peace at the close of the war 
 restored Louisburg to the French (1744-1748). In all these 
 struggles, the French were aided by their Indian allies in 
 Canada. The English had at times the assistance of the war- 
 like Iroquois (e'-ro-quah) or Five Nations. New York, New 
 Hampshire, and Massachusetts, were the greater sufferers, 
 they being nearer to Canada. Bodies of French and Indians 
 made incursions from Canada, fell upon the defenseless vil- 
 lages, and murdered or carried into captivity the helpless in- 
 habitants. Of the Iroquois Parkman says : 
 
102 The French and Indian War. 1753 
 
 3. " Foremost in Avar, foremost in eloquence, foremost in 
 tlieir savage arts of policy, stood the fierce people called by the 
 French the Iroquois. They occupied Central New York, but 
 
 extended their conquests and their depredations 
 roquois. i^^^^^ Quebec to the Carolinas, and from the west- 
 ern prairies to the forests of Maine. They consisted of five 
 tribes or nations — the Mohawks, the Oneidas, tlie Onondagas, 
 the Cayugas, and the Senecas (to which a sixth, the Tusca- 
 roras, was added in 1715). 
 
 4. Both reason and tradition point to the conclusion that 
 the Iroquois formed, originally one undivided people. Sun- 
 dered, like countless other tribes, by dissensions, caprice, or 
 the necessities of the hunter-life, tliey separated into live dis- 
 tinct nations. At length, says tradition, a celestial being, 
 incarnate on earth, counseled them to compose their strife 
 and unite in a league of defense and aggression. Another 
 personage — wholly mortal, yet wonderfully endowed — a re- 
 nowned warrior and a mighty magician, stands, with his liair 
 of writhing snakes, grotesquely conspicuous through the dim 
 light of tradition, at this birth of Iroquois nationality. This 
 was At-o-tar-ho, a chief of the Onondagas ; and from this 
 honored source has sprung a long line of chieftains, heirs not 
 to the blood alone, but to the name of their great predeces- 
 sor." 
 
 The French and Indian War. 
 
 5. The three wars just alluded to had their origin in 
 European att'airs. In 1753, however, a difficulty sprung uj) 
 between the French and English colonists in America, 
 
 The respecting the l)oundaries beween their respective 
 French claim, territories. Tbe French entertained the project of 
 possessing the whole of the vast region of the west, the valley 
 of the Mississippi, to which La Salle had given the name of 
 Louisiana. " Not a fountain bubbled on the west of the 
 Alleghanies but was claimed as being within the French 
 
1753 Washington's Mission. 103 
 
 empire. Every brook that flowed to the Ohio was French 
 water." To secure this region to the French, forts had been 
 built at suitable places. Along the line of the St. Lawrence, 
 at the great lakes, and by the Mississippi, more than sixty 
 military posts were established, beside missionary agencies. 
 The total population of this valley, excluding Indians, may 
 have been at the time we speak of, seven or eight thousand 
 persons, of whom half at least were negroes. 
 
 6. The English claim to the territory was based on the dis- 
 coveries of their navigators, the Cabots. This, if valid, gave 
 them a prior right to the country. The French, however, 
 deemed this an absurd claim ; since the Cabots _, 
 knew nothing of those vast inland regions which English 
 French missionaries and explorers had, with in- 
 credible difficulty, perseverance, and hardships, discovered 
 and settled. For years these rival claims were urged ; but 
 the crisis did not arrive till 1753. 
 
 7. At this time there was in existence a company, mostly 
 Virginians, that had obtained a grant of land on and near the 
 Ohio river, for the purpose of trading with the Indians and 
 of settling the country. This was called the Ohio x^e 
 Company. The French, in large force, began to 0^^° Company. 
 occujDy the Ohio valley, and, for the protection of their 
 movements, to establish posts at Erie ^nd other places. 
 They also seized three British traders (1753). 
 
 8. Complaint was made to Eobert Dinwiddle, lieutenant- 
 governor of Virginia and a member of the Ohio Company, of 
 these acts ; and it was resolved to send " a person of distinc- 
 tion to the commander of the French forces, to Washing- 
 know his reasons for invading the British domin- ^^^'^ mission, 
 ions." The envoy chosen was George Washington, then 
 about twenty-two years of age, but already noted for his pru~ 
 dence and energy. He was a surveyor by profession, and, in 
 the exercise of his calling, had become familiar with the wil- 
 derness. In the militia service, he had reached the rank of 
 major. The task imposed upon Washington was a very ditfi- 
 
104 Tlie French and Indian War. 1754 
 
 cult one. When he set out it was in the middle of winter ; 
 and he liad to travel several hundred miles through an almost 
 pathless wilderness, infested by bands of lurking savages, 
 cruel and treacherous. Still, the task was accomplished. 
 " I am here," said the French commander at Erie, " by the 
 orders of my general," the Marquis Du Quesne {heme), the 
 governor of Canada ; and to Du Quesne the English were re- 
 ferred for satisfaction. 
 
 9. On his return, Washington found the Alleghany full 
 of drifting ice. " He encamped on its border, and at day- 
 break was up to devise some means of reaching the opposite 
 
 bank. No other mode presented itself than by a 
 raft, and to construct this, they (he and one com- 
 panion named Gist) had but one poor hatchet. With this 
 they set resolutely at work, and labored all day, but the sun 
 went down before their raft was finished. They launched it, 
 however, and getting on board, endeavored to propel it across 
 with poles. Before tliey were half way over, the raft became 
 jammed between cakes of ice, and they were in imminent 
 peril. 
 
 10. Washington j^lanted his pole on the bottom of the 
 stream, and leaned against it with all his might to stay the 
 raft until the ice should pass by. The rapid current forced 
 the ice against the pole with such violence that he was jerked 
 into the water, where it was at least ten feet deep. He only 
 saved himself from being swept away and drowned, by catch- 
 ing hold of one of the raft logs. It was now impossible, with 
 all their exertions, to get to either shore. Abaiuloning the 
 raft, therefore, they got upon an island, near which they 
 were drifting. Here they passed the night, exposed to in- 
 tense cold, by which the hands and feet of Mr. Gist were 
 frozen. In the morning they found the drift ice wedged so 
 closely together, that they succeeded in getting to the opposite 
 side of the river ; and before night they were in comfortable 
 quarters." After an absence of eleven weeks, Washington 
 delivered the Erench commander's reply to Dinwiddle, 
 
1755 Expulsion of the Acadians. 105 
 
 11. Active operations were at once resolved upon. A fort, 
 at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, was 
 begun ; and, Washington at the head of a small body of men, 
 was sent to finish and protect it. Before, how- Washington's 
 ever, he could reach the place the French ap- expedition, 
 peared, took possession of the works, completed them, and 
 named the fort Duquesne. Hearing of this event and that a 
 force was marching to intercept him, Washington fell back to 
 the " Great Meadows." Here he attacked and defeated the 
 invaders (May, 1754) ; but another force of fifteen hundred 
 French and Indians coming against him, he, in turn, was 
 defeated and compelled to return to Virginia (July 4, 1754). 
 
 12. Several expeditions against the French were planned 
 for the next year. " At the peace of 1748, Acadia had been 
 ceded to England ; but the French still claimed a large por- 
 tion of it, and built forts for its defense. In 1755 _ , . 
 
 ' Expulsion 
 
 these forts were taken and the whole of Acadia of the 
 was conquered by three thousand men from Mas- ^^ ^*°^" 
 sachusetts, under the command of General Winslow. The 
 inhabitants, a peaceful race taking no delight in warfare, 
 were accused of supplying the French with provisions, and of 
 doing other things that violated their neutrality. These 
 accusations were probably true, for the Acadians were 
 descended from the French, and had the same friendly feel- 
 ings towards them that the people of Massachusetts had for 
 the English ; but their punishment was severe. 
 
 13. The English determined to tear these poor people, 
 more than seven thousand persons in all, from their native 
 homes, and scatter them, abroad. A considerable part of 
 them were made prisoners, and transported to the English 
 colonies. All their dwellings and churches were burned, 
 their cattle were killed, and the whole country was laid waste, 
 so that none of them might find shelter or food in their old 
 homes, after the departure of the English. One thousand of 
 the Acadians were sent to Massachusetts. 
 
 14:, A sad day it was for them when the armed soldiers 
 
106 
 
 The Frencli and Indian War. 
 
 1755 
 
 drove them from tlieir homes, at the point of the hayonet, 
 down to the sea shore. Very sad were they, likewise, while 
 tossing npon the ocean in the crowded transport ships. But 
 it must have been sadder still when they were landed on the 
 Long Wharf, in Boston, and left to themselves on a foreign 
 strand. Then, probal)ly, they huddled together and looked 
 into one another's faces for the comfort which was not there. 
 Hitherto they had been confined on board of separate vessels, 
 so that they could not tell whether their relatives and friends 
 were prisoners along with them. 
 
 15. Now a desolate wife might ])0 heard calling, for her 
 husband. He, alas, had gone, she knew not whither ; or, 
 perhaps, had fled into the woods of Acadia, and had now 
 returned to weep over the ashes of their dwelling. 0, how 
 many broken bonds of affection were here ! Country lost — 
 friends lost — their rural wealth of cottage, field, and herds all 
 lost together ! Every tie between these poor exiles and the 
 world seemed to be cut off at once. They must have regret- 
 ted that they had not died before their exile ; for even the 
 English would not have been so pitiless as to deny them 
 graves in their native soil. The 
 dead were happy ; for they were 
 not exiles !" 
 
 16. During the same year an 
 expedition went against Fort 
 Dnquesne. It was conducted by 
 General Braddock, an officer of 
 
 Brad- ^\^ :ind experience, 
 dock's defeat, who had been sent 
 from England with several re^'i- 
 ments of soldiers, to take com- 
 mand of all the forces in the colo- 
 nies. Confident of success, he 
 marched through the wilderness, heedless of danger from the 
 savages ; and treated with contempt the suggestion of Wash- 
 ington, who served as his aid, that he should scour the 
 
 GENERAL BRADDOCK. 
 
1755 The War to he carried on loitTi vigor. 107 
 
 woods so as to protect his army from a surprise by the In- 
 dians. 
 
 17. Thus he rashly pushed on till about ten miles from the 
 fort, when the soldiers' ears were suddenly assailed by the sav- 
 age war-whoop, and a deadly fire was poured into their ranks 
 from an unseen enemy. Panic and disorder ensued. The 
 soldiers were shot down like deer, and the general was mor- 
 tally wounded. Washington, throughout this disastrous day, 
 distinguished himself by his courage and presence of mind. 
 His escajDC from injury was wonderful, for he had two horses 
 shot under him, and four bullets passed through his coat 
 (July 9, 17o5).i 
 
 18. So little had been accomplished up to this time against 
 
 the French, that the English peoj)le demanded a change in 
 
 the administration of their government, and the celebrated 
 
 William Pitt was placed at the head of affairs. 
 
 The 
 Preparations were immediately made for carrying war to be 
 
 on the war with vigor, and fifty thousand men carried on 
 ^ ' . -^ . with vigor, 
 
 were enlisted for the service. The French, at this 
 
 time, held forts by which their trade and jDossessions were 
 
 protected in every direction. 
 
 19. Fort Duquesne guarded the territory on the west ; 
 Crown Point and Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, closed 
 the route to Canada ; Niagara protected the fur trade of the 
 great lakes and the region beyond ; Louisburg menaced New 
 England and guarded the fisheries ; and Quebec, with its 
 strong fortifications, was the key to the possessions of Can- 
 ada. A vigorous effort was now to be made to capture all 
 these strong posts, and thus to destroy the French power in 
 America. 
 
 * General Johnson started against Crown Point, but did not get 
 further than the head of Lake George. Dieskau {(k-es-kd), the Frencli 
 commander, marching against him, met and defeated a detachment under 
 Williams, but was repulsed by Johnson ; who, after erecting Fort William 
 Henry, retired to Albany. In 1757, INIontcalm took Fort William Henry 
 after a siege of six days. His Indian allies, incited by the hope of 
 plunder, massacred the garrison while they were on their retreat to Foi t 
 Edward. 
 
108 The French and Indian War. 1759 
 
 20. The expedition against Crown Point and Ticonderoga 
 was intrusted to General Abercromby. "With an army of six- 
 teen thousand men, '' the hirgest body of European origin 
 
 that had ever been assembled in America,'" Aber- 
 Succcssos 
 
 and cromby left the head of Lake George in the early 
 failures. ^.^^.^ ^^ j^^^^, (1758). The vast flotilla, consisting 
 of nine hundred small boats and one hundred and thirty-five 
 whale-boats, with artillery on rafts, proceeded slowly down 
 the lake. Banners fluttered in tlie breeze, arms glittered in 
 the sunshine, and martial music echoed along the wood-clad 
 mountains. Landing at the northern end of the lake, the 
 army commenced a march through the dense forests towards 
 Ticonderoga, which was then comnuinded by ]\Iontcalm. Tlie 
 advance, under Lord Howe, was suddenly met by the French, 
 and repulsed, the young and lamented leader being killed. 
 
 21. " With Lord Howe expired the master-spirit of the en- 
 terprise." The troops fell back to tiie landing place ; but 
 resuming tlieir march, advanced against the fort and made an 
 ass9,ult. The attempt failed, with the loss of nearly two 
 thousand men ; '' Abercromljy hurried the army back to the 
 boats, and did not rest till he had placed the lake between 
 himself and Montcalm." The expeditions against Louisburg 
 and Durpiesne were successful. Louisburg was taken after a 
 desperate resistance. Duquesne made no defense. It was 
 abandoned on the approach of the English, and its naime 
 changed to Fort Pitt. 
 
 22. The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the 
 reduction of Canada. Niagara was taken, and the French 
 were driven from the posts on Lake Champlain. With eight 
 
 Capture thousand men. General Wolfe ascended the St. 
 of Quebec. Lawrence river to proceed against Quebec. He 
 landed his army upon an island below the city ; and made a 
 daring assault upon the French intrenchments ; but it result- 
 ed in defeat and serious loss. " Wolfe Avas greatly dispirited 
 by this rei^xlse. The emotions of liis mind, co-operating with 
 great fatigue of body, brought on a fever, which nearly proved 
 
1759 
 
 Capture of Quebec. 
 
 109 
 
 fatal ; and it was almost a month before he was able to 
 resume his command in person. 
 
 23. While stretched upon his bed in his tent, he arranged 
 a plan for scaling the almost in- 
 accessible Heights of Abraham, 
 and gaining possession of that 
 elevated plateau in the rear of 
 Quebec. The camp was now 
 broken up, and all the troops and 
 artillery, except a garrison left 
 on the island, were taken by a 
 part of the fleet far up the river, 
 while the remainder lingered and 
 made feigned preparations for a 
 second attack upon Montcalm's 
 intrenchments. It was the 12th 
 of September, and the brief Canadian summer was over. 
 After midnight the army left the vessels ; and in flat-boats, 
 without oars or sails, they glided down noiselessly with the 
 tide, followed by the ships soon afterward. 
 
 24:. At his evening mess on the ship, AVolfe composed and 
 sang impromptu that little song of the camp, commencing — 
 
 ' Why. soldiers, why, 
 
 Should we be melancholy, boys ? 
 Why, soldiers, why — 
 
 Whose business 'tis to die. ' 
 
 GENERAL ■\VOLFE. 
 
 And as he sat among his officers, and floated softly down the 
 river at the past-midnight hour, a shadow seemed to come 
 upon his heart, and he repeated, in low, musing tones, that 
 touching stanza of Gray's ' Elegy in a Country Church- 
 yard '- 
 
 ' The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power. 
 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave. 
 Await alike the inevitable hour : 
 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave ! ' 
 
 At the close he whispered : ' Now, gentlemen, I would prefer 
 
110 The French and, hidlan War. 1759 
 
 being the author of that i)oem to the glory of beating the 
 French to-morrow. ' 
 
 25. The flotilla reached a cove which Wolfe had marked 
 for a landing place, and which still bears his name, before 
 daybreak. At the head of the main division, Wolfe pushed 
 eagerly up a narrow and rough ravine, while the liglit infan- 
 try and Highlanders clim])ed the steep acclivity by the aid of 
 the maple, spruce, and ash saplings, and shrubs, which 
 covered its rugged face. The sergeant's guard on its brow 
 was soon dispersed, and at dawn, on the 13th, almost five 
 thousand British troops were drawn up in battle array on the 
 Plains of Abraham, three hundred feet above the St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 26. Montcalm could hardly believe the messenger who 
 brought him intelligence of this marshalling of the English 
 upon the weak side of the city. ' It can be but a small part}' 
 come to burn a few houses, and return,' he said ; but he was 
 soon undeceiv'cd. Then he saw the imminent danger to which 
 tlie town and garrison were exposed, and he immediately aban- 
 doned his intrenchments, and led a large portion of his army 
 to attack the invaders. Wolfe placed himself on the right : 
 Montcalm was on the left. So the two commanders stood 
 face to face. Wolfe ordered his men to load witli two l)ullcts 
 each, and to reserve their fire until the JFrench should be 
 within forty yards. 
 
 27. These orders were strictly obeyed, and the double- 
 shotted guns did terrible execution. After delivering several 
 rounds in rapid succession, which threw the French into 
 confusion, the English charged iipon them furiously with 
 their bayonets. While urging on his battalions in this 
 charge, Wolfe was slightly wounded in the wrist. He 
 stanched the blood with a handkerchief, and, while cheering 
 on his men, received a second wound. A few minutes after- 
 ward, another bullet struck him on the breast, and brought 
 him to the ground mortally wounded. At that moment, 
 regardless of self, he thought only of victory for his troops. 
 
1763 Closing Emnts of tlie War. Ill 
 
 ' Support me,' he said to an officer near him ; ' let not my 
 brave soldiers see me drop. The day is ours — keep it ! ' He 
 was taken to the rear while his troops continued to charge. 
 
 28. The officer on whose shoulder he was leaning, ex- 
 claimed, ' They run ! they run ! The waning light returned 
 to the dim eyes of the hero, and he asked, ' Who run ? ' — ' The 
 enemy, sir ; they give way everywhere.' — ' What,' feebly ex- 
 claimed W^olfo, ' do they run already? Now God be praised, 
 I die happy ! ' These were his last words, and, in the midst of 
 sorrowing companions. Just at the moment of victory, he 
 expired. Montcalm, who was fighting gallantly at the head 
 of the French, also received a mortal wound. ' Death is cer- 
 tain,' said his surgeon. ' I am glad of it,' replied Mont- 
 calm : ' how long shall I live ? ' ' Ten or twelve hours, per- 
 haps less.' ' So much the better : I shall not live to see the 
 surrender of Quebec' Five days afterward the city capitu- 
 lated." 
 
 29. This victory really decided the war, though the 
 French, the next year, made an attempt to recover Quebec. 
 Montreal was also surrendered, and thus the whole of Canada 
 became the property of the English (1760). In „, . 
 1763 a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by the events of 
 terms of which, France gave up to Great Britain * ® ^^^' 
 all her American possessions east of the Mississippi and north 
 of the I'-bcr-ville river, in Louisiana.' This gave great 
 dissatisfaction to the Indians of the northwest, for they dis- 
 liked the English. Soon a coml)ination, known as the 
 " Pontiac Conspiracy," was formed by the various tribes, and 
 all the posts were captured, except Niagara, Fort Pitt, and 
 Detroit. Hundreds of families were butchered or driven from 
 their homes. Detroit was besieged six months, but the Indi- 
 ans were finally compelled to sue for peace (1763). Pontiac, 
 their great leader, wandered to tlie Mississippi, and there, in 
 
 ' The Iberville is an outlet of the Mississippi, fourteen miles south of 
 Baton Rouge, connecting the Mississippi on the east with Lake Maurepas. 
 
112 Condition of the Colonies. 
 
 a forest, an Indian who had been l)ribed with a barrel of 
 liquor, stole close upon his track and buried a tomahawk in 
 his brain (1769). 
 
 Condition of the Colonies. 
 
 1. At the close of the French and Indian War the thirteen 
 colonies that afterward became the United States, contained 
 a population of more than two millions of persons, one fourth 
 
 of whom at least were negro slaves. This esti- 
 mate does not include the Indians. The whites 
 were descendants, in large part, of persons who had come 
 from the old world to secure for themselves freedom to wor- 
 ship God as they desired. In general, they were intelligent 
 and industrious, and of good moral and religious culture.^ 
 The number of slaves imported into the colonies direct from 
 Africa up to this time, was probably not far from three hun- 
 dred thousand. Slavery existed in all the colonies, though, 
 Georgia at first, had laws against the holding of slaves, and 
 the Quakers were always opposed to slavery. " Slavery is 
 opposed to the gospel," said Oglethorpe, and yet, within seven 
 years after his settlement was begun, slave-shi^js Avere dis- 
 charging their cargoes at Savannah. 
 
 2. The number of slaves in New England was small, but 
 Governor Stuyvesant so encouraged their importation into his 
 province, that, at one time, there were more slaves in New 
 York, in proportion to the white population, than in Vir- 
 ginia. Afterward the slaves in Virginia Avere tbe majority 
 of her inhabitants. Philadelphia, with a population not much 
 exceeding thirty thousand, was the first city in size and 
 Avealth. NcAv York came next, though that city never was, 
 even under English rule and up to the close of colonial times, 
 
 ' The Huguenots came in great numbers, and settled in New York, 
 Massachusetts, Virfrinia, and South Carohna. Large settlements were 
 also made by the Scotch-Irisli Presbyterians in New Hampshire, Western 
 Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. 
 
Industry^ Mechanical and Agricultural. 113 
 
 '' much more than a prosperous and drowsy Dutch village." 
 Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore followed. 
 
 3. There were three forms of government in force among 
 the colonies. These were the provincial, or royal ; the pro- 
 prietary ; and the charter. New Hampshire, New York, 
 New Jersey, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia 
 
 were under the first form. Each had a governor 
 who had received his appointment from the king, and who 
 ruled according to instructions from his royal master. Penn- 
 sylvania, Delaware, and Maryland were of the second form. 
 They were governed by owners or proprietors. Massachu- 
 setts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut were under charter 
 governments. Their charters, which had been conferred by 
 the crown, gave to the people certain civil rights, which, it 
 was believed, could not be taken from them. 
 
 4. When it is recollected that England, by her " Naviga- 
 tion Acts" and other oppressive laws would not allow other 
 nations to trade with her colonies, and would not permit the 
 colonists to manufacture any article, not even a 
 
 nail or a pin, a wheel or a plow, we can under- mechanical 
 
 stand how the cultivation of the soil came to be ^"'^ ^sy^" 
 
 cultural, 
 the chief pursuit of the people. The northern 
 
 colonies were famous for wheat and corn. " The cultivation 
 of tobacco in Virginia and Maryland was an epoch in the his- 
 tory of man : all other products of the soil there were neg- 
 lected for it." Ships from England every year ascended the 
 Potomac or the James, to gather at the wharves of the large 
 planters the great crops of tobacco. Every year, for a long 
 time, the proceeds from the sale of tobacco exported, reached 
 nearly $4,000,000. This amount was at least one third of the 
 total sum received from the sale of all the productions ex- 
 ported from the colonies. And what did we get in return ? 
 Hinges, pins, locks, plows, and a great variety of other things 
 which the English laws would not permit us to make. 
 
 5. At a very early period seed-rice was brought into the 
 Carolinas from the island of Madagascar, and soon became an 
 
114 
 
 Condition of tlie Colonies. 
 
 LINEN SPINNING-WHEEL. 
 
 article of general cultivation and a staple export. The rice 
 of Carolina was esteemed the best in the world. Indigo was 
 also raised in large quantities. The 
 production of silk was quite active in 
 Georgia. Cotton had been grown for 
 many years in the south, but the 
 quantity produced was not yet equal 
 to the demand for home use. The 
 largest branch of manufacturing in- 
 dustry in which the New England 
 colonists were employed, was the mak- 
 ing of lumber. The building of ships, 
 for the coasting and river trade and 
 for sale, was extensively carried on in Massachusetts, New 
 Hampshire, Maine, and New York. More than a hundred 
 ships were sold every year to English merchants. 
 
 6. All the labor throughout the south, during the latter 
 part of the colonial period, whether in the shojis or the fields, 
 was done by slaves. " Tobacco, 
 which was the source of the wealth 
 of Virginia, was altogether pro- 
 duced by slaves. The progress of 
 the physical sciences in Europe, 
 and many admirable inventions of 
 industrial art, created in the course 
 of time a demand for another 
 product, cotton, which experience 
 proved could be more advantageous- 
 ly produced in the Southern States 
 than anywhere else, but produced 
 in them only by slaves. Thence, very soon, the whole econ- 
 omy of the south centered on slavery. At the north, it was 
 different. There the slaves being few, the cobbler used his 
 brain as well as his lapstone ; the blacksmith was an artisan, 
 a leader in the church choir, and a chief speaker in town 
 meetings. The carpenter was a craftsman ; with poor tools, 
 
 WOOLLEN SPINNING-WHEEL. 
 
Printing. 
 
 115 
 
 fisheries. 
 
 unaided by machinery, lie was compelled to hew out his 
 dwelling-place, and he built it firmly and well. The house 
 and the man were built up together, and each was strong and 
 true. The housewife spun and wove the very cloth in which 
 the family was clad." ^ 
 
 7. Several of the coast towns of New England had been 
 engaged for many years in the whale fishery. The business 
 was for a long period a source of great profit, and it proved 
 to be a school for the training of men whereby 
 tliey became accomplished seamen. The cod and 
 other fisheries employed very many j)epsons. " About 1670, 
 the profits of the mackerel, bass, and herring fisheries at Cape 
 Cod, were granted to found a free jjublic school, which was 
 opened in 1671." 
 
 8. " Our ancestors were j)lainly resolved that the new 
 world should be a land of printers." Only eighteen years 
 
 after the landing of the Pil- 
 grims a printing press was 
 set up at Cam- 
 bridge ; and four 
 years after the arrival of 
 Penn, one was at work in 
 ^ Philadelphia. In 1701, the 
 '^m publication of a newspaper 
 was commenced in Boston. 
 It was then the only news- 
 paper printed in all Amer- 
 ica, and for fifteen years it 
 had no competitors. A lit- 
 tle more than twenty years 
 after its first publication 
 William Bradford published 
 Benjamin Franklin, as an apprentice, 
 The newspapers 
 
 Printing. 
 
 franklin's BlUTIIPLAOE, BOSTON 
 
 a paper in New York 
 
 aided his brother to print one in Boston 
 
 Eflward Atkinson, in " The First Century of the Republic." 
 
116 \ Condition of the Colonies. 
 
 I 
 
 soon increased in number, and, in the course of time, became 
 as necessary to the people as their daily food. The first maga- 
 zine was i)ub]ished by Franklin at Philadelphia in 1741. To 
 Franklin, when in England twenty years later, Hume, the 
 historian, wrote : " America has sent us many good things, — 
 gold, silver, sugar, tobacco, indigo, and so forth, but you are 
 the first philosopher, and indeed the first great man of letters, 
 for whom we are beholden to her." 
 
 9. Tlic early settlers of New England, New York, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and other colonies saw that the good reputation and 
 happiness of the whole country could only be promoted and 
 
 Education maintained by the proper education of their chil- 
 and schools, dren, and their children's children for all time. 
 The school-house, like the church, was soon found in every 
 New England town. Common schools were established by 
 law. Hawthorne gives a description of a school, one famous 
 in Boston for many years, in which he presents us with the 
 following picture : " It is a large, dingy room, with a sanded 
 floor, and is lighted by windows that turn on hinges, and 
 have little diamond-shaped panes of glass. The scholars sit 
 on long benches, with desks before them. At one end of the 
 room is a great fireplace, so very spacious that there is room 
 enough for three or four boys to stand in each of tlie chimney 
 corners. This was the good old fashion of fireplaces when 
 there was wood enough in the forests to keep people warm 
 without their digging into the bowels of the earth for coal." 
 
 10. New York had a school at an early day when the 
 Dutch were in possession of the country, over which a school- 
 master from Holland presided ; and a school was established 
 in Pennsylvania the very next year after the arrival of Penn. 
 The oldest college is at Cambridge. In 1636, *' the Massa- 
 chusetts court agreed to give £400 towards a school or college, 
 but tlie project lay in abeyance until 1638, when, by the will 
 of the Rev. John Harvard, about £700 were secured, and the 
 first class was formed." In 1700 ten clergymen came to- 
 gether, and each one laying some books on a table, said : *' I 
 
Manners and Customs. Ill 
 
 give these books for the founding of a college in this colony. 
 This was afterward called Yale College, in honor of Elihu Yale, 
 of England, who gave it a large sum of money. In Virginia, 
 the College of William and Mary had been founded with 
 great liberality by the two sovereigns whose names it bore ; 
 the College of New Jersey (at Princeton) flourished ; and 
 King's College, now Columbia College, established by royal 
 authority in New York, and the university of Pennsylvania, 
 began the useful careers in which they still continue. 
 
 11. Domestic life, except among the wealthy planters, 
 was marked by great simplicity. The houses were plainly 
 furnished. In a few there were relics from the old world, 
 such as richly-carved mahogany side-boards, mirrors, and 
 tall Dutch or English clocks. Every house except Manners 
 in the far south, had its great fireplace, which was ^^* customs, 
 inclosed in wide wooden mantels. This was sufficiently spa- 
 cious to receive logs of three or four feet in diameter. It had 
 an oven in the back, and " a flue large enough to permit the 
 ascent of a good-sized balloon." Tallow candles, in brass or 
 iron candlesticks, were in common use, but, for grand occa- 
 sions, sperm or wax candles were used. High, four-post bed- 
 steads, and window curtains graced the best chamber, which 
 was kept closed most of the time and reserved " for com- 
 pany." 
 
 12. The New England Church, or, as it was always called, 
 the meeting-house, was a great square building standing in 
 the middle of the " common." It had nothing of what now- 
 adays we call lecture rooms or vestries. Neither had it any 
 conveniences for holding evening meetings. When these 
 were to be held, and they could only be held in the later colo- 
 nial times when there was no longer any fear of Indian 
 attack, the minister would give notice in this way : " There 
 will be preaching on Wednesday night in the school-house at 
 early candle light. The brethren are requested to bring their 
 own candles with them." The old-fashioned two-tined fork 
 was the candlestick for the occasion. It was stuck through 
 
118 Condition of the Colonics. 
 
 the lower end of the candle and then into a block of Avood 
 nailed against the wall. 
 
 13. There were no carpets, except such as were made of 
 rags and had been woven by the famih'. Tlie many floors 
 were sprinkled with sand. This was particularly tlie custom 
 among the Dutch, who, also, ornamented their front doors — 
 usually in two parts, upper and lower — with large brass 
 knockerSj which had to be burnished every day. Pewter 
 plates were in ordinary use, and also plain crockery instead 
 of china. Ladies, belonging to the wealthy classes, had each 
 her silk gown, but they did not wear them every day, or change 
 them with every puff of fashion. Home-made woolen gar- 
 ments were the common wear of men ; calico and blue check 
 of women. In New Hampshire " it was ordered that the 
 sleeves of the women should reach down to their Avrists, and 
 their gowns be closed round their necks. Men were obliged 
 to cut short their hair, that they might not resemble women." 
 
 14. In New York many of the customs Avere such as had 
 been introduced by its Dutch founders. Some of them still 
 remain ; such as the " May-day moving," the visit of Santa 
 Claus ''the night before Cliristmas," the coloring of "Easter 
 eggs," and the general visiting on New Year's day. In the 
 houses of the wealthy planters of the south the " jieople sat 
 on carved chairs at quaint tables, a'inid piles of ancestral silver 
 ware, and drank punch out of costly bowls from Ja])an." In 
 that early period, long before railroads Avere even thought of, 
 the facilities for traveling Avere small indeed. Stage coaches 
 were fcAV, and horseback riding was common. In the towns 
 of Maryland and Virginia the ladies made visits in sedan- 
 chairs l)Oj-ne by lackeys in livery. A coach ran in two days 
 from NcAv York to Philadelphia. From Boston to Ncav York 
 Avas a week's journey. 
 
 15. The Indians had a kind of money called wampum, 
 Avhich was made of clam shells. Gold and silver Avere of no 
 value to them. For the furs and skins which they brought 
 to the whites, they would only receive their pay in strings of 
 
Money. 
 
 119 
 
 Money. 
 
 wampum^, or in powder, sliot, muskets, or rum. Strange to 
 say, the whites adopted this kind of money, not 
 only in transactions between themselves and the 
 Indians, but it was taken in payment of debts due by one set- 
 tler to another. But wampum, in the course of time, became 
 so abundant that custom and law abolished it. The g-old and 
 silver money of England, Spain and Portugal, then came into 
 general use ; " but these coins being scarce, the people were 
 often forced to barter their commodities instead of selling 
 them. >If a man wanted to" buy a coat, he perhaps exchanged 
 a bear skin for it. If he wished for a barrel of molasses, he 
 might purchase it with a pile of pine, boards. Musket balls 
 were used instead of farthings. There was not money enough 
 in any part of the country to pay the salaries of the ministers, 
 so that they sometimes had to take quintals of fish, bushels of 
 corn, or cords of wood, instead of silver or gold." 
 
 16. As the people grew more numerous, and their trade 
 one with another increased, the want of current money was 
 strll more sensibly felt. To supply the demand in Massachu- 
 setts, a mint was established in Boston (1G52), which coined 
 "pine-tree shillings" for more than thirty years. "The 
 battered silver cans 
 and tankards, silver 
 buckles and broken 
 spoons, silver buttons 
 of worn-out coats, 
 and silver hilts of 
 swords that had fig- 
 ured at court, — all 
 such curious old arti- 
 cles were douljtless thrown into the melting-pot together. 
 But by far the greater part of the silver consisted of bullion 
 from the mines of South America, Avhich the English bucca- 
 neers had taken from the Spaniards. Each coin had the 
 date (1652) on the one side and the figure of a pine tree on the 
 other. Hence they were called pine-tree shillings." 
 
 PINE-TREE SHILLING. 
 
SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 
 
 1492 — 1703. 
 
 1492. 
 
 1607. 
 
 1609. 
 
 1620. 
 
 America liavinpf been discovered and exten- 
 sively explored, actual possession was taken of 
 the new regions by the j)lantin{j of settlements 
 in them. The first attempts at settlement on the 
 part of the French and Engli^ih were not success- 
 ful. On the part of the Spaniards, St. Aujrustine, 
 Florida, was settled in 1.^6."), and is therefore the 
 oldest settlement in the United Stales. 
 
 Virginia. — The next permanent settlement 
 (this was made by the English) was at James- 
 town. The growth of Virginia was at first slow, 
 owing to the unfitness of the settlers for ])ioneer 
 life. Domestic strife, the " Starving Time," 
 hostility of the Indians, and Bacon's Rebellion 
 were causes against the ])r()gress of the colony ; 
 the marriage of Pocahontas, importation of wives, 
 and the cultivation of tobacco contributed to its 
 prosperity. African shivery began in 1C19. 
 " English king and English church were alike 
 faithfully honored here. The gentry of Virginia 
 dwelt on their great plantations after a fashion 
 almost patriarchal." 
 
 New Vorkdiul JVeio Jersey. — The discovery of 
 the Hudson river for the Dutch and their ex- 
 plorations gav(! them a title to the country, which 
 they took advantage 'of by making settlements at 
 various places. Liberal inducements were offered 
 to setth^rs, vvlio, coming mostly from England, pre- 
 ferred English rule ; and the Dutch governor was 
 comi)elled to submit (1064). New Netherlands, 
 wliile in tlu^ i)()Ssession of the Dutch, made good 
 progress in ])opulatiou and wealth. A large fur 
 trade was carried on with the Indians. The 
 early history of New Jersey is connected with 
 that of New York, both colonies having been 
 under the same ownership or governor much of 
 the time. In both were large numbers of slaves. 
 The Jerseys were never disturbed by Indian wars. 
 The government of both colonies was of the class 
 called provincial or royal. 
 
 New Kiigldad. — Keligious motives influenced 
 the first settlers of all the New England colonies. 
 The Pilgrims left England to escape persecution, 
 and, after a brief stay in Holland, established 
 themselves at Plymouth. The other New Eng- 
 
 Sovereigns 
 of England. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 1.5o^l60a. 
 
 James I. 
 
 1603-1625. 
 
 James I. 
 
Summary by Colonies. 
 
 121 
 
 land colonies, except Rhode Island, were settled 
 by Puritans. Church and civil matters were 
 united, and church members only, in two of the 
 colonies, were permitted to vote and hold office. 
 The first settlers of Rhode Island, under the lead- 
 ership of Roger Williams, admitted all persons 
 of whatever religion to participate in the civil 
 affairs of the colony. The habits of the early 
 New Englanders were simple but strict. " The 
 church and the school-house were built side by 
 side." Fishing, fur-trading, and agriculture were 
 the pursuits. The Pequod War, Persecution of 
 the Quai^ers, King Philip's War, and the Witch- 
 craft Delusion were causes that operated against 
 the progress of the colonies ; but the principles, 
 energy, and character of the people, with their in- 
 struments of church, school, and college, over- 
 came all adverse circumstances. At the close of 
 this period. New Hampshire was under provincial 
 or royal government ; the other colonies of New 
 England were under the charter rule. 
 
 Mnvylnnd. — The first settlement was made at 
 St. Mary's. The settlers, like those of New Eng- 
 land, were influenced by religious motives ; but 
 while they welcomed comers from every Chris- 
 tian denomination, it was understood that the 
 colony was established for the particular benefit 
 of Catholics, who could here enjoy that freedom 
 which the Puritans had in New England. The 
 settlers were intelligent and enterprising. Their 
 principal occupation was the cultivation of to- 
 bacco. Clayborne's Rebellion and the Civil Wars 
 were impediments in the progress of the colony. 
 The form of government was projirietary. 
 
 North and South Carolina. — The first settle- 
 ment in North Carolina was made on the Chowan 
 river (1650), that of South Caiolina on the Ashley 
 (1670). The settlers were from Virginia, Eng- 
 land, or from English possessions : they were in- 
 fluenced by the hope of bettering their worldly 
 condition. The cultivation of rice was carried on 
 extensively ; and indigo, tar, and turpentine were 
 exported. The "Grand Model," from which 
 great expectations had been formed, was a 
 hindrance to the growth of North and South 
 Carolina. The colony was divided in 1729. The 
 form of government of both colonies was pro- 
 vincial or royal. 
 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. — Both Delaware 
 and Pennsylvania were settled by Swedes, the 
 former more than forty years before Penn re- 
 ceived his charter (10;}8). The subjugation of the 
 Swedes liy the Dutch placed the settlers under 
 the rule of New Netherlands (1055), but the sur- 
 
 Cliarles I. 
 
 1625-1649. 
 
 Charles I. 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 lGCO-1685. 
 
 Charles I. 
 
122 
 
 Summary hy Colonies. 
 
 render of New Netherlands to the English gave 
 that power undisturbed possession of the whole 
 region (1064). Tlie charter obtained by Peiin, 
 witli his grant of Delaware from the Duke of 
 York, put both Pennsylvania and Delaware under 
 proprietary rule. Like the New England colonies 
 and Maryland, a leading motive for the settle- 
 ment of Pennsylvania was religious. Penn wel- 
 comed all good men to his colony, but he ex- 
 tended a special invitation to Qiiakers, who were 
 subjected to persecution in England. As the In- 
 dians were dealt with justly and kindly, no 
 Indian war ever disturljed the colony of Pennsyl- 
 vania or Delaware. Both colonies, especially the 
 former, made rapid growth in population. 
 
 Georgia. —The first settlement was at Savannah. 
 The colony was established for the poor — that 
 is, for those persons in England who could not 
 pay their debts, and who, in consequence, were 
 condemned Ijy law to spend their lives in prison. 
 Other distressed iiersons found a shelter in 
 Georgia, but for a long time the colony did not 
 prosper. How could it with such settlers? The 
 hostility of the Spanish neighbors of Florida was 
 another cause that operated against its prosperity, 
 until, finally, the colony was returned to the 
 crown, and thenceforth was under provincial or 
 royal government. 
 
 European Wars. — The three wars of European 
 origin — King William's, Queen Anne's, and King 
 Ueorge's — afflicted the northern colonies most. 
 Their only important result in America was the 
 transfer of Acadia to England's possession. 
 
 French and Jndiaii, War. — This was a contest 
 between t]nu:land and France for dominion in 
 America. Both powers claimed the territory west 
 of the Alle<rhany mountains. The English were 
 aided by their colonists and the Iroipiois, the 
 French by their colonists and the Indians of 
 Canada. The French, in the first years of the 
 war, drove the English from the western part of 
 Pennsylvania and the northern part ot New York ; 
 but the English expelled the Acadians from Nova 
 Scotia, reovered their lost territory of Pennsyl 
 vania and New York, and finally gained a great 
 victory i)efore Quebec. JirK/ilt : Canada and all 
 the region to the Mississippi, exce))t a very small 
 portion at the mouth of tlnit river, became British 
 territory ; the debt of Great Britain was greatly 
 increased ; and the colonists had taken inij)ortant 
 lessons in the art of war, which, in a short time, j 
 were to be turned to account in eiuibliiig them to 
 resist oppression and gain their independence. ' 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 George II. 
 
 1T27-170O. 
 
 William III. 
 
 ii;si)-i7u2. 
 
 Anne. 
 
 1T02-1714. 
 
 George II. 
 
 
 (reorge III. 
 
 1760-1820. 
 
Toxical Memew. 123 
 
 1634. 
 
 1682. 
 
 1732. 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY. 
 
 1607. When Newport sailed up tlie James river, all America from 
 Nova Scotia to Florida, was still in possession of the Indians. 
 Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in 
 America. Two years later the Dutch, under the leadership of an 
 
 1609. English navigator, entered the Hudson river ; but before Hol- 
 1 land had eflfected any settlement in the new region, the Vir- 
 ginians had gone through the experience of a " starving time," 
 and had married one of their number to Pocahontas ; and so 
 rapid was the march of events that before the Dutch began in 
 earnest to colonize New Netherlands (1623) the African slave 
 made his appearance at Jamestown (1019). The slave preceded 
 
 1620. the Pilgrim. When, then, the Mayflower's " little crew de- 
 scended upon the solitary rock on that level shore of Plymouth," 
 slavery was already planted in America. The " Pilgrim 
 Fathers" took early measures to secure themselves from Indian 
 molestation by making a treaty with Massasoit. New Hamp- 
 shire (1633) and Connecticut (1633) were settled ; but, two years 
 before Roger Williams " wandered over wooded bill and valley 
 to unfurl the banner of religious toleration (1636)," Lord Balti- 
 more's colonists had established themselves at an Indian village 
 in Maryland. The Pequod war, in Connecticut, was ended before 
 the Swedes made their appearance in the Delaware. The forma- 
 tion of the New England Union was efEected (1643) before North 
 Carolina was settled (1650), or before the Dutch subdued the 
 Swedes in Delaware (1655), or even before the Puritans perse- 
 cuted the Quakers (1656). The transfer of New Netherlands to 
 the English (1664) in the same year led to the colonization of 
 New Jersey (1664). King Philip's war, in New England (1675), 
 overlapped Bacon's Rebellion, in Virginia (1676) ; and when 
 William Peiin commenced what he called the " holy experiment," 
 and founded the "City of Brotherly Love," Charleston, in South 
 Carolina, was just two years old. During King William's war, 
 Andres's career, as governor of New England, was brought to a 
 close (1689), and the " witchcraft delusion" prevailed (1692). The 
 year in which Oglethorpe and other benefactors were sent across 
 the ocean to provide in America an asylum for the " poor, dis- 
 tressed, or persecuted " was the year of Washington's birth (1732). 
 Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen colonies (1733). 
 
124 
 
 Topical Review. 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 {See the hints and directions, j) 49.) 
 
 Biographical. 
 (See Willard's Life of Smith in Sparks's 
 
 "American Biography.") ... 53-59 
 
 (See WiUard's Life of Smith.) - - . 55-57 
 (See Knowles's Memoirs of Williams, also 
 
 Elton's Life of Williams.) - - - 72,73 
 (See Church's History of King Philip's War.) 76-78 
 (See Cleveland's Life of Hudson in Sparks's 
 " American Biography." Ilud.^on made his 
 fourth voyage in 1010. While in Hudson's 
 hay, a nmtiny occurring, he, with eight 
 faitiiful men, were put into an open boat 
 
 and abandoned. 47, 80-82 
 
 (See Brodhead's History of New York, also 
 Irving's "Knickerbocker's History of New 
 
 York." 84,85 
 
 (See Janney's Life of Penn, also Dixon's.) - 80-96 
 (See Irving's Life of Washington, or Mar- 
 shall's, or Sparks's. Let the account extend 
 only to tbe close of the colonial period.) - 103-123 
 
 Geographical. 
 
 John Smith. 
 
 Pocahontas. 
 Roger Williams. 
 
 King Philip. 
 Henry Hudson. 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant. 
 
 William Penn. 
 Washington. 
 
 Jamestown 53-59 
 
 Cape Cod 60, 64 
 
 Kennebec R 60 
 
 Plymouth 66 
 
 Charlestown (now of Boston). . 08 
 
 Boston 08 
 
 Connecticut R 69 
 
 Saybrook 69 
 
 Hartford 69 
 
 New Haven 70 
 
 Providence 73 
 
 Salem 68,74 
 
 New York City 80-85 
 
 Albany 82-85 
 
 Delaware R 82, 94 
 
 Long Island 86, 87 
 
 Elizabethtown (Elizabeth) 87 
 
 Potomac R 88 
 
 Wilmingtcm 93 
 
 Pliiladelphia 92 
 
 Port Royal, S. C 97 
 
 Chowan R 98 
 
 Charleston 98, 99 
 
 Savannah 99 
 
 Louisburg 101, 107, 108 
 
 Ohio R..^ 10;]-1U 
 
 Alleghany R 103, 104 
 
 Fort Du(piesne (now Pitts- 
 burg) 105-111 
 
 Crown Point 107, 108 
 
 Fort Ticonderoga 107, 108 
 
 Lake Chami)lain 41,107, 108 
 
 Fort Niagara 107 
 
 Lake George 108 
 
 Quebec 41, 107-111 
 
 Montreal Ill 
 
 Historical. 
 
 Virginia 52-59 
 
 New York 80-85 
 
 Massachusetts 04-79 
 
 New Hampshire 07 
 
 Connecticut 69-77 
 
 Marvland 87-91 
 
 Rhode Island 72, 73, 76 
 
 Delaware 92-90 
 
 North Carolina 40, 96-99 
 
 New Jersey 82-87 
 
 South Carolina 96-99 
 
 Pennsvlvania 91-96 
 
 Georgia 99-101 
 
 European Wars 101 
 
 French and Indian War. . . 105-111 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion 59 
 
 Pequod War 70 
 
 King Pliili])'s War 76-78 
 
 Salem Witchcraft 74,75 
 
 Expulsion of the Acadians. . . 105 
 
Causes of the War. 125 
 
 SECTION III 
 
 THE KEVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 
 
 1. For many years England had governed her American 
 colonies in a harsh, unjust, and selfish spirit. The colonies 
 were ruled, not for their good, but for the benefit of English 
 commerce and English work shops. They were „ 
 forbidden to send their tobacco, rice, lumber, fish, of 
 
 or any of their other products, to any country ewar. 
 except England. No foreign ships were permitted to enter 
 their ports. Do we wonder, then, that the colonists were 
 dissatisfied ? And can we wonder that when fresh burdens 
 were put upon them, they rebelled ? 
 
 2. The French and Indian war had cost a vast sum of money. 
 In order to carry it on. Great Britain had been obliged to 
 borrow three hundred millions of dollars, thus increasing her 
 national debt by that amount. The English government, 
 therefore, asserting that the war had been waged in behalf of 
 the colonies, further asserted that they ought to bear a ]3art 
 of the burden. The right to tax the colonies was boldly 
 proclaimed l)y Parliament ; but the colonists did not agree to 
 this. They claimed that during the war they had performed 
 their full, share in defending their territory, that their pre- 
 servation as English colonies was quite as much for the ben- 
 efit of England as themselves, and that they could not in jus- 
 tice be taxed by a legislature in which they were not repre- 
 sented. " Taxation and rej)resentation," they maintained, 
 should go together ! " This claim of the right of taxation 
 on the one side, and the denial of it on tlie other, was the 
 very hinge on which the revolution turned." 
 
 3. The remonstrance was all to no effect. A law was pass- 
 ed called the Stamp Act (17G5). This required that all busi- 
 
126 
 
 The War of the ReoolutioR. 
 
 1765 
 
 ness papers, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, and all such 
 Xhe printed matter as newspapers and almanacs, should 
 Stamp Act. have stamps put upon them. The law, however, 
 could not disguise the intent : it was " taxation by means of 
 a stamp duty." Benjamin Franklin, who was then in Eng- 
 land, said that " America would 
 never submit to tlic Stamp Act ;" 
 and America never did. Indigna- 
 tion meetings were held, and pro- 
 tests were uttered. In the legisla- 
 ture of Virginia, Patrick Henry, " a 
 young, man highly distinguished 
 for his moral courage," spoke 
 with startling eloquence against 
 the injustice of the measure, ex- 
 claiming, " Caesar had his Brutus ; 
 Charles the First, his Cromwell ; 
 and (icorge the Third—" " Trea- 
 son ! Treason !" was shouted from 
 every part of tlie house. The ora- 
 concluded the sentence : " — may 
 If this be treason, make the most 
 
 PATRICK HENRY. 
 
 tor, after a pause, thus 
 profit by their example, 
 of it." 
 
 4. James Otis, a brilliant, bold, and dciiant orator, " the 
 creator of the theory of independence," in the Massachusetts 
 Assembly, also eloquently denounced the act, and, on his 
 motion, adopted by the Assembly, a congress of delegates 
 from nine of the colonies met in the city of New York " to 
 consult for the general safety. " The Declaration of Eights 
 and the petitions addressed to the king and Parliament, the 
 work of this congress, were as nothing to the fact that a be- 
 ginning had been made in effecting a union by which the 
 colonies became, as the delegates expressed it, "a bundle of 
 sticks which could neither be bent nor broken," While the 
 congress was in session a ship with stamps arrived at New 
 York, and " at once all the vessels in the harbor lowered 
 
1767 The Boston Massacre. 127 
 
 their colors. The whole city rose up as one man in opposi- 
 tion to the Stamp Act (Oct. 1765)." 
 
 5. " The first Monday of November," the day on which 
 the obnoxious measure Avas to go into effect, " broke upon a 
 people unanimously resolved on nullifying the Stamp Act. 
 From New Hampshire to the far south, the day was intro- 
 duced by the tolling of muffled bells ; minute-guns were 
 fired, and penants hoisted at half-staff." Not a stamp was 
 to be seen, for everywhere it was the fixed purpose that the 
 act should not go into effect. As business, therefore, con- 
 tinued to be conducted in the old method, that is without 
 stamps, for all of them had been concealed or destroyed ; and 
 as the merchants of all the cities agreed to import no goods 
 while the Stamp Act remained a law, Parliament yielded. 
 The Stamp Act was repealed, but the right to tax America 
 was again asserted and proclaimed (176G). The stamps, 
 what became of them ? They were returned to England 
 " where the curious traveler may still see bags of them, 
 cumbering the office from which they were issued." 
 
 6. The repeal of the Stamp Act caused great rejoicing 
 throughout the colonies, Virginia and New York voted 
 statues to the king. New York also voted a statue to Pitt, 
 who, in Parliament had declared " that the king- 
 dom had no right to levy a tax on the colonies." Boston 
 
 A second statue was voted to Pitt by Maryland, "^^^sacre. 
 But the joy was short-lived ; for soon another law was passed 
 by Parliament imposing a tax on all glass, painters' colors, 
 and tea, imported into the colonies (1767). Again the 
 spirit of opposition was aroused not unlike that which had 
 been caused by the Stamp Act. The colonists determined to 
 import no more of these articles. Franklin, still in Eng- 
 land, advised his countrymen ' ' to light the torches of indus- 
 try and economy." As the people of Boston showed the 
 most decided opposition to the tax, a body of the king's sol- 
 diers were sent to keep them in subjection. The presence of 
 these " redcoats," or " lobstcrbacks," as they were called by 
 
128 The War of the Resolution. 1770 
 
 the boys in tlio streets, caused constant nffrays, in one of 
 which, known as the " Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired 
 on the people. " A gush of smoke oversi)read the scene. It 
 rose heavily, as if it were loath (o reveal the dreadful spectacle 
 beneath it. Eleven of the sons of New England lay stretched 
 upon the street. Some, sorely wounded, were struggling to 
 rise again. Others stirred not nor groaned ; for they were 
 past all pain. Blood was streaming upon the snow ; and 
 though that purple stain melted away in the next day's 
 sun, it was never forgotten nor forgiven by the people 
 (1770).'" 
 
 7. Before the news of this event reached England, Parlia- 
 ment revoked the duty which had been im2)osed on glass and 
 painters' colors, but retained that of three pence a pound on 
 
 tea. This concession, however, did not satisfy the 
 Boston people, for they were contending, not against the 
 ea party, amount oi the tax but for the principle of "no 
 taxation without representation." They were determined 
 not to be taxed except by their own representatives. Ac- 
 cordingly, the tea lirought to New York and Pliiladelphia 
 was sent back. That which came lo Charleston was stored 
 in damp cellars, and as no one would buy or use it, it soon 
 became worthless. 
 
 8. " Samuel x\dams was the true king in Boston at that 
 time, though honors, emoluments, and even power he never 
 
 ' Two years later an affair occurred in Narragansett bay. -which, says 
 Arnold, Rhode Island's historian. " is deserving- ol" connncndation as it 
 ■was the first blow, in all the colonies, for freedom." Tiie Gaspee, a 
 British schooner, was stationed in the bay " to prevent the clandestine 
 landinsz: of .ijoods subject to the payment of duty. " The packet Hannah, 
 from New York, while proceedinii' up the bay was chased by the Gaspee, 
 but the latter ran airround, and the Hannah thus escaped to Providence. 
 The situation of the hated enemy was soon proclaimed at Providence by 
 beat of drum, callinu- upon tiiosc wiio desired to ,<;■<) and destroy her, to 
 meet that eveninir. Kinlit iont^-l)oats were provided, and the party em- 
 barked. It was ])ast midniuht wlien they approaciied the (Gaspee. The 
 attacking party boarded the schooner, and, after a l)rief struggle, the 
 crew surrendered and were put on shore, their vessel being set fire to 
 and conii)letely destroyed. 
 
1773 The Boston Tea Party. 129 
 
 sought. He was a man of cultivated mind and stainless rep- 
 utation, a powerful speaker and writer, a man in whose saga- 
 city and moderation all men trusted. He was among the 
 first to see tliat there was no resting-place in this great strug- 
 gle short of independence. The men of Boston felt the 
 power of his resolute spirit, and manfully followed where 
 Samuel Adams led. With his tongue and pen he made the 
 king of England tremble on his throne." " The king," he 
 said, " lias no right to send troops here to invade the coun- 
 try ; if tliey come, they will come as foreign enemies. AVe 
 will not submit to any tax, nor become slaves. We will take 
 up arms, and spend our last drop of blood before the king and 
 Parliament shall impose upon us. It Avas not reverence for 
 kings that brought the ancestors of New England to Amer- 
 ica. They fled from kings and looked up to the King of 
 kings. We are free, and want no king." 
 
 9. Three " tea-ships" arrived at Boston, and the agents re- 
 fused to send them back to London. Public meetings were 
 held. Faneuil {fan'-you'l)^tx\\ ' could not contain the peo- 
 ple that poured into the town, so they adjourned to the 
 " Old South Meeting House." Samuel Adams, John Han- 
 cock, Joseph Warren, and other notable j)atriots conducted 
 the proceedings. The time for action at length arrived and 
 Adams gave the word. " On the instant, a cry was heard at 
 the porch ; the war-whoop resounded ; a body of men, forty 
 or fifty in number, disguised with painted faces and clad in 
 blankets as Indians, each holding a hatchet, passed by the 
 door." The crowd followed. The ships were boarded. 
 Silently and quickly " these grim figures, the painted war- 
 
 ' Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots during the revolu- 
 tion, and for that reason is often called the ' ' Cradle of American Liberty. ' ' 
 The original building, comprising a market-place on the ground floor, a 
 town-hall, and other rooms, was erected by Peter Faneuil. In 1761, it 
 was destroyed by tire ; but in 1763 it was rebuilt at the expense of the 
 town ; and when the British occupied Boston in 1775, they used the 
 Hall for a theatre. lu 1805, the building underwent considerable altera- 
 tion. 
 
130 
 
 Tlie War of the, RetioVution. 
 
 1774 
 
 riors, hoisted the tea chests on the decks of the vessels, broke 
 them opeii;, and threw all their contents" into the water 
 (1773).' 
 
 10. It began to be suggested that a nnion of the colonies 
 would be the best barrier against the wrongful measures of 
 
 FANEUIL HALL, IN 1776. 
 
 Parliament. Accordingly, committees of correspondence 
 
 were speedily formed in New England and Virginia, and 
 
 The fir t communication by letters was opened with the 
 
 Continental leading patriots in every colony. The first result 
 
 Congress. ^^,.^g ^^^^ ^aow. Delegates from all the colonies, 
 
 except Georgia, met in Philadelphia (177-4). The low-roofed 
 
 quaint old room in which tlie meeting was held, is, to this 
 
 day, one of the shrines which Americans delight to visit. 
 
 ' " When tidinsrs of this bold deed Avere carried to Eni^land, King 
 George was greatly enraged. Parliament immediately passed an act 
 known as tlie"" Boston Port Bill," by which all vessels' were forl)idden 
 to take in or discharge their cargoes at the port of Boston. In this way 
 they expected to ruin all the merchants, and starve the poor people by 
 depriving them of eniploymeut. " . Thus was Boston punished. 
 
1775 The Struggle Begins. 131 
 
 Washington was there, and so too were Patrick Henry, Eich- 
 ard Henry Lee, Samuel and John Adams, John Jay, and 
 other good men and true. It was resolved that all commerce 
 with England should be stopped, addresses were voted to the 
 king and the people of Great Britain, and an appeal for sup- 
 l^ort was made by the delegates to their brother colonists of 
 Canada. " Whenever my country calls upon me," said Wash- 
 ington, " I am ready to take my musket on my shoulder." 
 
 11. Previous to this, General Gage had been appointed to 
 the command of the king's troops in the colonies, and had 
 also been made governor of Massachusetts. The people, 
 though greatly excited, acted with prudence and preparations 
 caution. They did not desire a conflict with the for war. 
 
 " mother country," but were prepared for it, should it prove 
 unavoidable. The militia were organized ; and, in Massa- 
 chusetts, men cajjable of bearing arms were put under daily 
 training. " The Americans called them Minute Men, be- 
 cause they engaged to be ready to fight at a minute's warning. 
 The English officers laughed, and said that the name was a 
 very proper one, because the ' Minute Men' would run away 
 the minute they saw the enemy. Whether they would fight 
 or run was soon to be joroved." 
 
 THE WAR FOR IISTDEPEXDEXCE. 
 
 12. England shoAved no disposition to relent. The king, 
 
 not only returned no reply to the address of the American 
 
 Congress, but Parliament would not even allow the address 
 
 to be read in either of its houses. In America. 
 
 The 
 events were approaching a crisis. Late one Ajoril struggle 
 
 night eight hundred of the king's soldiers, com- ^^&^°s. 
 manded by Colonel Smith, left Boston to destroy some am- 
 munition and 23rovisions which the patriots had collected at 
 Concord, a small town about sixteen miles distant (1775). 
 
 13; " Gage thought that the movement was a profound 
 secret, but Lord Percy, who had heard the people say on the 
 
132 The War of the Revolution. 1775 
 
 Common that the troops would miss their aim, undeceived 
 p , him. Gage instantly ordered that no one should 
 Revere's leave the town. But Dr. Warren was before liim. 
 ^^ ^' and as the troops crossed the river, Ebenezer Dorr, 
 Avitli a message to John Hancock and Samuel Adams, was 
 riding over the Neck to Roxbury, and Paul Revere was row- 
 ing over the river farther down, to Charlestown, having 
 agreed with his friend, Robert Newman, to show lanterns 
 from the belfrey of the Old North Church — 
 
 ' One, if by land, and two, if by sea ' — 
 
 as a signal of the march of the British. Already the moon 
 was rising, and while the troops were stealthily landing at 
 Lechmere Point, their secret was flashed out into the April 
 night, and Paul Revere, springing into the saddle upon the 
 Charlestown shore, S23urred away into Middlesex. 
 
 ' How far that little candle throws his beams. ' 
 
 The modest spire yet stands, reverend relic of the old town of 
 Boston, of those brave men and their deeds. 
 
 14. It was a brilliant April night. The winter had been 
 unusually mild, and the spring very forward. The hills 
 were already green. The early grain waved in the fields, and 
 the air was sweet with blossoming orchards. Already the 
 robins whistled, the bluebird sang, and the benediction of 
 peace rested upon the landscape. Under the cloudless moon 
 the soldiers silently marched ; and Paul Revere swiftly rode, 
 galloping through Medford and West Cambridge, rousing 
 every house as he went, spurring for Lexington and Hancock 
 and Adams, and evading the British patrols who had l)ecn 
 sent out to stop the news. Stop the news ! Already the vil- 
 lage churches were beginning to ring the alarm, as the pul- 
 pits beneath them had been ringing for many a year. In the 
 awakening houses, lights flashed from window to window. 
 Drums beat faintly far away and on every side. Signal-guns 
 flashed and echoed. The watch-dogs barked. Stop tlic 
 news ! Stop the sunrise. The murmuring night trembled 
 
1775 Lexington and Concord. 133 
 
 with the summons so earnestly expected, so dreaded, so de- 
 sired. Such was the liistory of that night in how many 
 homes ! The hearts of those men and women of Middlesex 
 might break, but they could not waver. They had counted 
 the cost. They knew what and whom they served ; and as 
 the midniglit summons came, they started up and answered, 
 • Here am I.' " 
 
 15, The British troops meanwhile moved steadily along ; 
 
 but " the firing of guns and ringing of bells announced that 
 
 their expedition had been heralded before them ; and Smith 
 
 sent back for a re-enforcement. The last stars _ . . 
 
 Lexington 
 
 were vanishing from night when the foremost and 
 party, led by Pitcairn, a major of marines, was °^''°^ " 
 discovered by the husbandmen of Lexington, advancing 
 quickly and in silence. Alarm guns were fired and the 
 drums beat. Less than seventy, perha^js less than sixty, 
 obeyed the summons, and, in sight of half as many boys and 
 unarmed men, were paraded in two ranks, a few rods north 
 of the meeting house. ■ The ground on which they trod was 
 the altar of freedom, and they were to furnish the victims. 
 Pitcairn rode in front of his men, and, when within five or 
 six rods of the minute men, cried out : ' Disperse, ye vil- 
 lains ! ye rebels, disperse ! lay down your arms ! why don't 
 you lay down your arms and disperse ? ' The patriots stood 
 motionless in the ranks, witnesses against aggression ; too 
 few to resist, too brave to fly. At this, Pitcairn discharged 
 a pistol, and with a loud voice cried, ' Fire ! ' The order was 
 followed by a close and deadly discharge of musketry. 
 
 16. Day came in all the beauty of an early spring. The 
 trees were budding ; the grass was growing rankly a month be- 
 fore its time ; the bluebird and the robin were gladdening the 
 genial season and calling forth the beams of tlie sun which 
 on that morning shone with the warmth of summer ; but 
 distress and horror gathered over the inhabitants of the 
 little town. There, on the grass, lay in death the gray- 
 haired and the young ; the grassy field was red ' with the in- 
 
134 The War of the Rei^olution. 1775 
 
 nocent blood of tlicir brethren slain/ crying unto God for 
 vengeance from the ground. Seven of the men of Lexing- 
 ton were killed, nine wounded ; a quarter part of all who 
 stood in arms on the green. These are the village heroes, 
 who were of more than noble blood, proving by their spirit 
 that they were of a race divine. They gave their lives in tes- 
 timony to the rights of mankind, bequeathing to their coun- 
 try an assurance of success in the mighty struggle which they 
 began." 
 
 17. After a halt of less than thirty minutes, the British 
 troojis marched on for Concord, and there destroyed all the 
 stores they could find, but not without a severe skirmish in 
 which several persons were killed on both sides. Meanwhile 
 the militia had collected in large numbers. The British be- 
 gan to retreat, but they were not permitted to escape thus. 
 Every fence, barn, and shed, '' every piece of wood, every rock 
 by the wayside," hid their assailants. " Scarce ten of the 
 Americans were at any time seen together, yet the hills on 
 each side of the road seemed to the British to swarm with 
 ' rebels,' as if they had dropped from the clouds. At Lex- 
 ington the invaders were met by re-enforcements under Lord 
 Percy ; and while their cannon kept the Americans at bay, 
 Percy formed his men into a square, enclosing the fugitives, 
 who lay down for rest on the ground, ' their tongues hanging 
 out of their mouths like those of dogs after a chase.' Delay 
 to the British was sure to prove ruinous. Aware of his peril, 
 Percy, resting but half an hour, renewed the retreat. The 
 Americans pressed upon the rear of the fugitives, keeping up 
 a constant fire, and, until a little after sunset, wlien the sur- 
 vivors escaped across Charlestown Neck, the pursuit never 
 flagged. On that day, forty-nine Americans were killed, 
 thirty-four wounded, and live missing. The loss of the 
 British in killed, wounded, and missing, was two hundred 
 and seventy three (April 19, 1775)." 
 
 18. This contest fully aroused tlie colonics. '' With one 
 impulse, they sprang to arms ; with one spirit, they pledged 
 
1775 Battle of Buiiker Hill. 135 
 
 themselves to each other ' to be ready for the extreme event. ' 
 With one heart, the continent cried : "' Liberty or 
 Death.' " The patriots flocked in from all sides of 
 and formed a camp near Boston. Putnam, of ^' 
 
 Connecticut, left his plough in the field, turned loose the 
 oxen, buckled on his sword, and rode to the camp in one 
 day, a distance of sixty-eight miles. Stark, Greene, and 
 others were soon there also. General Ward, of Massachu- 
 setts, was exercising a limited command, for as yet no one 
 had been authorized to assume supreme control. Georgia 
 sent gifts of money and rice, and cheering letters. New 
 York and Virginia sent encouraging Avords. North Carolina 
 threw off the authority of the king. There was a general 
 resort to arms, one of the immediate and important results 
 being the capture of Ticonderoga by a body of Green Moun- 
 tain Boys, under the heroic leadership of Ethan Allen. 
 
 19. " A flight of stairs outside of the barracks was pointed 
 out, which Allen hastily ascended, and with a voice of thun- 
 der at the door, cried out to the captain to come forth in- 
 stantly or the whole garrison should be sacrificed. „ ^ 
 
 . . Capture 
 
 At this the captain came out undressed, with his of 
 
 breeches in his hand. ' Deliver to me the fort in- Ticonderoga. 
 stantly,' said Allen. ' By what authority?' asked the cap- 
 tain. ' In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continen- 
 tal Congress,' answered Allen. The captain began to speak, 
 but was peremptorily interrupted, and at sight of Allen's 
 drawn sword near his head, be gave up the garrison. Thus 
 Ticonderoga, which cost the British nation eight millions 
 sterling, a succession of campaigns, and many lives, Avas won 
 m ten minutes by a few undisciplined volunteers, without the 
 loss of life or limb (May 10, 1775)." 
 
 20. It coming to the knowledge of the Americans that 
 Gage intended to extend his lines north and south, 
 
 they determined to anticipate the movement by of 
 occupying Bunker Hill. Accordingly, Colonel ° ^^ ^ " 
 Prescott was sent at night with a thousand men to fortify 
 
136 
 
 The War of the Revolution. 
 
 1775 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 JlBTD 
 
 
 // 1 /f /* (> It 
 
 B'»**°Jloshiirj -^ ^ 
 
 r;5 
 
 ' (/SjDqRCHEbTER,H,tlOH-l K 
 
 the hill ; but, on reaching the ground, " obeying the orders as 
 he understood them," he selected Breed's Hill, an eminence 
 nearer Boston. The j^ickax and si^ade were plied with vigor, 
 
 and at dawn Gage and his 
 officers were astonished by 
 the view of a strong re- 
 doubt, thrown uji as if by 
 magic. An attack was at 
 once ordered (June 17). 
 " The British troops, hav- 
 ing crossed theriver,moved 
 forward in two divisions, 
 — Gronoral Howe with the 
 right wing, to penetrate 
 the American line at the 
 rail fence and cut off a re- 
 treat from the redoubt, — 
 General Pigot, with the 
 left wing, to storm the 
 breastwork and redoubt. They moved forward slowly, for 
 they were burdened with knapsacks full of provisions, ob- 
 structed by the tall grass and the fences, and heated by a 
 burning sun ; but they felt unbounded confidence in their 
 strength, regarded their antagonists with scorn, and expected 
 an easy victory. The Americans coolly waited their approach. 
 Their officers ordered them to reserve their fire until the 
 British were within ten or twelve rods, and then to wait till 
 the word was given. ' Powder was scarce and must not be 
 wasted/ they said. ' Fire low ; aim at the waistbands ; wait 
 until you see the white of their eyes. ' * * * 
 
 21. At length the British troops reached the prescribed dis- 
 tance, and the order was given to fire ; when there was a dis- 
 charge from the redoubt and breastwork, that did terrible ex- 
 ecution on the British ranks. But it was received Avith vet- 
 eran firmness, and, for a few minutes, was sharply returned. 
 The Americans, being protected by their works, suffered but 
 
 iJiu/R 
 
 il 
 
1775 Battle of BunJcer Hill. 137 
 
 little ; but their murderous balls literally strewed the ground 
 with the dead and wounded of the enemy. Greneral Pigot 
 was obliged to order a retreat, when the exulting shout of 
 victory rose from the American lines. The patriot volunteer 
 saw the veterans of England fly before his fire, and felt a new 
 confidence in himself. * * * General Howe, in 
 a short time, rallied his troops, and immediately ordered an- 
 other assault. They marched in the same order as before, and 
 continued to fire as they approached the lines. But, in ad- 
 dition to the previous obstacles, they were obliged to steji over 
 the bodies of their fallen countrymen. Charlestown, in the 
 meantime, had been set on fire by shells thrown from Copp's 
 Hill and by a party of marines. And now ensued one of the 
 greatest scenes of war that can be conceived. To fill the 
 eye, — a brilliantly appointed army advancing to the attack 
 and storming the works, supported by co-operating ships and 
 batteries ; the blaze of the burning town, coursing whole 
 streets or curling up the spires of public edifices ; the air 
 above filled with clouds of dense black smoke, and the sur- 
 rounding hills, fields, roofs, and steeples, occupied by cro^vtls 
 of spectators. To fill the ear, — the shoiTts of the contending 
 armies, the crash of the falling buildings, and the roar of the 
 cannon, mortars, and musketry. * * * 
 
 22. At length, at the prescribed distance, the fire was again 
 given by the patriots, which, in its fatal impartiality, pros- 
 trated whole ranks of officers and men. The enemy stood 
 the shock, and continued to advance with great sj)irit ; but 
 the continued stream of fire from the Avhole American line 
 was even more destructive than before. Generiil Howe was 
 in the hottest of it. Two of his aids, and other officers near 
 him, were shot down, and at times he was left almost alone. 
 His officers were seen to remonstrate and to threaten, and even 
 to prick and strike the men to urge them on. But it was in 
 vain. The British were compelled again to give way, and 
 they retreated even in greater disorder than before." 
 
 23. The third time, with the addition of some fresh troops. 
 
138 
 
 The War of the Mevolution. 
 
 1775 
 
 of 
 the battle. 
 
 icjins lost 
 
 the assault was ordered ; but the Americans, having expended 
 every grain of powder, were obliged to abandon their works. 
 Result ►^lo'^^'ly tl^^y retreated down the hill, vanquished 
 men, yet leaving little cause for triumj)!! to the 
 victors. On both sides many fell ; but the Amer- 
 one whom they could little spare, the noble pa- 
 triot, and brave soldier, Joseph Warren. Mrs. John Adams, 
 
 in Avriting of AVarren after the 
 battle, said : " AYe want him in 
 the Senate, we want him in his 
 profession, we want him in tlie 
 field. We mourn for the citizen, 
 the senator, the physician, and 
 the Avarrior." 
 
 24. Though the British were 
 successful, the victory to them 
 was more disastrous and humiliat- 
 ing than an ordinary defeat. 
 '' Tavo more such victories," said 
 the celebrated statesman at the 
 head of the French cabinet, " and 
 England will have no army left in America." The Ameri- 
 cans were not discouraged. They felt that they could con- 
 tend successfully with the king's troops, however skillful and 
 well-tried these were. The contest proved to them also that 
 the Putnams, Starks, Prescotts and others, who had been 
 trained in the school of the " French and Indian war," had 
 been apt scholars, and were the men to make good use of 
 their training and experience. The sympathy for Massachu- 
 setts, in her sufferings, was wide-spread ; but no where was it 
 more boldly manifested tlian in Virginia. There Patrick 
 Ilenry's voice, Avith its thrilling effect, Avas again heard. One 
 of his speeches is thus reported : 
 
 25. " Sir, Ave are not Aveak, if we make a i)roper use of 
 those means which the God of nature hath placed in our 
 poAver. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of 
 
 JOSEPH WARKEN. 
 
1775 Washington cliosen Commander-in-chief. 139 
 
 liberty, and in such a country as this which we possess, 
 are invincible by any force which our enemy can _,, 
 send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight necessity 
 our battles alone. There is a just God, who i^re- ° ewar. 
 sides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up 
 friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to 
 the strong alone : it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. 
 Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to 
 desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There 
 is no retreat but in submission and slavery. Our chains are 
 forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Bos- 
 ton. The war is inevitable — and let it come ! I repeat it, 
 sir, let it come. * * * I know not what course others 
 may take ; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death." 
 
 26. On the very day of the capture of Ticonderoga, the 
 Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. Its most 
 imjjortant duty was to appoint a commander-in-chief of the 
 patriot forces, " This was a task of more delicacy 
 
 and difficulty than might at first be supposed, chosen 
 Many considerations were to be weighed besides commander- 
 the personal qualifications of any individual for 
 that high station, either as to character, abilities, or military 
 skill. While the discussions were going on respecting mili- 
 tary preparations, John Adams, one of the delegates from 
 Massachusetts, moved that the army, then besieging the 
 British troops in Boston, should be adopted by Congress as a 
 Continental army. In the course of his observations enforc- 
 ing this motion, he said it was his intention to propose for 
 the office of commander-in-chief a gentleman from Virginia, 
 who was at that time a member of their own body. His re- 
 marks were so pointed, that all present perceived them to 
 apply to Colonel Washington, who, upon hearing this refer- 
 ence to himself, retired from his seat and withdrew. 
 
 27. When the day for the apjjointment arrived, the nomi- 
 nation was made by Thomas Johnson, of Maryland. The 
 choice was by ballot ; and, on inspecting the votes, it was 
 
140 The War of the Remlution. 1775 
 
 found that Colonel Washington was unanimously elected. 
 As soon as the result was ascertained the House adjourned. 
 On the convening of Congress the next morning, the i^resi- 
 dent communicated to him the notice of his appointment, and 
 he rose in his place and signified his acceptance in a brief 
 and appropriate reply. Before the election, it had been voted 
 that five hundred dollars a month should be allowed for the 
 pay and expenses of the general. On this point Washington 
 said : ' I beg leave to assure the Congress that, as no pecuni- 
 ary consideration could have tempted me to accept this ardu- 
 ous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and hap- 
 piness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep 
 an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they 
 will discharge ; and that is all I desire;' " 
 
 28. This appointment was made two days before the battle 
 
 of Bunker Hill. There was no such thing as communication 
 
 by telegraph in those days, and it took a week to travel from 
 
 „, , . Boston to Philadelphia by the quickest mode then 
 
 Washington _. , . ^ , *^ ^. . ., 
 
 takes known. Washington s preparations to assume the 
 
 command, command of the army round Boston, Avere soon 
 made ; and, with Generals Charles Lee and Philip Schuyler 
 {ski' -lev') as his companions, he set out on horseback, but had 
 scarcely proceeded twenty miles when he was met l)y a cou- 
 rier with tidings of the great battle that had been fought. 
 Washington eagerly asked for particulars, and when told that 
 the militia stood their ground bravely, exclaimed : " The lib- 
 erties of the country are safe !" Under an ancient elm at 
 Cambridge, three miles from Boston, and in the presence of 
 soldiers drawn up in line, and of a multitude of men, wo- 
 men, and children, from all parts of the country, he took 
 formal possession of the army. 
 
 29. To prevent the British from using Canada as a base of 
 
 operations, Congress sent an expedition under 
 
 Expedition ^^, , ' .*= . j.-,oi ^ ^ ^ 
 
 against Schuyler to gam possession or it. bciiuyler had 
 
 Canada. i.e.^g]^e(i the outlet of Lake Champlain, when 
 
 sickness comjjelling his return, General Kichard Montgom- 
 
1775 
 
 Death of Montgomery . 
 
 141 
 
 
 ery, the next officer, assumed the command. Montgomery 
 soon made himself master of Montreal and other places in 
 Canada/ and then marched against Quebec, whore, as had 
 ]:)een arranged, he was joined by General 
 Benedict Arnold, who had proceeded by 
 the Kennebec river. 
 
 30. For three weeks they laid siege to 
 the city, and then resolved to make an as- 
 sault. On the last day of the year, and 
 during a fierce snow storm, Death of 
 they advanced to the attack. Montgomery. 
 " Push on, brave boys, Quebec is ours,' " 
 cried Montgomery, as the column began 
 to move up the ascent. " On they marched to within forty 
 paces of the block-house. At that moment, a sailor who had 
 fled from his post, surprised that the Americans did not ad- 
 vance, ventured back to discover the 
 reason. Through one of the port- 
 holes of the block-house he saw the 
 advancing party, and turned to run 
 away again ; but as he turned, he 
 performed an act which decided the 
 fortunes of the day, and gave Canada 
 back again to Britain. He touched 
 off one of those grape-charged can- 
 non. Forward fell the majestic form 
 of Montgomery, never to rise again. 
 Down went two of his aids, mortally wounded. The or- 
 derly sergeant, too, never again saw daylight. Every man 
 that marched in front of the column, except Captain Aaron 
 Burr and the guide, was struck down to death by the dis- 
 charge of that twelve-pounder. The day was just dawning. 
 
 GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 
 
 ' St. Johns, on the Sorel river, was besieged, and then captured. 
 During the siege Colonel Ethan Allen, at the head of only eighty men, 
 with great rashness forced his way to Montreal, but was defeated, cap- 
 tured, and sent to England in irons. 
 
142 Tlie War of the Resolution. 1776 
 
 and the soldiers were soon aware of the whole extent of the 
 catastrophe. The column halted and wavered. * * The 
 enemy returned to the block-house, and opened fire on the as- 
 sailants. The retreat soon became a preci2)itate and disor- 
 derly retreat." Arnold, severely wounded, was borne from 
 the field (Dec. 31, 1775.) 
 
 31. Meanwhile, Washington had remained with his army ; 
 and Boston, with its ten thousand troops sent to subdue the 
 patriots, was as a besieged city. Finally, he resolved to drive 
 
 Evacuation ^^^^ enemy away. Accordingly, he ordered forti- 
 of Boston, fications to be erected on Dorchester Heights. As 
 these commanded the city and the Americans could not be 
 dislodged. General Howe, Gage's successor, was compelled to 
 withdraw to liis ships (March 17, 1776) ; and, accompanied 
 by a large number of loyal families, he sailed for Halifax. 
 Washington entered the city amid the rejoicings of the pco- 
 \)\e, who, for so many months, had endured every kind of 
 insult and indignity from the British soldiery.' 
 
 32. Surmising that an exj)edition under General Clinton 
 which had been previously sent from Boston, was destined 
 for the capture of New York, Washington sent Lee to protect 
 
 J, . . that city. It happened that on the very day of 
 
 against Lee's arrival there, but two hours after, Clinton 
 
 ar es on. ^j^^ arrived, and anchored in the harbor. Thus 
 
 foiled, Clinton sailed to the south, whence, joined by a fleet 
 
 and troops from England, he proceeded against Cluirleston. 
 
 33. The people of Charleston had begun to make prepara- 
 tions against an attack by erecting a fort on Sullivan's island 
 at the entrance of the harbor. " This was built of logs, laid 
 
 ^ " No little excitement was produced by the publication in Philadel- 
 phia about this time (Jan. 10) of 'Common Sense,' a pamphlet, by 
 Thomas Paine, a recent emio-rant from England, and editor of the Pnnt- 
 sylvania Mar/nzine. Tliis pamphlet argued, in that jilain and convincing 
 style for which Paine was so distinguislied, the folly of any longer 
 attempting to keep up the British connection, and the absolute necessity 
 of a final and formal separation. Pitched e.vactly to the poi)ular tone, 
 it had a wide circulation througliout the colonies, and gave a powerful 
 impulse to the cause of independence." — IIMrnth. 
 
1776 
 
 Charleston Hailed. 
 
 143 
 
 one upon another in parallel rows, at a distance of sixteen 
 feet, bound together at frequent intervals with Charleston 
 timl)er. The spaces between were filled up with saved, 
 sand. The merlons were walled entirely by palmetto logs, 
 notched into one another 
 at the angles. Such was 
 
 I JIAIll ( s '(; 'sullii iif> I ^ 
 
 I , '"If, / / y 
 
 -' 0^ 
 
 \- \ TTCisirroF 
 CHARLESTON 
 
 the j)lan of tlie work, 
 but, with all the diligence 
 of the officers, and all 
 the industry of the men, 
 it was still unfinished 
 at the perilous moment 
 when the powerful Brit- 
 ish fleet appeared before 
 its walls. The defense 
 was confided to Colonel 
 Moultrie {mnll'-lre). 
 
 34. On the 20tli of 
 June, 1776, a day ever 
 memorable in the annals 
 of Carolina, the enemy's ships of war, nine in number, 
 commanded by Sir Peter Parker, drew u]) abreast of the 
 fort, let go their anchors, and commenced a terrible bom- 
 bardment. The famous battle which followed makes one 
 of the brightest pages in our history. The garrison fought 
 with a coolness which would have done honor to veterans. 
 The day was very warm, and the men partially stripped to it. 
 In the hottest of the fire, the flag of the fort was shot away. 
 It fell outside the Avorks. Sergeant Jasper, one of Marion's 
 men (See p. 167), instantly sprung after it upon the beach, 
 and binding it to a sponge-staff, restored it to its place, and 
 succeeded in gaining his own place again in safety. Tradi- 
 tion ascribes to the hand and eye of Marion, the terrible effect 
 of the last shot which was fired. It was aimed at the com- 
 modore's ship, which had already received something more 
 thJVU her due share of the 3,ttention from the fort, This 
 
144 The War of the Revolution. 1776 
 
 shot, penetrating the cabin of the vessel, cut down two young 
 officers, who were drinking, we may suppose, to their for- 
 tunate escape from a conflict which seemed ah-eady over. It 
 then ranged forward, swept three sailors from the main deck, 
 and finally buried itself into the bosom of the sea." The 
 ships, in a disabled condition, were compelled to retire ; and 
 the victory of the Americans was complete. " Moultrie re- 
 ceived the thanks of Congress, and the fort was thenceforth 
 called by his name." 
 
 35. The time was now ripe for the consideration by Con- 
 gress of the great question of independence. The people, at 
 first opposed to a separation from the " mother country," as 
 
 Birth of England Avas still affectionately termed, had dis- 
 the nation, cussed the question in the newspapers, in numer- 
 ous pamphlets, in public meetings, and in letters. *' There 
 had been a time when loyalty to the British crown was the 
 distinguishing trait of the colonists, when every address and 
 every petition showed their real regard for the young mon- 
 arch, when no one would believe that the occupant of the 
 throne was the chief cause of all their misery and that it was 
 a mad and cruel king who had invoked the horrors of war 
 upon his people. But the swift course of events had roused 
 the i)eople and driven them on before even their leaders. 
 They had discovered that their chief enemy was their king." 
 
 36, On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
 offered a resolution in Congress, declaring " That these 
 United Colonics are, and of right ought to be, free and inde- 
 pendent States." The debate that ensued was long and ani- 
 mated, for all the members were not as yet quite prepared 
 for a measure so decisive. At length, on the 2d of July, the 
 resolution was passed ; but '' of the proceedings of Congress 
 upon this eventful day no record has been preserved. We 
 are better acquainted Avith the speeches delivered in the Ro- 
 man Senate and the Roman Forum than with the grand dis- 
 cussion of the principles of liberty and progress which was so 
 thoroughly and so fearlessly carried on." The resolution 
 
1776 
 
 TJie Fathers of the Declaration. 
 
 145 
 
 having passed, " the immortal state paper, the genuine effu- 
 sion of the soul of the country," The Declaration" of In"- 
 DEPEKDENCE, wliicli had been prepared by Thomas Jefferson, 
 of Virginia, in behalf of a committee previously appointed, 
 was ready for adoption. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL. 
 
 37. " In a plain room were assembled somewhat less than 
 fifty persons, to consider a paper prepared by a young Vir- 
 ginia lawyer, giving reasons for the resolve which had been 
 adopted two days before. ^ They were farmers, 
 planters, lawyers, physicians, surveyors of land, fathers 
 
 with one eminent Presbyterian clergyman. A _ °^^^® 
 
 •^ 1 Declaration, 
 
 majority of tiiem had been educated at such 
 
 schools, or primitive colleges, as then existed on this conti- 
 nent ; while a few had enjoyed the rare advantage of training 
 
 ' The old State House, in Philadelphia, wliere Congress met, is still 
 standing. In is generally known l)y the name of Independence Hall, 
 though the room in which the Declaration of Independence was adopted 
 and signed received at first that appellation. The building was erected 
 in 1735, but its bell-tower was not put up xintil 1750. A bell which was 
 imported from England expressly for the tower, was found cracked 
 upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, 
 and raised to its place in 1753. By a curious coincidence, it bore around 
 its crown the words : Pvockvim liberty throuylunit nil the land unto all tJie 
 inhabitants tJiereof. It has a world-wide reputation as the "Liberty 
 Bell." 
 
146 The WUr of the Bemlution. 1776 
 
 abroad and of foreign travel. But a considerable number, 
 perhaps twenty in all, and among tliem some of the most in- 
 fluential, had received no other education than that which 
 they had gained by diligent reading while at their trades or 
 on their farms. 
 
 38, The figure to which our thoughts turn first is tliat of 
 the author of the careful paper on the details of which tlie 
 discussion turned. It lias no special majesty or charm. The 
 slight, tall frame, the sun-bixrned face, the gray eyes spotted 
 with hazel, the red hair which crowns tlie head ; but al- 
 ready, at the age of thirty-three, the man has impressed him- 
 self on his associates as a master of principles, and of the lan- 
 guage in which those principles find their expression, so that 
 his colleagues have left to him, almost wholly, the work of 
 preparing the important declaration. He wants readiness in 
 debate, and so is now silent ; but he listens eagerly to the 
 vigorous argument and the forcible appeals of one of his 
 associates on the committee, Mr. John Adams. Now and 
 then he speaks with another of the committee, much older than 
 himself, a stout man, with a friendly face, in a plain dress, 
 whom the world had already heard something of as Benja- 
 min Franklin. 
 
 39, These three are, perhaps, most prominently before us 
 as we recall the vanished scene, 
 though others Avere there of fine 
 presence and cultivated manners ; 
 and though all impress us as sub- 
 stantial representative men, how- 
 ever liarsh the features of some, 
 however braAvny their hands with 
 lalwr. But, certainly, nothing 
 could be more unpretending, more 
 destitute of pictorial charm, than 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. tluit suuill asscuilily of persons for 
 
 the most part quite unknown to previous fame." 
 
 40, While we know that John Adams was " the colossus of 
 
1776 
 
 Effect of the Declaration. 
 
 147 
 
 the debate," yet we have no report whatever of his speeches. 
 Still we can suppose, ' with Daniel Webster, that he said : 
 " Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I Adams's 
 give my hand and my heart to this vote. It is speech, 
 true, indeed, that in the beginning we aimed not at indepen- 
 dence. But ' there's a Divinity which shapes our ends. ' The 
 injustice of England has driven us to arms ; and, blinded to 
 her own interest for our good, she has obstinately persisted, 
 till independence is now within our grasp. We have but to 
 reach forth to it, and it is ours. Why, then, should we de- 
 fer the Declaration ?" * 
 
 4:1. On that day, July the 4th, 1776, the Declaration was 
 adopted. The thirteen colonies were 
 thenceforth no longer colonies. They 
 
 were States ; and the United ^^^ , 
 ' Effect 
 
 States were a nation. The of the 
 people rejoiced. Tiie Dec- Declaration, 
 laration was read to the army amidst 
 exulting shouts. It was read in the 
 open air before large and rapturous 
 gatherings of men. There were bon- 
 fires and illuminations. " The people 
 of the United States of America were 
 one people." 
 
 42. It was evident to Washington that the British had de- 
 signs against New York. As soon, therefore, as the safety 
 of Boston was secured, he hastened to that city, and stationed 
 the greater part of his army at Brooklyn for its defense. 
 The forces of the enemy, exceeding thirty thousand in 
 
 LIBERTY BELL. 
 
 ' This is but a small part of the supposed speech. Adams and Jeffer- 
 son died .July 4th, 1826, just fifty years after the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. Webster's eulogy, in which the supposed speech occurs, 
 was delivered soon after their death. 
 
 ' When the members were about to sign the Declaration, Mr. Hancock, 
 the president of Congress, is reported to have said : " We must be un- 
 animous ; there mu.st be no pulling different way ; we must all hang 
 together." To which Franklin replied: "Yes, we must, indeed, all 
 hang together, or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately." 
 
148 
 
 Tfie War of the Resolution. 
 
 1776 
 
 At length, 
 
 number, ' were being collected at Staten Island 
 after days of suspense in 
 battle of the American camp, tlie 
 Long Island, ^^.i^igh, commanded by 
 Howe, crossed to Long Island, and 
 marched in three divisions. Two of 
 the divisions attacked the Americans 
 in front, while the third marched 
 round and fell on their rear. The pa- 
 triots fought bravely, but without 
 avail. Some cut their way through the ranks of the enemy, 
 but many were killed, or taken prisoners (Aug. 27, 177G). 
 
 43. This was a sad disaster to the patriots. Its effects 
 were seen not only in the blight it gave to the cause, in de- 
 ciding the wavering to join the royal standard, and in thin- 
 ning the ranks of Wasliington's army, but in giving form 
 and direction to all the subsequent events of the war, and in 
 making the war itself more defensive than it otherwise would 
 have been. The result of the battle gave Xew York city to 
 the British, and this possession they retained till the end of 
 the war. From it they sent out expeditions against Connec- 
 ticut, against posts and towns on the Hudson river, and 
 against New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and even Virginia. 
 
 44. Favored by a fog, Washington, by a skillful move- 
 ment, succeeded in getting his shattered force across the river 
 
 Retreat of ^^ ^^w York.* " A tradition tells how the Brit- 
 Washington, jg]^ camp became a*ware of the march that had 
 been stolen upon it. Near the ferry resided a lady whose hus- 
 
 ' Many of the enemy's soldiers were liirert by the king. They were 
 called Hessians, because tlu^ most of them had been furnished, at a cer- 
 tain price for each person, by the landgrave of Ilesse-Cassel, in Germany. 
 
 * " This extraonlinary retrc'at of the Americans across the river to New 
 York, which, in its silence and celerity, equaled the midnight fortifying 
 of Bunker (Breed's) Hill, was one of tlu; most signal achievements of 
 the war, and redoundcil greatly to tlie reputation of Washington, Avho, 
 we are toM, for forty-eight hours preceding the safe extrication of his 
 army from their perilous siliiatidii, scarcely closed his eyes, and was the 
 greater part of the time on horseback." — Irmng's Life of WaKhington. 
 
1776 Execution of Nathan Hale. 149 
 
 band, suspected of favoring the British, had been removed to 
 the interior of New Jersey. On seeing the embarkation of 
 tlie first detachment of the American army, she, out of loy- 
 alty or revenge, sent off a black servant to inform the first 
 British officer he could find, of what was going on. The 
 negro succeeded in passing the American sentinels, but ar- 
 rived at a Hessian outpost, where, not being able to make 
 himself understood, he was put under guard as a suspicious 
 l^crson. There he was kejjt until about daybreak, when an 
 officer visiting the post examined him, and was astounded by 
 his story. An alarm was at once given, and the troops were 
 called to arms ; but it was too late. The rear boats of the 
 retreating army were halfway across the river." Washington 
 continued his retreat northward, and at White Plains a par- 
 tial engagement took place. Fort Washington, garrisoned by 
 a large force, made a good defense, but both it and Fort Lee, 
 on the opposite side of the Hudson, fell into the hands of the 
 enemy ; and Washington, followed by Lord Cornwallis, re- 
 treated through New Jersey and across the Delaware. 
 
 45. Before abandoning New York and while Howe's army 
 was at Brooklyn, Washington sent Captain Nathan Hale to 
 the British camp to obtain a knowledge of the condition of 
 the enemy. On his return, he was captured, and Execution 
 taken before Howe, who, without even the form of Hale, 
 of a trial, ordered him to be hung the next morning. 
 " Hale calmly requested that he might be furnished with 
 writing materials and a light. He wanted, he said, to ad- 
 dress a few lines to his parents and friends. The request 
 was brutally refused. He asked for a Bible. This request, 
 too, met with a coarse denial. But there was one heart near, 
 which, for a moment, throbl^ed with pity for the prisoner — 
 so young, so treated, yet so mild, so firm, so soon to die, and 
 — alone ! Moved, in spite of himself, the young lieutenant of 
 Hale's guard interfered in his behalf, and was so far success- 
 ful as to procure for him the privilege of writing. 
 
 46. With pen, ink, paper, and a light, he was thrust at night 
 
150 
 
 The War of the Revolution. 
 
 1776 
 
 into some desolate cliamher, or grated cell, and, for awhile, 
 was left to himself. * * * What a night to Hale ! * * * 
 It was morning, — morning, too, of the hallowed day ; but 
 war knows no Sabbaths. The fatal hour had come. Hale 
 handed the letters he had written to the marshal for delivery. 
 The marshal examined them, and, as he read, grew furious at 
 the noble spirit Avhich breathed in every line of the compo- 
 sition ; and, for the reason afterwards given l^y himself, tore 
 the letters into shreds, ' that the rebels should never know 
 they had a man who could die Avith such firmness.' Early 
 morning as it was, yet quite a crowd was collected around 
 the place of execution. But in all that crowd there w^as not 
 one face familiar to the prisoner, not one friend to whisper a 
 word of consolation. With a voice, full, distinct, and slow, 
 in words which patriotism will forever enshrine, at the very 
 moment when the tightening cord was to crush the life from 
 his young body forever, Hale exclaimed : ' I only regret that 
 I have but one life to lose for my country.' " 
 
 47. A deep gloom at this time pervaded all classes of the 
 Americans. "Thus far their army had met with nothing 
 but defeat, retreat, sacrifice, hardship, and discouragement." 
 Battle Many of the patriots saw no other prospect than a 
 of Trenton, complete failure of their treasured scheme of lib- 
 erty- But Washington, who with the remnant of his army, 
 
 had taken a position on the west 
 side of the Delaware, was still 
 hopeful. To strike a blow that 
 woiild raise the s])irits of his 
 countrymen was now his determi- 
 , nation. " The opportunity came. 
 The British delayed crossing the 
 river, and divided their force 
 among different posts throughout 
 ^ New Jersey. At Trenton they 
 
 MO/^RIiTOWN 
 
 stationed a body twelve hundred strong, composed chiefly of 
 Hessians. Washington resolved to make a sudden dash upon 
 
1776 Battle of Trenton. 151 
 
 this detachment. A surprise, an irresistible attack, the cap- 
 ture of a post with a thousand men, might work wonders 
 in tlieir moral effect. The soldiers with him were trusty 
 men, twenty-four hundred of whom he jiroposed to lead him- 
 self in this enterjorise. 
 
 48. The night of the 25th of December brought storm, 
 snow, and sleet, but Washington was determined on the at- 
 tempt. He called upon G-lover's men to man the boats ; and 
 these amphibious soldiers, who had transported the army on 
 the retreat from Long Island, were ready again to strain 
 every nerve for the plans of their chief. It was a long, tedi- 
 ous night as they pushed across the Delaware, through float- 
 ing ice and chilling spray, and it was not till four o'clock in 
 the morning that the force was ready to take up the march 
 on the Jersey side. Trenton was nine miles distant ; and 
 not to be reached before daylight. To surprise it was sup- 
 posed to be out of the question, but a return was not to be 
 thought of. It began to hail and snow as the troops com- 
 menced their march, and increased in violence as they ad- 
 vanced, the storm driving the sleet in their faces. At eight 
 o'clock the enemy's outposts were reached. Our trooj)s, sur- 
 prising their outguards, dashed after them ' pell-mell ' into 
 Trenton, gave the enemy no time to form, cleared the streets 
 with cannon and howitzers ' in the twinkling of an eye,' dis- 
 lodged the Hessians from the houses, drove them beyond into 
 a plain, surrounded them, and finally compelled them to sur- 
 render. A fine and remarkable exploit ! The turning-point 
 of the campaign — if not, indeed, the decisive stroke of the 
 war." " That victory," writes Bancroft, " turned the shad- 
 ow of death into the morning (Dec. 26, 177C)." ^ 
 
 49. This bold and successful stroke went far to restore 
 confidence, but Washington's army at this time scarcely ex- 
 
 ' Nearly a thousand prisoners were taken. Generals Greene, Sullivan, 
 and Colonel Stark distinguished themselves in the battle. Rahl, the 
 Hessian commander, mortall}^ wouuded, was conveyed to the house of a 
 Quaker family, where Washington and Greene visited the dying man. 
 
152 The War of the Revolution. nil 
 
 ceeded five thousand men. With this meager force he was soon 
 
 Battle confronted at Trenton by a large body of troops 
 of Princeton, vmder Cornwullis. Escape seemed impossible, for 
 the river was filled with floating ice , and to risk a battle with 
 a force so much superior, seemed full of peril. Knowing 
 that several regiments of the enemy were at Princeton to 
 join Cornwallis, he quickly broke up his camp during the 
 night, leaving the fires burning so as to deceive the British, 
 and rapidly nuirchcd towards that place. At sunrise, the van 
 of his forces met, near Princeton, the British regiments al- 
 ready on the march. At first the American militia gave 
 way ; but Washington, coming up with a select cori)s, turned 
 the tide of battle and routed the enemy. The British loss 
 was severe : that of the Americans, though not so great, in- 
 cluded one of their best officers, the brave General Mercer 
 (Jan. 3, 1777). After this victory, Washington retired to the 
 heights of Morristown, where he took up his quarters for the 
 rest of the winter. 
 
 50. Among the men of Washington's army, " there was 
 
 one, a young and gallant stranger, who had left the blushing 
 
 vine-hills of his delightful France. The people whom he 
 
 came to succor were not his j^eojile : he knew 
 
 joins the them only in the melancholy story of their wrongs. 
 
 mericans. jj^ ^^^^ ^^^ mercenary wretch, striving for the spoil 
 of the vanquished : the palace acknowledged him for its 
 lord, and the valleys yielded him their increase. He was no 
 nameless man, staking life for roi)utation : he ranked among 
 nobles, and looked unawed upon kings. He was no friend- 
 less outcast, seeking for a grave to hide his cold heart : he 
 was girdled by the companions of his childhood, his kinsmen 
 were about him, his wife was before him. Yet, from all 
 these he turned away and came. Like a lofty tree, that 
 shakes down its green glories to battle Avith the winter's 
 storm, he flung aside the trappings of place and pride, to 
 crusade for Freedom, in Freedom's holy land. He came ; 
 but not in the day of successful rebellion j not when the 
 
1777 JExpedition against Philadelphia. 153 
 
 new-risen sun of Independence had burst the cloud of time, 
 and careered to its place in the heavens. He came when 
 darkness curtained the hills, and the tempest was abroad in 
 its anger ; when the plow stood still in the field of promise, 
 and briei-s cumbered the garden of beauty ; when fathers 
 were dying, and mothers were weeping over them ; when the 
 wife was binding uj) the gashed bosom of her husband, and 
 tlie maiden was wiping the death-damp from the brow of her 
 lover. He came when the brave began to fear the power of 
 man, and the pious to doubt the favor of God. It was then 
 that this one joined the ranks of a revolted people." 
 
 51. In vain did Howe, on the opening of Spring, strive to 
 draw Washington into a general engagement. All his man- 
 euvers were frustrated by the cautious skill and watchful 
 
 prudence of the American commander. On -, 
 
 ^ . . . Expedition 
 
 this account Washington was called the American against 
 Fa'-bi-us, from the resemblance of his policy to ^ ^ ^ ^*' 
 that of the celebrated Roman general, who, contending with 
 Hannibal, avoided engagements, and harassed him by con- 
 tinued delay. Howe, baffled in his attemjits, and " aware 
 of the madness of trying to march to the Delaware against 
 Philadeli^hia, through a hostile country, Avith such force on 
 his rear," withdrew his troops to Sfcaten Island. Thence, 
 embarking on board the fleet of his brother. Lord Howe, 
 he sailed to the Chesapeake and landed at the head of the 
 bay. The destination of the fleet being unknown to Wash- 
 ington, he remained for several days in painful uncertainty 
 about it. When, at length, the mystery was solved, he 
 marched to the Brandywine, determined to make a stand for 
 the defense of Philadelphia. 
 
 52. Here, at Chad's Ford, Brandywine creek, a battle was 
 fought (Sept. 11) ; but the superior numbers of the enemy, 
 aided by a stratagem secretly conducted, gave them the vic- 
 tory. A large part of their army made a circuit of several 
 miles, crossed the creek above the ford, and while the 
 Americans were s-ttacked in front, marched round in the 
 
154 
 
 The War of the Mevolution. 
 
 1777 
 
 rear as at the battle of Long Island. The patriots were 
 routed, notwithstanding the efforts and valor of their 
 
 officers, among whom were Lafa- 
 yette and Pulaski. ' The British 
 soon after entered Philadelphia, 
 in spite of the exertions of Wash- 
 ington to save it ; ^ but the 
 greater part of their troops were 
 (juartered in and about the vil- 
 lage of Germantown — then a 
 sul)urb of Philadelphia, now a 
 part of the city, — to guard their 
 new possession. Howe's expedi- 
 tion had been rewarded with success and the British were 
 elated ; but the patriots saw that if Howe meant to hold 
 Philadelphia he had not force enough to do much else. 
 Said Franklin, who had been sent to France to solicit aid 
 for the Americans, and who was at Paris when the news of 
 the disaster reached him : " It is not General Howe that has 
 taken Philadelphia, it is Philadelphia that has taken General 
 Howe." 
 
 53. So little were the Americans disheartened by their late 
 reverses that in a few days Washington resolved to attack the 
 enemy at Germantown. Accordingly, at sunrise, on the 
 Battle of 4t^i of October, the English were unexpectedly 
 Germantown. greeted by a charge from a strong force. It was 
 a comi)lete surprise ; and, at first, the success was complete. 
 
 1 Early in 1776. Congress sent Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid. 
 He Avas afterwards joined by Franklin and Arthur Lee. While France 
 could at that time give no assistance openly to the Americans, Avithout 
 incurring Mie hostility of Great Britain, she secretly .sent them sup])lies 
 of nioney, arms, provisions, and clothing. The Count Pulaski was adis- 
 tingui.shed Polish nobleman, who had previou.slj' joined the American 
 arm}' as a volunteer soldier in the cause of liberty. 
 
 ^ While the Briti.sh were on their march to Philadelphia, Washington 
 gave pursuit. The two armies met. and were on the point of engaging 
 when a violent rain-storm prevented. Four days after. General Wayne, 
 who had been sent by Washington to capture tlie enemy's baggage train, 
 was surprised at Paoli, by a midnight attack, and defeated with great 
 loss (Sept. 30.). 
 
1777-8 The Dark Hour at Valley Forge. 155 
 
 But a dense fog, which had rendered the surprise possible, 
 finally frustrated the plans of Washington, who, seeing that 
 the day was lost, ordered a retreat. During the following 
 month the forts on the Delaware surrendered to tlie British, 
 though not till after the assailants had suffered a severe re- 
 pulse ; and thus the approaches to Philadelphia were free to 
 Lord Howe's fleet. 
 
 54. " During the winter of 1778-8, Washington went into 
 winter qnarters at Valley Forge. What a terrible time it 
 was for the hopes of America ! Women who liad once melt- 
 ed their pewter plates into bullets could not do it 
 
 a second time. Here, within a day's march of army at 
 the enemy's headquarters, there were not twelve * ^^ ^^^^' 
 thousand soldiers. That winter they lay on the ground. So 
 scarce were blankets that many were forced to sit up all 
 night by their fires. At one time, more than a thousand 
 soldiers had not a shoe to their feet. We could trace their 
 march by the blood which their naked feet left in the ice." 
 
 55. '' Out of the cold white snow rose the leafless forests, 
 dark and sj^ectral ; and the wind swept in fierce gusts down 
 the valley, or sighed and moaned around the thatched roofs of 
 the huts. From the huts themselves came few 
 
 signs of life, but the smoke that swayed to and dark hour 
 
 fro over the chimneys at the will of the blast, and „ , a* 
 
 Valley Forge. 
 the shivering sentinels at the officers' doors, and 
 
 now and then, as you passed along, a half-naked soldier peer- 
 ing from a door, and muttering, in an ominous undertone, 
 ' No bread, no soldier. ' If you ventured Avithin, hungry 
 nakedness met you on the threshold. In the streets, you 
 would meet parties of soldiers yoked together to little car- 
 riages of their own contriving, and dragging their wood and 
 provisions from the storehouse to their huts. . . . There 
 were regular parades, too, at guard-mounting ; and sometimes 
 grand parades, in which you would see men half naked hold- 
 ing their rusty firelocks with hands stiffened with cold, and 
 officers shielding themselves from the cold in a kind of dress- 
 ing-gown made out of an old blanket or faded bed-quilt." 
 
156 
 
 The War of the Resolution. 
 
 1777 
 
 56. Meanwhile, stirring events had occurred in the north. 
 With the design of separating New 
 Enghmd from the rest of the 
 Burgoyne's Union, hy taking pos- 
 
 invasion. session of Lake Chani- 
 phiin and tlie valley of the Hud- 
 son, General Burgoyne {hur-goin'), 
 commanding an army of ten thou- 
 sand British and German troops, 
 Canadians and Indians, had moved 
 from Canada and invaded New 
 York. Having captured two forts 
 on Lake Champlain — Crown Point 
 and Ticonderoga ^ — he advanced 
 southward ; but his march was slow 
 and difficult, for General Schuyler, 
 the comnuinder of the American 
 forces, had obstructed his way by 
 destroying the Ijridges and felling 
 immense trees across the roads. 
 Burgoyne had previously sent Col- 
 onel St. Leger against Fort Schuy- 
 ler, formerly called Fort Stanwix, 
 on the Mohawk. Finding tlie fort 
 resolutely defended by Colonel 
 Gansevoort, St. Leger, with his 
 motley force of royalists and Indians, commenced a siege. 
 Two days later. General Herkimer, while advancing to the 
 relief of the place with a body of militia, fell into an ambus- 
 cade at O-ris'-ka-ny, was defeated, and mortally Avounded. 
 
 ' General St. Clair was in command at Ticonderoga. lie had deter- 
 mined upon a resolute defense, but discovering to his dismay, tliat the 
 British had erected batteries on ^Movnit Deliance, a rocky heiglit com- 
 manding the fort, he made a hasty retreat. His army crossed over to 
 Vermont, but at Hubbardton was overtalcen and routed. The amnui- 
 nition and stores, which had been sent by water, were also overtaken 
 and were destroyed. 
 
1777 
 
 Arnold relieves Fort Schuyler. 
 
 157 
 
 Schuyler, upon hearing that Gansevoort was so closely pressed, 
 sent a detachment under Arnold to his aid. 
 
 57. " Conscious of the smallness of his force Arnold re- 
 sorted to stratagem, sending emissaries ahead to spread exag- 
 gerated reports of the number of his troops, so as to work 
 on the fears of the enemy's Indian allies, and in- 
 duce them to desert. The most important of stratageinto 
 
 these emissaries was an ec- relieve 
 centric half-witted fellow, 
 known throughout the country as a 
 rank tory. He had been convicted as 
 a spy, and only spared from the hal- 
 ter on condition that he would go into 
 St. Leger's camp, and spread alarm- 
 ing reports among the Indians, by 
 whom he was well known. To insure 
 a faithful discharge of his mission, Arnold detained his broth- 
 er as a hostage. All this while St. Leger was pressing the 
 siege, but his Indian allies were growing sullen and intracta- 
 ble. This slow kind of warfare, this war with the spade, they 
 were unaccustomed to, and they by no means relished it. 
 They had been led to expect easy times, little fighting, many 
 scalps, and much plunder. 
 
 58. At this juncture, scouts brought word that a force one 
 thousand strong was marching to the relief of the fort. 
 Rumors soon stole into the camp doubling the number of the 
 approaching enemy. Burgoyne's whole army was said to 
 have been defeated. Lastly came the half-witted fellow, with 
 his coat full of bullet holes, giving out that he had escaped 
 from the hands of the Americans, and been fired upon by 
 them. His story was believed, for his wounded coat corrobo- 
 rated it, and he was known to be a royalist. Mingling among 
 his old acquaintances, the Indians, he assured them that the 
 Americans were close at hand, and ' numerous as the leaves 
 on the trees.' Arnold's stratagem succeeded. The Indians, 
 fickle as the wind, began to desert. In a little while two 
 
158 The War of the Revolution. 1777 
 
 hundred decamped, and tlie rest threatened to do so like- 
 wise, unless St, Leger retreated. The unfortunate colonel 
 found too late what little reliance was to be placed upon In- 
 dian allies. He was at length obliged to decamp in such 
 hurry and confusion that he left his tents standing ; and his 
 artillery, with most of his baggage, ammunition, and stores, 
 fell into the hands of the Americans." 
 
 59. When Burgoyne arrived at Fort Edward, finding 
 himself in want of supplies, he sent Colonel Baum {boivm) 
 to seize a quantity which the Americans had collected at 
 
 Battle of Bennington. Baum was met by the New Hamp- 
 Bennington. shire militia, under General Stark. As Stark 
 saw the enemy's lines forming for battle, he shouted to 
 his " Green Mountain Boys :" '" There are the red-coats ! 
 Before night they must be ours, or Molly Stark will be a 
 widow. " He Avas successful ; and, on the same day, w ith Seth 
 Warner's regiment of Vermonters that had timely come to 
 his aid, he Avas again victorious, defeating a detachment that 
 had been sent to reinforce Baum (Aug. IG). 
 
 60. Every day the Indians 
 
 brought scalps to Burgoyne's 
 
 camp. ' One day they displayed 
 
 twenty, and " their activity was 
 
 commended." This 
 The ^ ^ 
 
 foes of leads us to ask : 
 
 the patriots, jj^gj^jj^gt; whom were 
 
 the patriots, in their heroic 
 struggle for liberty, contend- 
 ing? The answer is : not only flag of the united states, 
 
 , , 1 1 , , AUOPTEU in JUNE, 1777. 2 
 
 against the regular troops of 
 
 ' The murder of June McCrea e.xcitcd wide-spreud horror. This 
 young lady, it appears, had engaged her hand in marriage to a refugee 
 named .Jones, who was witli Burgoyne. Anxious to possess liimself of 
 his bride, he sent a small party of Indians to bring her to him. On her 
 way the Indians quarrelled, when one of them struck her down with his 
 hatchet. "Tradition reports that the Indians divided lier scalp, and 
 that each party carried half of it to the agonized lover." 
 
 * The National Flag. No flag was adopted for the United States before 
 
1777 Surrender of Burgoyne. 159 
 
 England, but against more than twenty thousand hired troops 
 from Gi-ermany ; against thousands of vindictive tories — men 
 of American birth who adhered to the king's cause, — and, 
 what was far worse, against hordes of savages, whose ferocity, 
 said Edmund Burke, ' ' exceeded the ferocity of all barbarians 
 mentioned in history." 
 
 61. But the atrocities of the savages aroused into terrible 
 earnestness the men of New Hampshire, Vermont, and the 
 western part of Massachusetts ; and they flocked, each with 
 his musket, and with his powder horn slung Burgoyne's 
 around his shoulders, to the American head-quar- situation, 
 ters. Washington, too, though needing every man of his 
 force to watch and thwart Howe, sent, from his best troops, 
 five hundred riflemen under Colonel Morgan ; and soon Gen- 
 eral Gates, who had succeeded Schuyler, found himself at the 
 head of a large army, animated with one purpose. 
 
 62. On the 19tli of September the great conflict between 
 the two armies began. In the struggle of that day, known 
 as the first battle of Stillwater, Arnold did brave service. 
 The contest was severe, and was only ended when 
 darkness ended it. Both parties claimed the vie- of 
 tory ; but, though the British remained on the ^g°y^e- 
 field of battle, their progress towards Albany had received a 
 fatal check. For two weeks the armies confronted each 
 other, Burgoyne hoping all the time to receive aid from Clin- 
 ton, who was in command at New York. Finding, at last, 
 that he must either fight or surrender, he made an effort to 
 cut his way through the American lines. This brought on 
 the second battle of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle 
 of Saratoga, in which Burgoyne, after the most determined 
 exertions, was compelled to fall back (Oct. 7). Ten days 
 after, finding himself completely surrounded by the patriots, 
 
 June, 1777, consequent]}'', up to that time the Americans had not been 
 fightina; under a common banner. During the tirst months of the war, 
 each colony or state had its own flag. At first, thirteen stars were ar- 
 ranged in a circle to express the luiion of the states. The flag has now 
 (1879) thirtj'-eight stars and thirteen stripes. Why ? 
 
160 
 
 The War of the ReT)olution. 
 
 1778 
 
 Effects 
 
 of the 
 
 surrender. 
 
 and being without provisions for his half-starved army, he 
 was compelled to surrender. (Oct. 17, 1777). ' 
 
 63. Sucli a decided victory inspired the patriots with the 
 conviction that their cause would ultinuitely triumi^h. When 
 the news reached France, " the effect was thrilling, electric. 
 
 All Paris was thrown into transports of joy. " The 
 government of that country decided openly to take 
 the part of the struggling patriots. Treaties, 
 which had previously been considered, 
 were soon made, by which France ac- 
 knowledged the independence of the 
 United States, and agreed to aid 
 them in their war with Great Britain 
 (Feb. 1778). This important event 
 was brouglit about, mainly, through 
 the efforts and address of an old man, 
 who, " with white stockings, specta- 
 cles on his nose, a round white liat 
 under his arm, and thin gray hair," 
 had again and again appeared at the 
 French court, and who was affectionately known by all the 
 French people by the simple title of Dr. Franklin. 
 
 64. '' Free from the illusions of poetic natures, Franklin 
 
 loved truth for its own sake, and looked upon things just as 
 
 they were. As a consequence, he had no eloquence but that 
 
 ^ , ,. of clearness. He computed that the inheritor of a 
 Franklm . ^ 
 
 at the noble title m the ninth generation represents at 
 French court.j^^^g^ but the five hundred and twelftli part of the 
 ancestor. In regard to money he was frugal that lie might be 
 independent, and that he might be generous. He owed good 
 
 DB. FRANKLIN. 
 
 1 In this second battle of Stillwater, Arnold, thouiich holdins? no com- 
 mand, again distinguished himself, and was .severely wounded. The 
 numlxT of men, not including the sick and wounded, of Biu'gojMie's 
 army that surrendered was live thousand seven lumdred and ninety-one. 
 The Americans al.so acquired a large number of caimon and muskets. 
 While Burgoyne was expecting aid from Cliuton, that officer captured 
 forts Clinton and Montgomery, on the Hudson river, and Kingston was 
 burnt. 
 
1778 Br)acuation of PMladelpJiia. 161 
 
 health to his exemplary temperance. Habitually gay, em- 
 ployment was his resource against weariness and sorrow ; 
 and contentment came from his superiority to ambition, in- 
 terest, or vanity. There was about him more of moral great- 
 ness than ajopeared on the surface ; and while he made no 
 boast of unselfish benevolence, there never lived a man who 
 would have met martyrdom in the course of duty more surely 
 or more unmoved. 
 
 65. The official conduct of Franklin and his intercourse 
 with persons of highest rank were marked by the most deli- 
 cate propriety, as well as by perfect self-respect. His charm 
 was simplicity, which gave grace to his style and ease to his 
 manners. No life-long courtier could have been more free 
 from vulgarity ; no diplomatist more true to his jjosition as 
 minister of a republic ; no laborer more consistent with his 
 former life as a working-man ; and thus he won respect and 
 love from all. When a celebrated cause was to be heard be- 
 fore the Parliament of Paris, the throng which filled the 
 house and its approaches opened a way on his appearance, 
 and he passed through to the seat reserved for him amidst the 
 acclamations of the people. At the opera, at the theatres, 
 similar honors were paid him. At the Academy he was ad- 
 dressed by its president as the man who had wrenched the 
 thunderbolt from the cloud, the sceptre from tyrants ; and 
 both these ideas were of a nature to pass easily into the com- 
 mon mind. Whatever favor Franklin met in society, what- 
 ever honor he received from the Academy, whatever respect 
 he gained as a man of science, whatever distinction came to 
 him through the good-will of the people, whatever fame he 
 acquired throughout Europe, he turned all to account for the 
 good of his country." 
 
 66. The loss of Burgoyne's army and America's alliance 
 
 with France, alarmed the British government. - 
 
 ' Y Evacuation 
 
 Bills were passed by Parliament, havmg for their of 
 object the winning back to royalty " the revolted a e p a. 
 colonies ;" and Howe's army, — in danger of being entrapped 
 
162 The War of the Revolution. 1778 
 
 by a French fleet, under D'Estaing {des-tang'), on the eve 
 of sailing for the Delaware, to co-operate with Washing- 
 ton's forces, — was ordered to leave Philadelphia. That city 
 was accordingly abandoned ; ^ but the retreating army, com- 
 manded by Clinton, Howe's successor, while crossing New 
 Jersey, was overtaken by Washington, at Monmouth. 
 
 67. General Lee, who led the advance, was directed to 
 make an attack upon the enemy's line ; but, instead of doing 
 so, he commenced a retreat. Washington coming up, 
 
 Battle of severely reprimanded him on the spot, ^ and again 
 Monmoutli. ordered him to rally his men and advance. This 
 was done, and the battle continued until nightfall, but with- 
 out a decisive result (June, 1778). The Americans slept on 
 their arms, intending to renew the contest early the following 
 morning. "Washington lay on his cloak at the foot of a 
 tree, with Lafayette beside him, talking over the strange con- 
 duct of Lee, whose disorderly retreat had come so near being 
 fatal to the army. What opinions he gave on the subject, in 
 the course of his conversation, the marquis does not tell us : 
 after it was ended he wrapped himself in his cloak, and slept 
 among liis soldiers. At daybreak the drums beat. The 
 troops roused themselves from their heavy sleep and prepared 
 for action ; but, to their surprise, the enemy had disappeared. 
 There was a deserted camp, in wliich were found four officers 
 and about forty privates, too severely wounded to be conveyed 
 away by the retreating army." Washington did not con- 
 tinue the pursuit. " The distance to which the enemy must 
 
 ' After the evacuation of Philadelphia, General Joseph Reed, a mem- 
 ber of Congress, Avas approached by a lady actinu: iind(T the direction of 
 a British agent named Johnstone, and offered .£10,000 and any colonial 
 office in his Majesty's gift, if he would exert his iutluence to restore a 
 union of the two countries. Filled with indignation, Reed replied, "7 
 am not worth purchasing, but, such as I am, (lie king of Great Britain is not 
 rich enough to do it." 
 
 " Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he had re- 
 ceived on the field of battle, he sent two disrespec-tful lettcj's to Wash- 
 ington. He was therefore tried by court-martial, and suspended from 
 liis command for a year. He never rejoined the army ; but, just before 
 the close of the war, died at Philadelphia. 
 
1778 Massacre of Wyoming. 163 
 
 by this time have attained, the extreme heat of the weather, 
 and the fatigued condition of his troops," deterred him.' 
 
 68. Among the saddest events of the year 1778 was the 
 
 massacre at Wy-o'-ming, Pennsylvania. In July a hand of 
 
 tories and Indians entered that beautiful valley, which was 
 
 almost defenseless, as most of the able-bodied men „ 
 
 ^ . Massacre 
 
 had joined the patriot army, and with fir^e and of 
 sword ravaged and desolated every settlement. y°""°g'- 
 " The closing scene of that memorable drama was in terrible 
 keeping with the bloody acts which had preceded. 2 The 
 fair fields of Wyoming presented a melancholy sj^ectacle on 
 the morning of the 4th. The sun arose upon the carcasses of 
 the dead — not only dead but horribly mangled — strewn over 
 the plain. A few stragglers had at first taken refuge in Fort 
 Forty (near Wilkes'-bar-re), and, by the morning light, all 
 who had not been slain, or who had not betaken themselves 
 to the mountains, had collected within the fort, before which 
 Colonel John Butler, with his motley forces, appeared at an 
 early hour, and demanded a surrender. * * 
 
 69. The little fort, being surrounded ))y a cloud of Indians 
 and tories and having no means of defense. Colonel Denni- 
 son, now in command, yielded to the force of circumstances, 
 and the importunities of the women and children, and en- 
 tered into articles of cajjitulation. By these it was mutually 
 
 ' The hopes of the Americans in regard to the French fleet were dis- 
 appointed. D'Estaing, "was unfortunate in tlie length of his voyage. 
 Ilad he arrived in ordinary time, he might have entrapped Lord Howe's 
 squadron in the river, and, by co-operating with Washington, compelled 
 the British army to surrender." A plan had also been formed to drive 
 the British from Newport, R. I. General Sullivan, who was to act with 
 D'Estaing, gained a position on the island where the city is located, 
 but the French fleet, after an encounter with the enemy's fleet, sailed to 
 Boston. Sullivan being thus deserted, and also threatened by a greatly 
 superior force, was obliged to withdraw to the mainland (Aug. and 
 Sept., 1778). 
 
 ^ A battle took place, July 3d, between a large force of tories and 
 Indians, commanded by Colonel John Butler, and a hastily organized 
 force of patriotic Americans, commanded by Colonel Zebulon Butler. 
 Tlie Americans were defeated with horrible slaughter, and many of those 
 who Avere made prisoners were put to death by fiendish torture. 
 
164 The War of the Revolution. 1778 
 
 agreed that the inhabitants of the settlements should lay 
 down their arms, the fort be demolished, and the stores be de- 
 livered to the conquerors. The inhabitants of the settle- 
 ments were to be permitted to occupy their farms peaceably. 
 But the last-mentioned stipulation was entirely unheeded by 
 the Indians, Avho were not, and perhaps could not be, re- 
 iStrained from the work of rajiine and plunder. The surren- 
 der had no sooner taken place than the savages and some 
 tory fiends spread through the valley. Every house not be- 
 longing to a loyalist was plundered and then laid in ashes. 
 The greater part of the inhabitants not engaged in the bat- 
 tle, men, women, and children, had fled to the mountains ; 
 and as the work of destruction was re-commenced, many 
 others followed the example. The village of Wilkesbarre, 
 consisting of twenty-three houses, was burnt, and women 
 and children perished in the dismal swamp to which they had 
 sought refuge." ^ 
 
 70. Toward the close of the year Clinton sent a force 
 to invade Georgia. Savannah was attacked, and being de- 
 fended by only a small force, Avas captured (Dec. 29). 
 
 _ , Other disasters followed, until Georgia was en- 
 Events . ' ^ 
 
 in tirely in the possession of the British.^ Some 
 ' months later. General Lincoln, who was in com- 
 mand of the patriot forces at the South, Avas defeated near 
 
 * In November of the same year, a party of tories and ludiaus fell 
 upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, New York, and killed or carried 
 into captivity many of the settlers. To pimish the Indians, Ueneral 
 Sullivan, during tlie following summer, entered the region near the head- 
 waters of the !Sns([uehanna and (lenesee rivers. At Newtown, now 
 Ehnira, he routed a body of the enemy in a fierce conflict known as the 
 " Battle of Chemung" (Aug. 3'Jth, 1779) ; and then destroyed forty 
 Indian villages. The murderous incursions of the savages were after- 
 ward less f recpieut. 
 
 - Colonel Clark, in the service of Virginia, conducted an expedition, 
 which, says Bancroft, " for the valor of the actors, their fidelity to one 
 anotlier, the seeming feebleness of their means, and the great result of 
 their hardihood remains forever memorable in the history of tlie world. " 
 Commanding a small body of men, on rafts he floated down the t)hio as 
 far as the present State of Intliana, then captured Kaskaskia, whence, 
 in the dead of winter, his little Jiarty of one hundred and thirty men 
 marched a distance of 280 miles, much of the time up to tiieir breasts in 
 
1779 
 
 Paul Jones'' s Victory. 
 
 165 
 
 Charleston ; he, however, in co-operation with the French 
 fleet under D'Estaing, endeavored to recover Savannah. 
 After a siege of about three weeks, an assault was made ; but 
 the assailants were repulsed with heavy loss. Among those 
 who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski (Oct. 9, 1779). 
 
 71. Stony Point jirojects into the Hudson about forty miles 
 from the city of JSTew York. It had been taken possession of 
 by the British, who strongly fortified it ; but Washington, 
 desiring to recover the post, planned an attack to 
 
 be conducted by General Anthony Wayne, " the of 
 Mad Anthony," so called from his daring valor. Stony Point. 
 At midnight, July 15th, the Americans, in two columns, 
 forced their way into the fort from opposite sides, and, meet- 
 ing in the centre of the works, the garrison surrendered. 
 This " stands out in high relief, as one of the most brilliant 
 achievements of the war. The Americans had eifected it 
 without firing a musket." 
 
 72. A wonderful cruise, crowned by a brilliant victory, was 
 made by Paul Jones, " a tough, valiant, indomitable, auda- 
 cious hero, with foppish ways 
 and costume, and ro- paui Jones's 
 mantic, fantastic victory. 
 courtesy and enthusiasm. Like 
 all the greatest fighters, he per- 
 formed his immortal exploits 
 while he was young : he was 
 but thirty when he did his great, 
 est day's work." He was a Scot 
 l)y birth, in the service of the 
 United States. With a small 
 squadron, for which he was 
 mainly indebted to the efforts of 
 
 Dr. Franklin, he sailed from France ; and, after cruising 
 
 water, and captured Vincennes (1778-9). " Except for George Rogers 
 Clark and his victories, the North-west would have been to-daj' a British 
 Canadian colony." 
 
 PAUL JONES. 
 
166 The War of the Remlutlon. 1779 
 
 along the eastern coast of Scotland and England, effect- 
 ing the destruction of several ships and alarming every 
 settlement, he enconntered two British frigates that were 
 convoying a merchant fleet. One of the most desperate 
 naval enffagements recorded in the annals of naval warfare 
 ensued. The Bon Homme (^lom) Richard, Jones's flag-ship, 
 coming in contact with one of the frigates, Jones lashed the 
 two vessels together ; and there were moments when both 
 were on fire. The contest lasted from seven in the evening 
 till ten at night, when the frigates struck their flags. Find- 
 ing that his own ship was sinking, Jones transferred himself 
 and crew to one of the prizes (Sept. 1779). 
 
 73. The principal military operations of 1780 were carried 
 on in the Carolinas. Clinton appeared before Charleston, 
 and laid siege to the city. After holding out forty days, its 
 
 brave defender, General Lincoln, was obliged to 
 The ' 1 ■ 1 
 
 loss of surrender the place ; and he and his army became 
 Charleston, p^-ig^^i^e^.g ^^f ^^.^. (May 12). ^ Three expeditions, 
 
 sent l)y Clinton into the interior of South Carolina, were 
 completely successful ; and tlio British general at last felt con- 
 vinced that tlie province was thoroughly subdued. 
 
 74. Clinton was, however, greatly mistaken. The brave 
 partisan leaders, Marion, " The Swamp Fox ;" Sumter, 
 " The South Carolina Game Cock ;" and Pickens, " the Puri- 
 tan in religion, the patriot in thought and deed," gathered 
 around them the scattered patriots, and by their daring ex- 
 
 ' When, in 1781, the fortunes of tlie British at the South began to 
 decline, their commander, Rawdon, called upon all persons who had 
 given in tlicir adhesion to tlie royal cause to repair at once to his stand- 
 ard. Among the persons so called was C-olonel Isaac Hayne, a distin- 
 guished patriot of South Carolina, who liad been assured, wiien he took 
 the oatli of adliercnce at the fall of Charleston (May 12tli. 1780), that he 
 would never hi- required to take up arms agamst his countrymen. Be- 
 lieving this call to be in violation of the agreement, and being thus com- 
 pelled to assume the sword either for or against the patriots, he did not 
 hesitate to choose the former. At the head of a troop of horse he 
 gained some advantages, but, being surprised and captured, he was 
 taken to Charleston, briefly examined, and sentenced to be hung ; and, 
 though the citizens petitioned for his pardon, the sentence was duly ex- 
 ecuted (1781). 
 
1780 Battle of Camden. 167 
 
 ploits kept alive tlie spirit of freedom. '' These leaders were 
 always engaged in breaking np the smaller posts, or in repair- 
 ing losses sustained by ac- _, . 
 
 . ri,i . Marion, 
 
 tion. jLhe troops which Siunter, 
 followed their fortunes, on a°d Pickens, 
 their own or their friends' horses, 
 were armed with rifles, in the use of 
 which they had become expert ; a 
 small jwrtion only, who acted as cav- 
 alry, being provided with sabres. 
 When they approached an enemy, 
 they dismounted, leaving their horses 
 GENERAL MAKioN. jj-^ g^j^g hiddcu spot. Vlctorlous or 
 
 vanquished, they flew to their horses, and thus improved vic- 
 tory or secured retreat. 
 
 75. Their marches were long and toilsome, and they seldom 
 partook of food more than once a day. Their combats were 
 like those of the Parthians, sudden and fierce, their decisions 
 speedy, and all their after measures equally prompt. With al- 
 ternate fortunes they persevered to the last, and greatly con- 
 tributed to that success which was the first object of their 
 efforts." On one occasion, a British officer was conducted to 
 Marion's camp on official business, and was politely invited 
 to dinner. The whole fare proved to be only roasted sweet 
 potatoes, served on pieces of bark. " And is this your usual 
 mode of living?" exclaimed the officer. *' It is," said Mar- 
 ion ; '' and we are content with it, and ask no pay besides." 
 The officer returned feeling that it was of little use to fight 
 against such men. 
 
 76. Lincoln's surrender at Charleston left the Americans 
 without a commander-in-chief of their southern department. 
 To Gates, the victor at Saratoga, Congress speedily assigned 
 that important command, hoping that he would Battle 
 
 be able to check the British in their conquest of the of Camden. 
 South. From his camp, a few miles from Camden, he began 
 a march to attack Coruwallisj at that city, when, at the 
 
168 
 
 The War of the Revolution. 
 
 1780 
 
 same time, by a singular coincidence, Coruwallis set his 
 trooi^s in motion to attack Gates's camp. The vanguards of 
 the two armies met at Sanders creek, two hours after mid- 
 night (Aug. IG). " Both sides paused, and drawing back, 
 waited with throbbing hearts to see what daylight might re- 
 veal. At break of day the battle began. The first scene was 
 soon ended. Unable to stand the fierce onset of Cornwallis's 
 veterans, the militia broke and fled." The regulars, how- 
 ever, commanded by the Baron de Kalb, a German, and 
 " the ablest European officer who had come over to assist the 
 Americans," were not so easily vanquished. 
 
 77. " Gathering all his forces around him, Kalb led them 
 to the charge. His sword was stained deepest, his battle-cry 
 rang clearest ; there was triumph in the keen flash of his 
 eye, if not the victor's triumph, the triumph of duty done. 
 Three times he led his willing men to the charge. Three 
 times they were forced back by superior numbers. For 
 
 numbers began to tell. His horse was 
 shot under him. His head was laid open 
 by a sabre stroke. Wound followed 
 wound, but he held his ground desperately. 
 At last, Cornwallis, concentrating his 
 strength in a final charge, came on. 
 Kalb fell, bleeding from eleven wounds. 
 ' Spare the Baron de Kalb,' cried liis ad- 
 jutant, vainly throwing himself upon his 
 body and trying to shield it with his own 
 from the thirsty bayonets. He spoke to hearts hardened by 
 the fierce spirit of battle. * * For three days Kalb's 
 strong frame struggled with deatli. Soldier to the last, his 
 thoughts were with the brave men who had faced the enemy 
 so gallantly at his command, and just before he expired he 
 charged his faithful adjutant to give them his ' tlumks for 
 their valor, and bid them an att'ectionate farewell.' " 
 
 78. On the evacuation of Philadephia by the British, Ar- 
 nold was placed in command at that city. Here he governed 
 
 BAKON DE KALB. 
 
1780 
 
 Treason of Arnold. 
 
 169 
 
 with a high hand. " His course was oppressive, unworthy of 
 his rank and station, and highly discouraging to Treason 
 the liberties and interests of America. " His hah- of Arnold. 
 its, too, which were extravagant and expensive, increased liis 
 debts and led him to misapply public funds. Though his 
 brilliant services spoke eloquently in his favor, charges were 
 made against him, he was tried by a court-martial, and sen- 
 tenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. Wash- 
 ington executed the sentence with great delicacy, " accom- 
 panying the mild and considerate rei^rimand with offers of 
 opportunities by which Arnold might regain the esteem of 
 his country," but Arnold's mind was not in a condition to 
 be favorably affected. He protested against the sentence as 
 unmerited, and determined to have revenge. 
 
 79. Though thus disgraced he still had influence with 
 Washington, who remembering his gallantry at Quebec and 
 Saratoga, continued to have confidence in his patriotism. 
 When, therefore, Arnold, asked to be put in command at 
 West Point, a strong fortress on the 
 Hudson river, asserting that his 
 wounds received at Saratoga unfitted 
 him as yet for more active duty, 
 Washington yielded. West Point was 
 '" the great object of British and Amer- 
 ican solicitude, on the possession of 
 which were supposed by many to hinge 
 the fortunes of war." Having ob- 
 tained the command, Arnold secretly 
 offered, by means of a correspondence, 
 to betray the fortress into the hands 
 of the British. The offer was accept- 
 ed and Major Andre was appointed by 
 Clinton to arrange the j^lan, and set- 
 tle the terms of the contemplated treachery. At midnight 
 Andre met the traitor at a solitary spot about six miles below 
 West Point, and there^ in darkness amoijg the trees, the bar 
 
170 The War of the Remlution. 1780 
 
 gain was made ; but being unable to return to New York by 
 water, as had been previously arranged, he was obliged to 
 cross the river and proceed by land. 
 
 80. " Andre, coming to a ])lace where a small stream 
 crossed the road and ran into a woody dell, a man stepped out 
 from the trees, levelled a musket and brought hiiV to a stand, 
 
 Arrest while two other men, similarly armed, showed them- 
 of Andre, selves prepared to second their comrade. ' The man 
 who had first stepped out Avore a refugee uniform. At sight 
 of it Andre's heart leapt, and he felt himself secure. Losing 
 all caution, he exclaimed eagerly : ' Gentlemen, I hope you 
 belong to our party ? ' ' AVhat party ? ' was asked. ' The 
 lower party,' said Andre. ' We do,' was the reply. All re- 
 serve was now at an end. Andre declared himself to be a 
 British officer ; that he had been up the country on particu- 
 lar business, and must not be detained a single moment. He 
 drew out his watch as he spoke. It was a gold one, and 
 served to prove to them that he was what he represented him- 
 self, gold watches being seldom worn in those days, except- 
 ing by persons of consequence. To his consternation, the 
 supposed refugee now avowed himself and his companions to 
 be Americans, and told Andre he was their prisoner \ 
 
 81. Andre was astounded at finding into what hands he 
 had fallen ; and how he had betrayed himself by his heedless 
 avowal. Promptly, however, recovering his self-jjossession, 
 he endeavored to pass off his previous account of himself as 
 a mere subterfuge. 'A man must do anything,' said he 
 laughingly, 'to get along. ' lie now declared himself to be 
 a Continental officer, going down to Dobbs Ferry to get in- 
 formation from below ; so saying he drew forth and showed 
 them the pass which had been furnished him by Arnold. 
 This, in the first instance, would have been sufficient ; but 
 his unwary tongue had ruined him. The susi^icions of his 
 captors were completely roused. Seizing the bridle of his 
 
 ' The names of these three patriots were John Paulding, David Wil- 
 liams, aud L'iuac Van Wart, 
 
1780 The Fate of Andre. 171 
 
 horse, they ordered him to dismount. He warned them that 
 he was on urgent business for the general, and that they 
 would get themselves into trouble should they detain him. 
 ' We care not for that,' was the reply, as they led him 
 among the thickets, on the border of the brook. Paulding 
 asked whether he had any letters about him. He answered, 
 no. They proceeded to search him. 
 
 82, They obliged him to take off his coat and vest, and 
 found on him eighty dollars in Continental money, but noth- 
 ing to warrant suspicion of any thing sinister, and were dis- 
 posed to let him proceed, when Paulding exclaimed : ' Boys, 
 I am not satisfied — his boots must come off.' At this Andre 
 changed color. His boots, he said, came oft' with difficulty, 
 and he begged he might not be subjected to the inconve- 
 nience and delay. His remonstrances were in vain. He was 
 obliged to sit down. His boots were drawn off and the con- 
 cealed papers discovered. Hastily scanning them, Paulding 
 exclaimed, ' My God ! he is a spy ! ' Paulding demanded 
 of Andre where he had gotten these pa2)ers. ' Of a man at 
 Pine's Bridge, a stranger to me,' was the reply. While 
 dressing himself, Andre endeavored to ransom himself from 
 his captors, rising from one offer to another. He would give 
 any sum of money, if they would let him go. He would give 
 his horse, saddle, bridle, and one hundred guineas ;" but the 
 patriots were incorruptible. They took him to the nearest 
 military station, the commander of which, having no suspi- 
 cion of Arnold, at once notified him of the arrest. The trai- 
 tor, panic-stricken, fled, and "shrinking at the sight of the 
 flag it had been his glory to defend," escaped by means of 
 the sloop-of-war which had carried Andre up the river. 
 
 83. Andre was conveyed to Tappan. On the way, he put 
 questions to the officer who had charge of the escort, re- 
 specting the result of his capture. The officer was silent, but 
 being urged to reply, said : " I had a much-loved pate 
 classmate in Yale College, by the name of "Nathan "^ Andre. 
 Hale, who entered the army in 1775. Immediately after the 
 
172 
 
 The War of the Resolution. 
 
 178(1-1 
 
 battle of Long Island, General Washington wanted infor- 
 mation respecting the strength, position, and probable move- 
 ments of the enemy. Captain Hale tendered his services, 
 went over to Brooklyn, and was taken on his return just as 
 he was passing the outposts of the enemy. Said I with em- 
 phasis, Do you remember the sequel ?" " Yes," said Andre. 
 " He was hanged as a spy ! But you surely do not consider 
 his case and mine alike ?" " Yes, precisely similar ; and 
 similar will be your fate." 
 
 84. Andre was tried by a court comi^osed of Generals 
 Greene, Lafayette, Stark, and other officers, found guilty, 
 and condemned to be hung as a spy. He was led forth to 
 die. The cart on which he stood moved away, and he was 
 no longer in the land of the living. Forty years afterward 
 his remains wore taken to England, and, though " such honor 
 belongs to other enterprises and deeds," were laid in West- 
 minster Abbey beneath a costly monument. ' 
 
 85. Gates's defeat near Camden " withered the laurels 
 which he had snatched at Sara- 
 toga," and he was superseded 
 in the command of the southern 
 
 . department by Gen- 
 ofthe eral Greene, who, says 
 Cowpens. Hji^thorne, was "a 
 Quaker and a blacksmith, and tlio 
 best soldier, except Washington, in 
 the army. " Separating his forces 
 into two divisions, Greene sent 
 one, under Morgan, to repress the 
 ravages of the British and tories in general greene. 
 
 1 " Arnold was marie bri2;aflier-<?eneral in the British service, and put 
 on an official level with honorable men who scorned to associate with 
 the traitor. What jj;ohlen reward lie was to have received had his treason 
 been successful is" not known ; but six thousand three hundred and 
 fifteen pounds sterling were paid to him, as a compensation for losses 
 which he pretended to have sulfered in going over to the enemies of his 
 country. ' ' —Irving. 
 
1781 Battle of Eutaio Springs. 173 
 
 South Carolina. The successes of Morgan impelled Cornwallis 
 to send Tarleton to intercept him ; but at the Cowpens, where 
 the Americans made a stand, the British were completely 
 routed, and " Morgan won the most extraordinai-y victory of 
 the war (Jan. 17, 1781)." 
 
 86. Hearing of the disaster to Tarleton, Cornwallis started 
 in pursuit of Morgan, who, anticipating the enemy's move- 
 ment, had hurried off with his prisoners and spoils. " Mor- 
 gan succeeded in reaching the Catawba and cross- „ 
 
 r . . . . Cornwallis 
 
 mg it just two hours before those in pursuit of pursues 
 
 him reached its banks. A heavy rain came on ^°^&^°' 
 and fell all night, and by daybreak the river was so swollen 
 as to be impassable." Here Greene came to the aid of Mor- 
 gan, and, by skillful maneuvering, reached the fords of the 
 Dan, and crossed the river as the British aj^peared on the op- 
 posite bank. Cornwallis then gave up the pursuit ; but 
 Greene recrossed the Dan and advanced to Guilford {gliil- 
 ford) Court House. There he was attacked by 
 Cornwallis (March 15) and forced to retreat ; but of Guilford 
 the British suffered so severely in the battle that Court House, 
 the result was almost as good as a victory to the Americans. 
 Cornwallis " could not hold the ground he had so bravely 
 won, and was obliged to retreat from the scene of triumph." 
 
 87. Greene now boldly advanced into South Carolina, while 
 Cornwallis, with a portion of his forces, moved northward 
 into Virginia. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Greene was 
 attacked by Lord Eawdon, and defeated ; but the battle was 
 so stoutly contested by Greene that the enemy were too much 
 cut up to make any use of their victory (April 25). Being 
 obliged to abandon Camden, the British set it on fire. Few 
 posts now remained in the possession of the British ; for the 
 South Carolina partisan leaders had kejDt up a harassing war- 
 fare against them. To make this more effective, Greene had 
 detached Colonel Henry Lee with a small body _ , 
 
 of troops, which was called " Lee's Legion. " The of Eutaw 
 last battle in the South was fought at Eutaw Springs. 
 Springs (Sept. 8). It was a desperate conflict j but the result 
 
174 
 
 The War of the Jievolution. 
 
 1781 
 
 was so doubtful tluit liotli jDarties claimed the victory. 
 Throughout this campaign, Greene had shown splendid ability 
 as a general, althougli he had met with no positive success. 
 To use his own language, he would " fight, get beaten, and 
 fight again.*' 
 
 88. After liis treason Arnold was as active in the service of 
 the king as he had previously been in that of his country. He 
 endeavored to do his countrymen all the harm he could. In 
 
 command of a force of British and refugee troops, 
 
 expedition ^^^^ boasting that he would give the Americans a 
 
 against IjIow '' that would make the whole continent 
 
 shake," he sailed up the James river, and at Rich- 
 mond set fire to stores, workshops, and other buildings. His 
 work of destruction being completed at that place, he de- 
 scended the river, making landings from time to time, to 
 burn, plunder, and destroy (1781). It is related that, to one 
 of the prisoners captured by the British, Arnold put the ques- 
 tion : " If the Americans should catch me, what would they 
 do with me ?" The prompt reply was : " They would cut off 
 your leg that was wounded at Saratoga and bury it with the 
 honors of war, but the rest of you they would hang." 
 
 89. The closing event of the war was now at hand. Wash- 
 ington, having the aid of a French army under Rochambeau 
 {ro-sham-ho'), had threatened New York ; but hearing that 
 
 Siege '!■ French fleet, under De Grasse {grass), had ar- 
 
 ofYorktown. i-ived in the Chesapeake, he suddenly changed his 
 
 plan, and proceeded rapidly to Yorktown, where Cornwallis 
 
 had taken position. It was too late for Clinton to intercept 
 
 the march of the Americans ; ' and the British fleet had been 
 
 ' When Clinton found it was too late to send troops to Jamestown for 
 the relief of Cornwallis, lie undertook to recall 
 
 L\i\i o AVashinjJcton by sendins? Arnold, who was then 
 
 «^^!i /./ iu New"york,*a,ii:aiust Conneeticut. Arnold plun- 
 
 dered and burned New London ; and Colonel 
 Eyre i^iye), his associate ofhcer, havin,!; taken 
 Fort Griswold, l)arl)arously massacred half of tlif 
 .iz:arrison after they liad surrendc^red. Colonel Led- 
 yard, the American commandant, was delivering 
 up his sword, when a tory otficer, seizing it, 
 
 plunged it into Ida breast, killing him on the spot (Sept. 6th). 
 
1781 
 
 Surrender of Cornwallis. 
 
 175 
 
 foiled by De Grasse. Cornwallis, attacked by sea and land, 
 was therefore compelled to surrender his whole army prison- 
 ers of war. (Oct. 19.) 
 
 90. " At about twelve o'clock, the combined array was 
 drawn up in two lines, more than a mile in length — the 
 Americans on the right side of the road, the French on the 
 
 left. Washington, mounted on a noble steed and „ , 
 ^ ' Surrender 
 
 attended by his staff, was in front of the former ; of 
 the Count de Kochambeau and his suite were in *'°™^* "• 
 front of the latter. The French troops, in complete uniform 
 and well equipped, made a brilliant appearance, and had 
 
 THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP. ^ 
 
 marched to the ground with a band of music playing, which 
 was a novelty in the American service. The concourse of 
 spectators from the country seemed equal in number to the 
 military, yet silence and order prevailed. In passing through 
 the line formed by the allied troops, the march of the British 
 
 * The patriots who had the misfortune to become prisoners of war 
 during the long struggle for freedom, were treated with every possible 
 insult and outrage. Many of them were confined in loathsome dungeons 
 on prison-ships, where they received such inhuman treatment that 
 thousands died. Of these floating hulks, the most noted was the Jersey, 
 which was anchored in a small bay off the Long Island shore, opposite 
 the city of New York, and used as a prison-ship until the close of the war. 
 
176 The War of the Revolution. 1781-3 
 
 troops was careless aud irregular, and their aspect sullen. 
 The order to ' ground arms ' Avas given by their officers with 
 a tone of do-^p chagrin, and many of the soldiers threw down 
 their muskets with a violence sufficient to break them." 
 
 91. The surrender of Cornwallis was a death-blow to tlie 
 hope that England would ever regain her colonics. When 
 the prime minister. Lord North, heard of it, he acted as if 
 
 Res It " ^ ^'^^^ ^^^^ entered his breast." He threw up his 
 of thel arms, and walked wildly up and down the room, 
 surrender, exclaiming from time to time : "It is all over ! It 
 is all over !" Public opinion in England demanded peace, 
 but stubborn King George would not yield at once. The 
 clamor out-of-doors against the war increasing, a new minis- 
 try was formed ; and a treaty was made at Paris (Sept. 3, 
 1783), by which Great Britain acknowledged the indepen- 
 dence of the United States, agreed to the great lakes on the 
 north and the Mississippi as boundaries, and conceded the 
 right to fish on the banks of Newfoundland. 
 
 92. At the close of the war the people, although they had 
 gained their independence, had a great many troubles to con- 
 tend with. There was no money, for all had been spent in 
 
 _ ,.^. the war. There was very little wealth in the 
 Condition . •' . . 
 
 of the country, for its commerce had been ruined, its 
 country. ^gl.iQ^iture and manufactures very much neglect- 
 ed, and a great deal of its property destroyed. Its currency 
 had been so reduced in value as to be almost worthless. Con- 
 gress had no means to pay the army, and the troops, not 
 realizing the difficulties, became dissatisfied, considering 
 themselves treated with injustice and ingratitude. Some 
 of the officers were so indignant that they were ready to 
 enter into a secret combination to make Washington king, 
 thinking that thus they could acquire a recompense for their 
 toils and sufferings. When, liowever, they made the pro- 
 posal to him, he rejected it with indignation, and rebuked 
 them for their selfishness and want of patriotism. 
 
 93. On the ^5th of November, 1783, " Evacuation Day," 
 
 I 
 
1783 Washington Resigns Ms Command. Til 
 
 the British army left New York, while Washington, and Gov- 
 ernor Clinton at the head of a body of soldiers and citizens, 
 marched into the city and took possession. A scene of public 
 festivity and rejoicing followed, closing, in the evening, with 
 a grand display of fireworks. 
 
 94. In the course of a few days Washington prepared to 
 depart for Annapolis, where Congress was in session, his in- 
 tention being to resign his command. " The principal offi- 
 cers were assembled, when their beloved command- ,„ , . „. , 
 
 ^ _ _ Wasnington's 
 
 er entered the room. His emotions were too farewell to 
 strong to be concealed. Turning to them he said, officers. 
 ' With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take 
 leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days 
 may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have 
 been glorious and honorable ;' adding, ' I cannot come to 
 each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged if each of 
 you will come and take me by the hand.' General Knox, 
 being nearest turned to him. Washington, incapable of utter- 
 ance, grasped his hand and embraced him. In the same 
 affectionate manner he took leave of each succeeding officer. 
 The tear of manly sensibility was in every eye ; and not a 
 word was spoken to interrupt the dignified silence and the 
 tenderness of the scene. Leaving the room, he passed 
 through the corps of light infantry, and walked to White 
 Hall ferry, where a barge was in waiting to convey him 
 across the river. The whole company followed in mute pro- 
 cession, with dejected countenances, testifying feelings of 
 delicious melancholy which no language can describe." 
 
 95. Everywhere as he rode through New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and Maryland, Washington was greeted with joy and 
 enthusiasm by the people. At Annapolis, in the presence of 
 the members of Congress and of a large assem- _ . 
 blage of ladies and civil and military officers, he Ms 
 resigned to Congress the trust that had been com- ^'o™™^^*- 
 mitted to him as commander-in-chief. His modest and dig- 
 nified address delivered while doing so, and the reply which 
 
178 The War of tJie Revolution. 1783 
 
 it called forth from the president of Congress, made a very 
 deep impression upon all. " Few tragedies ever drew so many 
 tears from so many eyes. The very next morning Washing- 
 ton left Annapolis, and hastened to his beloved Mount Ver- 
 non, where he arrived the same day, on Christmas Eve, in a 
 frame of mind suited to enjoy the sacred and genial festival." 
 
 96. The States had been held together by a compact known 
 as the Articles of Confederation ; ^ but it was soon discovered 
 that these articles gave too little power to the general govern- 
 
 . . ment to enable it to pay the debts incurred during 
 
 of the the war. Congress could not levy taxes : it could 
 
 Constitution. ^^^^^ ^.^j^ ^^^^^^ ^j^^ gj..^|.gg ^^ ^^^^^ money. This the 
 
 States were backward in doing, either because the people were 
 too poor to pay taxes, or from jealousy of Congress. In 
 Massachusetts two thousand men, under a leader named Dan- 
 iel Shays, rose in arms to demand that the collection of taxes 
 should 1)6 suspended, but the rebellion was suppressed with- 
 out bloodshed (1787). 
 
 97. It was seen that a stronger government was necessary, 
 or the tie which bound the thirteen States would be severed. 
 Accordingly, a convention, to revise the xlrticles of Confed- 
 eration, met in Philadelphia, in May, 1787. Among the 
 wise men who composed this memorable council were Wash- 
 ington, who was elected its president ; Dr. Franklin, now 
 more than eighty years of age ; and Alexander Hamilton, 
 who had taken an active part in the Revolutionary struggle. 
 After about four months' deliberation, the Articles being set 
 aside, a constitution was framed, and sent forth to receive 
 the assent of the individual States. Though it met with 
 considerable opposition, it was finally adopted. 
 
 98. " Neither the intrinsic merits of the Constitution, nor 
 
 ' As early as 1776 a form of government for the thirteen States was 
 proposed, consisting? of twenty articles, known as the Articles of Con- 
 federation ; but these were not adopted liy Congress till the next year, 
 nor did they go into effect before the 1st of March, 1781. The cause 
 of the delay was in the tardiness of tiu; States to ratify the articles, 
 Deli^ware did uut do it till 1779 ; and Maryland, the last, till 1781, 
 
 i 
 
1783 The First Political Parties. 179 
 
 the imposing weight of character by which it was supported, 
 gave assurance to its friends that it would be ultimately 
 adopted" by the States. As before stated, a great xhe 
 many persons were opposed to it, and exerted their Federalist, 
 uifluence to have it rejected. " Under these circumstances, 
 Hamilton and Jay conceived the plan of publishing, through 
 the newspaper press of New York city, a series of essays, for 
 the purpose of explaining and defending the Constitution ; 
 and they invited Mr. Madison — whose peculiar qualifications 
 for the task both of them knew — to co-operate with them in 
 the work. In the commencement, these articles were ad- 
 dressed to the people of New York, under the signature of 
 ' A Citizen ' of that State ; but the general interest and im- 
 portance of the subject soon induced the writers to address 
 their reflections to the people of the United States ; and, 
 after the association of Madison in the work, the signature 
 of ' A Citizen of New York ' was exchanged for that of 
 ' Publius.' Such was the origin of a series of papers which, 
 collected and published under the title of the Federalist, 
 have come to be recognized as one of the political classics of 
 the age and language in which they were written, and will 
 endure, possibly, even longer than the Constitution which 
 they were intended to elucidate and defend." 
 
 99. " Before the Constitution was adopted by the several 
 States, the country became divided into two political parties 
 — the friends and the enemies of that Constitution. The for- 
 mer, being in favor of the establishment of a federal govern- 
 ment, according to the plan marked out in the Constitution, 
 naturally took the name of Federalists. Those who were oji- 
 posed to the Constitution and the form of govern- _,, 
 ment which it contained, as naturally took the first political 
 name of Anti-federalists. Under these titles, when P^^t^^^- 
 the Constitution had been adopted, and was about to com- 
 mence its operations, these parties took the field, and arrayed 
 themselves, both in Congress and the country, under their 
 several banners." 
 
180 
 
 Nummary. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Causes of the Revolution. — The measures on tlie part of 
 England to mono|X)lize all trade with her colonies, to stitle all 
 manufacturing in theui, and to impose taxes ujjon them without 
 their consent were the primary causes of the Revolution. The 
 immediate causes were the " Stamp Act" and the " Tea Tax." 
 The " Boston Massacre" (1770), the "Boston Tea Party" (1773), 
 the " Boston Port Bill" (1774), and the " First Continental Con- 
 gress" (1774), were the principal iireliminary incidents. 
 
 1775. The battle of Lexington, tlie capture; of Ticonderoga, the elec- 
 tion of Washington to the command of the army, the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, and Montgomery's defeat in Canada, were the prin- 
 cipal events of the first year of the war. 
 
 1776. The evacuation of Boston by the British, their defeat before 
 Charleston, the Declaration of Independence, the battle of Long 
 Island with its disastrous conse(juences, and Washington's suc- 
 cess at Trenton, were the events of the second year. 
 
 1777. Washington's success at Princeton, Burgoyne's invasion with 
 its checks at Bennington and on the Mohawk, and his final sur- 
 render, Washington's defeat at Brandywine, and the British occu- 
 pation of Philadelphia, were the events of the third year. 
 
 1778. The acknowledgment by France of the independence of the 
 United Slates, the British evacuation of Philadelphia, the battle 
 of Monmouth, the " Massacre of Wyoming," and the British cap- 
 ture of Savannah, were the events of the fourth year. 
 
 1779. Wayne's capture of Stony Point, Sullivan's expedition against 
 the Indians, Paul Jones's victory, and the rejjulse of the Americans 
 at Savannah, were the events of the fifth year. 
 
 1780. The loss of Charleston, Gates's defeat in South Carolina, and 
 " Arnold's Treason," were the events of the sixth year. 
 
 1781. Morgan's victory at the Cowpens, the contest between Greene 
 and Cornwallis in the Carolinas, and the surrendi-r of Cornwallis, 
 were the events of the seventh year. 
 
 1783. The treaty of peace ; the British evacuation of Savannah, New 
 York, and Cliarleston ; and Washington's resignation of his com- 
 mand, were the closing events of the war. 
 
 MODEL FOR A WRITTEN EXERCISE, NO. 2. 
 (The date of an important event may be taken as a turning-point. 
 Then arrange on the one side of it the train of cause-events, and on the 
 other the train of result-events). 
 
 The Surrender of Burgoyne. 
 Burgoyne invades New York. 
 He captures ('rown Point and Ticonderoga. 
 His expeditions against Fort Schuyler and Bennington end in 
 failure. 
 
 He is defeated in the two battles of Stillwater. 
 
 BURGOYNE SURRENDERS TO GATES (OCT. 17). 
 
 Ticonderoga, with all the northern part of New York, is recov- 
 ered by the Americans. 
 
 France acknowledges the independence of and formsan alliance 
 with the United States, etc. 
 
 1777. 
 
 09 
 
 n 
 
 V 
 
 P4 
 
Topical Remew. 181 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 (See the hints and directions, p. 49.) 
 
 Biographical. 
 
 Benj. Franklin. (See Bigelow's Life of Franklin, also Parton's.) 115-161 
 John Adams. (See Life and Times of John Adams by his grand- 
 son, Charles Francis Adams.) .... 131,139,146 
 
 Benedict Arnold. (See Sparks's Life of Arnold.) - - - 141-174 
 Gen. Israel Putnam. (See Tarbox's Life of Putnam, also Pea- 
 body's in Sparks's "American Biography.") - - - 135, 188 
 Gen. Joseph Warren. (See A. H. Everett's Life of Warren in 
 
 Sparks's " American Biography ;" also Frothingham's.) 129, 132, 138 
 Gen. Richard Montgomery, (See Armstrong's Life of Montgomery 
 
 in Sparks's " American Biography.") - . . . 140,141 
 
 Ethan Allen. (See Sparks's Life of Ethan Allen in his "Amer- 
 ican Biography.") ----... 135, 141 (note). 
 
 John Hancock. (See Bancroft's History U. S.) 129, 132, 146, 147 (note). 
 Lafayette. (See Bancroft's History U.'S.) ----- 152-172 
 
 Gsn. Nathaniel Greene. (See Life of Greene by his grandson, 
 
 G. W. Greene.) ------ 135, 151 (note)-174 
 
 Gen. Philip Schuyler. (See Lossing's Life of Schuyler.) - 140-159 
 
 Gen. John Stark. (See Edward Everett's Liie of Stark in Sparks's 
 
 " American Biography.") ------- 135-158 
 
 Gen. Horatio Gates was born in England. . - . . 159-172 
 Paul Jones. (See Parton's Life of Franklin, Vol. II. ; also Sher- 
 burne's Life of Paul Jones ; also Miss Taylor's.) - - 165, 166 
 Gen. Anthony Wayne. (See Armstrong's Life of Wayne in 
 
 Sparks's " American Biography.") - - - 154 (note), 165 
 
 Gen. Marion. (See Simms's Life of Marion.) - - . - 143, 167 
 
 Ethan Allen. (See Sparks's Life of Allen.) - - 135, 141 (note). 
 
 Patrick Henry. (See Wirt's Life of Henry.) - - - 126, 131, 138 
 
 Geographical. 
 
 New York City 126-177 Princeton 152 
 
 Philadelphia 128-178 Germantown 153, 154 
 
 Boston 128-142 Valley Forge 155 
 
 Concord 131-134 Bennington 158 
 
 Lexintrton 132-134 Saratoga 159 
 
 Ticonderoga 135, 156 Wyoming 163 
 
 Quebec 140-142 Savannah 164, 165 
 
 .Charleston 128, 142-166 West Point 169 
 
 Brooklyn 147, 148 Yorktown 174,175 
 
 Camden, S. C 167-173 Mount Vernon 177 
 
 Historical. 
 
 Causes of the Eevolution. . .125-131 Exp'n against Philadelphia 153, 154 
 
 Boston Tea Party 128-130 Surrender of Burgoyne 159, 160 
 
 Continental Congress 130, 139 Treaty with France. ...... 160 
 
 Battleof Lexington 132-134 Massacre of Wyoming 163, 164 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill 135-138 Treason of Arnold 168-172 
 
 Expedition against Canada. 140, 141 Surrender of Cornwallis. . . . 175 
 
 Declaration of Indejiendence 144-147 History of the Constitution. .178, 179 
 
 Biittle of Long Island 147, 148 Washington's movements 
 
 Battle of Trenton 150, 151 during the war 131-178 
 
182 
 
 ^ ashinc/ioii 6- Admuilstratloii. 
 
 1789 
 
 SECTION IV, 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Washington' s A dministration. 
 
 1. The first Congress, midcr tlie Constitution, ought to 
 have met at New York on 
 the 4th of March, 1789 ; but 
 
 in consequence of 
 pTerS. ^elay in the ar- 
 rival of its mem- 
 bers, tlie most of whom had 
 to make their way on horse- 
 back or by sea, a quorum 
 was not secured before the 
 30th. On counting the votes 
 wliicli liad been cast by the 
 state electors, it was found 
 that all of them had been 
 given for Washington. He 
 was consequently declared 
 the president elect of the United States, and a message was 
 at once sent to Mount Vernon to inform him of his elec- 
 tion. ^ 
 
 2. " Washington desired to proceed to New York in the 
 most quiet manner, but the flow of veneration and gratitude 
 could not be suppressed." In Maryland and Pennsylvania he 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 ' " Washington received sixty-nine votes, that being the whole num- 
 ber of electors voting. .John Adams received thirty-four votes in all, 
 not a majority, but sutticient, as the Constitution then stood, being the 
 second highest number, to make him vice-president." 
 
1789 Inauguration of Washington. 183 
 
 was publicly welcomed and entertained. "Ascending the left 
 bank of the Delaware, he crossed into New Jersey. The 
 people of Trenton remembered the battles fought jnaueuration 
 in their neighborhood twelve years before, and if oC 
 his reception at other places was more splendid, ^^ ^^^ °^' 
 nowhere was it so graceful and touching. On the bridge 
 across the river which flows through the town into the Dela- 
 ware, the same bridge across which Washington had re- 
 treated before Cornwallis's army on the eve of the battle of 
 Princeton, a triumjjhal arch had been erected, supported on 
 thirteen pillars, twined with evergreens, flowers, and laurel. 
 Beneath this arch, which bore for inscription ' The Defender 
 of the Mothers will be the Protector of the Daughters,' 
 were assembled a party of matrons, mixed with young girls 
 dressed in white, who were holding baskets of flowers in their 
 hands. As Washington apjjroached they began to sing a 
 little ode prepared for the occasion, and, suiting the action 
 to the words, they ended the chant in strewing their flowers 
 before him. 
 
 3, As the new Federal Hall in New York was not yet fin- 
 ished, a week elapsed before preparations were completed for 
 administering to the president elect the oath of office. The 
 place selected for that purpose was the outer gallery or bal- 
 cony of the Senate Chamber, visible for a long distance down 
 Broad Street, which it fronted, thus affording opportunity 
 to witness the ceremony to a large number of eager sjjectators. 
 At nine o'clock all the churches in the city were opened for 
 prayer and religious services. A little after noon the presi- 
 dent elect left his house escorted by the city cavalry, and fol- 
 lowed by a long procession of citizens. 
 
 4. Having entered the Senate Chamber, where the two 
 houses were assembled to receive him, he was conducted to 
 an elevated seat at the head of the room. After a momentary 
 silence, all being seated, the vice-president. John Adams, 
 rose and stated to the president elect that all was ready for 
 the administration of the oath, whenever he Avas prepared to 
 
184 WasliingtoiH s Administration. 1789-91 
 
 receive it. Upon this intimation Washington proceeded to 
 the balcony, followed by the senators and representatives. 
 The oath was administered by the Chancellor of New York, 
 Robert R. Livingston. As he finished the ceremony he ex- 
 claimed aloud, ' Long live George Washington, President of 
 the United States !' to which the assembled multitude re- 
 sponded in long and enthusiastic shouts, and all the bells 
 in the city rang out a joyful peal (April 30)." 
 
 5. On assuming the duties of president, Washington called 
 to his aid, as his cabinet, or body of advisers, the ablest men 
 in the country that he could select. Thomas Jefferson was 
 
 chosen Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, 
 
 The first Secretary of the Treasury : and Henry Knox, Sec- 
 measures, '' '' ' J ^ 
 
 retary of War. Edmund Randolph was also ap- 
 pointed Attorney-General. The first great difficulty was to 
 provide for the payment of the debts incurred in carrying on 
 the late war. A plan was proposed by Hamilton, who, said 
 Daniel Webster, many years after, " smote the rock of the 
 national resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed 
 forth. He touched the dead corpse of the public credit, and 
 it sprung upon its feet." All the war debts of the States 
 were assumed by the general government. Ample provision 
 was made for the payment of all just claims. Commerce be- 
 gan to flourish. The American flag was soon seen on every 
 sea. A national bank and mint were established (1791). 
 The Ship of State was fairly launched. 
 
 6. North Carolina and Rhode Island were the last to adopt' 
 the Constitution. The first admission to the Union was of 
 Vermont. The people of that part of our country had been 
 
 The 14th ^o^^g knocking at the door of Congress for admis- 
 state. sion, but New York objected. The Vermont ter- 
 ritory had been claimed by both New York and New Hamp- 
 shire ; but, as the governors of the latter in colonial times liad 
 disposed of a large portion of the land in numerous tracts, 
 known as the " New Ham})sliire Grants," and, as New York's 
 claim had been confirmed by the crown, what was left to 
 
1791-5 Foreign Affairs. 186 
 
 New Hampshire of property in the soil was supposed to be of 
 little value. Finally, however, the payment of thirty thou- 
 sand dollars to New York secured the consent of that claim- 
 ant, and the " Green Mountain Boys" took their seat in the 
 great family of States (1791). 
 
 7. Treaties had been made with most of the Indian tribes 
 within the territorial limits of the United States, but those 
 north of the Ohio river became dissatisfied with the boun- 
 daries which had been assigned them, and showed 
 
 their dissatisfaction by numerous hostile acts. 
 They waylaid the boats in which emigrants were proceeding, 
 attacked settlements, and committed many murders. Wash- 
 ington sent a force under General Harmar to subdue them, 
 but he was defeated. A force under St. Clair was next sur- 
 prised and defeated with heavy loss ; and it was not until 
 1794 that the savages were overcome. In that year they were 
 defeated by General Wayne, " the Mad Anthony of the Re- 
 volution," in a desperate battle fought on the banks of the 
 Maumee river. This victory, followed up by severe measures, 
 compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and at Greenville, 
 where eleven hundred warriors had assembled, a treaty was 
 made by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the 
 United States (1795). 
 
 8. The French, being at war with England, expected to re- 
 ceive aid from this country ; and many of the American peo- 
 ple, grateful to their old allies, were desirous of giving it. 
 Washington, however, believing that such a course Foreign 
 would imperil the liberties of the United States, affairs, 
 recommended a neutral policy. The French Minister here 
 tried to involve the people in the war by fitting out privateers 
 in American ports ; but at Washington's request he Avas re- 
 called. Difficulties had also arisen with England, growing 
 out of violations of the treaty of 1783 ; but these were disposed 
 of by a new treaty negotiated by John Jay, Chief Justice, 
 who had been sent to England as a special envoy for the pur- 
 pose. A large number of persons, including those who de- 
 
186 
 
 Washington'' s Administration. 
 
 1795 
 
 sired to aid tlie French, regarded this treaty with decided aver- 
 sion. They thonglit it favored the English too much. Still 
 it was ratified by the Senate, though in the face of a deter- 
 mined opposition on the i)art of many Senators, and was ap- 
 proved by Washington (1795). 
 
 9. "This, one of the wise statesmen of the Revolution, who 
 
 survived to perform services of 
 
 inestimable value to the new 
 
 constitutional govern- 
 JohnJay. , ^ , 
 
 ment was a man whose 
 
 character needs no apologists, 
 Webster finely said that ' the spot- 
 less ermine of the Judicial robe, 
 when it fell on the shoulders of 
 John Jay, touched nothing not as 
 spotless as itself,' His integrity 
 ran down into the roots of his 
 moral being, and honesty was in 
 him a passion as well as a princi- ''^°^' '^^^• 
 
 pie. The celebrated treaty with Great Britain which he ne- 
 gotiated as the Minister of the United States occasioned an 
 outburst of wrath such as few American diplomatists have 
 ever been called upon to face ; but in all tlie fury of opposi- 
 tion to it, few opponents were foolish enough to assail his in- 
 tegrity in assailing his judgment and general views of public 
 policy." ' 
 
 10. " In the fall of 1792, Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, 
 
 WMsA-y Imurrection. In 1791 Congress imposed a duty on domestic 
 liquors. This caused great discontent in several quarters, but particu- 
 larly in western Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, tlie people rose in rebel- 
 lion, and declared tliey would not pay tlie tax. Upon the ajiproach of a 
 body of militia sent by Washington, the insurgents changed their minds 
 and yielded. 
 
 ' .John Jay was born in New York City in 174.1. He was a member 
 of the " First Continental Congress ;" with Franklin, .John Adams, and 
 Henry Jjaurens, negotiated the treaty of 17H;5 at Paris (see p. 17()) ; ren- 
 dered important aid in favor of the adoption of the Constitution (see 
 p. 179), and was the first Chief .Justice of the United States, which 
 office he resigned on his return from England, in 1795. 
 
1795 Invention of the Cotton-Gin. 187 
 
 made an engagement with a Mr. B., from Georgia, to go to 
 that State and reside in his employer's family as a private 
 teacher. On his way thither he had as a travel- , 
 ing companion Mrs. Greene, widow of the eminent of the 
 Eevolutionary general, who was returning with her ^° o^-g^ii- 
 children to Savannah, after spending the summer at the 
 North. Mr. Whitney's health being infirm on his arrival at 
 Savannah, Mrs. Greene kindly invited him to the hospitali- 
 ties of her residence until he should become fully restored. 
 At that time she happened to be engaged in embroidering on 
 a peculiar frame known as a tambour. It was badly con- 
 structed, so that it injured the fabric, while it impeded its 
 production. Whitney eagerly volunteered to make her a bet- 
 ter one, and did so on a plan wholly new, to her great delight 
 and that of her children. 
 
 11. A large party of Georgians, from Augusta and the plan- 
 tations above, soon after paid Mrs. G. a visit. Among the 
 topics discussed by them around her fireside was the depressed 
 state of agriculture, and the imj)Ossibility of profitably extend- 
 ing the culture of cotton, because of the trouble and expense 
 incurred in separating the reed from the fiber. These repre- 
 sentations impelled Mrs. Greene to say : ' Gentlemen, apply 
 to my young friend, Mr. Whitney — he can make any thing.' 
 She thereupon took them into an adjacent room, where she 
 showed them her tambour-frame, and several ingenious toys 
 which Mr. W. had made for the gratification of her children. 
 She then introduced them to Whitney himself, extolling his 
 genius and commending him to their confidence and friend- 
 ship. 
 
 12. Mr. Whitney promised nothing and gave little encour- 
 agement, but went to work. No cotton in the seed being at 
 hand, he went to Savannah and searched there among ware- 
 houses and boats until he found a small parcel. This he car- 
 ried home and secluded with himself in a basement room, 
 where he set himself at work to devise and construct the im- 
 plement required. Tools being few and rude, he was con- 
 
188 WasMngto7i^ s Administration. 1795 
 
 strained to make better — drawing his own wire, because none 
 could, at that time, be bought in the city of Savannah. His 
 mysterious hammering and tinkering in that solitary cell were 
 subjects of infinite curiosity, marvel, and ridicule among the 
 younger members of the family. But he did not interfere 
 with their merriment, nor allow them to interfere with his 
 enterprise ; and before the close of the winter his machine 
 was so nearly perfected that its success was no longer doubt- 
 ful. Mrs. Greene, too eager to realize and enjoy her friend's 
 triumph, invited an assemblage at her house of leading gen- 
 tlemen from various parts of the State, and, on the first day 
 after their meeting, conducted them to a temporary building, 
 erected for the machine, in which they saw, with astonishment 
 and delight, that one man with Whitney's invention, could 
 separate more cotton from the seed in a single day than he 
 could without it by the labor of months." 
 
 13. When the cotton-gin was invented the whole business 
 
 in the interior of the Southern States was in a languishing 
 
 condition ; and for want of employment the inhabitants were 
 
 _ , , leaving^. This invention at once set the country 
 Value of f= . -^ 
 
 the in motion. To planters and others, who were 
 inven ion. (jgpj.gggg(j -^i^}^ poverty, it opened the way to em- 
 ployment, wealth and respectability. Cotton soon began to 
 supplant wool, flax, silk, and even fur. By means of this 
 machine the annual production of cotton in the Southern 
 States alone was increased from five thousand bales to over 
 five million bales, or one million tons, in value equal to seven- 
 eighths of all the cotton produced on the face of the earth. 
 Then " cotton was King, and his majesty on his throne did 
 not seem to be aware of the influence which surrounded his 
 cradle." 
 
 14. The Atlantic States were the chief seat from which 
 issued the migration destined to people the west. " An ax. 
 
 Migration '*' couple of horscs, and a heavy rifle, with store of 
 to the West, ammunition, were all that were considered neces- 
 sary for the equipment of the man who, with his family, 
 
Migration to the West. 189 
 
 remoTcd to the new State ; assured that, in that land of ex- 
 uberant fertility, he could not fail to provide amply for all 
 his wants. To have witnessed the industry and perseverance 
 of these emigrants must at once have proved the vigor of their 
 minds. Regardless of the fatigue attending every movement 
 which they made, they pushed through an unexplored region 
 of dark and tangled forests, guiding themselves by the sun 
 alone, and reposing at night on the bare ground. They had 
 to cross numberless streams on rafts, with their wives and 
 children, their cattle, and their luggage, often drifting to con- 
 siderable distances before they could effect a landing on the 
 opposite shores. To these troubles add the constantly impend- 
 ing clanger of being murdered, while asleep in their encamp- 
 ments, by the prowling and ruthless Indians. Others, perhaps 
 encumbered with too much luggage, preferred descending the 
 stream.* They prepared arks pierced with port-holes, and 
 glided on the gentle current. 
 
 15. Many travelers have described these boats, formerly 
 called arks, but now named flat-boats ; but have they told you 
 that in those times a boat thirty or forty feet in length, by 
 ten or twelve in breadth, was considered a stupendous fabric ? 
 — that this boat contained men, women, and children, huddled 
 together with horses, cattle, hogs, and poultry for their com- 
 panions, while the remaining portion was crammed with ve- 
 getables and packages of seed ? The roof or deck of the 
 boat was not unlike a farm-yard, being covered with hay, 
 ploughs, carts, wagons, and various agricultural implements, 
 together with numerous other things, among which the spin- 
 ning-wheels of the matrons were consj)icuous. Have they 
 told you that these boats contained the little all of each family 
 of venturous emigrants, who, fearful of being discovered by 
 the Indians, moved about in darkness when night came on. 
 
 ' The particular stream referred to here is the Ohio river, and the 
 emis^rants were going to the new State of Kentucky ; but the description 
 will apply to the western emigrations that took place, not only then, but 
 in succeeding years, and even to recent times. 
 
190 WasMngtorC s Administration. 1796 
 
 groping tlieir way from one part to another of their floating 
 habitations, and denying themselves the comforts of fire or 
 light, lest the foe that watched them from the shore should 
 rush upon them and destroy them ?" 
 
 16. The western portion of several of the States extended 
 to the Mississippi river, their colonial cliarters l)cing the basis 
 for such possession. One after another these States surren- 
 
 ^j^g dered the control of their western lands to the 
 15tiiand general government, and the region north of the 
 ■ Ohio was organized under the name of the North- 
 west Territory (1787). From the region south of the Ohio, 
 two States were formed during the administration of AVash- 
 ington, — Kentucky,! previously a part of Virginia (1792), and 
 Tennessee, previously a part of North Carolina (179G). 
 
 17. Washington had now served nearly eight years, having 
 been unanimously re-elected for a second term. In 1796 he 
 was again urged to be a candidate for a third time, but he 
 
 positively declined. The country, being at peace 
 
 of with the world and in a prosperous condition, could, 
 
 Washington, j^g believed, dispense with his services. In that 
 
 year he put forth to his countrymen his memorable '' Farewell 
 
 Address," the closing portion of which is herewith given : 
 
 18. " In reviewing the incidents of my administration, I 
 
 _- , . . , am unconscious of intentional error, vet I am 
 
 Washington's . - ■^ 
 
 Farewell nevertheless too sensible of my own defects, not to 
 
 ^^^' think it probable that I may have committed 
 
 many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the 
 
 ' Daniel Boone, the pioneer in the settlement of Kentucky, was born 
 
 in Pennsylvania in 17:35, and died in Missouri in 1830. At the age of 
 eighteen, lie went with his fatlier's family to Nortli Carolina, where, a 
 few years later, he was married. After making several hunting excur- 
 sions, he set out, in 1700, with five companions, to explore tlie Kentucky 
 country. During the next twenty-five years, his life, as an exjilorer, 
 pioneer, hunter, guide, and settler, was tlie most prominent one in the 
 history of tliat region. He had many encounters witii tlie IndiiUis, and 
 was three times captured, but in eacli case effected his escape. In 1775, 
 he built a fort on tlie Kentuclcy river, around which grew up the settle- 
 ment and village of Boonsl)oro'. After Kentucky was admi'ted into the 
 Union, Boone removed to Missouri. 
 
1797 
 
 Inauguration of Adams. 
 
 191 
 
 Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may 
 tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country 
 will never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after 
 forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with an 
 upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be con- 
 signed to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of 
 rest. Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and 
 actuated by that fervent love toward it, which is so natural 
 to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his 
 progenitors for several generations ; I anticii:)ate with pleasing 
 exjDCctation that retreat in which I promise myself to realize, 
 without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst 
 of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under 
 a free government — the ever favorite object of my heart, and 
 the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and 
 dangers." 
 
 John Adams's Adm.inistratio7i. 
 
 1, John Adams, who had been the vice-president during 
 
 the whole period of Washing- 
 ton's administration, was now 
 chosen president; and 
 
 Thomas Jefferson was Inauguration 
 
 of Adams, 
 elected vice-president. 
 
 Both gentlemen repaired to Phil- 
 adelphia, then the capital, where, 
 in the presence of the two houses 
 of Congress, of Washington, and 
 other spectators, including a 
 large number of ladies, the in- 
 auguration of the new president 
 JOHN ADAM3. ^^^-^ pl^^g (March 4, 1797). 
 
 2. The neutral position taken by the United States in the 
 wars between England and France, deeply offended the latter 
 power, and the ratification of Jay's Treaty by the American 
 
192 Jolm Adams's Administration. 1800 
 
 Senate greatly increased the unfriendly feeling. The hos- 
 tility of the French soon showed itself in various ways. 
 
 Their vessels at first insulted the United States 
 Hostilities ^.^g^ then, growing bolder, captured our merchant 
 
 ships. At the capital of France, the envoys sent by 
 our government were insultingly met by the French Directory, 
 and informed that nothing would be accomplished until a 
 present of money was made. It being intimated that the 
 penalty of a refusal would be war, William Pinckney, one of 
 the envoys, replied : " War be it then ! Millions for de- 
 fence, but not a cent for tribute ;" and this became the uni- 
 versal cry of the American people. Congress adopted meas- 
 ures to protect the country and its commerce ; and Washing- 
 ton was once more called upon to take the command of the 
 land forces. Again sacrificing the comforts of retirement, 
 he accepted ; but the army was never raised, for the French 
 government was soon afterward overturned, and peace was 
 made with Napoleon Bonaparte, the head of the new govern- 
 ment (1800).' 
 
 3. " Washington did not live to witness the restoration of 
 peace. On Friday morning (Dec. 1799), while attending 
 to some improvements upon his estate, he was exposed to 
 
 a light rain, by which his neck and hair became 
 Death of ^g^ j^^j^ apprehending danger from this circum- 
 Washington. i n f, • i,- i 
 
 stance, he passed the aiternoon m his usual man- 
 ner ; but, in the night, was seized with an inflammatory 
 affection of the windpipe. The disease commenced with a 
 
 ' Two acts of Congress, known as the " Alien and Sedition Laws." 
 were intended to counteract tiie schemes of the French Directory, wliose 
 emissaries in this country abused the freedom of the press by defaming 
 the administration and exciting the people against it. The president, by 
 the "Alien Act," was authorized to banish such foreigners as in his 
 opinion were dangerous to the peace and safety of the coiuitry. The 
 " Sedition Act" provided for the punishment of all persons found guilty 
 of abusing the freedom of speech or f)f the press. Both acts were de- 
 nounced i)y the enemies of tlie administration as tyrannical, and their 
 unpopularity, it was generally believed, contributed more than any other 
 cause to the overthrow ot the Federal party. They expired by theif 
 own limitation, 
 
1799 Character of Washington. 193 
 
 violent ague, accompanied with pain in his throat, a sense 
 of stricture in the same part, and a cough, which were soon 
 succeeded by fever and a quick and laborious respiration. 
 Believing at the commencement of his complaint, as 
 well as through every succeeding stage of it, that its conclu- 
 sion would be mortal, he submitted to the exertions made for 
 his recovery, rather as a duty than from any expectation of 
 their efficacy. Some hours before his death, after repeated 
 efforts to be understood, he succeeded in expressing a desire 
 that he might be permitted to die without interruption. 
 After it became impossible to get anything down his throat 
 he undressed himself and went to bed, there to die. To his 
 friend and physician, Doctor Craik, who sat on his bed and 
 took his head in his lap, he said with difficulty : ' Doctor, I 
 am dying, and have been dying for a long time, but I am 
 not afraid to die. ' At half-past eleven on Saturday night, 
 when retaining the full jiossession of his intellect, he expired 
 without a struggle (Dec. 14, 1799)." 
 
 4. " Though a hundred crooked paths may conduct to a 
 temporary success, the one plain and straight path of public 
 and private virtue can alone lead to a pure and lasting fame 
 and the blessings of posterity. Born beneath an 
 
 humble but virtuous roof, brought up at the knees Ch^v^.'^^^f °^ 
 
 £5 1 .11 Washington, 
 
 of a mother not unworthy to be named with the 
 
 noblest matrons of Rome or Israel, the good hoy, as she de- 
 lighted to call him, passed uncorrupted through the tempta- 
 tions of the solitary frontier, the camp, and the gay world, 
 and grew up into the good man. ... I cast my eyes 
 along the far-stretching galleries of history, still echoing to 
 the footsteps of the mighty dead. I behold with admiration 
 the images and the statues of the great and good men with 
 which they are adorned ; I see many who deserved well of 
 their country in civil and military life, on the throne, in 
 the council-chamber, on the battle-field, while they lived, 
 wreathed with well-worn laurels and scarred with honest 
 wounds. Hampden and William of Orange, Robert Bruce 
 
194 
 
 Jefferson' s Administration. 
 
 1801 
 
 and King Alfred ; and, in the olden times, Cato, and Tully, 
 and Demosthenes, and Ti-mo'-le-on, and E-pam-i-non'-das : 
 but I behold, in the long line, no other Washington." 
 
 5. The sor- 
 rowful news 
 was convey- 
 ed to all 
 parts of the 
 land. Every 
 heart was 
 sad. In Con- 
 gress, fitting 
 honors were 
 paid to the 
 memory of 
 til c man 
 wlio, in the 
 language of 
 
 the oration pronounced by Henry Lee, of Virginia, was '' first 
 A nation ill war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
 mourns, countrymen." His mortal remains rest at Mount 
 Vernon ; ^ and to this day the steamers that ply upon the 
 Potomac strike mournful notes upon their bells as they pass 
 the spot where Washington spent the happiest days of his 
 life, and where he died and was buried. 
 
 MOUNT vi;i:non. 
 
 Jejfer son's Aaministration. 
 
 1. Adams was president only four years. Towards the 
 close of his term a fierce struggle took place between the two 
 great political parties of tlie day, the Federalists and the 
 Kepublicans, which resulted finally in the choice of Thomas 
 
 ' Mniint Vernon is situated on the western bank of the Potomac, fifteen 
 miles from Washinuton city. The place, comprising the mansion, the 
 lonil), an(l two hundrcil acres of the orisxinal estate, was sold Ity a nephew 
 of Georiie Washiniiton to the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Association" for 
 two hundred thousand dollars. It is the desi-rn of the Association to 
 liold it forever us a phn:e of public resort and pilgrimage. 
 
1802 
 
 Admission of Ohio. 
 
 195 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
 Jefferson for president, and Aaron Burr for vice-president.^ 
 Jefferson was anxious that the cere- 
 monies of his inauguration 
 
 should be few and simple. Inauguration 
 ■•■ of Jeiferson. 
 An English gentleman who 
 
 was present thus wrote of his appear- 
 ance on the occasion : " His dress was of 
 plain cloth, and he rode on horseback 
 to the Capitol, dismounted without as- 
 sistance, and hitched the bridle of his 
 horse to the palisades." The inaugura- 
 tion took place in the city of Washing- 
 ton, the nation's new capital (March 4, 
 1801), to which place the public offices 
 had been removed the year before. 
 
 2. As previously stated, the region north of the Ohio river 
 was organized under the name of the Northwest Territory. 
 The south-eastern part of this territory was the first that was 
 set apart for State purposes, and, in 1802, it was Tj^g 
 admitted into the Union as the State of Ohio. A I'^^h State, 
 large portion of the land so set apart, along and near 
 Lake Erie, and known as the Western or Connecticut Ee- 
 serve, had previously belonged to Connecticut.^ This (in 
 
 ' There was no choice by the electors, and consequently the election 
 went to the House of Representatives, where, after a week's contest, 
 Jefferson finally succeeded in obtaining a majority of the States in his 
 favor. Jefferson and Burr were Republican candidates. Under the 
 original clause of the Constitution providing for the election of president 
 and vice-president, the electors voted for two persons, without naming 
 their choice for the higher position," the person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes" being declared president, and the next, vice-president. 
 John Adams was a candidate of the Federalists for a second term. 
 
 ^ " The charter of Connecticut was derived from the Plymouth Com- 
 pany. This grant was made in 1021, in the most ample form, covering 
 the country west of Connecticut, to the extent of its breadth, from sea to 
 sea. New Netherlands, being then a Dutch possession, could not be 
 claimed as a portion of this munificent grant, if for no other reason, for 
 the very good and substantial one that in the grant to the Plymouth 
 Company an exception was matle of all such portions of the territory as 
 were ' then actually possessed or inliabited by any other Christian prince 
 or State, '" — Stone's History of Wyoming. 
 
196 Jefferson's Administration. 1803 
 
 1795) was sold to a company of speculators, and, at the time 
 of Ohio's admission to tlie Union, more than a tliousand 
 settlers were already established on the Reserve. The money 
 so received by Connecticut was the original capital of her 
 school fund. 
 
 3. In the spring of 1803, while Jefferson was preparing to 
 send an expedition under Lewis and Clarke, to explore the 
 Missouri river and its head branches, and thence to find a 
 
 water communication across the continent to the 
 
 Purchase p-icific, if such existed, the news reached this 
 of Louisiana. ' ' 
 
 country that France, for fifteen millions of dol- 
 lars, had ceded the whole of the Louisiana territory to the 
 United States. " The Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, 
 with their hundred tributaries, give to the great central 
 basin of our continent its character and destiny. The outlet 
 of this mighty system lies through the State of Louisiana. 
 The ancient province so called, the proudest monument of 
 the mighty monarch whose name it bears, passed from the 
 jurisdiction of France to that of Spain in 17C3. Spain 
 coveted it, not that she might fill it with prosperous colonies 
 and rising states, but that it might stretch as a broad waste 
 barrier, infested with warlike tribes, between the Anglo- 
 American power and the silver mines of the AVest. Witli the 
 independence of the United States, the fear of a still more 
 dangerous neighbor grew upon Spain, and in the insane ex- 
 pectation of checking the progress of the Union westward, she 
 threatened, and at times attempted, to close the mouth of the 
 Mississippi, on the rapidly increasing trade of the West. 
 
 4. The bare suggestion of such a policy roused the popula- 
 tion upon the banks of the Ohio, then inconsiderable, as one 
 man. This subject was for years the turnin.;' point of thc 
 politics of the West, and it Avas perfectly well understood, 
 that, sooner or later, she Avould be content with nothing 
 less than the sovereign control of the mighty stream 
 from its head spring to its outlet in the Gulf. So stood 
 affairs at the close of the last century, when the colos- 
 
1803 PurcJiase of Louisiana. 197 
 
 sal power of the first Napoleon burst upon tlie world. 
 In the vast recesses of his Titanic ambition, he cherished as 
 a leading object of his policy, to acquire for France a colonial 
 empire which should bahince that of England. In pursuit of 
 this policy, he fixed his eye on the ancient regal colony which 
 Louis XIV. had founded in the heart of North America, and 
 he tempted S^^ain by the paltry bribe of creating a kingdom 
 for a Bourbon prince, to give back to France the then bound- 
 less waste of the territory of Louisiana. The cession was 
 made by the secret treaty of 1800, of which one sentence only 
 has ever been published, but that sentence gave away half a 
 continent. 
 
 5. The youthful conqueror then concentrated all the re- 
 sources of his mighty genius on the accomplishment of his 
 vast project. If successful, it would have esta1)lished the 
 French power at the mouth and on the riglit bank of the 
 Mississippi, and would have oi")posed the most formidable 
 barrier to the expansion of the United States. The peace of 
 Amiens {am'-e-enz), at this juncture, relieved Napoleon from 
 the pressure of the war with England, and every thing seemed 
 propitious to the success of the great enterprise. The fate of 
 America trembled for a moment in a doubtful balance, and 
 five hundred thousand citizens in that region felt the danger 
 and sounded the alarm. But in another moment the aspect 
 of affairs was changed by a stroke of j^olicy, grand, unex- 
 pected, and fruitful of consequences perhaps without a par- 
 allel in history. 
 
 6. The short-lived truce of Amiens was about to end, the 
 renewal of war was inevitable. Napoleon saw tliat before he 
 could take possession of Louisiana it would be wrested from 
 him by England, wlio commanded the seas, and he determined 
 at once, not merely to deprive her of this magnificent con- 
 quest, but to contribute, as far as in him lay, to build up a 
 great rival maritime power in the West. The government of 
 the Xluited States, not less sagacious, seized the golden 
 moment— a moment sucli as does not happen twice in a thou- 
 
198 JeffersorCs Administration. 1803 
 
 sand years. Mr. Jefferson perceived that, unless acquired by 
 the United States, Louisiana would in a short time belong to 
 France or to England, and with equal wisdom and courage 
 he determined that it should belong to neither. True, he 
 held the acquisition to be unconstitutional, but he threw to 
 the winds the resolutions which had just brough t him into 
 130 wer ; he broke the Constitution and he gained an empire." ' 
 
 7. In the same year (1803), an expedition was sent to the 
 Mediterranean to repress the piracies of the Barbary States, 
 which powers constantly sent out armed vessels to capture the 
 
 ^ . , merchant ships of other nations, and make slaves 
 the Barbary of their crews. It was a common custom for na- 
 ^ ^^" tions to pay tribute to these states to obtain free- 
 dom from their attacks. This, however, did not restrain their 
 hostility and insolence ; and a fleet under Commodore Preble 
 [preb'-el) was sent against them. Preldc first entered the 
 port of Morocco, and, after exacting terms of the emperor, 
 sailed for Tripoli {fn'p'-o-Ie) ; but, before his arrival, a serious 
 accident had occurred. 
 
 8. One of his ships, the frigate " Philadelphia, pro- 
 ceeding to Trii^oli, while standing close in shore under a 
 heavy press of sail, in pursuit of a vessel attempting to 
 enter the harl)or, ran Avith terriiic force upon a sunken 
 rock, ujion whicli, in spite of all efforts to set her free, she 
 remained fixed. While her crew were engaged in attempts to 
 get her off, she was attacked by a flotilla of Tripolitan gun- 
 
 ^ A careful examination of the treaties hetwecii France and Spain, 
 and France and the United States, and of all the diplomatic correspond- 
 ence and congressional debates, with reference to the western limits of 
 the " Louisiaiia Purcliase," leads us to the conclusion which Mr. (ireen- 
 how had previously reached, and had expressed in his " History of Ore- 
 gon and California." His book, be it remembered, was published under 
 the authority of the United States Senate. Mr. Greenhow says : " How 
 far Louisiana (!xtende 1 westward when it was ceded by France to Spain, 
 history offers no means of determining^;. In the ab.sence of all light 
 on the subject from liistory, we are forced to regard the boundaries 
 indicated by nature, namely, the highlands separating the waters of the 
 Mississippi from those Uowinginto the Pacific, as the true western boun- 
 daries of the Louisiana ceded to the United States by France in 1^(13." 
 
1804 
 
 Exploit of Lieutenant Decatur. 
 
 199 
 
 boats. Most of her guns were thrown overboard, and her 
 anchors and foremast were cat away, but still she remained 
 fast. Holes were then bored in her bottom and her pumps 
 choked, after which, having stood the fire of the gunboats all 
 day, her commander submitted to the disagreeable necessity 
 of striking his flag. The Tripolitans, after great exertions, 
 no American cruiser being there to molest them, succeeded in 
 getting the Philadelphia off and towing her into the harbor 
 (Oct. 31, 1803)." 
 
 9. The Tripolitans soon began to fit out for sea their valu- 
 able prize. A plan for her de- 
 struction was therefore resolved 
 upon, but more than ^ . . 
 three months passed of Lieutenant 
 before it could be put ^^'^^*^''' 
 into execution. Lieutenant (af- 
 terward Commodore) " Decatur 
 undertook the task, and the cap- 
 ture of a small Trij)olitan vessel 
 bound to Constantinople with a 
 present of female slaves for the 
 sultan, gave him the first facil- 
 
 DECATUR ^ty- ^^^^ captured vessel was 
 
 taken into service, and named 
 the Intrejiid. Manned by volunteers, the Intrepid, as even- 
 ing came on, favored by a light breeze, stood directly into 
 the harbor. About midnight she began to approach the 
 Philadelphia, directly towards which she steered, all excejit 
 two or three of her crew lying flat upon the deck. 
 
 10. So far all had passed without exciting the slightest 
 suspicion ; but just as the Intrepid touched the side of the 
 Philadelphia, an alarm was raised by the Turks. The Amer- 
 icans, however, boarded in an instant, and the frigate's 
 guard, after a moment's resistance, were driven over her 
 opposite side, a few being killed, but most of them jumping 
 into the water. With equal promptitude, combustibles. 
 
200 
 
 Jefferson^ s Administration. 
 
 1804 
 
 already prepared, were hurried on board, and in less than 
 half an hour the frigate was in a blaze. The burning ship 
 lighted up the whole harbor like day ; and as the heat increased, 
 her guns, which Avere loaded and shotted, began to explode. 
 But the Intrepid swept on unharmed till she reached the 
 mouth of the harbor, where she found boats ready to aid in 
 towing her otf (Feb. 1, 1804)." A treaty Avas soon afterward 
 made with the bashaw. 
 
 11. A political quarrel between the Tice-president, Burr, 
 
 and Alexander Hamilton, that liad 
 
 its roots in a long strife between 
 
 T» .,. X. the two men, led to a 
 Death of ' 
 
 Hamilton in duel. They met, with 
 
 a Duel. tlieir seconds, at a se- 
 cluded spot on the west bank of 
 the Hudson, o^iposite New York 
 City. " The word was given. 
 Burr raised his pistol, took aim, 
 and fired. Hamilton sprang u])- 
 on his toes with a convulsive move- 
 ment, reeled a little, involuntarily 
 discharged his pistol, and then fell Hamilton. 
 
 forward headlong upon his face." 
 
 12. " On the day of Hamilton's funeral, the wliole city of 
 New York was in mourning. The procession which followed 
 him to the grave comprised men of every degree, without dis- 
 tinction of parties. The minute-guns from the batteries 
 were answered by the French and British ships-of-war in the 
 harbor. On the steps of Trinity Church, Gouverneur Morris, 
 with the four sons of the deceased by his side, pronounced a 
 solemn oration in memory of his slaughtered friend ; and 
 when tliey liad laid him in the earth, and the parting volley 
 had been lired over his remains, the vast crowd dispersed in 
 silence, and each man carried to his home the impression of 
 a profound grief (1801)." 
 
 13. Burr, of course, lost all his political influence. Two 
 
1807 
 
 Fulton' s First Steamboat. 
 
 201 
 
 AARON BTJBB. 
 
 years after the duel, he ])ecamc engaged in organizing a secret 
 
 expedition at the West, which was suspected of being of 
 
 a treasonable character. „ . , 
 
 Trial 
 He was arrested and of Burr for 
 
 tried, but though ac- ^"^'°''- 
 quitted of tlie charge of treason, it 
 was generally believed that he was 
 guilty of an intention to dismember 
 tlie Union Ijy separating the West- 
 ern from the Atlantic States, and 
 founding an independent empire 
 beyond the Alleghany mountains, 
 over which he might bear rule. 
 
 14. In 1807, the little steamboat 
 
 Clermont was constructed under the 
 
 direction of Robert Fulton. John 
 
 Fitch and James Rumsey, both Americans, had already made 
 
 successful experiments in steamboat building, but 
 
 this boat, the Clermont, was destined to be historic. ^"J^to^'s ^fst 
 
 ' ' . steamboat. 
 
 Fulton, in giving an account of his labors, said : 
 
 " When I was building my first steamboat at New York, the 
 project was viewed by the pub- 
 lic critics with indifference, or 
 with contempt, as a visionary 
 scheme. My friends, indeed, 
 were civil, but they were shy. 
 As I had occasion to pass daily 
 to and from the building-yard 
 while my boat was in progress, 
 I have often loitered unknown 
 near the idle groups of strang- 
 ers, gathered in little circles, 
 and heard various inquiries as 
 to the object of this new vehi- 
 cle. , The language was uniformly that of scorn, or sneer, or 
 ridfcule. The loud laugh often rose at my expense. The dry 
 
 ROBERT FULTON. 
 
202 
 
 Jefferson'' s Administration. 
 
 1807 
 
 Jest, the wise calculation of losses anrl expenditures, and tlie 
 dull repetition of tiie ' Fulton folly,' seemed to have no end. 
 Never did a single encouraging remark, a bright hope, or a 
 warm wish, cross my path. Silence itself was but politeness, 
 veiling its doubts or hiding its rejjroaches. 
 
 15. At length the day arrived when the experiment was 
 to be put into operation. To me it was a most trying occa- 
 sion. The moment came in which the word was to be sriven 
 
 v^- .;%. 
 
 "^^.f^^ 
 
 FULTUN'S ilKST STEAMBOAT. 
 
 for the vessel to move. My friends were in groups on the 
 deck. Tliere was anxiety mixed with fear among them. 
 They were silent, and sad, and weary. I read in their looks 
 nothing but disaster, and almost repented of my efforts. The 
 signal was given, and the boat moved a short distance, and 
 then stopped. To the silence of the preceding moment now 
 succeeded murmurs of discontent, and agitations, and whis- 
 pers, and shrugs. I could hear distinctly repeated, ' I told 
 you it would be so — it is a foolish scheme — I wish we were 
 well out of it.' 
 
 16, I elevated myself upon a platform and addressed the 
 assembly. I stated that I knew what was the matter ; and 
 if they would be quiet, and indulge me for a half-hour, I 
 
1807 British Aggressions. 203 
 
 would either go on or abandon the voyage for that time. 
 This short respite was conceded. I went below, and examined 
 the machinery, and discovered that the cause was a slight 
 maladjustment of some of the work. In a short period it 
 was obviated. The boat was again put in motion. She con- 
 tinued to move on, but all my friends were still incredulous. 
 None seemed willing to trust the evidence of their own senses. " 
 
 17. " She had the most terrific appearance, from other 
 vessels which were navigating the river. The first steamboats 
 used dry pine wood for fuel, which sends forth a column of 
 ignited vapor many feet above the flue, and when- 
 
 ever the fire is stirred a galaxy of sparks fly off, and Clermont was 
 in the night have a very brilliant and beautiful ap- '^^S^^^^^- 
 pearance. This light of the Clermont first attracted the at- 
 tention of the crews of other vessels. Notwithstanding the 
 wind and tide Avere adverse to its approach, they saw with 
 astonishment that it was rapidly coming towards them ; and 
 when it came so near that the noise of the machinery and 
 paddles was heard, the crews (if what was said in the news- 
 papers of the time be true) in some instances shrunk beneath 
 their decks from the terrific sight, others deserting their ves- 
 sels escaped to the shore, while others prostrated themselves 
 and besought Providence to j^rotect them from the approaches 
 of the liorri])le monster which was marching on the tides and 
 lighting its path by the fires which it vomited." The trij), 
 from the city of New York to Albany, was completed in 
 thirty-six hours. " Even then it was doubted whether it could 
 be made again, or, if it could, whether it would be of any 
 great value." 
 
 18. England and France were at war at this time ; and 
 while they were making prizes of each other's vessels, the 
 American ships were finding full employment in carrying 
 merchandise to the ports of both nations. To 
 completely destroy the commerce of France, the aeeressions 
 British government declared the ports of Franco 
 
 to be in a state of blockade. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was 
 
204 Jefferson's Administration. 1807 
 
 at the head of the French government, dechired a blockade of 
 the British islands. These decrees, in effect, closed Europe 
 against American commerce. Our vessels were captured, and 
 our merchants consequently suffered grievous losses. 
 
 19. A still greater grievance of the Americans was the so- 
 called " right of search," by which Great Britain claimed 
 the right to search American vessels on the ocean, and take 
 from them all sailors of English birth, for the purpose of im- 
 pressing them — that is, compelling them to serve in the Brit- 
 ish navy. Tiiis claim was based upon the doctrine that a 
 person Ijorn on English soil is always an English subject. 
 He may go to the country of another nation, he may reside 
 there many years, — even to the end of his days, — still he is a 
 British subject. The United States, on the other hand, have 
 always held to the doctrine that men may give \\\^ the citizen- 
 ship which they inherited, and transfer their allegiance to 
 other countries. 
 
 20. As these doctrines were in conflict, it followed that 
 when the news reached the United States that British ships- 
 of-war had stopped American merchantmen on the high seas 
 and impressed their seamen, a war-spirit broke out. The cry 
 of " Free Trade and Sailors' Eights" resounded in every 
 American port. As fresh outrages were perpetrated,' this 
 spirit grew stronger and more determined, and spread to every 
 part of the country. " In passing from town to town, the 
 traveler saw groups of angry men discussing and denouncing 
 the tyranny of England." It was known that more than six 
 thousand American sailors had been seized by British war- 
 ships, and pressed into the hated service of a hated nation. 
 
 ' In tlic summer of 1807, an event occurred which greatly increased 
 the popular excitement against England. The Britishfrigate TA'opard, 
 cruising in American waters, demauded permission to search the Ameri- 
 can frigate Chesapeake, theu off the coast of Virginia, alleging that there 
 were British deserters on board. As this was refused, she fired into the 
 Chesapeake, and the latter, being unpn'purcd for action, struck her col- 
 ors, after having twenty-one of her crew killed or wounded. Four per- 
 sons, asserted to be deserters, were then carried on board the Leopard, 
 but three of them, as was afterwards proved, were native Americans. 
 
1808 The Embetrgo. 205 
 
 21. Our government remonstrated, but in vain. It then 
 undertook to retaliate by laying an embargo upon American 
 vessels — that is, prohibiting them from sailing to foreign 
 ports. The law also prohibited all foreign ships The 
 from carrying cargoes from American ports. Embargo. 
 This sudden susj)ension of commerce, while it inflicted dam- 
 age on France and England, especially the latter, inflicted 
 greater damage upon the United States, for "the embargo 
 shut ourselves out from the trade of the whole world. It only 
 cut off England from that of the United States. The loud 
 outcries from the opponents of the measure, especially from 
 New England," made the administration unpopular, the act 
 was repealed, and a non-intercourse law, prohibiting all com- 
 merce with France and England, substituted. 
 
 Madison's A dministration. 
 
 1. Jefferson served two terms. Towards the end of the 
 second, in imitation of the example 
 set by Washington, he declined to be 
 a candidate again, and was suc- 
 ceeded by James Madison, of The 4th 
 Virginia, the candidate of ^^^sident. 
 the Anti-Federalists, or, as they were 
 then called, the Eepublicans. This was 
 the same party, in most part, that had 
 elected and supported Jefferson. The 
 new president's administration began 
 on the 4th of March, 1809. i 
 
 2. As the British still continued their 
 
 MADISON. ■ i. ^ ■ J {^ 
 
 unjust clamis and measures. Congress 
 
 ' Before Madison became president, the Indians on the western fron- 
 tiei', influenced by British emissaries, and led on by their great chief 
 Tecumseh, began "to form a confederacy against the United States. To 
 check their hostilities, General Harrison was sent to the West, and in the 
 important battle of Tippecanoe in the western part of Indiana, while 
 Tecumseh was ab.seut, defeated them with great loss (1811). 
 
206 
 
 Madison'' s Administration. 
 
 1812 
 
 decltirod war against Great Britain in June, 1812. General 
 
 War declared ^^"^^' ^^^^ governor of Michigan Territory, who 
 
 -Invasion had served with credit in the war of the Eevohi- 
 
 ana a. ^.-^^^ ^.^^^ ^^ ^-^^ ^j^^^ marching with a force of 
 
 less than two thousand men from Ohio to Detroit. His 
 
 object was to defend tlie 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 -AND 
 
 northwestern frontier 
 from the Indians, While 
 on the march he received 
 news of the declaration 
 of war. Arriving at De- 
 troit, which then con- 
 tained ahout eight hun- 
 dred inhabitants, he 
 crossed the river and thus 
 invaded Canada. After 
 some operations of little 
 importance, he recrossed 
 the river and took post 
 at Detroit. Here he was 
 besieged by a large force 
 of British and Indians, and, though his troops felt confident 
 of victory in the expected battle, he ordered a white flag to 
 be hoisted, and gave up the place without striking a single 
 blow. ' 
 
 3. During the first year of the war the Americans met with 
 
 nothing but disaster in their operations on the land. On the 
 
 ocean, however, several brilliant victories cheered them. Eng- 
 
 Victories land, with her thousand ships, despised the en- 
 
 ontiie ocean, g^^^y ^yj^Q came against her with less than twenty. 
 
 At sea, England felt herself omnipotent, but it was there 
 
 ^ Two years after, Hull was tried by a court-martial, pronounced 
 
 guilty of cowardice, and sentenced to be shot ; but, on account of his 
 lievolutionary services, whicli were many and heroic, lie was pardoned. 
 It is believed at the prestnit diiy by those who are well ac<iuiiinted with 
 the facts in the case, that Hull did only his duty, painful as it was, in 
 making the surrender, and that, consequently, the sentence was unjust. 
 
1812 Capture of the Guerriere. 207 
 
 disaster overtook her. Five desperate encounters took place, 
 five victories remained with the Americans, five English war 
 ships were taken or destroyed.' England's sovereignty of the 
 sea had received a rude shock. 
 
 4. One of these encounters took place near the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, between the American frigate Constitution, 
 familiarly known as " Old Ironsides," commanded by Captain 
 Hull (nephew of the general who had surrendered „ . 
 Detroit to the British), and the British frigate ofthe 
 Guerriere (^dre-e- (ire'), Captain Dacres. "The Guerriere. 
 English vessel was well known, for she had at one of her 
 mast-heads a flag proudly flying with her name in large let- 
 ters upon it. The Guerriere opened fire and kept it up stead- 
 ily for nearly an hour, to which the Constitution replied with 
 only an occasional gun. The Constitution then drew slowly 
 ahead, and the moment her bows began to lap the quarters of 
 the Guerriere, her forward guns opened, and, in a few minute 
 after, the welcome orders were received to pour in broadside 
 after broadside as rapidly as possible. When she was fairly 
 abeam, the broadsides were fired with a rapidity and power 
 that astonished the enemy. As the old ship forged slowly 
 ahead with her greater way, she seemed to be moving in 
 flame. The mizzen-mast of the enemy soon fell with a crash, 
 while her hull wa; riddled with shot. 
 
 5. As Hull passed his antagonist he wheeled short around 
 her bows to 2)revent a raking fire, but in doing this he came 
 dead into the wind, and his sails were taken aback. As the Con- 
 stitution rolled away on the heavy swell, the foremast of the 
 Guerriere fell back against the mainmast, carrying that down 
 in its descent, and leaving the frigate a helpless v/reck. 
 Dacres had fought his ship well, and, when every spar in her 
 was down, gallantly nailed the Jack to the stump of the miz- 
 zen-mast. But further resistance was imjDossible, and he 
 
 ' Decatur, commanding the frigate United States, captured the British 
 frigate Macedonian ; and Bainbridge, commanding the Constitution, cap- 
 tured the British friijate Java. 
 
208 Madison^ s Administration. 1812-3 
 
 therefore struck her flag." The captured vessel had been so 
 much injured it was found impossible to keep her afloat. She 
 Avas consequently set on fire, and soon only a few floating 
 planks were all tliat was left to tell where that proud vessel 
 had sunk. " The first English frigate that ever struck its 
 flag to an American ship-of-war, had gone down to the bot- 
 tom of the ocean. The sea never rolled over a A^essel whose 
 fate so startled the world. It disappeared forever, but it left 
 its outline on the deep, never to be effaced till England 
 and America shall be no more (Aug. 19, 1812)." 
 
 6. Madison, though earnestly opjiosed by the Federalists, 
 who condemned the war, was chosen for a second term ; and 
 it was then resolved to prosecute hostilities with vigor. 
 
 Don't give But while the gallantry of the American seamen 
 up the ship. ^i^\\ continued to be the theme of admiration, 
 they were not always successful ; and English sailors 
 were burning with eagerness to wipe out the unlooked-for 
 disgrace, as they regarded it, which had fallen upon their 
 flag. They blockaded American ports, and, while doing so, 
 watched for opportunities to retrieve the honor of the ser- 
 vice. One was presented on the first of June, 1813. The 
 frigate Chesapeake, Captain Lawrence, sailed out of the 
 harbor of Boston, and was met by the British frigate Shan- 
 non. 
 
 7. " For a few minutes the cannonading was terrific, but 
 some of the rigging of the Chesapeake being cut to pieces, one 
 of the sails got loose and blew out, which brought tlie ship 
 into the wind. Then, backing on her enemy, and the rigging 
 and an anchor becoming entangled, she could not get off. 
 This, of course, exposed her to a raking fire, wliich swept her 
 decks." Lawrence fell, mortally wounded. Carried below, 
 his last words were, " Don't give up the ship." All his 
 superior officers were killed or wounded. Over decks cov- 
 ered with the slain and slippery with Ijlood, the Englishmen 
 sprang upon the yielding foe. The American flag was pulled 
 down, and, for the first time since tlie declaration of war, 
 
1813 Perry's Victory. 209 
 
 the British flag was hoisted on a vessel of the American 
 nation. So, exultingly thought England, " the naval supe- 
 riority of the English was restored." 
 
 8. Lake Erie at that time was in the possession of a British 
 fleet, but during the summer a competing fleet, commanded 
 
 by Commodore Perry, was fitted out 
 with great exertions. " Per- Perry's 
 ry was then a mere youth, victory, 
 of twenty- seven years of age, but ar- 
 dent, chivalrous, and full of energy and 
 resource. On the morning of the 10th 
 of September it was announced that the 
 British fleet was coming out of Maiden, 
 and Perry, whose fleet was anchored in 
 COMMODORE PERRY. Put-lu-Bay, a haven of one of the islands 
 in the western part of the lake, immediately set sail to meet 
 it. The American squadron consisted of three brigs — the 
 Lawrence, Niagara, and Caledonia — a sloop, and five schoon- 
 ers, carrying in all fifty-four guns. That of the British 
 was composed of six vessels, mounting sixty-three guns. It 
 was a beautiful morning, and the light breeze scarcely ruffled 
 the surface of the water as the two squadrons, with all sails 
 set, slowly approached each other. 
 
 9. The shore was lined with spectators, gazing on the ex- 
 citing spectacle, and watching with intense anxiety the 
 movements of the American squadron. Not a cloud dimmed 
 the clear blue sky, and the lake lay like a mirror, reflecting 
 its beauty and its purity. Perry, in the Lawrence, led the 
 line. Taking out the flag which had been previously pre- 
 pared, and mounting a gun-slide, he called the crew about 
 him and said : ' My brave lads, this flag contains the last 
 words of Captain Lawrence. Shall I hoist it ?' ' Aye, aye, 
 sir,' was the cheerful response. Up Avent the flag with a will, 
 and as it swayed to the breeze it was greeted with loud cheers 
 from the deck. As the rest of the squadron beheld the flag 
 floating from the mainmast of their commander's vessel, and 
 
210 MadisorC s Administration. 1813 
 
 saw that ' Don't give ii-p tlie ship !' was to be the signal for 
 action, a long, loud cheer rolled down the line. 
 
 10. A single gun, wliose shot went skipping past the Law- 
 rence, first uttered its stern challenge, and in a iew minutes 
 all the long guns of the enemy began to play on the American 
 fleet. Being a mile and a half distant. Perry could not use 
 his carronades, and he was exposed to this fire for half an 
 hour before he could get within range. Steering straight for 
 the Detroit, a vessel a fourth larger than his own, he gave or- 
 ders to have the schooners close up within half cable's length. 
 These orders were passed by trumpet from vessel to vessel, 
 but before the Lawrence could get near enough to open with 
 her carronades, the fire of three vessels was directed upon 
 lier. Enveloped in flame and smoke. Perry strove desper- 
 ately for two hours in this unequal contest. The balls 
 crashed incessantly through the sides of the ship, until at 
 length, with ' every brace and bow-line shot away,' she lay 
 an unmanageable wreck on the water. But still through tlie 
 smoke her colors were seen flying, and still gleamed forth in 
 the sunlight that glorious motto, ' Do?i'f give up the ship !^ 
 
 11. Looking through the smoke, Perry saw the Niagara, 
 apparently uncrippled. Leaping into a boat with his young 
 brother, ho said to his remaining officer, ' If a victory is to 
 be gained, I will gain it,' and standing erect, told the sailors 
 to give way with a will. The enemy observed the movement 
 and immediately directed their fire upon the boat. Oars were 
 splintered in the rowers' hands by musket balls, and the men 
 themselves were covered Avith spray from the round shot and 
 grape that smote the water on every side. Passing swiftly 
 through the iron storm, Perry reached the Niagara in safety, 
 and as the survivors of the Lawrence saw him climb up the 
 vessel's side, they gave a hearty cheer. 
 
 12. Finding the Niagara sound and whole. Perry backed his 
 main-topsail, and flung out his signal for close action. From 
 vessel to vessel the answering signal went up in the sunlight, 
 and three cheers rang over the water. He then gave his sails to 
 
1813 HarrisorC s Victory. 211 
 
 the wind and bore steadily down on the centre of the enemy's 
 line. Eeserving his fire as he advanced, he passed along 
 through the hostile fleet, within close pistol range, wrapt in 
 flames as he swej)t on. Delivering his broadsides right and 
 left, and rounding to as he passed the line, he laid his vessel 
 close to two of the enemy's ships and poured in his rapid 
 fire. The other vessels of his fleet having come up, the con- 
 flict at once became general. 
 
 13. An action so close and murderous could not last long, 
 and it was soon aj)parent that victory inclined to the Ameri- 
 cans, for while the enemy's fire sensibly slackened, the signal 
 for close action was still flying from the Niagara ; and from 
 every American vessel the answering signal floated proudly in 
 the wind. In fifteen minutes from the time the first signal 
 was made the battle was over. A white handkerchief, waved 
 from the taffrail of the Qaeen Charlotte, announced the sur- 
 render. The firing ceased, and the smoke slowly cleared away, 
 revealing the two fleets commingled, shattered, and torn !" 
 
 14. This great victory gave the Americans the possession 
 of Michigan, as well as of Lake Erie. Perry's laconic ac- 
 count of it is memorable. He wrote : '^ We have met the 
 enemy and they are ours." ' He suddenly found Harrison's 
 himself in the front rank of heroes. General victory. 
 Harrison crossed the lake to Canada, and Avith swift and 
 eager pursuit followed a large force of the enemy — British 
 and Indians — overtaking them at the Thames river. The 
 Americans charged, broke the lines of the British, and 
 compelled them to surrender ; but the contest with the In- 
 dians was obstinate. At length their chief, the celebrated 
 Tecumseh,^ fell and they fled. The war on the western 
 frontier was ended (Oct., 1813). 
 
 * This dispatch ranks with the celebrated one, / cwne, I saw, I con- 
 quered, sent by the great l{oman general, Caesar, after a great victory. 
 
 ^ Tecumseh had, several months before, visited the Creek Indians, at 
 the South, and incited them to take up arms against the whites. Fifteen 
 hundred of their warriors surprised Fort Mims, in Alabama, and mas- 
 sacred nearly three hundred persons (August 181 3). General Jackson 
 attacked them at To-ho-pe'-ka, completely routed them, and thus ended 
 the war (March, 1814). 
 
212 
 
 Madison^ s Administration. 
 
 1814 
 
 15. Two campaigns from New York against Canada had 
 been j)ut into execution, but they ended in failure.' A third 
 was phiced under the command of General Brown. The 
 Invasion Americans crossed the Niagara river, captured 
 of Canada, p^i.^ Erie without a struggle, and at Chippewa 
 {chip'-pe-iuaw) gained a brilliant victory (July 5, 1814). 
 About three weeks later, while advancing from Chippewa, 
 they were attacked at Lundy's Lane. Lieutenant (after- 
 ward General) Scott, who 
 
 S cale 
 
 led the advance, bravely 
 contended against superior 
 numbers until the arrival 
 of the main body. It soon 
 became evident that a bat- 
 tery which the enemy held 
 on a height, and which 
 swept all parts of the field, 
 must be captured, or the 
 Americans be defeated. 
 Brown, turning to Colonel 
 Miller, asked him if he 
 could take it. "I will try, 
 sir," was the brief reply of 
 the fearless soldier as he 
 scanned the frowning hill. He did try, and, amid fearful 
 havoc, was successful. Three times the enemy attempted to 
 retake their lost battery, but they were reinilsed at every as- 
 sault. Finally, at midnight, they withdrew ; and thus was 
 ended the most obstinate battle of the war — one more death- 
 
 ' Toward the latter part of April, 1813, General Dearborn crossed 
 Lake Ontario, and jjroceeded to attack York. The troops lauded, led by 
 General Pike, and were carryiiin: evervthinsj l)i'fore them, when the ene- 
 my's magazine exploded, mortally woundini^ Pike, and inakin<^ sad havoc 
 among his men. After a momeut'.s panic they moved on, and were soon 
 in possession of the town. " Pike was carried on board one of the ships, 
 and the last act of his life was to make a sign that the British flag, which 
 liad been Ijrought to him, should be placed under his head. America 
 mourned the loss of a gallant ollicer, a pure patriot, and a noble man." 
 
1814 Attack on Baltimore. 213 
 
 dealing, in proportion to the numbers engaged, than had ever 
 been fought on the American continent (July 25). 
 
 16. Another victory was in reserve for the Americans. A 
 large British army from Canada marched against Plattsburg, 
 and, at the same time, their fleet on Lake Champlain, sailed to 
 attack the American fleet, under Commodore Mac- plattsburg 
 Donough. While the enemy, from their batteries, and Lake 
 commenced the land attack, their fleet engaged ^^^-P^-^- 
 MacDonough's vessels, which were at anchor in the bay of 
 Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours MacDonough 
 gained a complete victory. The fire from the land batteries 
 then slackened, and, at nightfall, the invading army made a 
 rapid and silent retreat (Sept. 11, 1814). 
 
 17. While these successes at the North were gladdening 
 the hearts of the Americans, a British squadron entered 
 Chesapeake bay, and landed five thousand men commanded 
 by General Eoss. Meeting with very little opposi- Washington 
 tion on their march, the troops entered the city of ^^ flames. 
 Washington. " The night that followed was one of dis- 
 may to the inhabitants. The streets were crowded with 
 men, women, and children, horses, carriages, and carts loaded 
 with household furniture — all hastening towards a wooden 
 bridge which crosses the Potomac." In the capitol, chairs, 
 desks, and books were piled together by the vandal troops of 
 " his gracious majesty" King George the third, and the 
 torch was applied to the heap. The flames, passing from 
 room to room, soon wrapped the noble library, and, bursting 
 from the windows, leaped to the roof, enveloping the edifice 
 in a fire that illuminated the country for miles aroand. To 
 the president's mansion and other buildings the torch was also 
 applied, and indiscriminate pillage closed the scene (Aug. 24). 
 
 18. In fear of an uj^rising of the people, Ross, on the fol- 
 lowing day, made a hasty retreat to the ships. His next 
 design was against Baltimore ; but on his march Attack 
 thither, he was slain in a skirmish. His forces, °° Baltimore, 
 checked for a short time by the militia, encamped near the de- 
 
214 
 
 Madison^ s Administration. 
 
 1814 
 
 fenses of the city, prepared to co-operate with the fleet, which 
 had ascended the Patapsco. Fort McHenry, about two miles 
 from Baltimore, stood in the way of the fleet's advance. The 
 vessels, forming in a semicircle, commenced to bombard the 
 fort on the morning of September 13th, and continued their 
 Are until near tlie following morning. No serious impression, 
 however, was made by the incessant shower of rockets and 
 shells ; and the British, hopeless of success, withdrew.^ 
 
 19. Florida was then a Spanish possession, but the inhabit- 
 ants, instead of being neutral, gave aid to the British by 
 allowing them to fit out expeditions in 
 
 New Orleans the port of Pensacola. Jack- 
 saved, g^^jj^ ^}^g ijg^.Q pf ^l^g Creek war, 
 
 remonstrating in vain, left Mobile, where 
 the British had been repulsed from the 
 fort at the entrance of the harbor, and 
 boldly marched to Pensacola, and by seiz- 
 ing it compelled the British to leave 
 the town (1814). Soon after, learning 
 that an invasion of Louisiana was threatened, he hastened 
 to New Orleans to put that city in a state of defense. 
 
 20. Sir Edward Pakenham, one of the great heroes of the 
 British army, fresh from the victorious fields of Spain, com- 
 manded the invading force. Jackson's line of defense ex- 
 tended more than a mile. The Mississi])pi covered his right 
 flank, an impassable jungle and swamp secured his left. 
 Along his front ran a rampart of earth and a deep ditch. 
 The British, six thousand strong, made an attack ; but volley 
 after volley was poured upon them with such terrible effect 
 
 
 
 
 %i 
 
 
 > ^ 
 
 i) 
 
 • , 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^\ 't* 
 
 ^v 
 
 Y 
 
 >v^. 
 
 5jO 
 
 lUtOA , 
 
 '' Pen^cola 
 
 y^ 
 
 ^M- 
 
 
 ^gj 
 
 '^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 GULF OF MEXICO\ 
 
 ' It was during this bombardment tliat the incident occurred which 
 inspired tlie composition of the " Star-spangled Banner." This national 
 ode was written by Francis S. Key, an American detained on board one 
 of the bombarding vessels. He had watched with painful anxiety dur- 
 ing the day the national flag as it floated above the ramparts of the fort ; 
 and during the night, the glare of the " bombs bursting in air," showed 
 the stars and stripes still waving in triumph. The song expresses his 
 exultation at beholding, " by the dawn's early light," that the flag still 
 floated over the fort. 
 
1814 The Hartford Coniiention. 215 
 
 that they were compelled to flee. Pakenham was slain, and 
 two tlionsand of his men were killed, wounded, or made 
 prisoners (Jan. 8, 1815).^ 
 
 21. A large number of citizens of the United States, mostly 
 residents of ISTew England, as previously stated, were opposed 
 to the war, which they regarded as entirely unnecessary. 
 " Many town-meetings were held in Massachu- „, 
 setts, and, with great unanimity, addresses and me- Hartford 
 morials were sent to the General Court of that Convention. 
 State ; but as commissioners had been sent to Europe for 
 the purpose of negotiating a treaty of peace, it was judged ad- 
 visable not to have any action upon them till the result of the 
 negotiations should be known. But during the summer of 1814 
 no news of j^eace arrived ; and, the distresses of the country 
 increasing, and the sea-coast remaining defenseless, the gover- 
 nor summoned a special meeting of the legislature, in which 
 thepetitionsof the towns were taken into consideration, and a 
 resolve was passed appointing delegates to a convention to be 
 held in Hartford, Connecticut. 
 
 23. Tbe measure of resorting to a convention for the jDur- 
 pose of arresting the evils of the administration roused the 
 jealousy of the advocates of the war, and called forth the 
 bitterest invectives. The convention, composed of delegates 
 from all the New England States, was represented as a trea- 
 sonable combination, originating in Boston, for the purpose 
 of dissolving the Union. But citizens of Boston had no 
 concern in originating the proposal for a convention. It was 
 wholly the project of jDcople in old Hampshire county, Mas- 
 sachusetts — as respectable and patriotic Republicans as ever 
 trod the soil of a free country ; and all the stories which 
 have been circulated respecting the evil designs of that con- 
 vention, I know to be the foulest misrepresentations." A 
 
 ' Although, during 1814, the Americans were generally victorious on 
 the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, after a successful cruise 
 rf more than a year, was attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso, on the 
 Pacific coast of South America, by two British vessels and forced to 
 surrender. The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 
 
216 Madisoii s Adniudstration. 1815 
 
 report, recommending several amendments to tlie Constitu- 
 tion, was adopted ; and, after three weeks of secret session, 
 the convention adjourned. 
 
 23. About a month after the defeat of the British at New 
 Orleans — alas ! there was no Atlantic telegraph to sto}) the 
 
 End of carnage of that day I — the joyful tidings reached 
 
 the war. the United States that a treaty of peace had been 
 signed at Ghent (geiit), on the 24th of December, of the pre- 
 ceding year. " No victory ever so electrified the nation as the 
 news of this peace. The ship that bore the glad intelligence 
 reached New York on a Saturday evening, an hour after 
 dark. In half an hour after, Broadway was one 
 the news was living sea of shouting, rejoicing people. ' Peace ! 
 
 received, ^qq^qq J peace !' Avas the deep, harmonious, uni- 
 versal anthem. The whole spectacle was enlivened by a sud- 
 den inspiration. Somebody came with a torch ; the bright 
 idea passed into a thousand brains. In a few minutes thou- 
 sands and tens of thousands of people were marching about 
 with candles, lamps, and torches, making the jubilant street 
 appear like a gay and gorgeous procession. The whole night 
 Broadway sang its song of peace ; and the next day, Sun- 
 day, all the churches sent up hymns of thanksgiving for the 
 joyous tidings. " Expresses were sent off north and south 
 with the news. On Monday morning, after the greatest efforts 
 of speed, the rider dashed into the city of Boston, where the 
 news was also received with clamorous rejoicings. " All the 
 bells were at once set to ringing, and tlie schools received a 
 holiday. At night the city flamed far and wide, telling tlie 
 glorious tale even to Cape Cod." 
 
 24-. "Just as the late war had lu'oken out, the Dey of 
 Algiers, taking offense at not having received from America 
 the precise articles in the Avay of tribute demanded, dismissed 
 War our consul, declared war, and captured an Amer- 
 with Algiers, j^..^^^^ vessel reducing her crew to slavery. Imme- 
 diately after the ratification of the treaty with England, this 
 declaration of war was reciprocated. Efforts were at once 
 
1815 Treaty lolth Algiers. 217 
 
 made to fit out ships, new and old, and before many weeks 
 Decatur sailed from New York with a fleet of ten vessels. 
 Two days after passing Gibraltar, he fell in with and cap- 
 tured an Algerian frigate, after a running fight of twenty-five 
 minutes. A. day or two later, an Algerian brig was chased 
 into shoal water and also captured (1815)." 
 
 25. " On the 28th of June, the squadron rode at anchor 
 in the bay of Algiers. It may be supposed that its formid- 
 able appearance awakened both surprise and apprehension in 
 the breast of the Dey. He saw its power, but he Treaty 
 had not yet heard of its successes. Little did he with Algiers, 
 imagine that his favorite admiral was killed and his best 
 ship was a prize. The captain of the port and the Swedish 
 consul came on board. To them Decatur delivered a letter 
 from President Madison for the Dey, in which complaints 
 were made of the faithless violations of the former treaty. 
 The letter further expressed the hope of an amicable adjust- 
 ment of difficulties without a continuance of the war. The 
 captain of the port was also now first informed of the cap- 
 tures, the account of which was confirmed to his satisfaction 
 by the prisoners on board. 
 
 26. The letter, the force which was on hand to sustain its 
 doctrines, and the losses already exjjerienced and keenly felt, 
 soon induced in the Dey a more humble and conciliatory 
 spirit and demeanor than he was accustomed to manifest 
 toward the rej)resentatives of foreign powers. He sent an 
 invitation to the commissioners whom President Madison 
 had appointed to negotiate a treaty, to visit him at his 
 palace, and there to make arrangements for a settlement. 
 His policy was to enter into a protracted course of negotia- 
 tions, in order to gain time, during which he might take 
 advantage of some more favorable change in his affairs. Such 
 delay Decatur wisely determined to avoid. The commission- 
 ers, after consultation, refused to go on shore, and declared 
 that negotiations must be conducted on board Decatur's flag- 
 ship. They also presented the draft of a treaty, to which 
 
218 Madison\s Administration. 1815 
 
 they declared the Dey must assent. In fine, they would have 
 his majesty understand that they were to dictate the terms 
 of peace, and not he. This was high ground to take in treat- 
 ing with these (the Barbary) states ; but it could be, and was 
 maintained. 
 
 27. The captain of the port now desired that at least hos- 
 tilities should cease while negotiations were going on. To 
 this request Decatur promptly replied : ' Not a mhiute : if 
 your squadron appears in sight before the treaty is signed by 
 the Dey and sent off with the prisoners, burs will capture it.' 
 After further discussion and some slight alterations in the 
 terms, the agents of the Dey carried the treaty on shore to 
 obtain his consent and signature. In the mean time a corsair 
 hove in sight, coming in toward the harbor close under the 
 shore. True to his word, Decatur made signal for the squad- 
 ron to chase. This movement of the fleet hastened matters 
 on shore, for soon the boat, with a white flag, was seen com- 
 ing off. It had been agreed that this should be the signal 
 that the treaty was really signed. When, then, the boat 
 was discovered making all haste toward Decatur's ship, 
 that commander felt obliged to order the chase to be relin- 
 quished. 
 
 28. This treaty secured for the Americans advantages, in 
 some points, over all other nations, and in all respects placed 
 them on a footing with the most favored. Its principal 
 articles provided that no more tribute should be paid, and 
 that no Americans should evermore be enslaved." Then, 
 l^roceoding to Tunis and Tripoli, Decatur obtained from both 
 powers " indemnity for American vessels captured under the 
 guns of their forts by British cruisers during the late war." 
 
 20. Two States were admitted to the Union during the 
 
 administration of Madison. Soon after the " Louisiana Prov- 
 
 _, ince" had become the property of the United States, 
 
 isth and 19th its southern portion was made the Territory of 
 
 states. Orleans, and this portion, in 1812, was admitted 
 
 as a State, with the name of Louisiana. The Northwest Ter- 
 
1817 
 
 The Seminole War and Florida. 
 
 219 
 
 ritory, after Ohio had been taken out, became the Territory 
 of Indiana, and the southeastern part of this was admitted 
 as the State of Indiana, in 1816. 
 
 Monroe's Administration. 
 
 1. Madison, having served two terms and declining to be 
 a candidate for a third, was succeeded by James Monroe, of 
 Virginia, the nominee of the Republicans. " Shortly after 
 his inauguration (March 4, 1817), Monroe, imi- The fifth 
 tating the example of Washington, set out president, 
 on a tour through the Eastern States. His declaration of 
 principles in his inaugural ad- 
 dress had been highly satisfac- 
 tory to the Federalists, and at 
 Boston, where the people were 
 mostly of that party, he was re- 
 ceived Avith most elaborate 
 pomp. Embittered and hot- 
 temjiered leaders of parties, who 
 for the last seven years had hard- 
 ly deigned to speak to each 
 other, or even to walk on the 
 same side of the street, met now 
 with smiling faces." The " era 
 of good feeling " had come. 
 
 2. Monroe's first trouble was with the Seminoles, of Flori- 
 da, who, joined by other Indians, were committing serious 
 depredations on the settlements of Georgia. Jackson, who 
 had been sent to repress these outrages, finding _,. 
 that the Indians were encouraged by certain per- Seminole war 
 sons in Florida, invaded that territory, although *° °^^ ^' 
 at the time it belonged to Spain, with which country 
 our government was at peace. He took the forts at St. 
 Marks and Pensacola, and put to death two British traders, 
 who, he believed, had supplied the Indians with arms and 
 
 JAMES MONROE. 
 
220 Monroe's Administration. 1820 
 
 incited them to hostilities. This bold measure at once threat- 
 ened to involve the country in a war with Spain ; but the 
 difficulties were finally settled by Spain agreeing to sell 
 Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars. A 
 treaty to that effect was signed by the Spanish minister at 
 Washington in 1819. This was not, however, promptly rati- 
 fied by the king of Spain, and, in consequence, Florida did 
 not come into the possession of the United States before 1821. 
 
 3. During Monroe's administration the Union was enlarged 
 by the admission of five new States. Georgia had claimed all 
 the domain west of her present limits as far as the Mississippi 
 
 river, but ceding it to the general government, it 
 ' became the Mississippi Territory. The western 
 portion of this was admitted into the Union as Mississippi 
 (1817), and two years later the otlier part was admitted as 
 Alabama (1819). The year l)efore this last event, the Terri- 
 tory of Illinois, shorn of its northern jiortiun, joined the 
 Union family as the State of Illinois (1818). Maine was at 
 that time what it had been all along from the colonial period, a 
 District of Massachusetts, but the inhabitants of the district 
 desired to have it set apart as a separate and independent 
 State. They adopted a constitution and then made ap2)lica- 
 tion to Congress for admission into the Union. An obstacle, 
 very much to their surprise, just then presented itself. This 
 was slavery, but not slavery in Maine ; it Avas slavery in Mis- 
 souri. The Missourians, who had many slaves, also asked for 
 admission to the Union, but they wanted to have their peti- 
 tion granted without any conditions being imposed against 
 slavery. In Congress the two applications were joined in one 
 bill ; but, after a long contest, were separated, and Maine be- 
 came the twenty-third State of tlie Union (1820). 
 
 4. As the people of the North were opposed to any increase 
 
 of the number and })Ower of the slave States, their 
 
 Missouri representatives in Congress endeavored to prevent 
 
 Compromise. ^^^^ udmission of Missouri with its constitution 
 
 permitting slavery. The discussion was long and violent ; 
 
1824 
 
 Lafayette's Ylsit to America. 
 
 221 
 
 but, at length, the measure known as the " Missouri Com- 
 promise" was adopted (1820). By this it was provided that 
 shivery should be prohibited in all the territory, excejat Mis- 
 souri, lying north of the parallel 30° 30', west of the Missis- 
 si2:>pi. After the adoption of this compromise, Missouri was 
 admitted (1821). i 
 
 5. Monroe was president two terms. Towards the close of 
 his second, an interesting event took place in the visit made 
 by Lafayette to this country. Accompanied by his son, 
 
 George Washington Lafayette's 
 Lafayette, he arrived ^isit. 
 at New York, where he met 
 with a brilliant reception. 
 Proceeding on a tour through 
 the United States, he was every- 
 where received as " The Nation's 
 Guest." For more than a 
 year, his Journey was a com- 
 jilete ovation — a perpetual and 
 splendid pageant. ' ' The peo ■ 
 pie appeared delirious with joy 
 and with anxiety to hail him, 
 grasp him by the hand, and shower attentions and honors 
 ui^on him. As he passed through the country, every city, 
 village, and hamlet, poured out its inhabitants to meet him. 
 Celebrations, processions, dinners, illuminations, bonfires, 
 jDarties, balls, serenades, and rejoicings of every description, 
 attended his way." 
 
 6. " In June, 1825, he visited Boston, and on the 17th day 
 
 ' The Monroe Doctrine.— Au important event of Monroe's adminis- 
 tration was tlie recotiuitiou of tlie South American republics, wliicli Iiad 
 declared and maintained their independence for several years. This act 
 of recognition had been urged in Congress with great ability by Henry 
 Clay, of Kentucky. The next year (1823) President Monroe, in his an- 
 nual message, declared that, "as a principle, the American continents, 
 by the free and independent position which they have assumed and 
 maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future 
 colonization by any European power." This priucii^le is known as the 
 ' ' Monroe Doctrine. ' ' 
 
 LAFAYETTE. 
 
222 Administration of John Quincy Adams. 1824 
 
 of the month, it being the anniversary of the l)attle of Bunker 
 Hill, he participated in the ceremony of laying the corner- 
 stone of the monument in 
 commemoration of that event, 
 on the hill where the battle 
 was fought, Daniel Webster 
 being the orator of the occa- 
 sion. The time for his de- 
 parture drew near. " A new 
 frigate, the Brandywine, 
 named in honor of the gallant 
 exploits of Lafayette at the 
 battle of Brandywine, was 
 provided by Congress to con- 
 vey him to France." The 
 farewell scene in the presi- 
 dent's house, at Washington, 
 President Adams l)eing then 
 its occupant, was deeply af- 
 fecting, and, amid the peals of artillery and the music of mil- 
 itary bands, an immense procession accompanied the venera- 
 ble chief to the banks of the Potomac (1825). 
 
 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. 
 
 Administration of John Quincy Adams. 
 
 1. " The presidential campaign of 1824 was more spirited 
 
 and exciting than any that had taken place since the first 
 
 election of Jefferson. Strictly speaking, it could not be 
 
 called a party contest, for Monroe's wise and pru- 
 
 lOth national dent administration had obliterated party lines." 
 
 election. ^|| ^^^^ candidates, four in num])er — John Quincy 
 Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William IT. Craw- 
 ford, — agreed substantially to the same political creed. The 
 struggle Avas therefore a personal and sectional one, more than 
 of a party nature. As no one of the candidates received a 
 majority of the electoral votes, it became the duty of the 
 
1826 Death of Adams and Jefferson. 223 
 
 House of Kepresentatives to make a choice, and that choice 
 
 fell upon John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. It thus 
 
 happened that Mr. Adams took 
 
 the executive chair, March 4th, 
 
 1825, which, just twenty-eight 
 
 years before, had been taken by 
 
 his venerated father, and that 
 
 father still lived, though his 
 
 work was almost done, and it 
 
 was not to- be his privilege long 
 
 to see his son in the enjoyment 
 
 of this, the highest office in the 
 
 gift of his country. 
 
 2. " The 4th of July, 1836, 
 
 • n 1 1 1 1 J? JOHN QUINCT ADAMS. 
 
 Will long be memorable for one 
 
 of the most remarkable coincidences that has ever taken 
 place in the history of nations. It was the fiftieth anniver- 
 sary — the ' Jubilee ' — of American Independence. _ , 
 Preparations had been made throughout the Union of Adams 
 to celebrate the day with unusual pomp and dis- *° erson. 
 play. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had both been in- 
 vited to participate in the festivities of the occasion, at their 
 several ^^laces of abode. But a higher summons awaited them ! 
 they were bidden to a ' jubilee ' above, which shall have no 
 end. On that half-century anniversary of American Inde- 
 pendence, at nearly the same hour of the day, the spirits of 
 Adams and Jefferson took their departure from earth. Amid 
 the rejoicings of the people, the peals of artillery, the strains 
 of music, the exultations of a great nation in the enjoyment 
 of freedom, peace, and happiness, they were released from 
 the toils of life, and allowed to enter on their rest. 
 
 3. The one virtually the mover, the other the framer, 
 of the immortal Declaration of Independence — the^ had 
 together shared the dangers and the honors of the revolution, 
 had served their country in various important and responsible 
 capacities, had both received the highest honors in the gift of 
 
224 Administration of Jolin Quincy Adams. 
 
 their fellow-citizens, had lived to sec the nation to which they 
 assisted in giving birth, assume a proud stand among the 
 nations of the earth, — her free institutions framed, consoli- 
 dated, tried, and matured, her commerce hovering over all 
 seas, respected abroad, united, prosperous, happy at home, — 
 what more on earth could there be in store for them ? 
 Together they had counselled, together they had dared the 
 power of a proud and powerful government, together they 
 had toiled to build up a great and prosperous people, together 
 they rejoiced in the success with which a wise and good Prov- 
 idence had crowned their labors, and together, on their coun- 
 try's natal day, amid the loud-swelling acclamations of the 
 ' national jubilee,' their freed spirits soared to light and glory 
 above." 
 
 4. The subject of domestic manufactures engaged a large 
 share of President Adams's attention. In 1828 a law was 
 passed imposing heavy duties upon certain imported articles, 
 the object being, not only to collect a revenue, but 
 to encourage and protect the manufacture of such 
 articles in this country. John C. Calhoun, of South Caro- 
 lina, vice-president of the United States, had been the most 
 active and the most zealous of the early advocates of this doc- 
 trine ; while Daniel "Webster, of 
 Massachusetts, was its leading 
 opponent. 
 
 5. Then the South began to 
 manufacture the cotton it raised, 
 instead of sending it to the 
 North and thence having it 
 transported to England in Yan- 
 kee ships. A new vision unfold- 
 ed itself to New England. If 
 the South could prosper by run- 
 ning factories, why could not the 
 North ? Cotton-mills, accord- 
 ingly, were planted in New England, and they flourished, for 
 
 The tariff. 
 
 DANIIOL WEIJSTER. 
 
1828 Internal Improvements. 225 
 
 the dull, unintelligent slave labor of the South could not 
 compete with the skilful, enterprising free labor of the North. 
 What followed is apjiarent. In a little while the North became 
 the advocate of a protective tariff ; the South, the opponent. 
 So, too, legislation changed ; and we have had since the 
 day when the first protective tariff was called into existence 
 (1816) to the present time (1879), numerous tariffs, some hav- 
 ing for their special object protection, others, revenue ; and 
 still, with all our varied experience we have not reached a 
 definite, permanent policy on this subject. 
 
 6. Adams was the friend and promoter of internal improve- 
 ments ; and during his administration more was done, aided 
 by the general government, to promote these objects than in 
 all the previous administrations. " More than internal 
 one million of dollars were expended in enlarg- improvements, 
 ing and maintaining the light-house establishment, half a 
 million in completing the public buildings, two millions in 
 erecting arsenals, barracks, and furnishing armories ; up- 
 wards of three millions in fortifying the sea-coast ; and more 
 than four millions in improving the internal communications 
 between different parts of the country, and in procuring in- 
 formation, by scientific surveys, concerning its capacity for 
 further improvement." 
 
 7. lu addition to all this, " more than five millions of dol- 
 lars were appropriated to solace the declining years of the sur- 
 viving soldiers of the Eevolution ; and a million and a half 
 expended in extinguishing the Indian title to lands, and de- 
 fraying the expense of the removal beyond the Mississippi of 
 such tribes as were unqualified for a residence near civilized 
 communities, and in promoting the civilization of those, 
 who, relying on the faith of the United States, preferred to 
 remain on the lands which were the abodes of their fathers. 
 At the same time the interest on the public debt was punc- 
 tually paid, and the debt itself was in a constant course of 
 reduction." 
 
 8. On the 4th of July, 1838, Adams, accompanied by an 
 
226 Jackson^ s Administration. 1828 
 
 immense number of persons, — members of Congress, foreign 
 
 ministers, and otliers — was present at the ceremony of 
 
 *' broakins: s^round " on tlic Chesapeake and Oliio 
 Canals 
 
 canal. The year before, Edward Everett, in an 
 
 address said : *' A system of internal improvement has been 
 
 commenced, wliich will have the effect, when a little further 
 developed, of crowding within a few years the progress of 
 generations. Already Lake Champlain from the north, and 
 Lake Erie from the west, have been connected with All)any. 
 Delaware and Chesapeake bays have been united. A canal 
 is nearly finished in the upper part of New Jersey, from the 
 Delaware to the Hudson, by which coal is dispatched to our 
 market. Another route is laid out, across the same State, to 
 connect New York by a railroad with Philadelphia. A water 
 communication has been opened, by canals, half-way from 
 Philadelphia to Pittsburg. A canal of sixty miles in length 
 is open from Cincinnati to Dayton, in the State of Ohio ; and 
 another, of more than three hundred miles in extent, to con- 
 nect Lake Erie with the Ohio, is two-thirds completed. " 
 
 Jachsoii's Administration. 
 
 1. The presidential contest of 1838 was more exciting than 
 any that had preceded it. There 
 were two parties contending for i^^m-^^'^ 
 
 the prize. Adams was 
 The '■ 
 
 nth national the candidate of one, 
 election. y^\^\^\^ ^r.^g ^ union of 
 
 Republicans with most of the old 
 Federalists. Jackson was the 
 candidate of the other, which was 
 made up in most part of Republi- 
 cans. The members of this party 
 took the name of Democrats, 
 The contest was exceedingly bit- andrew jackson. 
 
 ter and personal ; not only the public acts, but even the pri- 
 
1832 Bank of the United States. 227 
 
 vate lives of the two candidates were closely scanned. Jack- 
 son Avas successful by a very large majority, and Avas inaugu- 
 rated on the 4th of March, 1829. Calhoun was a second time 
 chosen vice-president. 
 
 2. Adams, like his predecessors, had refused to make office- 
 holding depend upon politics ; but Jackson believed in the 
 doctrine, formulated at a later day, that " to the victor 
 belongs the spoils." He, therefore, commenced the practice 
 called " rotation in office," by which government Rotation 
 officials are removed from their positions and the ^"^ office, 
 political friends of the jiresident appointed to the offices. 
 Jackson's course provoked protest and abuse, but it Avas firmly 
 persisted in, and has been followed to a greater or less extent 
 by all his successors. 
 
 3. In his first annual message to Congress, Jackson took 
 ground against the renewal of the charter of the United 
 States Bank ; ' and when, notwithstanding his objections, a 
 bill Avas passed to renew it, he vetoed the measure ^ , 
 (1832). The next year he withdrew the govern- of the 
 ment deposits from the bank, and caused them to °^ ^ * ®^' 
 be placed in several of the State banks, which, because 
 they were thus favored, were thence spoken of as " Pet 
 Banks." This act caused great excitement; and a res- 
 olution of the Senate declared the act unconstitutional, and 
 censured the president. The State banks Avhich had recei\'ed 
 the government funds, increased their loans to the merchants, 
 and money became so abundant that the price of everything 
 was advanced. This led to speculation, all hoping to become 
 suddenly rich. Farms were laid out for cities, and cut up 
 into building lots, which sold at fabulous jirices, although 
 those who bought them were unable to build upon them, or 
 
 ' In 1791, during Washington's administration, tlie first bank of the 
 United States Avas established by Congress, for a period of twenty years. 
 Its cliarter Avas not renewed. In 1810, the second bank of the United 
 States was establislied, to exist till the 3d of Marcli, 1836, when it ceased 
 to act under the charter granted by Congress. 
 
228 
 
 JacksorC s Administration. 
 
 1832 
 
 Nullification. 
 
 even to pay for them. The ruinous consequences of this state 
 of things were experienced not long afterward. 
 
 4. The tariff law of 1828 grew every year more unsatisfac- 
 tory to the cotton-growing States ; and, though an act was 
 passed removing some of the duties on foreign goods, they 
 
 were still discontented. South Carolina took the 
 lead in opposition to the law, or, rather, was the 
 only member of the Union that assumed State hostility to it. 
 xi convention, elected by its voters, met and ordained that the 
 tariff law was null and void, that no duties should be paid in 
 the State, no appeal should be permitted to be made to the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, and that should the 
 general government attempt to enforce the law by collecting 
 the duties, the State of South Carolina would secede from 
 the Union (1832). 
 
 5, " The State resounded with the noise of warlike prepa- 
 rations. Blue cockades, with a palmetto button in the cen- 
 tre, appeared upon thousands of hats, bonnets, and bosoms. 
 Medals were struck ere long, bearing this inscription : 
 ' John C. Calhoun, First President of the Southern Confed- 
 eracy. ' The legislature pro- 
 ceeded to fill the vacancy creat- 
 ed in the Senate of the United 
 States by the election of Mr. 
 
 Hayne to the governorship. 
 John C. Calhoun, vice-president 
 of the United States, was the 
 person selected, and he accepted 
 the seat. He resigned the vice- 
 presidency, and began his jour- 
 ney to Washington, leaving his 
 State in the wildest ferment." 
 6. Jackson acted with prompt- 
 ness and firmness. He sent General Scott to Charleston, a 
 naval force Avas anchored off the city, and all the military 
 posts in South Carolina were occupied by United States 
 
 JOHN C. CALHOUN. 
 
18B6-7 
 
 ArTcansas and MicMgan. 
 
 229 
 
 troops. Then Jackson issued his celebrated proclamation 
 (December 11th, 1832), announcing his determination to en- 
 force the law. " Argument, warning, and entreaty were 
 blended in its composition. " " The Union," he said, " must 
 and shall be preserved. " These prompt and decisive measures 
 had the desired effect. The nullifiers, as they were called, were 
 restrained ; and, not long afterward, a " compromise bill," 
 providing for the gradual reduction of the duties, was offered 
 
 by Henry Clay, accepted by Cal- 
 houn and the other South Caro- 
 lina leaders, and passed by Con- 
 gress. Thus quiet was restored. 
 7. The election campaign in 
 1832 came on while the bank 
 and nullification troubles were 
 at their height. It jackson's 
 was a decidedly ear- ^d election, 
 nest one. The country was 
 very much excited and party 
 spirit ran high. Jackson, who 
 was again the candidate of the 
 Democrats, was lauded as "the hero of New Orleans," the 
 " old Roman," and, in allusion to his toughness as a soldier, 
 "Old Hickory." Hickory poles, these being hickory trees 
 trimmed so as to leave no limbs except at the top, were 
 raised at the great out-door meetings. Every city-ward, 
 every town, village, and hamlet had its hickory jiole at the 
 head-quarters of the party. On one occasion of a hickory- 
 pole raising in New York city, there was a Democratic pro- 
 cession, says a French traveler who described it, "nearly a 
 mile long." Jackson was again successful. Martin Van 
 Buren, of New York, was chosen vice-president. 
 
 8. Two States were added to the Union while Jackson was 
 president. The first, Arkansas, formed from the 
 territory known as the " Louisiana Purchase," 
 was admitted in 1836. The second, Michigan, formerly a 
 
 HENRY CLAY. 
 
230 
 
 Van BurerCs Administration. 
 
 1836 
 
 part of the Northwest Territory, was admitted in the early 
 part of 1837, about a month before the expiration of Jack- 
 son's term of office. The Union then consisted of twenty-six 
 
 States. 
 
 Van Buren's Admiiiistrafion. 
 
 1. The presidential election in the fall of 183G, resulted in 
 the success of Martin Van Buren, whom Jackson had favored. 
 This was another triumph of the Democratic party, the i)arty 
 
 The opposed to rechar- 
 13th national tering the Bank of 
 the United States 
 and to a high tariff. The policy 
 of Jackson's administration 
 was thus continued. The can- 
 didate of the other great politi- 
 cal body, the Whig party, was 
 General William Henry Harri- 
 son, of Ohio, the '^ hero of Tip- 
 pecanoe and the Thames." 
 Colonel Eichard M. Johnson, 
 was chosen vice-president. 
 He, like Van Buren, was a Democrat.' 
 
 2. The ])Oginning of Van Buren's administration was noted 
 for the bursting forth of the great tinancial storm, the result 
 of the wild speculations of the few preceding years. Mer- 
 
 * In 1833 the northwest frontier suiTered from Indian liostihties. Tlie 
 savages were subdued, and tluur irreat chief, Black Hawk, and other 
 warriors, being made prisoners, were conducted tlirough some of tiie 
 prhicipal cities of the Union to convince them of tlie folly of contcndhig 
 against the whites. Towards the close of 183o, the Scminolcs of Florida 
 renewed their hostilities, because an attempt was made to remove them 
 to lands west of the Mississippi, according to a treaty which had been 
 previously made with sohie of their chiefs. Their principal warrior, 
 Osceola, and others, did not consider this treaty binding, and refused to 
 obey it. Osceola was imprisoned, because of his threatening language, 
 but, promising submission, was set free. In revenge, he attacked the 
 whites, but was again made prisoner. The Indians were defeated by 
 Colonel Taylor (afterward President), yet they continued hostile till 1842. 
 
 MAKTIN VAN BLKEN. 
 
1840 Tlie Slavery Agitation. 231 
 
 chants were unable to pay their debts, and numerous failures 
 Avere the consequence. The banks, of which there xhe panic 
 were about eight hundred in number, had three of 1837. 
 times as much jiaper money in circulation as they had 
 coin in their vaults. Tliey were therefore compelled to sus- 
 pend the payment of their notes in specie, and gold and sil- 
 ver disappeared, for those who had any hoarded it for safety. 
 Even the government was embarrassed, for its money was 
 locked up in the suspended banks. This led to a measure, 
 recommended by the president, by which the keeping of the 
 government money was intrusted to Assistant Treasurers, in 
 certain designated places, called Sub-Treasuries. This is now 
 the established policy of the country. 
 
 3. In 1840, the number of slaves in the United States was 
 2,487,455. All the Northern States had either abolished 
 slavery or had made provision for its gradual abolishment. At 
 the date mentioned, there were sixty-four slaves „, 
 still in Pennsylvania, five in Rhode Island, seven- Slavery 
 teen in Connecticut, and about five hundred in ^^^ ^ ^°^" 
 New Jersey. The South, in the early colonial times, had been 
 opposed to slavery, and, in the first years of our existence as a 
 nation, our prominent men — Washington, Franklin, Jeffer- 
 son, Madison, Jay, Hamilton, and many others — regarded 
 slavery as a great evil. Various causes — the difference in cli- 
 mate, and the invention of tlie cotton gin, by which slave labor 
 was made more profitable in the South than the North, being 
 the principal ones, — in the course of time effected a change of 
 opinion ; and slavery was at length advocated in the South- 
 ern States as right in itself and worthy of being extended. 
 
 4r. It is thus seen that from the very foundation of the 
 government there were many persons opposed to slavery. 
 As early as 1775, an " Abolition Society" was formed in 
 Pennsylvania, with Franklin for its president, having for its 
 object the *' removal of slavery from the American people" 
 and the " discouraging of all traffic in the persons of our fel- 
 low-men." The formation of other "Abolition Societies" 
 
232 
 
 Va?i Bureii' s Administration. 
 
 1840 
 
 folloAved. At a later period, too, tliere were puldislicd more 
 than two thousand abolition journals, one of the first of these, 
 " The Liberatoi'," having been started in Boston on the first 
 day of 1831, by William Lloyd Garrison. The mayor of that 
 city having been asked by a Southern niagistratc to stop the 
 publication of Garrison's paper, replied that " it was not 
 Avorth the trouble, for the office of the editor was an obscure 
 hole, his only visible auxiliary a negro boy, and his supporters 
 a very few insignificant persons of all colors." 
 
 5. The agitation against slavery during Van Buren's ad- 
 ministration, was i:)rosecuted with great determination ; and 
 this, carried on by means of lectures, newspapers, tracts, 
 public meetings, and petitions to Congress, aroused a violent 
 spirit of resistance. In Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and 
 other Northern cities, anti-slavery meetings were invaded 
 and broken up ; the offices of anti-slavery newspapers Avere 
 mobbed, and, in some instances, personal violence was in- 
 flicted — in one notal)le case, in Illinois, death — upon the 
 abolitionists. Still the agitation went on. 
 
 6. The first railway in America, built in 182G and knoAvn 
 as the Quincy Railroad, was only two miles long. It was 
 
 designed for 
 carrying gran- 
 ite from the 
 fjuarries of 
 Quincy, Mas- 
 sachusetts, to 
 tide water. 
 The cars were 
 d r a \v n by 
 horses. The 
 second rail- 
 way was the 
 M.\i\\c\\(^mawh) 
 in all thirteen 
 
 FIRST RAILROAD CAR FOR PASSENGERS (1830). 
 
 Chunk, which, with its turnouts and branches 
 
 miles long, was constructed for the transportation of coal from 
 
steam Namgation, 233 
 
 the mines of tliat place to the Lehigh river in Pennsylvania 
 
 (1827). " The Baltimore and Ohio was the first 
 
 •1 • A • n^i. •! 1 Railroads, 
 
 passenger railway m America, faiteen miles being 
 
 opened in 1830, the cars being drawn by horses till the next 
 year, when a locomotive was put on the track." During the 
 same year (1830) a small locomotive, weighing not more than a 
 ton, was built in Baltimore by Peter Cooper (afterward of New 
 York). " It was the first locomotive for railroad purposes 
 ever built in America. So great was the enterprise through- 
 out the United States from 1832 to 1837 in the projection and 
 construction of railroads, that at the end of that period the 
 contemplated lines exceeded in number and aggregate length 
 those of any other country." 
 
 7. We have spoken of the Clermont, Fulton's first steam- 
 boat (see p. 201). As many as six steamboats were after- 
 ward built for Fulton. The first boat of the kind on the 
 Mississippi, was the Orleans, in 1811. She went steam 
 from Pittsburg to New Orleans in fourteen days, navigation.' 
 Eight years later, the Savannah, an American steamer, crossed 
 the Atlantic from Savannah, G-eorgia. In this vessel both sails 
 and steam were used. The arrival of the first two steamers, — 
 the Sirius and the Great Western, — at New York from Liver- 
 pool, in 1838, caused a great sensation throughout the coun- 
 try ; and when the Great Western took her departure from 
 New York "a fleet of steamers, decorated with flags, filled 
 with passengers, and each having a band of music on board, 
 accompanied her down the bay. The wharves were densely 
 crowded with spectators, and even the house-tops were cov- 
 ered" with thousands of persons. Cheers went up from the 
 excited people as a parting God-speed. 
 
 Administrations of Harrison and Tyler. 
 
 1. The depression in business affairs was attributed to the 
 want of wisdom in Van Buren's administration, and, although 
 he received the nomination of the Democratic party for a 
 
284 
 
 Harrisoii s Adrnirdstration. 
 
 1840 
 
 second term, and was still pledged to tread in '' the footsteps 
 ^^^ of his illustrious predecessor," he found it impos- 
 14tli national si 1)1 e to carry with him the pojjularity of "Old 
 e ection. iJic]^ory," as Jackson was affectionately called. 
 Besides, a great many persons were disposed to try " a change 
 of policy," thinking that it could not be for the worse. 
 Again the Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, who, 
 
 like Jackson enjoyed a military 
 fame. He had fought the In- 
 dians ; and the battle of Tippe- 
 canoe, though of small account 
 compared with the battle of 
 New Orleans, gave the Whigs 
 a great amount of campaign 
 ca2)ital. " Tippecanoe and 
 Tyler too " became their rally- 
 ing cry. 
 
 2. The Whigs also derived 
 great advantage in the contest 
 from the fact that some 
 " thoughtless Democrat " had tauntingly alluded to their 
 candidate as having dwelt in a " log cabin" and used " hard 
 cider" as a beverage. The expressions, the " log-cabin candi- 
 date," and the " hard-cider campaign," at once came into 
 popular use, and with such furor, that all the arts of the " lit- 
 tle magician," as Van Buren was called by his political oppo- 
 nents, were unable to counteract its effects. Log cabins, with 
 the "latch string hanging out," and decorated with coon 
 skins, were drawn on wagons in political processions, and 
 were also made to give effect to the mass meetings, which 
 were often composed of " acres of men." The result was the 
 election of Harrison, and, with it, the elevation of John 
 Tyler, of Virginia, to the office of vice-president. 
 
 3. Before he came to Washington, Harrison luid lived in a 
 plain and simple way, taking his breakfast at seven or eight, 
 his dinner at noon, and retiring early. Hi the White House, 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
 
1841 
 
 Death of Harrison. 
 
 235 
 
 he took his breakfast at nine, dined at six, retired after mid- 
 night, and rose at five. He was then sixty-nine years of age. 
 " Can it be a cause of wonder that his system gave way, re- 
 fusing to bear this heavy and unaccustomed tax?" He was 
 taken sick, and, just one month after his inaugura- ^^^^^ 
 tion, he died (April 4th, 1841). " His death was of the 
 an astounding shock to the country. He was the 
 first president who had died in office. All the public build- 
 ings, most of the private dwellings, and even the lowliest 
 tenements, in Washington, were draped in black ; and busi- 
 ness was suspended." 
 
 4. John Tyler, the vice-president, being called to Washing- 
 ton, took the oath of office and assumed the title of president ; 
 but the course he pursued sadly disappointed the Whigs, by 
 
 whom he had been ^ .^^ 
 elected. They had becomes 
 expected to establish 
 a National Bank " for the relief 
 of the country," but he vetoed 
 two bank bills passed by Con- 
 gress, though one of them had 
 been previously approved by 
 him. All the members of his 
 Cabinet^except Daniel Webster, 
 the Secretary of State — resigned, 
 and he was denounced by his 
 former political friends. Web- 
 ster remained at his post long enough to make what is com- 
 monly known as the Webster-Ashburton treaty, by which 
 long-standing differences between England and the United 
 States respecting the North-eastern boundary were settled, 
 and provision was made for determining the entire northern 
 boundary line to the Eocky mountains.^ 
 
 * In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, growing out of 
 a movement to substitute a constitution extending the right of suffrage, 
 in place of the charter granted by Charles II., in 1663, and which had 
 
 JOHN TYLER. 
 
236 Tylefs Administration. 1845 
 
 5. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the Union 
 caused an excited discussion tliroughout the country during 
 the closing months of Tyler's administration. Texas had been 
 
 Annexation ^ province of Mexico, but the inhabitants had re- 
 of Texas, volted, achieved their independence, and set up 
 a republican government of their own. Hence, Texas was 
 called, at this time, " The Lone Star State," one star only 
 being on her flag. The annexation of Texas was favored by 
 the South, because slavery existed there, but the measure was 
 opposed by a large party in the North, who were greatly 
 averse to any increase of the slave power in the United States. 
 Many, too, foresaw that the annexation of Texas would pro- 
 duce a war with Mexico. The discussion in Congress was 
 finally ended by the passage of a resolution in favor of the 
 annexation, and to this Tyler gave his approval three days 
 before he Avent out of office (1845). 
 
 6. The demand for the rapid communication of intelli- 
 gence was by no means supplied by the locomotive and rail- 
 road. To Professor Morse is due high honor for the man- 
 ner in which he availed 
 
 The . n ->■ 
 
 magnetic himself of scientific dis- 
 teiegraph. g^ygj-ipg^ previously made 
 
 by others in the department of elec- 
 tro-magnetism, for many discover- 
 ies of his own, and especially for 
 his perseverance in bringing his 
 system into use for the benefit of 
 mankind. His telegraph was first 
 so made available in 1837. " He 
 had completed his telegraph line 
 from AVashington to Baltimore just morse. 
 
 previous to the sitting of the Democratic convention for the 
 
 been the " fundamental law of the land" the greater part of two centu- 
 ries. The " suffrage party" attenijited to effect the change without re- 
 gard to existing laws, even resorting to force ; but the legitimate power 
 prevailed. A constitution, the one under which the State is now gov- 
 erned, was soon after adopted. 
 
1837 The Electro- Telegraph. 237 
 
 nomination of a presidential candidate, and was ready to re- 
 port its proceedings every fifteen minutes. The terminus of 
 the line in Washington was in a room adjoining the Supreme 
 Court room, under the Senate -chamber, now the Supreme 
 Court room. 
 
 7. Here he received and communicated dispatches during 
 the sitting of the convention, and read them to the large 
 crowd assembled around the window, manifesting the most 
 intense interest in the proceedings at Baltimore, as they were 
 from time to time received and read aloud. It was a novelty. 
 Every few minutes it would be reported that Mr. So-and-so 
 had made such a motion, and in a minute or two, ' the mo- 
 tion has failed,' or, 'has carried,' as the case might be. 
 Again, ' A ballot is being taken for president.' 'Mr. Polk 
 has been proposed, and a vote is being taken ; such a State 
 has voted for Mr. Polk, — such and sucli and such States have 
 voted for him : he has received two-thirds, and is nominated. ' 
 This talking with Baltimore was something so novel, so 
 strange, so extraordinary, and upon a matter of such intense 
 interest, that we could hardly realize the fact. It seemed 
 like enchantment, or a delusion, or a dream." 
 
 Polk's Administration. 
 
 1. The presidential contest in the fall of 1844 turned largely 
 upon the question of the annexation of Texas. The candi- 
 date of those favoring the measure — the Democratic party, — 
 was James K. Polk, of Tennessee. Henry Clay, ^, 
 "The Mill-Boy "of the Slashes," ^ who was and 1 5th national 
 had been all his life, the great champion of ® ^° ^°^' 
 "The American System," that is protection to Ameri- 
 can labor and American manufactures, was again the candi- 
 date of the Whigs, but was again defeated, for ' ' he was not 
 
 ' This term was applied to Clay by his political friends, in allusion to 
 the fact that, when a boy, he was often sent on errands to a place near 
 his home called " the Slashes," where there was a mill. 
 
238 
 
 Polk'' s Administratioii. 
 
 1845-6 
 
 pro-slavery enough for the South, nor anti-shivery enough 
 
 for the North." The Aboli- 
 tionists voted for James G. Bir- 
 ney, who, though he did not 
 get a single electoral vote, re- 
 ceived sixty-five thousand of the 
 people's ballots. Polk's inaugu- 
 ration took place on the ith of 
 March, 1845. 
 
 2. Texas, having assented to 
 the annexation act in the form 
 in which it had passed Congress, 
 tlie "Lone Star State" was 
 merged in the constellation of 
 
 the Union (1845). As anticipated by many, this led to a 
 •^ar "^^^1' with Mexico, for that country still claimed 
 
 with Mexico. Texas as a part of her own territory. Hostilities 
 
 commenced in 1846, near the Eio Grande {re'-o grahn'-da), to 
 
 which river General Taylor had been sent to protect the new 
 
 State from a threatened 
 
 invasion by the Mexicans.^ 
 
 JAMES KNOX POLK. 
 
 3. The Mexicans made 
 an attack upon a small 
 party of American dra- 
 goons, and this led to two 
 engagements, one at Palo 
 Alto {pali'-lo alil'-to) and 
 tlie other at Resaca de la 
 Taylor's Palma [ra-snh' - 
 campaign. ^.^/^ ila JaJl pah l- 
 
 mah), in both of which the 
 Mexicans were defeated 
 
 "'•'"a vista 
 
 TjVYLOR'S 
 
 CAMPAIGN 
 
 Scale 
 
 20 V> -60 80 Too 
 
 ' The United States, by the annexation of Texas, chiimed the Rio 
 Grande as tlieir bonndary, wliilo Mexico alletred that the western Hmits 
 of th(; province never extended beyond the Nueces river. The crossing 
 of the hitter river into the disputed territory by Taylor, was, therefore, 
 considered by the IVIexicans as the commencement of active war, and 
 tliey consequently made tlie attack. 
 
1846-7 Conquest of New Mexico and Calif ornia. 239 
 
 and 
 California. 
 
 with severe loss (May, 1846). In a few days Taylor took the 
 town of Matamoras, and then marching to the fortified city of 
 Monterey {mon-ta-ra'), after a series of assaults compelled it to 
 capitulate (Sept. 24). These victories were gained with a force 
 far inferior to that of the Mexicans. Taylor's last engage- 
 ment in Mexico was the battle of Buena Vista {hiua'-nah vess'- 
 tah). At this place, his small force, of less than five thousand 
 troops, was attacked by Santa Anna with an army of nearly 
 four times that number of men ; ' but after a determined 
 contest which lasted from morning till night, the Mexicans 
 were driven in disorder from the field (Feb. 23, 1847). 
 
 4. In the mean time. General Kearny had marched with a 
 small force into New Mexico and taken possession of that prov- 
 ince ; while Captain Fremont, " the 
 
 Pathfinder of the Eocky 
 
 , • , , 1 11 Conquest of 
 
 mountains, wiio haq New Mexico 
 
 (before the breaking out 
 of the war) been sent to 
 make western explorations, entered 
 California ; and, the settlers flocking 
 to his standard, he defeated the 
 Mexicans in several skirmishes. The 
 conquest of California was com- 
 pleted by means of the American 
 fleet under Commodores Slote and 
 Stockton, assisted by Fremont and 
 Kearny (1847). 
 
 5. It having been decided by the authorities in Washing- 
 ton, that, in order " to conquer a peace," the Mexican capi- 
 tal must be captured, this task was assigned to General Scott, 
 
 ' Santa Anna had l)een made Dictator, and was the commander-in- 
 chief of the Mexican army. He had been so sure of victory, that he sent 
 his cavalry to intercept the retreat of tlie Americans. The American 
 general, summoned to surrender, replied, " General Taylor never sur- 
 renders." In the midst of this dreadful battle he remained perfectly 
 cool, calling out to his artillery officer at one time, " A little more grape, 
 Captain Bragg !" The battle of Buena Vista entirely broke up Santa 
 Anna's spendid army of twenty thousand men. 
 
 JOHN C. FREMONT. 
 
240 
 
 PoWs Administration. 
 
 1847 
 
 the hero of Lundy's Lane. Landing his army near the citv 
 
 Scott's of Vera Cruz, wliich was defended l)y a powerful 
 
 campaign, fortress that had frowned upon tlie waters of the 
 
 gulf more than a hundred 
 
 years, he opened a tremen- 
 dous fire upon the city and 
 fortress, continuing the bom- 
 bardment five days, until both 
 were compelled to surrender 
 (March, 1847). The march 
 to the enemy's capital was 
 not an easy one. The Mexi- 
 can army was large and com- 
 manded by the wily Santa 
 Anna. The Americans were 
 mainly volunteers who had 
 never seen war before. At 
 (s«r'-ro) Gordo, the enemy. 
 
 GENEKAL SCOTT. 
 
 the mountain pass of Cerro 
 twelve thousand in number. 
 
 waited behind strong fortifications. The Americans cut a way 
 round the mountains and assailed the fortifications. The 
 Mexicans fled in confusion, and with so much hurry that 
 Santa Anna, to escape capture, was obliged to leave behind 
 his wooden leg (April). Other successes followed, and the 
 invading army entered and occupied the ancient and popu- 
 lous city of Puebla [poo -a! -blah). Here, Scott, having sent 
 home a large number of his troops, because their term of 
 enlistment had expired, waited there months for reinforce- 
 ments. On their arrival he resumed his march. 
 
 6. Finding that the direct route to the Mexican capital 
 was strongly fortified, Scott turned southward, and encam})ed 
 al)out ten miles from the city. The approaches to the 
 capital were guarded by powerful liatteries ; but these were all 
 taken after severe conflicts, in which the American troops 
 showed the greatest determination aiul daring. The last of 
 these places was carried by assault on the 13th of Septem- 
 ber ; and Santa Anna and his army, being unable to make 
 
1847 
 
 American Conqicest of Mexico. 
 
 241 
 
 SCOTT'S 
 CAMPAIGN 
 
 any further resistance, fled from the city during the succeed- 
 ing night. The next morning, General Scott, at the head of 
 the American army, made a triumphal entry into the city. 
 At first the victorious 
 troops were attacked from 
 the house-tops by the 
 Mexican populace, but 
 this opposition was soon 
 quieted. 
 
 7. "' Mexico, the capi- 
 tal of the ancient Aztecs, 
 the seat of the Spanish- 
 American empire in 
 America — had passed 
 from Aztec and from 
 Spaniard to the Anglo- 
 American — the Northman 
 of the Goths, the Saxon 
 of Germany, the English- 
 man of America — the same bold, hardy, energetic, ingenious, 
 
 invincible, ambitious, and adventurous being, , 
 
 ' . . °' American 
 
 whose genius the forms of civilization cannot con- concLuestof 
 fine, and to whose dominion continents are inade- ^^ico. 
 quate. In what hour of time, or limit of space, shall this man 
 of the moderns — this conqueror over land and seas, nations and 
 governments — find rest, in the completion of his mighty prog- 
 ress ? Commencing his march in the cold regions of Scan- 
 dinavia, no ice chilled his blood — no wilderness delayed his 
 steps — no labor wearied his industry — no armies arrested his 
 march — no empire subdued his power. Over armies and over 
 empires — over lands and over seas — in heat, and cold, and 
 wilderness, and flood — amidst the desolations of death and 
 the decavs of disease — this Northman has moved on in might 
 and majesty, steady as the footsteps of Time, and fixed as the 
 decrees of Fate ! 
 
 8. How singular — how romantically strange is this — his 
 
242 Polk's Administration. 1848 
 
 wild adventure and marvellous conquest in the valley of val- 
 leys ! How came the Northman and the Moorish Celt here 
 to meet, and here to battle, in this North- American valley? 
 Look at it ! Inquire ! Ask yourself how they came here ! 
 Are they the citizens, by nature, of this continent ? Are they 
 the aborigines of these Avild and wonderful forests ? Never ! 
 How came they, then, to be contending for the lands and 
 groves of those whose children they are not ? In the begin- 
 ning of the sixteenth century, Cortez landed on the coast of 
 Mexico, and, at the head of Spanish troops, marched on to 
 the conquest of Mexico, over whose effeminate inhabitants the 
 Spaniard has, for three hundred years, held undivided do- 
 minion. Not many years after, the Anglo-Saxon landed on 
 the coasts of tlie northern Atlantic. He, too, marched on to 
 conquest. The native citizens of the forest disappeared 
 before him. Forests, mountains, and Indians, were ineffec- 
 tual to oppose him. From the banks of the St. Lawrence to 
 the Sabine of Texas, he is a conqueror over nature. And now, 
 this Spaniard and this Northman meet, in battle panoply, in 
 this valley of volcanoes, by the ancient graves of unknown 
 nations, on the lava-covered soil where nature once poured 
 forth her awe-inspiring flames. Three centuries since, these 
 warrior-nations had left their homes beyond the Avide Atlan- 
 tic. Two thousand miles from each other, they had planted 
 the seats of their empire ^and now, as if time, in the moral 
 Avorld, had completed another of its grand revolutions, they 
 have met in mortal conflict." 
 
 9. The capture of the city of Mexico by the American army 
 
 virtually ended the Avar. A treaty of peace was signed by 
 
 wliicli Mexico agreed to the Eio Grande as a boundary 
 
 Treaty betAveen the two republics, and surrendered to 
 
 of peace, the United States a vast territory between Texas 
 and the Pacific ocean, including all the present State of 
 California. On the part of the United States it was agreed 
 that the sum of fifteen millions of dollars should be paid for 
 the territory thus acquired, and that debts due from Mexi- 
 
% 
 
1848 Discovery of Gold in California. 243 
 
 CO to American citizens, to the amount of three millions of 
 dollars, should be assumed.^ Five years later, the United 
 States, desiring a more southern boundary for a portion of 
 their new territory, secured what is known as the " Gladsden 
 Purchase," by paying the additional sum of ten millions of 
 dollars. 
 
 10. Peace was no sooner concluded than " it was discov- 
 ered that the soil of California was richly endowed with gold. ^ 
 On one of the tributaries of the Sacramento river an old set- 
 tler was peacefully digging a trench, — caring little, _. 
 it may be sup]30sed, about the change in citizen- of gold in 
 ship which he had undergone, nor dreaming that ^ ^ orma- 
 the next stroke of his spade was to influence the history 
 not merely of California but of the world. Among the 
 sand which he lifted were certain shining particles. His 
 wondering eye considered them with attention. They were 
 
 ' The treaty was made by commissioners wlio met at Guadalupe 
 Hidalgo, a small town about four miles from the city of Mexico ; but 
 the boundary between the two countries soon became a subject of dis- 
 pute, which was not settled till 1853, when the United States purchased 
 the Mesilla Valley, or, as it was called, the Oadsden Purchase, General 
 Gadsden having been the agent employed by the United States in trans- 
 acting the affair. The map on the opposite page shows the extent, not 
 only of the territory acquired from Mexico, but of the territory possessed 
 by the United States at the close of the Revolutionary war, as well as 
 of all the tracts since acquired. So much of it as relates to Louisi- 
 ana and Oregon is based upon the conclusions stated in Greenhow's 
 " History of Oregon and California," an official work published under 
 the direction of the United States Senate. The map inserted in Vol. 1 
 of tlie Ninth Census Report, is not in accord with Greenhow's con- 
 clusions, as it extends Louisiana to the Pacific ocean. 
 
 ^ Before 1779, eight estal)lishments, missionary and military, were 
 formed by the Spaniards on tlie Pacific coast of North America, the 
 most southern being San Diego, the most northern, San Francisco ; and 
 during the five years preceding that date, three exploring voyages were 
 made by order of the Spanish Government, in which the coast was ex- 
 amined as far north as the sixtieth parallel. {See page 37, note.) _ By the 
 year 1800, as many as sixteen Spanish missions had been establislied in 
 various parts of Upper California. Here the Indians were gathered, and 
 the Catholic missionaries taught them the arts of civilized life, and im- 
 parted to them the truths of Christianity. After Mexico had become in- 
 dependent, the mission lands, comprising several million acres, were 
 occupied by the Mexican governrneut, and the missions were gradually 
 abandoned. 
 
244 Taylofs Administration. 1849 
 
 gold ! Gold was everywhere — in the soil, in the river-sand, 
 in the mountain-rock ; gold in dust, gold in pellets, gold in 
 lumps ! It was the land of old fairy tale, where wealth could 
 be had by him who chose to stoop down and gather ! Fast as 
 the mails could carry it the bewildering news thrilled the 
 heart of America. 
 
 11. The journey to the land of promise Avas full of toil and 
 danger. There were over two thousand miles of unexplored 
 wilderness to traverse. There were mountain ranges to sur- 
 mount, lofty and rugged as the Alps themselves. There Avere 
 great desolate plains, unwatered and Avithout vegetation, In- 
 dians, whose dispositions there Avas reason to question, 
 Ijeset the path. But danger Avas unconsidered. That season 
 thirty thousand Americans crossed the plains, climbed the 
 mountains, forded the streams, bore Avithout shrinking all that 
 Avant, exposure, and fatigue could inflict. Cholera broke out 
 among them, and four thousand left their bones in the wil- 
 derness. The rest plodded on undismayed. Fifty thousand 
 came by sea. From all countries they came — from quiet 
 English villages, from the crowded cities of China. Before 
 the year Avas out California had gained an addition of eighty 
 thousand to her population." 
 
 12. Florida became a State the day before the last of 
 Tyler's term of office (1845). At a later jieriod of the year, 
 during Polk's administration, Texas became a State, as pre- 
 viously stated. loAva, the tAventy-ninth State, Avas admitted 
 
 in 1846. It originally Avas a part of the " Loui- 
 New States. . r, ^ ,, rrn j • • +• w 
 
 siana Purchase. The admission oi Wisconsin 
 
 took place in 1848, from Avhat, in part, Avas soon after the 
 
 Revolution, the NortliAvest Territory. 
 
 Taylor^ s A dm inistration. 
 
 1. As slavery in Mexico had been abolished more than 
 tAventy years, the territory ceded by her to the United States 
 was "free soil." In anticipation of this acquisition, Mr. 
 
1849 
 
 The Wilmot Promso. 
 
 245 
 
 ZACHARY TAYLOR. 
 
 Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, acting for himself and other mem- 
 bers of Congress from the free States, had offered _, 
 an addition to the Mexican treaty, which after- I6th national 
 ward became known as the "Wilmot Proviso," ® ^'^ ^°°- 
 
 and which may be considered as 
 tlie foundation stone of the Free 
 Soil Party. The object of the 
 proviso was to preserve for ever 
 as " free soil" the territory to be 
 acquired from Mexico. It, how- 
 ever, did not pass both Houses of 
 Congress ; but it greatly helped 
 to bring into existence the new 
 political party, and consequently 
 three parties contended for the 
 presidency in the fall of 1848. 
 2. The candidate of the Demo- 
 crats was General Lewis Cass, of Michigan ; of the Whigs, Gen- 
 eral Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana ; and of the Free Soilers, 
 whose party cry was " Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and 
 Free Men," was ex-president Van Buren, of New York. Gen- 
 eral Taylor started in the canvass with a decided advantage over 
 his competitors. In the Mexican war he had won great laurels 
 as a soldier ; and by his simplicity, directness, and indomitable 
 daring in that contest had acquired the popular favor. His 
 soldiers used to call him "Old Rough and Ready." His 
 laconic expressions at Buena Vista — " General Taylor never 
 surrenders," and "A little more grape. Captain Bragg" — 
 w^ere often quoted during the presidential campaign, which 
 resulted in his election. He was inaugurated on the 5th of 
 March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 
 
 3. It was during the early excitement of the " gold fever" 
 that President Polk's term of office expired and Taylor's 
 began. " Tlie 'fever ' was raging like an epidemic in every 
 direction. High and low, rich and poor took it. From the 
 fall of 1849 to the fall of 1850 was the tent era of California, 
 
2'40 Taylof s Administration. 1849-50 
 
 the strange flush times of tlie young State. Property was 
 
 . . changing hands, fortunes changing favorites, with 
 
 life in astonishing rapidity. The poor man of yesterday 
 
 California. ^^^^ ^j^^ ^.j^.j^ j^^.^^^^ ^^ to-day. The servant, running 
 
 away from his master, tarried a month or two in the mines, 
 and returned with gold enough to buy his master out. The 
 average Avages made by miners in 1849 were, perhaps, twenty 
 or thirty doHars a day ; yet in rich diggings an average of 
 from three hundred to five hundred dollars a week was not 
 uncommon for weeks together. 
 
 4. The abundance of gold in the hands of people not used 
 to it made them lavish. There was very little sitting down 
 and calculating how to economize ; and there was no ' Poor 
 Eichard ' pleading frugality and pointing out the penury that 
 must follow thriftlessness. If there was any shrewd Yankee 
 still following the precepts of his early education, and in an 
 open-handed generation trying to remember that it is not 
 what a num makes, but what he saves, that determines him 
 rich or poor, his daily memorandum of expenses must have 
 seemed very shocking. If he took breakfast at a restaurant in 
 San Francisco, he had a dollar to pay for a beef steak and a 
 cup of coffee. For fresh eggs he must pay from seventy-five 
 cents to a dollar each. His dinner would cost him from a 
 dollar and a half to five dollars, according to his appetite. 
 Washing was eight dollars for a dozen pieces : it even hap- 
 pened, they say, that some sent their dirty clothes to China 
 to be washed. 
 
 5. On landing at San Francisco, which early became the 
 principal port of debarkation, or on arriving over the moun- 
 tains, almost all dashed first into the mines. Placer mining 
 could be learned in a day : any one Avho could shovel dirt, 
 stand up to his knees in running water, and shake a pan, 
 knew the art. . . . The currency was gold-dust, that is, 
 small scales, globules, or nuggets of gold. At first they 
 rudely measured it ; then as rudely weighed it — a silver dol- 
 lar's weight, the weight of a jackknifc, or the weight of an 
 ounce avoirdupois. Then they began to smelt the dust into 
 
The Compromise of 1850. 
 
 247 
 
 bars, ingots, or slugs, stamping the initials of the assayer to 
 give credit to its designated weight where scales were not ac- 
 cessible. Not till 1854, when the United States gave them a 
 Branch Mint at San Francisco, was the currency regulated 
 with any satisfaction." 
 
 6. In September, 1849, there was a sufficient number of 
 settlers in California to form a State; and "the youthful 
 queen of the Pacific, in her robes of freedom inlaid with 
 gold," made application to Congress for admission _. 
 to the Union, As the constitution which Call- agitation 
 fornia had adopted excluded slavery from her ter- ^^^^^^d. 
 ritory, another violent agitation of the "slave question" fol- 
 lowed, " Calhoun, the great leader and champion of the cavise 
 of slavery," and the other friends of the slave power, oppos- 
 ing the admission of California as a free State. Before the 
 question was decided, Taylor died (July 9th, 1850), and was 
 " quietly succeeded without show or parade" by the vice- 
 president, Millard Fillmore, of New York. 
 
 Fillmore's A dministration. 
 
 1. Other subjects, besides the admission of California, 
 but all growing out of the slavery question, had been 
 introduced into Congress at this time ; and so violent was 
 
 the controversy be- «,, 
 tween the opj)Osing Compromise 
 parties that the safe- °^^®^°- 
 ty of the Union was menaced. 
 The great orator and statesman, 
 Henry Clay, by his fervid elo- 
 quence, did much to allay this 
 strife, and finally a compromise 
 was effected by which California 
 was admitted as a free State 
 (1850). At the same time. New 
 Mexico and Utah were organized 
 as territories ; the slave trade 
 was abolished in the District of Columbia ; and the " Fiigi- 
 
 MILLARD FILLMORE. 
 
248 Fillmore's Administration. 1850 
 
 V_: 
 
 tive Slave Law," which provided for tlie return to their 
 owners of slaves escaping to a free State, was passed. Dan- 
 iel Webster, a member of the United States Senate, contri- 
 buted his aid in effecting this compromise, which, though 
 it allayed the excitement between the two sections of the 
 country, gave great offence to a large party in the North who 
 were op})osed to all concessions to the slave jsower. 
 
 2. " The vast region known as Utah was then in the posses- 
 sion of the Indians and the Mormons, or Latter-Day Saints, 
 a religious sect founded by Joseph Smith, a native of Ver- 
 
 Xhe mont. In 1832, Smith had twelve hundred fol- 
 Mormons. lowers, when the whole sect removed to Missouri. 
 As they professed to ]je the true saints, by virtue of which 
 they were to become the inheritors of the western country, 
 they became objects of distrust to* the Missourians. The 
 militia were called out, but the Mormons avoided a conflict 
 by crossing the Mississippi to Illinois. They prepared to 
 make that State their home. On a bluff, overlooking the 
 Mississippi, they founded a city, Naiivoo {iiaw'-voo), and 
 erected an imposing temple (1840). Thefts and robberies 
 were numerous in the vicinity, and these crimes were attrib- 
 uted to the Mormons, some of whom were arrested. 
 
 3. At length the Prophet, Smith, and his brother llyrum, 
 Avere arrested and thrown into prison in the town of Carthage. 
 A mob collected a few days after, and in the melee the 
 brothers were slain. The spirit aroused against the Mormons 
 was so violent that they could find safety alone in flight, and 
 the following year they sold tlieir possessions, left tlieir 
 beautiful city, which contained ten thousand inhabitants, and 
 under chosen elders emigrated away across the i)lains and over 
 the Rocky Mountains, and finally found a resting-place in the 
 Great Basin (1844). As they were now upon the soil of Mex- 
 ico, they hoped their troubles were at an end. They signifi- 
 cantly called their new home, Deseret — the land of the Honey 
 Bee ; and, to recruit their numbers, they sent missionaries to 
 every quarter of the globe. 
 
1854 Repeal of tlie Missouri Comj^romise. 249 
 
 4. Meantime they labored with great zeal in founding a city 
 on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. It is on ground four 
 thousand three hundred feet above the level of the ocean, and 
 planned on a large scale ; its streets are eight rods wide, and 
 every house is surrounded by a garden. Presently came the 
 war with Mexico, and the ceding of all that region to the 
 United States. The Mormons were the first to organize 
 themselves as a territory, under the name of Deseret, but Con- 
 gress saw proper to change the name to Utah. President 
 Fillmore ajipointed Brigham Young, their leading elder, the 
 first governor." 
 
 Pierce'' s A dmmistration. 
 
 1. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, succeeded to the 
 
 presidency on the 4tli of March, 1853. The next year the 
 
 agitation of the " slavery question" was again revived by the 
 
 passage of a law by Congress organizing the terri- Repeal 
 
 tories of Kansas and Nebraska. This law re- °f *^® . 
 . . , . Missouri 
 
 pealed the Missouri Compromise, winch had ex- Compromise, 
 eluded slavery from the entire region, and substituted 
 what was called by some per- 
 sons, " Squatter Sovereignty" 
 or " Popular Sovereignty," 
 that is, the right of the people 
 in each territory to decide 
 whether they would have slaves 
 or not. The " Compromise of 
 1820 " had been regarded as a 
 sacred compact between the 
 South and the North, and as 
 such, for the third of a century 
 had received the sanction of all 
 parties. An intense excitement 
 was again produced, especially in the Northern States. 
 
 2. Now came the struggle again on the " slavery issue" 
 between the North and the South, both making great exer- 
 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
250 Pierces Administration. 1864 
 
 tions to send settlers to the new territory of Kansas. The 
 _. .. South was first in the field, Missouri, a slave State, 
 
 war in being near, and her citizens leading the way. 
 
 Kansas. ^^^^ ^j^^ North, resolute to win Kansas for free- 
 dom, poured a steady tide of emigration into the territory, 
 and soon the Northern settlors outnumbered their competi- 
 tors. Civil war ensued ; for those in the minority would 
 not submit to be outvoted, and the peaceful citizens were 
 resolved to defend their rights. This state of things for a 
 considerable time rendered Kansas a scene of lawlessness and 
 bloodshed (see page 253). 
 
 3. " The acquisition of California made the importance of 
 commercial treaties with the nations of eastern Asia more and 
 more important. During Fillmore's term, Commodore Perry, 
 
 Treaty brother of the hero of Lake Erie, was sent with a 
 with Japan, squadron to open communication with the em- 
 pire of Japan. The inhabitants of those islands from 
 time immemorial had excluded foreigners. The authorities 
 there were greatly astonished at the boldness of the com- 
 modore when he ajipeared with his steamers — the first that 
 ever floated on those waters — in the bay of Jeddo (or Yedo, 
 DOW Tokio). He was ordered to depart ; but he declined, and 
 insisted on seeing the proper authorities and making known 
 to them the object of his friendly visit. 
 
 4. At length a Japanese officer appeared, who promised to 
 lay the matter before the emperor. Tlie 14tli of July (1853), 
 was the day^ named to receive the letter from the American 
 President. The commodore, escorted by a company of 
 marines, landed. He was received with the pomp of an 
 oriental pageant, and an answer to the letter promised the 
 following spring. The answer was duly received, and a 
 treaty concluded. The merchants of the United States ob- 
 tained permission to trade in two sj)ecified ports, and also for 
 the residence of American citizens and consuls at the two 
 ports, as well as to visit without molestation in the interior, 
 ten or twelve miles" (1854). 
 
Summary. 251 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Washington's Administration. The adoption of Hamilton's financial 
 measures ; the war with the Indians north of the Ohio ; the making 
 of "Jay's Treaty;" the admission of Vermont, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee into the Union ; and the invention of the cotton-gin, were 
 the principal events duriny; this administration (1789-1797).* 
 
 John Adams's. The hostilities with France, the death of Washington, 
 aud tlie removal of the national capitol to the city of Washington 
 (1797-1801). 
 
 Jeiferson's. The admission of Ohio into the Union, the purchase of the 
 Louisiana territory, the war with the Barbary States, the duel be- 
 tween Hamilton and Burr, the trial of Burr for treason, and Fulton's 
 steamboat invention (1801-1809). 
 
 Madison's. Tlie second war with England — of which Hull's surrender 
 of Detroit, Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Harrison's successes, Brown's 
 invasion of Canada, MacDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, the 
 capture by the British of the city of Washington, the British repulse 
 before Baltimore, and Jackson's defense of New Orleans, were the 
 principal events — marks this administration. The Hartford Con- 
 vention, the war with Algiers, and the admission of Louisiana and 
 Indiana into the Union, were also important (1809-1817). 
 
 Monroe's. The Seminole war ; the purchase of Florida ; the admission 
 of Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri into- the 
 Union ; the adoption of the " Missouri Compromise ;" and Lafayette's 
 visit, were the important events (1817-1825). 
 
 John ftuincy Adams's. The death of John Adams and of Jefferson oc- 
 curred. Great progress was made in the work of internal improve- 
 ments (1825-1839). 
 
 Jackson's. Jackson's war against the United States Bank, the " nullifi- 
 cation" movement of South Carolina, and the admission of Arkansas 
 and Michigan into the Union (1839-1837) 
 
 Van Buren's. " The Panic of 1837," and the formation of " Al olition 
 Societies" (1837-1841). 
 
 Harrison and Tyler's. The death of Harrison, Morse's magnetic-telegraph 
 invention, the preliminary measures for the annexation of Texas, 
 and the admission of Florida into the Union (1841-1845). 
 
 Polk's. The war with Mexico, of which the campaig-ns of Taylor and 
 Scott were the principal features, and the acquisition of California 
 and other territory the result, marks this administration. The dis- 
 covery of gold in California ; and the admission of Texas. Iowa, and 
 Wisconsin into the Union, were also important (1845-1849). 
 
 Taylor and Fillmore's. The death of Taylor, the adoption of the " Com- 
 promise of 1850," and the admission of California into the Union 
 (1849-1853). 
 
 Pierce's. The repeal of the " Missouri Compromise," the civil war in 
 Kansas, and the treaty with Japan, were the principal events of this 
 administration (1853-1857). 
 
 * For a history of the Constitution of the United States and explanations of its 
 language, and information respectins; important features of laws enacted under it. 
 Including a history of the District of Columbia, see the Appendix. 
 
252 Topical Remew. 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 (See the hints and directions, p. 49.) '- 
 BlOGH.\PHICAL. 
 
 Washington. (Let the account be from his inauguration, and 
 
 include an estimate of his character and influence.) - ■ - 182-194 
 John Adams. (See Life and Works of John Adams, by 
 
 his grandson, Charles Francis Adams.) . . . . 146-223 
 Thomas Jefferson. (See Randall's Life of Jefferson ; also Parton's, 
 
 and Tucker's.) - - - : 145-223 
 
 Alexander Hamilton. (See Life of Hamilton, by his son, J. C. 
 
 Hamilton; also Morse's Life of Hamilton.) - - - 179-200 
 Aaron Burr. (See Parton's Life of Burr.) - . - - -141-201 
 John Jay. (See Life of John Jay, by his son William Jay.) 179, 185, 180 
 James Madison. (See Rives's Life of Madison.) - - - 179-319 
 James Monroe. (See Lossing's Lives of the Presidents.) - - 219-222 
 John Q. Adams. (See Seward's Life of J. Q. Adams ; also Josiah 
 
 Quincy's.) 222-227 
 
 Andrew Jackson. (See Parton's Life of Jackson ; also Benton's 
 
 "Thirty Years' View.") 211 (note)-230 
 
 John C. Calhoun. (See Jenkins's Life of Calhoun.) - - 224-247 
 Martin Van Buren. (See Holland's Life of Van Buren.) - - 230-245 
 William H. Harrison. (Dawson's " Memoirs of Harrison.") 205 (note)-235 
 John Tyler. (See Los!<ing's Lives of the Presidents.) - - 234-236 
 Daniel Webster. (See Edward Everett's Life of Webster ; also 
 
 Curtis's ; also Lanman's., ..-..-- 147-248 
 James K. Polk. (Jenkins's "History of Polk's Administration.") 237-245 
 Henry Clay. (See Epes Sargent's Life of Clay ; also Colton's.) - 222-247 
 Zachary Taylor. (See Powell's Life of Taylor.) - - 230 (note)-247 
 Millard Fillmore. (See Barre's Life of Fillmore.) - - - 247-249 
 Franklin Pierce. (See Hawthorne's Life of Pierce.) - - 249, 250 
 
 Geographic.\l. 
 
 Trenton 151-183 Hartford 69, 215 
 
 New York. . . 148-233 Pensacoia 214, 219 
 
 Philadelphia 139-191 Bostcm 127-221 
 
 New Orleans 46, 214 Charleston 142-228 
 
 Detroit 111,206,211 Monterey 239 
 
 Lake Erie 209-211 Buena Vista 239 
 
 Niagara river 107, 111, 212 City of Mexico 239-241 
 
 Lundy's Lane 212, 213 Vera Cruz 240 
 
 Plattsburg 213 Sacramento river 243 
 
 Washington 195-213, 247 San Francisco 39, 246, 247 
 
 Baltimore 213,214 Great Salt Lake 249 
 
 HlSTORIC.\I.. 
 
 Washington's inauguration 183, 184 Missouri Compromise 220-249 
 
 Vermont 1.58,184,185 Lafayette's visit 221 
 
 The cotton-gin 18G-188 United States Bank 184-227 
 
 The Louisiana Purchase. . . 196-198 Nulli6cation 228, 229 
 
 Barbary States Wars 198-217 Slavery.. 58, 112, 114, 188, 220, 231, 
 
 Duel— Hamilton and Burr.. 200 236,247,249 
 
 Fulton's first steamboat 201-203 Railroads 232. 233 
 
 Second War with England. 205-216 War with Mexico 236-243 
 
 Seminole Wars and Florida Magnetic Telegraph 236, 237 
 
 219-230 (note). Gold in California 243-247 
 
1859 
 
 Joliii BrowrC s Maid. 
 
 253 
 
 Buchatian's Administration. 
 
 1. As the time for the presidential election approached, 
 three candidates were put in nomination. A party, known 
 as the American party, their leading principle being oppo- 
 sition to " foreign in- ^^^ 
 finence," and their 1 8th national 
 motto, "Americans ^ ^^ ^°^- 
 should rule America," presented 
 ex- President Fillmore. A new 
 party, the outgrowth of the 
 "Free Soil" movement, com- 
 posed principally of Whigs and 
 Democrats who were opposed to 
 the extension of slavery into free 
 territory, nominated John C. 
 Fremont, " the Pathfinder of 
 the Rocky Mountains," who had 
 
 rendered important service in the conquest of California during 
 the Mexican war. The Democratic party, in favor of the exten- 
 sion of slavery " wherever it found its way by the people's 
 choice," nominated James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, and 
 succeeded in electing him. The inauguration took place on 
 the 4th of March, 1857. 
 
 2. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
 topic of discussion ; and John Brown's Raid, which occurred 
 in the fall of 1859, still further increased the bitterness of 
 feeling then existing between the two sections of the coun- 
 try. "Old John Brown," as he was often called, "had 
 early conceived a fanatical hatred against slavery, and 
 it became the master passion of his life. It joim Brown's 
 was his day-dream that he should become the "^^^"i- 
 Moses of the African race." After the passage of the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill (1854), his four elder sons went from Ohio to 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 
254 BuchanarC s Administration. 1860 
 
 Kansas for the purpose of aiding in making the hitter a free 
 State. They went nnarmed, but coming into conflict with 
 the pro-slavery men from Missouri, wrote to their father to 
 forward them some rifles. Instead, however, of sending the 
 rifles, he carried them himself, and with such boldness and 
 determination did he oppose the designs of those who wished 
 to make Kansas a slave State, that he was both hated and 
 feared by them. Near the town of Os-sa-wat'-o-mie, Avith 
 less than twenty men he made an obstinate and successful 
 defense against an attack of five hundred Missourians, and 
 finally efliected a retreat in safety. " This encounter gave 
 him a sort of national reputation, and the sobriquet of 
 ' Ossawatomie Brown ' clung to him until his death." 
 
 3, Leaving Kansas, he and twenty-one associates seized the 
 arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, for the purpose of m:iking 
 it a rendezvous, his object being to liberate slaves (1859). But 
 he greatly miscalculated as to the encouragement he would 
 receive from the slaves and the resistance he would meet 
 from the authorities, and the movement ended in total failure. 
 Those engaged in it were overpowered by Virginia troops 
 assisted by the national forces ; thirteen of their number 
 were killed, two escaped, and the rest, including Brown, Avere 
 tried, and, under the laws of Virginia, were executed.' 
 
 4. The eightli census report showed a population in the 
 
 United States of thirty-one and a half millions, of whom four 
 
 millions were slaves. " This great population Avas assisted in 
 
 „ ,.^. its toils by six millions of horses and two millions of 
 Condition '' t • ■ , -ii- 
 
 of thecountry working oxen. It owned eight milhons oi cows, 
 
 in 1860. ffteen millions of other cattle, twenty-two mil- 
 
 ' The famous " Dred Sciott Decision," increased the hostile feeling at 
 the North against the slave power. Dred Scott and liis wife were 
 slaves, who had been carried by their master into Illinois, but were after- 
 wards taken into Missouri. They claimed that having been carried into 
 free territory by their master, they had been made free ; but Chief-Jus- 
 tice Taney decided that slave masters could, under the Constitution of 
 the United States, take their slaves into any State without any forfeiture 
 of their property in them, just as they could take their horses or cattle. 
 This decision, it was asserted by the Republicans, changed slavery from 
 a heal to a national institution ; and they resisted it accordingly. 
 
1860 Secession. 255 
 
 lions of sheep, and thirty -three millions of hogs. The 
 products of the soil were enormous. The cotton crop of 
 that year was close upon one million tons. The grain crop 
 was twelve hundred millions of bushels — figures so large as 
 to pass beyond our comprehension. Tobacco had more than 
 doubled since 1850, until now America actually yielded a sup- 
 2)ly of five hundred millions of pounds. The textile manu- 
 factures reached the annual value of two hundred millions of 
 dollars. There were five thousand miles of canals, and thirty 
 thousand of railroads. Provision had been made for the edu- 
 cation of the children by erecting one hundred and thirteen 
 thousand schools and colleges, and employing one hundred and 
 fifty thousand teachers. The educational institutions enjoyed 
 revenues amounting to nearly thirty-five millions of dollars ; 
 and the daily history of the world was supplied by four thou- 
 sand newsj)apers, which circulated annually one thousand 
 millions of copies." 
 
 5. As Buchanan's term of office drew towards its close, no less 
 than four candidates were nominated to succeed him.^ Of these, 
 Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Republicans, was suc- 
 cessful, although the Southern leaders had threat- 
 
 S6C6SS10I1 
 
 ened that, if he should be elected, the States of the 
 South would secede, that is, would withdraw from the Union, 
 as they claimed the riglit to do. When, therefore, it became 
 known that Lincoln, the candidate of the party opposed to 
 the further extension of slavery, would be the next President, 
 the secession movement began. Public meetings were held 
 in South Carolina ; and, on the 20th of December, 1860, an 
 ordinance was passed by a State convention, held in Charles- 
 ton, which formally declared that the " Union now subsist- 
 
 ' The extreme pro-slavery party nominated John C. Breckenridge, 
 who had been Vice-President under Buchanan ; the " Squatter Sove- 
 reignty" party nominated Stephen A. Douglass. These two candidates 
 divided the Democratic party. The American party, now known as the 
 " Constitutional Union," nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, with the 
 simple party platform, " The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforce- 
 ment of the Laws. ' ' 
 
256 
 
 BuchanarCs Administration. 
 
 1861 
 
 ing between Soiitli Carolina and other States, under the 
 name of tlie United States of America, is hereby dissolved." 
 
 6. Six days afterward, Major Anderson, of the national 
 army, commanding at Fort Moultrie, withdrew the garrison of 
 eighty men from that .^^^=ss^ttL» 
 
 fort, and 
 
 Occupation 
 
 of 
 Fort Sumter. 
 
 removed 
 
 to Fort 
 
 Snmter, 
 
 a place 
 of greater security. 
 This being regard- 
 ed by the South Car- 
 olinians as a hostile 
 act, they at once ^^^^ sumtek, in i860, 
 
 seized the custom-house at Charleston, as well as other prop- 
 erty belonging to the general government, and commenced 
 operations to drive Anderson from his new position. (See 
 map, p. 143.) 
 
 7. Six other States — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
 Louisiana, and Texas — following the 
 
 lead of South Carolina, passed seces- 
 sion ordinances in the early part of 
 18G1 . In February a Congress of dele- 
 gates from all these States, except 
 Texas, met at Montgome- 
 ry, and formed a govern - 
 Confederacy. ^^^^^ ^.^^j^.^^ ^y^^ Confeder- 
 ate States of America. Jefferson Da- 
 vis, of Mississippi, was elected by the 
 Congress President of the Confed- 
 eracy, and, Texas being then repre- 
 sented, was duly inaugurated. 
 
 8. A steamer, sent from Ncav York with supplies and rein- 
 Secession forccments for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charles- 
 deeds, ton, but being fired upon by the batteries which had 
 
 been erected by the Confederates, was compelled to put back. 
 
 The 
 
 Southern 
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
1861 Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas. 257 
 
 Thus South Carolina commenced the war by firing at the Amer- 
 ican flag ; and '' the frantic tumult spread along every river 
 and over every mountain in the slave States from Chesapeake 
 bay to the Mexican frontier." Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, and 
 other property of the nation, were seized by State authority 
 for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Fort 
 Sumter, and the forts at the southern extremity of Florida, 
 were all that remained to the general government within the 
 limits of the seceded States. General Dix, Secretary of the 
 National Treasury, ordered two revenue cutters, stationed at 
 New Orleans, to be taken to New York, New Orleans being 
 at the time in virtual possession of the secessionists ; but the 
 captain of one of the cutters refusing to obey, he sent a tele- 
 gram to the lieutenant, ordering the arrest of the captain and 
 closing with the command, " If any one attempts to liaul 
 down the AmeHcan flag^ sJioot him oti the spot." 
 
 9. Three States were admitted to the Union during the admin- 
 istration of Buchanan. Minnesota, admitted in 1858, though 
 of recent settlement, had long been the seat of traffic with the 
 Indians. Catholic missionaries had also estab- 
 lished stations at an early date. The eastern por- 
 tion of the State, that east of the Mississijjpi, was originally a 
 part of the Northwest Territory ; the other portion, embracing 
 more than two thirds of the area of the State, was originally a 
 part of the "Louisiana Purchase." Oregon, admitted in 
 1859, was first occupied in 1811, when a fur-trading post was 
 established by John Jacob Astor, a wealthy merchant of New 
 York, at the mouth of the Columbia river, and called 
 Astoria. The river had been entered, for the first time, 
 twenty years before, by the ship Columbia, Captain Gray, 
 from Boston. The report made by Gray led President Jeffer- 
 son to send the expedition, conducted by Lewis & Clarke, 
 which, ascending the Missouri river and descending the head 
 branches of the Columbia and the Columbia itself, reached 
 the Pacific ocean (see page 196). Kansas, after six years of 
 angry agitation, was quietly admitted into the Union in 18G1. 
 
258 
 
 LincolrC s Administration. 
 
 1861 
 
 Lincoln'' s Administration. 
 
 AHKAIIAM LINCOLN. 
 
 1, The affairs of the conntrj, wlien Lincohi entered upon the 
 office of President, March ith, 18G1, were in a sadly distract- 
 ed condition. " Menaces that the President-elect would never 
 
 Lincoln's '^^ permitted to take 
 inauguration.the oath of office had 
 been freely and loudly made ;" 
 consequently General Scott took 
 every precaution, and the " in- 
 auguration took place amid a 
 greater display of military than 
 had ever before been witness- 
 ed on such an occasion." In 
 his address, which was mild 
 and conciliatory, the President 
 declared, with special emphasis, 
 that he had no purpose or incli- 
 nation to interfere with slavery where it already existed, fur- 
 ther declaring that he had " no lawful right to do so." 
 
 2. This assurance, however, had no effect whatever upon 
 the Southern leaders. Avowing their duty to their States as 
 more binding upon them than their obligations to the general 
 
 Fall of government, they continued to prepare for war. 
 Fort Sumter. ^ force of several thousand men was put under 
 the command of General Beauregard {ho' -re-gard), who was 
 ordered to reduce Fort Sumter ; and, accordingly, " the 
 roar of a mortar quickly followed by the rushing shriek 
 of a shell, gave notice to the world that the era of compro- 
 mise and diplomacy was ended" (April 12, 1861). Soon all 
 the guns of the assailiants were in operation, and in the course 
 of thirty-four hours, more than three thousand shot and shell 
 struck the works. The defense was feeble, owing to the 
 smallness of the garrison and the scanty supply of ammuni- 
 tion. In his report to the Secretary of War, Anderson s id : 
 " Having defended Fort Sumter until the quarters were en- 
 
1861 Secession of other States. 259 
 
 tirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge 
 wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, 
 and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels 
 and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no 
 provisions but pork remaining, I accejited the terms of evacu- 
 ation offered by General Beauregard, and marched out of the 
 fort on Sunday afternoon, the 14th inst. " On the following 
 day Anderson sailed with his command for New York. 
 
 3. " The welcome event," said a Southern writer, " was 
 instantly announced in every part of Charleston by the ring- 
 ing of bells, the pealing of cannon, the shouts of couriers 
 dashing through the streets, and by every indica- _ 
 
 tion of general rejoicing." "It was regarded as the news was 
 the greatest day in the history of South Caroli- received, 
 na." While exultation prevailed at the South, the news that 
 the national flag had been fired upon and that Fort Sumter 
 had fallen jiroduced an intense feeling of indignation at the 
 North. Thousands of northern men who had previously 
 been in sympathy with the South, now declared themselves 
 in favor of the Union ; and President Lincoln's call for 
 seventy-five thousand troops met with a hearty and favorable 
 response from all the free States.^ Political differences were 
 forgotten in the impulse to defend the national government. 
 Two days after Lincoln's call for troops, Davis issued a pro- 
 clamation inviting jn-ivaters to prey upon the commerce of the 
 United States ; and this was followed by one from Lincoln, 
 declaring the ports of the Confederate States to be in a state 
 of blockade (April, 1861). 
 
 4. With the exception of Delaware, not one of the slave 
 States arranged itself promptly and decidedly on the side of the 
 Union. Lincoln's call for troops had been addressed to all 
 
 ' A Massacluisetts re.ffiment, on its way to tlie defense of the capital, 
 was attaclied, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore by a mob of South- 
 ern sympathizers. Bricks, stones, and pieces of iron were thrown from 
 tlie upper windows of houses, and two of the soldiers were killed. Thus 
 the anniversary of the battle of Lexington was signalized by the com- 
 mencement of bloodshed in the Great Civil War. 
 
60 •) /~ » ^^' Gutty sbutg 
 
 HARRISBURG 
 
 N I A 
 
 PART OF 
 
 M A R Y L A N 
 
 EASTERN PART OF 
 
 V I R G I N I 
 
 rn*9^.N.Y. 
 
1861 Battle of Bull Run. 261 
 
 the States that had not passed secession ordinances, but 
 four of them — Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and 
 North Carolina — sent back defiant replies, and of 
 soon joined the Confederacy. Virginians marched ^'^^^^ States, 
 to attack Harper's Ferry, " but the officer in charge of that 
 establishment having become aware of what was intended, 
 blew up or set on fire the various workshoj^s and the arsenal, 
 and effected a safe retreat. At the same time another party 
 of Virginians prepared to seize the great naval station, the 
 navy-yard near JN'orfolk. It contained founderies, ship- 
 yards, docks, and machine shops. There were in it at least 
 two thousand cannon, magazines containing more than a 
 quarter of a million pounds of gunpowder, and great quanti- 
 ties of shot and shell. There were also twelve war ships." 
 A part of this immense property, valued at ten millions of 
 dollars, was destroyed by the Union officers, who then fled, 
 but the Confederates secured a vast amount and were thus 
 armed, and provided with means for carrying on the war. 
 
 5. It can hardly be said that the national government 
 
 made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then, 
 
 General Scott, commanding the Union army, sent a force 
 
 into V^irginia, which occupied Arlington Heights, __ 
 
 *= ^ ° & ' Movements 
 
 opposite the city of Washington, and Alexandria. of the 
 
 General Butler, commanding at Fortress Monroe, ^'""^ *^°°P^* 
 " the largest and most powerful military work in the repub- 
 lic," sent an expedition to drive the Confederates from two 
 positions which they occupied a few miles from the fortress ; 
 but it resulted in disaster (June 10th). In West Virginia, 
 however, the Union general, George B. McClellan, was vic- 
 torious in several engagements. 
 
 6. After the secession of Virginia, Richmond became the 
 capital of the Confederacy ; and the Southern army, number- 
 ing a hundred thousand men, occupied a line through the 
 State from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk. Of this Battle 
 army, a large force, under Beauregard, was at °^ ^^^^ ^'"^• 
 Manassas Junction, in front of which was the little stream of 
 
262 Lincoln^ s Administration. 1861 
 
 Bull Run, in a narrow wooded valley. As the Union troops 
 were raw and inexperienced, Scott hesitated to order a general 
 advance, though the people of the North were very impatient 
 because of the delay, and urged him to move " on to Rich- 
 mond," and thus end the war. At length orders were given 
 to General McDowell, who commanded a large part of the 
 Union forces, to attack Beauregard. A desperate conflict 
 ensued, in which more than forty thousand men were en- 
 gaged. The advantage at first was upon the side of the 
 Union army ; but the Confederates, being largely re-enforced, 
 at last prevailed, and the national troops, exhausted and 
 panic-stricken, fled in disorder towards Washingon (July 21st). 
 
 7. This great disaster taught the people of the North that 
 the task 'they had undertaken was greater than they had sup- 
 posed ; but they did not waver. It stimulated them to greater 
 
 New exertions. Congress voted to raise more money and 
 war measures, men. " Having chosen our course," said Lincoln, 
 " without guile, and with good purpose, let us renew our trust 
 in God, and go forward without fear and with manly hearts." 
 McClellan, whose campaign in West Virginia had given 
 him the reinitation of an able commander, was called to 
 Washington at the head of the Army of the Potomac, the 
 aged Scott, on account of his bodily in- 
 firmities, retiring from active service. 
 Soon after, Scott, at his own request, 
 having been placed on the retired list, 
 McClellan was made commander-in- 
 chief under the president ; and the for- 
 tifications around Washington were 
 strengthened so as to protect the capital 
 from capture. 
 
 8. In the meantime civil war raged 
 in Missouri ; but the efforts of the se- °^^^"^^ m'clell.vn. 
 
 The war cessionists to take the State out of the Union were 
 
 in Missouri, frustrated, mainly tlirough the prompt action of 
 
 General Lyon, aided by Colonel Sigel {sc'-gel). Having 
 
1861 Naval Operations. 263 
 
 been confronted by a vastly superior force, at Wilson's Creek, 
 near Springfield, and fearing that a backward movement 
 would be fatal to the cause, Lyon made an attack upon the 
 Confederates, but was defeated and slain (July 5th). ' General 
 Fremont, Lyon's successor in the command at the West, 
 formed a large army to drive the Confederates from Missouri, 
 but while marching against them was superseded in the com- 
 mand by the authorities at Washington (Nov.). 
 
 9. Events showed that, to complete the blockade, nearly six 
 hundred vessels, most of them steamers, would be required. 
 Already the increase in the navy had been very rapid, more 
 than two hundred vessels having been added to the Naval 
 little fleet of about forty at the opening of the operations, 
 war. These were doing effective service, but still in the 
 darkness of night fast-sailing steamers, called " blockade 
 runners," would elude the vigilance of the watchers, and get 
 away with their cargoes of cotton, and get back again from 
 England with muskets, powder, and other supplies much 
 needed by the Confederates. Every month, hovvever, as the 
 blockade fleet was increased, fewer vessels succeeded in get- 
 ting out of the Southern ports. That the blockade was 
 finally complete was shown by the destitution of the South, 
 and the fact that there remained in the Southern States at 
 the close of the war cotton of the value of three hundred 
 millions of dollars in gold.^ 
 
 10. A number of privateers were fitted out by the Confed- 
 erates to roam over the sea and prey upon the merchant ships 
 of the North. One of the most successful of these was the 
 
 ' This was followed, a little more than a month later, by the surrender 
 of Colonel Mulligan, after an lieroic defense lasting through four days, 
 to a Confederate force five times as large as his own. In November, a 
 body of Union troops from Illinois, under General Grant, made a success- 
 ful attack upon Belmont, Missouri, capturing the Confederate encamp- 
 ment there ; but, on their way back to the river, suffered severe loss 
 from fresh troops under General Polk. 
 
 ^ During the year 1801 the forts at the blockaded ports of Hatteras 
 Inlet and Port Royal entrance were captured and converted into depots 
 of supplies for the Union fleet. 
 
264 Lincoln\s Administration. 1861 
 
 steamer Sumter, Captain Semmes {semz), which succeeded in 
 Confederate running the blockade of New Orleans in June, 
 privateers. After capturing a number of vessels, she crossed the 
 Atlantic to deceive the cruisers in pursuit, and entered the bay 
 of Gibraltar, where she was overtaken by a United States gun- 
 boat, and not being able to escape, was sold. Semmes and her 
 crew then went to England and obtained a faster vessel, which, 
 under the name of the Alabama, afterwards became famous 
 for its capture and destruction of American ships. 
 
 11. In the latter part of the year an event occurred which 
 threatened to put an end to the peaceful relations existing 
 between England and the United States. Mason and Slidell, 
 The Confederate ambassadors to England and France, 
 Trent affair, had run the blockade, and taken passage at 
 Havana in the English steamer Trent. Two hundred and 
 fifty miles from port the Trent was intercepted by a war 
 vessel of the United States, commanded by Captain Wilkes 
 (wilks), and the two ambassadors were seized and held as 
 prisoners. The people of the Nortb heartily commended the 
 conduct of the American captain, but Lincoln said : " Cap- 
 tain Wilkes undoubtedly meant well, but it Avill never do. 
 This is the very thing the British captains used to do. They 
 claimed the right of searching American ships and taking 
 men out of them. That was the cause of the war of 1812. 
 Now, we cannot abandon our own principles ; we shall have 
 to give these men up, and apologize for what we have done." 
 The news produced a violent excitement in England, and 
 preparations were at once made for war ; but Lincoln's 
 decision was carried out, and the demands of the British 
 government were thus satisfied. ' 
 
 ' A feeling of in(lii!;niition existed in the North against Great Britain 
 for having, in May, ISdl, recognized tlie Confederacy as n belligerent 
 power, setting an example which France and other Eurr pean powers 
 soon followed. The prompt surrender, liowever, of these Commission- 
 ers was an act of prudence ; for, had war ensued with (Ireat Britain, 
 it would have greatly aided the secession cause. Mason and (Slidell were 
 confined in Fort Warren, Boston harbor, whence they were sent to Eng- 
 land. 
 
1862 Union Successes. 265 
 
 SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 12. The whole Union force in the field at the beginning of 
 1862 reached the enormous number of five hundred thousand 
 men. The Confederate force was somewhat less. From a 
 point on the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the 
 entire river to its mouth was in the possession of the Con- 
 federates, and great preparations were made by both parties, 
 one to retain and the other to gain the mastery of the river. 
 
 13. In Kentucky, the Confederates were defeated at Mill 
 Spring by General Thomas. Commodore (afterwards Admiral) 
 Foote, commanding a fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennes- 
 see, and reduced Fort Henry. A few days later, union 
 General Grant, with the aid of the gunboats, made successes, 
 an attack upon Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland river. The 
 garrison, fifteen thousand strong, made a desperate defense 
 of four days ; but the Confederate generals, Floyd and Pil- 
 low, when they found that the fort could no longer be held, 
 fled in the darkness of night. When General Buckner, on 
 whom the command of the fort devolved, the next morning 
 asked Grant for an armistice to arrange terms of capitulation, 
 the latter replied: " No terms other than an unconditional 
 and immediate surrender can be accepted" ' (Feb. 16th, 1862). 
 
 14. The capture of these two forts caused the evacuation 
 of Columbus— the so-styled " Gibraltar of the West" — and of 
 Nashville, the capital of Tennessee. A dispatch had been 
 received at the latter place, congratulating its authorities " on 
 a great Confederate victory won by the garrison of Fort 
 Donelson. The city was in a delirium of delight ; but on 
 Sunday morning, while the j^eople were at church engaged in 
 returning thanks, news came that the fort had fallen. A 
 scene of hideous confusion at once ensued. The congrega- 
 tions rushed into the streets. Every conveyance at hand was 
 seized for the purpose of escaping from the place. Trunks 
 
 ' This led to the title XJ(nconditional) S(urrender) Grant. 
 
266 Lincoln's Administration. 1862 
 
 and valuables were thrown from upper windows ; women, in 
 terror, fled away, and a molj hastened to plunder the aban- 
 doned Confederate stores." Foote, with his gunboats, 
 descended the Mississippi, and, aided by General Pope, cap- 
 tured Island No. 10, one of the strongest of the Confederate 
 posts. A short time after, Mem]ihis was taken, the flotilla 
 of gunboats for its protection having been defeated " in a 
 contest resembling in many particulars the naval combats of 
 ancient times." The successes of the Union fleet were stop- 
 ped at Vicksburg, which was very strongly fortified. 
 
 15. Grant's army, after the victory at Fort Donelson, pro- 
 ceeded up the Tennessee river, by direction of General Hal- 
 leek, the commander of the Western Department ; and Pitts- 
 Battle burg Landing, a steamboat station on tlie west 
 
 of Shiloh. bank of the river, was occupied. The encampment 
 extended along the road to Corinth, on the right and left of 
 a little log building known as Shiloh Church. Here, on the 
 morning of the Gth of April, Grant was attacked by a large 
 force under General A. S. Johnston, and, after a contest 
 which raged till near nightfall, the Union troops were driven 
 to the river, where they were protected by the gunboats. 
 Johnston was killed. The next day, reinforcements having 
 arrived for Grant, the Confederates, commanded by Beaure- 
 gard, Avere in turn driven from their position and compelled 
 to retreat (April 7th, 1862). 
 
 16. The Union cause was also successful in Louisiana. A 
 naval expedition, commanded by Captain (afterwards Com- 
 modore) Farragut, including a flotilla of armed steamers and 
 
 Taking of niortar boats, under the orders of Captain Porter, 
 New Orleans, gjiiiefj from the Atlantic coast and entered the 
 Mississippi, the great object of the expedition being the 
 capture of New Orleans. About thirty miles above the 
 mouth of the river were two forts, whicli, in the estima- 
 tion of the Confederates, were the main defense of the city. 
 For six days the fleet poured an incessant fire upon these 
 forts, which was responded to with vigor. " At last Farragut 
 
1862 Taking of New Orleans. 267 
 
 resolved to run by them. It was a hazardous undertaking. 
 As the fleet advanced in order, and approached the forts, 
 each boat delivered a terrific fire, and shot and shell belched 
 forth from scores of guns. A dozen thunder storms never 
 roared more terrifically than did the peal of hostile cannon. 
 Still the gallant fleet kept on and passed the forts. Just 
 then it was attacked by more than a dozen Confederate 
 steamers, and such a naval battle ensued as baffles all 
 description. Suddenly tlie foremost Federal vessels were in 
 the midst of the Confederate fleet. Some of the latter's 
 boats were rams, and they came rushing down the stream at 
 full speed, butting into the Union fleet, singling out boats 
 which they designed to sink, and then dashing into them 
 with fury. The noise was awful. The guns in the fleets and 
 forts, belching forth at once, together with the explosion of 
 boilers and magazines, and the shrieks of scalded and 
 wounded men, made an appalling noise. And then, too, 
 steamboats were ablaze ; and a huge fire-raft, ploughing and 
 cracking through the fleet, and setting fire to Farragut's flag- 
 ship, added terror to the scene. It seemed as if both fleets 
 must perish together in the deadly contest. But the victory 
 was Farragut's, and he pushed on for New Orleans." ' 
 
 17. The people of that city were thrown into " a panic as 
 soon as they learned that the Union fleet had jiassed the 
 forts and destroyed their gunboats. They ran hither and 
 thither in the streets, frantic with fright and madness ; and 
 sugar, molasses, cotton, and other articles of merchandise, 
 were destroyed by them in large quantities. Gold and silver 
 coin was taken from the Ijanks and carried away. In the 
 midst of a thunder storm, Farragut anchored his squadron off 
 New Orleans" (April 25th), and, a few days later, General 
 
 ' Meanwhile important successes attended the efforts of the Unionists 
 on the Atlantic coast. A land and navul expedition captured Roanoke 
 island. Elizabeth city was also captured, after a flotilla for its defense 
 was destroyed ; a victory was uained at Newberu ; and Fort Pulaski, 
 defending Savannah, was another Union trophy. 
 
268 Lincoln^ s Administration. 1862 
 
 Butler, who had remained near the bombarded forts and 
 completed their reduction, entered the city and placed it 
 under martial law. Butler found it no easy task to govern 
 the city, but " by severity he put down the mob. He cleaned 
 the streets, enforced sanitary regulations, and kept out 
 yellow fever." 
 
 18. While disaster was thus attending the Confederate 
 cause in Louisiana, an event occurred at the east which gave 
 new life to it. At the breaking out of the war, the steam 
 
 Attack of fi'ig'T-te Merrimac, one of the finest vessels in the 
 the Virginia. American navy, costing more than a million of 
 dollars, was lying in the harbor of Norfolk, Virginia. As 
 elsewhere stated, the Union officers in charge there de- 
 stroyed a large amount of property, in order to prevent its 
 falling into the hands of the Confederates. They undertook 
 to destroy the Merrimac, but only partially succeeded. The 
 vessel was sunk, but her hull and machinery were not much 
 injured. The Confederates, after taking possession of Nor- 
 folk and its navy yard, raised her without difficulty, cut down 
 her hull almost to the water's edge, and covered it with a 
 thick plating of iron. A new name was then given to her — 
 the Virginia. This vessel, on the 8th of March, steamed out 
 from Norfolk, and destroyed the Federal ships of war Cum- 
 berland and Congress, Avhich, unpre])ared for an encounter 
 with such vessels, could make no effectual resistance. Only 
 the coming on of night prevented the destruction of the 
 beautiful frigate Minnesota, and other national vessels ; and 
 it was anticipated that on the next day the iron-clad monster 
 would complete her Avork. 
 
 19. In the early part of the night, however, a newly- 
 invented floating battery, called the Monitor,' arrived from 
 
 ' This vessel was designed and built at New York hv Captain Ericsson. 
 She was about one hundred and seventy feet long, and as, owing to the 
 grciit weight of iron on iier surface, she projected l)Ul sligl)tly above the 
 water, she looked Hke a raft lieiiring a round turret al)Out twenty feet in 
 diameter and nine feet liigh. She was covered witli nine-incli ])lates of 
 iron, and was worked by a steam-engine entire)}' protected from the as- 
 sailant's shot. 
 
1862 Battle of the Iron Ships. 269 
 
 New York. " In the bright morning of the following day, 
 Sunday, the Virginia was seen rounding the point Battle 
 of land at the mouth of the Elizabeth river. She _ of the 
 approached the Minnesota; but, lying near that "^"J^siiips. 
 vesseljWhich was still stranded and supposed to be doomed, was 
 a curious object, which some of the crew of the Virginia, 
 straining their eyes, compared to a prodigious 'cheese-box on 
 a plank.' It was another iron-clad — an experiment in naval 
 
 FIGHT BETWEEN THE VIRGINIA AND THE MONITOR. 
 
 architecture, which had come just in time to match the Con- 
 federate curiosity in floating liatteries. The new actor on the 
 scene which had come in such a dramatic coincidence was a 
 defensive structure, different in appearance from any vessel 
 that had previously been used in war. Her deck, unpro- 
 tected by any bulwark, rose about two feet above the water, 
 whilst from it projected a turret about nine feet high, and a 
 small box-looking place at the stern, used as a pilot-house. 
 In the turret she carried her sole armament, two heavy guns. 
 
270 Lincoln's Administration. 1862 
 
 20. Tlic two strange combatants approached each other ; 
 and when within about one hundred yards' distance the 
 Monitor opened fire. The contest continued for the space of 
 two hours, the distance between the two vessels varying from 
 half a mile to close quarters, in which they were almost side 
 to side, belching out their fire, the heavy blows on the iron 
 sides of each being the only effect of the terrific cannonade. 
 The strange-looking battery, with its black, revolving cupola, 
 was more easily turned than the A^irginia, and had the greater 
 speed. The great length and draft of the Virginia rendered it 
 exceedingly difficult to work her. Once, in changing her 
 position, she got aground, but succeeded in getting off again, 
 and, turning rajiidly towards the Monitor, steamed directly at 
 her, hoping with her torrilde armed prow, to end the contest. 
 But the blow was not fairly given, and merely scraped the 
 iron plates of her antagonist." At last the Virginia, in a 
 disabled condition, steamed back to Norfolk. 
 
 21. In the meantime, a vast army had been collected near 
 Washington, under McClellan, the object of which was to 
 capture the Confederate capital. Early in March an advance 
 
 was ordered. McClellan embarked his troops for 
 Peninsula Fortress Monroe, whence he commenced his march 
 campaign. ^^^^ ^^^^ peninsula between the York and James 
 rivers. " On to Richmond," was at that time, a war-cry of 
 the northern people, " not because Richmond Avas a source 
 of strength to the Confederacy, not because it offered any 
 historical recollections, "not because it was the emblem of 
 a nationality, but because it was in the eyes" of the people 
 loyal to tlie Union, "■ a token of defiance to the" North. As 
 McClellan 's plan of operations would leave Washington with- 
 out adequate protection, Lincoln detained an army corps, 
 under McDowell, for its security. It was expected that 
 McClellan would make a rapid march against RichmoniJ ; 
 but instead of this, the whole month of April was consunled 
 in throwing up earthworks. The Confederates, having 
 abandoned their works and fallen back, an advance column. 
 
1862 The Peninsula Campaign. 271 
 
 under General Hooker, overtook the rear guard of the re- 
 treating army at Williamsburg, Avhere a battle took place. 
 Towards the latter part of May, McClellan had advanced to 
 within seven miles of Richmond. Meanwhile, General Wool, 
 proceeding from Fortress Monroe, took possession of Nor- 
 folk, Avhich had been abandoned by direction of the authori- 
 ties at Riehmoiid. In consequence of this loss, the Cqnfed- 
 erates, on the following day, destroyed their famous iron- 
 clad, the Virginia. 
 
 22. At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was attacked (May 
 31), and a bloody but indecisive battle ensued, lasting nearly 
 two days. General Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate 
 general-in-chief, having been severely wounded, was relieved 
 from duty, and General Lee appointed to the command. 
 General Jackson, popularly known as 
 "Stonewall Jackson," having defeated 
 or eluded the Union armies in the 
 Shenandoah valley," Joined Lee, and 
 by a rapid movement threatened the 
 communications of McClellan's army. 
 After almost a month spent on the 
 banks of the Chickahominy, McClel- 
 lan, believing that the forces at his 
 disposal were not sufficient to protect 
 his lines, transferred his base of oper- 
 
 . . , , 1 T • TTTi -1 J. T. J. JACKSON (StoneivaU). 
 
 ations to the James river. While ef- 
 fecting this movement, he was attacked by the Confederates, 
 and a series of destructive battles ensued, which continued 
 during seven days (June 25-jLily 1). In the last of these 
 engagements — at Malvern Hill — Lee was repulsed, and Mc- 
 Clellan was then enabled to retire to Harrison's Landing, on 
 
 * " He had been pursued in vain by tliree major-generals (Fremont, 
 McDowell, and Banks), and turning had made good his retreat. He had 
 diverted large re-enforcements from McClellan, had neutralizerl a nation- 
 al force of 60,000 men, and given to the Southern armies the prestige of 
 victory." — Draper. The appellation Stonewall owed its origin to are- 
 mark made by one of Jackson's officers. The officer said that at the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (July, 1861), Jackson " stood like a stone wall." 
 
272 
 
 LincolrC s Administration. 
 
 1862 
 
 the James river. " Thus ended tlie great, the melancholy 
 peninsula expedition." It was a terrible failure. 
 
 23. At this time there were three armies in tlio vicinity of 
 AVashington, one of which was under the command of Fre- 
 mont, another, of Banks, and the third, of McDowell. These 
 
 , wore united, forming one body, called the Army 
 
 first invasion of Virginia, and General Pope was called from the 
 
 t e or . ^Ypg^ Q^^ placed in command. Ilalleck was also 
 
 called from the West, and appointed commander-in-chief, 
 
 with jiis headquarters at Wasliington. As all thought of 
 
 advancing against Richmond for 
 the time being was abandoned, 
 JVIcClellan's army was ordered to 
 Join the new army under Pope, 
 who proposed to march on Rich- 
 mond by another route. Relieved 
 from the immediate task of de- 
 fending their capital, the Confed- 
 erates moved northward to menace 
 Washington. Jackson, command- 
 ing the advance, attacked the 
 force under Banks at Cedar 
 Mountain, and compelled its re- 
 treat. The main army, under 
 Pope, encountered the entire 
 Confederate army, and though the Union forces wore inferior 
 in numbers, not having been re-enforced to any considerable 
 extent by McClellan's troops, the Confederates were long 
 hold at bay before Pope gave the order to retire. This con- 
 test is known as the Second Battle of Bull Run (Aug. 29, 
 30). Lee, taking advantage of his victory, crossed the 
 Potomac into IMaryland. 
 
 24. Pope, at his own request, having been relieved, Mc- 
 Clellan was again intrusted with the command of the Federal 
 forces in and around Washington, " The Confederate gen- 
 eral had supposed that large re-enforcements would flock to 
 
 GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE 
 
1862 Lee's First Invasion of the North. 273 
 
 him in Maryland, but in this he was destined to disappoint- 
 ment." McClellan, following Lee, the invaders were over- 
 taken at Soutli mountain, and though they were defeated in 
 the battle that ensued (Sept. 14), Harper's Ferry, with its gar- 
 rison of more than eleven thousand men, and its vast muni- 
 tions of war, was surrendered to a division of their army on 
 the following morning. The captors of this important posi- 
 tion hurried across the Potomac into Maryland, and joined 
 Lee along the western bank of An-tie'-tam creek, a sluggish 
 stream that flows into the Potomac. McClellan' s army, 
 coming up, the Confederates were attacked (Sept. 17). " Not 
 by military, but by political reasons was Lee constrained to 
 fight the battle. The South would never be satisfied with the 
 barren laurels acquired from Pope, nor was it possible to 
 give up the expedition to the North without a struggle." 
 The Southern troojjs made a most gallant defense, but, 
 though they were not the victors, the result was not as deci- 
 sive as might have been expected from the superior number of 
 the assailants. 
 
 25. " Long before the next day broke, the national troops, 
 rising from their rest on the bare ground, made ready their cof- 
 fee, and eating their simple breakfast, prepared for a renewal of 
 the battle. ' They believed that Lee had no escape." The river 
 was at his back. All that day passed and a second wearisome 
 night, and " then there was news. Lee had given McClellan 
 the slip. He had actually crossed the Potomac unmolested, 
 and escaped into Virginia." Lee's army, though foiled and 
 compelled to retreat, won commendation from foes as well as 
 friends. " It had fought its way to the Potomac, crossed the 
 stream, met the Union troops in two heavy engagements, 
 fought the battle of Antietam — the greatest pitched battle of 
 the war^ — and then recrossed the Potomac, back into Vir- 
 
 * " Stuart, commanding a portion of Lee's cavalry, recrossed the Poto- 
 mac, and made a raid into Penusj'lvania. He captured Cliambersburg, 
 destroying a large quantity of supplies. He made a complete circuit 
 round McClellan's army, and returned into Virginia The Confederates 
 might truly boast that they had at length carried the war into the Free 
 States." 
 
274 Lincoln s Administration. 18G2 
 
 ginia. During all this time, covering the full space of a 
 month, these troops rested but four days. And let it be 
 always remembered to their honor, that of the men who 
 performed this wonderful achievement, one-fifth Avere bare- 
 foot, one half in rags, and the whole half famished." 
 
 26. McClellan remained in Maryland till about the first of 
 November, when he crossed the Potomac ; but President 
 Lincoln, dissatisfied with his inactivity, appointed General 
 
 Burnside's Burnside in his stead. '' Burnside, believing 
 campaign, that the true line of operations against Eichmond 
 was the direct one," advanced to the Rappahannock, oppo- 
 site Fredericksburg. Lee, anticipating Burnside's move- 
 ment, had meanwhile marched along the south side of the 
 river to Fredericksburg ; and, while the Union troops were 
 anxiously waiting for pontoons to enable them to cross the 
 river, he improved the time by planting batteries on the hills 
 in the rear of the city. The pontoons finally arrived and the 
 river was crossed, but the heroic attemjits to carry the batter- 
 ies were repulsed with terrible loss. Thirteen thousand men 
 of Burnside's army fell, and he was compelled to recross the 
 river (Dec. 13-15). i 
 
 27. " For once, a whole people was rich. Money was 
 ' easy' enough to satisfy everybody, and everyljody had it in 
 unstinted measure. The financial system adopted by the 
 
 Confederate Confederate Government was singularly simple. 
 
 money. It consisted chiefly in the issue of treasury notes 
 
 enough to meet all the expenses of the Government, and, in 
 
 the present advanced state of the art of printing, there was 
 
 ' In Mississippi, General Rosecrans, with a division of Grant's army, 
 gained two important victories near Corinth. In Kentucky, General 
 Bra.ci!; defeated the Union troops at Richmond, but at Perryville was 
 himself defeated. Towards the close of the year a fierce struggle took 
 place at Murfreesboro, Tenne.s.see, between the armies of Rosecrans (who 
 had succeeded to the conunand recently held by General Buell), and 
 Bragg. On the 2d, day of the new year (186;}), vicLtjry deciled for the 
 national cause. Five "days afterward the Confederates lost Arkansas 
 Post, Arkansas, 
 
1862 Confederate Money. 275 
 
 but one difficulty incident to this process ; namely, the im- 
 possibility of having the notes signed in the Treasury Depart- 
 ment as fast as they were needed. There happened, how- 
 ever, to be several thousand young ladies in Eiehmond will- 
 ing to accept light and remunerative employment at their 
 homes, and as it was really a matter of small moment whose 
 names the notes bore, they were given out in sheets to these 
 young ladies, who signed and returned them for a considera- 
 tion. * * * 
 
 28. Money was so easily got, and its value was so utterly 
 uncertain, that we were never able to determine what was a 
 fair price for anything. We fell into the habit of paying 
 whatever was asked, knowing that to-morrow we should have 
 to pay more. I bought coffee at forty dollars and tea at 
 thirty dollars a pound on the same day. My dinner at a 
 hotel cost me twenty dollars, and for some wretched tallow 
 candles I paid ten dollars a pound. A facetious friend used 
 to say ' prices were so high tliat nobody could see them. Be- 
 fore the war,' he said, ' I went to market with the money in 
 my pocket and brought beak my purchases in a basket ; but 
 now I take the money in a basket and bring the things home 
 in my pocket.' I believe the highest pri(ie, relativ^ely, I ever 
 saw paid, was for a pair of boots. A cavalry officer, entering 
 a little country store, found there one pair of boots which 
 fitted him. He inquired the price. ' Two hundred dollars,' 
 said the merchant. A five hundred dollar bill was offered, 
 but the merchant having no smaller bills could not change it. 
 ' Never mind,' said the cavalier, ' I'll take the boots anyhow. 
 Keep the change ; I never let a little matter of three hundred 
 dollars stand in the way of a trade.' * * * The money was 
 of so little value that we parted with it gladly whenever it 
 would purchase anything desirable." 
 
 29. '' A full treasury was necessary to defray the expenses 
 of the war. The South had the means of making one in its 
 cotton alone. But its government neglected those means, 
 and limited its financial efforts to printing bank notes, with 
 
276 Lincohi's Administration. 1863 
 
 which the country was soon flooded. Tlie necessity of actual 
 Misapplication money in the treasury and the mode of raising 
 ofmeans. jt were generally understood. It was that the 
 Government should take the cotton from the owners and 
 send it to Europe as fast as possible to be sold there. 
 The owners were willing to accept any terms that might be 
 fixed ; and sending to Europe was easy in all the first year of 
 the Confederacy's existence. Its government went into 
 operation early in February (1861). The blockade of the 
 Southern ports was proclaimed in May, but was not at all 
 effective until the end of the following winter, so that there 
 was a period of about twelve months for the operation of con- 
 verting four or five million bales of cotton into money." 
 
 THIRD TEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 30. President Lincoln had said : " My paramount object is 
 to save the Union, and not either to save or to destroy slavery. 
 If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would 
 do it ; if I could save it l:»y freeing all the slaves, I would do it ; 
 
 ^ . and if I could save it by freeing some, and leaving 
 pationof others alone, I would also do that." Events con- 
 es aves. ^j.q]]p(J him, and " desiring that all men every- 
 where should be free," on the 1st of January, 18G3, he issued 
 his memorable proclamation, by which the slaves in all the 
 States and districts at war with the national government 
 were declared to be forever free. Then " black regiments" 
 began to be organized to fight in the national service, though 
 colored troops had been previously employed in a few locali- 
 ties. At the close of the year about fifty thousand colored 
 men were in actual service, and before the close of the fol- 
 lowing year the number had been more than doubled. 
 
 31. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved of 
 Hooker's ^^^^ command of the army of the Potomac, Gen- 
 campaign, erai Hooker, who had gained a reputation for gal- 
 lant conduct in the " peninsula," and other campaigns, and 
 
1863 Battle of Gettysburg. 277 
 
 who was popularly known by the title of "Fighting Joe," 
 was appointed in his place. The army, re-enforced and in 
 excellent condition, crossed the Rappahannock, to destroy 
 Lee's army and march to Richmond. At Chancellors nlle, 
 eleven miles from Fredericksburg, it encountered the Con- 
 federate force, and after a terrible battle, was defeated with 
 heavy loss (May 2d and 3d).^ This was " the culmination 
 of a series of national disasters which had occurred since the 
 beginning of the year." 
 
 32. Encouraged by his success, Lee, whose army number- 
 ed a hundred thousand men, began a northward movement, 
 followed by Hooker. The minds of the Northern people 
 were greatly alarmed, for a large and sj^lendid _ , 
 army had been defeated, and seemed to be power- 2d invasion 
 less against the invaders. The two opposing ° * ® °^* ' 
 armies were now in Maryland, when Hooker resigned his 
 command, which was at once transferred to General Meade. 
 Militia forces were hurried to the seat of war, for the Con- 
 federate general, it was reported, had boasted that he would 
 " water his horses at the Delaware and the Hudson, and dic- 
 tate terms of peace at Philadelphia or New York." Pennsyl- 
 vania was again invaded ; and while Lee paused at Cham- 
 bersburg, his advance was on the road to Hai'risburg ; but as 
 Meade was in pursuit, he turned eastward to prevent his pro- 
 gress. At Gettysburg, " a town destined to enduring cele- 
 brity in American history," the two armies met, and one of 
 the most terrible battles of the war was fought (July 1st, 2d, 
 and 3d). Day after day, Lee advanced his troops against the 
 
 ' The Confederates lost General Jackson, " who fell in the midst of the 
 triumph won by liis own hand." He was wounded during the night of 
 the 2d, by the tire of liis own men, who mistook his staff and escort for 
 the enemy's cavalry. He bore patiently his great suffering. " If I live, 
 it will be best," he said ; " and if I die, it will be best. God knows and 
 directs all things for the best." He died on the 10th. " Of all the gen- 
 erals in the Confederate armies, no one so completely commanded thcT de- 
 votion of his troops. It was felt throughout the South that his death 
 more than counterbalanced the advantages, great as they Avere, of the 
 victory." (See p. 271 and note.) 
 
278 LincoMs Administration. 1863 
 
 lines of the Unionists ; but all in vain, and at last, after los- 
 ing more than a third of his grand army, he was compelled 
 to retreat. This was probably the most important and deci- 
 sive engagement of the war. " Freedom was master on the 
 continent." ^ 
 
 33. In November, a little more than four months after, a 
 great concourse of men and women met on this battle field of 
 Gettysburg to consecrate a part of it as a national cemetery 
 for the remains of the brave soldiers who had fallen. Lin- 
 
 Obii ation ^^^^^ ^°°^ 1^'^^^ "^ ^^® ceremony. " When the 
 to the appointed funeral oration Avas completed, a low 
 pa no ea . j^^^^j-j-j^^^j. j..^,^ through the audience and the care- 
 worn President, rising, ])ent reverently forward," and said : 
 
 34. " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought 
 forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, 
 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created 
 equal. Now, we are engaged in a great civil Avar, testing 
 whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedi- 
 cated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of 
 that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field 
 as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives 
 that our nation might live. It is fitting that we should do 
 this ; but, in a larger sense, we cannot hallow this ground. 
 The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have 
 consecrated it far beyond any thing we can do. Tlie world 
 will little note, nor long remember, Avhat Ave say here ; but 
 it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the liv- 
 ing, rather to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished Avork Avhich 
 they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced ; to 
 consecrate ourselves to the great task remaining ; and to 
 gather from the graves of these honored dead increased 
 devotion to that cause for Avhich they gave their lives. Here 
 let us resolve that they shall not have died in vain ; that this 
 nation shall, under God, have a neAV birth of freedom ; and 
 
 ' The losses Avere fearful, 23,210 national troops were killed, Avounded, 
 or missing. The Confederate loss was 3(5,000. 
 
1868 
 
 Organizations of Mercy. 
 
 279 
 
 tliat government of the people, hy the people, and foi' the 
 people shall not perish forever from the earth." 
 
 35. The efforts put forth by the North to sustain the 
 Union cause were not confined to the government and the 
 army. The j^eople actively showed their interest, and their 
 sympathy with those who had engaged in it. organizations 
 Associations v/ere formed to relieve the necessi- of mercy. 
 ties of the soldiers. Of these, the Christian and Sanitary 
 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE BATTLE. 
 
 Commissions did the most extensive work. " The Sanitary 
 Commission gathered supporters from all classes of the peo- 
 ple — physicians, clergymen, lawyers, merchants, tradesmen, 
 laborers, and — how was it possible that it could be other- 
 wise ? — conspicuously among all, very many Avomen. The 
 wealthy man gave lavishly of his means ; the poor man a 
 
280 Lincoln's Adiiilnistratlon. 18G3 
 
 portion, often not an inconsiderable portion, of his earnings ; 
 the widow brought her mite. Soon the commission had an 
 independent transportation of its own. It had hospitals, 
 wagons, ambulances, cars. Ingenious men devised for it 
 inventions of better litters, better stretchers, better ambu- 
 anees. It secured comfortable transportation for the wound- 
 ed soldier from the battle-field to the hospital. On the 
 railroad it soon had its hospital cars, with kitchen, dispen- 
 sary, and a surgeon's car in the midst. 
 
 36. To the Sanitary Commission the government gave a 
 most earnest support ; the peojile gave it their hearts. They 
 furnished it with more than three millions of dollars in 
 money, of which one million came from the Pacific States ; 
 they sent it nine millions' worth of supplies. From fairs held 
 in its interest very large sums were derived. What country, 
 what age of the world can show such a splendid example of 
 ' organized mercy P'^ The Christian Commission, emulating 
 the noble conduct of the Sanitary Commission, aided the sur- 
 geon, helped the chaplain, folloAved the armies in their 
 marches, went into the trenches and along the picket-line. 
 Wherever there was a sick, a wounded, a dying man, an 
 agent of the Commission was near by. It gave Christian 
 burial whenever possible ; it marked the graves of the dead. 
 It distributed nearly five millions of dollars in money and 
 supplies." 
 
 37. We turn to the West once more. Farragut's capture 
 of New Orleans opened the lower part of the Mississii)pi ; 
 and the victory of Shiloh, with its consequences, resulted in 
 
 opening all the rest that had been previously held 
 Mississippi by the Confederates, except the portion between 
 opened, yicksburg and Port Hudson. It was Grant's ob- 
 ject to complete the opening of the river throughout its en- 
 
 ' " Tlie Sanitary Commission was a genuine expression of the spirit of 
 the people. It was to America in tliis century what the orders of chival- 
 ry were to Euroi)e in their day." — Caiit/lc. " To the end of time it will 
 stand in history as a worthy monument of the patriotism, the humanity, 
 and the religion of a Cliristian democracy." — North American Review. 
 
1863 Draft Riot in New York. 281 
 
 tire length. His first point of attack was Vicksburg, which 
 had been so strongly fortified that it was considered impreg- 
 nable. It was held by a powerful army under General Pem- 
 berton. 
 
 38. By a series of skillful movements, Grant seized a posi- 
 tion suitable for operations. A number of battles took place, 
 every day Grant's hold on Vicksburg becoming more secure. 
 At last, " on the 3d of July, Pemberton saw that he was 
 ready to make a final and fatal assault. That afternoon he 
 wrote to his besieger asking an armistice. To this Grant 
 promptly replied, and an interview consequently took place 
 between the two commanders beneath an old oak tree. Pem- 
 berton was irritable and indiscreet. Great and merciful, 
 the conqueror bore, without an unkind remark, the petulance 
 of his vanquished adversary, and returned him no railing 
 reply." The next morning, July 4th, 1863, Vicksburg was 
 surrendered. 
 
 39. " While Grant had been besieging Vicksburg, Banks 
 had been besieging Port Hudson ; and so closely had the 
 operations been pressed that it was impossible for the place 
 to hold out much longer. When, on the 6th of July, news 
 came that Vicksburg had surrendered, it was needless and 
 hopeless to continue the defense any longer." Port Hudson 
 was accordingly surrendered on the 9th. '"' Thus the West- 
 ern armies had accomplished their object, and the Mississippi 
 was now open to the Gulf of Mexico. The Confederacy was 
 cut asunder ; its right zone was isolated." 
 
 40. An act of Congress empowered President Lincoln to 
 recruit the army by drafting. As a call for three hundred 
 thousand troops under this law was not fully responded to, a 
 less number volunteering, it was found requisite j. ,. 
 
 to resort to a draft. This excited great opposi- riot in 
 tion ; and, in New York, a riot broke out while ^^^ °^^' 
 the draft was in progress, which lasted four days (July 13- 
 16), and was only put down by the most determined efforts 
 of the police and the military. Buildings were sacked and 
 
282 Lincoln^ s Ad-ministration. 1863 
 
 burned, and a large number of persons killed. The colored 
 population of the city, being an object of particular hatred, 
 to the rioters, suffered severely. 
 
 41. As before stated, Rosecrans gained an important vic- 
 tory over Bragg, at Murfreesboro. After a half year's inac- 
 tivity, Rosecrans again advanced against Bragg, compelling 
 
 _,, him to evacuate Chattanooga. Meanwhile, Lee, 
 
 The war . 5^. \ ' 
 
 in Tennessee having reached a secure position on the Rapidan, 
 and Georgia. -^^ Virginia, hurried re-enforcements to Bragg, 
 who, enjoined by the Richmond government, then turned upon 
 his pursuers. The two armies met near Chiclcamauga creek, 
 and a battle of two days ensued, the result of which was that 
 the Federal army was partially routed. " On Thomas, who, 
 in allusion to the events of the struggle, is often justly called 
 ' The Rock of Chichamaugn,' the weight of the battle now 
 fell. Every thing depended on his 
 firmness. If he, too, should be swept 
 away, there was nothing but a flight 
 across the Tennessee. In this su- 
 preme moment Thomas proved equal 
 to his task. Though more than half 
 the army had abandoned him, Avith 
 inflexible resolution he held his 
 ground. One after another the Con- 
 federate regiments surged up against 
 
 GENEKAL THOMAS. Ill i. 1 " f i Tl 1 -11 
 
 him, and broke at his leet hke billows 
 of the sea. It was about sunset when they made their last 
 charge. It was repelled, and they gave Avay to return no 
 more (Sept. 19, 20)." 
 
 42. The Union forces, driven behind the intrenchments 
 of Chattanooga, with the Confederates holding the surround- 
 ing hills — Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge — their 
 position was critical indeed. They Avere also in danger of 
 starvation ; and " the mud was so deep," wrote one of the 
 soldiers, " that we could not travel by the road, but we got 
 along pretty well by stepping from mule to mule as they lay 
 
1863 West Virginia and Nevada. 283 
 
 dead from starvation by the way. " Still Thomas telegraphed : 
 " I will hold fast till we starve." It was evident that some- 
 thing must be done at once and quickly. Re-enforcements 
 under Hooker were therefore rushed by rail to the aid of the 
 troops, and Grant was ordered to take the command. Gen- 
 eral Sherman, who had distinguished himself under Grant at 
 the West, was also called to Chattanooga. 
 
 43. On the morning after his arrival Grant decided upon 
 a plan of action. Accordingly, while Sherman began the 
 attack in the valley, Hooker and Thomas advanced to drive 
 the Confederates from the mountains. " All day long there 
 had been a misty rain. The clouds which had hovered over 
 Lookout mountain during the morning, gradually settled 
 into the valley ; and it was only from the roar of the battle, 
 and the occasional glimpse that the troops in the valley could 
 catch of the lines and standards that they knew of the strife 
 and its progress. It was a battle above the clouds." All 
 the strong positions of tlie Confederates were taken, and 
 Bragg's army was completely routed (Nov. 23-25).^ 
 
 44. The people in the western counties of Virginia were, 
 from the beginning of the Avar, entirely opposed to secession. 
 They not only refused to obey the secession ordinance passed 
 by their legislature, but they took early measures ^ 
 
 to effect a separation from the old State, and ob- Virginia 
 tain admission as a State into the Union. Their ^^nd Nevada, 
 efforts were crowned with success, the State being admitted 
 in 1863, under the name of West Virginia. Xevada, the 
 thirty-sixth member of the Union, was admitted the next year. 
 This was originally a part of the territory acquired from 
 Mexico by the treaty of 1848. Its mineral wealth led to its 
 
 ' General Longstreet, who had been sent by Bragg against Knoxville, 
 was repulsed by Burnside. In Missouri and Kansas, guerrilhi bands, co- 
 operating with tlie regular Confederate forces, carried on the work of 
 plunder and destruction. A bold raid was made into Indiana and Ohio 
 by the partisan ranger Morgan ; but he was pursued day and night for a 
 distance of nearly seven hundred miles, and his band were killed, cap- 
 tured, or scattered. Morgan himself was taken prisoner. 
 
284 LincoMs Administration. 1864 
 
 rapid settlement and increase in population. It was named 
 from the mountain range on its west, called the Sierra 
 Nevada. 
 
 rOUKTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 45. Early in the year (1864), Sherman marched from 
 Vicksburg across tlie State of Mississippi, and destroyed the 
 railroad system centering at Meridian. On his return march, 
 
 Red river crowds of fugitive slaves — from four to seven 
 expedition, thousand in number — flocked to his army to make 
 their escape. " They varied in age from one month to one 
 hundred years. Some were on foot, some on horseback, 
 some in ox-carts. Some were clad in their ' Sunday best,' 
 the cast-off clothes of their masters. Of the women, some 
 had bandana handkerchiefs twisted in turban fashion round 
 their heads, or were decorated with scraps of ribbon and 
 fantastic finery of every conceivable hue. These simple peo- 
 ple believed that ' the day of Jubilee,' of which they had so 
 often sung in their hymns and begged for in their prayers, 
 had come at last." Sherman's troops were hurried to the aid 
 of Banks, who, with the co-operation of Porter's fleet, was 
 preparing to conduct an expedition against ShrcA^eport, on 
 the Eed river.^ This, however, met with a series of disasters, 
 which caused its entire failure. The vessels, in consequence 
 of a fall in the river, were saved from capture and destruc- 
 tion only by the construction of a dam a mile long across the- 
 stream, by means of which the boats were enabled to go over 
 the falls. The loss of men and material in this expedition 
 was very great (March and April). ^ 
 
 ' In February the Union forces sustained a disastrous defeat at Olus- 
 tee, Florida. The absence of troops to aid Banlis in tlie Red river expe- 
 dition, induced tlie Confederates, luider General Forrest, to make a raid 
 into Tennesse and Kentucky. Union City was captiu'ed. An attack 
 upon Fort Pillow (April \2\\\), was bravely resisted ; but, at last, the 
 place was carried by assault, and three hundred of its defenders, mostly 
 colored troops, were massacred. 
 
 ° Sherman, himself, took no part in the Red river expedition. 
 
1864 Sherman^ s Campaign. 285 
 
 46. All eyes were now turned to Grant, as the best and 
 most successful of the Union generals ; and the President 
 conferred on him the command of all the forces of the United 
 States, under the title of Lieutenant-General.^ final plan 
 This appointment produced several changes in the of operations, 
 army. Sherman succeeded Grant in the command at Chat- 
 tanooga ; but Meade, under Grant, retained the command of 
 the Army of the Potomac. Both these armies were to act in 
 concert, the one against Atlanta," the other against Rich- 
 mond. " Every thing unimportant was to be abandoned, 
 and the two centers of power — the army of Lee in Virginia 
 and that of Johnston in Georgia — were to be assailed at the 
 same time, and assailed incessantly, regardless of the sea- 
 sons." 
 
 47. *' On the 4th of May, the Army of the Potomac crossed 
 the Rapidan, and Grant, sitting on a felled tree, telegraphed 
 to Sherman to advance." Sherman's progress was disputed, 
 but in vain. He won battles, outflanked his Sherman's 
 opponent, drove him from one position after campaign, 
 another, till, in July, he had nearly reached Atlanta. The 
 Confederate government, becoming dissatisfied with, what 
 was called, "Johnston's retreating policy," because he had 
 " failed to arrest the advance of the enemy," put General 
 Hood in command. This general, however, met with still 
 greater disaster. His furious assaults upon the Union army 
 Avere repulsed with heavy loss ; and, at last, when Sherman 
 began to surround Atlanta, and had again defeated a large 
 division of his army, he abandoned the city. " Atlanta is 
 
 ' An act of Congress was passed in February, 1864, providing for the 
 appointment of a Lieutenaut-General to command all the aiTtiies of the 
 Union, an honor which had never previously been conferred on any 
 other than Washington, Scott being only such by brevet. President Lin- 
 coln immediately nominated General Grant for the office, and the nomi- 
 nation was confirmed on the od of March. 
 
 ^ Atlanta was a great railroad center, and had immense magazines, 
 workshops, and stores, all of the greatest importance to the Confederate 
 government. Hence this city became one of the chief objective points of 
 the war at this time. 
 
286 
 
 Lincoln'' s Administration. 
 
 1864 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ours, and fairly won," telegraphed Sherman to Washington, 
 and Lincoln wrote him a letter of thanks (Sept. 2). 
 
 48. Finding that Hood had gone northward, with the 
 design of destroying the com- 
 munications of the Union army, 
 instead of pursuing him, Sher- 
 man sent Thomas to defend 
 Tennessee, while he, himself, 
 resolved to march through 
 Georgia to the coast. At Nash- 
 
 Battleof ville. Hood was de- 
 Nashville, feutcd by Thomas in 
 a terrific battle of two days 
 (Dec. 15, 10). The Confeder- 
 ate army was pursued day and 
 night, and annihilated. Of 
 Thomas it has been said : " He 
 never lost a battle. He was 
 believed to be very slow, but in Hood's army it was felt that 
 he was fearfully sure." 
 
 49. Breaking away entirely from his northern communica- 
 tions, Sherman commenced (Nov. 15) his ever memorable 
 march to the sea-coast. Passing through Georgia, and living up- 
 on the counti'v as he advanced, " which abounded 
 
 Saerman's "^ 
 
 marcii to in corn, sweet potatoes, and meats, ' he successively 
 
 the sea. occupied the State capital and other large towns. 
 '' In a continuous line the army would have stretched over 
 fifty miles, the wagon-train would have reached over thirty 
 miles. At every halt the adjacent fields were covered with 
 the horses, mules, and cattle. Nothing could be more pictu- 
 resque than the bivouac in the majestic pine forests through 
 which the march lay. Gi'oups of soldiers flitting past the red, 
 glaring watch-fires ; some busy preparing supper ; some danc- 
 ing, singing, talking ; and there was the low murmur of tbc 
 vast host ; the moaning of the wind as it swept through the 
 tops of the trees ; the neighing of horses, and the rustling 
 
1864 Granfs Campaign in Virginia. 287 
 
 step of the picket-guard pacing his round, and outwatching 
 the clear, cold night." Fort McAllister^ was reached, and 
 carried by assault, and, on the morning of the 21st of De- 
 cember, Sherman entered Savannah. In announcing his 
 triumph to President Lincoln, he said : " I beg to present 
 you a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with one hundred 
 and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 
 twenty-five thousand bales of cotton." Halleck, rejoicing 
 in Sherman's success, pronounced his march as " the greatest 
 one of this great war." Grant congratulated Sherman on 
 " the successful termination of this most brilliant campaign." 
 50. The campaign in Virginia was planned by Grant and 
 conducted by him in person, Meade being second in com- 
 mand. On the 4th of May, when he telegraphed to Sherman 
 to advance, his own army was crossing the 
 Eapidan. On the following day he encountered campaign 
 Lee in a terrific contest, known as the battle of ^^ irgima. 
 the Wilderness, which raged for two days, night putting an 
 end to the struggle. " The dead lay thickly strewn among 
 the trees — the Wilderness was throbbing with the wounded." 
 Grant, determining to put his whole force between Lee and 
 Eichmond, with his large army was enabled to outflank the 
 Confederates, who retreated and took a position at Spottsyl- 
 vania Court House, where another destructive battle was 
 fought. " Thwarted there. Grant repeated the attempt at 
 the North Anna ; thwarted there again, with inflexible 
 determination he delivered an assault at Cold Harbor. ' I 
 propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer,' he 
 informed the Secretary of War." In this series of battles the 
 Union loss was, probably, not less than fifty thousand men. 
 
 ' lu five weeks, the army marched more than three hundred miles. 
 During this time, Sherman and liis troops were unheard of at the North, 
 and great anxiety was felt on their account. The first news of the suc- 
 cess and safety of Sherman's army was brought by scouts who left it as 
 it was approaching Savannah. Hiding in the rice swamps by day, and 
 paddling down the river at night, they succeeded in passing Fort Mc- 
 Allister, near Savannah, and were picked up by the Union gunboats. 
 
288 LincoMs Administration. 1864 
 
 51. Butler, co-operating with Grant, sailed from Fortress 
 Monroe, but was compelled to intrench himself on the south 
 side of the James. About the middle of June, Grunt effected 
 a change of base by transferring his army to that side of the 
 river, where his troops were confronted by the strong fortifi- 
 cations of Petersburg, which, in spite of every effort of tlie 
 Union general, were held by the Confederates till the follow- 
 ing spring. 
 
 52. In the meantime, the valley of the Shenandoah had been 
 
 the scene of almost constant warfare. It was a part of Grant's 
 
 plan that a movement, in co-operation with his own, should 
 
 be made up the river, but it failed. Hunter was 
 The . 
 
 Shenandoah then put m command. The latter met with a 
 
 valley, success at Piedmont, but, fearing pursuit by a su- 
 perior force, retreated across the mountains into West Vir- 
 ginia. The valley being thus open, Lee, secure for the 
 time being behind his intrenchments at Petersburg and 
 Riclimond, detached twenty thousand men under General 
 Early, to make an attempt to capture Washington. 
 
 53. Early crossed the Potomac into Maryland, and, at the 
 Mo-noc'-a-cy river, with his overwhelming numbers, defeated 
 a Union force from Baltimore. A part of his army advanced 
 into Pennsylvania and set fire to Chambersburg, but being 
 overtaken and defeated, escaped to the mountains. Grant 
 
 hurried off troops for the defense of 
 Washington, and Hunter desiring to 
 be relieved, the command was given 
 to General Sheridan. Sheridan at- 
 tacked and routed Early at AVinches- 
 ter (Sept. 19th), and, three days 
 after, met and routed him again. 
 ^jj^^g^^^^^^^e '' T'l ;> week lie had destroyed or 
 "^^^^^^^^^-^ captured half of Early's army, and 
 MAjoK tiENEKAL SHERIDAN, (ji-jvcn thc rcst soutliward. " The 
 next month, during the absence of Slieridan, his army was 
 suddenly fittacked at Cedar Creek, and driven in disorder 
 
1864 AcMemments of the Navy. 289 
 
 from its position. While the Confederates Avere plundering 
 the captured camps, Sheridan, who had heard the firing, 
 came up at full speed. He at once rallied his men, formed 
 them in line, charged the Confederates, and, for the third 
 time, utterly routed them. Early's army was destroyed, and 
 the campaign in the Shenandoah valley was ended. 
 
 54. The Confederates, by means of English-built privateers 
 sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in destroying a 
 large number of American merchantmen. Semmes, in the 
 Alabama, by far the most important ship built ^ciiievements 
 for the Confederates, resumed his career of de- of the navy, 
 struction, luring his prey by hoisting the British flag, and 
 then burning or bonding his victim. In June he entered the 
 harbor of Cherbourg (slier' -ioorg) , France, where he was 
 found by Captain Winslow of the national ship of war Kear- 
 sarge (ke'-ar-sarg). Off that harbor an action took place 
 between the two ships, resulting in the sinking of the xila- 
 bama. Semmes and forty of his crew were taken out of the 
 water by a British yacht, which, instead of delivering up the 
 rescued men to the Kearsarge, steamed off to the English 
 coast and there landed them. 
 
 55. Of all the achievements of the navy of the United 
 States during the war, not one was 
 more brilliant than that of Admiral Far- 
 ragut in Mobile bay, which place was 
 well defended by forts, gun-boats, and 
 an iron-clad ram (resembling the cele- 
 brated Merrimac) called the Tennessee. 
 The attacking fleet of monitors and 
 wooden vessels moved up the bay, Far- 
 ragut being on board his flag-ship, 
 the Hartford, lashed at the main-top to 
 the rigging, the better to observe oper- 
 ations and give orders. He succeeded keab-admiral farragut. 
 in passing the forts and dispersing the gun-boats, when the 
 encounter with the ram took place ; but, sorely beset by the 
 
290 Lincoln] s Administration. I860 
 
 fleet, badly crippled, and her commander severely wounded, 
 the Tennessee was compelled to strike lier colors (Aug. 5). 
 
 56t The twentieth national election took place in the fall 
 of this year. The Republicans had again nominated Lin- 
 coln. His opponent, the Democratic nominee, was General 
 Re-election ^^cClellan. The seceded States, of course, took 
 of President no part in the contest. Lincoln was chosen by a 
 moon, ^^^y large majority, and Andrew Johnson, of 
 Tennessee, Avas elected vice-president. Nevada's first presi- 
 dential vote was given at this election. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 
 67. Sherman, having halted at Savannah only long enough 
 
 to refit his army, commenced a march, in the depth of 
 
 winter, through the Carolinas, to join Grant, who was con- 
 
 -, , fronting Lee near Kichmond. " The army that 
 
 campaign was coming was not like those which in the earlier 
 
 ° ■ days of the war waited for the roads to dry, for 
 the weather to become cooler and then to become warmer. " 
 Like a tornado it passed on. " A black smoke, rising to the 
 skies, marked its track." Columbia was captured. Charles- 
 ton, in consequence, also fell ; ^ and once more the national 
 fiag was raised over Fort Sumter, now a pile of ruins. On- 
 ward Sherman pressed, passing into North Carolina, where 
 he encountered and defeated a large Confederate army, com- 
 manded by Johnston. The end was near. 
 
 58. It became apparent to Lee that he must cither evacuate 
 Richmond and Petersburg, or be captured. He then began 
 to form a plan by which he might retreat into North Caro- 
 lina, and there join Johnston. Anticipating this, Grant is- 
 
 1 Fort Fisher, the main defense of Wilmington, was captured after a 
 despomte resistance, Ijy a land force commanded by (reneral Terry, aided 
 ])y Porter's tieet (.Ian. 15). A month later, (Jciieral Si'hofield, co-ope- 
 latini;- with the lleet, reduced Wilmuiyton. This was a severe loss to 
 ilie ('onfederacy (Feb. 22). Schofield then acted under orders from 
 yiierman. 
 
1865 Evacuation of Miclimond. 291 
 
 sued instructions for a general movement against Richmond, 
 and, on the morning of Wednesday, March 39th, The final 
 it began. Sheridan's advance led to the battle campaign, 
 of Five Forks and to a decisive victory for Sheridan (April 
 1). The next morning, at daybreak, a general assault upon 
 the Confederate lines was made, and before noon the entire 
 exterior defenses were captured. " In Richmond, for it was 
 Sunday, the people had assembled in the churches, knowing 
 little of what was going on twenty miles distant at the front. 
 Davis had repaired to his customary place of worship. There 
 came up the aisle a messenger, who handed him a dispatch 
 from Lee, which contained intelligence of the most momen- 
 tous event of the war. The news quickly passed from lip to 
 lip, from church to church.'" -* 
 
 59. " Men, women, and children rushed from the churches. 
 Wagons on the streets were soon hastily loaded at the depart- 
 ments with boxes, trunks, etc., and driven to the Danville 
 depot. Those who had determined to leave with Evacuation 
 the fugitive government looked on with amaze- ofRichmond. 
 ment ; then, convinced of the fact, rushed to follow the ex- 
 ample. Vehicles suddenly rose to a premium value that was 
 astounding ; and ten, fifteen, and even a hundred dollars, in 
 gold or Federal currency, was offered for a conveyance. Sud- 
 denly, as if by magic, the streets became filled with men, walk- 
 ing as though for a wager, and behind them excited negroes 
 with trunks, bundles, and luggage of every description. All 
 over the city it was the same — wagons, trunks, bandboxes, 
 and their owners, a mass of hurrying fugitives, filling the 
 streets. The banks were all open, and depositors were as busy 
 as bees removing their specie deposits ; and the directors 
 were equally active in getting off their bullion. Hundreds 
 of thousands of dollars of paper money were destroyed. 
 
 ' Jefferson Davis fled southward on tlie abandonment of Richmond ; 
 but soon a party of cavalry started on his track. They followed him 
 through the Carolinas into Georgia, where they suddenly came upon his 
 hiding place ; and, notwithstanding an attempt to escape, he was dis- 
 covered and seized. He was conveyed a prisoner to Fortress Monroe, 
 where he was kept in confinement u'ntp 1867, wUeix he was released. 
 
292 LincolrC s Administration. 1865 
 
 60. Niglit came, and with it came confusion worse con- 
 founded. There was no sleep for human eyes in Richmond 
 that night. The City Council liad met in the evening, and 
 resolved to destroy all the liquor in the city, to avoid the dis- 
 order consequent on the temptation to drink at such a time. 
 About the hour of midnight the work commenced. Hun- 
 dreds of barrels of liquor were rolled into the street. The 
 gutters ran with a liquor-freshet, and the fumes filled and 
 impregnated the air. Fine cases of bottled liquors were 
 tossed into the street from third-story windows, and wrecked 
 into a thousand pieces. As the Avork progressed, some strag- 
 gling soldiers retreating through the city, managed to get 
 hold of a quantity of the liquor. From that moment, law 
 and order ceased to exist. The air was filled with wild cries 
 of distress, or the yells of roving pillagers. 
 
 61. But a more terrible element Avas to appear upon the 
 scene. An order had been issued from General Ewell's head- 
 quarters, to fire the four principal tobacco warehouses of the 
 city. Mayor Mayo dispatched a remonstrance against this 
 order, which plainly jDut in jeopardy the whole business por- 
 tion of Richmond. It was not heeded. Nothing was, there- 
 fore, left for the citizens but to submit to the destruction 
 of their property. The warehouses were fired. The rams on 
 the James river were blown up. The bridges leading out of 
 the city were also fired, and were soon wrapped in flames. 
 
 62. Morning broke ujjo n a scene such as those who wit- 
 nessed it can never forget. The roar of an immense confla- 
 gration sounded in their ears ; tongues of flame leaped from 
 street to street ; and in this baleful glare were to be seen, as 
 of demons, the figures of busy plunderers, moving, pushing, 
 rioting, through the black smoke, and into the oi^en street, 
 bearing away every conceivable sort of plunder." " The sun 
 was an hour or more above the horizon, when suddenly there 
 ran up the whole length of Main street the cry of ' Yankees ! ' 
 ' Yankees ! ' " The Union soldiers were indeed entering the 
 city, and Petersburg was also in possession of the national 
 forces. Over both cities the stars and stripes again floated. 
 
1865 Assassination of Lincoln. 293 
 
 63. Lee retreated to the southwest, hoping to be able to 
 join Johnston in North Carolina ; but his troops were hotly 
 pursued. " There was no rest for them either by night or 
 by day. If they attempted to snatch a few mo- „ , , 
 ments' sleep, they were roused by the hoof -clatter of Lee and 
 of Sheridan's cavalry. " At last, overtaken, and nston. 
 seeing no hope of escape, Lee agreed to surrender. In the 
 largest building of Appomattox Court House, which boasted 
 of only five dwellings, he and Grant met. " Lee stood beside 
 a table, wearing a bright bluish-gray uniform, a military hat 
 with a gold cord, buckskin gauntlets, high riding-boots, and 
 a beautiful sword. Grant, with his slouched hat, dark blue 
 frock-coat covered with mud, pantaloons tucked in his soiled 
 boots — wore no sword. They shook hands, sat down," and 
 soon agreed to the terms of surrender (April 9).' The sur- 
 render of Johnston soon followed, and the Great Civil War 
 was at an end. 
 
 64. The North had triumphed, and on every side were joy 
 and gladness. Flags waved, bells rang, guns were fired, 
 houses were illuminated ; but this great joy was soon and 
 suddenly turned into mourning. Just forty days Assassination 
 after President Lincoln had entered on his second of Lincoln, 
 term, but less than a week after Lee's surrender, he was 
 assassinated^ in a theater at Washington by a person named 
 
 ' ' On this occasion Grant exhibited the greatest magnanimity. He 
 declined to receive the sword of Lee, and in his capitulation paroled him 
 and the less than eight thousand Confederates who then and there 
 grounded their arms. ' ' — Alex. II. Stephens. 
 
 '■* As the President sat in his box in Ford's theater, with his wife and 
 friends, the assassin stealthily approached, entered the box, and shot his 
 victim in the back of the head. Then leaping to the stage, he waved his 
 pistol, and shouted, ' Sic semper tyi-annis I" (the motto'of Virginia— <So 
 be it to tyrants), and rushed away. In jumping, however, his spur had 
 caught in the American flag which draped thebox, and he fell, injuring 
 his leg severely. He nevertheless succeeded in making his escape, and 
 tied into Maryland, where he was tracked to his hiding-place, and refus- 
 ing to svn-render, was shot by one of the soldiers. Another assassin, 
 with similar feelings of revenge, on the same evening broke into the 
 chamber of Wm. H. Seward, tiie Secretary of State, who was lying sick, 
 and made an almost fatal attack upon his life, 
 
294 LincoMs Administration. 1865 
 
 Booth, who, sympathizing with the Confederate cause, had 
 become frenzied by its faihire, and fancied that in killing 
 the President he was avenging the wrongs of the South. 
 The dying President lingered till morning in entire uncon- 
 sciousness, and then passed away (April 15). The grief of 
 the American peojile was deep and bitter. '' Never was a 
 public man more sincerely lamented." 
 
 65. Probably no other Avar in the history of the world 
 called forth such mighty efforts as Avere made by both parties 
 in this, the great " American Conflict ;'' nor was any similar 
 
 Cost of struggle ever waged on so grand a scale, or Avith 
 the war. go vast a destruction of men and material, espe- 
 cially in proportion to the time of its duration — about four 
 years. On the side of the National government nearly tAvo 
 million seven hundred thousand men Avere enlisted during 
 the war, of Avhom at least one million and a half were actu- 
 ally and effectively engaged in the service. The Confederates, 
 it is stated, could enlist only about six. hundred thousand 
 men. Of this number " one third Avere either killed out- 
 right upon the field or died of disease and Avounds. " The 
 total losses, both sides included, probahly amounted to about 
 six hundred thousand men ; and, Avith the Avoundcd and dis- 
 abled, did not fall far short of a million. 
 
 66. The national debt, at the close of the Avar, amounted 
 to about twenty-seven hundred millions of dollars. " To it, 
 should be added, the sums expended by the individual 
 states and local bodies. The total rises above four thousand 
 millions of dollars. " To raise the enormous sums for the 
 support of the great armies and fleets, and for other ])ur])oses 
 in carrying on the Avar, the Federal goA'crnment had asked 
 for loans, which were freely granted ; taxes were imposed on 
 incomes and manufactures ; and revenue stamps were re- 
 quired for bonds, deeds, receipts, etc. The Confederate 
 debt, Avhich must have amounted to a vast sum, Avas never 
 paid. 
 
 67. " In a land where every man is free to think and free 
 
1865 
 
 Funeral of AbraTiam Lincoln. 
 
 295 
 
 to act as he likes — where, one might suppose, there would of 
 necessity, be a Babel hubbub of confusion, and society only 
 a rope of sand, the shot of a gun at their flag Miracles 
 brought half a million of riflemen into the field, of the war. 
 The waste of battle and of the hospitals was for years more than 
 supplied. With admirable energy, an iron-clad navy, that 
 could match the navies of the world, was sent to sea. Never 
 was there such an exhibition of public resolution and of pri- 
 vate charity. If an army of a hundred thousand men melted 
 away before cannon and by fever, there was another army of 
 a hundred and fifty thousand men put into its place. The 
 wars of Europe, even those of the French Empire, were out- 
 done in brilliancy and in result." 
 
 Johnso7i''s A dministration. 
 
 1. On the death of the lamented Lincoln, the vice-presi- 
 dent, Andrew Johnson, became the third " accidental Presi- 
 dent." The funeral obsequies 
 of the late President ^ ^^ ^ 
 occupied for a short of Abraham 
 time the attention of ^^^^ ^' 
 the Avhole people. His remains 
 wei'e borne to Springfield, Illi- 
 nois, the former home of the 
 deceased ; and, as the procession 
 moved on its long journey of 
 neai'ly two thousand miles, the 
 people everywhei'e sought to give 
 expression to their reverential 
 sorrow. At the great cities the 
 
 body lay in state, and all business was suspended. 
 
 2. The great work of disbanding the army was the first to 
 be attended to. The leading ncAvspaper in Europe had said : 
 " It is true that the United States have easily raised great 
 
 ANDREW JOHNSON. 
 
296 Johnson'' s Administration. 1865 
 
 armies, but they never will be able to return to a peace foot- 
 ing. The soldiers are masters of the situation ; 
 they cannot be disbanded. Military employment 
 must be found for them." This prediction, it was soon 
 shown, had no sufficient foundation ; for just as quickly as 
 the soldiers were paid they gave back the arms they had used 
 so bravely, and returned to their homes. 
 
 3. The manner in which the States of the South should be 
 restored to their former political standing, and the conditions 
 that should be imposed to insure the protection of the eman- 
 cipated slaves, occupied the attention of the Presi- 
 
 Reconstxuction, iii/^ <? -iiii- j^i 
 
 dent and Congress lor a considerable time, as they 
 
 were not able to agree ujjon the proper policy to be pursued. 
 Proclamations were issued by the President, removing re- 
 strictions on commerce in the South, and declaring amnesty, 
 or pardon, to all persons (except certain specified classes) 
 who had been concerned in the organization and defense of 
 the Confederacy. Several of the States that had belonged to 
 the Confederacy hastened to repeal their secession ordi- 
 nances, and accept a proposed amendment to the Consti- 
 tution abolishing slavery in every part of the United States. 
 This amendment — the thirteenth — having been duly approved 
 by three-fourths of all the States of the Union, slavery was 
 declared to be constitutionally abolished (Dec. 18, 18G5).' 
 
 4. Much of the progress of " reconstruction" had been 
 effected by Congress, in spite of the President's opposition. 
 The latter held that the Southern States were never legally 
 out of the Union, their ordinances of secession being void ; 
 therefore they were entitled to representation at once in the 
 United States Congress. Congress, however, while agreeing 
 with the president, that the ordinances were void, insisted 
 that, before the States which had been at war with the 
 Union were admitted to their former relations to the Govern- 
 ment, they should be required to retrace certain steps they 
 
 ' The ne3(t amendment, the 14th, was adopted in July, 1868. 
 
1869 Reconstruction Completed. 297 
 
 had taken in legislation, respecting secession, and be further 
 required to give certain guarantees. 
 
 5. The President declared the position taken by Congress 
 to be a " new rebellion ;" and in his messages and speeches 
 he manifested open hostility to that body. The quarrel was 
 brought to an issue by the passage of a resolution in the 
 House of Eepresentatives, impeaching President Johnson of 
 high crimes and misdemeanors. The impeachment articles, 
 eleven in number, were duly submitted to the Senate, accord- 
 ing to the provisions of the Constitution, and the President 
 was tried on three of them. After a long trial, he was ac- 
 quitted, a large majority, but not two-thirds of the Senators, 
 having pronounced him guilty, when the Senate, as a court, 
 adjourned (May 26, 1868). 
 
 6. Previous to this, in 1867, the number of States had 
 been increased to thirty-seven, by the admission of Nebraska, 
 originally a part of the " Louisiana Purchase." During the 
 same year the territorial possessions of the United Nebraska 
 States were very greatly enlarged by the addition and Alaska, 
 of Alaska, formerly known as Eussian America, a country 
 valuable for its coast fisheries, its furs, and its forests of white 
 pine and yellow cedar. This vast tract, larger than the 
 original thirteen States, was purchased of Kussia for seven 
 million two hundred thousand dollars in gfold. 
 
 Grant's Administration. 
 
 1. The candidate of the Eepublican party for President, 
 in the fall of 1868, was General Grant ; that of the Demo- 
 crats was Horatio Seymour. The former was elected by a 
 very large majority. Grant's administration commenced on 
 the 4th of March, 1869. During that year the Eeconstmction 
 three States, Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, completed, 
 were restored to representation in Congress, and thus the 
 " reconstruction of the Union" was fully accomplished. 
 
298 
 
 Cfranfs Administration. 
 
 1871 
 
 Texas was tLe last State to accept the amended Constitution. 
 
 This included a new amend- 
 ment — tlie fifteenth — which 
 guaranteed the riglit of suf- 
 frage to all citizens of the 
 United States without regard 
 to " race, color, or previous 
 condition of servitude." Its 
 object was to secure to the 
 negroes of every State in the 
 "^^l^iPMii^^^H^^i^l^^ Union the privilege of voting. 
 
 2. The depredations com- 
 mitted by the Alabama and 
 
 " other Confederate privateers, 
 
 ULYSSES s. GRANT. \^y^\\^ .^y^^ cquippcd iu Brltlsh 
 
 ports, were a cause of much ill-feeling on the part of the people 
 ^j^g of the United States against the British govern- 
 Alabama ment ; and, while the latter refused to make any 
 claims, compensation for the injury inflicted, this feeling 
 continued. At length, after a correspondence between the 
 two governments, continued from Lincoln's administration, 
 a commission, composed of English and American repre- 
 sentatives, met at AYashington, and concluded a treaty which 
 provided for the settlement of " all causes of difference be- 
 tween the two countries (1871)." 
 
 3. In conformity with this treaty, a tribunal of five arbitra- 
 tors — one from each of the countries, the United States, 
 Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil — met in 
 
 Destructive Conflag.ations.— In October, 1871, the most destructive 
 fire in tlii' liistory of llu.s country occurred at C'hicago. About eighteen 
 tliousand l)uildings were consumed. The area burned over was more 
 tlian two tiiousaud acres ; and the value of property destroyed was not 
 mucli less than two hundred million dollars. During the same month, 
 forest fires raged in parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and jNIinnesota, and 
 were scarcely less destructive than the Chicago conflagration. In a little 
 more than a year after (Nov., 1872), a fire occurred in Boston, which laid 
 waste sixty-five acres. The total loss, in houses and merchandise, wag 
 about seventy-five million dollars. 
 
1872 Re-election of Grant. 299 
 
 Geneva, Switzerland, where they examined and decided all 
 questions submitted to them ; and finally made an award of 
 damages to the amount of fifteen and a half million dollars, 
 to be paid to the United States for the satisfaction of all the 
 claims "known as the Alabama claims, growing out of the 
 acts committed by the several vessels (1872)." Accordingly 
 that amount was promptly paid by Great Britain. ' 
 
 4. The twenty-second presidential election took place in 
 the fall of 1872. There was little at issue betwen the j)oliti- 
 cal parties. Grant was again the candidate of the Republi- 
 cans. His comj^etitor was Horace Greeley, " a Re-election 
 distinguished journalist and leader of public opin- of Grant, 
 ion." The latter was the nominee of Republicans, who, call- 
 ing themselves Liberal Republicans, were not satisfied with 
 Grant's administration. He also received the nomination of 
 the Democratic party. After the election on the part of the 
 people was over, and it was certain that Grant had received a 
 large majority of their votes, but before the " State electors" 
 had met in their " respective States" to carry out the popu- 
 lar decision, Greeley died. The excitement and labor of the 
 campaign, together with domestic bereavement, had broken 
 him down. 
 
 Business Depression. — A money panic occurred in the Fall of 1873 ; 
 and business depression, — the result of excessive speculation in railroad 
 stocks, of railroad building, and other causes, — followed, and continued 
 for a number of years. Some called all this trouble " the natural result 
 of the war. ' ' 
 
 ' Among the provisions of the Washington treaty was one for the set- 
 tlement of the northwest boundary from a point on the forty-ninth 
 parallel to the Pacific ocean ; and another for the settlement of a long- 
 standing dispute respecting the right of the people of the United States 
 to catch fish off the coast of the British American provinces. The 
 boundary dispute was referred to the Emperor of Germany, who made a 
 dcc'ision in favor of the United States (1871). The fishery dispute was 
 not settled till several years later. Three commissioners met in Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, and by a majority vote, decided that the United States 
 should pay five and a half million dollars for the fishery privileges for a 
 period of twelve years. The award was not regarded as eciuitable by 
 the people and government of the United States, but the amount was 
 duly paid (1878). 
 
300 Grant s Administration. 1876 
 
 5. The year 1876, the centennial of American independ- 
 ence, was one of great rejoicing throughout the Union. The 
 important events of the Kevohition that liad occurred a hun- 
 
 _,, dred years before — prominently that of the Declara- 
 
 nation's tion of Independence — were duly commemorated, 
 en ennia . ^j^jQ^^g w^^ most interesting events of this centen- 
 nial year, was the International Exhibition at Philadelphia, 
 commonly known as the " World's Fair." For the purposes 
 of this exhibition, nearly two hundred buildings were erected 
 in Fairmount Park, the six principal ones covering more 
 than sixty acres. In tliese were exhibited specimens of the 
 farming products and the manufactured goods of nearly every 
 State in the Union, and of the most important foreign coun- 
 tries. Beautiful works of art, and other articles designed to 
 show the progress made by different States and countries in 
 science and education, were also exhibited. During the six 
 months in which the " Fair" was open, nearly ten million 
 persons visited it. 
 
 6. Another important event of the year was the admission 
 of Colorado into the Union, hence this " Eocky Mountain 
 Sister" is familiarly called the Centennial State. Part of its 
 
 _,, territory, that north of the Arkansas river and east 
 
 Centennial of the Rocky mountains, was originally a portion 
 
 State. ^1 ^j^g ,, Louisiana Purchase." All the remaining 
 
 portion was included in the Mexican cession of 1848. The 
 
 Union now consists of thirty-eight States (1879). 
 
 7. The growth of the nation during the hundred years of 
 its existence was indeed marvelous. The first census, taken 
 in 1790, showed a total population in the thirteen States and 
 
 national territory, of about four millions. The 
 century last census, that of 1870, made known the fact 
 of progress, ^j^^^ ^|^g population of the United States exceeded 
 thirty-eight millions. Of this number, the city of New 
 York, which, in 1790, was smaller than Philadelphia, and 
 contained only about thirty-three thousand inhabitants, had 
 now almost a million. All the great cities of what used to be 
 
The Century of Progress. 801 
 
 called the West, attained their astonishing growth within the 
 century. Cincinnati, in 1805, contained only about five hun- 
 dred inhabitants ; and Chicago, in 1831, was a mere village. 
 St. Louis was but a small trading town, when, with Louisiana, 
 it came under the United States government. New Orleans, 
 then (in 1790) a French settlement, but in the possession 
 of Spain, was a town of only a few hundred inhabitants. 
 
 8. The vast fertile domain of our country, constantly pre- 
 senting new fields for farming industry, has made agricul- 
 ture the leading pursuit, except in some small sections. The 
 immense production of the cereal grains, such as wheat, 
 Indian corn, rye, oats, and barley, in the Northern States ; 
 and of cotton, rice, sugar, etc., in the Southern, has of- 
 fered a splendid reward to the farmer and the planter. The 
 cultivation of cotton has been a prominent feature in the 
 agricultural history of the country, and its results have revo- 
 lutionized the commerce of the world. In 1790, it had hardly 
 commenced ; but, in 1860, before the breaking out of the 
 Civil War, it reached the enormous aggregate of two thou- 
 sand million pounds, or four million bales, and was the chief 
 article of export of the country. 
 
 9. The magnetic telegraph has already been referred to. 
 In 1860, there were over fifty thousand miles of telegraph 
 wires in operation. The laying of the Atlantic cable, a 
 telegraph stretching from Ireland to Newfoundland, upon 
 the bed of the Atlantic ocean, was one of the most valuable 
 as well as interesting achievements of science. After failures 
 in the attempt in 1857, 1858, and 1865, it was at last 
 accomplished, in 1866, by means of the Great Eastern, the 
 largest steam vessel ever constructed. The success of this 
 enterprise was largely due to the intelligence and untiring 
 energy of Cyrus W. Field. 
 
 10. Perhaps no country in the world has been more dis- 
 tinguished for useful inventions than the United States. It 
 was the discoveries of Dr. Franklin in electricity that led to 
 its practical applications ; and to Morse is due the credit of 
 
302 
 
 Grant's Administration. 
 
 making the most useful of these in the electro-magnetic tele- 
 graph (seep. 236). The cotton-gin, as we have seen, increased 
 a hundredfold the value of the cotton culture (see p. 188). 
 The history of the sewing-machine, like that of almost every 
 other great piece of mechanism, shows that " the invention 
 was a growth rather than an inspiration ;" but the name of 
 Elias Ilowe is inseparably connected with the success of this 
 invention of priceless value to civilization. American inge- 
 nuity, too, has given us that wonder-working contrivance, 
 the cylinder press, by means of which twenty-five thousand 
 copies of a newspaper may be struck off in a single hour.^ 
 To these may be added a host of other valuable inventions, 
 including farming implements of the greatest utility. 
 
 11. The improvements in the means of spreading informa- 
 tion, by means of newspapers and books, have kept pace with 
 every other kind of civil progress. The press, that mighty 
 engine of civilization, lias been ever busy, ever increasing its 
 ])ower to meet the demands of the people for knowledge. 
 Eight thousand periodicals were at this time issued in the 
 United States, or about one for every five thousand inhabit- 
 ants ; and the number of books published annually is more 
 than three thousand. 
 
 12. American literature is rich 
 in works of genius. The writ- 
 ings of AVashington Irving are 
 everywhere admired for their easy, 
 natural, and beautiful style, their 
 kindly influence, and playful 
 humor. Cooper, the American 
 novelist, has never been surpassed 
 in the power of description, par- 
 ticularly of the peculiar feature of 
 Indian life, and life on the ocean. 
 IRVING. Bancroft, Prescott, Hildreth, Mot- 
 
 ley, Palfrey, and Parkman, stand among the best Avriters 
 
 • R. Hoe & Co. have now (1879) a press that will print 50,000 papers iu 
 an hour. 
 
The Century of Progress. 
 
 303 
 
 BANCROFT. 
 
 of history the world lias ever produced. The History of the 
 
 United States, by one of these writers, George Bancroft, is a 
 
 work of wide-spread fame. It has 
 
 occupied very many years of its 
 
 gifted author's life, and is not yet 
 
 finished. 
 
 13. American poets may justly 
 claim a place with the most celebrat- 
 ed of all countries. Several poems 
 written by William Cullen Bryant 
 must be as lasting as the language 
 itself. There are few school gradu- 
 ates who have not learned to admire 
 " Thanatopsis," the "Planting of 
 the Apple Tree," and a host of others, which have been used 
 as the means of cultivating the taste of our youth, and im- 
 pressing upon their minds sentiments of truth, beauty, and 
 tenderness. Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, and Lowell must 
 
 also be added as among the 
 
 great poets, not only of our 
 own country, but of the world. 
 In the domain of fiction and 
 miscellaneous writing, besides 
 Irving and Cooper, Haw- 
 thorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, 
 and Julia Ward Howe, ought 
 to be mentioned with high 
 commendation. This brief list 
 would be greatly extended if 
 we should include all who 
 BRYANT. have achieved for themselves 
 
 fame, and added luster to the literature of their country. 
 
 14. "The public speeches of a nation's chief legis- 
 lators are among the most luminous landmarks of its policy, 
 the most lucid developments of the character and gen- 
 ius of its institutions, and the noblest exhibitions of its 
 
304 
 
 Granfs Administration. 
 
 1877 
 
 LONGliiLLOW. 
 
 and others — we have tlie 
 judgment. Their works 
 
 intellect. The speeches of many of our greatest orators have 
 
 not been preserved. Of the orations 
 of Otis, which were described as 
 ' flames of fire,' we have but a few 
 meagre reports. AVe are persuaded 
 of the eloquence of Henry only by 
 the history of its effects. The 
 passionate appeals of the elder 
 Adams, which ' moved his hearers 
 from their seats,' are not in print. 
 Of the great orators of a later day 
 — Webster, Clay, Calhoun, John 
 Quincy Adams, Everett, Sumner, 
 means of forming a more accurate 
 belong to our standard literature. 
 They are thoroughly imbued with the national spirit. They 
 glow with the feelings of the people." 
 
 15. As Grant's second term of office drew towards its 
 close, the two great political parties made their nominations 
 for president. The candidate of the Democrats was Samuel 
 23d National J- Tildeu, of New York, that of the Republicans 
 election, -yvas Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. The election 
 was duly held ; but in consequence of disputes respect- 
 ing the electoral votes of certain of the States, the result 
 was in doubt. How should the votes be counted? As 
 the Constitution did not clearly provide a method, a Com- 
 mission, composed of five Senators, five Representatives, and 
 five judges of the Supreme Court, was formed by Congress, 
 to decide questions at issue, both parties agreeing to abide by 
 the result. The Commission having given its decisions, one • 
 hundred and eighty-five votes were counted for Hayes, and 
 one hundred and eighty-four for Tilden. The president 
 of the Senate, in the presence of both Houses of Congress as- 
 sembled in joint convention, then declared Mr. Hayes to l)e 
 the president elect (March 2, 1877). 
 
Nummary. 
 
 305 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Buchanan's Administration — ^Tlie "slavery question" was the 
 great toiiic of discussion, aud "John Brown's Raid" intensified 
 the discnssion. The presideui ial flection was the signal for the se- 
 cession of South Carolina and other Southern States, and for the for- 
 mation of the 'S(nitheru Confederacy. Minnesota, Oregon, and 
 Kansas were admitted into the Union (ISS'/'-lSOl). 
 
 Lincoln's. — The jjreat final conflict betwen the North and the 
 South, the seeds of which were planted when slavery was intro- 
 duced into Virofinia (1(319), was already begun when Lincoln was 
 inaugurated. The ^\\w fired upmr the American flajj at Fort 
 Sumter was followed by McClellan's defeat of the Confederates 
 in West Virginia, by the movement an;ainst Richmond with its 
 disastrous termination at Bull Run (July 31), by the blockade of 
 the Confederate ports, by the extension of the war into Missouri, 
 and by the capture of Mason and Slidell. 
 
 The second year becjan with the campaign for opening the Mis- 
 sissippi. The Union forces gained a victory at Mill Spring, cap. 
 tured Forts Henry and Donelson, occupied Nashville, won a vic- 
 tory at Shiloh, and gained New Orleans. Meanwhile a second 
 campaign against Richmond, under McClellan, was on the eve of 
 moving when the Confederate ram Virginia destroyed two Union 
 ships-of-war, and then had the memorable engagement with the 
 "Little Monitor." McClellan's campaign, with its " seven days' 
 fighting," entled in failure ; and thus Lee, the Confederate com- 
 mander, found it I asy to make a northern invasion ; but, though 
 defeating Pope in the " second battle of Bull Run," he met with a 
 repulse at Antietam, and was compelled to fall back into Virginia. 
 The year closed with the failure of Burnside's campaign against 
 Richmond. 
 
 Lincoln issued his emancipation proclamation on the first day 
 of the third year of the war. The operations for the opening of the 
 Mississippi were continued : Murfreesboro was captured, and the 
 surreniler of Vicksburg to Grant (July 4), with that of Port Hud- 
 son to Banks, finished the task. The fourth campaign against 
 Richmond, under Hooker, met with a disastrous defeat at Chan- 
 cellorsville. Thus encouraged once more, Lee made another in- 
 vasion of the North, but at Gettysburg met a defeat (July 3) from 
 which the Confederates never recovered. Under Bragg, near Chat- 
 tanooga, they won a victory, but in a second battle lost more than 
 they had gained. The admission of West Virginia into the Union 
 and the " Draft Riot "in New York were also important events 
 of the year. 
 
 After the Red river expedition, Sherman's movement against 
 Atlanta and Grant's against Richmond began. Grant, with Lee 
 as his antagonist, fought the Battle of the Wilderness, and then 
 
306 
 
 Topics for Review. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1869. 
 
 advanced to the vicinity of Petersburg. Lee's army, being- safe 
 bebind intrencbnients, and the Shenandoah valley open, the Con- 
 federates, under Early, entered the valley and invaded Maryland, 
 but, after some succei^ses, were defeated by Sheridan, and, as 
 an army, destroyi'd. Sherman, after lighting a number of battles 
 and capturing Atlanta, made his great march to the sea. The de- 
 struction of tlie Alabama by the Kearsarge, Farragut's victory in 
 Mobile bay, and the admission of Nevada into the Union, were 
 also important events. 
 
 Sherman continued his campaign, and, advancing towards 
 Richmond, captured Columbia; Cliaileston and U'ilmingtou, in 
 consequence, fell into tlie hands of the Union forces. Meanwhile 
 Grant, never losing an inch of ground, so pressed upon the Con- 
 federates that they were finally compelled to evacuate Petersburg 
 and Kichmond. The surrender of Lee and Johnson, the assassi- 
 nation of Lincoln, and the constitutional abolishment of slavery, 
 were the other notable events of the year. 
 
 Johnson's Administration.— The abolishment of slavery, as stated 
 by the adoption of the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution 
 (Dec. 1SG5), the adoption of the fourteenth amendment (July 1808), 
 the President's impeachment and trial, and the ])urchase of 
 Alaska, occurred during Johnson's administration (1805-1801)). 
 
 Grant's. — The adoption of the fifteenth amendment to the Con- 
 stitution (1870), tlie" Alabama Treaty," the great fire in Chicago, 
 the National Centennial, the World's Fair at Philadelphia, and 
 the admission of Colorado into the Union, belong to Grant's admin- 
 istratiou (1869-1877). 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 (See the hints and directions, p. 49.) 
 
 Biographical. 
 
 James Buchanan. -- -- 2r)3-2.j7 
 
 Abraham Lincoln. (See Raymond's Life of Lincoln, also Bar- 
 rett's, Crosliy's, and Holland's ; also Carpenter's " Six Months 
 at the White House.") ------- 255-294 
 
 Jefferson Davis. (See Alfriend's Life of Davis, also Pollard's 
 
 "Snuihein Confederacy.") 256-291 
 
 Winfield Scott. (See Mansfield's Life of Scott, also Headley's, 
 
 and Victor's, and Scott's Autobiography.) - - 212, 228, 240, 262 
 
 George B. McClellan. (See Hillard's Life of McCh'llan, also Vic- 
 tor's.) - 201-290 
 
 David G. Farragut. (See Headley's " Farragut and (mr Naval 
 
 Commanders.") " - - 206-289 
 
 Robert E. Lee. (See Cooke's Life of Lee, also McCabe's "Life 
 
 and Campaigns of Lee.") 271-293 
 
Topics for Remem. 
 
 307 
 
 John C. Fremont. (See UpLam's " Life and Public Services of 
 
 Fremont,'' also Magoon's Life of Fremont.) - - - 239-273 
 
 Wm. T. Sherman. (^See "Memoirs of Gen. W. T. Sherman by 
 
 himself.") 283-290 
 
 Joseph E. Johnston. (See " Narrative of Military Operations by 
 
 Joseph E. Johnston.") - - 271-293 
 
 Thomas J. Jackson. (See Addey's Life of Jackson, also Dabney's.) 271-277 
 
 Andrew Johnson. (See Peterson's "Life, Speeches, and Services 
 
 of Andrew Johnson.") -.-..-- 290-297 
 
 IT. S. Grant. (See Badeau's Military History of Grant, also 
 Phelps's Life of Grant, and Mrs. Stowe's " Men of Our 
 Times.") --------- 263 (note)-304 
 
 Geographical. 
 
 Harper's Ferry, Va 254-273 
 
 Charleston.. ..128, 142-166, 25o-290 
 
 Fort Sumter 166, 256-290 
 
 Montgomery, Ala 256, 261 
 
 Columbia river 196, 257 
 
 Alexandria, Va 261 
 
 Norfolk, Va 261, 268, 271 
 
 Richmond, Va 261-292 
 
 Washington 19.5-213, 247-293 
 
 New Orleans, 46, 214, 266-268 
 
 Tennessee river 265, 266, 282 
 
 Nashville, Teun 265,286 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 266 
 
 Corinth, Miss 266 
 
 Wilmington, N. C 290 (note). 
 
 Fredericksburg, Va 274 
 
 Chancel lorsville, Va 277 
 
 Chambersburg,Pa.273(note),277,288 
 
 Gettysburg, Pa 277, 278 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss 266, 280, 281 
 
 New York 257, 268 281 
 
 Murfreesboro', Tenn.. 274 (note), 282 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn 282, 283 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 285 
 
 Savannah 99, 164, 165, 267, 287 
 
 Petersburg, Va 288, 292 
 
 Winchester, Va 288 
 
 Shenandoah vallev 288, 289 
 
 Mobile and Mobile bay 214, 289 
 
 Columbia, S. C 290 
 
 Historical. 
 
 Buchanan's election 253 
 
 John Brown's raid 253, 254 
 
 Lincoln's election and in- 
 auguration 255, 258 
 
 Secession 228, 255, 256,259 
 
 Causes of the Civil War. . .253-258 
 
 Southern Confederacy 256, 261 
 
 Battle of Bull Run 261 
 
 The Blockade 259-276 
 
 The War in Missouri. 262, 263 (note). 
 
 Tiie Trent Affair 264 
 
 The War in Keniucky.265-284(note) 
 
 Battle of Shiioh 266,280 
 
 Capture of New Orleans . . .266, 267 
 Battle — Virginia and Moni- 
 tor 269 
 
 The Peninsular Campaign . 270 
 
 Lee's first invasion 272 
 
 Burnside's Campaign 274 
 
 Emancipation 276 
 
 Hooker's operations 271-283 
 
 Lee's second invasion 277 
 
 Opening of the Mississippi. 265-281 
 Draft Riot in New York. . . 281 
 Rosecrans's operations. 274(note), 282 
 
 The War in Tennessee 265-286 
 
 Thomas's operations 265-283 
 
 Red river expedition 284 
 
 Sherman's march to the sea 286 
 Grant's Campaign in Vir- 
 ginia 285-293 
 
 Butler's operations 261-288 
 
 Alabama and Kearsarge. . .. 289 
 
 Sheridan's operations 288-293 
 
 Surrender of Lee and John- 
 ston 293 
 
 Assassination of Lincoln. . . 293 
 
 Reconstruction 296,297 
 
 President Johnson's im- 
 peachment and trial 296, 297 
 
 The Alabama Claims. .264, 289,298 
 
 The World's Fair 300 
 
 Century of Progress 300 
 
 Political Parties 179, 194-304 
 
308 
 
 Hayes" s Administration. 
 
 KUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 
 
 Hayes's Administration. 
 
 1. The oath of office was taken in the "White House" 
 
 the President's mansion— by Mr. Hayes, on Sunday, March 
 4th, 1877, a few persons only, besides the Chief -Justice of 
 
 the United States, being present. 
 The inaugural ceremonies took place 
 on the following day, in tlie Capitol, 
 when William A. Wheeler, of New 
 York, the Vice-President elect, was 
 also inducted into office. The new 
 President had been an officer in the 
 Union army during the Great Civil 
 ^^ ar, in which conllict he had ren- 
 dered " gallant and distinguished 
 service," and was four times wound- 
 ed. Afterward he was a member of 
 Congress and Governor of Ohio. His inaugural address, 
 breathing the spirit of conciliation, was satisfactory to all 
 parts of the Union— the South as well as the North, the East 
 as well as tlie West. 
 
 2. During this administration, efforts have been made to 
 effect a reform in the civil service of the government, by the 
 appointment to office of persons of the best character and at- 
 tainments, with less regard to political influence. 
 
 ^£^°Q*j^°*The fishery dispute, resijccting the right of the peo- 
 ple of the United States to catch fish off the coast 
 of the British- American provinces, has also been settled for a 
 term of years (see note, p. 299). The railroad riots, begun 
 in Maryland by the firemen and brakemen of a freight train, 
 against a reduction of their wages, and extended through 
 Pennsylvania and other States, by which a vast amount of 
 property was destroyed and several lives lost, was an alarming 
 event of the summer of 1877. At an early stage in the pro- 
 
Hayes' s Administratiin. 309 
 
 gress of the Great Civil War, tlie banks of tlie country, as 
 well as the general government, discontinued the payment of 
 gold and silver, using paper money — mostly "greenbacks" — 
 instead. This '" susjjension of specie payments" continued 
 till the 1st of January, 1879, when the banks and government 
 resumed specie payments, and gold and silver money once 
 more came into common use. 
 
310 Acquisition of Territory. 
 
 ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY. 
 
 (See Map opposite page 243.) 
 
 Original Territory.— The territorial limits of the United States at the 
 close of the Revolution extended to the Mississippi on the west and the 
 great lakes on the north. Within these limits were included the terri- 
 tory of Maine, then a district of Massachusetts, and the territory of Ver- 
 mont, claimed by both New York and New Hampshire (see j). 184), but 
 no part of the country bordering- on the Gulf of Mexico was so included. 
 
 The Louisiana Purchase. — The tirst accjuisition of territory was a vast 
 domain stretching from the Mississipjn to the Rocky mountains. This 
 was ])urchased of France in 180o (see p. 196). All of tiie present States 
 of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkan.sas, Iowa, and Nebraska, and the Terri- 
 tories of Montana and Dakota, with the greater part of Minnesota and 
 Kansas, and a small portion of Colorado and Wyominpf, belonpred to this 
 domain. That part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi belonged to the 
 orijjinal territory of the United States. 
 
 Florida.^The second acquisition was Florida. This was made in 
 1819-21, by purchase from Spain (see p. 220). During the second war 
 with Enfrlaud (p. 200) the United States occupied that part of the Florida 
 lands, now of the State of Alabama, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 they held possession of it when the treaty of cession was made. How 
 far Florida extended westward, even at that late day, was not fully be- 
 yond dispute. 
 
 Oregon. — The entire region west of the Rocky mountains, from lati- 
 tude 42° to about 54,° was long- known as Oregon. It was claimed by 
 both the United States and Great Britain. Some writers liave regarded 
 Oregon as a part of the " Louisiana Purchase," but the researches of Mr. 
 Greenhow (see the notes, pp. 198, 243) and the whole history of the 
 "Oregon Controversy" j^o to prove the contrary. Tlie claim of the 
 United States was based upon the fact: 1st, that an American ship was 
 the first to enter and ascend to a considerabh; distance tlie great river of 
 the region (see p. 258) ; 2d, that the first extensive exploration of the 
 region was made liy Americans under the direction of the United States 
 government (see pp. 196, 257) ; and 3d, that the first settlement in the 
 region was made by Americans see p. 257). To this it may be added 
 that when, in 1819-21, the United States made a treaty with Spain for 
 the purchase of Florida, all the "rights, claims, and pretensions" of 
 Spain to the Oi'egon region were transferred to the United States. After 
 an angry controversy with Great Britain, lasting through several years, 
 that power, in 1846, abandoned her ])retensions to all south of the 49th 
 parallel. The region thus yielded was then organized as the Territory 
 of Oregon. It now includes the State of Oregon and the Territories of 
 Washington and Idaho. 
 
 Texas, California, etc. — Texas was acquired by annexation (see pp. 23G, 
 238), and the immense tract now belonging to the United States be- 
 tween that State and the Pacific was acquired from Mexico by conquest 
 and purchase (see p. 243). All of the present States of California and 
 Nevada, and tlie Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and L^tah, with 
 such portion of Kansas, Colorado, and ^^'yoming as was not included 
 in the " Louisiana Purchase," belonged to the region acquired by annexa- 
 tion, or by coiKjuest and purchase from Mexico. 
 
 Alaska. — This territory, formerly known as Russian America, was pur- 
 chased of Piussia in 1867 (see p. 297). 
 
THE STATES. 
 
 THE ORIGtN OF THEIR NAMES, AND THE POPULAK OR PET NAMES 
 APPLIED TO THEM. 
 
 Virginia was so called by Queen Elizabeth because it was discovered dur- 
 ing the reign of the virgin queen. The popular name for this State 
 is the Old Dominion, but the origin of the term has not been satisfac- 
 torily determined. It is also called the Mother of States, because 
 from its extensive original domain a number of States were formed, 
 in whole or in part. The name Mother of Presidents is likewise given 
 to it, because six of the Presidents of the United States were born 
 in the State. 
 
 New York. — The name was bestowed in compliment to the Duke of York 
 (see p. 85). This, the Empire State, is the most populous and the 
 wealthiest State in the Union. It is also known as the Excelsior 
 State, the motto Excelsior being on its coat of arms. 
 
 Massachusetts. — " The name probably arose frqm the name of a tribe of 
 Indians formerly at Barnstable, or from two Indian words, mas, signi- 
 fying an //iffe?i arrow-head, and wetuset, a hill." Massachusetts, be- 
 fore the Revolution, w;is called the Massachusetts Bay Colony, hence 
 its popular name of the Bai/ State, or the Old Bay State. 
 
 New Hampshire. — The pi-oviuce was named after the county in England, 
 Hampshire, in which John Mason lived (see p. 67). New Hampshire 
 is known as the Granite State, the mountainous portions being largely 
 composed of granite. 
 
 Connecticut. — This was the Indian name of the river, meaning the long 
 river. Connecticut is often alluded to as the Land of Steady Habits, 
 in allusion to the staid deportment of its inhabitants. Also, the Nut- 
 meg State, " the inhabitants of which have such a reputation for 
 shrewdness that they have been jocosely accused of palming off 
 wooden nutmegs on unsuspecting purchasers, instead of the genuine 
 article." 
 
 Maryland. — ^In tlie charter granted by Charles I. the province was named 
 Terra Maria', Mary's Laud, in honor of his wife, Henrietta Maria 
 (see note, p. 88). 
 
 Bhode Island.— The island itself, says one authority, " was so called from 
 a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean 
 pea," 'Another authority says : that in consequence of the reddish 
 
312 TJie States. 
 
 appearance of tlie island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Roode, 
 or Red Island. From this is derived the name of the island and State." 
 Rhode Islaud is called Little Rhody, it being the smallest of the States- 
 Delaware. — This State takes its name from Lord De la Ware, one of the 
 governors of Virginia (see p. 55). It is sometimes called the Diamond 
 State from its small size and great importance. Also, the Blue lien, 
 an officer in the war of the Revolution, commanding a Delaware regi- 
 ment, having asserted that no fighting cock could be truly game 
 whose mother was not a blue hen. 
 
 North Carolina. — The name C'arolina was given to the region in honor of 
 the French king, Charles {Carolus, in Latin) IX. (see p. 97). When 
 we hear any one speak of the Old North State we know that North 
 Carolina is meant. It is also called the Turpentine State, immense 
 quantities of turpentine being produced there. 
 
 South Carolina is called the Palmetto State, " from the arms of the State, 
 which contain a picture of a palmetto tree." 
 
 New Jersey derived its name from the island of Jersey (see p. 8G). The 
 pet name that has long been applied to the people of this State is the 
 Jersey Blues. 
 
 Pennsylvania. — The word means Penn's woods or Penn's forest (see 
 p. 92). Pennsylvania is called the Keystone (Sto^^^ " from its having 
 been the central State of the Union at the time of the formation of 
 the Constitution. If the names of the thirteen original Slates are 
 arranged in the form of an arch, Pennsylvania will occupy the place 
 of the keystone." 
 
 Georgia. — The colony was so called in honor of the king, George II. 
 (see p. 99). Georgia has been spoken of as the Empire State of the 
 South, but the term more properly Ijelongs to Texas. 
 
 Vermont. — When th(i French were in possession of the St. Lawrence 
 valley they called the Green Mountains, Vermont, vert, meaning green, 
 and niont, mountain. Vermont is, in familiar terms, called the Green 
 Moutdain State, and its male inhabitants are called the Green Moun- 
 tain Boys. 
 
 Kentucky. — An Indian word, signifying, says J. II. Trumbull, "at the 
 head of a river." The popular name of the State is the Corn-Cracker 
 State; its inhabitants are often called Corn-Crackers. 
 
 Tennessee. — An Indian word, signifying river of the hiy bend. Tennessee 
 has been called the Volunteer St<ite, from the fact that during tlie war 
 of 1812 and the wars against the Seminoles it furnished large numbers 
 of volunteer soldiers. 
 
 Ohio. — An Indian word, meaning beautiful. Ohio is called the Buckeye 
 State, from the buckeye tree which abounds there, The inhabitauta 
 are oftcu culled Buckeye^, 
 
The States. 313 
 
 Louisiana was so called in honor of Louis XIV., of France (see p. 46). It 
 - is called tlie Creole State, the descendants of the original French and 
 Spanish settlers being a large part of the habitants. 
 Indiana. — From the word Indian. The name Indiana was first applied 
 in 1768 to a grant of land north of and near the Ohio river which a 
 company of traders that year obtained from the Indians. Indiana is 
 known as the Hoosier State, and its inhabitants as Hooders. "The 
 word is said to be a corruption of husher, formerly a common term for 
 a bully throughout the West." 
 Mississippi. — An Indian name, signifying the great and long river. Because 
 of its numerous bayous or creeks, Mississippi is known as the Bayou 
 State. 
 
 Illinois. — The first part of this word, signifying men, is of Indian origin ; 
 the remaining part, ois, meaning tribe of men, is from the French. 
 This State, in allusion to its wide-spread and beautiful prairies, is known 
 as the Prairie State. 
 
 Alabama. — An Indian word, said to signify here we rest. 
 
 Maine. — Authors do not agree as to how and when Maine received its 
 name. One writer says : " It was called the Main land, to distinguish 
 it from the islands along the coast, which were valuable for fishing 
 purposes." Varney, in his History of Maine, says : " In 1639 Gorges 
 procured a royal grant of land extending from the Piscataqua to the 
 Kennebec. The name of the territory under the new charter was 
 changed to Maine, in honor of the queen (Henrietta Maria, wife of 
 Charles I.), whose patrimonial estate, as Princess of France, was the 
 French province of Mayne." Maine is i\\e Lumher State, " the in- 
 habitants being largely engaged in cutting and rafting lumber." 
 
 Missouri. — This is an Indian name, signifying muddy. It was, of course, 
 first applied to the river. 
 
 Arkansas. — Kansas, an Indian word, signifies smoky loater. The prefix 
 ar {arc), meaning a, how, is French. Because of the number of bears 
 that infested its forests, Arkansas is often called the Bear State. 
 
 Michigan. — Trumbull says : " The word is Indian, signifying a loeir for 
 fish." Another autliority says : " It signifies great lake." Michigan is 
 known as the Lake State, it bordering on four great lakes ; also as the 
 Wolverine State, because of the great number of wolverines formerly 
 abounding there. The inhabitants are sometimes designated as Wol- 
 verines. 
 
 Florida was discovered on Pascua Fhrida day, hence its name (see p. 
 33). Florida's pet name is the Penimula State. 
 
 Texas. — " The name was derived from a small tribe of Indians that 
 inhabited a village called 2'ehas, meaning friendly." Texas is called. 
 
314 The States. 
 
 the Lone Star State, the Texas flag, before the admission of the State 
 into the Union, having a single star. The coat of arms of the State 
 has a " lone star" (see p. 236). 
 
 Iowa. — This, according to Trumbull, is "the French form of an Indian 
 word, signifying the drowsy or the sleepy ones." Iowa is called the 
 Ilaickeye State, after an Indian chief. 
 
 Wisconsin. — This State takes its name from a large tributary of the 
 MisHissi[)i)i discovered by Marquette, and calle-d by him Masconsin {tcilil 
 rushiny clianneV). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsin, and finally 
 to Wisconsin. Owing to the great number of badgers that were 
 formerly in the State, it was and is called the Badger State. The 
 State's coat of arms has a picture of a badger. 
 
 California. — A romance was published iu Spain in 1510, in which the 
 word California, applied to an imaginary island, for the first time 
 occurs. Cortez had read the book, it is supposed, and when he sailed 
 along the west coast of Mexico, in 1535, he called the country Califor- 
 nia. It has been suggested that the root of the word is Arabic, mean- 
 ing caliph. California is known as the Golden State, it being the most 
 important gold-producing region in the world. 
 
 Minnesota. — The name is from two Indian words, signifying sky-colored 
 water or cloudy water. The familiar appellation of Minnesota is the 
 North Star State. On its seal are the words L'etoile du Nord, the Star 
 of the North. 
 
 Oregon. — The name, says Trumbull, "comes from an Indian language, 
 with which the traveler Carver had been for many years familiar, 
 and it is the accurate translation into that language of the name by 
 which, as Carver had reason for believing, the ' Great River of the 
 West' was designated by the tribes that lived near it." Owing to a 
 peculiarity of tlie climate of Oregon, characterized by dry months in 
 the summer and early autumn, and excessive rain in the winter, the 
 State, and more particularly that portion lying west of the Cascade 
 mountains, has been called the Web-foot Country ; its inhabitants are 
 called Weh-foots. 
 
 Kansas. — An Indian word, signifying smoky water. The name Garden 
 of the West is often given to this State, but it is also given to Illinois 
 and otlier Western States tliat are noted for their productiveness. 
 
 West Virginia. — Th(maiue Virginia, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 was applied to all the region which the English claimed in the new 
 world, (see p. 40). West-Virginia, because of its grand mountain 
 scenery, is sometimes called the Switzerland of America. The term is 
 also occasionally applied to New Hampshire. 
 
 Nevada, — This State was named frona the mountain range on the west of 
 
The States. 315 
 
 it, called the Sierra Nevada. The two words Sierra Nevada are 
 Spanish, the former meaning serrated or saw-toothed, the latter, 
 snowy. When applied to a mountain they signify a serrated, snowy 
 mountain. 
 
 Nebraska. — The word is of Indian origin, signifying shallow water. It 
 was first applied to the Platte river, which runs through the State. 
 
 Colorado. — This word is Spanish, and means red or ruddy. Colorado is 
 familiarly called the Centennial State (see p. 300), 
 
316 
 
 Presidents, Vice- Presidents, and States. 
 
 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 No. 
 1 
 
 George Washington , 
 Joliu Adams 
 
 Tliomas Jefferson 
 
 James Madison.. 
 
 James Monroe.. . 
 Joliu Q. Adams.. 
 
 Andrew Jaclcson. 
 
 Inaugurated. 
 
 Virginia April 30, 1789. 
 
 Massachusetts March 4, ITU".. 
 
 Virginia March 4, 1801.. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Ma.ssachusetts 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Martin Van Huren 
 
 William H. Harrison*. 
 
 John Tyler 
 
 James K. Pollc Tennessee 
 
 Zachary Taylor* I Louisiana 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 ^acUary laylor" L,ouisiana 
 
 Millard Fillmore 'New York 
 
 Franklin Pierce New Hampshire 
 
 James Uuclianan 
 
 Abraham Lincoln* 
 
 Andrew Johnson 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 Rutherford B. Hayes. . 
 
 March 4, 1809. . 
 
 March 4, 
 March 4, 
 
 1S1-. 
 18i5. 
 
 March 4, 182'.!.. . | 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Ohio 
 
 .March 4, 
 March 4. 
 April G, 
 March 4, 
 March 5, 
 July 10, 
 Marcli 4 , 
 March 4, 
 
 March 4, 
 
 April 15, 
 
 March 4, 
 
 March 5, 
 
 1837. 
 1811. 
 1S41. 
 1845. 
 184'J. 
 1850. 
 1^5:3. 
 1857. 
 1861. 
 1865. 
 1869. 
 1877. 
 
 VlCE-PltESIDZST8. 
 
 John Adams. 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 Aaron IJurr. 
 (icor^re Clinton.* 
 (Jeorge Clinton. 
 Elhridge Gerry.* 
 Daniel D. Tompkins. 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 John C. Calhoun.t 
 .Martin Van Buren. 
 Kichard M. Johnson. 
 John Tyler. 
 
 . . George M. Dallas. 
 .. .Millard Fillmore. 
 
 '.'. William R. King.* 
 .. John C. Hreckinridge. 
 
 \ llannil.a; Hainlin. 
 
 (Andrew Johnson. 
 
 'j Schuyler Colfax. 
 (Henry Wilson.* 
 ..William A.Wheeler. 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Delaware , 
 
 North Carolina. . , 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 South Carolina... 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Georgia 
 
 . Vermont 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennesse-e 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Alaliama. ; 
 
 Maine 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Arkai.sas 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Florida 
 
 Texas 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Kansas 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Colorado 
 
 1607 
 1G14 
 1620 
 WiZ 
 IG-B 
 16:i4 
 
 um 
 icas 
 
 1650 
 1664 
 1670 
 1682 
 17;» 
 l?2-t 
 1775 
 1757 
 1788 
 16'Jit 
 17-:i0 
 1716 
 1082 
 1711 
 16i5 
 1764 
 16S5 
 1670 
 15tj5 
 1692 
 WJS 
 1669 
 1769 
 
 is-ie 
 
 1811 
 
 Where. 
 
 By whom. 
 
 Jamestown English. 
 
 New York Dutch... 
 
 Plymouth English. 
 
 Little Harbor.... English. 
 
 Windsor 1 English. 
 
 Mary's lEnglish. 
 
 1774 
 1850 
 
 I'rovidciice English 
 
 Wilniiiigton Swedes 
 
 Chowan Kiver... English 
 
 Elizabeth Dutch 
 
 Ashley Uiver English 
 
 Philadelphia English 
 
 Savannah Englisli 
 
 Fort Diimmer.... English 
 
 Kooncslioro English 
 
 Fort London English 
 
 Marietta English 
 
 Iberville French 
 
 Vinceimcs French 
 
 Natchez French 
 
 Kaskaskia French 
 
 Mobile French 
 
 Bristol French 
 
 St. Louis French 
 
 Ark.ansas Post.. . I French 
 
 Detroit [French 
 
 l^t. Augustine t Spaniards 
 
 San Antonio 'Si)aniards 
 
 Burlington English 
 
 Green Hay ' French 
 
 San Diego ."Spaniards 
 
 St. Paul Americans 
 
 Astoria Americans 
 
 .\niericans 
 
 Wheeling English 
 
 Genoa lAmericaiiS 
 
 During whose 
 Administra- 
 tion. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 Madison. 
 
 S^ on roe. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Tyler. 
 
 Polk. 
 
 Fillmore. 
 Buchanan. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 .lohnson. 
 Grant. 
 
 Died In office. 
 
 t Resigned. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A Declaration hy the Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assemMed, July 4, 1Y76. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
 one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
 them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
 the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
 nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
 kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them 
 to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
 equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien- 
 able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
 happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
 among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
 erned ; that, whenever any form of goveinraent becomes destructive 
 of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, 
 and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
 principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
 seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
 indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not 
 be changed for hght and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all 
 experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
 while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
 forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
 abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces 
 a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, 
 it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
 guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suffer- 
 ance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains 
 them to alter their former .systems of government. The history of 
 the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
 and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an 
 absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be sub- 
 mitted to a candid world :— 
 
Declaration of Independence. 
 
 He has refused liis assent to laws the most wholesome and neces- 
 sary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his 
 assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly 
 neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refu.'ied to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
 districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
 representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and 
 formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has culled together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
 fortable, and distant from tlie depository of their public records, for 
 the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
 measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
 with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
 others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
 annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; 
 the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of 
 invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 lie has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for 
 that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, 
 refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hitlier, and 
 raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
 assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 lie has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
 their offices, and the amount and payment of tiieir salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swai nis 
 of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, without 
 the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
 to, the civil power. 
 
 He lias combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
 to our constitutiou, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his 
 assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 for protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
 
Declaration of Independence. 
 
 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
 states : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
 province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
 ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instru- 
 ment for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
 and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
 tection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercena- 
 ries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already 
 begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled 
 in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy tlie head of a civil- 
 lized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
 seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
 of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
 deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 
 Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
 destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
 in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been 
 answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is 
 thus marked by every act which may defile a tyrant, is unfit to be 
 the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
 We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
 legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
 have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
 settlement here, We liave appealed to their native justice and mag- 
 
Declaration of Independence. 
 
 nanirnity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common 
 kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
 rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been 
 deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
 acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold 
 them, as wc hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, 
 friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, 
 in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
 world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by 
 the authority of the good people of these colonies, solenmly publish 
 and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
 free and independent states; that they are absolved from all alle- 
 giance to tha British crown, and that all political connection between 
 them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
 solved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full 
 power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
 merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states 
 may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a 
 firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually 
 pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 New Hampsliire.— Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew 
 Thornton. Massacliusetts Bay. -Samuel Adams, John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, Elbi-idge Gurry. Rhode Island.— Stephen 
 U()l)kins, William Ellery. Connecticut.— Roger Sherman, Samuel 
 Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New Ifork.- 
 Williani Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 
 New Jersey.— Richard Stockton, John 'NMtlurspoon, Francis Hop- 
 kinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania.-Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymcr, 
 James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Dela- 
 ware.-Cyesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. 
 —Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of 
 CarroUton. VIrsinia.-George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomns 
 Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun., Francis Light- 
 foot Lee, Carter Braxton. North rarolina.-William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South C'arolina.-Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Heyward, jun., Thomas Lvnch, jun., Arthur Middleton. 
 Georgia.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 
 
 This (Icclaiation was signed on the day of its adoption, by John Ilancock, the 
 president of Congress, and thus it went forth to the world. By order of Congress 
 it was engrossed and also signed hy the above-named members. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UnXEI) STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 1. Origin of the Constitution. — When the Revolutionary struggle 
 commenced, there were three forms of colonial government in force 
 among the colonies." (See the History, p. 113.) 
 
 On the 11th of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a committee 
 should be appointed to prepare a form of confederation, to be entered 
 into by the colonies. On the 12th of July following, this committee, 
 consisting of one from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Con- 
 federation. The Eeport was considered and debated from time to 
 time until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some amendments, 
 it was adopted. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
 by all the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by Delaware in 
 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the part of Maryland, they 
 did not go into effect until the 1st of March, 1781, the day on which 
 they were signed by the delegates from that state. 
 
 2, It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation were not 
 adequate to the wants of the government. They were deficient as re- 
 gards the regulation of commerce, the settling of controversies be- 
 tween the states, the making of treaties with foreign nations, and 
 especially so in not conferring the necessaiy power upon Congress to 
 liquidate the debts incurred during the war. Consequently, a conven- 
 tion of delegates from all the states, except Rhode Island, met at 
 Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles 
 of Confederation; but it was thought best by a majority of the 
 delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, instead of 
 making any attempts to amend the defective one then in existence. 
 Accordingly, on the 17th of September, 1787, after four months' 
 deliberation, the present Constitution, — except some changes which 
 have since been made, — was adopted by the Convention. (See the 
 History, p. 178.) The new Constitution was submitted to the people, 
 who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it 
 with earnestness and thoroughness ; the ratification of nine states 
 being requisite before it could go into effect. It met with considerable 
 opposition; but after it had been adopted by all the states, except 
 North Carolina and Rhode Island, it went into operation March 4th, 
 1789. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 
 
 The Constitution was Adopted as follows by 
 
 Delaware Dec. 7,1787 
 
 Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787 
 
 New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787 
 
 Georgia Jan. 2,1788 
 
 Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788 
 
 Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788 
 
 Maryland April 28, 1788 
 
 South Carolina May 2.S, 1788 
 
 New Hampshire June 21, 1788 
 
 Virijiuia June 2(), 1788 
 
 New York July 2U, 1788 
 
 North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789 
 
 Rhode Island May 29, 1790. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Prea.mble.' 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
 union, e.stabh.sh ju.stice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
 common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the bless- 
 ings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
 this Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. The Legislative Department. 
 Section I. Congress in General. 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
 of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 Section IL House of Representatives. 
 
 \st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
 members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, 
 and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications re(iuisite 
 for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 
 
 2fZ Clmise. No person shall be a representative who shall not have 
 attained to the age of twenty-five yenrs, and been seven years a citizen 
 of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in- 
 habitant of th;it state in which he .shall be chosen. 
 
 3cZ Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
 among the several states which may be included within this Union, 
 according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by 
 adding to the whole number of free persons, including those botmd to 
 service for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
 
 ' The object of the Preamble is to state the purposes of the Constitation. Three gen- 
 eral departmenis ol' covernmeut arc established under the Constitnlion, viz. : the legis- 
 lative, thcpowrT that cnacis the laws ; the executive, the power that enforces ,he laws ; 
 and the judicial, the power that interprets the laws, 
 
Constitution of the United States. 7 
 
 fifths of all other persons.' (See Article XIV. of the Amendments.) 
 The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the 
 first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
 subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law 
 direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
 thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; 
 and untii such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire 
 shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New 
 Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Vir- 
 ginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 4#7i Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
 state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to 
 fill such vacancies. 
 
 5?/i Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their 
 speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of im- 
 peachment.'^ 
 
 Section III. Tlte Senate. 
 
 1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
 two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six 
 years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2fZ Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
 quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may 
 be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall 
 be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at 
 the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expira- 
 tion of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
 j^ear; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during 
 the recess of the legislature of anj' state, the executive thereof may 
 make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legisla- 
 ture, which shall then fill such vacancies.' 
 
 Zd Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have at- 
 tained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the 
 United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
 that state for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 ' By the term " all other persons" was meant slaves. 
 
 " An impeaclmirnt is an accusation against a public officer, charging him with mis- 
 conduct in the iliscliarge of his official duties. 
 
 3 Ascnat(ii"s lull tonn consists of six years ; he is chosen liy the legislature of his 
 State. A representHtivc's full tunu is only two years ; he is elected by the people of 
 his congressional district. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 
 
 4:th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be presi- 
 dent of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
 divided. 
 
 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a 
 president pro tempore," in the absence of the vice-president, or when 
 he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 
 
 Qth Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power lo try all im- 
 peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath 
 or affirmation. "When the president of the United States is tried, the 
 chief-justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without 
 the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 1th Chnise. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
 fui ther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
 enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; 
 but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to in- 
 dictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 
 
 Section IV. Both Houses. 
 
 l.'it Clavse. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for 
 senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the 
 legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make 
 or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.' 
 
 2cl Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, 
 and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless 
 they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 Section V. The Hotises Separately. 
 
 \st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 
 and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall 
 constitute a quorum" to do business ; but a smaller number may ad 
 journ from day to day, and may be authorized to conqjcl the attend- 
 ance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
 each house may provide. 
 
 2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
 
 1 A "president pro tempore" is one chosen only for tlie time being. 
 
 ■•' An act of CoiiKress VLquircs the legiHlature of each state, which shall be choser next 
 preceding the expiration ot any senatorial term, on the second Tuesday after its lirst ineet- 
 ing, to elect a successor, each house nominating viva roce, and then coiiveiiing in joint 
 assembly to compare nominations. In ease of agreement, such person shall lit declared 
 duly elected ; and if they do not agree, then balloting tocontinne from day todu:);, at 12 
 M. duriny the session, until choice has been made. Vacancies arc to be filled in like 
 manner. 
 
 2 By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do business. Usually a majority is a 
 quorum. 
 
Oonstitution of the United States. 9 
 
 punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence 
 of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 M Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
 from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in 
 their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the mem- 
 bers of either house on any question, shall, at the def^iie of one-filth of 
 those present, be entered on tlie journal. 
 
 Uh Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
 without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
 nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
 sitting. 
 
 Section YII. Privileges and DisaMlities of Members. 
 
 1st Clnust\ The senators and representatives shall receive a compen- 
 sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
 treasury of the United States.' They shall, in all cases, except treason, 
 felony, and breach of the peace, " be privileged from arrest during their 
 attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
 returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either 
 house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 %1 Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
 which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the author- 
 tiy of the United States, which shall have been created, or the enKjlu- 
 ments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no per- 
 son holding any office under the United States shall be a member of 
 either house during his continuance in office. 
 
 Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws. 
 
 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
 of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
 ments as on other bills. 
 
 2(Z Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Repre- 
 sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented 
 to the president of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, 
 but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which 
 
 ' The members of Congress are componi=ated for their services by the general sovern- 
 nicnt, out of the treasury of Ihe United States. Each member receives SriOUO |»er au- 
 imin, and mileage at the "rate of twenty cents a mile. For each day's absence, except 
 when caused by sickness, $8 per diem is deducted from the salary. The speaker of the 
 House of Representatives receives double the salary of a member. 
 
 - Treason is defined by the Constitulion (see Article III., Section III. p. 18). Felony 
 is a crime punishable with death. A breach of the peace is a violation of the public 
 order. 
 
10 GonstUidion of the United States. 
 
 it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
 journal, and proceed to reconsider it.' If after such reconsideration 
 two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to- 
 gether with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- 
 wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it 
 shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses 
 shall be dtterrained by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
 voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each 
 house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president 
 within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented 
 to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, 
 unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which 
 case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Zd Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concur- 
 rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
 (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the presi- 
 dent of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall 
 be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
 two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to 
 the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.^ 
 
 Section VIII. Poirers granted to Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power — 
 
 \st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to 
 pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare 
 of the United States ; bat all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uni- 
 form throughout the United States.^ 
 
 2<Z Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 Zd Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
 the several state-, and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 4<A Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization,'' and uni- 
 
 1 The president's act of objecting to a bill is called a veto. This, the veto power, was 
 given to the president, to enable him to protect the executive department against the 
 encroachments of the legislative. It was also given with a view to greater security 
 against tlie enactment of improper laws. 
 
 ^ If it were not for this provision, Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or 
 resolutions, and thus cvad 'the president's veto. 
 
 2 Ta.\es are contributions of money exacied by government from individuals for pub- 
 lic purposes. They are of two kinds : direct, when tliey are laid on the person or 
 property of individuals; and indirect, when laid on the importation, cxportaiion, and 
 consumption of goods. Duties are taxes on the importation or exporlalion of goods. 
 Imi)orlsare taxes on goods im])orted. Excises are taxes on goods produced or manu- 
 factured in the country. 
 
 ■* Till' act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States is called nat- 
 uralization. A person must reside in this country five years before he can be natural- 
 ized and thus be entitled to all the rights and privileges of citizenship. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 11 
 
 form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United 
 States ; 
 
 5tli Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign 
 coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 
 
 Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
 securities and current coin of the United States ; 
 
 '7th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 
 
 %th Clause. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by 
 securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right 
 to their respective writings and discoveries ;' 
 
 Qth Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; 
 
 loth Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
 on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ;'- 
 
 llth Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal,^ 
 and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 
 
 llth Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of 
 money to that use shall be for a longer terra than two years; 
 
 IMh Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 lAth Clause. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
 the land and naval forces ; 
 
 15th Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
 laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 l&th Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining 
 the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed 
 in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively 
 the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the mili- 
 tia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 VHth Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatso- 
 ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by 
 cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become 
 the seat of the government of the United States ; and to exercise like 
 authorit}' over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of 
 the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- 
 
 I This exclueive ri9;ht extended to authors is called a copy-right It is granted for a 
 period of twenty-eight years, after which it may be renewed for the further period of 
 fourteen years. The inventor of a niacliinc is entitled to the exclusive right, called a 
 patent right, of manufacturing it for a period of fourteen years. At the end of the four- 
 teen years the Commissioner of Patents is authorized to extend the right for the fur- 
 ther period of seven years. 
 
 - Piracy is deined as " robbery on the high seas," the "high seas" being all the 
 waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. 
 
 3 '• T,etters of marque and reprisal" are commissions, granted by the government to 
 individuals, authorizing them to prey upon the commerce of another nation. 
 
12 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;' — and 
 
 18^A Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
 for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
 vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or 
 in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. 
 
 \st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any 
 of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
 hibited by the Congress prior t) the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not 
 exceeding ten dollars for each person.^ 
 
 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
 suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public 
 safety may require it.^ 
 
 Sd Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be 
 passed.* 
 
 4:th Clause. No capitation,^ or other direct tax shall be laid, unless 
 in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefoie directed to be 
 taken. 
 
 5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
 any state. 
 
 Qth Clause. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com- 
 merce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor 
 shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or 
 pay duties in another. 
 
 7th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in con- 
 sequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and 
 account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be 
 published from time to time. 
 
 ' In 17S8 Maryland ceded 60 pquarc miles of hnid. and next year Virsii'ia ceded 40 
 square miles, to ilie I'liited States as a site lor tlie national capital. This made a square 
 or 10 miles, or 100 square miles, 00 sqnare miles beii'.t; on the east side of the Potomac 
 and 4(1 on the west, which was named the District of Columbia, in honoi- of Christopher 
 Columt)ns. Thetraet on the \'irt,'inia side of the river was retrocedcd to that State in 
 1840. conse(iuently theDistriet now consists of the territory ceded hy Maryland in 1788. 
 
 - By the term " such person" was meant slaves. Tl'.e jjreat object of the clau>e was 
 to enable Contrress to putan end to the importation of slaves into the United States, 
 and this was accomi)lished by a law which went into effect on the 1st of January, 1808. 
 
 3 " A writ of habeas corpus" is a written command from a juilf,'e or other magistrate, 
 directiii'? that the body of a certain i)erson shall be broiif^dit' before him. Its object is to 
 provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal im()risonment. 
 
 ■• A bill of attainder is an act of the legislature intlictin<r the i)unishment of death, 
 without trial, ui)on persons sup]>osed to befruilly of hii;h crime-. An e.\ post facto law 
 is a law which renders an act puidshable which was not punishable at the time of its 
 commission. 
 
 * A cajtitation tax is a direct tax upon individuals. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 13 
 
 Sth Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
 States ; and no person holding any oflBce of profit or trust under them 
 shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolu- 
 ment, oflBce, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or 
 foreign state. 
 
 Section X. Powers denied to the States. 
 
 \st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
 federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
 bills of credit;' make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in 
 payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, 
 or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of 
 nobility. 
 
 2d. Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay 
 any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be ab- 
 solutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; ^ and the net 
 produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or ex- 
 ports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and 
 all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Zd Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any 
 duty of tonnage,' keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter 
 into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign 
 power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such immi- 
 nent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE n. The Executive Department. 
 Section I. President and Vice-President. 
 
 \st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a president of 
 the United States of America. He shall hold his oflBce during the 
 term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for 
 the same term, be elected as follows.^ 
 
 2tZ Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legisla- 
 
 - Bills of credit, within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circu- 
 late as monej' among the people. 
 
 ^ Inspection laws require certain articles of commerce to bo examined by oiBccrs 
 called insipector.'?. 
 
 3 A tax hild on vessels at a certain rate per ton is called a dnty of tonnage. 
 
 ^ It will be seen that the Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a 
 president may be re-elected. Washington, at tlie close of his second term, de- 
 clined to be a candidate for a third trrni ; and this example has been a precedent by 
 which sul)sequent iirusidents have been guided. The president and vice-president are 
 not chosen by the people directly, but by\-lectors. 
 
14 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 ture thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- 
 ber of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled 
 in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding 
 an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
 an elector. 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.' 
 
 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
 vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, 
 shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they 
 shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in 
 distinct ballots the person voted for as vice president, and they shall 
 make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
 persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for 
 each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
 the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the presi- 
 dent of the Senate; the president of the Senate shall, in presence of 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and 
 the votes shall then be counted, the person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a 
 majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person 
 have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num- 
 bers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, 
 the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
 president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by 
 states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum 
 for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
 to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
 president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before 
 the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall 
 act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional 
 disability of the president. 
 
 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice 
 president, shall be the vice president, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
 
 1 The original clause of the Constitution, prescribin>: tiie mode in which the president 
 and vice-president were to be elected, was repealed in 1S(I4, and the twelfth amendment 
 (as tfiven above) was adopted in its jilace. By the original clause, the electors voted for 
 two i)erson8 without naniins,' tlieir clioice for the hi^'liei- position, " th" person having 
 the -ireatest number of votes" beini? declared president, and the ne.\t, vice-president. 
 Washington, John Adams, and Jeffersi>u (for first term) were bo elected. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 15 
 
 majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate 
 shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall con- 
 sist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of 
 the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 Zd Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
 president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United 
 States. 
 
 4ith Clanse. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
 electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day 
 shall be the same throughout the United States.' 
 
 5th Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of 
 the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
 be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any person be eligi- 
 ble to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five 
 years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 Qth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, or 
 of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 
 duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president; 
 and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, 
 resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president, de- 
 claring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall 
 act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall 
 be elected. - 
 
 1th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his 
 services a compensation, wliich shall neither be increased nor 
 diminished during the period for which he shall Iiave been elected, 
 and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument 
 from the United States, or any of them." 
 
 Sth Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he 
 shall take the following oath or affirmation :^ 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of 
 
 ' In the event of there being no president of the United States, or vice-president, asi 
 stated above, the president of the Senate, pro teinpniv. sliall act as president ; and. in 
 tile event of there being no president of the Senate, tlie Spealier of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives shall act as iiresident. 
 
 - The electors are chosen by the people on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in 
 the last November of each presidential term ; and the electors meet to give tlieir votes 
 on the first Wednesd.ay in tlie next succeeding Decemlier, in then- respective states, at 
 the places— usually the cajiital— api)ointed by thi' state le^islatiires. 
 
 2 The president's salary is ig.'idjHK) a year, tn^'-eilier with the use of the presidential 
 mansion and its furniture". The vice-president's salary is Sf^.OOtl a year. The pre.-ident 
 pro tern, of the Senate receives the same compensation as the vice-president. 
 
16 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
 United States." 
 
 Section II. Poicers of the President. 
 
 \st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of tiie army 
 and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several 
 states, when called into the actual service of the United States; 
 he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal oflBcer in 
 each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to 
 the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to 
 grant reprieves and parduns for offences against the United States, 
 except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the 
 senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, 
 and all other officers of tlie United States, whose appointments are 
 not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
 by law, but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such 
 inferior officers, as they think pioper, in the president alone, in the 
 courts of law, or in the heads of departments.' 
 
 Zd Clame. The president shall have power to fill up all vacances 
 that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com- 
 missions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 Section III. Duties of the President. 
 He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of 
 the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such 
 measures as he shall judge necessaiy and expedient;' he ma}^ on 
 extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, . 
 and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the 
 time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to sucli time as he shall 
 thiuk proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public minis- 
 
 i Six executive departnicntis. namely : Of State, of the Navy, of War, of the Treas- 
 ury, of the Post-oflice, and of tlie Interior, to aid the president in the discharfre of his 
 duty, have been established by Con<;ress. The heads of ttiese deiiartnients. as well as 
 the atlorney-jieneral, are appointed i)y the president with theadvice and consent of the 
 Senate ; and the seven persons so appointed constitute the president's eal)iuet. 
 
 2 It is the custom for tlie president to inform Congress of the state of Ilie Union and 
 milke recommendations, by means of written messasres ; but this was not the custom 
 with Washintrton and Jonn Adams. They used to so to Congress and make their 
 recommendations by prepared addresses, which they read. Congress is under uu 
 obligation whatever to adopt the president's recommendations. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 17 
 
 ters ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
 shall commission all the oflBcers of the United States. 
 
 Section IV. Impeachme7it of the President. 
 The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United 
 States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- 
 viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- 
 meanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. The Judicial Department. 
 
 Section I. The United States Courts. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
 supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may 
 from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the 
 supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good 
 behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a 
 compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continu- 
 ance in office. ' 
 
 Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 
 
 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law 
 and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
 States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
 authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
 ters, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris- 
 diction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a 
 party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a 
 state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 
 states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under 
 grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens 
 thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 2tZ Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
 ters and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the 
 supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other 
 cases before mentioned, the supreme covirt shall have appellate 
 jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
 under such regulations as the Congress shall make.'' 
 
 1 The supremu court of the United States is composed of one chief-justice, at a salary 
 of $10,500 a year, and eight associate justices, eacli of whom has a Hilary of §10,000 a 
 year. 
 
 ■■^ Orig^inal jurisdiction is thar in wliieh a suit orijiinates or commences. Appellate 
 jurisdiction is that in whicU the decision of an Inferior court is taken on appeal. 
 
18 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Zd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
 ment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state 
 where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not 
 committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or 
 places as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 Section III. Treason. 
 
 Ist Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist only 
 in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giv- 
 ing them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of trea- 
 son unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, 
 or on confession in open court. 
 
 'id Clau.te. Tlie Congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
 ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption 
 of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.' 
 
 ARTICLE IV. jMiscellaneous Provisions. 
 Section T. State Records. 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, 
 records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Con- 
 gress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
 records, and proceedings shall be jDroved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Section II. Privileges of Citizens. 
 
 1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all priv- 
 ileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 2(Z Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or 
 other crime, who shall flee from justice, and l)e found in another state, 
 shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he 
 fled, be delivered up, to be removed to tiie state having jurisdiction of 
 the crime. 
 
 Zd Clause. No ])erson held to service or lalior in one state, under 
 the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of anj'- 
 law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but 
 shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or 
 labor may be due." 
 
 ' Attainder means a etainins, corruption, or rendoring impure : and by corruption of 
 blood a person is disabled to'iiiherit land^s from an ancestor, nor can he either retain 
 tluwe in his possession or transmit them l)y descent to Lis heirs. They go to the gov- 
 ernment. , , . , 
 
 2 The person referred to was a fugitive slave or jierson bound by iiHienlurcs of a))pren- 
 ticeship. The " fugitive slave law " passed by Congress during Fillmore's admini.-tra- 
 
Constitution of the United States. 19 
 
 Section III. New States and Territories. 
 
 \%t Clause. New states may l)e admitted by the Congress into this 
 Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the juris- 
 diction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of 
 two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legis- 
 latures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 Id Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make 
 all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other prop- 
 erty belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution 
 shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, 
 or of any particular state. 
 
 Section IV. Guarantees to the States. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a re- 
 publican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
 invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive 
 (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 AKTICLE V. Powers of Amendment. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
 application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall 
 call a convention for proposing amendments, whicli, in either case, 
 shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, 
 when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourth of the several states, 
 or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
 mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress : provided that 
 DO amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth 
 clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, with- 
 out its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the Constitution, Oatb 
 OF OffiCE, Religious Test. 
 1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
 
 tionunderautlioiity of this clause was procluctive of mnohexciteiiient in the coiiniry. A! 
 the .Moith piililic scniiinciil was asaiiisl it.and it was onlyexeniU'd throuuh lh<' most do- 
 U>niiin('di-ttV)rt of the <,'overimu'iil. In Boston the presence of a larije hody .'f soldiers 
 and polieenieii was neci'ssary to prevent the jieople from settina; fre.' a tapliired fiisi- 
 tivc slave w ho was ahom to be sent Soiitli to his owner. All iliis has been changed by 
 the adoption of the last three articles of the amendments to the Coustitiition. (See p.) 
 
20 Constitution of tlie United States. 
 
 before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
 United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2(1 Clause. This Constitution, and the "laws of tlie United States 
 which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
 which shall be made, under the authority of the United Status, shall 
 be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall 
 be bound thereby, anything in tlie Constitution or laws of any state 
 to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3tZ Clause. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and 
 the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and 
 judicial oflBcers, both of the United States and of the several states. 
 shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but 
 no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office 
 or public trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient 
 for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratify- 
 ing the same. 
 
 AMENDMENTS.^ 
 
 PROrOSEn BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY TUB LEGISLATURES OF TUB SEVERAL 
 states, pursuant to tub fifth article of the ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Freedom of ReUgion. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an cstablishincnt of religion, 
 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of 
 speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- 
 ble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Article II. Right to bear Arms. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
 state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
 infringed. 
 
 ' While the constilution was under discussion, and before it liad be<-ii adopted by tlie 
 requisite nine stales, it »as generally tH'lii'vcd lliat it did not sufficinitly protect the 
 riL'lits of the people. With a view, lliercfore, ofsceiirinir to lotli people and states cer- 
 tain ri£;liis hcvond the possibility of ilieir heinir i neroaclicd upon, tlie lirst ten articles 
 of llie";inien(rnii'nt< were jiroposed in IVHft. dm n^' li.e tii>l session of the first Congress 
 under th<' {Joiistiiuiion, and, haviiie: been ratified by tliiee fourllis ol the states, were 
 declared adopted in liy*. 
 
Constitution of tJie United States, 21 
 
 Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house with- 
 out the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner 
 to be prescribed by law. 
 
 Article IV. Search Warrants. 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
 shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable 
 cause, supported by oath or afHrmation, and particularly describing 
 the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 Article V. Trial for Crime. 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- 
 famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
 jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
 militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; 
 nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice 
 put in jeopardy of life or limb ;' nor shall be compelled in any 
 criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
 life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor shall pri- 
 vate property be taken for public use without just compensation. 
 
 Article VI. Rights of accused Persons. 
 
 In all ciiminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to 
 a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and dis- 
 trict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district 
 shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed 
 of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with 
 the witnesses against him ; to have compulsoiy process for obtain- 
 ing witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for 
 his defence. 
 
 Article VII. Suits at Common Law. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall ex- 
 ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jui-y shall be preserved, 
 and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
 court of the United States than according to the rules of the com- 
 mon law. 
 
 1 No person can be a second time tried for an offpnce of whicli he has been legally 
 acquitted. 
 
22 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Article VTII. Excessive Bail. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 Article IX. liifjhts Retained ly the People. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not 
 be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people 
 
 AcTiCLE X. Reserved Rir/Iits of the States. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- 
 tution, nor i)roliihited by it to the states, are reserved to the states 
 respectively, or to the people. 
 
 Article XI.' 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed 
 to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 
 against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by 
 citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 
 
 Article XI II." Slavery. 
 
 Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been dulv con- 
 victed, shall exist within the United Slates, or any place subject to 
 their jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
 priate legislation.^ 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Section I. All persons born or naturah'zed in the United States, and 
 subject to the jurisdiction thereof, arc citizens of the United States and 
 of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any 
 law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
 United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, 
 or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within 
 its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Sec. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
 
 ' The eleventh amendment was proposed by Congress in 1794, and declared adopted 
 
 in ITflS. 
 
 - For the twelfth amendment, see the Appendix, p. 14. 
 " Sec the History, p. ;96. 
 
Constitution of the United States. 23 
 
 states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- 
 ber of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when 
 the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for presi- 
 dent and vice-president of the United States, representatives in Con- 
 gress, the executive and judical officers of a state, or the members of 
 the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
 such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United 
 States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or 
 other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the 
 proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
 whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. 
 
 Sec. III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, 
 or elector of president and vice-president, or hold any office, civil or 
 military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having 
 previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of 
 the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an 
 executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution 
 of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
 against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
 Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such 
 disability. 
 
 Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
 thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
 bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not 
 be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall as- 
 sume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or 
 rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or eman- 
 cipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
 be held illegal and void. 
 
 Sec. V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
 legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Sec. I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
 denied or abridged by the United States, or bj^ any state, on account, 
 of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Sec. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
 appropriate legislation.' 
 
 ' See the History, p. 298. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abercromby 108 
 
 Acadia 41,101,105 
 
 Adams, John.139, 146. ISi, 183, 191, 223, 304 
 
 Adams, J. Q 222 
 
 Adams, Samuel 128, 132 
 
 Alabama 35, 220, 256 
 
 Alabama Claims 298 
 
 Alabama, privateer 264, 289, 298 
 
 Alarcon 37 
 
 Alaska 297 
 
 Albemarle Colony 98 
 
 Alexandria, Va 261 
 
 Algiers 216 
 
 Alien and Sedition Laws 192 
 
 Allen, Ethan 135, 141 
 
 American party 253, 255 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci 30 
 
 Anderson, Maj 256, 258 
 
 Andre, Ma.i 169 
 
 Andres. Sir Edmund 73, 86 
 
 Annapolis, Md 177, 178 
 
 Annapolis, N. S 41, 101 
 
 Antietani, Battle of 273 
 
 Anti-Federalist 179 
 
 Appomattox Court House 293 
 
 Argall 56 
 
 Arkansas 45, 229, 261 
 
 Post, Capture of 274 
 
 Arnold, Benedict.141, 157, 159, 168, 172, 174 
 
 Articles of Ccnifederation 178 
 
 Astorj John Jacob 257 
 
 Astoria, Oregon 257 
 
 Atlanta, Capture of 285 
 
 Atlantic Cable 301 
 
 Aztecs 241 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion .59 
 
 Bainbridge, Coin 207 
 
 Balboa 31 
 
 Baltimore, city 112,213 
 
 Baltimore, Lord 87, 90 
 
 Bancroft, George 303 
 
 Bank of United States 184, 227 
 
 Banks, Gen 272, 281, 284 
 
 Barbary States 198 
 
 Baum, Col 158 
 
 Beauregard, Gen. 259, 262, 266 
 
 Bell, Jolin 255 
 
 Belmont, Battle of 263 
 
 Bennington, Battle of 158 
 
 Berkelev, Sir William 59, 86 
 
 Black Hawk's War 230 
 
 Bon Homme Richard 166 
 
 Boone, Daniel 190 
 
 Boston 18, 6S, 106, 115, 127, 135, 298 
 
 Massacre 127 
 
 Tea Party 128 
 
 Braddock, Gen 106 
 
 Bradford, Gov 65, 66, 67 
 
 Brag-, Gen 239, 282 
 
 Brandywine, Battle of HiS 
 
 Breckenridge, John C 2.55 
 
 Breed's Hill 136 
 
 Brewster, Elder 61 
 
 Brooklyn 147 
 
 Brown, Gen. Jacob 212 
 
 Brown, John 253 
 
 Bryant,W. C 303 
 
 Buchanan, James 253 
 
 Buena Vista 2.39 
 
 Bull Run, Battle of 261, 272 
 
 Bunker Hill 135, 136, 2:i2 
 
 Burgoyne, Gen 156 
 
 Burnside, Gen 274, 283 
 
 Burr, Aaron 141, 195, 200 
 
 Butler, Gen. B. F 268, 288 
 
 Cabots 30, 60, 103 
 
 Cabrillo 37 
 
 Calhoun, John C 224, 226, 228, 247 
 
 California 239, 243, 247 
 
 Calvert, Sir George 87 
 
 Camden, S. C 167,173 
 
 Canada 140 
 
 Canals 226 
 
 Cape Charles 152 
 
 Cod 64, 115 
 
 Henry 52 
 
 Carolina 40, 96, 113 
 
 Carteret, Sir George 86 
 
 Cartier 41 
 
 Carver, Gov 64 
 
 Cedar Creek, Battle of. 288 
 
 Mountain, Battle of 272 
 
 Centennial Celebration 300 
 
 Cerro Gordo, Battle of 240 
 
 Chambersburg 273, 277, 288 
 
 Champlain 41 
 
 Chancellorsville 277 
 
 Charleston. . .99, 113, 143, 166, 2.56, 259, 290 
 
 Charlestown 68, 132, 137 
 
 Chattanooga 282 
 
 Chemung, Battle of 164 
 
 Cherry Valley, Massacre of. 164 
 
 Chesapeake and Leopard 204 
 
 and Shannon 208 
 
 Chicago 44, 298, 301 
 
 C'hickahominy River 271 
 
 Chickamauga 282 
 
 Chippewa, Battle of 212 
 
 Christian Commission 279 
 
 Cincinnati 301 
 
 Civil War 2.56 
 
 Clarendon Countv Colony 98 
 
 Clayborne's Rebellion 88, 90 
 
 Clark, Gen. G. R 104 
 
 Clay, Henry 222, 229, 237, 247 
 
 Clinton, De Witt 177 
 
 Clinton, Gen 142, 162, 166 
 
 Cold Harbor, Battle of 287 
 
 Colonial Congress of 1765 126 
 
 Colleges 116 
 
 Colorado 300 
 
 Columbia River 257 
 
 Columbia, S. C 2i)0 
 
 Columbus 15, 18, 19,31 
 
26 
 
 Index. 
 
 Compromispf! 220, 230. 247 
 
 Concord 131, i;i4 
 
 Confederacy, Formation of ao(5 
 
 Confederation, Articles of 250 
 
 Congress, Continental 130, 13i», 177 
 
 Connecticut 09,113 
 
 Reserve 15)5 
 
 Constitution of the United States 178 
 
 and Guerriere 207 
 
 Continental Money 118 
 
 Cooper, J. F 302 
 
 Cooper, Peter 233 
 
 Corinth. Miss 206, 274 
 
 Cornwallis. Lord 149, 108, 174, 175 
 
 Coronado 37 
 
 Cortez 34. 37 
 
 Cotton 114, 1S8, 224 
 
 Cotton-gin 114.187,302 
 
 Cowpens, Uattle of 173 
 
 Crawford, VV. H 222 
 
 Creek War 211 
 
 Crown Point 107, 150 
 
 Cuba 22 
 
 Davenport. John 70 
 
 Davis, Jefferson 2.50, 259, 291 
 
 Deane, Silas 1.54 
 
 Dearborn, (ien 212 
 
 De Ayllon 34 
 
 Decatur. Lieut 199, 207, 217 
 
 Declaration of Independence 145 
 
 De Uania, Vasco 19 
 
 De Grasse. 174 
 
 DeKalb 108 
 
 Delaware 91, 113 
 
 Delaware, Lord 50 
 
 De Leon, Ponee 32 
 
 De Nar vaez 34 
 
 De Soto .34 
 
 D'Estaing 102,105 
 
 Detroit 111,200 
 
 Dieskau 107 
 
 Dinwiddle, Robert, Gov 103 
 
 Dix, John A 257 
 
 Dorr's Rebellion 235 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A 2.55 
 
 Dover, N. II 07 
 
 Draft Riot 2Hl 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 37 
 
 " Dred Scott " Decision 2.54 
 
 Du (iucsne 104 
 
 Dutch Explorations 47, 80 
 
 Early, (ieu 288 
 
 Eaton, Tlu'opliilus . . 70 
 
 Education 110 
 
 Elizabeth. Queen .38 
 
 Elizabetlitowii (Elizabeth^ N.J 87 
 
 Eni;incip;ition Proclamation 270 
 
 Emliargo . 205 
 
 Eudicott. John 08 
 
 Englisli Explorations. 29-00 
 
 Erie, Pa 10 
 
 Eutaw Springs, Battle of 173 
 
 Everett, Edward 227 
 
 Fair Oaks, Battle of 271 
 
 Faiieuil Hall 129 
 
 Farragut, Admiral 2(50, 289 
 
 Federalist i)arty 179 
 
 Field, Cyrus W .301 
 
 Fillmore, Millard 247 
 
 Fitcb, John 201 
 
 Five Forks, Battle of. 291 
 
 Flag, Adoption of the National 158 
 
 Florida 33, 47, 214, 220, 244, 2.56 
 
 Floyd, CJen 205 
 
 Foote. Admiral 205. 2G0 
 
 Fort Donelson 205 
 
 Du t^nesne 107 
 
 Edward 107, 1.58 
 
 Fisher 290 
 
 Henry 205 
 
 Lee 149 
 
 McAllister 287 
 
 McHenry 214 
 
 Mems 211 
 
 Moultrie 143,2.56 
 
 Pickens 2.57 
 
 Pillow 284 
 
 Pitt 108, 111 
 
 Pulaski 207 
 
 Schuyler 1.50 
 
 Stanwix 156 
 
 Sumter 256, 257, 290 
 
 Washington 149 
 
 William Henry 107 
 
 Fortress Monroe 201, 271 
 
 Fox, (ieorge 74 
 
 France 100, 101 . 192, 190 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin. 
 
 115, 120, 140, 154, KK), 10.5, 179, 231 
 
 Fredericksburg 274 
 
 Free Soil party 245 
 
 Fremont, John C 239, 25.3, 203, 272 
 
 French Explorations 41-90 
 
 French and Indian War 102, 125 
 
 Fugil i\ e Slave law 247 
 
 Fulton. Robert 201 
 
 Gadsden Purchase 243 
 
 Gage, Gen ; 131, 142 
 
 Gaiisevoort. Colonel 156 
 
 Garrison. William L 232 
 
 Gaspee, Affair of the 128 
 
 Gates, Gen 1.59,107 
 
 Georgia .35, 99. 112. 104, 220, 250, 282 
 
 Germantown, Battle of 1.54 
 
 Gettysburg, Battle of. 277 
 
 Ghent, Treaty of 216 
 
 Gorges 07 
 
 Gosnold, Bartholomew 54, 00 
 
 Grand Model 98 
 
 Giant, Gen 2&3, 265, 2&5, 297 
 
 Great Meadows 105 
 
 Salt Lake 249 
 
 Greeley, Horace 299 
 
 Greene, (ien 1.3.5, 151, 172, 171, 187 
 
 Greenland 16 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty a43 
 
 Guill'iird Court House 173 
 
 Hadlev. Suri)rise of 76 
 
 Hale, Capt. Nathan 149, 171 
 
 Ilalhrk. (Jen 2(iO, 272 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander . . . .178, 179, 184, 200 
 
 Hancock. John 129, 1.32, 140, 147 
 
 Ilarinar. Ocn., Defeat of. 185 
 
 Harjx'r's Kerry 254, 201. 273 
 
 Harrison, Gen 20.5, 211, 23o, 233 
 
 Hartford 69 
 
 Convention 215 
 
 Hatteras Inlet 2(8 
 
 Hayes. Rutherford B .304, .307 
 
 Hayne, Col 166 
 
Index. 
 
 27 
 
 Henry, Patrick 1-26, 131, 138, 304 
 
 Herkimer, Gen 156 
 
 Hessians 148,150,159 
 
 Hispaniola 22 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, Battle of 173 
 
 Hood, Gen 285 
 
 Hooker, Gen 371, STti 
 
 Hooker, Kev. Thomas. G9 
 
 Howe, Admiral 153 
 
 Howe, Blias 302 
 
 Howe, Gen 136, 142, 148, 153, 162 
 
 Hul)l)ardton, Battle of 156 
 
 Hudson, Henry 47, 80 
 
 Hudson River 47, 80 
 
 Huguenots .96, 112 
 
 Hull, Capt 207 
 
 Hull, Gen 206 
 
 Iberville River, La Ill 
 
 Iceland 10, 18 
 
 Illinois 43, 220 
 
 Indiana 219 
 
 Indians 22, 25. 66 
 
 Indian wars 59, 70, 76, 185, 219, 230 
 
 Internal Improvements 225 
 
 Inventions 187, 301 
 
 Iowa 244 
 
 Irving, Washington 302 
 
 Iroquois 102 
 
 Isabella, Queen 21 
 
 Island No. 10 266 
 
 Jackson, Andrew 211, 219, 226 
 
 Jackson, " Stonewall " 271, 277 
 
 Jamestown 53 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant 143 
 
 Jav, John 131,179,18.5,186 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas 145, 184, 195, 223 
 
 Johnson, President 290, 295 
 
 Johnson, Col. R. M 230 
 
 Johnston, Gen. A. S 266 
 
 Johnston, Gen. J. E 271, 285, 890, 293 
 
 Joliet. the explorer 41 
 
 Jones, John Paul 165 
 
 Kansas 37, 249, 258 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill 249 
 
 Kearny, Gen 239 
 
 Kentucky 190, 265 
 
 Kidd, Captain 84 
 
 Kieft. Gov 83 
 
 King George's War 101 
 
 Philil)"s War 75 
 
 William's War 101 
 
 King's Mountain, Battle of 172 
 
 Kingston 160 
 
 Knox, Gen 1 77, 184 
 
 Knoxville 28'^ 
 
 Lafayette 152. 162, 172, 220, 221 
 
 Lake Champlain 107, 140, 156, 213 
 
 Eric 209 
 
 George 108 
 
 La Salle 43, 102 
 
 Lawrence, 'apt 208 
 
 Lee, Arthur 154 
 
 Lee, Gen. Charles 140, 142, 162 
 
 Lee, ( Ol. Henry 173, 194 
 
 Lee. Richard Heniy 131, 144 
 
 Lee. Robri t E 271, 274, 282, 2aH 
 
 Leisler. Jacob ^5 
 
 Lewis and Clark Expedition 196, 2.58 
 
 Le.xinglon, Mass., Battle of 134 
 
 Lincoln, Gen. . . , , 1Q4, 166 
 
 Lincoln. President 255, 258, 293 
 
 Livingston, Robert R 184 
 
 Locke, John 98 
 
 London Company 52, 58 
 
 l.ong Island, Baltic of 148, 172 
 
 Longstreet, (ien 283 
 
 Lookout Mountain, Battle of 282 
 
 Louisburg 101, 107 
 
 Louisiana 102, 218, 256 
 
 Purchase 196, 257, 297 
 
 Lundy's Lane, Battle of 212 
 
 Lyon, Gen 262 
 
 Mackinaw 41 
 
 Madison, President.... 179. 205 
 
 Magellan 31 
 
 Magnetic Telegraph 236 
 
 Maine 60, 220 
 
 iMalvern Hill. Battle of 271 
 
 March to the Sea 286 
 
 Marco Polo 18 
 
 Marion, Gen 143, 166 
 
 Marquette 41 
 
 Maryland 87, 113 
 
 Mason, John 67 
 
 Mason and Dixon's L'ne 91 
 
 Mason and Slidell, Seizure of 264 
 
 Massachusetts 68,74,113 
 
 Massasoit 67 
 
 Matamoras 239 
 
 Mayflower 63 
 
 McClellan, Gen 261, 262, 270, 273, 290 
 
 McCrea, Jane 158 
 
 McDonough, Com 213 
 
 McDowell, Gen 262, 272 
 
 Meade, Gen 277, 287 
 
 Memphis 266 
 
 Mercer, Gen 152, 177 
 
 Merrimack and Monitor 268 
 
 Mexican War 2.36, 239 
 
 Mexico 37, 2.36.^38 
 
 Michigan 229 
 
 Miller'; Col 212 
 
 Mill Spring, Battle of 265 
 
 Minnesota 257 
 
 Minuit, Peter 83, 92 
 
 Minute Men 131 
 
 Missionary Ridge 282 
 
 Mississippi 35, 41, 220, 256 
 
 Mi-souri 45, 220 
 
 Mobile 214, 289 
 
 Money 118 
 
 Monmouth, Battle of 162 
 
 Monocacy, Battle of. 288 
 
 Monroe, President 219 
 
 Montcalm, Gen' 108 
 
 Morocco... 198 
 
 Monierey 239 
 
 Montgomery, Ala 25() 
 
 IMontgomery, Gen. Richard 140 
 
 Montreal 111. 141 
 
 Morgan, Gen 159, 172 
 
 Morgans Raid 283 
 
 Mormons, The 248 
 
 Morris, Gonverneur 200 
 
 Moiristown 152 
 
 Morse, Samuel P. B 2:30, 301 
 
 Moultrie, Col 143 
 
 Monnd-l)uilders 27 
 
 Mount Vernon 178, 182, 194 
 
 Mulligan, Col 263 
 
28 
 
 Index. 
 
 Murfrcesboro, Battle of 282 
 
 Narvaez 34 
 
 Nashville- 2C5, 28G 
 
 Nauvoo 248 
 
 Navigation Acts. 113 
 
 Nebraska 249. 2!I7 
 
 Nevada 2K:i, 290 
 
 New Albion 3!» 
 
 New Brunswick 41 
 
 New England 59, 107 
 
 Nowfoiindland . 87 
 
 New Hampshire 07, 114 
 
 New Haven 7() 
 
 New Jersey ; 80, Sti, 113, 117 
 
 New London 174 
 
 New Mexico 239.247 
 
 New Xethorlauds 09, 83 
 
 New Orleans 214, 257, 206 
 
 Newport, It 1 103 
 
 Newport, Capt. Christopher 52 
 
 Newspajjors 115 
 
 New Sweden 93 
 
 New York.. ..80, 85. 112, 110, 120, 177, 257 
 
 Niairara 107, 111 
 
 Norfolk 271 
 
 Norsemen 15 
 
 Nortli Carolina 90, 135, 184 
 
 North, Lord 176 
 
 Northmen 15 
 
 Norway 16 
 
 North-west Territory 190 
 
 Nova Scotia 41 
 
 Nnlliftcation in South Carolina 228 
 
 Nueces River 2;3S 
 
 Oglesthorpe, James Edward 99, 112 
 
 Ohio 28. 103, 190 
 
 Olustee 284 
 
 Oregon 257 
 
 Oriskanj' 156 
 
 Osceola %Vi 
 
 Ossawatomic 254 
 
 Otis, James 120, 304 
 
 Pacific 31. 39 
 
 Paine, Thomas 142 
 
 Pakenham, Gen 214 
 
 Palo Alto, Battle of 238 
 
 Palos 2:3 
 
 Paoli 1.54 
 
 Penn. William . . 80, 91 
 
 Pennsylvania 91,113.11-7 
 
 Pensacola 214, 219 
 
 Pequod War 70 
 
 Perry, Commodore 209, 250 
 
 Perry ville. Battle of 274 
 
 Petersburg 288,292 
 
 Philadeljihia 94, 112, 139, 154, 161, 178 
 
 Philip, King 75 
 
 Phipps, Sir William 78 
 
 Pickens. Gen 100 
 
 Piedmont 288 
 
 Pierce. President 249 
 
 Pigot, Gen 138 
 
 Pike. Gen 212 
 
 Pilgrims 02 
 
 Pillow. Gen 205 
 
 Pinckney, W 192 
 
 Pitcairn, Maj 133 
 
 Pitt. William 107, 127 
 
 Pittsburg Landing. Battle of 200 
 
 Pi/,arro 31,34 
 
 Plains of Abraham 110 
 
 Plattsburg 213 
 
 Plymouth Colony 0.5, 67 
 
 Company 52,00 
 
 Council 61 
 
 Pocahontas 55 
 
 Point Comfort 53. 88 
 
 Political parties 179 
 
 Polk. President 2:^7 
 
 Poniiiic's War ill 
 
 Pope, Gen 206, 272 
 
 Popham. George (K) 
 
 Porter. Admiral 215. 200, 284, 290 
 
 Port Hudson 281 
 
 Koyal. S. C 97.203 
 
 Royal. N.S 41, 101 
 
 Porlo Rico 32 
 
 Portsmouth . 07 
 
 Powhatan 54 
 
 Preble. Commodore 198 
 
 Prescott. Col 135 
 
 Princeton, Battle of 1.52 
 
 Printing 115, 302 
 
 Providence 73 
 
 Puobia SJ40 
 
 Pulaski 1.54. 105 
 
 Puritans 44,01,71,80 
 
 Putnam, Gi-n 135 
 
 Quakers 74,112 
 
 Quebec 41,107,108,109,141 
 
 Queen Anne's War 101 
 
 Rahl, Gen 151 
 
 Railroads 232 
 
 Rileigh. Sir Waller 40, 98 
 
 Riindolph. Edmund 184 
 
 Ruwdon, Lord 173 
 
 Reconstruction of Southern States. 
 
 296, 297 
 
 Red River E.Kjiedition 284 
 
 Resaca de la Raima, Battle of 23S 
 
 Revere. Paul 132 
 
 Revolution 125 
 
 Rhode Island 73, 113, 184 
 
 Ribault 96 
 
 Richmond, Ky 274 
 
 Richmond, Va 174, 201, 291 
 
 Rio (irande 35, 238 
 
 Roanoke Island 40, 52, 267 
 
 Robin.-'on, John 61 
 
 Rochambeau 174 
 
 Rocky Mountains 47, 248 
 
 Rolfe, John .57 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen 274, 282 
 
 Roger Williams 72 
 
 Ross. Gen 213 
 
 Salem 08 
 
 Witchcraft 78 
 
 San Francisco 37, 39. 24:5, 240 
 
 Sanitarv Commission 279 
 
 San Salvador 22, :« 
 
 Santa Anna 2:W 
 
 Santa Fe .53 
 
 Saratoga. Battle of 1.59 
 
 Savannah 112. 164, 287 
 
 Saybrook Colony 09 
 
 Schools 115, 116, 255 
 
 Schuyler. Gen 140, 156 
 
 Scott. Gen 212, 228, 239, 258, 201, 2(12 
 
 Secession 228, 255 
 
 Seminole Wars 219, 230 
 
Index. 
 
 29 
 
 Semmes, Capt 264, 289 
 
 Seward, William 11 2!)3 
 
 Sewing Macliiiio 303 
 
 Shays's Rebellion 178 
 
 Shenandoah Valley 271,288 
 
 Sheridan, Gen 2S8, 291, 293 
 
 Sherman, Gen. W. T 283. 284, 285, 28G 
 
 Shiloh, Battle of 3fi6 
 
 Slavery 58, 112, 220, 2:31, 249, 252 
 
 Slote, Commodore 2:39 
 
 Smith, John 53, 60 
 
 South Carolina 96, 238, 256 
 
 Mountain, Battle of 273 
 
 Spanish Explorations 21-48 
 
 Speedwell 63 
 
 Spottpylvania Court House, Battle of. 287 
 
 Stamp Act 125,127 
 
 Standish, Miles 64 
 
 Stark, Gen 135,138, 151, 158, 172 
 
 St. Augustine, Fla 53 
 
 St. Clair, Gen 156, 185 
 
 St. Lawrence River 41,110 
 
 St. Leger's Expedition 1.56 
 
 St. Louis 301 
 
 St. Marv's, Md 89 
 
 Steamboats 201, 2.33 
 
 Stillwater, Battle of 159 
 
 Stockton, Com 2.39 
 
 Stony Point 165 
 
 Stuyvesant, Gov 84, 112 
 
 Sullivan, Gen 1.51, 16.3, 164 
 
 Sumter, Fort 2.56, 257, 200 
 
 Sumter, Gen 166,167, 256 
 
 Sumter, Steamer . 264 
 
 Swedes 84, 86, 94 
 
 Tariff 225, 230 
 
 Tarleton, Col 173 
 
 ■ Ta.xation 127, 129 
 
 Taxed tea 129 
 
 Tavlor, Gen. Zachary 2-30, 238, 244 
 
 Tecumseh 205, 21 1 
 
 Telegraph 236, 301 
 
 Tennessee 190, 201. 265, 283 
 
 Texas 2.36,238,2.56 
 
 Thames, Battle of 211 
 
 Thomas, Gen 265, 282, 286 
 
 Ticonderoga 108, 135, 1.56 
 
 Tilden, S.J 304 
 
 Tippecanoe. Battle of 205 
 
 Tobacco 40, .57, 114, 255 
 
 Topical Reviews 49, 124. 181, 253, 306 
 
 Tories 148,1.59,103 
 
 Treaties of Paris Ill, 176 
 
 Trenton 1.50, ia3 
 
 Tripoli. War with 198, 218 
 
 Tanis 218 
 
 Tyler, President 2:34, 2:35 
 
 Utah 247 
 
 Valley Forge 1.55 
 
 Van Biiren, President 229, 230 
 
 Van Twiller 83 
 
 Vasco da Gama 19 
 
 Vera Cruz 240 
 
 Vermont 158, 184 
 
 Verrazzani 80 
 
 Vicksburg 266, 281 
 
 Vinland 18 
 
 Virginia 37, 5.5, 112, 127, 259, 261, 270 
 
 and Monitor 271 
 
 Wampum 118 
 
 Ward, Gen 1:35 
 
 War of 1812 206 
 
 with Mexico 236 
 
 Warren, Joseph 129, 133, 138 
 
 Washington. 
 
 103,^107. 131, 139, 1S3, 176, 179, 182, 194 
 
 Washington Citv 195. 213 
 
 Wayne, Gen 151, 165. 185 
 
 Webster, Daniel 147, 223, 2:35, 248 
 
 Wesleys. The 100 
 
 West Point 81.169 
 
 West Virginia 28, 261, 283 
 
 Whiskey Rebellion 186 
 
 Whitefield. George 100 
 
 Wliite Plains 149 
 
 Whitney, Eli 186 
 
 Wilderness, Battle of the 287 
 
 Wilkes, Capt 264 
 
 Williamsburg, Va 271 
 
 Williams, Roger 72 
 
 Wilmington 290 
 
 Wilmot Proviso 245 
 
 Wilson's Creek 263 
 
 Winchester 288 
 
 M'ingfield 53 
 
 Winslow. Governor 73 
 
 Wiiithrop, the elder 68 
 
 Winthrop, the younger 69 
 
 Wisconsin 41,244 
 
 Witchcraft 78 
 
 Wolfe, Gen 109 
 
 Wool, Gen 271 
 
 Wyoming Massacre 163 
 
 York (Toronto), Canada 212 
 
 York. Pa 213 
 
 Yorkto wn, Va 174