LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf _-_ut)-i2 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. CHICAGO AND ITS ENVIRONS. A HANDBOOK FOR THE TRAVELERc BY:- 0^- L. SCHICK. y(o%^ VI > ^^i^>e^-^ CHICAGO, L. SCHICK, 1891. Entered according to act of Congress, on the 28th day of February. 1 891, by Louis Schick, in the office of t he librarian at Washington, All rights reserved. 57^ This ^ide book does not claim to be more than an attempt in the direction ; in fact a great deal of the material prepared for it, among which, the important chapters on '"The Architectural Development of the City;" "The Population and its Individualities," "Trade and Com- merce;" "History of Railroads;" "Biographical Notes on early Chica- goans;" "History of the City to date," etc., have found no place, as the material has proven far beyond the limits of a book of this kind. It is the intention of the undersigned, prompted by his experience in editing this book, to re-arrange a future edition completely. Condensing to this effect the typographical arrangement of the whole, as well as the tenor of numerous articles, and adding the new material, which he is constantly collecting- Aside of its shortcomings, however, the book may claim to be almost entirely original and at least entitled to the credit of an honest endeavor. L. SCHICK, INDEX. 7 Introduction, g American Railroads. 14 How to reach Chicago. 24 Routes entering Chicago; their time of travel; scenery: ac- comodations, etc. Railway Depots, 42 How to live in Chicago — 4q Public Conveyances — 4y Cabs, Hansoms, Hacks, Carettes, Omnibuses, Street Railroads, Hotels, Restaurants, Coffee Houses, 15eer Halls, Wine Rooms, Summer Gardens, Confectioners, Tobacco and Cigars, 62 Mail Service, Telegraph, Banks, Safety Vaults, Bathing Houses, 66 The City— 70 (ieographical, topographical, geological and meteorological Conditions of the City, 70 The Highways of commerce and travel, 72 The lake, the river, the canal, the bridges, the tunnels, the viaducts, the streets, the street car system. Population, 88 How to see Chicago.— 9° Cursory glance at the city. The Streets, go Alphabetical list of objects of interest in the city, g5 Street Scenes, 98 Walks and Drives, 126 Parks and Boulevards, 144 City Institutions— 164 The City Government, 164 The Water Works, 171 The Police Department, 177 The House of Correction, 1S2 Municipal Buildings, 184 Criminal (.'ourt and County Jail, 1S5 The Fire Department, 186 The Health Department, igo Federal Institutions— ig2 L'. S. Custom House and Postoffice, rg2 The U. S. Sub-Treasury, igS Business Blocks and Buildings. igS Educational Institutions.— 223 Licncral Schools, 227 Theological Seminaries. 239 INDEX, Medical and Pharmaceutical Colleges. 246 Schools of Philosophy, Law and Technology. 253 Libraries, 255 Art and Scientific Institutions — Panoramas, Museums, 260 The Press- 266 Churches- Religious Institutions. 276 Cemeteries- 331 Commercial Exchanges- 367 Concert Halls- 382 Musical Lifei 388 Clubs and Societies, 392 Suburbs of Chicago. 4O9 Summer Resorts- Excursions. 422 History of Chicago. 437 Tables-— Supplement. 1-48 Suburban Stations, I-I4 Postage Rates, 15 " Foreign, 17 " Outside Postal Union, 18 Express Rates, 19 Cable Rates, 20 Express Lines, Suburban, 21 L»ke Ports, 23 Ocean Steam Ships 25 Population of Chicago, 28 Trades and Occupations, 29 Growth of Chicago, 32 STREET RAILWAYS— 1. South Side, 33 2. West Side, 38 3. North Side, 42 4. Northwest Side, 47 Introduction. Money and Drafts. The money of the United States consists of silver and gold tender coin, bank-notes of the United States and the national banks; the latter being secured by bonds deposited with the U. S. Treasury. The coin embracing all amounts of less than one dollar, consists of ^ and 1 dollar pieces in silver, five and three cent pieces in nickel, and one and two cent .pieces in copper. With regard to the value of American in comjuirison with foreign money, we refer to the tabula on the inside of the backcover. Larger sums of money should be carried by the traveller in drafts, letters of credit^ or jxist money orders. The Drafts which are issued in duplicate form, protect the owner from loss, as the person alone on whom they are made out can draw the money on them. If the draft is lost, the duplicate that is usually kept in a safe place, is e(iually serviceable for draw- ing the money. Most recommeudable, however, are Letters of Credit, which contain the addresses of banks in places that the traveller intends to visit and enable him to draw on them as circumstances demand. He may also have his mail address- ed to any of those banks. — Or the money may be forwarded to any place in the United States through a post office monej'^ order. These orders are, however, limited to one per day and payee in the sum of $50; larger amounts must accordingly be divided up. In order to draw money from a bank or post office the aj^plicant must be prejiared to identify himself. If he be without a(iuaintances, a passi)()rt is the best means of identification. It may also be serviceable for many an un- foreseen emergency; though passports are not required in the United States. Those who prefer, however, not to part with their money^ carry it best In American bank notes, or in gold. Foreign l)ai)er nionev is here often difficult to exchange, and metals, 9 10 INTRODUCTION. especially silver, can be exchanged only with some loss. The traveller be especially cautioned not to pack his money in handbags or trunks, as experience has shown that most losses of money are incurred in this way. Experienced travellers recommend to carry the money in belts on the body over the shirt. The purse is best kept in an inside pocket of the coat over the breast. The pocket in the pantaloons is the unsafest place of the whole toilet, as the pickpockets are very fond of examining it. Of course, no money should be carried in over- coats and in underclothing. The traveller should always seize the opportunity of pi'oviding himself with a sufficient amount of small money, unless he wishes to run the risk of being fleeced by hackmen, porters, etc., who frequently jn'otend- being out of change. Climate and Clothing. With regard to climate and clothing it may be said in general that in contrast to Europe the summers are warmer, the winters colder, and the changes of temperature very great and sudden. The climate varies of course in the different parts of so vast a country. When in Maine and Wisconsin the ground is covered with deep snow, oranges are harvested in Florida, and the rainy season prevails in California. Ex- perience has, however, taught that for all the different climes in the country warm clothing, adapted to the seasons, is the proper thing; especially recommendable is the wearing of woolen underclothing in summer as well as in winter. Ex- posure to very great heat or cold should be avoided, especially the former, as sunstroke is in almost every state of quite fre- quent occurrence. The foreigner is also cautioned to be mo- derate in the use of spirituous liquors, the nerve-exciting climate of North America not admitting as libei'al an in- dulgence in them, as that of P]urope. Thp: Landing. The first representative of the new world that appears to the traveller is the health officer who boards the ship before INTRODUCTION. 1 I it reaches the harbor. He is soon followed by the custom- officers who i)rei>are for the exaiuinution of the baggage. It is customari' to the eastern harbors to affix, before landing, tags to the baggage announcing the contents thereof as vouched for by passengers. The latter receives a number- ed duplicate which, after his landing, he hands over to the chief custom officer. If the number of parcels and their con- tent.s are found to agree with the statement made by the owner, the baggage is mai-ked with chalk and passed through. Of dutiable articles that are under an especially sharp control, the following are to be mentioned: New clothes in unusual quantities, watches, goldwares, jewels, cigars, laces, silk and linen wares. Worn clothes are free of duty; if they ap]iear, however, new, the passenger must be prepared to affirm by oath that he has at least once worn them. It is to be recommended that all new clothes should be declared. Ladies must re- member that a dress that has only been tried on does not pass forworn. Gloves may be imported free (if duty up to a dozen pairs and frequently even more. It must, however, be re- marked that the custom officers exercise a great deal of dis- cretion w'ith regard to the levying of duty on articles, in using which they are determined by the social positions of the pas- sengers and a corresponding wardrobe etc. Those who think themselves uMJu.stly taxed may, after paying the duty "under protest. ' forward their objections to the treasury department at Washington. Before leaving the ship, the cabin passenger is held to make declarations about his age, occupation and nationality, for the government statistics of emigration. The .same is re- quired of the steerage passengers who land at Castle Garden, where they find assistance in every way in their own language. The best way to learn of a suitable hotel at the landing idace is to address one's self to the officers of the ship. For the rest we refer the passenger to the special article "Hotels." 12 Baggage and Voyage. It is advisable to carry as little haggage as possible, it being a very expensive article on a long journey. Fine linen is ruined in the steam laundries; the traveller should there- fore, provide himself with a solid quality, which can every- where in the United States be bought at a reasonable price. Purchase of new articles will be found more advantageous than expensive mending. Although the price of clothing is higher than in Europe, travellers who intend to make a longer sojourn, prefer to buy it here, in order not to attract attention by the different cut of their garments. After having secured a ticket, attended to baggage and changed money, the traveller should go on boai'd ship in good season, and take possession of his cabin. Having then assured himself that everything is in good order, he may quietly observe the spectacle so fascinating to the novice, of a steamer ready for departure; the moving passengers, men of all stations of life who are to share with us for a few days the life on board ship, the amusing, at times touching scenes of leave-taking, the landing on board the steamer of freight, baggage and mail, and finally the preparations of the crew for sailing. Good humor, confidence in the universally acknowledged safety of the trans-atlantic steamers, a. sufficient amount of entertaining reading matter and plenty of courage when a contrary wind begins to blow, are indispensable for an en- joyable sea voyage. There is no danger as long as the work- ing of the engines is heard; and if there should be anj^ presence of mind is invaluable. Hardly one voyage in a thousand is accompanied bj* an accident. A large passenger steamer with its air-tight compartments is not likel.v to sink; and even for this extremity it is well provided with life-sav- ing apparatuses. There are three meals daily for steerage iiassengers and four (on English steamers usually five) meals for intermedi- ate and cabin passengers. The first breakfast for the latter usually takes place at 8j o'clock, luncheon at noon; dinner at 4 p. m. and supper at 8 p. m. The food is plentiful, but alcoholic drinks are charged extra. INTRODUCTION. K^ Much interest is taken by the passengers in the compu- tion of the disfuncc run by the ship within the last twenty- four hours, made from the sun, at noon every day. The day on board shi]) is divided into five watches, each of four hours (the time from 4 p. m. to 8 p. m. not being counted). The time is announced by a stroke of the bell for each half hour within a watch; one for the first half houi', two for the second, three for the third, etc. Thus, seven strokes of the bell in the third watch (from midnight until 4 a. m.) signify 3:30 a. m. There are about as many theories about the origin of sea-sickness as there are so-called remedies. Experience has shown that the best preventive is great moderation in eating and drinking, practiced for some time before going on board ship, and continued there with even greater vigor during the first days of the voyage. It is best to keep as quiet as possible and to stay on deck most of the time. Passengers should not repair to their cabins at the first signs of uneasiness. Descending the stairs and inhaling the un- avoidable odors pervading the interior of the ship, tend to develop the disease. Those who think of fortifying their stomach by drinking alcoholic liquors, fall an easy prey to the evil. Beverages, however, containing carbonic acid, especially champagne, have a salutarj' elfect. Recommend- able is besides a mild tonic which should be taken during the whole journey, the use of bromide of sodium or potassium to be taken in doses of from 20 to 30 grainSs dissolved in cold water, two or three times a day, for the two or three first days of the journey. Some American physicians recommend taking this preventive for sea-sickness, which at the same time 'quiets the nerves, two or three days before sailing. Determination not to be sick, and diversion of the mind from the sickness, are, fore the rest, as powerful preventives as any. A veritable boon is often during the voyage, good sour- ish fruit, especially oranges. It is customary to give the steward upon arrival at the port of destination, a fee of from one to two dollars, which it may be profitable to hold out soon after coming on board. The other employees receive less in proportion to their services. American Railroads. In no other country in the world has raih'oading been as highly developed as in the United States. Although in many respects superior to the European railroads, the Ameri- can lines have certainlj^ also their shortcomings. But the wide spread belief that the number of railway accidents is greater in America than in Europe is wholly without foun- dation; for it does not exceed the general average in Europe, considering, of course, the great amount of traveling in this country. The facilities are constantly being improved, the iron rails are supplanted by steel rails, the number of tracks is augmented and the temporary stations, which have been subject to much criticism, are replaced by new buildings which, in many cases, as in that for instance, of the new Grand Central Station in Chicago, may be regarded as models.- So vast is the railroad system in the United States, that at this day alone, it exceeds in extent that of all the European railroads combined. It is estimated that the sum of $110.00 for each head of the population, is invested in railroads in the United States. The American cars, from 60 to 70 feet long, much longer than the European, and built like houses on wheels, with their elaborate decoration, impress the new comer very strangely. More so does the locomotive with its large bell in place of the European whistle, the odd looking cowcatcher in front, and towering above it the huge lantern, which sheds its mighty light far in the distance. He will soon, however, appreciate the many new comforts, especially the smooth running on the American lines, in which they far exceed the European roads. The American cars, without compartments inside, seat, on the average, about 70 persons. A passage leads through the middle of the car, and the seats are placed along the sides. At each end of the car is a door leading to a platform on which the passenger may enjoy the fresh air during the journey. The whole train can thus be inspected by going ifi AMERICAN RAILROADS. from one car to the other. Every car contains a closet for ladies and gentlemen, fresh water and a stove to heat the car in cold weather. There is a fire burning even during the warm season in some emigrant cars to enable the passengers to prepare coffee etc. American Locomoti've. A lack of comfort may be claimed in the ordinary cars in the narrowness of the seats and the insufficient height of the backs upon which the head cannot be rested; and besides this in the constant commotion which characterizes the American railway carriage. Almost continuallj'' either some passenger, the conductor, or the news-carrier and fruit-vender Pullman Palace Sleeping Car. is moving up and down the aisle, the latter pressing and praising his wares in a loud voice — added to which the frequent opening and shutting of doors, the rattling of the train, the ringing of the locomotive bell, and the loud noise of the gongs at the station approached — frustrate all efforts at repose. Most lines have 3 classes of cars of which, however, only the first and second are run regularly. The third class serves almost exclusively for the transportation of emigrants. The Buffet Library Car of the North Shore Limited.— Michigan Cer^tral. 18 AM ER 1 r A N nA I L Ko A I )S. and such a train is run onl^' wlieu there is a large number of them who intend to go to one place. The agent of the road makes upon their arrival arrangements with them as well as he can, unless thej'^ have, as is frequently the case, prepaid tlieir journey to their point of des- tination. These trains, composed of old cars with wooden seats, usu- ally take one and a half the time of the regular trains and are often, if traffic demands it. left Avaiting on a side track for a few hours. The fares a r e accordingly from 35 to 40 i)er cent, lower than those in first class trains. Tickets for emi- grant-trains are sold to emigrants alone and only at the land- ing places. The second class cars are of a better quality and have upholstered seats. They are run with almost every train. In some trains the second class passengers are allowed in the smoking car only, in others they are restrained only from using the palace cars. The difference in price between a first and second class ticket is about 15 per cent. The companies ai'e rather reserved with regard to prices and privileges in the different classes of cars, because they have fixed stipulations among themselves as to these points, but often find it ad- visable to disregard them. The railwaj'' guides do not afford anj^ infoi-mation about fares; nor do the express companies iniblish price lists for the transportation of packages. Every one must go and inquire at the offices. The first class carriages are the so-called palace cars and drawing room cars, fitted up very luxuriously and affording Interior i>( a car of the Michigan Central R. R. From New York to Chicago. AMEUlf'AN RAILROADS. 19 every imajrinable conveniciieo. They are vastly superior to the correspoudiiis class of cars in Europe. The pahice cars are eitlier open, that is, they form one lar^t; room or they are ilividetl into small compartments alonj? the two sides of the car, every one contaiiiina two seats facing each other, for tAvo persons each. These are entirely private. There is a passage in the middle of the car loading from one end to the other. The open cars as well as those di- vided in compart- ments are at night changed into dor- mitories by the stewards. Although the palace cars offer during the day very comfortable uphols- tered seats, the drawing room cars are preferable to them during the day. They contain very convenient re- Interior of Sleeping Car of Michigan Central R. R. cliniu"" chairS, and the whole interior is tastefullj' fitted up. Every car contains a fine toilet room for ladies and gentlemen. The servant, mostly a negro, usually receives a fee of 25 cents or more lor blacking boots and other services. The so-called vestibulated trains are covered the entire length, that is, the platforms of the cars are completely covered to shut oflf all wind and smoke and to allow the passengers to walk from one eiid of the train to the other 20 AMERICAN RAILROADS. with a bare head. The so-called vestibule Hiuited train usually is the fastest train on the more important lines. First class trains running long distances are composed of sleeping cars^ (Iraiciug room airs, very light, so-called ohscrva- tion cars and dining an'.?, and have, besides, a small library, writing desk, bath room, barber-shop and sometimes even a writing-machine, which is, with operator, at the disposition of passengers; and quotations of the stock exchanges received b y telegraph e n route. If it weie possible to reduce the shaking of rail- road cars, thoie would doubtless soon be added a billiard room and a bowling alley. First class tickets are issued limited or unlimited. The owner of a limited (^ ticket cannot make any stops at intei mediate stations but a journey with an unlimited ticket may be interrupted as often as one choses Prices for Wagner Palace Sleeping Car, Michigan Central R. R. the latter tickets are about 30 per cent higher. The seats or beds in the trains are mostly engaged be- fore the departure of the train. It is advisable to engage a seat in good season. This may be done by telegraph. The ticket should likewise be iirocured from the ticket stands in the large hotels or, in larger places, from the branch offices of the roads, or at the station before the train leaves. On many lines a ticket may be procured on the train from the conductor; but it is not practicable on other lines and some- UXIOX DEPOT. Cor. Canal and Madison streets. 2Z AMERICAN RAILROADS. times there are extra charges made for such tickets. The traveller is especially cautioned against the "runners" who often sell bogus tickets. When riding on a second-class ticket, where the seat is not reserved beforehand, the seat chosen may be reserved by putting an overcoat or a bag in it, which is universally respected. The ticket is best put under the hat band where it is always at hand for the conductors who on longer dis- tances often punch it. It is not the custom here as in Euro])e to strike a bell several times before the departure of a train. The engine gives a short whistle and the train begins to move slowly. The stations are called in the cars, but the traveller is for most part unable to understand the names. It is therefore to be recommended tliat the traveller provide himself with a time table when buying his ticket. This will enable him to determine whether he is approaching his destination or an expected lunching station. For an opportunity for getting luncheon, a glass of beer, etc., is not in this country offered as often as in Europe. It is therefore necessary to huudi when there is a chance to do so, even if the traveller should like to wait a little longer. For from 6 to 8 hours maj' elapse before another station offering I'efreshments is reached. The meals in the American railroad stations are, as a rule, good and plentiful. Charges from 50 cents to a dollar. Time from 15 to 80 minutes. The conductor always announces how long the train stops. Those who do not wish a meal, may avail themselves of cold meats, coffee, tea, etc., offered at the the buffets. Beer, wine, etc., is usually not procurable. Many travellers carry with them lunch baskets, wine, etc. Th lUiihig c((rs, which are run on most of tlie great lines, are much to be recommended. They offer excellent meals for from 75c to $1.00. Coffee, tea, beer and wine of good quality maj' be procured. But wlien the train i)asses through temperance states, liquors cannot be ordered. Con- sumers must therefore provide themselves betimes. A.MKIUCAN KAll.lidADS. 23 All sorts of adventurers are fouiid (in railway trains. The traveller is especially eaiitioneil nut tn [ilay cards with strangers. Every "full ticket" entitles the Indder thereof to carry according to the rules of the various roads from a hundred to two hundred and fifty pounds of free bagjrage. In the East this weight-limit is much more a dead letter than in the West, where, however, a tip to the baggage master will often help to smooth out all difficulties. A check, a small piece of brass, bearing a number, is delivered for every piece of baggage, and a check with the corresponding number is at- tached to the article. With regard to transfer of baggage we refer to Parmelee's Omnibus and Baggage Line, mentioned elsewhere in this book. It must however, be remarked, that baggage is usually not delivered for from six to ten hours, or even longer. The traveller, therefore, who is in haste, would do bett(!r to hire one of the hansoms, cabs, hacks or expressmen, and have his baggage transferred in this way for a price proportionate to distance, usually amounting to 50 cents. How TO Reach Chicago. 1. New York - Philadelphia - Pittsburgh - Chicago. Pelt II si/h-(( Ilia R. R. — Pittshiiryh, Fort Waynt-d- Chicaf/o R. R. New York to Chicago 912 mile?*. Main line between the Atlantic coast and the West. Admirably managed; all conveniences; no change of cars; very interesting scenery; average time 34 to 36 hours; limited $20.00, unlim- ited $26.50, Popular express train (Chicago Limited Express) in 24 hours, only 8 stations. Ticket — and berth $28.00. — Starting point i.s Jersey City, to be reached from New York by Ferry. First station Newark, (9 miles) 182,000 inhab., important mannfacturino- centre; then Elixaheth (15 miles), favorite place of residence of rich Ncav York merchants; New Brunswick (31 miles), 18.000 inhab., extensive rubber factories; Princeton, seat of the famous Princeton College, founded in 1746; Trenton (57 miles), 58,000 inhab., remark- able public buildings, important battle in the revolutionary war 1777. Here the train crosses the Delaware and then reaches Philadelphia, (90 miles), 1,046,252 inhab., on the west shore of the Delaware river and 90 miles from the Atlan- tic coast. One of the oldest cities in the United States, occu- pies the third place, with regard to population, and the first with regard to its area, of all the cities in the country. It is 22 miles long, avei'age width 6> miles, covers about 1300 square miles, founded in 1682 by William Penn, metropolis of the land during the colonial period, the revolution and many years afterwards. It was here that the proclamation of inde- pendence was issued on July 4th 1776; Avas, up to 1800, seat of the United States govei'nment. Extensive traffic; highly de- veloped manufactories, especially ship building, wool and cotton industries, manufacture of steam engines, iron in- dustries, etc. Besides many historical spots, among which Independence Hall replete with curiosities from the time of 24 NKW ■^OKK TO ClClCAOO. 25 tin- ii'voliitioii. many rciuarkaljlL' jtublic buildings, especially the U. 8. Custom House, V. S. Mint, Academy of Natural Sciences, Masonic Temple. (Jiiard College, Academy of Fine Arts, U. 8. Naval xVsylum, etc. Very interesting is the spacious Fairmount Park. coveringSlKtO acres, with Zoological garden, line monuments, memorial Hall, etc. Laurel Hill Cemetery is also a much frequented spot. Leaving Philadeli)hia the train i)asses by the famous Fainndiiiif Purlc and then crosses for several hours one of the richest agricultural tracts in America; I'aoli (109 miles), battle Seittember 20th 1777; victory of the English over the Americans. Then comes the magnificent Chester valley. Near CodtcxrIUc the train crosses the Brandywine. Later Z^/»a?.s7fr.32,0(IOinhab., thriving manufacturing town. Hor- ilshurfi (195 miles), 40,000 inhab., capital of Pennsylvania on the 8u.squelianna river; beautiful state buildings, important railroad centre; some miles farther magnificent bridge over the Susquehanna from which beautiful* vioint of the as- cent, at the so-called Ilnrsr Shoi- B< nd, the track makes such a considerable curve, that in long trains the jiassengers in the 26 ^'E^v york to cuicago. rear cars tiiid tlieuiselves almost opposite the engine at the head of the train.- The train makes its descent by appli- cation of the brakes alone. About two miles below the tunnel are situated the famous Cre-sson Sjiriiu/s. After having again reached low land, the train passes through well culti- vated farms and then reaches Johnsfoim (3(15 miles) 23,653 inhab.. which obtained sad renown May 31. 1889 by the dis- aster following the break in a dam holding the waters of a lake 6 miles distant, and situated 275 feet above the Johns- town level. The lake was owned bv a fishing and hunting club and was 2? miles long, 1 mile wide and nearly 100 feet deep. 3500 or more lives were lost and over $10,000,000 worth of property destroyed. A terrible phase of the disaster was the breaking out of fire among the buildings caught in the floating debris at the railroad bridge, in which hundreds of living beings were imprisoned. About 50 of these were res- cued, but the remainder perished. Then PiffsJ)ur(/h (444 miles) is reached, the great centre of the line, situated at the confluence of Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, 238.473 inhab; so-called " iron town," most important ])lace in the United States for manufacturing steel, iron and glass. The absence of smoke is explained by the use of natural gas. A favorite place of residence of wealthy Pittsburghers is AIIr)//iriij/ Cifi/. 104.1)67 inhab.. on the oppo- site side of the Allegheny river; very picturesque; sumptuous residences. After short stop at Pittsburgh the train crosses the Allegheny river, passes Allegheny City, Rochester at the confluence of Ohio and Beaver rivers, SaJem (514 miles) and AlJliince C528 miles). Then the benutifully situated Cortant railroad centre. After Wornaic (804 miles) and Pljimouth (828 miles) Valparaiso (868 miles) follnws the terminus (Jliicario. NEW VOKK TO (•IIirA1.^ (116 miles) 61,437 inhab.. very important manufacturing town with some fine buildings. Time for refreshments 5-10 min- utes. The Susquehanna River is crossed near Havre de Grace (150 miles) and then the train, passing the Patapsco River and FiU't ^Ic Henry on the left, soon reaches Baltimore. Bdltininn ( 1S(5 miles) 433,547 inliab., is the most impor- tant city in Maryland. It is situated on the north arm of the Patapsco River and possesses a very spacious harbor from which are shipped large quantities of grain, cotton, tobacco, petroleum, preserves, coal, etc. The inland trade is just as considerable. Great industries; especially cultivated is the packing of canned oysters, vegetables, and fruits. Among the many remarkable public buildings we mention 28 NEW YORK TO CHICAGO. the City HdUj the Peahody Institute, the Exchange, the Cathedral, the Johns Hopkins University, various beautiful churches, and the fine Druid Hill Park. There are besides numerous other monuments, a Washinriton Monument and a Battle Monument. After having left Baltimore, the first curiositj' reached is the Carrol/ton Viaduct across the (xwinn Falls. About a mile after this the train passes through an excavation about 80 feet deep and nearl\' 2 mile long. Near Relay Station (197 miles) the famous Washinf/ton Vi3 mil.), an imiiortant manufacturini^ place, 2()r).(i0!( inhah., ■with extensive shipiiiiig, situated on the north shore of the Detroit lliver which communicates lakes Erie The Falls from Below. American side. and St. Clair. Beautiful churches and inip'isiiiir jiublic build- iuLTs. Important railroad centre. From there by Michi,ij;an Central llailroad, throui;h a scenery of fine farm land and old forests, crossed by numerous rivers, toYpsHniiti, 6,128 inhab., and then to Ann Arlxir, 9.509 inhab., w-ell known as the seat of the larsre university of the State of ^licliiuan; spacious 34, NEW YORK TO CHICAGO. university buildings and observatory; large library, museums of all kinds, art gallery. Then follows Jackson, 20.779 inhab., a manufacturing town and notable railroad centre. After passing Mnrslmll and Battle Creek, two small places, we reach Kalamazoo (836 miles), 17,857 inhab. Nlhs, on the St. Joseph Kiver is the last important station before Chicago. Then the road soon reaches the south shore of Lake Michigan and after passing it in a curve, Chicago. 4. New York - Buffalo - Cleveland - Chicago. New York-Central and Hudson River R. R. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R. R. —980 miles. Prices and accommodations about the same as on the preceding route; the route to Rochester is, likewise, the same. A northern branch leads thence to Niagara Falls, and from there West, by way of IMichigan Central R. R. through Canada to Chicago. Our present route branches off at Ro- chester, running South-west to Buffalo^ whence Chicago is reached via Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R., along the entire South shore of Lake Erie and through Northern Indiana. A short stop is made at Buffalo (439 miles), with 254,457 inhab., on the East shore of Lake Erie. Considerable rail- road centre; large grain market; extensive navigation. Then follows Erie{52S miles), with 39,699 inhab. Well known port; considerable commerce and manufacture. The next station of importance is Cleveland -with. 261,546 inhab. Second larg- est city in Ohio; crossed by the Cuyahoga River; on the South shore of Lake Erie. Commerce very active with the mining districts around Lake Superior; largest traffic in pe- troleum in the world; famous iron works. Several interesting stone viaducts connecting the different parts of the city. Con- siderable municipal and railroad structures; large waterworks fed from the lake; numerous churches and charitable institu- tions; beautiful parks and cemeteries. Oherlin is reached next; well known school. Then follows Toledo on the Maumee River (746 miles), with 82,652 inhab. Considerable traific and railroad CINCINNATI -ST. LOUIS -: TOCHICA(JO. 35 WDrks; very important railroad centre; large natural gas wells. After this comes Adrian (780 miles), with 9.230 in'^ab.. and then after crossing a monotonous region about 125 miles in length, we reach South Bend; after this La Porte (920 miles), with 7,122 inhab.; a well known summer resort; and finally C/iicaf/o. 5. Cincinnati to Chicago. C/u'cdyo, Indiaiidpolis, «SV. Louis (t- Cincinnati Rail Road. Distance: 310 miles. From Cincinnati to Lawrencehurr/ (21 miles); to Grccns- Intrij (.")') miles); to SheJhi/viffc (78 miles); to ludianapoJts (115 miles), 107,445 inhab , first point of importance, capital of Indiana, considerable business and industrial railroad centre, imimrtaiit railroad junction, beautiful public build ings, especially the large State House. Then follows LeJtanon, Thorntown, Colfa.T, and Lafayette, 16,283 inhab., situated picturesquely on a bluff, important educational institutions. Kankakee (254 miles), on river of same name, 7,300 inhab.; Kensington with the neighboring nn'\(\\\(i Pidhnan (296 miles), large factories of palace cars; finally Chicago. 6. St. Louis to Chicago. Chicago tt' Alton R. R.—2S3 miles. After having reached East St. Lonis over the magni- ficent St. Ijouis bridge, we next arrive at Alton, 10,184 inhab., situated at considcraido height. Then comes S/iringJield, with 24,852 inhab., the capital of lUinuis, beautifully situated and with very remarkable public buildings; of especial inter- est are the State Capitol and the Lincoln Monument. After th'\s Hloominr/fon, with 22.242 inhal)., an iniiwrtant railroad centre with brisk comnieree and nianj- factories; then Normal (160 miles); further on Jolirt, with 27 407 inhab., on the DeS Plaines River and the Illinois and Michigan Canal, large 36 LOUISVILLE— NEW ORLEANS — : TO CHICAGO. State Prison, extonwive quarries; then Lockpoii (250 miles), and finally, after passing a number of pleasant suburbs, Chicago. 7. Louisville to Chicago. Louisville, New Alhaiiy & Chicago R. R. - 307 miles. The train runs to New Albany, situated opposite west, 21,000 inhab., very jjleasant town; from there over the large Kentucky-Indiana bridge (2458 feet long, cost 2 million dol- lars) to JSalcni {oQ miles), in which county is the Lost River that runs under ground for eleven miles; Mitchell (72 miles); Bloomington, with state university; Gosport (110 miles); GrcencastJe (130 miles), and Lafayette (188 miles), 16,283 in- habitants, handsomely built uj), manufacturing place, edu- cational institutions. The rest of the route offers nothing of interest. 8. New Orleans to Chicago. Illinois Central Rail Road. No change of cars; 50 hours ride; 855 miles; stations of little importance; no remarkable scenery. First station worth mentioning is Jackson, 6,041 inhab., capital of Mississippi, remarkable public buildings, battle in war of secession, May 14th 1863; (Irant's victory over John- ston; further noith comes a second Jackson in Tennessee (441 miles), 10,056 inhab. Then passing J/tZayt (464 miles), the road touches Cairo (550 miles), live town at the con- fluence of Ohio and Mississippi; where it crosses the Ohio, later Carbondale, large tobacco plantations and Dti Quoin, exten- sive coal mines. Then comes Centralia (662 miles), Effing- ham, Mattoon, and, after several small places in a very large fertile region, Champaign is reached, State ilnioersity. Next station of importance Kankah-ce, on river of same name; then Kensington (840 miles), with the neighboring Pullman, large factories of palace cars; and finally Chicago. 38 MILWAUKEE -ST. PAUL — : TO CHICAGO. 9. Milwaukee to Chicago. Cliicago ^ic r^orth Western Rail Road. Eighty-five miles along the shore of Lake Michigan. The first station of importance is Racine with 21,022 inhab.; well known commercial and manufacturing centre; extensive educational institutions, man}' churches. Then follows, on highland, Kenosha, with 6,529 inhab.; then Wau- kegan (50 miles), likewise on highland, a popular summer resort; after this follow several suburbs of Chicago, among which Evanston may be especially mentioned, and finally Chicago. 10. Milwaukee to Chicago. Milwaukee tf' St. Paul Rail Road. —83 miles. This line has about the same direction as the North Western Rail Road with which it runs West and nearly paral- lel to it, touching a large number of small and unimportant stations. 11. St. Paul to Chicago. Chicago and North Western Rail Road. No change of cars; i6 hours ride: 410 miles. First station Hudson on the St. Croix Lake; then Meno- monee (6-4 miles), on the river of the same name, considerable logging; then Eaii Claire (89 miles), with 17438 inhab., on the Chippewa River, also with important wood traffic; further Augusta (111 miles); Black River Falls (145 miles), also chiefly wood traffic. After traversing miles of forest, Elroy (198 miles), is reached, and then Madison (272 miles), with 13,392 inhab., the capital of the State of Wisconsin, important business place, and a favorite summer resort, situated in the midst of charming lakes, remarkable public buildings, edu- cational institutions, etc. Then follow Evansville (294 miles), and Beloit (320 miles), beautifully situated and handsomely built; then Crystal Lake (367 miles), and finally Chicago. SAN FRANCISCO TO OMAHA. 39 12. San Erancisco to Omaha. Union. Piicljic & Ccntrnl Pacific R. R. 1867 miles; — 74'/^ hours; — S60.00. First station tlie charming OahJatnl dii the East shore of San Franc-isco Bay. Then Sdcrnmeiito, 20,272 inhab., on the Fast shore of Sacramento River, capital of California, beautiful city, handsome SUtti- Ctipitol. After this Colfax 043 miles), and Cape Horn. From here the track, steadily ascending, winds along abysses several thousand feet in depth, being in many places shelved out from the mountain side. The scene rt/ uj) to Snryiniif (7040 feet high), highest point of the (V'litral Pacific Iv. K), is exceedingly impressive. The whole distance fnnn (\)lfa.\: to Summit is, as regards land- scape and flora, of enchanting beauty. Then follows Ri no (240 miles), on the Truckee River, considerabli! trade with the mining regions. Thence the road continually descending, leads to Wadsirort/i, passing through a picturesque mountain region with roaring streams, until the foot of the Sierra Nevada is reached. From here to Hnm- hnltft (372 miles), the country is desolate and waste, without vegetation. Then A7/iV>, place for refreshments; HnmhohJt Wells, thirty springs, in some of which the line does not reach the bottom even at a depth of ISOO feet. It is, there- fore, supposed thej' all come from a lake underground. After this comes on high plateau, 62 miles long, the great American Desert. Then passing along the North shore of the great Salt Lake, through the Promontory Mountains, Corinne is reached, and later 0<,de„ (8H2 miles), in Utah, 18,269 inhab., situated on a high plateau, with a Mormon tal)ernacle and running water in almost every street. After this traversing an impressive mountain region, we come upon Weher and hJcho Cannon, the most interesting points of the whole route. There tlie road jiasses through five tunnels cut in the solid rock and reaches in the now downward course, near Fort Steele (1170 miles), the foot of the North Platte Mountains. Rock Creek (1241 miles), is the regular dining st;ition. Pass- 40 OMAHA TO CHICAGO. ing thence tlirougli a loiiji; line uf cragged hills and, later, through wide plains, we reach La ramie City (1300 miles), 6,3il5 inhab., on the river bearing the same name. From there to Sherman StattoH, one of the highest in the world (being situated at an altitude of 8240 feet), the train passes for 100 miles through the Laramie Plaines that abound in cattle and game, gradually ascending the Rocky Mountains. Redescend- ing, we reach Cheyenne, 11,693 inhab., beautiful view of Rocky Mountains and Black Hills, and later JVarth Platte (1575 miles), almost exclusively devoted to railroad interests. Passing through rich farm lands we arrive without touching any further place of considerable interest, at Omaha. 13. Omaha to Chicago. ChiciKjo (t' North Western Rail Road. 4S8 miles; — 17 hours; — $12.75. After crossing one of the large and interesting Missouri bridges the train arrives at Council Blvffs, on the opposite shore, 21,388 iuhab. Considerable railroad junction and principal connection between the Eastern roads and the Union Pacific R. R. Then, passing along picturesque slopes, Mis- souri Valley Janction (21 miles), is reached. The Boyer Valley follows, and after crossing a tract graduallj^ changing into a prairie the train reaches Arcadia (83 miles), 850 feet above Lake jMichigan. Then follows again an extensive and beautiful prairie; after this the Des Moines Valley is entered. The train then crosses the river of the same name and, pass- ing through very picturesque and wildly romantic scenery, reaches, after a very steep ascent, Boone (148 miles). Then comes, after a long tract of farm lands, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (268 miles), 17,977 inhab., important business centre, much agricultural industry. Crossing swelling prairieland, Clinton is reached, 14.000 inhab., large railroad shops, sawmills etc. Before entering Fulton (353 miles), the magnificent Mississipjji bridjje is crossed, 4,100 feet long, and aifording a beautiful view. TiiL'n follows Stirling, i)icturesquely situated, on the OMAHA TO CHICAGO. 41 l\(>(k River. Thence to Chicago the journej' continues tliroiii;!! Tuonotonous ])r;iiri(' hind. 14. Omaha to Chicago. Chicago^ Roch hhuul & Pacijic Ruilroad. 500 miles;— 15 hours: — S12.75. This road leads, like the preceding one, over Council Jifuff.s and touches as first point of importance Des Moines (142 miles), 500G7 inhab.. situated (»m river of same name, riipital (if Iowa, interesting Capitol, churches, educational institutions, important raih'oad centre. Passing Gn'uiicll (II'T miles), Joicn Citi/ (1^68 miles), situated on high ground, is reached; 5,028 inhab., state university. Then follows Ihirniport. 25.1()1 inhab., likewise situated at considerable altitude, and connected with Rock Island, situated opi>osite, by a handsome railroad bridge. Rock Island. IS,')!!^ inhab., on confluence of Rock River and Mississippi, famous theo- logical institutiiuis, lanjcst United States Arsenal on the island, several miles long and situated in the river. After crossing a verj- rich agricultural region. Geneseo is reached (:^1 miles); later La Salle (4(10 miles). 11,610 inhab., on the Illinois River, terminus of Illinois and Michigan Canal, con- siderable manufacturing interests; after this Ottawa (415 miles), 0,971 inhab., on the Illinois River, Suiireme Coui't of Northern Illinois, extensive manufactures operated bj^ water I'ower; then Morris ami Joint (4r)9 miles), 27,407 inhab.. large State l*ri,*nii. considerable quarries. The remainder of the journey to jD'airic land to (^/tlcaf/o. RAILROAD DEPOTS. Grand Central Passenger Station. Site: Corner 5th avenue and Harrison street. Chicago & Northern Pacific R. R. — Wisconsin Central R. R ■ Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City R. R. The largest and finest railroad station in Chicago, perhaps even in the whole country, and one of the most remarkable new structures in the city. As soon as the connection al- ready planned with the Baltimore and Ohio R. K is effected, an uninterrupted journej' from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean can be made through this station. It is on the outside an unpretentious building but of imposing dimensions. The convenience and beauty of its appointments, as well as its very favorable situation directly by the river, make it a worthy terminus of one of the greatest commercial channels of the Northwest. The station is the property of the Chicago and Northern Pacific R. R., the only road having a track of its own from Chicago to the Pacific coast. It also owns besides other lines, the Wisconsin Central. The ground plan of the structure is a right angle whose short leg (226 feet on Harrison st. ) contains the large carriage hall (a hall, I20x 160 feet large, covered with glass and decorated with enamelled tiles and accessible through three very large arches). The long wing of the liuilding (670 feet on 5th ave.) contains in the North end the sump- tuous waiting room (207 x 75 feet and 25 feet high) with its sixteen iron columns set in polished scagliola and adorned with rich stucco capi- tals. The walls including the elegant mantle piece are covered with fine grayish-brown Tenessee marble. Similarly decorated are the Dining Room, Ladies'' Room, Smoking Room, Toilet Room, Barber Shop and Reading Room which are all situated South of the general waiting room. A lunch room for families with tables for spreading 44 RAILROADDEPOTS. out provisions; several rooms destined for emigrants and appointed with special reference to their wants, offering gratuitous bath, soap, combs, towels, etc. and the large baggage room take up the rest of this wing. The towL'r is visible from a great distance. It has seven stories and is 236 feet high, (dial of clock 13^ feet; bell of clock ten thousand pounds) and connects at the corner of the street the two wings, each of which have five stories. The basement of the tower which is accessible from both streets through massive round arches, serves as vestibule for the waiting room. . The buildings are in early Italian Renaissance and cost with the large train house, in the rear, about a million dollars. The material is brown brick, terra co'tta and brown sand stone, the latter Ijeing used chiefly for the tower. The train shed which is 560 feet long, is likewise worthy of in- spection. Being vaulted by one wide arch of a span of 150 feet, and mainly covered with glass, it is well lighted and exceedingly pleasant. This train shed is next to that of the Grand Central Depot in New York, the largest in the country. Worthy of mention is the electric plant under the platform which furnishes electricity for i-egulating the switches and closing the bars at a great distance. From here are watched the rriovements of all the trains. The company owns \},{ miles of wharf on the river and a steam bridge. Polk Street Depot. Site: Polk Street, Foot of Dearhnrn Street. Polk St. Depot (official name, Dearborn Station), is the' common terminus for the following lines: Chicago & Eastern Illinois R. R. — Chicago & Grand Trunk R. R. — Chicago & Atlantic R. R.— Chicago, Santa Fe & California R. R. — Chicago & Western Indiana R. R. — Louisville, New Albany & Chicago (Monon) R. R. — Wabash R. R . — Belt Railway Company The station is a pretty brick building with trimmings in gray stone and terra cotta, extending along Polk str., between 3rd and 4th aves., opposite Dearboi-n st. which here terminates. The centre section with its fine semi-circular arched windows is flanked on each side by a wing, the one on the right containing a restaurant, that RAILUOAD OKI'OTS. 45 on tin- lift, till- tickL-l idlko. 'I'lic most inlcresling part uf the build- iiii; is liic l)caiilifiil quailranyular lower rising in the centre of tin: front and suggesting in its main part an Italian campanile, and with its many dormer windows in the slightly jjrojecting gable roof, the architecture of the North German renaissance. The iiiU-rior o{ xhti depot is comfortably and practically arranged. 'I'he entrance in the basement of the tower leads to the vestibule and the staircase. Directly in front of the entering traveller is the large Odin hall ; on the right and left are waiting rooms which are adjoined by the restaurant and the ticket offices above mentioned. South of the ticket office is the comfortable Ladies' Waitiui^ Room ; still further down the Bogi^age Room, accessible also from 3rd ave. The lelegrafili office is in the waiting room on the riglu. There are besitlps, the usual accessories of a railway station: newsstands, fruit stands, barber-shop and bath (in the cellar of the vestibule). The jiublic rooms are simply, but comfortably appointed. The ticket office, serving at the same time as entrance room, is very pretty with its walls of glazed cream colored tiles and terra cottas, its ceiling ol dark wood and its floor of inlaid colored stones. The light and vast train hall is of glass and iron. Rock Island Depot. Chicago, Rock Islands PacificK.R.— Lake Shore & Mich. South. R.K- SitiKititDt: Till h/nrk between Van Burcii , ILirrison, Sherman Sts. and Pacific Ave. The front with tlic entrance on Van Buren st. opposite tlie Kialto huildiim. is flanked by two seven-story towers. The material is yellow stone with a rotiiih surface. In the main building are the numerous offices of the two roads- those of the Lake Shore R. R. being in the wing /'.'(?j7 of the corritlor, those of the Rock Island R. R., together with telegraph office, steam ship agencies, etc., in the Western wing. Directly adjoining the main structure is the /n?/« //ule, we reach on the right (South): the office of the Passenger Agent ; then the Parcel Room; after this Bureau of iuformation; Barber Shop; Jl'ashing and Toilet Rooms. Behind the barber-shop, fronting the street, is the Water Closet. A flight of stairs leads thence up to Canal st. On the Soutli are the baggage rooms of the following lines: Pennsylvania Co., Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., and Chicago and Alton R. R. The other part of the basement, on the /^y/ (North) of the middle stairs, contains these rooms: Office of Depot Master, Telegraph Office, Smoking Room, Lunch and Dining Room. Here again a flight of stairs leads up to the street. The baggage room mi tliis side are for the following roads: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R., and Chicago, St. Louis & Pitts- burgh R. R. RAILROADDEPOTS. 47 Access to trains through trellised gate on the side rtn which is located the baggage room of the road which the traveller intends to take. Chicago & Northwestern Depot. *S'/V» ; Wells /St., S. W. corner Kiiizie St. A solid brick building, flanked by low towers at the corners and a (juadraiigular clock tower in the middle. The main entrance on Wells st. leads to the waiting room on the first floor, a large, well lighted room taking up almost the whole story. The ticket office is on the West wall. The doors to the right (North) lead to the restaurant, toilet room and the stairs to the upper stories; opposite, on the left the news stand, parcel room and toilet rooms. South of it the stair-case leading to the offices in the upper story. Three stairs run down to the basement and the train house. On the left are lunch rooms and fruit stands, and on the right the ticket office, telegraph office, smoking and reading rooms, and bag- gage ronni. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern RR. and Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific RR. Depot. Site: The block between V^an Buren, Harrison, Sherman sts. and Pacific ave. The front with the entrance on Van Buren st, opposite the Rialto buildinc, is flanked by two seven story towers. The material is yellow stone with a rough surface. In the main building are the numerous offices of the two roads; those of the Lake Shore RR. being in the wing Easi of the corridor, those of the Rock Island RR., together with telegraph office, steam ship agencies, etc., in the H\'stern wing. Directly adjoining the main sturcture is the train hall which is, on the Sherman st. side, flanked by a long wing containing the bag- gage, waiting, eating and smoking rmims. The ticket office is on the west side of the hall. There are, besides, news stands, etc. Illinois Central Hei^ot.— SITE: Foot of Lake street. Baltimore & Ohio Be^ot.— SITE: Lake Front, foot of Monroe street. II. How TO Live in Chicago. 3j Cabs; Hansoms; Hacks; Railroad Omnibusses; Carettes; Street Cars; Suburban Railroad Routes. Till- systi'iii (if public cMUvcyaiict's is very coiuiilete in C'liicairo. It cDiiiprisos: l. Street ctirs. dranii hii cnh/c niid homes. {Sec end of this honk.) -. Caret ((S. (See iie.vt Pa(/e.) .V. Siilitirlxni Jitii.lrood luiiitdi. {See list of Stations at end of hoo/,:) ■^. Rail ro<(?4^^*.,.- — -i H t 1. l^, consideration, the great number of private residences and lodging houses whose precise capacity for accommodation of strangers it is, of course, impossible to state. The stranger may be accommodated in Chicago, as fol- lows: 53 54 HOTEiig, 1) In Hoiets after the Anuivican plan. Fixed charges per day for room and full board. 2) In Hotels on the European plan, offering rooms by the day or week at fixed prices, and leaving it at the option of the guest to take his meals in the restaurant usually attached to the hotel, or elsewhere. 3) In Hotels with both American or European system. 4) In Boardhui-Houses, located in almost all parts of the city, and offering board and lodgings, according to locality and qual i ty, for from four( to twenty dol- lars per week. The better boarding houses and private dwel- ling houses are principally lo- cated on Michi- gan, Wabash and Indiana aves., on the South side oJ the city. Manyrecom- m e n d a b 1 e houses are also on the North side, between Indiana st. and Chicago ave., North Clark st. and the lake. On the West ^ide must be especially mentioned: Adams, Monroe and Washington sts., west of Halsted. Strangers with limited means will find cheap and respectable quarters in the neighborhood of the great medical and other educational institutions Gore's Hotel. HOTELS. 55 The daily papers, and especially the Sunday editions of the "Tribune" and "Herald ", puhlisli a great number of boarding house addresses. 5) Furnished Rooms, to be hired for from two to ten dolhirs j»er week. Addresses to be obtained like those of "Boarding Houses." Parties intending to make a longer sojourn and wishing to live in a boarding or lodging house, will often be best accomodated in the more remote parts of the city. The vicinity of the parks, the better air, houses with all modern improvements, quiet neighborhood and easy and raitid com- munication with the city, by cable or railroad, have already attracted thither a large part of the jiopulation. The following is a list of the most popular hotels of the city: 1) Centrally located. FIRST CLASS: Palmer House. — Largest hotel. 746 rooms. Corner State and Monnie .sts. American and European plans. Rooms $1.00 to $4.50; American plan $3.00 to $9.00. A ])aniphlet containing a diagram of the various floors and prices, with and without hoard, is sent post- paid, on request. Requisition of rooms by mail or telegraph promptly attended to. Specially favorable rates for children. Grand Pacific Hotel. — Corner Clark and Jackson sts. 600 rooms. Amcrii-an plan. $3.00 to $6.00 per day. Special rates by the week and niimth, and for families. Tremont House. — Corner Oearbom and Lake sts. 230 rooms. American plan. $3.00 to $5.00 per day. Sj)ecial rates by the week and month, and for families. Auditorium Hotel. — Corner Michigan ave. and Congress street. 500 rooms (200 with bath). American and European plan. $4.00 4.50, and 5.00 per day. Rooms $2.(XD, 2.50 3.00 and 4.00 per day. Sherman House. — Corner Clark and Randolph sts. (Court House Square..) .\merican jilan. $3.00 to 5.00 ]ier day. 300 rooms. Hotel Richelieu. — Michigan avenue between J.ackson and Van Huren sts. European plan. 150 rooms. $2.50 and upwards. Leland Hotel. — Cor. Michigan ave. and Jackson sts. American and European plans. View of the lake. 300 rooms, $1.50 and up- wards. American plan S3. 00 to 5.00 per day. 56 HOTELS. Wellington Hotel. — Wabash ave. and Jackson st. 200 rooms. European )3lan. $1.50 and upwards. Hotels more remotely located. FIRST CLASS. Southern Hotel.— N. W. corner Wabash ave. and 22nd st. 150 rooms. American plan. $2.50 to 4.00. Special rates. Virginia Hotel.— 78 Rush street. 480 rooms. American plan. $3.00 ti) 5.00 per day. SECOND CLASS. Clifton House. — Corner Wabash ave. and Monroe St. 200 rooms. American plan. $2.50 to 3.50. Hotel Henrici. — 72 Randolph street, near State st. 100 rooms. European plan, $1.00 and upwards. Frequented chiefly by Germans. Special rates. Atlantic Hotel. — Corner Van Buren and Sherman sts., opposite Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Depot. 250 rooms. American plan. $2.00 per day. vSpecial rates. Hotel Grace. — Clark and Jackson sts. European plan. 180 rooms with steam heat, hot and cold water. $1.00 and upwards. Hotel Brevoort. — 143 and 145 Madison St., between Clark and La Salle sts. European plan. 250 rooms with steam heat. $1.00 and upwards. Burke's European Hotel. — 140 & 142 Madison st., between Clark and La Salle sts. 60 rooms. $1.00 and upwards. McCoy's European Hotel. — Corner Clark and Van Buren sts. 250 rooms. $1.00 and upwards. Gore's Fire Proof Hotel. — 266 to 274 S. Clark St., between Jackson and Van liuren sts. European plan. 250 rooms. $1.00 and upwards. Kuhns Hotel. — 165 Clark st. no rooms. European plan. $0.75 to 2.00. By the week $5.00 to 12.00. Commercial Hotel. — Corner Lake and Dearborn sts. 350 rooms. American plan. $2.00 to 2.50 per day. Special rates by week or month. Briggs House. — Corner Randolph st. and 5th ave. 133 rooms. American plan. §2. 00 to 2.50 per day. Special rates. Windsor Hotel. — 145 Dearborn St., between Madison and Monroe St. 162 rooms. European plan. $0.75 to 3. 00. The Saratoga. — 155 to 161 Dearborn st. , between Madison and Monroe sts. European plan. 200 rooms with steam heat, hot and cold water. $0.75 to 3.00. HOTELS. 57 Palmer House— »S'(Ve; S. E. corner State and Monroe sts. The Palmer House, the leading hotel in Chicago, and one of the largest hotels in the world, is a massive eight story structure in French renaissance stylo. The building, in its facades especially, is constructed after a Pari- sian model. The corner in which both facades meet, is a sort of ro- tunda with a cupola. Twelve columns placed above one another in groups of four and crowned by four caryatides supporting the roof, form the vertical divisions of the facade, and balconies, low balu- strades, mouldings and cornices the horizontal ones. The middle part of the main facade (looking toward State st.) shows a similarly rich ornamentation, having alone 28 of the 42 Corinthian columns, placed in pairs along the front. The large renaissance door, reaching up to the thirtl story, projects somewhat from the front and has three allegorical figures: Art, Science, and Industry. The Greek pediment crowning the central part of the facade, contains a fine group. The facade is further enlivened by twelve fluted pilasters on the third, fourth, fifth and sixth stories and the arched windows of the curb roof. The Monroe St.- facade is similar, but simpler, being without columns. On this side are the carriage door and ladies^ entrance. In the passage leading to the hall are the telegraph and ticket offlces. The vestibule (rotunda) is a quadratic space with columns supporting the ceiling. Here are, among others, the office of the hotel, and the telephone. Wide passages connect the rotunda with the adjacent rooms. The vestibule is decorated in a warm, yellowish brown tone with much gold; the ceilings show festoons on gold ground, interrupted by portraits and emblems. The floor is here as all over the house, many-colored marble. Behind, East of the rotunda is, in a one story additional building outside the walls of the house, the ofiice of the manager and the beau- tiful writing room, well lighted and decorated in Indo-Moorish style. Corridors lead thence to the barber-shop, bath-rooms, etc. On the north side of the rotunda are the elevators and the stair-case. The walls of the rotunda are decorated with interesting fresco paintings: The landing of Columbus, Chicago in 1833, Views of buildings de- stroyed in the great fire. The 7uain stair case of Carrara marble is built upon the principle of the keystone and winds from the basement to the upper story with- out any apparent moans of support. E.ich landing is a block of 58 HOTELS. marble weighing 5200 pounds, which will give an idea of the enorm- ous weight of the entire stair case, thus suspended in midair. It leads first to an open entresol from which a glimpse may be gained of the life in the rotunda. Thence are reached the very spacious corridors which, provided with carpets, mirrors and furniture, are a favorite place for rendez-vous. In the corridor of the first story, just opposite the stair case, a painting of Guignard: 'In the Landes.' In the upper stories of the hotel are several remarkable rooms, among which may be mentioned the Egyptian Parlor, Grand Recept- ion Room, Ball Room, Club Room, Bride's Room, etc. ; all very sump- tuously and tastefully decorated and appointed. * Grand Pacific Hotel.— *S'/7f.- Clark st., facing Jackson St. (opposite Phenix building) and running through to La Salle and Quincy sts., opposite the Post Office and in the centre of the bankers' and brokers' quarters. The Grand Pacific Hotel is one of the great American caravan series, which are famous all over the world and serve not only for the accommodation of strangers, but play also an imjtortant role as rendez-vous for ix)litical, business, sport- ting and social circles. Standing on the site of the old Pacific Hotel which was burnt in the great fire, it presents itself as a vast, six-story building, free on all sides. The main facade is on Clark street. The architecture ap- proaches the renaissance style, but shows, besides, various other forms. There are 500 rooms in the house. The rooms in the first story are grouped about two halls which are accessible through the four prin- cipal entrances. Those facing C'lark street are almost exclusively given up to business purposes: Railway ticket office, book and news stand, drug store, barber-shop, baths, etc., which all connect with the interior courts, thus exhibiting the whole plan very symmetrically. A wide corridor leads from the Clark st. entrance to the first hall (70 X 70 feet) officially termed the '■rotunda\ On the left, at the corner, the Postal Telegraph Co. and a little further on, on the same side, comfortably furnished writing and reading rooms. In front of them ticket office. In the back ground of the rotunda, between the two stair cases, are the hotel offices and behind them the l>aggage room. Farther to the left, a second corridor from Jackson st. A few Steps lead ihence to tlie second hall ( 100 x 60 feet) which is situated a little higher. The two halls are separated by the stair case HOTELS. 59 In tlie centre of this second liall is the bar-room with cabinets. On 'he right of the l)ar-room, toilet rooms and water closets, south of those office of the Western Union Telegraph Co. A corridor on the right leads behind the bar room, to the cafe and the billiard room, one on the left to the third entrance; and directly in front, a fourth luoad corridor leads out to La Salle st. Both corridors are, at their southern extremities, connected by a passage leading along the barber-shop and the bath rooms. On the second story are the /(/;•/(/;-.?, diniii!^ rooms, kitchen and accessory rooms. The grand parlor (on Jackson st.) measures loox 24 feet, the dining room 130x60 feet. h. large promenade cowwecXxwg the parlors with the dining rooms, is 30 x 130 feet long. The corridors are 12 feet wide. Muilding and equipment cost $1,660,000. The cuisine of this hotel enjoys an enviable reputation. The an- nual game dinner there, offering almost every game of the country, has for years attracted large numbeis of the epicures in the city. * Tremont House.— *S'/^'.- Dearborn street, S. E. corner Lake street. The Tremont House is one of the oldest and most pro- minent hotels of Chicago, dating back to 1S33. At that time the guests were in the habit of shooting, from the entrance of the hotel, the wild ducks in the i)Ools near by. The present building was erected at a cost of $700,000, and presents in its exterior one of the finest buildings in the city. It rises in six stories over the basement and is crowned by five towers with cupolas. The style is French renaissance with uncommonly numerous plastic ornaments, suggesting to some extent the Hotel de \'ille and the Louvre in Paris. The material is Amherst (Ohio) sand stone. The main entrance which rises to the second story, is on the Dearborn st. facade. The central section of tlie building, with its columns and the large cupola, together with tin- l)ahistrades and the fine crowns of the windows, is very effective. The two entrances on Dearborn st. and Lake st. lead directly to the rotunda which is lighted by three circular sky-lights. On the east wall the office, to the left of it is the corridor to the toilet rooms, etc. On the right of the office, the apartments of the manager, and behind them, the billiard, writing nnd reading rooms. A flight of stairs between these rooms and the Dearborn st. vestibule leads to the upper stories. 60 HOTELS. On the opposite side of the rotunda: the telegraph office and a news stand. In the corridor to the Lake st. entrance are the elevators and an other flight of stairs. The first story contains a number of luxuriously appointed rooms: parlor, club rooms, and three large dining rooms. A hundred of the 250 rooms in the house are furnished with porcelain bath tubs. The interior decoration, cornices, corridors and stair cases har- monize well with the facade. The Sherman House. The Sherman House, on Clark St., N. W. cor. of Randolph, opposite the City Hall, is one of the oldest hotels in the city. It was first liuilt in 1836 by Francis C. Sherman, who was onc6 mayor of Chicago; and has experienced a great many changes. It was opened in 1837 as the City Hotel, rebuilt in 1844 and then opened as the Sherman House ; and it frequently changed owners, until in i86d an entirely new building was erected, with the first steam elevator in Chicago. After the great fire (1871) it was again rebuilt and opened for business in the Sping of 1873. The building has six stories, a basement and a mansard roof. The two facades, especially in the central part, are of thp renaissance style, have iron balconies, and are capped above with five low pyramids. The two entrances lead into the glass-covered rotunda, which contains the hotel offices. This is adjoined on the north by the writing room; and on the opposite Randolph street side, by ticket and tele- graph offices, the ladies' parlor, barber shop, etc. Restaurants, Coffee Houses, BEER HOUSES, WINE ROOMS, SUMMER GARDENS, CONFECTIONERS, TOBACCO AND CIGARS. The EATING HOUSES of the city may be divided into: (i) Hotels, which, however, are almost exclusively patronized by those who also lodge there; though a few of them have '■'■Day Boardcis. " (2) Restaurants and Cafes. The latter really are regular restau- rants, only that they have in most cases bakeries connected with them. The Cafe, pure and simple, after the European model (luxuriously furnished with divans, newspapers in all languages, games etc.) those comfortable metropolitan retreats, each with its pecular charac- ter, determined by the rank or calling of its regular patrons, will be seriouly missed by the visiting foreigner. It is strange that an estab- lishment of this kind has not even been introduced as an experiment, as much as there is a need for it. The more important Restaurants (see also beer halls) are: Fine: AiiJiioi-iiiin Resiauraii/, Michigan Ave. and Congress St; Ric/u/icii, Michigan Ave., near Jackson St., Moderate Priced: The Boston Oyster House, (oysters and fish) Cor. Clark and Madison Sts; Kinsley, 105 Adams St; Lansing &^ McGarigle, 124 Clark St; Lassagne, (restaurant francais) 77 Clark St: Thomson, 145 Dearborn St. The Coffee Houses on the American Plan, furnished with long counters and lined with high stools on the outside, on which their customers take their hasty meals, are certainly practical, but the very opposite of the European idea of a coffee house. The reasonable prices however and the fair quality of coffee, edibles etc., as well as the prompt service readily account for the very large patronage they find. The best known are: — Coyne^ s, 164 Madison St; Kohlsaafs 196 Clark St. Cafe restaurants: — Hotel Hem-id, 70 Randolph St; Philip Henriei, 175 Madison St; Philip Winter, 279 State St. North Side: W, Remy, 90 North Clark St. (3) Beer Halls. These are the larger beer-houses connected with restaurants; they have increased in number and grown in favor during recent years. Besides beer and wines, all the other usual liquors are kept in stock. The more prominent among them are : A'er?i, (also imjiorted beer) loS La Salle St. ; Leiitz, (also imported beer) 21 North Clark St. ; Meyer, (also imported beer) cor. Madison and Dearborn Streets (Ralhs-Keller); Prager, (also imported beer) N. E. Cor. Madison and Clark Sts.; The Union, 115 Randolph St. — Near Lincoln Park: Stein, (also imported beer) Germania Hall, 649 North Clark St, ; Kretschmar, 'also imported beer) 625 North Clark St. 63 RESTAURANTS, BEER HALLS, ETC. (33 (4) Boarding Houses, (sec article on hotels.) These furnish the cheapest board, and many of them take "day boarders." Most of them can receive but a small number of persons, and even if they do not deserve the abundant sarcasm that falls to their lot, it is certain on the other hand, that the good ones are in the minority. Beer. The stranger finds here m>t ou\y ihc .hnerioin Bc-i-r but nearly all the well known European kinds. Of the latter, especially Pilsener, Hersbrucker, Erlangcr, Culmbacher, Afnenchener eic., a.re drunk. The principal consumption however consists of Chicago and Mihvauki-e iu-er, many kinds of which, of excellent quality, find a market far beyond tlie borders of the United States. We note below the favorite American kinds in alphabetical order. Nearly all beer- halls have signs williout indicating the kinds of beer on sale within. Blatz, Muenchener /igfil Bavarian, Dewes, Muenchener light Bavariati, Northwestern Brewing Co., Zacherl light Bavarian, Pabst, Hofbraeu light Bavarian; Schlitz, Extra Pale light Pilsener; Schoenhofen, Edelweiss light Pilsener; Seipp, Columbia dark Ba- varian ; Wacker & Birk, Ulmer (similar to Pilsener); West Side Brewing Co., Hofbraeu light Bavarian. The number of taverns is extraordinarily great, there being nearly 6,000 of them. They may be distinguished as belonging to the American type and the European type. The former, most of them luxuriously furnished, engage principally in the sale of ivhiskey and ale, although nearly all of them also carry <^£'t'/' and w/;?^. The furniture mostly consists of three principal pieces; the sideboard which is fastened to the wall, with large mirrors, buffets, etc., on which the glasses, goblets, bottled wines and liquors are carefully and tastefully arranged. A few feet from this, and parallel with it, is the bar, which is concealed from public view by the third piece, a large mirror placed near the door. And at this bar the guests stand some- times through long hours, shift themselves from time to time from one posture to another, and thus take their drinks. In most of these establishments there are no chairs. The number of so-called "mixed drinks^'' prepared by a mixture of whiskey, brandy, wines etc., with fruit, eggs, syrup, sugar etc., is very great. The Beer Houses run on the European model, are conducted as they are in Europe; and sell all the other drinks as well as beer. These are naturally furnished with chairs. But the number of the larger and more elegant ones is comparatively small. The better known among them are: South Side: Kern, 108 Washington St., (also imported beer); the Union, 115 Randolph 64 WINE ROOMS PUBLIC GARDENS, ETC: St; Lansing 6^ McGarigle, 124 Clark St; yIA;iv;-, (also imported beer) cor. Madison and Dearborn Sts (Raths-Keller)'; Pragcr, N. E. Corner Madison and Clark; M'agner 6-= House hihi, 150 Dearborn St. North Side: (mostly German patronage) Leutz, (also imported beer) 21 North Clark St; Fehn, 123 North Clark St; Laabs, 162 North Clark St; Georg, 257 North Clark St. (Turners' headquarters). Near Lincoln Park: Stein, Germania Hall, (also imported beer) 649 North Clark St; Kretschmm-, (also imported beer) 625 North Clark St. WINE ROOMS. These are of two kinds, according as they carry imported or native wines. The traveler will find, at the places mentioned below, ititp'orted wines of good quality; the ordinary, the better, as well as the finest wines. The owners are all direct impor- ter, each one of whom makes to some extent, a specialty of Rhine, Mosel, Pfalzer or French wines. The more prominent places are: — Faulhaber, 78 5th Ave; Jan- sen, 163 Washington St; Leutz, 21 North Clark St; Schogl, log 5th Ave; and near Lincoln Park: Old German Wine House, (Faulhaber) 526 North Clark St. The native zvines have constantly improved in quality during re- cent years ; the traveler however will have to become accustomed to the peculiar taste of the different wines — California, Missouri or Ca- tawba. The California wines especially have much body, and are exported to Europe in large quantities and used there to improve wines of lighter quality. The principal house in this line is IVilken, 49 La Salle St. The Public Gardens have up to this time been but lightly repre- sented here. There is however, scattered over the city, a certain number of small summer gardens that pretend by means of a few trees and shrubs, a few dozen flower-pots etc., to imitate the real article. But there are only two that can be easily reached and are worthy of mention: — Kretscliinar'' s Suinnier Garden, 625 North Clark St., near Lincoln Park; Thiclinanii' s Pavilion on the lake shore, near the north end of Lincoln Park. Concerts are given at the latter place on week-day evenings. Perhaps here anight be mentioned the South Side Scliuetzen Park, near the suburb Pullman, which is described elsewhere; and the N'orth Side Schuetzen Park which can be easily reached by the Clybourn Avenue cal)le cars. The lake shore to the north, along Graceland Avenue offers sev- eral fine picnic grounds; among them, Thiloruhe, on the lake shore foot of Graceland Avenue, south of the Marine Hospital. CONKKrTKtNKUS, CKiAIl STORES ETC. 65 The Confectionery Establishments :ue represented in jxirt by the cafes, mentioned before, which also carry ice cream etc. The candy stores however are the real confectioners' establishments. Candy is manufactured here in a great many varieties and finds an enormous consumption as compared with its use in Europe. The finest estab- lishment in the city is Giintlier'' s 212 State St. TOBACCO AND CIGARS are more costly than in Europe, but at the same lime of belter (|Uality. The smoking tobaccos ■s.x^ here mostly \'irginian, a mild tobacco, which can be had in all grades from medium to fine. In the matter of Cigars, the most fastidious smoker can satisfy his desires. But in a marked contrast with European taste, a fresh cigar here is decidedly preferred to a well seasoned one. Here the cigars are mostly sold during the first three months after manufacture, and if they must be kept longer, artificial means are employed to keep them moist. The cheapest cigar costs five cents ; then there are ten and fifteen cent cigars, and some of much higher priceS. The five centers are made of native tobacco, raised in Wisconsin, Connecticut, Ohio, etc. The ten cent cigars have mostly Havana filling and Sumatra covering though some are entirely Havana; this is, as a rule, a good cigar. The Ji/tc-en cent cigars are partly imported Havana cigars; and partly Key West cigars, made in Key West, Florida, from imported-Havana tobacco. Since the new tariff of the McKinley Bill has gone into effect, Havana cigars have risen so much in ])rice however that their importation has grown markedly less. Cigarettes are manufactured mostly from Virginia tobacco of good quality, and are of many kinds. They are sold in small boxes at from five cents to fifteen cents. The better known brands are: Caporal, Cameo, High Grade, etc. Good firms in the line are: Tliorwart &^ Roehling. 188 Ran- dolph St; E. IL^ffiiuDi, 185 Madison Si; A'. Sc/imeiiitg, 5 Clark St. 66 MAIL SERVICE. For Rates of Postage, etc., see Tables at end of this book. Businesg^ Hours, Regulations, etc., of the Chicago Postoffice, main floor of the Custom House. The General Delivery and Department for Advertised Letters for Ladies and Gentlemen are open from 7:30 a. ni, to 9 p. m. and on Sundays from 11:30 a. m. to 12:30 p. m. Windows 24 to 30 main floor on Clark street. Letter Clnitcs for Rcccpiio)! of Mail Matter, and the Retail Stamp Department both on Clark street front, are open day and night . The Registry Department {Dearhoru street front) is open from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m, except Sunday. T\\e Post Money Order Department (Dearljorn street front) is open from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m, except Sunday. * Inquiries regarding arrival atid departure of mails at Room I, (Clark street front) open from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Sundays from 1 1 a. m. to 12 m. Information regarding Letter Carriers or Mail Matter in care pf Postoffice at Room 5, Adams street front. Missing Letters, Packages, Papers: Information at Room 2, (Dearborn street front) open 9 a. m. to 5 p, m. (except Sunda)'). A Peiti Rules to insure Prompt Delivery of Mail Matter : Be sure that your tnail matter i& fully prepaid. Place your name and address on every letter or package, so that in case of non-delivery it can be returned. Mail matter should be addressed to street and nwnher. There are many persons, firms, etc., of same or similar names and titles, and the omission of street and number is one of the main causes of delay in delivering mail matter. Wrong delivery, detention or loss ol mail /natter should at once be reported to the postmaster in person or writing. A^ames of States should be written in full or very distinctly abbre- viated. Mail i'oxes are located in all parts of the city, and the mail is col- lected from them in the business district, on weekdays, at 5 :30, 8:00 9:00, 10:00, 11:20 a. m. and 12:35, ^ =35? 2:35, 3:35, 4:35, 5:25, 6 :2o and 7 :3o p. m. , and on Sundays at i :oo p. m. Mail is delivered by carriers as follows, in the business district: 7:00, 8:35, 10:00, II :45, a. m. and i :is and 4:00 p. m. TKLKORAPHS, BANKING HOUSES, ETC. 67 Tlic Telegraphs are here in llie hands of two companies, the M'c-sirni i'nion Telegraph and Postal Telegraph Companies. There is no system of uniform rates, and indeed they do no't continue the same for any great length of time. Despatches can be delivered as tlay or night despatches; the former are sent at once, and the latter sometime during the night at two-thirds to one-half of the regular ]5rice. A table of rates for cable despatches will be found at the end of this book. Banking and especially the check system here, etc., vary widely from Kuropean methods. The banks are here distinguished as national and private banks. The former derive their name simply from the fact that they issue l)ank notes secured by United States bonds deposited at Washington. They stand in no other relations with the government, except that the latter exercises a certain control over them by making an occa- sional examination of their financial condition through the agency ol so-called bank examiners. The Bank Exchanges of Chicago are very considerable. Al- though Xe-M York is naturally the leading money market, and Boston which controls the great deposits of many railroads, usually takes the second rank, yet of late the latter has frequently been left behisd in the weekly l^ank clearances as is shown by the list below: Clearing House Exchanges of the principal cities of the country fi>r the week ending June 20, 1891. New York §586,405,746 Boston 82,711,689 Chicago 86,355,000 Philadelphia.. 60,800,859 St. Louis 20,523,558 San Francisco 16,327,865 Baltimore 13,384,300 New Orleans... 6,844,197 Pittsburg 13,267,201 Cincinnati 12,835,950 Kansas t;ity 7,068,431 Louisville 8,086,535 Buffalo 7,303,649 Galveston 3,301,340 Milwaukee 4,624,000 Minneapolis 4,958,760 Providence 5,094,200 Cleveland 5,108,336 Detroit 5.805,945 Omaha 3,936,282 Denver 4.754,409 Portland, Ore 1,684,367 Salt Lake 1,354,624 Washington 1,918,592 Peoria 1,442,652 St. Joseph 1,452,868 New Haven 1,348,901 Springfield 1,213,888 Portland, Me 1,027,294 Rochester 1,317,132 Worcester 1,444,886 Fort Worth 1,314,932 Sioux City 869,596 Seattle 985,255 Norfolk . 912,925 Tacoma 976,414 Grand Rapids 843.134 Wilmington 813,319 Syracuse 921,422 Los Angeles 646,100 Wichita 494,632 Lowell 735.580 68 SAFETY VAULTS, BATH HOUSES, ETC. St. Paul 4.576,577 Birmingham 539,853 Indianapolis.. 3,080,276 Des Moines 929,207 Columbus 3,225,000 Chattanooga 571,000 Memphis 1,475,844 New Bedford 427,909 Dallas 1,473,437 Lexington 448,018 Duluth 1,977,272 Topeka 395>35i Hartford 1,701,328 Lincoln 508,020 Richmond 1,969,987 Nashville 2,246,790 Montreal 10,601,323 Halifax 1,278,982 Total $1,020,913,582 Outside New York. .. . 434,507,836 The cash balances of the fifteen national banks of Chicago, ac- cording to the statement of December 19, 1890, amounted to $38,- 512,832; loans, over $55,000,000; and deposits $70,227,913. The largest bank is the First National Bank, with deposits amounting to .$17,000,000, and a capital of $6,000,000. The next largest is the National Bank of Illinois, with $7,000,000 of deposits. These two banks carry on an extensive foreign exchange business; the former also exchanges foreign coin. The Atlas National Bank and the Merchants'' National Bank are good banks of deposit. The fol- lowing may also be recommended for the exchange of foreign coin : Anton Boenert, 92 La Salle St; H. Claussenius & Co., 78 Fifth Avenue. The following are Safety Vaults in which one can rent for five dollars a year, small safety deposit boxes for the safe keeping of money or papers: Central Safety Deposit Vaults, "The Rookery" Adams and La Salle Sts; Commercial Safety Deposit Co., 88 Monroe St; Fidelity Safe Deposit Co., 143 Randolph -St. A good place of safety for larger objects of value, such as val- uable trunks, pictures, fine and also ordinary furniture; etc., is the magnificent and perfectly managed Hiram Sibley Warehouse, 2 to 18 North-Clark St., which contains a large number of fire-proof vaults. The Bathing Houses are here all in private hands. The pres- sure of private interests has until quite recently diverted public atten- tion from many public improvements whose convenience and neces- sity has long ago made them practical realities in other cities. But as in the matter oi art galleries, so in that oi public baths, there has in recent times grown up a lively and active interest among the pop- ulation; and it is now only a question of time when they shall be erected. The report of the Commissioners of the Board of Public Works for the year 1889, gives a brief statement concerning the free public baths of other cities, as well as plans and and estimates for similar institutions in Chicago. The existing private baths, on the 69 other hand, liave in leceiit years grown steady in importance. We mention below a few of those most worthy of recommendation : Large Swimming Baths, (Natatoriums) Nortli-Side, Clark and Elm Sts; West Side, 504 West Madison St. — Turkish and Russian Paths: Lynch, 50 to 54 Clark St., (Sherman House Baths); Palmer liovise Baths, State and Monroe Sts; Plain Baths: Hcttich, Sherman House, opposite Court House, 237 Randolph St. III. The City. 1) Geographical, Topographical, Geological, and Meteor- ological Conditions of the City. Chicago, the largest and most important city west of the Alleghanies, and the second city of the United States in population, is situated at the lower end of the western shore of Lake Michigan, and is divided into three parts called the West, North and South Sides, by the small Chicago river and its two branches, which fork like the letter T. All to the west or top of the T, is the \Yest Side; all to the north or right of the T, is the North Side; while that part of the city to the south or left hand, is called the South Side, which comprises the business portion, extending about a mile south of the river, and residences south of this to the city limits and beyond. The precise latitude of Chicago (City Hall) is 41 deg., 53 min., 6,2 sec. north, and longitude 87 deg., 36 min., 1.2 sec. west, being 961 miles west of New York, and 2,417 miles east of San Francisco. Its mean elevation is 591 ft. above the sea. When the city was first laid out, it was, as is de- scribed more fully elsewhere, low and muddy; but the grade has been raised, and it is now as dry and clean as the average northern city. The total territory now covered is 174 square miles, or 111,360 acres. The geographical center of the present city of Chicago is located at the intersection of Ashland avenue and Thirty- ninth street. The distance between North Seventy-first street, being the northern city limits, and Hundred and thirty-ninth, being the southern city limits, is twenty-four miles. State street has the greatest extension north and south, running from North avenue to the southern city limits, a distance of eighteen miles. Running east and west Eighty-seventh street represents the greatest extension of the city limits, with 10,5 miles. BOUNDARIES, GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS. KTO. 7| The topoiivdphical diangt a that Chicago has uiiderirone since its first settlement can not now be determined, because official surveys were not made previous to 1821. South of the fornjer Fort Dearborn, at the approach to the Rush street bridge, the natural surface lies at a height of ten feet above. the lake level; and the condition is exactly the same along the extension of Rush st. beyond the river, .toward the north. These slight elevations sink, eastward and westward, and were formerly traversed by a series of deep water-courses, through which the surface water flowed west- ward into the river, and eastward into the lake. The West Side lies higher, and the highest part of the city is the North-West Side, in the region of Humboldt Park. The xharc-line of the lake, however, has for centuries been undergoing changes. The shore deposits of the lake, which has long been steadily retiring (this fact is farther de- scribed in another place— the Highways of Commerce of the City), continually modify this line. Thus, the deposit on the lake shore, to the north, from Chicago avenue to the north bank of the Chicago river, from 1821 to 1880, alone amounted to ninety-eight acres. In its f/coJogical structKrc, the surface of the area on which Chicago stands consists of black earth or lake sand. In the Qnateniary Period, a dense forest and swamp covered the area of the present city of Chicago, to a distance of about twenty miles to the north. At that time the Mastodon dwelt here; and a skeleton of this animal was once found at a depth of abmit fifteen feet from the surface, in an excava- tion in tlu' northwestern part of the city. Then there came a time in which the lake rose thirty feet and covered both fori'sts ami mastodons. When the water afterwards again retired, it left l)ehind, in a frozen condition, a deposit, in some places seventy feet thick, of rock, clay, etc., which in- cludes numerous layers of gravel. The boring of. a well in the stock yards brought to light the following deposits. In the first .secenty fett^ there were, .successively, surface soil, lake deposits. Quaternary forest and snil, and clay; the next '2.'>0' /(^tt was limestone, of which 72 BOUNDARIES, GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS, ETC. the upper laj'ers contained small cavities filled with petro- leum. Indeed, the whole rock layer contained more or less petroleum, and its stone is easily recognized in some churches of the city by its peculiar but pretty spotted appearance. The next 250 feet included alternating layers of shale and lime- stone; and th.e following 330 feet was again limestone, a part of which, however, was highly ferruginous; then followed a layer of 155 feet of sandstone; and the last seventy feet con- sisted of exceedingly hard limestone. The meteoroloqical features of the year 1890 were the following: The mean temperature was 48.8 deg., 0.7 deg. higher than that of 1889. The highest temperature, 96.0 deg., occurred August 2d; loicesfj 5.0 deg. below zero, on January 22d, being a range of 101.0 deg. Rahi or snow fell upon 136 days to the amount of 32.66 inches. During the preceding year 34.95 inches fell. The greatest atmospheric pressure, 30.74 inches, occurred on January 3d; the least, 29.29 inches, on January 12th, being a range of 1.45 inches. The mean was 30.048. The mean relative humidity was 74.8 per cent. 2) THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. TIte Lake; the River; tlie Canal; the Bridges; the Tun- nels; the Viaducts; the Streets; the Street Car System; the Drainage System,. The above subjects are here brought together in an article in connection with each other, as they played their parts in the development of the city. Lake Michigan, the southwestern of the five Great Lakes of America, was the efficient cause of the rise of Chicago, and is in great part still the efficient cause of the city's im- jiortance. Fifty years ago, when the whole Northwest was little more than a wilderness, the lake was the onl^y means of communication with the East. Since then, mighty states, the mightiest in the whole union, have arisen along the great shores of this incomparable water-way, and with their growth and the development of the far West Chicago has attained the rank of one of the greatest harbors in the world. THK lIKillWAVS oy roMMEKC^K AND TUAVKL. 7;' The f^reat Caiiailian province of Ontdrln borders the nortliern sliores of the whoh^ group of Great Lakes. On the south, grouited in the most favorable way imaginable, the states of Minuesofd. Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsi/Jvaniti and N*ni^ York form a gentle curve about the lakes— a common bond of union to which all of them largely owe their irrowth and prosperity. Connected with the chain of lakes is the natural highway, the Chicago river; the artificial highway, the Illinois and Michigan Canal; and the mightiest of all, the gigantic network of railroads. The area on which Chicago now stands originally formed a part of an extensive marshj^ plain, overgrown with tall grass, luxurious swanij) vegetation and occasional clun)ps of trees, through which the river, formed by a union of two branches, sluggishly crept along. Its banks connected with numerous sloughs, in the neighborhood of which there lived multitudes of wild birds. Only in the Spring and Fall the sluggish water became somewhat active in its movement. Then the water flowed down from the low elevations of the region to the lower level of the river, which easily overflowed its banks, and with the swollen waters of the Des Plaines river, flooded the whole region. During these times a water-way was opened for ca- noes from Chicago to the Des Plaines river, ten miles away, and by way of the Illinois river it was possible to reach the Mississippi. Tiie watershed between the Des Plaines river and Lake Michigan is only eight feet high. The place where Chicago now stands was once a natural water-waj', through which, many millenniums ago, the waters of Lake Michigan found their natural discharge. It is an observed fact that for sev- eral centuries the lake has been steadily retiring from its shores, and must once have been at least 30 feet higher than at i)resent. The rapids in the Illinois river at Marseilles must thousands of years ago have stood in the same relation to the Great Lakes of the West as that now held by the bed of the Detroit river and the rock masses of Niagara Falls — that is, as natural barriers checking the outflow of the waters. 74 THE TIKJHWAYS OP COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. Creological speculation will have it, that in the thousands of years to come these barriers, too, will gradually crumble away and be washed out; that the surface of the lake will sink ever deeper; and that in the end Chicago will be reduced to the condition of an inland city. In the meantime, to speak in the figure of a German novel, " We need not fret about that time at present." In those primeval times the Des Plaines river must have emptied into the lake. By the recession of the lattei', a bar of sand was probably thrown across its mouth: the same pro- cess as observed in the history of Chicago river; thus deprived of its natural discharge and compelled to reverse its course, it found a new channel in the valley of the Illinois. This theory is supported by the great flood of 1849. In this year the swollen waters of the Des Plaines passed down the Chi- cago river and caused the great destruction of bridges and ships, which is described in detail in the History of the City. The first houses of Chicago were built on piles driven into the earth, and high enough to protect the lower story against being flooded during heavy rainfalls, etc.; on account of this condition of the ground, cellars and basements Avere out of the question. The streets were in many places quag- mires, and posts with the inscription " no bottom" marked the worst spots. Later, the principal streets were laid with planks, and under the burden of passing teams the mud spurted up through the cracks. Standing water filled the ditches by the road-sides, and its greenish surface revealed its stagnant condition. It is easy to see that these conditions favored the development of diseases. Malaria was common, and the so-called " Canal cholera" claimed many victims, the corpses of which, through fear of contagion, were not buried at all, but simply unloaded by the Bridgeport road and left there to their fate in the scorching sun. The sand bar closing up the mouth of the Chicago rivei has already been mentioned. Drifting with the lake currents, the sand accumulated directly across the mouth of the river. This bank, shutting off' the river entirely on the north, changed its dii-ection from its present njouth toward the TlIK HKillWAYS OF CO>rMERCE AND TRAVEL. 75 south, liiially oponinsi' into the hike, oiiposite the present Madison St. This mouth was in turn barred up, and at low water there was no outflow whatever. x\t tlie same time the river itself had a considerable depth, reachinpc 15 feet in some places. These obstructions made it necessary for shijis to anchor outside the sand-bar and unload as quickly as pos- sible, to avoid being overtaken by a storm. As early as 1805 the local Indian agent urged upon the government the neces sity of removing this obstacle. In the course of years, nu- merous other remonstrances were made, but without avail in inducing the government to act. The absence of any harbor on the long southern coast of Lake Michigan south of the Manitou Islands, made the construction of one an imperative necessity, as well for commerce as for a refuge for ships in stormy weather. At last, on the 2d of March. 1833, Congress appropriated $25,000 for this iiurposo, and in Juno of the same year the work was begun. It was determined to abandon entirely the rivor-nioutli at Madison st., and to make a new opening directly eastward, bj' cutting through the sand-bar. First of all, piers were built north and south of the present mouth, to prevent its being choked up again by the drift-sands of the lake. Then the sand-bar was dredged away, and in the spring of 1834, the work was furthered by the high water of the river, which tore away the rest of the bank. It was soon seen, however, that the lake could not be easily resisted. New bars were continually formed farther out, that had to be opposed again by new dikes. Thus the struggle between man and the ever active element went on, until, in 1844, $247,000 had been expended without securing a definite result. A proposition in Congress, in 1840, for a new appropriation, was vetoed by President Polk in si)ite of the strong supi)ort of the famous Daniel Webster. The whole Northwest was aroused; the nation became interested in the undertaking; and the (jrraf River (1)1(1 Ilarhor Convctitiou in Chicago, on the 5th of July. 1847, was the result. This gathering, consisting of delegates sent from all parts of the land, called attention to the na- tional imiKUtance of harbors. It emphatically condemned 76 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. the partisan intrigues that opposed these improvements; called attention to the liberality of Con,2;ress toward the older states; and demanded similar treatment for the younger states of the West. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, whose fate is fully described in the historical part of this book, was well under way, and its inseparable connection with the Chicago Harbor was evident enough. What would the canal be if it had no outlet into the lakes? The convention, in which 20,(100 peo])le took part, was wholly free from political influences, and lasted three days. Its resolutions were forwarded to Congress, but remained without eflPect until 1852. Then a small appropriation was made. But it was only from 1866 on that Congress agreed to larger and repeated appropriations for the improvement of the harbor. After 1854, the city itself began tu take a part in the completion of the harbor. Besides, the river was dredged out to a depth of foui'teen feet. In 1869, the Chicago Canal and Dock Conipanj' began to build the docks on the north pier. In 1871, the government took in hand the proposed outer harbor between River and 12th sts., which was to cost $2,000,000, and which now furnishes ships an easily accessible refuge in stormy weather. The harbor has at i)resent about seven miles of p/Vr.v and seven lighf-Jiouscs maintained by the government. Hand in hand with these improvements go the dredgings of the river, continued through many j'ears; the widening of the river in various places and the straightening of its course; as well as the building of wharves, which to-day have a length of fifteen miles. In closest connection with the river stands the IJlinois and Michif/an Canal, which played a large role in the child- hood of Chicago, although the remarkable development of railroads and lake navigation later crowded it into the back- ground. The canal, which, after many delays, was completed in 1848, ran from Bridgeport (where it divided, one branch. o])ening into the south arm of the river and the other into the river itself) over a distance of 96 miles, and there opened 78 THE HIGHAVAY8 C)F f'OMMERCE AND TRAVEl.. into the Illinois river. It was originallj' 36 feet wide at the bottom and 60 feet wide at the surface, and six feet deej*. Its construction cost H million dollars. The canal, however, soon proved inadequate in size. Ac- cording to the original plan, it would have been deep enough below the lake level to make it possible for canal boats to use it in passing from the lake to the Mississippi, by waj' of the Illinois river. But the crippled financial condition of the state only allowed the construction of a canal of less depth, and so it was necessary to bring the water for the canal from the Calumet river, 17 miles away. At low water in the Calu- met, this, too, proved insufficient, and a pumping machine was set up, which pumped water out of the south arm of the river into the canal. The porous bottom of the canal-bed and other circumstances still further injured its usefulness. Much more favorable were the indirect results of the con- struction of the canal. The land lying along the course of the latter increased exceedingly in value; a large amount of money came into circulation; and this in turn brought about a large increase in business activity. In 1862, the matter of deepening the canal was brought up in Congress. The prop- osition that the government assist in the building of the canal fell through, as the House and Senate could not agree. Meanwhile the city had grown from 20,023 inhabitants in 1848, to 178,492 in 1865. The sewage of the city, which emptied into the river, of course kept pace with the increase of population (The sewer system in 1890 had a length of 3,770,014 feet, costing $7,511,175.86); especially since the wastes from the growing manufactories kept steadilj^ increas- ing. This changed the river into an abominable condition. It was a deep-black, stagnant body of water, on the surface of which floated all sorts of glistening oily substances. Fishes had long ago disappeared from the river, and the stench, which especially in summer time was almost unbeara- ble, was as horrible as it was dangerous to health. The only means of mitigating this evil lay in deepening the canal, in order to bring about a flow from the latter and the Chicago river into the Illinois river. THE UKillWAVS OF (X)MMERCE AND TRAVEL. 7enin.a; of the canal, and in July, 1871, it was completed. By this means a depth of six feet of water in the canal was assured, even during the lowest water. Thus the Chicago river became an arm of the lake, through which the lake water flowed and transformed its condition. Bill the flow soon proved entirely insufficient and increased the mii.sunce in the Desplaines and Illinois valleys, while affording but scant relief to Chicago. The North Branch especially became very offensive by continual stagnancy; and to circulate its waters the Fullerton Avenue Conduit and Pumping Works were built, and threw water from the North Branch into the lake during the period from 1876 to 1885. The source of the water supply was then thought to be protected from pol- lution through the Fullerton Avenue outlet, having been removed to a distance of two (2) miles from shore, and the canal had more than enough to do to take care of the Main River and South Branch. In the meantime the State, by a joint resolution of the Legisla- ture of 18S1, required the City of Chicago to erect pumping works at Bridgeport, of a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per minute, for the jnirpose of pumping the contents of the Chicago River into the canal, and increasing the flow in the latter. And when this plant, which began operations in the spring of 1884, had attained its full efficiency in the fall of 1885, the machinery at Fullerton Avenue was reversed, and it now pumps fresh water from the lake into the North Branch, thus diluting the contents of the lat- ter, and furnishing the head needed for a flow toward the Bridgeport pumps. Under ordinary conditions the action of the Bridgeport pumps, which throw on the average 40,000 cubic feet per minute, causes a perceptible current away from the lake in the principal branches of the river, and keeps them in tolerable condition, as then fresh lake water is mingling continuously with the polluted water at the river mouth and at Fullerton Avenue. The current toward the pumps, however, is often neutralized by the eftecl on the river of the fluctuations of the lake level, which arc at times very large and*i-apid. The South Fork with its two arms, the Stock Yards Slip, and the reach crossing Ashland Avenue, is not benefited by the pumps to any extent, because f-esli sewage only takes the place of what old sewage is contributed by this portion of the river to the Bridgeport pumps. As a consequence, the condition of the South Fork and its arms is ex- so THE HIGHWAYS OP COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. tvemely bad, although it has not yet been shown to atifect the health of the residents of the vicinity very much. Thus it is seen that in dry weather the present conditions and arrangements work in unison, and with some degree of efficiency, towards the accomplishment of both these purposes: the protection of the water supply and the abatement of the river nuisance. It is in times of high water, however, that the present conditions serve the latter purpose to excess while entirely defeating the former one. The western continuation of the West F"ork, the Ogden-Went- worth Ditch, is in touch with the Desplaines River through the Og- den Dam at the point where the river runs close to an extremely low divide; the eastern extremity of the West Fork joins the South Branch in close proximity to the head of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Bridgeport pumps. The volume of the flow of the Desplaines River, taken near the Ogden Dam, ranges from practically nothing in dry weather, with the flow line less than eight feet above the lowest lake level or city datum, to more than 6oo,cx3o cubic feet per minute dur- ing the floods, with flow line more than fifteen feet above the city da- tum, or more than three feet above the crest of the Ogden Dam, This flood volume exceeds the normal capacity proposed for the final main drainage outlet and ship canal, and is equal to more than ten times the utmost capacity of the Bridgeport pumps. Out of this total there escaped, in the instance of the spring flood of 1887, into the West Fork by way of the Ogden Dam a portion amounting to 420,000 cubic feet per minute, or seven times the utmost capacity of the Bridgeport pumps. Such volumes of Desplaines water arrive in front of the pumps under high velocities and intercept and push back the flow of the South Branch. Therefore the pumps are stopped on such occasions, when they would only pump the Des- plaines overflow into the canal which is itself severely taxed by its own storm VTaters. When from any cause too much of the middle stage of the Des- plaines river comes through the Ogden Dam, a milder form of the flood conditions obtain, and the Bridgeport pumps draw partly Des- plaines water, to the in^iry of the sanitary condition of the South Branch. The flood waters of the Desplaines and West Fork turn the current of the South Branch towards the lake, and after having re- ceived an addition of 20 or 30 per cent, from the North Branch de- bouch into the lake, hearing with them large amounts of live sewage and of sediment, and leaving the river behind comparatively pure. TIIK llKillWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TKAVEL. 81 The mass does not readily mingle with the waters of the lake, but seems to adhere to the river mouth in an immense elastic body capable of being stretched out for long distances by the wind and the lake cuiTents created by it. If those chance to be in a direction from tlie river mouth towanl the water works crib two miles from shore, there is constant danger of a pollution of the water sup])ly, and such pollution has actually taken place several times. This state of aftairs lasts until diftusion. aeration, oxidation and the Bridgeport j^unips have removed or destroyed the impurities in the lake water. Another very had eft'ecl of a flood in the river is this, that the outfalls of the low grade combined sewers are choked off, and the sewer contents backed up, flooding and damaging the lower portions (jf houses and sending sewer gas through the plumbing into the rooms. No wonder, then, that public opinion strongly demanded better itrovisions to disi)0sc of the sewage and to protect the water suiii)ly. As a result of the pressure of public opinion, the city ' council finally determined to make arrangements for keeping the flood waters of the Des Plaines river and the north arm of tlie Chicago river out of the Chicago river itself, and to provide an outflow for the latter to the Illinois river by dig- ging a large canal with suffioicnt fall. This new canal should at the same time serve as a water-way for large ships; and the cost of its construction was estimated at $25,000,000. The approval of the project by the legislature on behalf of the state of Illinois was secured only with great effort, and successfully defended against later legal attacks. However, although the commissioners and engineers for the construc- tion of the canal were named long ago. and plans and esti- mates have since then been made, the opinion has at last been reached that the undertaking will require far more than the $25,000,000 that have been allowed for it; and now, in view of the fact that a great ship-canal must become of na- tional importance, the effort is being made to secure the help of the state of Illinois or of the United States. The Sfriefs of t/ic Citj/ are closely related to the drain- 'tt/r .eeially the heavy freight wagons. The new i)avement of (jraintf hlncks, although laid in the best manner upon a permanent foundation, yields readily to the constant wear from heavy traffic, which gives to the pavement an uneven and slippery surface, leaving very slight and uncertain footing for hcavilj^ laden teams, and causing many serious and fatal accidents to valuable horses. It is ai»i>arent, however, that for the better class of resi- dence streets, the sli<:et asplialt 2^cioemeiit is growing in favor, owing largely to the perfection reached in the preparation of the material in adapting it to the extremes of climate, giving a smooth and cleanly surface, shutting out all foul and poi- sonous gases, and leaving the street in a ]>erfcct sanitary con- dition. Street- C I ea ning, ou Account of the growth of the city and the gingerly appropi'iations, has proven a difficult prob- lem to solve. In the mean time, great efforts are being made to make this department of public service more eflfective. The Sidi- W(t/ks were formerly entirely of wood. On ac- count of the elevation of the street levels, they lie, in many l>arts of the city, high above the real level of the ground. Large stone flags, however, come more and more into use; and the great business streets and the better class of residence streets are now provided with such walks. Another well developed means of communication here are the Drair-Bn'df/rs. These are said to be more numerous in f'hieagothan in any other city. Here they have under- gone all phases of development. In the earlj' days of Chicago boats were the onlj' means of communication for the meagre intercourse across the river. In 1829 a fii'ri/, which also transported teams and cattle, was set in oi)eration at the fork of the river. In 1830, the first bridge for foot iiassengers was built of unhewn tree trunks, 84 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. at the site of the present Kinzie st. bridge. In 1832, a new and somewhat better bridge was built near the present Ran- dolph St., at a cost of $486.00, the expense of which was de- fraj-ed by the citizens and Indians jointly. But at the end of only three years, it was in a condition so dangerous to life that its removal was ordered. The first draw-bridge over the river was built in 1834; it spanned the river at Dearborn st., was 300 feet long, and consisted of two halves that were drawn up towards the banks. In 1840, a kind of pontoon bridge was built at Clark st. To open the bridge, one of the floating pontoons was drawn aside by means of a chain and windlass. In 1848, there were bridges at Wells, Randolph, Kinzie and Clark sts. In 1849, all these bridges were destroyed by the great flood of that year, of which the historical part of this book gives the par- ticulars. In 1856, the first iron bridge was built across the river at Rush St.; this was, at the same time, the first iron bridge in the West. The bridges increased steadily in number with the growth of the city, and although twelve of them were destroyed in the great fire, they were soon replaced by new and better bridges. Some of the most recently built are magnificent double bridges, entirely of iron, and more adequate to the ever in- creasing traflfic. Of these, the new bridges especially, at Lake, Clark and Adams streets, each costing about $140,000, are worth seeing. At present there are in all 45 bridges, the most of which are of iron or iron and wood, and two entirely of wood. Since the Street Railway Traffic has found an outlet through the tunnels, and the new bridges on the principal streets are operated more rapidly, by steam power, this means of communication has lost much of the unpopularity attached to it in former years, when the humor or laziness of the bridge tenders frequently arrested travel between the various parts of the cit^^ for a quarter of an hour or more. The River TiDineh, of which there are two — one at Wash- ington and the other at La Salle st.— were built a number of CentraJI Urusic Hall, cor. State and R.m 86 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. years ago, to provide a means of unhindered intercourse be- tween the different parts of the city. They have, however, never come into general use — the more so since the much easier and rapid handling of the bridges by steam power has greatly reduced the interruption of travel caused by opening them. The wagon road of the tunnels has become so dan- gerous, through the rapidly moving cable cars, that the wagon travel has almost entirely ceased. Footmen should cau- tiously avoid the passage. The foot-way of the La Salle st. tunnel, however, is well lighted and fairly patronized. The entrance is on the south side of La Salle st., between Lake and South Water streets. This tunnel was built at a cost of $570,000. A new tunnel, between Jackson and Van Buren streets, to connect the South and West Sides for the pro- jected Blue Island avenue cable cars, is in process of con- struction and promises to be finished by 1892. The System of Street Hailways consists of cars moved by cables, horses or electricity. By far the largest part of the city travel is controlled by the cable cars, the systems of which are becoming more and more extended. Following are some figures to indicate the traffic of the street railways for 1890: South Side System — passengers, 68,734,969; receipts, 13,500,000. NortJi Side System— passengers, 40,000,000; re- ceipts, $2,000,000. West Side System— vassengeis. 75,000,000; receipts, $3,665,000. Most of the street railways radiate outward from the business center. With the enormous enlargement of the city, numerous so-called Cross Town lines have been intro- duced, which cross the city in all directions without entering the business center. Worthy of inspection are the great macJiine-houses of the cable cars: oil the Nortli Side, cor. La Salle and Illinois sts.; and North Clark st., near Elm; West Side, cor. Washington and Jefferson sts., and cor. Milwaukee ave. and Cleaver st. The uniform fare is five cents. The great railway traffic has led to the construction of numerous Viaducts, of which there are now thirty-five. The THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. §7 most remarkable of these is the viaduct at Twelfth st., which stretches half a mile, from AVabash avenue to the river. As much as the capacit}' of the city's means of transpor- tation—street-railways and railroads— have been extended in recent years, they are in no way equal to the enormous in- crease of city travel. Although the two Elevated Raihvads Temperance Temple, cor. La Salle and Monroe streets. now in process of construction will furnish some relief, the already enormous suburban travel is so constantly and rapidly increasinsr, that permanent relief is to be expected only from the construction of a number of elevated railroads. The condition of the street-cars, which are crowded to suffocation S8 THE HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE AND TRAVEL. during the morning and evening hours; the large number of passengers obliged to stand, sometimes for hours, while rid- ing; the manj' passengers standing on the foot-boards or hanging on to the cars, in some way struggling for a ride at any cost — prove that the city's means of transportation are entirely insufficient. 3) POPULATION. The total 2)02)t(I(iti()n of Chicago, according to the school census of May, 1890, was 1,208,699. Of this number, 859,247 were persons over 14 years of age. Subtracting from these, 250,000 as belonging to households proper, and estimating the numerous servants at 100,000, we have to account for over 500,000 grown people. From this number must first be sub- tracted a large number, mostly immigrants of all nationalities, who have attained a modest prosperity— who have reached a certain (rarely high old) age and who live on their frequently insignificant, but sufficient, income. Their number, consist- ing of Itcdians, Bohemians, Irish, Poles, and also Scandina- vians, is very large. Americans, English and Germans, as a rule, follow their vocations longer. Industry and economy make it possible here for nearly every one to secure at least a modest competence, and hence the number of really old people in the factories and the trades is small, This class of the population is estimated at about 100,000; the remaining 400,000 are active in the various walks of life. This population may be again divided according to its distribution, as follows: The 3d, 4th, 25th, and 32d wards are the most distinctive residence quarters of the city. Here are the residences of the wealthy classes; very few factories, few stores, hotels, boai'ding houses, etc; and the population con- sists principally of natives. These wards show an excess of females in the population, which is mostly explained by the large number of domestics in these well-to-do districts. Twenty-two other tcards (5, 6, 8, 9, 10-16, 19-22, 26-31, 34), on the other hand, show a population of 237,091 males and 210,- 333 females over 21 years old, with 165,808 households. Here are centered the great manufacturing, shipping and railway interests and thb population connected with them; they are POPULATION. 8«) the districts occupied by the iiiiddU' and hiboring classes, and show the largest luuuber of families. Then come the «')-called " liiinnllng IIovsc Wards' (1, 2, 33, 23, 24, 7, 17, 18). These contain the great hotels, restau- rants, theaters, etc., and the largest number of boarding houses, ■■ furnished rooms'-establishments, etc. More than three-fourths of the population of Chicago are foreigners or of foreign descent. The various nationali- ties are groujied in diiferent sections, and so the city gains a decidedly cosmoi)olitan character, which has become much more marked in recent years. The new and important enter- prises that are constantly springing into life naturally attract large numbers of immigrants, who, in so far as they are sA-<7/- fuJ-AwdpcrsrvcrliKj workmen, are measurably successful here. The Xationah'tli^ (if the city divide about as follows, ac- cording to the school census of 188-i. This census, however, , has been found incorrect, as each nationality made their children follow in line with parents, though many of the chil- dren were born in Chica^^o. The U. S. census of 1890, when published, may be expected to give more reliable figures. Ainen'cous (of which 14.490 are colored persons), 290,000; (;enHa;(.s-, 385,000; 7//.sA, 215,0(10; Bohnniaus,5^,()0(); Stcedes, 45,000: N^ururgians, 45,000; Eiigh'tihmm, 35.000; Frenchmen, 13,000; Scotchmen, 12,000; Russians, 10,000; Danes, 10,000; Italians, 10,000; Hollanders, 5,000; Hungarians, 5,000; Ca- nadians, 7,000; Roumanians. 4,500; Welsh, 3.000; Siriss, 2.800; Grech-s, 700; Belgians, 700; Spaniards, 300; Chinese, 1.200; etc. We refer to the tables appended at end o. this book for figures of the statistics of population and occupations. IV. How TO See Chicago. A CURSORY GLANCE AT THE CITY.-THE STREETS. The varied character of the industries, the cosmopolitan character of the population, the large labor population as well as the enlargement of the city are gradually leading to an ever more specialized grouping of the various kinds of busi- ness in certain streets, of the nationalities in certain quarters, and of the population, according to means, in certain districts. The city as a whole, is divided somewhat as follows: I) THE BUSINESS CENTER: or the district bound on the east by the Lake, on the north and west by the river, and on the south by Van Buren street. In the northwestern part of this district is the Court House, from which nearly all the distances mentioned in this book are reckoned. The district also includes the prominent theatres. This section is the heart of the city. Within it the business interests are distributed in such a way that the retail business ozc\v^\q% the eastern, the xvholesal'e business the western part of it; and south- ward, toward Van Bureu street, are found the Banking, Real Estate and Board of Trade interests. The Retail Trade is most important in State street, which runs from north to south. Here is the faie trade, the great stores, the con- course of the fashionable world. Wabash ai'eniie one block to the east of and parallel with State street possesses a similar character. Another, somewhat less elegant retail street is Clark street, two blocks west of and parallel with State street. To these is to be added Madison street, a great business street running from east to west; and Randolph street, two blocks north of Madison street. Moreover, the streets running parallel with those mentioned, contain a large retail tirade. The Wholesale Business begins on South Water street, running parallel with the river, with a very important produce trade; then follow Lake street, with Leather, Glass, and Crockery establishments; Randolph street, retail trade; Washington street, real estate dealers, and the great dailies; Madison street, retail; Monroe street, banks, paper and stationary trade; Adams street, ^o'ii-o%.CQ and great cor- A CURSORY r.LANPE AT THE OITY. Dl porations; ytjcksoit street, the exchanges; and very near by are the principal raih-oad depots. Then, running from north to south, the following streets require mention : the first street east, toward the lake, Michigan avenue, hotels ; two blocks farther west. Dearborn street, finance, and agen- cies of various interests, the tailors of the fashionable world, the large printing establishments, etc.; two blocks farther west. La Salle street, steam ship agencies, banks, insurance companies and the exchange business; another block west, Fifth avenue, the newspapers, and great dry-goods establishments; then Franklin z.v^A Market streets, the great clothing manufactories, the cloth trade, shoe factories, etc. The principal business streets in the center of the city are, from north to south: Fifth ave.. La Salle st., Clark, Dearborn, State sts,, and IVabash ave.; from east \.o wtsV. Lake, Randolph, Washington, Madison, Monroe, Adams and Jackson sts. Bine Lsland ave., x\x\\- ning diagonally connects the center with the Southwest Side; and Mikoaukee ave. does the same for the Northwest Side. To one side of the center runs ITalsted street, connecting the North and West Sides. The principal connecting streets between the North and North- west Sides are Chicago are.. Division st., and North ave. 2) THE MANUFACTURING CENTER. Although the manufactories are scattered all over the city, yet the greatest number is found on the West Side. A part of Canal St., and especially Clinton st., both parallel with the river, and a great part of the whole southwestern section of the city are devoted to manufacturing interests; and also contain the homes of the laboring population connected with those interests. Here the Bohemian element, especially, is found, besides Irish, French, Germans, etc. 3) THE SHIPPING BUSINESS. This is distributed along the river, its branches, and the canal, and is especially important in the so-called lumber district, near lUue Island ave. and 22d st. 4) The LIVE STOCK and MEAT TRADE. This is the trade in live stock and dressed meats and products prepared for ex- port. This is concentrated at the Union Stock Yards, south of 39th street, and is one of the most important factors of the city's com- mercial life; the immense yards and slaughter and packing houses, and the laboring population connected with them, lorm a city by themselves. 5) RESIDENCES. These are distrii)uted all over the city, but are entirely excluded from the business center. Many sections, as 92 A CURSORY GLANCE AT THE CITY. for example the niMthern part of Wabash ave., and some streets on the North Side, near the river, liave gradually lost their character as residence streets under the growing requirements of room for business purposes. On the other hand, the regions to the north and south along the lake shore, will probably retain for all time, on account of their incomparable situation, the character of leading residence dis- «tricts. The inhabitants there are principally Americans. The southern part of the city, south of ibth street, \\'\\]\ Afichigan avenue as the principal thoroughfare, and with the streets running parallel with it toward the lake, to and beyond the South Side park system, '\i,\\vq finest residence portion of the city. State street, south of Polk St., contains a lai-ge negro population; and Clark street from Vail Buren St. to Twelfth st. viaduct, harbors large \\wvahe.x%o{ Negroes, Chinamen, Italians, Greeks, etc' In the West, Ashland ave. and the streets running parallel and at right angles with it constitute the fashionable quarter, as also the vicinity of the large parks: Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt parks. The large district that extends about two miles west from the river between W. Lake ^x\A IV. Madison sts. was formerly almost exclusively occupied by residences; and is now in a transition process which in another decade will stamp upon it a completely changed character. West Lake St., west of Halsted St., still furnishes the type of dwelling houses .in vogue here 25 and 35 years ago. The district between W. Lake and W. Jackson sts., and espe- cially toward the parks, is principally occupied by American residents. The Northwest Side, with Milwaukee ave. as principal street is most- ly occupied by Poles, Norwegians, Danes and Germans.. The N'orth Side, a section of the city, that was almost en- tirely re-built after the great fire contains, in the angle between the main river and its north branch, as far north as Chicago avenue, a largely Irish population and many manufactories; on Chicago avenue and the neighboring streets, mostly Swedes; and scattered all over the North Side, a German population. AH these statements are of a very general character, as most of the different nationalities occupy several sections, and definite boun- daries cannot be drawn. Around these various sections, and including- about two-thirds of the population, runs the great system of parks and boulevards, which has been described elsewhere. Beyond the parks and boule- vards lie the numerous suburbs, the most noteworthy of which have 94 A CURSORY GLANCE AT THE CITY. been described in another place, while a table appended to this book gives them all, with items relating to them. STREETS. The city of Chicago has now 2,047 miles of streets, and 59 miles of drives. The streets run dtie north and south or east and west, with two or three avenues running diagonally in each section of the city, being the old thoroughfares from the country over which the farmers brought their vegetables and poultry to market before the days of the railroad. The streets east and 70t'st, south of ^x\d parallel to the main river, are named after the presidents of the United States in chronological order for a mile. South of this they are designated numerically, commencing with Twelfth street. STREET NUMBERS. The river, and Randolph and Lake sts. west of it, form the dividing line for the ntinibers oi ihe sirceis running north and south, from which they are nmnbered, with the prefixes iiorth and south. Some streets on the North Side instead of the prefix north change 'street' to 'avenue', thus Dearborn street is south of the river, while Dearborn avenue is the same street north of the dividing line. Below Twelfth st. the houses are numbered by allotting one hundred numbers to each block, each block commenc- ing on a new hundred — thus 2908 Calumet ave. will be found four doors south of 29th street. The streets running from east to west commence to nutnber at the lake, but beyond the river they require the prefix 7vest and commence to number again at the river, west. As the blocks are rectangular and coincide with the points of the compass, strangers easily find their way about Chicago and feel at home at once. ALPHAHETICAL LIST OF OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN THE CITY. Allninihni Tli,atr< l!»()S State sts Anahc Mdfirrth Tinij)!) ,?>\^{\\ Indiana avc, *Art Institute, 198 Michisau avo. Athletic Chih Building, 130 Michigan ave. *Aii(h'f<)riiini Tfntrf, 215 IMichigan ave. ■* Tlicatre, Congress st. & Michigan ave. * " Tovev, Congress st. & Michigan ave. *Boareople }>assthis corner than at an.y other point of the city, and we can readily believe the assertion. As we wait we remark an especially attractive show window on the south east corner. Much skill and good taste has been ex- pended in arranging the exhibit of ladies' dress goods, and the labor has been well sju'iit, as it is constantly surrounded by an admiring gathering of ladies, young and old. At last we manage to cross the street and jiass along slowly to the to the South. On the west side of State street we ob.serve startling announcements in flaming red letters, of bargains ofl"ered in these resorts of bargain hunters and see that the enterprising proprietors have not cast their bait in vain. All shades and conditions of females crowd the entrance and we mentally thank heaven that we have taken the east side of the street, where, in this [larticular block, the stores are de- 102 STREET SCENES. voted to jeweliy. furs, gloves, clothino-, and silverware, and for the present we are out of the crush. As we near Monroe street the imposing' proportions and agreeable outlines of the Palmer House appear. This magnificent hotel, although built nearly twentj^ j'ears ago, is still one of the model hotels of the world. In some of its features it is indeed unsurpassed. As we approach the corner of Monroe street, the crowd sur- rounding the windows of a large music store on the north west corner of Monroe street, atti-acts observation. Here is the finest exhibition of musical instruments to be found in the country, and we cross the street and spend a few moments admiring the disl^laJ^ Everything in the musical line from a guitar to a grand piano, and from a flute to a complete out- fit for a brass band, can be had here, and is arranged in the window in the most artistic manner. That "Music has charms to soothe a savage breast" is quite clear from the interest displayed by the onlookers, some of whom, judging by their red woolen leggings, are fresh from a Michigan lumber camp, and evidently intent on purchasing some- thing ''soothing." Having satisfied our curiosity we move along, but dismayed by the crowd of females to be seen on the next block on the west side of the street, we retreat to the east side again. As we reach the stately entrance of the Palmer House we notice in various attitudes about the pillars supporting the entrance, types of the throng that go to make up hotel life, with, mayhaps, a city man or two, posing for a brief spell, as a guest of the hotel, in a hope to duly impress some passer-by who does not know him. Here may be seen the sprightly gay commercial traveller, lounging away a few minutes, happy in seeing and being seen, with eyes keenly alert for a hoped for glance from some pretty woman passing by. Near him is a timid gentleman from a small town in the West who views the crowd with great interest, but hesitates to trust himself far from the security he feels within the walls of the hotel. Groups of two or three are scattered around, busily engaged in conversation, while the doors are kept in constant motion, by the crowd going in and out. A line of cal)s is drawn up in front of the hotel and a STREET SCENES. 103 gentleman soatod in (»ne is Kcini;' Iiandcd his valises b^' a siiiilini!; iK)rter, the latter aiiitarently eonlidcnt that a gene- rous tip will be his reward. Sure enough a quarter is passed out and our porter friend smiles and thanks the " drummer" who is rajiidlj- driven awaj' to catch his train. Cood luck go with him. As we approach Adams street a verj- noticeable increase in the number of ladies is to be observed. We are now in the heart of the shopping district as on those corners are three immense retail establishments devoted to drygoods, notions, household goods, in fact almost everything that per- tains to the comfort of the body or the convenience or ele- gance of the hdusehold. A block east, on the corner of Wa- l)ash ave. are two more of the greatest retail dry goods houses in the city. There is a stead j' stream of ladies, almost always in parties of two or three, passing along Adams street in either direction, and, as they meet the throng on State street, there is a good humored crush in which the male pedestrian feels that lie is sadly out of place. That these ladies are the wives and the sisters and the mothers of the Chicago man is evi- dent from the earnestness with which they engage in the business of shopping. "Bargains" is the watchword of the hour and they bestow none but contemptuous glances on any unfortunate male who may be struggling in the throng. The latter loses no time in getting out of the crowd convinced that, in this immediate vicinitj% he is a nuisance on the face of the earth, and vowing to himself he had no business to venture in the neighborhood. After passing Adams street there is more breathing space, and as we move along, notice the attractive front of '(runther" the candy man. This is a popular resort for the ladies to rest themselves after the arduous task of shopping or to refresh themselves in its in- tervals. Here one can examine liis celebrated collection of curiosities and anticjuities at leisure and while away a plea- sant half hour. Passing Jackson street we notice a few large stores devoted to pianos and furniture, but also observe that there is less activity and less effort at artistic display than farther ninth. The whide block i'lnm \';iii Huren to Congress 104 STREET SCENES. street is now occupied by one immense straicture, 8 stories high, built in the most substantial manner and faced with granite. It is rapidly approaching completion and no doubt will be an important factor in the development of the busi- ness of this street. South of Congress street State street still retains some of its characteristics which at one time gained for it the title '"The Levee." Between Congress and Harri- son streets there ai-e to be found in the neighborhood of 20 saloons. Time was when most of this part of the street was occupied by noisy concert saloons, and all these places that remain were in the good old days of "the Levee" establish- ments of that character. The broom of "reform," however, some years since swept the street of its noisy characteristics; now these resorts manage to make a living out of the "old timers ' who were wont to "do the town" in the former era and who still visit the neighborhood when looking for "the ele- phant". A couple of cheap theatres are on the west side of the street, doing a lively business with sensational plays and scantily clad women as attractions. The ominous "golden balls ' of the pawnbroker are now frequently to be noticed, a sure sign of the uncertain charac- ter of the surrounding population. When we pass Harrison street our colored brethren seem to be noticeably frequent On a fine afternoon this street is a parade ground for all the "]-*ulhnan Porters ' in town. Gay young darkies, expensively attired, here display themselves for the admiration of their feminine friends and are supremely happy when fitted out in fine raiment with nothing to do but lounge around and view tiie passers-by. Second hand clothing stores begin to multi- ply and cheap restaurants attract your attention. Their con- spicuous sign-boards and unique window advertisements compel notice. One of these establishments proclaims in porcelain letters that their meals are "Good enough for any- body and cheap enough for everybody", "A regular dinner for 15 cents with no limit on bread, butter or coffee". Should, however, the hungry man with 15 cents in his pocket hesitate to enter here and cast his eyes across the street, he will be sorely i)erplexed, for there a rival establishment ofi'ers "A STREET srENES. ^05 reaular diniKM- for 1.") cents, iiicliidiiisf 9 dishes and two kinds of dessert ". NVlio need go liungry under sneh conditions? After passing l*ollc street one finds a number of expen- sively fitted up saloons, restaurants and barber shops, which are owned and patronized exclusively by colored persons. Here we see tiie Pulhnan porter lavishly spending his riches. We can easilj- surmise the source of business lor all the pawnbrokers and second hand clothing dealers in this neighborhood, when Ave reflect on the well known propensity of the colored man to gamble. He is second only to the Chinaman in that respect. As a consequence, the pawn- brokers are fouiul in large numbers in this vicinity, waxing fat, rich, and saucy. Tn the neigborhood of Taylor street the tenements on either side of the street are noticeably dingy and in a sadly demoralized condition. The store floors are occupied by cheap saloons and second hand stores with an occasional greasy looking restaurant, or bai'ber shop, sand- wiched in. There seems to be a general average of two saloons to one second hand store, which would indicate that the business of two of the former is ecpial to sui)porting one of the latter. The street goes from bad to worse below Taylor street, until the decay is abruptly terminated by the demo- lition of buildings, on the west side of the street, to make room for the needs of the railroads entering the Dearborn Station. The east side of the street continues to loose in character until the viaduct that crosses Twelfth street puts a stop to its downward career. This viaduct, by the way, is an immense affair of its kind. It is two-thirds of a mile in length and extends from Wabash avenue, across railroad tracks and the river, to Canal street on the west side. [{(■aching Twi'lfth street we ascend the stairs to the via- duct and stop for a moment to view the panorama below. It is an interesting scene with the swiftly moving cable trains and the numerous wagons and trucks making their way to and from the neighboring freight depots. Moving along the viaduct tcy?/arfZs included under the above title form a district of about one square mile in the southwestern part of the city. In the selection of the location for the trade the controlling principle has been the same as that which governed the arrangement and distribution of the grain ele- vators: the cheapest and speediest transfer of large masses, from railway trains to shij^s, and vice versa. For this purpose the location of the lumber district is very favorable. It stretches along the north shore of the south arm of Chicago river, from Halsted street to Western avenue, over a length of two miles, and is bounded on the north by Blue Island avenue. At about the middle of this distance another branch of the river runs to the southward, and is flanked by a num- ber of large yards. More important, however, is the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which connects with the river here, and opens up a large territory for the Chicago lumber trade. Northward from the river thirteen slips extend up into the district, and along their edges lie the yards. A railway track running along the northern edge of the district and sending many branches into it, connects the lumber district with the " Belt Ziine,' and by this with all the railroads of Chicago. At present Michigan and Wisconsin are the sources of the timber supply for the Northwest. The kinds of timber that are most extensively cut are ]jiue and sjiruce, and next in importance are ortA;,^>o^>/ar and ash; while the more ex- pensive hard woods, such as walnut, cherry, etc., having be- come scarce in the North, are brought mostly from the South. The timber is the most part directly sawed into lumber in the districts where it is cut; but some of it reaches Chicago unsawed, and is worked up into boards, posts, lath, etc., in the saw and planing mills of the lumber district. For the 218 STREET SCENES. seasoning of the green lumber, there are dry-kilns, in which the moisture is driven off by air-drafts or steam-heating. This lumber is called "kiln-dried." When it is to be sea- soned in the open air, it is piled up in regular, four-cornered piles, which are often as high as houses, with a system of longitudinal and cross streets between them. The railway tracks usually run close to the shores of the slips, and in this way loads can be transferred directly from the cars to ships, and the reverse. The life of the lumber-yards is a very active one. The long railway trains and the coming and going ships speak for the importance anc^ extent of the lumber trade; but the local trade, owing to the constant and active erection of buildings, is in itself very important. There are other lumber yards along the river— at 18th st., on Goose Island, at the mouth of the river, and also in South Chicago. In the vicinity of the Liimher District is the House of Correction, for a full description of which see index. THE GRAIN ELEVATORS. Among the distinguishing features of Chicago belong the great elevators^ scattered along the river. They serve a double purpose, first as ware-houses, and again as re-loading establishments on a large scale. For the latter purpose they are invariably located at the water's edge, in order to make the shipping of grain as direct as possiVjle. The product of the grain harvest of the Northwest reaches the great center of the American grain trade in long trains. These trains move alongside, or, as in most cases, into the elevator, and are unloaded with great rapidity, al- lowing the grain to run through spouts into bins at a lower level. From here it is raised to the upper stories in the fol- lowing manner: From the lowest receptacles, many broad, endless belts, provided with scoops, run up to the uppermost story, and are set in rapid motion by a steam engine. The scoops fill up with grain below and tip it out again at the top. From here the bins of the other stories are filled by simply opening the traps in the floor and allowing the grain to run STREET SCENES. jl9 to the desired place through large spouts. Ships are loaded in the same way. The ends of large spouts, which are mov- able in all directions, are placed into the hold of the ship, and the contents of the grain bins are allowed to run out through them. Of course, all other possible devices and im- provements are used to make the traffic easy and safe; and, indeed, the elevators work so rapidly that whole railroad trains or ship-load.s can be transferred in less than an hour. There are at present twenty-six elevators in Chicago's elevator systeu), with capacities varying from 175,000 to 3,000,000 bushels; and with a total cai)acity of 28,675.000 bushels. THE UNION STOCK YARDS. The Vuioii iStock Ydrds. — Loctifiuii: In the former town of Lake, about 4\ miles south of City Hall — extending on the north to 8flth st.; on the south, to 47th street; on the west, to Ashland ave.; and on the east, to Halsted street — covering a surface of 350 acres. Access. — By street-car, via Halsted St., starting fmni City Hall on Randolph st., in 90 minutes, to 40th st.; via S. State st., by cable road of South Side from the corner of Lake and State streets (two blocks east of City Hall), to Root st.; and thence west to the en- trance of the stock yards, in 50 min. By the local trains of Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; of Lake Shore & Michigan Southern; and of other railroads. They contain 3.300 pens and stalls (1,800 covered; 1,500 uncovered), sheltering at the same time 25,000 head of oxen, 14,000 head of sheep, and 150,000 swine. This gigantic es- tablishment contains twenty miles of streets paved with wood; twenty miles of troughs, supplying fresh drinking water; and fifty miles of feeding troughs, providing the cat- tle with the best of food. The water conies from six Artesian wells, averaging a depth of 1,230 feet. All railroads commu- nicate directly with the stock yards, the track within these grounds aggregating eightj'-seven miles. fiispi-ction: Admission to the Union Stock Yards is free to all. But the visitor who desires to inspect the slaughter- 120 STREET SCENES. houses and packing establishments, and to erain a more than superficial knowledge of the working of the plants, will find the services of a competent guide indispensable. They should, however, be careful not to engage for this purpose, one of the many idlers loitering about the place. The best way for obtaining a useful guide is to make ap]dication at one of the large firms — Armour & Co., or Swift & Co. The object of greatest interest to strangers, is, unques- tionably, the slaughtering. The rigorous application of the principle of division of labor makes it possible for the vari- ous operations to be all completed within a few minutes. This may be best observed in the hog butchery, where, dailj', from 30,000 to 60,000 pieces arrive, which, after being accu- rately weighed, are driven over long wooden bridges to the various slaughter houses, where the hind legs of every ani- mal are shackled by iron rings. A hook connected with a movable roller running on a track is then puit into these rings and the hog, hanging on its hind legs, transported to the slaughter house, where the butcher opens with a skillful cut the arteries of the neck, the blood running off in a furrow on the floor. The dead hog, still hanging by its hind legs, is then placed in a barrel of boiling water, whence it is, after three minutes, removed, and, with the aid of iron tongues, placed on a table. There a machine with forty-eight knives in different positions, shaves the body clean, placing all the bristles in a heap, while streams of water are constantly pouring over the body, to wash away the last traces of hair and dirt. Then the hog is taken by the nose, pushed on a bench, and there opened and eviscerated. Lungs, heart and liver are put aside, to be utilized for sausage meat; and the head is chopped off, and brain, eyes, etc., thrown with the gi'ease. The tongue, which is to be canned, is separately stored up. After the body has been cut open length- wise, it is i)laced in the refrigerator. All these operations Iiave been performed within a few minutes, by means of extensive use of mechanical contrivances. After being cooled off, the hogs are, still hanging by their hind legs on the gliding roller, pushed into an ice chamber, STREET SCENES. 121- about 400x200 foot largo, whoro, arraiigod in rows, tlicy are left tor thirtj' luuirs, uridor the iiifluouce of a toJiii»eratiuo i»f several des^rces bolow zero. Tlioii the halves are transported to choppiiifT blocks, whore the should(;ros, the hams, and other fleshy parts are cut off by the butcher, leaving only a flitch, which, weighing about fifty-six pounds, is salted, and, after three weeks, packed in lots of ten into long cases and sent away. Tlie smoking of the hams and the preparation of the sausages, likewise offoctuatod liy moans of oxtonsive moclian- ical appliances, are of little interest to those not in the busi- ness. The slaughtering of boof and slioop is done in a similar manner. The beeves, however, are killed bj' a blow with an iron hammer, breaking the skull of the animaks, which have approached the butcher through an alley, just wide enough for one body. Then their hind legs are shackled, the bodies lifted up, and the blood vessels opened. Sheep are killed by a quick cut opening the arteries of the nock; then the nape is broken. The ojlf'nl of the slaughtering houses — grease, skins, bones, blood, etc. — is for the most i)art utilized for the production of pressed tallow, oleomargarine, butterine, leather, glue, etc., in the various establishments situated for the most i)art, in the immediate neighborhood of the stock yards. The most jirominent firms of the stock yards are Armour tf- C"., employing about 8,8(10; Sin'/f d' Co.. employing about 3,200 men; N^tlson Morris S Co.; and Li/>J>i/, ]\lcN(ill cf' Lihl)}!. in 1889, 3,000,000 beeves, as many shee]), 6.000,000 swine, and 28,0(10 calves were received at the stock yards. The larg- est number of cattle received in one daj' was 22,0(54 beeves, 60,000 swine, and 12,(!80 shooi). An idea of the enormous railroad trafiic of the stock yards may be obtained from the fact that the firm of Swift & Co. alone receive on an average 125 carloads of cattle per day. STREET SCENES. A DEIVE Oil WALK TO LINCOLN PARK. Rush Street.—Pine Street. —Along the Lake Shore Drive. When going for a drive or walk to Lincoln Park from the South-side the route usually taken is via Rush street bridge. Immediately facing the approach to the bridge, at the corner of Michigan ave. and River street, the tablet set in the wall of the Hoyt Grrocery Com])any's building is apt to attract atten- tion. This building occupies the spot on which Fort Bear- horn stood in the early days of Chicago. For a couple of blocks north of the river Rush street is occupied by manufac- turing establishments or cheap tenements largely rented as boarding houses. After passing these the character of the residences begins to improve until, at the northwest corner of Ohio street, we come upon the* Virgmia Apartment Hotel. This immense structure has only recently been completed, and is fitted up in a most luxurious manner Its occupants enjoy in their apartments all the privacy of a home with every convenience to be found in the best hotels. This building is a small city in itself, as about 1000 persons live beneath its roof. Two similar apartment buildings, the Grenada and Salvador, just opposite on the southwest corner, have just been completed, rivalling, if not surpassing, the Virginia hotel. On the east side of the street a block further along standa the llcCormick mansion. This elegant brown-stone residence with mansard roof is the home of Mrs. C. H. Mc- Cormick, the widow of the inventor of the celebrated reaper and mower. Built shortly after the fire, it is a fine specimen of the Chicago architecture of those days, and in one respect, is a model which many of the wealthy of to-day would do well to imitate. Its commendable feature is that all four sides of the building are of the same material. .STREET SCENES. 123 When Huron street is reached a good glimpse of the lake is to be had on the East, while a block west can be seen *t*SV. Janus Epist liUIVES. 129 On the ripht, No. 1540, the Armory; on the left, No. 1629, t«SV. J\iurs Church. On the riffht (20tli st.), f'S'ccouc/ Preahy- fei^idii Church; on the left, the iC'/th Pre.shi/feriaii Church; on the left, cor. 43d St., " Sfo- /vw/'.s- C(tsth\" a huge palace of marble. Cor. 45th st., a fort- like building of hewn stone. Further, detached houses, prai- rie and cultivated land, with occasional clusters of trees (for example, Io)ie Place, on the left). At intersection of 51st St., Washiuf/fou Park. South as far as 59th st., and from here east on Mldu-ay Plat'saucej a broad strip between o9th and 60th sts., connecting Washin(/ton Park with Jackson Park. A beautiful and inviting pleasure ground. Clumps of trees and shrubbery, foot-paths, drive-ways, etc. Enter Jackson l^irk; then north through the park and through Park are. View of Lake 3Iichigan. On the left, beautiful residences; on the right. Hyde Park and the Hyde Park Yacht ('lull niiu.<( . Harbor and pier. View of the city. West un 51st St. ; on the left, the Hyde Park Hotel; on the right, Madison Park. Intersection of interesting diagonal 130 WALKS AND DRIVES. streets, Kimhark ave., Hihhard ave. On the right, cor. Greenwood ave., large residence. Cor. Drexel ave., Z>rexeZ ' Fountain. From here, north over Drexel Boulevard, the most beautifully laid out boule- vard in Chicago. (Modeled after the Avenue de /' Imi^ent- trice, in Paris.) Drive-ways and park-like promenades. On the left, near 50th st., a castle-like structure. At No. 4423, a building in the style of the Renaissance. Many other resi- dences, mostly new and of tasteful design. N. W. cor. 40th St., f South Gongref/atioiial Church; opposite, beautiful houses. Here the boulevard ends with a large flower vase. Oakland Hotel., in open space. South Park Phaeton Station. West over Oakwood Boulevard. Two blocks west of Drexel Boulevard, Yincennes Ave. North over this street. On the left, Aldine, Square (miniature park). Turning to the right on 37th st,, east through Ellis Park. North on Cottage Grove ave. to 35th st. Near the lake and 35th st, Douglas Monument. Beautiful view; to the north, Groveland Park and Woodlauju Park; opposite, the old University grounds. From here, west on 34th st. On the left, the f Baptist Theo- logical Semiuary. North on South Park Ave.; on the left, cor. 33d St., f South Park ave. M. E. Church; on the right (31st St.), iFirst Baptist Church. West two blocks on 31st St., then north on • Prairie Avenue, one of the finest residence streets in Chicago. Variety of architecture. On the right. No. 3017, t-SV. Paul's Universalist Church. On the left, Nos. 2904, 2902, 2808, and many other large and beautiful residences. On the right (cor, 26th at.), fChicae/o Medical Col lee/e and Mercy Hospital. Further north, on the left (No. 1936), a building of quaint but beautiful design. No. 1808, cor. 18th St., a palatial structure in the style of the Renaissance. North to 16th st. West on 16th st. to Wabash ave. North on Wabash Ave. On the right, fLibhy Prison and f Grace Church. On the left. Haven School. Further north, two f Panorama Bitildiuf/s, circular in form. On the right, cor. Congress st., the f Auditorium. From this point to the river, the avenue is a business street, occupied by the better class of the retail trade. WALKS AMI IiUIXKS 131 TIIK IJOAltl) OK TRADK QI^VRTER. J \Va//.-,>/ Thnr Hours. A trip tlirouj^li the newest and most interesting part of the business eenter. the so-called Bnanl of TriuIr'Qudrfrr, is best made by the followin;!; route. From the large double structure, the Court IIoksc and Cifjj ILifl, which serves as the center of the cit^', and is the starting point for all given distances, one would follow Clark street southward to the first crossing (Washington st.) ( )n the southwest corner there towers up a ten story, rather ]>laiii brick building, the jChi- C(if/(t Operii Ilonsr Block; which contains the fC/iiai(/o Ojxni House, besides numerous offices, stores (on the ground floor), etc., and other business apartments. Continuing (west- ward) on Wdshiiu/ton st., we find at the next corner (La Salle St.), the new fCIuimhcr of Coninwrcc building, a 14 story, tower-like structure, one of the highest buildings in the city, exclusively occupied by offices and counting-rooms. Within, a fine rotunda with mosaics, bronzes, etc. Looking down Jja Salle st. toward the south from here, we sec (in lioth sides a series of towering business buildings, rivaling in adaptability and internal, but not always external, beauty. Rising above them all, in the background, is the toll' r of the \ Boiird of Tnuir, eifeetively closing up the perspective. Going S(Uithward we pass, on the left, at the Madison st. corner, the ^Tdcoina huildiiiij, likewise exclu- sively devoted to offices, etc. Two blocks farther south (X. E. cor. Adams), stands the business palace of the ^Home Insur- (lucr Co., and ojjposite this, and likewi.se on the eastern street front, the intiM'esting fIioo/,-rrj/ Bnildituj, with rotunda, mar- ble vestibule, etc. The third southwest — corner of this street crossing is occupied by the \ Insurance E.cchaiige Building. Following this, and on the same side, is the unique Mailer Building, a real tower; and next to it, towards Jackson st., the Gaffd' Counsel- man Buildings. The three last named are bordered on the west by the fRoi/al Insurance Building, which has two entran- ces, toward Jackson and Quincy streets. The other side of La Salle st. is occupied by the j Grand Pacijic Hotel, y^ith its 132 AVALKS AND DRIVES. three facades, and reaching down to Jackson and Clark streets. At the end of La Salle st., and facing it, stands the i Board of Trade hailding. We follow Pacific ave., beginning at the cast front. — Opposite the Board of Trade, to the left, stands the fF/ia:nix Building, whose fine front on Jackson st. (oppo- site the Grand Pacific Hotel), on account of narrowness of the street, is not noticed as it ought to be. Adjoining the narrow Pacific avenue front is the f Qmimerc ■ BaihUng and ■ the iOjxii Board, of Trade, smaller, but interesting buildings. Adjoining the Board of Trade on the south, is the RiaJto Building.! whose princif)al front is on Van Buren st., opposite the flinck JsJand Depot. With Fiftlt ace., one block to the west, we reach tlie f Grand Central Dejjot at the conier of Harrison st. On our return through Fifth ave., there are not many buildings of interest: No. 234, a peculiar example of the restless and experinientative character of tlie architecture of Chicago. Indian and Moorish motives alternate with cir- cular and rectangular openings. The whole front is of solid stone masonry with marble trimmings. A striking contrast to this is fMarsJiaJl Field's large building, occupying the block bounded by Fifth avenue and Franklin, Quincy and Adams sts. This immense warehouse, with its colossal pro-, portions, looks like an arsenal or a mediaeval fortress. The material is great rough-hewn granite blocks. A block farther on, at the S. E. cor. of Fifth ave. and Monroe st., stands the Oioing's Building, which, with its columns and the peculiar form of its tower, reminds one of the temples and pagodas of India. Beyond the crossing with Madison st.. Fifth ave. leads into the neicspaper district: the Herald, Glohe, Daily News, Times, Ahendpost, Frcie Presse, and Staats Zcitung are domiciled here. Of the buildings that are architecturally interesting, the Staats Zeitung, Times and Herald huildings are worthj^ of mention. AN EXCURSION THROUGH THE WEST SIDE. A Half Day's Drire. For a trip through the We.- block more brings us to the crossing with Ashland ave- nue boulevard and West Monroe St. Here we come upon 136 WALKS AND DRIVES. three fine churches: f Third Presbyterian, Ashland ave. and Ogden ave; ^Fourth Baptist, Ashland ave. and West Monroe St.; f Church of the Epiphany, Ashland ave. and W. Adams St.; all of which are vporthy of a closer examination. Now returning through West Monroe st., we traverse the little fjcff( rson Park, and near the corner of Morgan st. pass the iCfuteuuial M. E. Church. Now the fashionable part of the West Side is behind us, and the nearer we approach the river, the more lively, noisy, and less inviting the streets become again. This special quarter, Halsted St. (from about Blue Island ave. to Ran- dolph St.), abounds in pawn-shops, theaters of the second and lower grades, cheap restaurants, shooting galleries, gaudy sa- loons, etc.— a quarter to be seen in all its glory on Saturday nights. A STROLL THROUGH LAKE VIEW AND NEIGH- BORHOOD. Five hours' walk; three hours' drive. Sheridan Drive^ Buena Park, Ar/i /^(/rA-s that are connected with each other by Midway Plai'saiice; to the north the outlets are: Grand and Drexel South Side Park System. BoiJevards, connected by the Oakioood Boulevard; while to the west Garjield BouJei'urd and, at the end of that, Gftge Park form the connecting links between the park systems of tlie West and South sides. PARKS ANT> T'.oni.KVARnS. 14; Washin^on Park is bouiidcd, on the North, by 51st street, on the East bj' Cottage Grove Avenue, on the South }>y (iOth street, and on the West by South Park Avenue, whicli is a direct continuation of Grditd Bi>uJvvanl. It covers, ill fiuMu of an roctanule, an area of 871 acres. Jackson Park is bmuided, (»ii tlu' Ndrth, ])y r)6th street, on the Kast by Lake ,Mie-hi,.\ minutes to the phaeton station at the corner of l>rexel and Oakwood Boulevard, near 3nth street, and in 40 to 45 minutes to the gate of Woshingtoii Park, at 51st street. l»y private vehi(de, a drive is recommended through IMiehigan Avenue Ui 85th street, thcMiec east to Grand Boulevard, following the latter. onlevards, t I{(M-1,KVA1U>S. 153 to Ilaiiiliii ."it. Tlie luiddlo i)art extends further to the East to lliiinuu t;t. and is bounded ou the North by W. Lake st. and on the South hy Madison st. It extends about li miles from North to South and covers an area of 185 acres, of wliich about 17 acres are taken up by the jiicturesque i^ond, Tlie smaller ])art of tlu" park, situat(>d south of Madison st, lirs at present fallow, while the northern jtart is under excel- lent cultivation. From the north-east corntr of the park leads, first in an eastern direction to Sacramento ave., then in a northern direction, the handsome Central Boiihvard (extending in all about 11 miles) to Humboldt Park. From the high via- duct by which the boulevard crosses the tracks of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul 11. R.., one enjoys a pleasant view of the surroundings. Washington Boulevard, which is lined with handsonio dwelling houses, branches off in the niiddl(! of the i)ark, running East to Union Park and further on, to the corner of Ilalsted st. It- continues as West and East Washington st. as far as the South side, running past the court house. West of fJarfield I^ark are the large machine shops of the Chicago & Northwestern R. 11. and South of these the extensive trotting grounds of the Chicago Jockej' and Trotting Association. Approaches: By local trains of Chicago & Northwestern R. R. from station at corner of Wells and Kinzie sts. (Northr western depot: one block West from court house to 5th ave., from this two blocks to the North to the river and across the bridge to Wells st.) to Central Park station in IG minutes. Round trip 2t)c. By street railway: From corner of Lake and Clark sts., one block north of the court house, via Lake st. to the park in about 50 minutes (take car bearing the sign: ''40th Street"); or from corner of ^ladison and Clark sts. one block south of the court house, through Madison st. to the park in about 8.") minutes. Tour of the Park. Entering Garfield Park at Madison St. gate, we pass by a picturesque watering trough placed there by the Illinois Humane Society and, turning north-west. 154 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. reach a mineral sjiriiig containino; iron, the water of which has medicinal properties for stomach and kidney diseases, and for the blood. It falls at the rate of 150 gallons per minute before the month of a small grotto. Following the same path on, we come at the shore of the pond to an elegant building that contains a restaurant. Below this is the land- ing for row boats. Prices and regulations for boats are the same as in the other parks of the West side. Proceeding in the same direction beyond the restaurant we come upon the green house that contains in a high cupola, a fine collection of tropical plants, among them fine specimens of Banana. The green house is surrovinded by well kept flower beds. From here we recommend a walk through the winding paths of the park which cross, here and there, by picturesque bridges, the various branches of the lake. The next park is HumhohU Park which is reached from hereby Central Park Bonlerard, extending in form of a right angle f()r \\ miles northeast of (larfield Park. Humboldt Park, the most northerly park on the West side, extends on the North to W. North Avenue, East to California and Sacramento Avenues, South to W. Division and Augusta streets and West to Kedzie Avenue. This park has a greater elevation than all the other Chicago parks and measures 202 acres. Approaches. Take the cable train at the corner of Ran- dolph and Lasalle streets, at the north-west corner of the Court House, the Milwauke Avenue and Humboldt Park Line, by which the north east gate of the jmrk is reached in about 39 minutes; or take W. Division Street Line which takes you to the park in 41 minutes. Tour of the Park. Turning south west from the gate on North. Avenue, we come upon an artesian well containinjs iron; south of this the road leads along the shore of the lake to a pavilion with a balcony in which refreshments are served; and to the landing for row boats. Boating. On Sundays 40 cents per hour, 25 cents per half hour; on week days 25 cents per hour, or 15 cents per half hour. The boats are provided with numbers and are. PARKS AND ROIiLEVARDS. 155 at the pxpiratioi) of tli(> time fur which tlie boat was hinnl. calk'ii back to the laiidiiiir Ity siiriials (•onesiioiidiiiu to the number of the boat. Forl)oat No. 25, for instance, the si(?nal would be: 2 strokes = 20; 5 more strokes = 5. Groing south-west from the pavilion, we reach the con- acn-dtorfi which has a cui)o]a for i)alms and tro])ical plants, a warm and a cold side wiiiff, a store room for seeds and several hot houses, measuring 12 feet by KHI, in which are raised the flowers for the flower beds in the parks and those surrounding the conservator}'. The whole park affords a fine specimen of landscape gardening. A walk along the shady, well kept paths and the shore of the pond that affords, with its island and inlets, a varied picture, is strongly recom- mended. The illusion of walking in a natural park is so com- plete that the visitor must be surprised to learn that the wlude park, every tree and shrub, is the work of the gardener. The next park and the last in the chain of parks is Lincoln Park. It is intended to connect Humboldt and Lincoln Parks by Ilnmhuldt Bouhvard, which runs in rectangular form North and then East for a distance of throe miles. It is, however, as yet not completed, and for the present North Aoenue forms the connecting link between the two jvirks. NoRTir Side. Lincoln Park. Site, Hlntnry. Lincoln Park, being situated on the North side of Chicago, is bounded on the South by North are., west by N. Chirk .s7. as far as Centre .s7., N. Pnrlc (ire. as far as Fnllerfon tire, and Lake Vieir are. as far as Divrniey are., north bj' Dirersei/ ave. and east by Luke Michif/an. On the South it ends in the fine Lake Shore Drlre (1 mile to Chicago ave.) which, under the name of SherUlnn Road, continues be3'ond the park in a northerlj' direction as far as the military station Fort Sheridan, passing several ])leasant villages. Tlu^ park covers an area of 2,50 acres; it measures from South to North 1". miles and is on an average i mile wide. The southern i»art of the park up to 156 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 1867 was used as a cemetery. It has since then, at consider- able trouble and expense, been changed from a sandy strip of shore to one of the most charming parks of the city. Approaches: Starting from the court house, the south end of the park (2 miles) maj^ be reached, in 17 minutes, by North side Cable Road, via Clark st. ; the gate at Centre st., (22 miles), in 20 minutes, via Clark or Wells st. By private vehicle a drive is recommended from the South side over Rush st. bridge, thence through Pine st. to the water works (inspection of pumps); then along the shore on Lake Shore Drive (separate avenue for riding, airy promenade along the stone dam) to the park. From the AVost side a hor.se car line, starting in North ave., runs from Humboldt to Lincoln Park (84 miles in 36 minutes,) Ciiriosifics. The following route is recommended for seeing the p'ark: From gate at corner of Clark st. and North ave. proceed northeast to the statue of Ahraliam Lhtcoln, that is above life size; it rises on a monumental base of stone. To the left, diagonally opposite, rises among the shrubbery a massive monument, the last remnant of the former cemetery. Beyond the Lincoln monument are, in a hollow, well-kept flower-beds and a fountain; then take straight promenade to the artificial lake. Through the arch of the carriage bridge, may be enjoyed a pleasant view of the hnaf-honse, in which during the summer months refreshments are served. Pass- ing along the shore of the lake to the left we see the Grant Monument, an imposing granite structure, as yet unfinished; from it, view of Lake Michigan. A few steps to the left, rises the monument of the bold pioneer, Rohcrt Cavdler de La SalJe, which was erected in the fall of 1889. Thence back to the pond and along its shores to the boat house; near it, to the left, a collection of relics from the great fire in Chicago in 1871. Among them, a meteor fallen in this ]>ark. Continuing our walk along the shore, we reach children's play grounds with swings; thence, crossing a bridge, the tasteful monument devoted to the memory of the Ottawa Indiana by Martin Ryerson. The principal group is well executed; the tine reliefs represent scenes from Indian life. PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. I57 Turning thence north, we descend a few steps and reach a spring issuing from a stalactic rock; the water contains iron. From there we turn to the basin of sea lions, thereby be- ginning the inspection of the well-stocked menagerie. Near them are two large voleries; the building opi)osite is devoted to the keeping of exotic animals; during the summer months these animals occupy airj- cages outside the building. Fol- lowing the paved way, we see the various animals placed in cages, hollows, grottoes and artificial ruins; up beyond the beargardens are the cage of the American lions, the water basins of the fish otters and the spacious enclosures for buifaloes, elks, stags, dears and other grass-eating animals. These enclosures are divided into two large parts by a paved walk; at the end of this is, on the right, a beaver lodge. A few steps to the right we find the Watir Lilj/ ponds, fed with heated water; they contain gold fish, magnificent species of ^'ictoria llegia, and a rich collection of water-lilies (nyni- pliiva) in various colors, and other aquatic plants. Beyond the two ponds are the water works that serve exclusively for providing Lincoln Park with water. Passing thence behind the cages of the wolves, foxes and bears, we return between the latter and the enclosures of the lions and reach the attractive flower-beds of the park. At the South end of these rises a fine statue of Frederick von SchlUir\ in the centre jilays a large fountain. Turning thence northward, we first reach the Palm llniisc with interesting specimens of rare and beautiful palms and tropical plants. Passing by the Ladiex Cottage we reach the extensive system of the new green /ii>ii)inations which the operator produces by the arrangement of plates of ditferent colors and which like magic pass before the eye of the spectator, enchanting him for hours afterwards. The spectacle must be seen; it cannot bo described. The view of tile fuuntaiu is more favorable from a certain distance. It is operated about one hour every pleiisant evening during summer from 8 to g p. m. 160 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. One of the most remarkable improvements of late years, and a real ornament to the city is the Lincoln Park sea-wall. An eagre having, several years ago, damaged the strand of the park and the carriage road running alongside it, and flooded parts of the park, it was thought that the repetition of such an occurrence might be prevented by constructing a quay. First, along Lake Shore Drive, from Oak st. north to Lincohi Park, about a hundred feet from the carriage road were driven into the lake a double row of thick logs with their heads projecting but little from the surface of the water; on this foundation was then erect- ed a wall composed of blocks of cenient which now breaks the high waves of Lake Michigan. The space between this wall of stone and the carriage route has been laid out in an attractive mannei. At the beginning of I>incoln Park the logs are driven into the lake so as to form a bow, with the farthest point at a distance of two hundred feet from the shore. They terminate in the quay, a broad dam for the protection of the entire length of tlie park shore, with fine foot paths and carriage roads. As far as it is completed along North ave. (the carriage road of which may be regarded as a con- tinuation of the quay), its construction is, as follows: Toward the lake there were driven two, at places even three rows of strong logs, at a distance of eight feet from one another, and connected with each other by beams, planks and iron rods several inches thick. The space be- tween these logs is filled with heavy quarry stone. From this dam which is only ten inches aljove the surface of the water, rises an acclivity forty feet wide, paved with granite blocks on which the waves subside. Next to this is a splendid promenade sixteen feet wide, covered with large slabs of cement and bordered, on the West, by a few stone steps twelve feet above the surface of the water. The remaining part of the quay is occupied by the macadamized carriage road, f(Mty-five feet wide and bordered by flower beds toward the in land water. This sheet of water, about 175 feet wide and extending between the park shore and the quay, is intended to serve for rowing as well as for steamboat landing, for which latter purpose there is, opposite to the Yerkes fountain, an opening through the quay to Lake Michigan. Chicago oarsmen hold their annual regattas here and the occasion is one of the noted events of the year. Enthusiastic adherents of tlie naval clubs, admiring jjersonal friends, fond relatives aud anxious PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 161 sweetharts encourage the sparsely clad oarsmen with their presence, and the contests are generally close and very e:;citing. This quay, suggested by general Joseph E. Stockton, compares favorably with similar structures at Venice and in the Riviera. The park is, in the evening, lighted by electric light; during the summer concerts are held there on two evenings of the week. On Sunday afternoons good free concerts are given. Phaitons and small ponj' wagons may be hired near the boat house, for drives in the park. In the history of Lincoln Park is a humorous episode. The gates of the park at Garfield ave. are adorned by two sphinxes, which have attained a celebrity reaching far beyond the boundaries of the United States; and that, not so much on account of their beauty as on account of an order of the park commissioners that well illustrates the morality of Chicagoans. The newly ai)pointed park commissioners were, some years ago, shocked at the nudity of these monsters and, therefore, caused them to be clad in cor- sets, made of sheet iron. The sneers of the public, however, that found an echo even abroad, brought it about that the sphinxes were again ridded of their unbecoming vesture; and since then they have been suffered to exhibit to the public eye their nude, luxuriant forms. In connection with Lincoln Park there is j'et to be mentioned the RcJic House, a popular place of refreshment for park visitors. It is located at the western entrance of the park, at the corner of North Clark street and North Park avenue. The walls of this building are composed of thousands of curious and oddly shaped fragments collected from the ruins of Chicago, in 1871, consisting of intermolten glass, iron, crockery, tools, etc. As places of refreshment in the neighborhood of the park, arc further to be recommended Stein's Cafe (Germania Hall) and Krctehmar s Sitnunrr-fjardof, both near the entrance on North avenue, and F(iuUi(Ojers Wine-house, very tastefully fitted ui> in old-German style, at 526 North Clark street, three blocks south of North avenue, to the left beyond Schiller street. 162 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. "Union "PBxk.—Site: Two miles west of the court house, bordered by W. Lake st., Ashland Ave. Boulevard, Warren * ave., Caden ave. and Bryan Place. Access: W. Madison st. cable car, or W. Randolph and W. Lake st. horse cars (15 and 25 minutes). Union Park, covering about fifteen acres, is situated in the centre of the West side and surrounded by several large buildings, such as churches, etc. It is divided in two parts by Washington Boitlcvard, which begins at Halsted st. and connects it with the great boulevard and park system. Especially noteworthy are the flower beds between the double carriage road. In the middle are two large circular water-basins set in stone and connected with each other by a small canal, which is spanned by a fine stone bridge. In the eastern part of the park in front of Randolph st. is a pretty little structure built partly of brick, i^artly of wood, in the style of the English country houses, and con- taining the offices of the West Chicago Park Commissioners and the superintendent. A smaW c/reen house adjoining it sheltei's interesting ferns. Jefferson Park. — Site: The rectangle between W. Mon- roe, W. Adams, Throop and Loomis sts. Access: W. Madison st. cable road, or W. Adams st. horse car line. (15 to 20 minutes.) In spite of its small size a very pretty park. The artifi- cial lake is spanned by three bridges made of rocks and tufa. On one of the mounds is an open pavilion constructed of natural logs, etc.; near by a^bronze fountain with a basin set in stone. Opposite the south-east corner of the park is Jefferson Park Pveshyterian Clturch. The CONCERTS given at the West Side Parks are occasions for the gathering of vast crowds. The youthful^ the young, the middle-aged and even the old people of both sexes and all conditions of life hasten thither in the evenings and the cai'S leading to the parks are never more crowded than on these nights. The audiences at Douglas Park differ in composition from those to be found at Garfield Park, while the Humbold Park audiences have a distinction of their own. Al- though many hundreds of the prosperous business men who reside in the vicinity gather in Douglas Park with their families on these evenings, and many carriages are to be seen gathered on the drives near the stand, nevertheles the audience, in the main, is made up of 'toilers'. Brawny young mechanics and bright-eyed young shop girls, sturdy laborers and comely servant girls prevail in the throng, PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 163 though many bright looking salesmen and flirtatious young mil- liners, are scattered among the crowd. The frivolous tendencies of the light brained youths are well held in check by the presence of so many decorous housewives with their families, who are busy not only in listening to the music but are also comparing notes and gossip- ing earnestly as to the behavior of any who may attract their attention. The wise leader of the band has arranged a ])rogramme for his Doug- las Park patrons consisting mainly of those light popular airs of the day, which is always sure to please the democratic taste. Classical select- ions may do well enough for certain occasions but they 'don't go' here. At Garfield Park, however, the leader would feel that he had failed in his duty if he had not introduced some music of a high order in the programmes. There is a great concourse of buggies and car- riages here, as Garfield Park is a popular drive for the wealthy people of the West side. The immense audience gathered on the seats and on the grass within sight and hearing of the music stand are well dressed, and while there are many mechanics in the throng still the bulk of the audience is composed of clerks, male and female, salesmen and saleswomen, stenographers and cashiers, with a sprinkling of servant girls from the wealthy residences near by. Washington Boule- vard boarding houses are well represented and boarders from rival 'hasheries' meet here on a common footing and flirt desperately with one another. Flip young females are in their element and think they have no end of fun in the attention they attract, while reckless young salesmen, who are wont to cry 'Cash' during the business hours of the day, here break loose from all restraint and act 'silly'. The music is of a varied order; popular dreamy and classical selections appearing in the programme, so that all tastes find something to appreciate. At Ilumholdt Park the leader shows his wisdom in arranging a programme composed mainly of selections from the German com- posers, with maybe one or two popular pieces to give 'American' character to the entertainment. The concerts here attract probably more visitors than at any other park and the appreciation of the music is universal. More children are to be observed, as the (German custom of bringing the whole family prevails. Inspiring strains of Strauss follow closely a selection from Wagner, and the applause after each is very great. While in many features the scene brings to ilie mind a thought of Germany and the fatheiland the observer still will miss one essential viz: 'the beer.' As in Douglas Park the presence of many entire families exercises a restraint on the young people strol- ling about and 'Otto' and 'Lena' are necessarily circumspect in their behavior. The thrifty character of the Germans can well be observed in the neatness and generally well to do appearance of the audience, while the presence of so many carriages attest their growth in wealth. V. City Institutions. 1) THE CITY GOVERNMENT. The municipal government of Chicago consists like that of most American Cities, of a Mayor and Common Council., with the Departments of Healthy Law., Police., Fire, Education, Public Works, Building and Finance., and the City Cleric s, Treasiircr s and Collector s Departments. The Mayor, City Clerk, Treasurer, Attorney and Aldermen are elected by the people for a term of two years; the other officers and employes are appointed by the Mayor or the heads of the departments. The Mayor's power is supervisory over the various depart- ments, controlling the police, with the right to veto or approve the ordinances passed by the Council. The Board of Alder- men or Common Council, meets every Monday evening, and consists of two aldermen from each one of the thirty four wards into which the city is divided. The mayor is the presidingofficer of the Common Council, and in his absence a member of the council is chosen to fill his place. If an act of council is vetoed by the Mayor it requires a two-thirds majority to overcome the veto. The City Officers and Departments have their headquar- ters in the City Hall, La Salle st. bet. Washington and Randolph st. The Law Department consists of a Corporation Counsel and two assistants; and of a City Attorney, with assistants and clerks. The Finance Department is in charge of the City Comp- troller; and connected with it are the City Treasurer and City Collector. The Buildiuf/ Department is in charge of a Building Commissioner, secretary and inspectors. To it must be sub- 164 166 CITY INSTITUTIONS. mitted for approval, all plans for new bviildings or improve- ments. To this department also belongs the inspection of fire escapes required on high buildings, elevators in hotels, houses, etc. The Dex>artment of Public Works is the most extensive public department. It is controlled by a commissioner, assisted by the City Engineer. Under the control of this department are also the sewerage system and streets, the water-works and wafer-tax office; and the desir/ners of pilaus and charts. All these administrative departments employ a large number of appointees. Besides these there are the offices of City-Sealer of Weights and Measures, Oil Inspector, Inspector of St^anl boilers; and other small offices. The expenses of the city are covered by a direct tax on real estate and personal property, and the income from the license of various kinds of business. The licenses collected in the year ending Dec. 31SI 1890 amount- ted to $3,072,729.08. Of this amount wer^ paid $1000 each by : hankers, 34 ; butchers, 26; dogs, 58; exhibitions, 21; lumber yards, 11 ; pawn brokers, 13; peddlers, 39; street cars, 40; express wagons, 17; wholesale liquor dealers, 41; and saloons, $2,731,125.28. Building Department 50,029.00 Police Courts 81,270.90 Dept. of Public Works 396,635.53 House of Correction 62,900. 13 Rents 27,029.40 School, and school tax fund 2,218,844.40 Taxes 6,404,255.59 Water Fund 3,240,808.18 The former Suburbs 1,724,000.00 These are the principal items. The total income amounts to abou*-- $18,500,000 in which are not included about $5,000- 000 of special taxes on property for the paving 01 streets, laying of sewers, etc. CITY INSTITUTIONS. 1G7 The larger tisures of the disbursements for the same period are as follows: liiiilding Department 49,000.110 Cost of Collecting City Taxes 80,000.00 I )epl. of Public Works 1,806,052.29 Klection Expense 84,0(X).oo Fire Department 1,300,000.00 Health Department 350,000.00 House of Correction 97,000.00 Interest Account 516,000.00 Judgment Account 59,000.00 I'olice 2, 182,906.00 Public Library 91,484.00 School Fund 1,784,000.00 School Tax Fund ., 2,950,000,00 Street Lamji F'und 875,000.00 Sewerage Fund 532,000.00 Salaries 180,000.00 Water Fund 3,048,000.00 The former Suburbs 2,000,000.00 Resides, the city paid of fines collected \ to the Erring Women's Refuge > each 3,461.50 " House of the Good Shepherd . . .' From the proceeds of Saloon Licenses to IViishingionian Nome 15,000.00 The small debt of the city is accounted forb.vthe fact that it is limited, by the constitution of the State of Illinois, to a certain per cent of the value of taxable property. Since the valuation of property is laxly made, and in the case of personal property (which is accepted at one third of its market value) is made only on the unsworn statement of the tax-payer, the total valuation does not nearly represent the ri-al value. And as, since 1875, the State Board of e(iualiz- ation has cut valuations still more, the taxable values have >hrunk by nearly half; on the other hand, of course, the tax late reaches nearly seven per cent. The appended table and tiuures will perhaps best illustrate the remarkable and wholly unmethodical taxation methods. A Plaa of t4NCOLN PARK Lake Shore Drive. Lincoln Monument Boathouse La Salle Monument Ottawa Indians Monument. Zoological Garden. Lily Ponds Schiller Monument New Palmhouse. New Greenhouse. 11 12. 13 14 15 16 17. 18 19 20 Linne Monument. Stockton Lake. Artesian Well. Thiclmann's Pavilion. Sanatoi-ium. Grant Monument. Electric Fountain. Lake Promenade. Relic House Superintendent. 170 CITY INSTITUTIONS. Ill all Cook County in 1889 there were found only $16,000 worth of silver-ware, $9,300 worth of grain an-cl $950,000 of Bank capital. Now a single hotel has more silver ware; the smallest elevator seldom has less than $100,000 worth of grain; the single First National Bank has $7,000,000 capital; etc. The whole debt of the city, Dec. 31, 1890, was $13,545,400. On the other hand, the city's property (not including bridges, viaducts, tunnels, etc.) is valued at $34,000,000. And while it can be claimed that this property is in part fixed to its locality and would be difficult to dispose if; it is known on the other hand, from proposals made that enough money could be raised from the sale of the very profitable AVater-works alone to cover the whole debt of the city at once. The financial condition of Chicago may therefore be considered so favorable as not to be equalled by any other city of its size. CITY PROPERTY: Buildings. Miscellaneous „ $2,448, 137.84 Fire 557,200.00 Police 440, 795 .00 School 6,420,600.00 ■ $9,866,732.84 Real Estate. Miscellaneous $ 1,528,000,00 Fire 334,475.00 Police ... 231,630.00 School 2,339,256.00 4,433,361.00 Fire Alarm Telegraph 405,629.47 Fire Apparatus 733,945.00 Police Furniture and Equipiiieius 171,495.58 School Furniture 354,460.00 Electric Light Plant 526, 184.47 Street Lamps and Posts 719,530.00 Public Library 232,652.78 Water Works 16,902, 190.28 20,046,087.58 $34,346,181.42 To this must be added the cash in the city treasury, varying between one to two million dollars. riTV INSTITITIONS. 171 2) THE WATER WORKS. The water provision for the city of Chicago has passed within one ,i;eiieration through all the sta,2;es of development; from tliose primitive conditions when water was sold in tlie streets in buckets, to the present works, which are to be counted among the greatest and most perfect in the world. The city was first provided with water in a systematic way in 1842, by the '^^ Ghicurio Ht/dranllc Co.'^ which pumped the lake-water into two reservoirs and the pipes with a 25 horse- power engine. In 1853 the /?r.sY cityWiderivorlcs, which stood on the site of the present works on Chicago ave., were started, and likewise pumped water that was taken directl}' from the lake. They had a rectangular water-tower 136 feet high, rather ineflFective machines and a receiving pipe protected by a break water. But not only diil the ijuantity of water soon become insufficient on account of the growth of the city; above all, its quality grew constantly worse. The fact that the Chicago river has almost no fall, and therefore has only a very slow current, was responsible for the other fact that the water at the mouth of the river took on a condition of stagnation, and — especiall}' in midsummer — made percc|)tible all the evils of a brackish-water marsh. This was made worse by the bad practice of the slaughter and packing esta- blishments, on the south branch at Bridgeport, of throwing all their wastes into the river. The steam tugs that trafficked there were obliged to take in their boiler water far out in the lake, because numerous explosions had been caused by the decomjtosition of the fatty and greasy substances contained in the river-water. Besides this, nearly all the sewers opened into the river. The thick, brownish, ill-smelling and ill-tasting liquid finally diffused through the shore water of the lake, and Avas driven up toward the water works, especially when south winds were blowing, where it found its way into the receiving ]>ipes. Finally, at the beginning of the cold season vast numbers of small fishes (Leuciscus phoxinus) made their appearance, and, reaching the houses through the pipes in 172 CITY INSTITUTIONS. a living or dead condition, trave to the already tainted water a specific fishy taste. The question had at last become a "burning" one, and the newspapers compared this water distress with the seven ])lagues of Egypt. At last, in the midst of the disturbances of the Civil War, the city took energetic measures. Many projects were put forward, tested and rejected; then E. S. C/ieshrungJi, the city engineer, who in other respects has rendered valuable services to the city, laid a new plan before the Board of Public Works. According to this plan, a tunnel two miles long was to be dug out from the shore under the bottom of Lake Michigan, through which the pure water of the lake was to be taken in. The plan was adopted in spite of the protests and doubts of the eastern press; and on the 13th of February, 1863, it was sanctioned by the legislature at Springfield, and a year later, on the 16th of January, 1864, by Congress. Chesbrough began to make soundings, temperature investigations, etc.; and after the city had accepted, from among the proffered bids, that of the firm Dull & (lowan of Harrisburgh, Penn., the first spade was struck, 3Iarcli 17, 1864, with appropriate ceremonies. Near the lake shore a shaft 9 feet in diameter was sunk and secured by an iron cylinder. When a depth of 69 feet had been reached, the lake tunnel was started in a horizontal direction. This tunnel has a section 5x5 ft 2 in., and a length of 10,587 feet. The excavations began in a tough clay, and were inter- rupted by but few sand pockets. The masonry consists of an eight inch brick layer, which has the form of two approxi- mated semi-circular arches, so that the form of the tunnel is nearly cylindrical. At the same time there was begun, at the North Pier at the mouth of theChicago river,the construction of the' G riU\ which was to be let down into the water at the outer end of the tunnel, to contain and protect the receiving pipe. It was built very strongand watertight, in the form of alowfive- cornei'ed column, 40 feet high, and 981 feet in circumference, 174 CITY INSTITUTIONS. of 12 incli oak and spruce beams. The five corners were heavily armored with iron, as a protection against ice, etc. (A proper conception of the size of the Crib may be gained by remembering that 200 tons of iron alone were used in building it, and that it cost $100,000,) In July 1865, the completed monster was launched amid great rejoicing, piloted to its destination, brought into po- sition, and sunk by letting water into the flood gates. Then its wall-chambers were filled with stone, and anchored to the ground by means of Mitchells marine mooring screws, such as were used in the Thames tunnel. After the central division had been pumped clear of water, the lake shaft was dug, from the bottom of the Crib, to the necessary dejtth of 27 feet. The shaft was lined with an iron cylinder 2J inches thick and 9 feet in diameter, and on January 1, 1866, the other end of the tunnel was begun from its bottom. The work progressed from both ends by day and night, and after four-fifth of the distance had been dug from the shore, and one-fifth from the Crib, the two parts met Nov. 30, 1866. This completed a work which the "London Times" called the greatest of modern times. (At the Paris Exposition of 1867, the great work was distinguished by the award of a medal.) Tunnel and Crib were cemented within, and a light-tower and a watchman's dwelling were erected on the latter. The Crib Avas then protected by a break-water erected around it. The internal finishing of the tunnel was so well done^ that when examined in 1882, not the slightest rent was found. The second part of the water-works consists oi pumping - machines, the great stand-pipes, hoilers, etc., in the ''Nortli Side Water Work?,", an architecturally impressive grouj) of buildings at the foot of Chicago avenue. These ai'e castle- like structures in the later Grothic style, and with their tow- ers, battlements and crenelated walls of yellowish stone left rough externally, constitute in the midst of the beautiful plat, a real ornament of the city. The maeltlne-honse (142x60 ft) contains the six great pumping machines, which lift the water out of the shaft and CITY INSTITUTIONS. 175 drive it up the ajreat stand-pipes, whence it flows off into the pipes by its own pressure. The largest machine, with 1200 horse-powor capaeitj', on the soutliern side of tlie machine hall, has a cylinder 70 inches in diameter, a 10 foot lift, and a gigantic balaiKH' wheel, 2") feet in diameter and forty tons in weight. West of the engine-house is the fine water tower. Above the four-cornered substructure flanked bj^ four round towers rises the base of the water tower, built in similar style and richly ornamented with little towers and pinnacles; and above this rises the slender, octagonal tower, like a column, to a height of 17;") feet. The eight round little towers that sur- round its top in a circle and the iron lantern make a pictur- esque finish. In the substructure rests the basis for the stand-pipe, a casting of si.^ tons weight, and from here the 30 inch pi 1)0 rises to a height of 1!1S feet. Between the stand-pipe and the walls of the tower a winding iron stairway, leads into the lantern, from where there is a fine view nf the North Side and out upon the lake. Admifi.i.-u,.N>.i ^ value of property stolen during 1890 was $276,606.70; and of this, $228,885.73 worth was secured again by the police department. Fines to the amount of $363,9:^.00 were collected during the year. 3,828 lost children were returned to their parents; 13,057 women and children were cared for at the stations; etc. The nationalities of the arrested will not b(! without in- tcM'st. There were: 33,955 Americans (whites); 5,527 Americans (colored); 6,889 Germans; 6.426 Irishmen; 1.575 Swedes; 1,3:3:3 English- men; 1,027 Poles; 95 Chinamen; 14 Arabians; 15 Finns; 1 Turk; etc.— Nearly all the nations of the earth are repre- sented. 182 CITY INSTITUTIONS. 4) THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION. The House of Correction com monlj' called the Bridewell, is situated southwest of the city, ou the northern side of the south branch of the river, in the midst of a great prairie plain of 58 acres. Access: Blue Island Ave. horse cars, about one hour from the corner of State and Washington Sts. From the terminus of horse car line a walk of half a mile. The house of correction consists of the original building in the form of a cross, and a number of other buildings, partly connected with it, partly detached, serving as prisons or work rooms. The en- tire prison is surrounded by a wall with a tower at each of the four corners. On the Northwest end of the wall is the pest house. The entrance is at the west, through a part of the building pro- jecting from the front in the style of a castle, which contains the con- veniently arranged business rooms of the institution, as well as the dwelling of the manager. With this is connected, still on the west, an octagonal building, which contains the living rooms of the officers. To this last building is joined, both on the North and on the South, a long line of prison cells. Passing through this octagonal building, we come to a roomy kitchen, with modern furnishings, in which three large boilers for pi-eparing the food of the prisoners attract particular attention. Pass- ing to the right fmm here, in a northerly direction, we enter a newly built prison for men, containing 320 cells. This prison is built en- tirely of iron and stone, even to the stairway. It is remarkably well ventilated, its arrangements for ventilation being considered among the best in the United States. Each cell, 4^ by 7 feet in extent, has its own ventilating apparatus connected with the ceilings and an independent connection with the general heating apparatus. The bed, consisting of an iron frame with an elastic covering made of cords and leather, is fastened to the wall by hinges, andean be raised and lowered at pleasure. A chair is fastened against the wall. Be- fore each row of doors, is a long movable iron bar which, drawn to- wards the wall by machinery, closes all the doors at the same time, and locks them. On both sides of the prison, are long wash troughs for the use of the prisoners. From the kitchen, we reach, by the means of an elevator, the second story of the octagonal building, which is used for school pur- poses for the younger criminals. In the third story is the hospital for men which, for the most part, has but few patients, since the regular hours and moderate diet prove very conducive to health. CITV INSTITUTIONS. 183 Passing from ihis biiikliiig to the suiUhcrn wing, we enter the womens' prison containing 2<)0 cells, with the hospital for women in the upper story. Joined to this southern wing, is the old prison for men containing 288 cells. Xext on the west, is the workroom for women, where, besides the Bridewell work, the entire washing for tlie police stations and City Hall is done. .Vnolhcr Imilding (jn the west, contains in tlie lower story, the carpenters' and repairing shops, and above, an establishment for the manufacture of cane seating for chairs, employing 115 prisoners. Again going in a southerly direction, we come to a detached, rectang- ular brick building, consisting of two stories, in the northern wing of which, in the lower story, is tlie store room. Above this another manufactory of cane seating employing 100 prisoners. The eastern wing contains the laundry carried on by men, where all the ordinary washing of the male prisoners is done. In the story above are a tailor^ s and a shoemaker'' s shop for the needs of the male occupants of the place. Then follows the bakery which every day produces 3,000 loaves of wholesome, palatable bread for the prisoners, and also provides bread for the officers. Adjoining the bakery is the reception room for the newly arrived prisoners. Here, after the female prisoners have been consigned to the care of the matron, all the male priscmers divest themselves of their clothing, have their hair cut, are shaved, take a bath, and after putting on the prison uniform, enter the cells assigned them. On the next day, each prisoner is assigned one of the occupations provided by the prison. On the eastern end of the last mentioned building, in the upper story, is still another cane seating factory, employing the juvenile prisoners from 8 to 19 years of age. West of this, is a blacksmith shop. t)utside of the prison wall is the brickyard which produces from 3|4 to 4 million bricks yearly, for the use of the city. On the west, also outside the prison wall, is a dairy with twenty cows and twenty- three acres of land, on wliich vegetables are raised. Within the walls on the western side are stables for twenty-two horsses. In the prison yard is a workshop for stone cutters, a boiler rooni, with six large boilers which furnish the steain power used in the in- stitution, the steam for cooking and the power for driving the electric machine; there being 1,200 electric lights. The _/<'<'(/ consists, in the morning, of meat, bread and coffee: at noon, of soup, meat, vegetables and bread; at supper, alternately of bread and coftee, and bread and mush. Ig4 CITY IXSTITUTIONS. The working time is ten hours per day, from 7 to 12 and from I to 6. Every prisoner is required to bathe twice a week. The confinement in the cells without occupation on Sunday, and at the same time the lack of one of the three customary meals, to- gether with the want of a library, make many prisoners prefer the State's Prison in Joliet. The administration of the institution earnestly recommends the establishment of a municipal industrial school for the younger and less corrupted prisoners, after the model of the Industrial Training School at Feehanville, fully described in another place. According to the different nationalities, the prisoners in i8go consisted of 4935 Americans; 1392 Irish; 723 Germans; 278 Cana- dians: 238 English; 165 Swedes; 164 Norwegians etc; 112 Scotch; 81 Poles; 60 Bohemians etc. 5) MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS. Cook County Court Home tind Citi/ ILtU.— Situated in the centre of the city and occupying the entire block between Randolph, La Salle, Washington and Clark Streets, the im- mense double structure of the City Hall and the Court House is, with regard to dimensions and architecture, without doubt the most important building in the city, admitting compari- son with the Anditorium alone. The combination consists of two palaces in French decorative renaissance, completely harmonizing in style and dimensions, placed side by side and connected with each other by across structure. The basement and first story are built of massive sand stone bossages sep- arated from one another by deeply cut indentures. They are enlivened by large pedestals projecting considerable from the front, and being coated at places, (for instance, at the entrances) by large slabs of pol- ished granite. These pedestals support the most striking ornamenta- tion of the structures, the numerous tall columns (35 feet high) of polished gray Maine Granite, which are crowned by Corinthian capi- tals and placed, in pairs or singly, around the facade of both palaces, reaching to the base of the uppermost story. There are many plastic ornaments in the renaissance style, especially on the second and third stories, and above the columns; the basement and the fourth story being more simple. On the East facade on Clark St. are, at thelevel of the fifth story, eight caryatides, allegorical figures, placed in pairs corresponding with the columns below. They are, going from South to North, Agricitliiire and Trade, Peace and Plenty, Mining and CITY INSTITUTIONS. ]g5 liuiustry. Science and Art. licing placed al considerable height, they arc, unfortunately not very efiective. The two main entrances on the long facades are adorned by spa cious porches, consisting of four pedestals projecting from the front and being connected with one "mother by semi-circular arches. These pedestals support six of the large columns which are, in turn, crownec((tinii: Corner Dfarborii Avenue and Michi,u:an Street. TIic buildings coiitainins? these institutions constitute an isolated eroup in the midst of whicli is t\\o jail yard. They are bounded on the south by Michigan street, on the north by Illinois street, and Dearborn avenue on the east; an alley separates the group from the private buildings on the west. The Criminal. Court Biiilitins^ {i^o K 65 feet), is a three story structure of smooth yellow limestone, with its principal front on Michigan street. The architecture is in the forms of the early renaissance, and with better building material would produce a fine efiect. Three flights of steps lead to the entrances of the corridors. The building contains below, the rooms of the State's attorney and his assistants and clerks, and in the two upper stones, the Court Rooins of the two branches of the criniinal courUand the accompanying judges' and jury rooms. The two jury rooms are distinguished from the other rooms by appro- priate decoration and furnishing. Through a door in the rear of the ground floor, one enters the jail yard and gets a view of the disposion of the buildings. The space is bounded on the right (east) by the division for the insane; before us lies \.\\c jail proper, an isolated two story rectangular build- ing with grated windows etc. By a small covered stairway one en- ters the oflice of the jailor, which is situated between the wings of the main building. The jail itself includes within its walls the build- ing cfintaining the cells; this is a rectangular four story structure surrounded by iron galleries and connected with the other building only by the roof. The space running all around within the walls serves for the ex- ercise etc., of the prisoners during the time allotted for it. Between the oflice and the nearest wall of the building containing the cells, the space is occvipied by a number of cage-like compartments through 186 CITY INSTITUTIONS. the strong wire grating of whioh such friends of the prisoners as have been admitted can converse with the latter. The barred space to the right of the office door is the consulting cage, in which lawyers are allowed to advise with their clients. The number of cells is 136 for men, 48 for women, and 14 for youthful prisoners. The regular visiting days are Tuesdays and Fridays from 10:00 till 11:30 in the forenoon and from 2:00 till 3:30 in the afternoon. The only direct connnections of the three buildings are two cov- ered iron foot-ways at the level of the second stories, which lead from the department for the insane and from the jail proper to the Crimi- nal Court Building. The third building, for the temporary detention of the insane, is a simple two story structure with the front and entrance on Dearborn avenue; and contains, among other rooms, a number of solitary cells and the office of the county fhvsician. 7) FIRE DEPARTMENT. Until 1835 the fire apparatus of Chicago Avas confined to the legally prescribed ./fre huckets, of which every citizen or owner of a house was required to keep one. In case of fire he was obliged to hasten to the spot and place himself under the orders of the supervisor of his district. In 1835 X\\e.frst fire engine was bought at a cost of $895.00 and on the 4th of November of the same year a volunteer fire company was organized. In 1855 the first steam fire engine was secured, but declared unfit for use and sent back; but on the 5th of February, 1858, a second one was bought and added to the fire apparatus under the name of "Long John." The existing volunteer f re department not a little proud of its efficiency and an object of admiration on the part of the feminine population of the city, occasionally held contests with companies of the neighboring cities, and had developed in its various companies, which were jealous of each other, a regular esprit de corps, which was decidedly unfavorable to the "puffing intruder." There was a well grounded fear for the safety of the endeared volunteer service, and on March 6th, 1858, six of the fire companies, led by music, marched through the city, to the City Hall, to give expression to their indig- nation. In the meantime the city authorities had very wisely taken precautions to meet the uprising by drawing into service an extra police force of 200 men; and after a number of the disturbers of the peace had been arrested, the remainder found it convenient to retire, 188 CITY INSTITUTIONS. leaving their engines behind. A reproof to those who had been ar- rested ended the serious incident. On the 2nd of August, 1858, by a decision of the council, a paid fire department was established and shortly afterwards the volunteer department was abolished. At the same time three new steam lire engines were purchased, and in February, i860, two more were added. On the i6th of February, 1865, a separate Board of Police and Fire Commissioners was established, which, proving inefficient, was soon again abolished. In 1871, at the time of the Great Fire, the de- partment consisted of 17 steam fire engines, 194 men, 91 horses and the other usual apparatus. October 20, 1871, the Fire Patrol wa.?, estab- The Police Patrol, lished in connection with the fire department. It is supported by the Insurance companies doing business in Chicago and consists ot two divisions, each containing ten men and a chief. Its aim is to reach a fire at its first outbreak, and to reduce as far as possible the losses of the insurance companies by covering the wares with oil-cloths and otherwise protecting them. With this view the service is mainly organized for speed and usually arrives very promptly on the scene of a fire, Theji^e alart7i telegraph was first put in use in June, 1865, and has proved of great value. It forms the principal part of the general CITY INSTITUTIONS. ]y9 city telegraph system, which is in charge of the fire department. The central bureau is located in the western part of the ground floor o the City Hall, whence connections are maintained with all police sta- tions, engine houses, patrol boxes and fire alarm boxes. The square, red fire alarm boxes, which attract the attention of the stranger, are of two kinds: (i) the ('/(/^f^ (^^x^'j with keys in the neighborhood. which are being gradually displaced by the others: (2) the neiu lioxes. These have on the outside a handle that is turned until the box opens. The turning is accompanied by the clanging of a very shrill bell, which is intended to call the nearest policeman to the spot. The alarm is very efl'ective in preventing the commission of mischief by sending false alarms. After the box has opened, one pulls vigorously at a hook within and then lets go. This sets the apparatus in the box into action and sends the alarm number to the Central Station. The Central .Station then sends the number over the whole system and brings into action an extensive apparatus by which the number is struck on the gongs of the police stations and the engine houses. By the telegraph system of the fire department the city is divided into fire districts, each of which has an alarm box. Twelve or fifteen of the nearest engines are assigned to the number of each of the alarm boxes, and are called out as follows: (i) By the '■'■still alarm.'''' The engines near the scene of the fire are called out directly by the neighborhood without the use of the electric apparatus. The station notifies the whole department through the Central Station that its company is at work. There is no alarm of the fire bells. (2) By the first alarm through the alarm box near the fire. The number having reached the Central Station, a switch is turned by which a connec- tion of the whole electric system is established, and all the police stations and fire companies are notified. The fire bells of the city are sounded. This calls four or five engines to the scene. (3) By a sec- ond alarm. This brings four or five more of the engines assigned to this number to the scene; and the fire bells are sounded again. (4) The third alarm calls out the remaining four or five engines as- signed to that number. (5) The second and third alartns combined call out the engines under (3) and (4) at the same time. There is no "general alarm." In cases of necessity the fire marshal orders out more individual engines by telegraph. By means of the fire bells the number that has been called is an- nounced in the following way: 3. 4- 3 = three single strokes followed by a short pause, four strokes followed by another pause, and three more single strokes. When the fire is extinguished the fact is an- nounced by a single stroke of the bell. 190 CITY INSTITUTIONS. The city telegraph system now has 169 miles of under-ground wire, and 1712 stations from which a fire alarm can be sent in. Of these, 733 are fire alarm boxes; 607 of them are public and 372 are private police boxes. The Apparatus of the Fire Department is as abundant as it is ex- cellent. While it possesses all the later improvements, it has an es- pecially effective weapon in the new fire tugs, which render assis- tance from the river or the lake. The Fire Apparatus comprises at present : 3 fire boats; I water tower; 66 steam fire engines; 17 chemical fire engines; 4 chemical engines and hose carts combined; 56 steam heaters; 26 hook and ladder trucks; 38 four wheel hose carriages; 23 two wheel hose carts; 14 hose wagons; 8 supply wagons; 6 fuel wagons; 21 fire marshals' wagons; 386 horses etc., etc. The total force consists of 41 civil officials and 820 uniformed firemen. The latter, divided into groups of from nine to twelve men each with a captain, form 56 fire companies; these companies again are grouped in thirteen battallion districts, each of which is in charge of an assistant fire marshal. The fire marshal controls the whole force; he is nominated by the mayor and confirmed by the city council. In 7889 the fire department was called out by 2,895 alarms. 2,075 fires were suppressed, with a total loss of $2,154,340; 16 of these fires caused losses of more than $30,000; and 64 of them were incen- diary. The fire department has charge of not only the telegraph system, but also of the electric lighting of the city. The latter was first intro- duced in 1887, and there are now 4 power stations and 1929 double carbon lamps; their number however is constantly increased as the new lights are not only better but also much cheaper than the old gas lights. The expenses of the department for the year 1889 amounted to $961,201.54. 8) HEALTH DEPARTMENT. The Dex>artme}it of Health is in cliarge of a commis- sioner and a staff of assistants. The sub-divisions of this department are (1) the Vital Statistics Division; (2) the Med- ical Division, with nine phj'sicians; (3) the Sanitar.y Division, with thirt3'-eight officials; (4) the Meat and Odor Division, with eleven officials; and (5) the Tenement, Factory and Smoke Division, with forty-two officials. CITY INSTITUTIONS. 191 The total number of deaths in 1890 was 21,85G; that is, 18.22 per thousand of the popuUition. Among the diseases of tlie j-ear 1890, the influenza in an epidemic form was es- jtecially noticeable, and was unusually severe in the months of January, February, March and April. The whole number of cases of sickness arising from it is estimated at 100,000. Although only 112 deaths can be directly charged to influ- enza, it nevertheless aggravated many cases of sickness, and certainly often hastened death, especially in cases of con- sumption, inK'umonia, and diseases of the air passages. Mortality-Statistics for the Year 1890. The most noteworthy Figures of the Total of Deaths are the following: Cholera infantum, 1058; Croup, 380; Dysentery, 356; Diptheria, 881; Typhoid fever, 1008: Phthisis Pulmonalis, 1972; Convulsions, 1263; Cerebral Meningitis, 571; Sunstroke, 152; Bronchitis, 769; Capillary bronchitis, 420; Pneumonia, 2073; Enter, itis, 436; Gastiitis, 207; Gastro Enteritis, 494; Burns, 46; Crushed 60; Drowning, 140; Kailroad accidents, 264; Elevator accidents, 18; Street car accidents, 35; Hanging, i: Wounds, fall 123; E.\plosion, 43; Run over by wagon, 27;. Murder, 10; Man- slaughter, 67: Suicides, total 206, of which by Drowning, 27; by Cutting throat, 16; by Shooting, 80; by Hanging, 32; by Rough on Rats, 16; by Morphine, 8; by Throw- ing self before cars, 2; etc. Nativities: — Chicago, 10,994; U. S. Elsewhere, 3,376; Germany, 2,632; Ire- land, 1,677; Canada, 329; England, 387; Other Foreign Countries, 2,231; Unknown 227; Atlantic Ocean, 3; Total, 21,856. Sex; — Males, 12,034; Females, 9,822; Total, 21.856. Coi.or:— W'hite, 21,488; Colored, 368; Total, 21,586. Social Relatio.ns; — Married, 5,497; Widows, 1,143; Widowers, 617; Single, 14,599; Total, 21,856. Still Births:— Premature Births, 695; Still Births, 1,491. VL Federal Institutions. TJ. S. Custom House and Postoffice,— The customs and postoffice officials occupy the lart^e govei'iiment building, which is situated on the block bounded by Adams, Clark, Jackson and Deaiborn Sts. It is a four story structure of gray sandstone, in Roman-Venetian style, erected in 1873 at a cost of $4, 125,000. But though so recently built it has already become so delapidated in consequence of its insuffi- cient foundation that the citizens are strongly urging its demolition and the erection of an entirely new building. The center is occupied by a closed court, covered near the level of the second floor by a glass roof. The Postoffice occupies the north half of the basement and the first floor, including the covered court. In the basement are the rooms in which the wagons discharge their loads, as well as large rooms in which mail is assorted. The second floor is occupied by the Internal Revemie Collector, Sub- Treasurer, Commissioner of Pensions and Special Mail Agents, etc. The third floor has the United States Courts, Lilerior Depart- ment, Law Department, etc. The Postoffice--History. The first reliable information con- cerning Chicago's postal relations is found in "Keating's Nan-ation of an Expediton to the Source of the St. Peter's River," 1823; the ac- count mentions the meeting of a mail messenger on the way from Fort Wayne to Chicago. After the frozen feet of the mail carrier between Green Bay and Chicago had to be amputated in the win- ter of 1832, a postal service on horse-back was introduced; in 1833 there was one by wagon, and in 1834 there was a four horse mail coach. The Indian trader Bailey was (from March 31, 1831) the first U. S. postmaster, and had his office in a log house near the corner of Lake and South Water streets. After that the postoffice moved about until in 1855 ^'^^ government erected a home for the postal ser- vice at the corner of Monroe and Dearborn streets. Until 1832 only a monthly mail reached Chicago. Even in 1833 when there was a weekly mail, the postal receipts aggregated only $15 or $20 a quarter. In those times ";;/«// day'''' brought people from all over the country, sometimes a distance of lOD miles, with long lists of names of those who expected mail. The postage, twenty-five 192 194 FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS. cents a letter, was in those days frequently credited by the postmas- ter; this custom however was soon abolished. As early as 1834 there was a semi-weekly mail; in 1835, mail came three times a week; in 1837, there was a daily mail connection with the east, and in 1839 it was mentioned with satisfaction that the mail had reached Chicago from New York in seven and one-half days. Thus the postoffice grew The Postoffice after the Great Fire, and increased the number of its employes until in 1857 it required the services of 56 persons. As a matter of course the development of the postal service kept pace with that of the city, and at the time of the Great Fire, the pos- tal business had grown to gigantic proportions, in spite of the fact that after 1865 with theimprovement of the railway mail service, much FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS. 195 of the eastern and western mail that hail hitherto been delivered here for sorting, was no longer re-distrihutcd here. The Great Fire of 1871 was a heavy blow to the postal service. The fine I'ostofTice, which stood where the First National Bank Building now stands, went up in flames. But thanks to the energy of the postal-authorities, not a single letter, nor even a newpaper was lost; the mail that was on hand was promptly despatched, and even the delivery of mails that arrived during the confusion that reigned after the fire was accompli<;hed with a success that exceeded all expecta- tions. The postal service established itself in the branch stations that remained, the street cars were utilized for collecting the mails, and by the close of the year the main postoffice had found a tempo- rary home, adequate to its wants, in the Methodist Church at Wabash avenue and Harrison street. The growth of Chicago's postal business may be seen from the following figures, expressing ])ieces delivered, thousands: 1865, 217; 1868, 1 180; 1870, 1875. In 1871 the postoffice in Chicago was the second in importance in the United Slates. In 1874 the number of letters delivered ex- ceeded 15 millions; the letters collected, 25 millions; in 1881, letters and postal cards delivered, 44 millions, newspapers, 9 millions; and ill 1885, 115 million letters and 20 million newspapers were deliv- ered; in 1890, 191 million letters and 37 million newspapers were delivered. The service at j)resent consists ttf a principal postoffice, 11 car- rier stations and 22 sub-poslotTices, employing ybg rt-gular mail car- riers, and .?oo subslittttc- carriers; Soo clerks and 75 substitute clerks; /'// all, 1,844 persons. The U. S. Sub-Treasury is located in the second story of the Custom House Building. It is the general depository for all federal officers and army paymasters in the west, and east as far as Ohio. It handles the receipts of 2,850 postoffices and pays 45,000 pen- sions annually. Its impoitance to the commercial world is particularly in the ex- change of ditVerenl kinds of currency and the redemption of such as is unlit for circulaticm. About $25,000 of mutilated paper currency is redeemed daily, besides a large amount of abraded and mutilated coin. The average "cash on hand" is about iji 15,000,000 divided as foHows: $6,000,000 gold, $1,500,000 silver dollars, $750,000 half dollars, $250,000 quarters, $15,000 dimes and nickels, $10,000 on§ 196 FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS. cent pieces, the remainder being paper money of diftercnt denomina- tions. A large part of the latter is in i,ooo, 5,000 and iu,ooo dollar bills, but these seldom get into general circulation and are used al- most exclusively in dealings between banks. A package the thickness of an ordinary brick, made up of these 10,000 dollar bills would rep- resent something like one and a half millions ot dollars. If part of a national bank note has been torn off and lost, the fragment or fragments presented for redemption must show three- fifths of the original surface of the bill and must bear the signature of at least one of the bank officers, in which case the note is redeemed in full. Mutilated coins are not redeemed at all; on the other hand, no deduction is made for natural abrasion. A picture from old Chicasn. The Scluittler Residence on West Adams St. Tlie Appraisers' Building, (Harrison and Sherman Streets, op- posite Grand Central Depot), containing the rooms and offices of the U. S. Appraisers, is a handsome eight story structure of fine Connect- icut brown-stone. In its interior arrangement it is substantial and well adapted to its purpose. Scenes in Washington Park. Business-Blocks and Buildings. The Auditorium Building which is bound by Michigan Ave., Congress street, and Wabash Ave., is the largest build- ing in Chicago, and one of the largest in the whole country, being in area inferior only to the capitol at Washington and the State House at Albany. The building which is partly in Romanesque style, makes a rather cold impression and gives no indication of its chief destination, which is that of a theatre. Its architecture has evoked much unfavorable criticism and frequent comparison with European theatres, from laic as well as professional circles who did not, however, take into consideration that the building was a product of private enterprise, and could not, consequently be compared and criticised by the same standard as buildings in Europe serving similar purposes but being erected and supported by public funds. The spirit of enterprise which created so immense a building from private means deserves, on the contrary, full recognition; and as for the structure itself, it must be said that it makes after all an imposing impression; that it is built in a very thorough and solid manner; and that much may be said in favor of its interior arrangements. The ten story structure receives, from the immense squares of the basement, a monumental character. Six large serai-circular arches reaching up to the second storj'^, form the entrances; the three on Michigan Avenue to the Auditorium Hotel; the three on Congress Street to the restau- rant. Adjoining this on Congress Street, is the tower which .BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 199 projects above the biiildinsand contains in its lower part again three semi-circular arches which form the entrance to the theatre. On Wabash Ave., are the rectangular entrances flanked by massive polished columns and leading to the business offices and Recital Hall. Round this substructure and two more stories (with the loggia and the balcony oil Michigan Ave.) are ranged fnr'y large, round arches reaching; througli four stories. Above these follow forty smaller semi- circular arches reaching only through two stories, and one more story with a heavy crowning terminates the building. The tower overtops it by seven stories. The execution of the building was, in 1885, entrusted to Messrs. Adler & Sullivan, two Chicago architects, the former of whom, a German, took charge of the architectural part and the latter, an Englishman, of the interior appointment and decoration. On December 9, 1889, two years and eleven months after the laying of the foundation stone, the building was opened to the public with appropriate festivities at which were pres- ent Renjamiu llarrison, president of the United States, many men of national repute, well known personages from the state and the city and a verj' numerous and select public. To give an idea of the dimensions of the structure, we mention the following authentic figures: riio main facade on Congress Street measures 362 feet, that on Micliiijaii .\venue 187 feet and that on Wabash Avenue 162 feet. The building covers an area of 62,000 square feet. The foundations are constructed very carefully. On a floor of pine wood lies a coat of cement four feet thick. A great many steel rails of which for the tower alone four miles were used, materially increase the solidity of the foundation. The outside walls are constructed of Maine granite and dark yellow Hcdford stone. There were used besides 17 millions of brick, 60,000 scpiare feet of plate glass, 6,000 tons of iron and steel etc. The iron construction alone, including the stage, amounted to over $600,000. The weight of the wliole structure is estimated at 110,000 tons, of which 15,000 tons must be attributed to the tower. The building has 15,00 wimlows, 2,000 doors, 10,000 electric lamps, 13 elevators, 25 miles of^as and water pipes, 230 miles of electric 200 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. wire and cable, and other ntiaterial in corresponding proportions. Nearly 16.000 tons of porous terra cotta was used for the construction of floors and partitions. The latest improvements in making fire- proof buildings were utilized, so that the structure is in this respect a model. The entire cost of the building was $3,200,000. The structure is divided into three main parts: the Auditorimti Hall with entrance on Congress street; the //('/f/ with entrance on Michigan ave. ; Recital Hall and Offices with entrance on Wabash ave. The business part of the Auditorium on Wabash ave. contains in its ten stories and in the tower, a number of stores and 136 business offices; access to the latter is gained by three elevators. On the seventh floor is Recital Hall, a small, but very prettily decorated room seating about 500 persons. The Auditorium Hotel, with an entrance on Michigan ave. and bne on Congress St., is one of the best appointed hotels in the world and deserves therefore special mention. The vestibule with its five massive columns of scagliola (artificial marble), its walls lavishly covered with Mexican onyx and its beauti- ful floor of Italian mosaic, makes a charming impression. On the South of it is, at the corner of Congress st., the very prettily appoint- ed Ladies'' Cafe. On the floor above it are the Loggia, the Reception Room and the Ladies' Parlor occupying the whole width of Michigan ave. and being very handsomely fitted up. On Congress st. are, on the same level, several tastefully furnished parlors. In the upper stories are the 400 chambers containing very fine furniture, carpets, mantle pieces etc. On the uppermost (tenth) floor are the kitchen in which the only fuel used is gas; and the large Dining Room which is 175 feet long. All offal is thrown down into a tube connecting with the engine room in the basement and instantly burned. The other rooms connected with the hotel, such as billiard and bar rooms, barber-shop etc. are all in keeping with the luxury reign- ing throughout the entire building. As an illustration of this the fact may be mentioned that for smaller metal ware, such as locks, door and window knobs etc. alone, $50,000 were expended. Accessible from the foyer are also the two upper rows of boxes situated on the same level and usually partitioned off by a metal screen. _ BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 201 An e/t'c/rifij/ a/>/>t!r(!iiis connects every room with the main office, transmitting the wishes of the guests for cold or warm water, a mes- senger, physician, laundry service and many other things. An admirably appointed laundry with a capacity of 12,000 pieces per day is in the basement. Seven elevators form the connecting link between the different floors. The main part of the building, Auditorium Hall, is reached through the entrance on Congress St., in the lower part of the tower. In the vestibule with its massive columns of scaglioia, are the ticket office, the bureaux of the general manager and the entrance to the elevators. Thence is reached, through six doors, the entrance to the theatre. The handsome stained glass paintings over these doors must be looked at from inside. The Entrance Hall has on each side a vaulted arcade, the one at the right leads, below the parquet, to the dressing rooms and the stairs to the parquet; while the one on the left leads, by three passages, to the foyer and the galleries. The passage between, straight to the North, terminates at the ladies' dressing room situated a little below. In this entrance hall we meet first one of the chief motives of the interior architecture of the Auditorium: a rather flat semi-circular arch resting usually on quadrangular pillars, both being smooth and simply decorated; showing more developed ornamentation only in more important rooms: gold lines and richly gilded capitals. This motive recurs with the variation necessitated by circumstances, throughout the house, in the entrance, the foyer, the boxes, the de- coration of walls and in greatest dimensions, in the four large arches spanning the auditory. .\scending one of the marble stair-cases on the left of the en- trance hall, we reach, on the floor above, the Foyer the floor of which is on a level with the highest seats of the Parquet whicii rises like an amphitheatre. Toward the auditory the foyer is completely open, and nothing but the few pillars supporting the balcony obstruct the view over the parquet to the stage. The two spaces between the three stair cases on the opposite wall are tastefully fitted up as niches from which the movements on the stage may be observed. A short flight of stairs leads from the south end of the foyer to the Ladies' Parlor which is furnished with fine carpets, plush furniture and immense mirrors. East of the ladies' parlor is the Smoking Poom with simple but tasteful furniture and wainscoting. 202 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. The forty Boxes are arranged in straight rows parallel with the length section of the building. On each side of the parquet are two raws reaching from the proscenium to the foyer. The upper set have in their fronts flat arches projecting but little and being deco- rated with plastic ornaments in a yellowish brown and gold. The lower boxes form charming flights of elegant, round arches, through which an interesting view to the interior may be gained. The lower boxes are separated from one another by low metal screens and portieres of golden brown silk plush ; while the two upper sets form an open succession of boxes with divisions indicated only by the front. The interior of the boxes is decorated in very delicate tones. The £a/cofij' is of considerable size and seats as many persons as the parquet. A flight of stairs leads from here to the Gallery with 526 and the Family Cii-cle with 437 seats. Thanks to the excellent acoustics of the house even from the highest seats one may hear as well as see what is going on on the stage. A very ingenious contrivance is the movability of the ceilings of the gallery and the family circle. Resting on hinges, these vaults may, by the use of a windlass under the floor of the gallery, be turned in a half-circle. The capacity of the house may thus be increased (with the aid of the stage) to 8000. With regard to the eventuality of needing an adequate hall for a large political convention, special attention was paid to this contrivance by the architects. The seats are thus classified: 40 boxes 200 seats. Parquet 1442 " Balcony 1432 " Family circle 437 " Gallery 526 " 4037 seats. The dimensions of the theatre are as follows: Distance between the boxes (width of parquet) 90 feet. Distance from the stage to the last row of seats in the parquet no feet. The four large semi-circular arches above mentioned which tra- verse that part of the theatre next to the stage first engage the at- tention of the visitor. Their richly decorated fields and belts with gilded ornaments and the many electric lights are very effective. On the sides of the arches are also affixed sixty large gilded knobs in the form of hemi-spheres, for ventilation purposes. BlfSiNESS BlilLDtNOS, 203 The central part of the theatre, l)egii)ning at the height of the first balcony, is an immense square space with a very large, rectangu- lar, colored sky light. The north wall of this section is adorned by^ a winter landscape, the south wall by a spring landscape. The walls between the stage and the boxes are filled with gilded lattice work in wood on which appear the portraits of famous mu- sicians and poets. The trellis on the left covers the large organ. Over the stage opening which for special purposes may be en- larged to 76 feet, runs parallel with the arch, a frieze with forty- five life size figures, representing the Power of Music. The stage is partitioned oft" by an iron curtain which is covered by one of golden brown silk with fine embroidery showing, sur- rounded by a laurel wreath, the American coat of arms and the em- blems of Music. The liuilders of the Auditorium, having endeavored to give the house the character of a popular theatre, it naturally lacks the splen- did entrances and magnificent stair-cases which adorn the large theatres in Europe. This also explains the decoration which is mainly architectonical. The vast interior, however, the elegant and very symmetrical arrangement of the seats, and the great number (4500) of electric lights placed very advantageously, produce a powerful im- pression. The endeavor, however, to use only one color in combination with gold in each room, makes some parts of the house appear al- together too simple (the corridor, for instance). The house, the stair- cases and the auditory are finished in old ivory with gold; the restau- rant, in brown with gold, Recital Hall in white with gold etc. But the quality of the material used in the building is throughout of the very best. As a whole the interior is distinguished by wealth and elegance. Behind the broken left wall of the proscenium is the Organ which, occupying a space of twenty-five by forty-four by thirty-four feet high is one of the largest in the country. It has 177 stops, 7124 pipes, 69 bells and the latest improvements and inventions. The keyboarils are in the orchestra. The instrument cost $45,000. A second smaller organ, the echo-organ, stands above the gallery. riie Stage of the Auditorium is one of the finest in the world. It has no etpial in America, and but a few in Europe. Being modelled after the opera house at Buda-Pesth, in which the Asphaleia system invenleil by Mr. Gwinner, an engineer in Vienna, was first intro- duced, it leaves even that stage behind with regard to the latest ini- 204 BDSTNESS BtriLBINGS. provements in the application of electrical, mechanical anjd hydrau- lical contrivances. Its dimensions are, as follows: width, 98 feet, height of the soffits 89 feet, depth from the terminal wall to the curtain 62^ feet. From the curtain to the conductor's desk (foot-lights) 6>4 feet, stage opening 47 feet, stage floor 6,862 square feet. The base- ment with its complicated hydraulic lifts has two stories and is 18 feet deep. The frame work of the stage is exclusively of iron and steel. The expenditure for the stage alone amounted to $175,000. The nine bridges, of larger or smaller size, and the four drops, of which the stage floor is composed, are moved by 26 hydraulic lifts with perfect security and ease. The whole stage may, with their aid, be lowered or raised. There are thirty dressing i-ooms. The Scenery of the Auditorium is varied and excellent, compris- ing, as it does, complete outfit for thirty operas, 125 back grounds (36x45) 300 movable pieces and elegant furniture. Among the largest are the tower in "Othello" (38 feet high) and the temple with the grave in "Aida" (24x36 feet). The cables of steel wire necessary for the transfer of the decorations, measure together 21 miles. The "panoramic horizon," a device introduced only in two other theatres, (Halie and Buda-Pesth), is a roll, fifty feet wide and 300 feet long, on which are painted by the hand of an artist skies in all sorts of weather and in all seasons. The facilities for the production of certain effects of light and the imitation of sun, moon, the stars, clouds etc. are such as to render the stage of the Auditorium justly^ famous. The entire appointment of the stage is the work of Mr. Kautsky of Vienna. The decoration of the house and the stage was in the hands of the painters Grover, Mige, Salvador, Fleury, Halloway and. others. The acoustics are excellent; heating and ventilation are in keep- ing with times. Banquet Hall. One of the most magnificent rooms of the Audi- torium, situated on the sixth floor, about in the middle of the build- ing. Access by hotel elevator. The hall is a rectangle, partly enclosed by simulated arcades; it has a gallery and two very elegantly furnished ante-chambers with, colored sky-lights. A rich decoration is displayed in order to relieve the heavy forms of the architecture. Walls and pilasters are sheathed to a hight of about six feet, with choice woods, partly in open work. Between the taper pillars are oil paintings which occupy the space as far as the semi-circular arched windows. The archivolts of the round 206 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. arches, about a foot deep, show gilded qnadratic ornaments, and the capitals of the pilasters bear rich carving in dark red wood. The ceiling is, by three beams running lengthwise and by seven running crosswise, divided into twenty-one panels bearing plastic ornamen- tation in olive green and gold. The electric lights are attached to twenty-one gilded fixtures of odd designs issuing from the crossings of the beams aud showing also rich ornamentation. There are ex- quisite stained glass paintings in the windows. The "Rookery." Thus is named the magnificent business structure occu- , pying the whole lot between La Salle, Adams and Quincysts. | and Rookery Court. Here stood formerly the old City Hall * which was after the great fire hastily erected in place of the one burned, and jokingly named 'Rookery' on account of the crowding necessitated by the inadequacy of its dimensions. This name was retained for the newbuilding which was erect- ed in its place and which is wholly unlike it. The "Rookery" is a building of twelve stories, is free on all sides and has about the form of a cube. The two lowest stories are formed by massive squares of grey granite whose heavy appearance is somewhat neutralized by ten large columns of polished red granite. From the second story up, tlie building consists of fire-proof brick and iron. The plastic ornamentation is almost exclusively executed in j ten-a-cotta. The two principal entrances in the facades on Adams 1 and La Salle sts. are of imposing dimensions. They are formed by large round arches built of massive granite squares and filled in with fine lattice work of forged iron. The capitals of the columns and the portals show interesting ornamentation hewn in stone. The brick walls of the remaining stories are enlivened by plastic ornaments, wide bands and settings of terracotta which are for the most part in Moorish style. The central tract on La Salle street begins with the large semi-circular arch, then runs up bordered by pilasters and has there a small balcony. The part above it which is more richly orna- mented, is flanked by massive round structures resembling bartizans and ending in pinnacles. A rather uncommon ornament are the three chandeliers of wrought iron placed at the three outside corners arid holding electric lights. BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 207 The vestibule liclweeii tlie entiance and the elevators gives an impression of luxury. The ceiling, walls and stair cases are exclu- sively of white marble which is adorned with a few grooved and gilded ornaments in Moorish style. The large quadratic court in the interior of tlie building is lighted from above. The floor of this as well as IIkU of the vestibule is covered with charming Italian stone- mosaic which, with its colored ornamentation, forms a pleasing con- trast to the marble slabs of the walls. Opposite the main entrance leads a wide stair case to the gallery of the first story. The material there is again marble and iron. It is illuminated by two beautiful chandeliers of wrought iron and bronze, each of which contains twenty-eight electric lights. The inner court is, at the hight of the second story, closed by a roof of glass supported by an iron frame which is painted white and gold. The vertical iron bars are below the glass roof coated with ornamented yellow tile, which harmonizes well with the rest of the court. The part of the court above the glass rocrf" makes a curious impression; the inside walls being constructed of glazed white bricks and the cross beams being coated, as in the first story, with gray and yellow tiles. A winding stair case of iron and marble leads from the first story to the top of the building. The view from the windows of the stair-case into the interior of the court is interesting. There are besides the stair-case eleven elevators which facilitate the access to all the floors in the building. The occupants are chiefly representatives of large, wealthy cor- porations: banks, railroads, etc. Rialto Building.— *S'/Vr.- 185 t from the window in the stair case on the top floor em- braces a part of the South side, from the break-water in the lake to the sugar refinery. From the roof, the view is unobstructed on all sides. The new structures in the neighborhood naturally first attract the attention of the observer. The tower of the Board of Trade building in the immediate neighborhood overtops the entire swr« roundings. * Insurance Exchange. — Site: 218 La Salle st. Opposite the llookery ris(\s the Insuranee Exchanf]fe, a teii-storj' building containing exclusively business rooms and offices. It extends from Adams to Quincj'^ sts. and has its main facade on La Salle st. The basement is constructed of solid granite squares; the other parts of the building of brick. The entrance on the main facade is formed by a large semi-circular arch with rich ornamentation. At the level of the fouth story is a balcony bordered by two massive structures resembling bartizans and terminating in cones crowned with finials. The remaining part of the walls is enlivened by numerous ornaments of terracotta and semi-circular arched windows on the first and the two highest stories. The vestibule is, in the ground plan, a square with two semi- circles at the sides. These semi-circles are semi-i'otundas crowned by a half-cupola. Walls and ceiling of the vestibule are covered with pretty terra-cotta ornaments. The stairs leading to the first story are in the two semi-rotundas. The passage under the stairs leads to the elevators. \n iron winding staircase projecting from the wall is m the background of the entrance hall, 210 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. * Temperance Temple.— Corner La Salle and Monroe sts. The Temperance Temple which, together with the Mason- ic temple, is to be completed on May 1st 1892, is another build- ing remarkable for its architecture. It is being built by the Woman's Temperance Building Association. The length of the La Salle st. front is 190 feet and of the Monroe st. front 96 feet. The central structure which is to recede, on the West, i8 feet, on the East 30 feet from the building line, will be flanked, on the South and North, by two large wings 60 feet wide and in the whole width of Monroe st. front. The central structure is to be made ex- clusively of steel with a coating, on the first and second story, of dark gray granite, and from the third to the tenth story, of fine pressed brick. Above the tenth story will be the corona, and above this, three more stories in the terrace-like roof, which will, with its round finialsat the corners of the building, make a very picturesque impression. A large, round arch on La Salle st. will form the main entrance. On the roof of tlie central part will be placed a slender gilded structure 70 feet high, on the top of which a praying female figure will symbolize the destination of the building. The style is French Gothic. The build- ing, it is said, will bear a great resemblance to the well-known Pullman Building. The main part of the house will be let for business purposes. Three rooms on the first floor are already engaged by banks. On the first floor a large hall adorned with a fountain, statues, pictures etc., will be arranged for prayer-meetings for the removal of the liquor curse. The spacious entrance to the hall is likewise to be adorned with draw- ings and quotations referring to the temperance struggle. In the basement a large cafe will be opened. The interior decoration will be very sumptuous, and all modern improvements will be applied in the building. The cost of the whole structure is estimated at $i.000.000. Commerce Building. —'V/V^.- 14 and 16 Pacific ave. Ad- joining the Open Board of Trade building. The facade of this house consists almost exclusively of stone and iron pillars and wide windows. The entrance is formed by a large round arch extending over half the width of the structure. Three massive pillars i-esembling buttresses, made of square stone in rustic work divide the facade. The traverses are iron beams and narrow BUSINESS BUILDINGS. 211 strips of biick masonry. There are a few sculptures at half-height of the building; the rest is plain. The eight-story structure is entirely taken up by ofticcs. Owing's Building. — Site: S. E. corner Dearborn and Adams sts. One of the latest business structures, on a corner lot, with some interesting architectural details. The spacious entrance with its large Gothic pediment reaching up to the third story and bearing rich ornamentation, is the most remark- able part of the building. The material of the substructure is stone, of the upper parts brick and terra-cotta, the whole appearing in a uniform gray tint. A steep roof and a bartizan picturesquely crown the structure. Adams Express Building.— ^ buildings in the new wholesale district suggesting vaguely the castle-like palaces of early renaissance. It has eight stories, besides a high basement, ami is constructed of massive blocks of gray granite, eight feet long and several feet thick, and iron and brick. The surface of the granite blocks is rough which adds to the massiveness of the l)uilding. The windows of the seven stories, which are arranged in groups of four, show round and flat arches and rectangular form. For the rest, the building has no remarkable features. The main facade with the entrance is on Adams street. On the south side, on Ouincy street, freight is received and delivered. The basement serves principally for receiving room. In the first story are the offices and the shipping rooms, and in the remaining 2in BUSINESS BUILDINGS. stories the sales and store rooms. The firm of Marshall Field & Co, is in its line, the first in the city and one of the first in the whole country, enjoys the reputation of being a model wholesale house, and has branches in the principal centres of commerce throughout Europe. The business of the firm in 1890 amounted to $35,000,000. The bustling activity in the interior of the house is of interest to the stranger. First National Bank Building. B. Letter's Building.— Zoc State street, between Van Buren and Congress sts. A large business palace of monu- mental appearance but monotonous exterior. It is set off effectively by the older buildings surrounding it. The eight story structure is made exclusively of iron and stone and has, owing to the large windows, a very light interior. The brick walls are, on the sides facing the streets, coated with large granite squares of a light gray shade. The interior is divided up into rooms by thin partitions. The larger part of the building is sup- ported by the iron frame work, the rest by the outside walls. Chicago Cold Storage Exchange. - Loc. South-west cor. West-Lake st. and Chicago lliver. The Chicago Cold Storage Exchange was called forth bj' the need in which the Chicago produce market, especially the fruit market, stood of a suf- ficiently large ice house. The double eleven story structure of brick and iron is most conveniently located, facing, on the ftUSINESS BlflLDlNOS. 217 East, the river, on the North, one of the most frequented streets of the city, and beinj;; close to the tracks of the C., M. & St. p. 11. K. The dimensions of the building are as follows: East wing, 382 x 70 ft; West wing, 382 x 85 ft. Both parts are connected hy a court covered with a glass roof and named Cold Stor- age Arcade. It measures 36 x 382 ft. and is crossed hy a railroad track. The basements of the two wings which are directly accessible to vessels on the river side and to the railroad trains in the court, serve exclusively for receiving and shipping gooods. Each wing has, on the side facing the street, and on the level of the latter, three large stores; above them are offices, assembly rooms for brokers, commission merchants etc. The entire remaining part will serve at the same time for warehouse and refrigerator. The artificial cold is produced with the use of ammoniac, accord- ing to the system of the ammoniac ice machines; the evai)orating liquid ammoniac absorbing the warmth from the surrounding air. Hy spe- cial, simple contrivances the ammoniac is constantly kept in liquid form, so that the expenses of the plant are very inconsiderable. There is only an air-pump needetl for pressing the gas through the pipes, and a contrivance for regulating the supply of gas. The steam, ice and electric engines and the elevators cost $475,- 000. There were 6,000 tons of iron and steel placed in the building. The entire cost of the establishment is estimated at $1,390,000. The immense storage rooms of the two refrigerators will be con- stantly filled by large quantities of fruit and produce. Eggs, butter, cheese and dried fruit arrive during April, May and June for storage for the fall and winter. When these articles are withdrawn, the space occupied Ly them is taken up by fruit, which is easily preservable, especially apples. There are besides stored all the year round, the various kinds of fruit from the North, West and South in the Chicago market. It is hoped that the moderate rates charged and the great capacity of these warehouses will greatly benefit the fruit and produce trade and cause a considerable reduction of the market prices. *Manhattan Building.— i/oc. 307 to 321 Dearborn street (near \'uii Biircn st). A massive sixteen stoiy building of striking architecture which favorablj' contrasts with the sur- rounding monotonous structures. The three lowest stories are built of large squares of gray granite 218 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. with rough surface; the remaining part of the building is constructed of grayish yellow brick and terra-cotta. The facade is enlivened by ihe nine bay windows which appear from the fourth to the eleventh story and are trilateral in the centre section of the building ; the others have two sides with the edges rounded ofl. The bay windows and the base of the twelfth and sixteenth stories are profusely decor- ated with terracotta ornaments. The remaining four stories are in simple taste. Home Insurance Building. At the N. E. corner of La Salle and Adams sts., is the large ten-story Home Insur- ( ance Building, erected in 1884 ^ and 1885. The first and second sfory are 5 constructed of large squares of granite with rough surface, the rest of brick and reddish grey building stone. The walls are en- livened by rectangular ornaments i in terra-cotta. The most impres- sive part of the facade is the large entrance which has four double doors and is flanked by four large columns of polished granite whose acanthus capitals support a massive balcony. There are two other balconies in the central section of Tacoma Building. the building. The trellis of wrought iron behind the'glass window of the door is worthy of special mention. The vestibule and the two wide stair-cases leading to the first story are coated with marble. The ceiling which is gently vaulted is supported by four massive iron pillars. Four elevators run to and from the upper stories. An interesting view of the surrounding streets and buildings and the lake may be gained from the top sUny or from the roof, which is bordered by a balustrade. The Home Insurance Building is lighted by electricity and is generally acknowledged to be one of the most solid office buildings in Chicago. BUSINESS BUILDINOS. 219 Pullman Building.— i^oc S. W. cor. Michigan Ave. and Adams St. The Pullman building, named after its owner, the well known rail road car manufacturer, i.s a solid, impressive ten ^tory structure of granite and brick. Although the walls are smooth and the ornamentation is concen- trated upon a small part, yet the variously shaped windows, loggias and bartizans divide up the masses so as to produce a pleasing effect. Without having a pronounced style, the building suggests some old buildings of the North German cities. The basement is constructed of heavy squares of gray granite pvith rough surface. All the remaining part of the building is of brick with sparse terracotta ornaments. On the main facade on Adams st. :he granite squares in the basement are replaced by nine beautiful Init rather low pillars of polished granite which support on their pal- metto capitals, eleven round arches, thus forming pretty arcades, rhese arcades and the whole facade are in the middle interrupted by he interior court, which here opens into the street. The two halves are however, connected with each other by the vestibule which isen- :ered Ihrough a massive semi-circular arch reaching from one wall to lo the other. Another very effective part of the building are the Four rows of loggias placed above one another and showing partly ^imple, partly interlaced arches. They begin on the fourth and fifth itories and are most effective on the facade on Michigan Ave. where hey form the upper half of the central section. The lower part is chiefly occupied by the entrance, a spacious flat >rch on massive pillars which is, at the level of the first story, overtop- )fd by a fine semi-circular arch. On the same side are, besides, two .mall balconies on the ninth story. The most striking part of the building are, besides the large arch )ver the entrance, the four bartizans of which some are semi-circular, ithcrs form three-quarters of a circle and distinctly project from the ivalls, with the exception of that on the North-west side. The two nner ones flanking the interior court, are covered with roofs of the ihape of a bell; the two on the outside have conic roofs. A further irnament on the uppermost jiarl of the Imildiiig are the moulding ind the fluted chimneys. The large arches over the entrance, which mokes an imposing mpression with its heavy crowning richly decorated with terracotta, esls on massive pyramidic granite blocks from which it is separated ay an interesting palmetto capital. The ante room is coated halfway 220 BUSINESS BTTTLDINaS. up with dull, greyish green granite slabs, the remaining part is decor ated with fine terra cotta ornaments. The double staircase of while marble, showing sculptures at various places, sets off effectively from that dark material. Glass roof. The interior is decorated in that ricli and solid manner character- istic to this class of new buildings. The view from the roof is very interesting. ( From the ninth floor through sliding door on west side along staircase and corridor. Free access.) The Hiram Sibley FireproofWarehouse.-iyw. Nos. 2 to 8 Clark St. (between the river and the tracks of the Chi- cago and Northwestern R. R) The Sibley warehouse, erected in 1884, is a model of its kind, the finest warehouse in the country and as a whole surpassing even the renowned Manhattan warehouse in New York, and the Boston Storage Warehouse in Boston. The massive thoroughly fireproof structure is ad- miral)ly situated between the river and the railroad tracks, and faces at the same time, with its front of 190 feet length, one of the chief thorough- fares of the city. The warehouse is constructed of iron and brick and hol- low tile, and bears on its main front plastic ornaments in terracotta. The forms of the facades are simple, show- ing round and flat arches, long pilas- ters etc., and a trellis crowning. The whole structure is divided into three parts, two of which ( A and B) contain each a basement and eight stones, house C" is only a low addition. In the Ijasement are the railroad tracks, the fireproof vaults and all the necessary machinery for receiving and shipping goods from and to railroad cars and vessels. Of the remaining eight stories, a part on the river front which extends over 240 feet, is reserved for the U. S. Bonded Warehouse; another part facing Clark St. is made into stores and offices, and the rest of the building is the warehouse proper, containing three light shafts, two skylights and seven elevator; I the third, the "Ware- 222 BUSINESS BUILDINGS. which that behind the main entrance on Clark st., serves for hoisting laden wagons. It has a capacity of 15,000 lbs. The house is constructed in such a manner that every square foot of the floor supports 500 lbs. The cost of construction amounted to half a million. All sorts of goods are received for storage, excepting self-ignit- ing or explosive articles. The rates differ according to location and extension of the space selected, and value and description of goods. Buffet Libraty Smoking Car, Michigan Central R. R. . Educational Institutions. The educational affairs of the city of Chicago have kept pace, in every respect, with the other phases of development (»f the cit3', and form a branch of the city administration of whicli it maj' well be proud. The first so-called school in the city was the Sjiroat School for boys, opened in 1833 in a church on Water st. near Franklin. Chicago 'was then still in its very infancy. "We heard," wrote a lady-teacher of the school to a friend, "the howling prairie wolves day and night, and met them on our way to school ; and we were not a little tiniioyed by the Indians. These could at last be borne with, but the greatest evil was the marshy condition of the ground. Hul)bers only served to stick the wearer in the mud ; and so I had to have a pair of high men's boots made to enable me to pursue my calling." In October of the same year the city allowed itself to be misled by the price of real estate, which had been raised by >peculation, into selling the largest part of the school lands, rhis was the most consequential financial transaction in the listory of the city, a thing that at the time, of course, could not DC foreseen. At a public sale 1-40 of the 144: blocks of school ands were disposed of, on one, two and throe years' time, ■or the sum total of $138,619.47; the last four blocks the city )wns to-day, and they are valued at $3,000,000. The present ,'alue of the above-mentioned 140 blocks is not appraised too ligh at $100,000,000. In 18^54 the Sproat School was transformed into a public school, and made a free school in 1835 by legislative enact- uent. At the close of the year there were three public and 'our private schools. The first effort, made in 1865, to intro- iucc the (lornian language into the lower grades of the ])ub- ic school system was favorably received; the adoption of this nstruction. subject to the choice of the pupil, has increased jonstantly, and was shared in by 30,148 pupils in 1889. 224 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The public school system comprises three divisions, viz: the Primary School, the Grammar School and tne High School ^ each of which ehibraces the instruction in four grades, or twelve Rvndes In all. Each of the three divisions of the city has a ffifjh School. The instruction in the first eight grades brings the pupil to the close of an education sufficient for common life; the high schools seek to give the training of the preparatory schools for colleges. Then there are connected with the in- struction in the first eight grades, instruction concerning the human body and its functions, good manners, character-build- ing, obedience to the laws, etc.; and (for all the schools) gym- nastic drill, dumb-bell exercises, etc. The instruction in gymnastics, which was first introduced in 1885, has gradually become a part of the instruction in all the schools. In the primary schools the pupils are exercised in calis- thenics only. These exercises consist of simple muscular movements of the arm and foot, arm and trunk, trunk and foot, and marching and breathing exercises, The arrange- ment is such that all parts of the body are brought into play during the lesson. A number of the simple exercises used in the primary schools are executed in alternation in two in- stead of four counts. For instance, when one arm is raised the other is lowered. These counter and dissimilar exercises when executed by a class divided into two sections, present a beautiful picture, and the interest shown by the children is a source of much encouragement to the teachers. The primary departments are visited by the teachers twice each month. In the grammar schools smooth wooden wands an inch in diameter and three feet long, and wooden dumb-bells, shel- laced, having a combined weight of one pound, and eleven inches long are used as an aid to the physical training of the scholars. Wand and dumb-bell exercises are practiced once a week in all the grammar schools, and once a week the pupils are put through calisthenic exercises. The gymnastic training in the high schools ia similar to the above; but here the grown-up pupils bring mare intelli- gence \Q b^ar upon it, Qnjy the South Division High SqIiqoI EDUCATIONAL IXSTITI TIONS. 225 has real apparatus, suili as ]iulliii,ii' luafhiues, rings, horizontal bars, etc., which are the private property of the jnipils. The irymnastic exercises have proved themselves very beneficial to the general instruction. The hitherto pale, thin faces show a healthy color, girls and boys sjain perseverance and desire, and love for study has everywhere markedly in- creased. The city moreover has a 3fannfil TrainuKj School, viXxo^a jilan of instruction is Tiearly tlie same as that of the (Miicaso Manual Training School, which is elsewhere described in detail. The system of free schools includes also twenty-five eve- ning kcJk mis /in which instruction is given principally from October till March; in these schools the teachers number 1!'5, and the average attendance of pupils is 3,150. There are also five schools for the deaf and dnwh. with five teachers and 47 pupils. The city owns 98 school hin'ldhir/s, of which 58 have been erected since 1880. Nearly all are well adapted to educa- tional purposes. The building most recently erected is the Doiujlas School, at the corner of Forest ave. and 32d st. The 08 school buildings are valued at $4,086,400, and the grounds belonging to them at |1.513.00(; ; or a total of |(!.199,40(j. To this must be added the school land mentioned in the opening of this article, valued at $8,000,000, and other property to the amount of $400,000, which together bear an annual income of over $500,000. Thus the total value of school properti/ xeaLdhes, the sum of nearly $10,000,000. A complete description of the broad and model system of the public schools is, of course, beyond the scope of this book. It may, however, be remarked here that the city of Chicago has always been generously mindful of her public schools. Indeed, the last annual appropriation reached $4,500,000. more than is devoted annually to educational puri)oses in any of the bordering States of Iowa, Indiaiui or "Wisconsin. The development of the system of public schools is shown in the appended table : 226 F.DTTCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. EXTRACT FROM SCHOOL CENSUS SHOWING COM- PARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. For year ending 845 850 855 860 866 870 875 Total En- rollment in Number the Public of Schools Teachers 317 1,051 9 1,919 21 6,8z6 42 14.199 123 24,851 265 38,939 557 49,121 696 73,881 895 79,276 ..296 83,022 1,440 84,902 1,574 89,578 1,663 93.737 1.768 135,551 2,842 Total Amount paid for current expenses. 2,277 53 15,626 73 49,612 43 162,383 79 414,655 70 552,327 37 583,037 00 917,182 79 1,023,358 15 1,121,722 26 1,254.837 02 1,361,650 90 2,021,779 00 3. 6, 16, 69, 219, 527. 662, 691, 967, 1,037, 1.135. 1,888, 2,244 3.787 413-45 037-97 546-13 630.53 198.66 741.60 093-47 536-07 387-74 445-39 307-74 ,678.07 761.00 222.00 Besides her public schools, Chicago has a large number of private schools, part of which have become increasing]}' prominent during the last decade, part of which have been lately called into life by large endowments, or are about to be established. Thus, alongside of the gigantic material growth of Chica- go, there is seen a great intellectual progress, and the flourish- ing condition of her educational life is an object of just pride to the citizens of Chicago. Already Chicago possesses more theological schools than any other city in the United States, and they are all pros- perous and in possession of large means Beside the two great institutions, Northwt'.stern Unioersity and Lake F'oresf University, with their branch institutions ; the new Baptist U7iiversity, with a vigorous administration and an endowment of $5,000,000, is about to enter the held of education. The great need of the city, however, is the establishment of a polytechnic institution of the first rank. It is at present the intention of the Northwestern University to establish one, EDrOATlONAL INSTITUTIONS. 22 Sli When to this is added the poli'tcchiiic institute that may soon be exi)ected from the rich i^ift (ll.OiKMHKI) of the Lewis brothers, Chieairo will be represented also in this respect, in a manner becoming to her importance in other respects. In 1889 a Compuhory Education Law went into cifect in Illinois, requiring parents and guardians to send all chil- dren between seven and fourteen j'cars of age to some public or private school at least sixti'cn weeks in the year. At the saHie time the law provided that no school shall be regarded as a school unless there shall be taught therein, in the En- (jli.sh htiKjiuuje, reading, writing, arithmetic, history of the United States, and geography. This last ])roviso found much ojujosition by the jirivate schools, especially those denomina- tioiuil schools that give their instruction in the language of tlicir nationality, and has since become an important factor in the State elections of this and other States. The number of teachers and i>upils attending the Kin- dergarten, i)rivate and parochial schools and business colleges of Chicago is as follows ; Tcacliers. Pupils. Kiiulcryarlcii 219 3)941 I'livale schools 402 7»369 Church or parochial schools 1,089 5°) 172 Husiness colleges 144 3j534 Following is a survey of tlie more noteworthy private in- stitutions : a) General Schools. Northwestern TJniversity. - *SV/r.- Evanston, 12 miles north of Court House. Accoix: Either the Chic. & North- western or the Chic, Milw. & St. Paul Klls. Trip: :^ min.: Round Trip: 6() cents. This University is ihc most iniiiortant educational institution of Chicago. Its difFercnt branches are located, partly in F.vanston and partly in Chicago. The Preparatory School, the College of Liberal Arts, the Garrett Bil'lieal Institute, \.\\g N^or7oegian- Danish Theolo- gical School and Swedish Theological Seminary, the Consei~vatory of Music and \hc School of Oratory a.ie in Y.\a.nsioi\; and the Chicago 228 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Medical College, the Union College of La7o, the Illinois College of Pharmacy, and the College of Dental and Oral Surgery, are In Chicago. The departments located at Evanston occupy ten buildings, in eluding the Woman's College building, which lies somewhat apari from the others, with the Ladies'" Cottage to the West of it for the female students; all in the midst of a luxurious growth of trees and in a charming situation on the shore of Lake Michigan. From either of the two depots, the group of university buildings is reached by passing- along the street called University Place in a north-easterly direction, and past the stately five story Woman's Col- lege building, situated to the left. Through the entrance at the southwest corner one reaches first the University Hall, an imposing four story Gothic structure with a tower that is visible at a great dis- tance. It contains the J\hcseut?i with i '5,000 botanical and 20,000 zoological specimens, and fine collections in niineralogy, lithology, palaeontology and anthropology; and the biological laboratory, which is equipped with excellent microscopes. To the right is the I/all of Science, a fine two story building with two wings, containing the de- partments of physics and chemistry. Farther to the right is the Pre- paratory School, and directly north from this, by the lake is Xhegym- nasium. North of the University Hall lies Heck Hall, with rooms for the students. Still farther north comes Memorial Hall, with the library containing 24,000 volumes and 12,000 pamphlets, reading room and recitation rooms; and Garrett Biblical Institute, a fine structure of pressed brick, with a pretty tower. To the northwest and somewhat apart, is the Dormitory Building, occupied by stu- dents, mostly theologues ; and northeast of this is the ^tc'^(//V/^ //^t"^- logical Seminary. The astronomical observatory closes "up the group of buildings. The university in all its branches contained, in 1890, 100 pro- fessors and I960 students. By the investment of its means many years ago in real estate which has since then risen enormously in value, the university has been placed in possession of the large annual in- come of $125,000. The ground on which the west half of the Grand Pacific Hotel stands to-day, was bought in June, 1852, for f 8,000, and is valued now at more than $1,000,000. Preparatory School. This department of the university receives pupils wlio have reached the age ot thirteen years and have a common school education. The principal aim of this institution is to prepare young people of both .sexes for the university. There is, however, in- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 229 struction given in a shorter course for special cases. The regular courses in the preparatory school are the classical, the philosophical, the scientific, and the course in modern literature, 'iiie completion of any one of these courses, which occupy from three to four years, secures admission to the College of Liberal Arts a department of the same university; and equals the preparation required by the oldest colleges in the country. The students enjoy the free use of the library and the gyntnasiiitn. The large and valuable collections of the Uni- versity Mttsi'iiin are used tt) illustrate the instruction. The Woman's College is also a branch of Northwestern Uni- versity. Its aim is to make a college education accessible to women, who are admitted to all the undergraduate departments and to all the professional schools except the Rush Medical College. The (."ollege building is a handsome brick structure, which with the Coiiegc' Cottage \y\\\^ near by, furnishes a home for the ladies. Lake Forest University. — Site: Lako Forest, Illinois, 28 miles north of Court House. Accvxs: See List of Suburban Stations. The Lake Forest University comi)risesan Uaderqrnduate I)i pnrtvitnt, located at Lake Forest, and Pro/essioiKtl Dejmrt- Diiiifs, located parti J' at Lake Forest and partly in Chicago. The UitdeiujrddiKtfc Dfjxirtnunf includes four distinct schools: Ldke Forest Collcijc, Ferry Ci>U('(je for Womni, Frrrfi Ildll Seminary, and Lalce Forent Acadrtny. The Professional Departments comprise three faculties: those of Law, Medicine and Philosophy. The Law and Me- dicine Faculties, located at Chicago, include the Chicago Col- lege of L(iH\ Rush Medical College, and the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. The Philosopliieal Faculty is located at Lake Forest, and has in charge the graduate courses intended to give preparation for the profession of Teaching, for Jour- nalism, and other Literary Work. The college possesses a working library, and additions are made as i)ooks are needed either for reference or for research. A notable addition of late is the Kcifferscheid library containing about four thcnisand volumes, anmiig which many works of rarity and great value to the specialist in the ancient languages, as well as a wide range of works useful to students pursuing other branelu-s. 230 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The college reading room is supplied with the best periodicals in English. The Physitiil Laboratory has a sufiicient supply of apparatus to enable the students to study, experimentally, the phenomena usually treated of in the best text-books. It has also a few pieces well adapted to more advanced work. The Biological Laboratory is furnished with the Lest microscopes (Zeiss's and Leitz's), microtoms, and a full set of appliances and re-agents for the treatment of tissues according to the latest methods. The Chemical Laboratory provides the student with a complete assortment of chemicals and chemical apparatus. The Lake Forest College requires for admission a high standard of preparation, and offers to students a classical and a scientific course ; each extending over four years. During the first two years, studies in both courses are prescribed; but during the last two, numerous elective and optional studies afford opportunity for a wide choice of subjects in accordance with individual tastes. The Ferry College for Women admits ladies only. It provides two courses, classical and scientific. The classical.course is almost identical with that of Lake Forest College, and leads to the degree of B. A. The scientific course corresponds in general with the scientific course of Lake Forest College, but gives more attention to the modern languages and the fine arts; it leads to the degree of B. Sc. The Ferry Hall Seminary prepares young ladies to enter Lake Forest College, Ferry College, or any other college admitting ladies. It provides, also, a seminary course, which leads to the degree of Bachelor of Letters, a course in music leading to the degree of Bache- lor of Music, and special courses for young ladies who do not wish to enter college. There are three Preparatory Courses, — Classical, Scientific, and Z/Vt';-rt;;', either of which prepares for admission to the Seminary course. A feature of some prominence -in the Seminary is a practical and theoretical course in art. Training in elocution is given to all students in the school. With physical culture as a basis, special attention is paid to voice culture, and also to the art of expression both in voice and gesture. The prin- ciples of Delsarte underlie all the instruction given. In connection with the seminary is a library and a well equipped gynmasitiiit. The Lake Forest Academy prepares boys to enter the best American colleges. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 231 It aims in general, at two points— teaching and training. To meet the ilitileient needs and tastes of students, it provides three courses — Chissical, l.atin-Scienlific, and Scientific. The students of the Academy have access to two Academy Read- ing-rooms; and to the Library of Lake F"orest College, subject to the regulations laid down by the Librarian. The students of the scien- tific department of the Academy have laboratory facilities in the Academy, as well as the privilege of using the laboratory and cabinets of Lake Forest College. Boys from out of town live either in the dormitory or Mitchell Hall, all being under direct charge of the Academy Masters. University of Chicago. -The University of Chicago, whose iniuiediate erection near the paric known as Midway Plaisance, is now impending, with its able nianajj;enient and extraordi- nary endowment of five million dollars, bids fair to become one of the most important educational institutions in the country. The university is to be opened on the first of Octo- ber, lSil2. The University of Chicago, it is believed, will fullfiU the highest expectations. Only its divinity school will be under denominational control. Its college of liberal arts, college of science, college of liter- ature, college of practical arts, law school, medical school, school of engineering and electricity, school of pedagogy, school of fine art and school of music will be opened as soon as buildings can be se- cureil. Its special courses of lectures in various parts of the city, its evening courses in college and university subjects, its correspondence courses, special course in the Bible in its original languages and trans- lations, its library extension plan and its generous practical proposal for aiding stiulents in the purchase of books and other expenses, com- mend it heartily to all classes of our people. Its ground plan is the broadest, most sincere and most democratic ever devised for a great public institution. Chicago Athenaeum.— .S/V^'.- 18-20 E. Van Buren street. The Cliiea!:;(» Atlien;euni is an institute, which has been in existenee for twenty years, and has for its object the train- ing of young people of both sexes in the fields of language, science, and many useful arts and accomplislnuents. Although it originated with the Chicago Young Men's Christian Asso- 232 EDTTCATIONAL INStlTT'TIOjJS. ciation, the institution is conducted free from all religious in- fluence, and without reference to financial gain; its avowed ob- ject is to make the success of its students easier by physical and intellectual culture. Owing to this liberal and independent attitude, the Athenaeum enjoj's a large and continually in- creasing roll of students and members, which during the last year numbered over 1000, and were drawn partly from Illinois and the neighboring states. Instruction is given liy twenty-two teachers, five days in the week during the day and in the evening, and as far as possible is adapted to the individual capacity of the student. The following subjects are taught: reading, grammar, history, compositon, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, geography, penmanship, bookkeeping, correspondence, steno- graphy, tvpcwriting, English literature, German, French, Latin, rhetoric, (^declamation, public speaking and parliamentary practice), architectural, free-hand and mechanical draiving, music [vocal, piano and violin), turning, and fencing. And special courses in physics, chemistry, trigonometry and technology are arranged when there are at least seven applicants for work in those lines. Moreover, a number of associations of a social and literary character, such as the Shakespeare Class, the Goethe Club, and others, give the members offportunity both for the pursuit of special branches of knowledge and the culti- vation of social intimacy. The Athenteum has also under its control the inheritance of the Chicago Mechanic'' s Institute, and from an endowment of the latter called the 'Asel Peck Fund', gives yearly instruction to about 150 students in chemistry, electro technology, technical drawing and re- lated subjects. And the Soper School of rhetoric, ?nusic anil decla- mation is connected with the AthenKum. Finally, the institution possesses special iacilities for preparing young women for the work of teaching and young men for the uni- versity. A large library and reading rooms provided with periodicals, (which are free for the use of visitors and friends), furnish an addition- al means of culture. Since March, 189I, the institute has been in possession of its own home, the Athenaeum Building, 18 Van Buren St.; one of the finest school buildings in the country. The seven story structure, erected at a cost of $280,000, is built principally of iron and pressed brick; and has a simple and elegant appearance. The floors and walls !||L,.;|!!,V[|||||j!j||||![l| 234 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. of the halls as well as the stairways, are of marble; the woodwork is ol polished oak. The building is well lighted and ventilated and has two electric elevators. The rooms are grouped around a covered court. In the basement there are the s-iuimming and shoiuer bat /is, two howling alleys, a racket lourt (at the bottom of the covered court), \.\\e fencing rooms and the gymnasium. The latter is two stories high, and has, besides a com- plete outfit, a gallery at the level of the second story, with a circular running track five feet wide. In the first story are reception rooms, the ojjices, and a barber shop. The next three stories have large, well lighted rooms, a part of which are used as school rooms, and a part of which are rented. In the fifth story there is the school of music, (esthetic gymnastics and de- clamation, etc. ; in the sixth are the offices of the superintendent, the library, li'ritingznd reading rooms, recreation rooms, and the Athemv- um assembly hall. The seventh story is to be reserved for artists' studios. ?'or particulars address: E. I. Galvin Superintendent. Chicago Manual Training School.— /S'cYe.- N. 1^ . corner Michigan ave. and 12th street The Chicago Manual Training School owes its origin to the Commercial Club of Chicago. The school which has been in existence since 1888, has proved to be very practical, and is the forerunner of a large number of similar institutions in the United States, which were called into life by this one. The purpose of the school is practical instruction in the use of tools in connection with instruction in mathematics, dratving, and the English studies of an ordinary high school. The use of tools includes carpenter's and joiner's work, turning, modeling, soldering, and work- ing on metal in the machine shop. The manual training aims, not so much at a one-sided training for a particular trade, as at an all round technical training, by a varied use of instruments. The instruction embraces two courses of twenty weeks each, cost- ing 40, 50 and 60 dollars for the first, second and third courses re- spectively. Provision has been made, however, for the free tuition of gifted and indigent boys. One hour of the time is devoted to in- struction in drawing, two hours to work in the workshops, and the rest to the ordinary subjects of study. The pupils produce very acceptable work in wood and metal; and they have made a large part of their own tools, also a six horse power steam engine which is in use in the upper class. The annual ex- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 235 hibition of the work clone in free-hand and mechanical drawing reveals very praiscwortliy results. 'Those seeking admission to the sciiool must have reaclu-d llu- age of fourteen years, must liave a common school education, and a good moral character. The school hours range from 9:00 a. m. to 3:40 p.m. with an inter- mis'^ion of 30 minutes for dinner. The attendance in 1890-91 was 155. Since 1884 the school has been in possession of its own building, a neat four story brick structure with a high basement and a large, slate-covered mansard roof. The main front is on I2th street, with the /urge' entrance designed by one of the pupils of the institution. The basement contains a dining room, the large forge, and the machine room; the first story contains the offices and school rooms, while the remaining three stories are taken up with more school rooms, workshops, the laboratory, etc. Cook County Normal School.— »S'/Vf^'.- Stewart ave. near (JTtli f^t. Acct&s: Vail Burcii and Sherman sts. depot. Round Trip: 80 cents. This is a county institution for the education of com- petent teachers for tlie i)ublic schools. Instruction is given free to those who live in the county, and outsiders are obliged to pay a small tuition fee. Minerva Institute. — Site: Ravenswood; 5.8 miles north of Court House. ^lrcv.s.v: Chicago & Northwestern RR. 22 min. RitKiul Trip: 80 cents. A boarding and day school for girls situated at n. e. corner Paulina st. and Berteau ave. Dlnx-tnxs: Mrs. Amalia Ende. This most favorably known school endeavors to equip young girls with a harmonious education for practical and social life. The regular course of study comprises the German and English languages, mathe- matics, natural science, history, literature, drawing, ]^ainting, singing, gymnastics, handiwork, with French and Latin forelectives. The musi- cal instruction under the direction of the well known musician, Mr. Hernhard Zichn, meets with honorable recognition even from the musical press. The pu])ils also receive instruction in dancing and house kee|)ing. The situation of the school in the quiet and plea'sant suburb is most convenient and from a hygienic point of view all that could be desireil. 236 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The German-English School for boys and ^irls, is located at 621 & 623 N. Wells st. A creation of the Grernian-English school association. Director: L. Schutt. The two story school-house is light and airy and excellently ar- ranged. Course of studies identical with that of the public schools. Special attention is paid to English and German which is taught after the German method. The pupils are, besides, instructed in German literature, French and, in the higher classes, in all the branches taught in the public high schools. Instruction in handiwork for girls. Six teachers of both sexes. St. Xavier's Academy.— »S/«e.- Corner Wabash ave. and 29th St. A boarding and day school for young ladies. It is conducted by the Sisters of Mercy. It occupies one of the handsomest buildings devoted to education- al purposes in the city, built of brick willi stone trimmings and very spacious. No undue influence is exercised over the religious opinions of non-Catholic pupils; however, for the sake of order, all are required to conform to the external discipline of the institution. The course of study embraces a primary, grammar, and graduating department, in- strumental and vocal music, drawing and painting. St. Ignatius College. - Site: West 12th st., near Blue Island ave. A college for the higher education of the cath- olic youth of Chicago and vicinity. Conducted by Fathers of the Society of Jesus. The studies pursued in the college comprise the doctrines and evidences of the Catholic religion. Logic, Methaphysics, Ethics, Astronomy, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Rhetoric, Composition, Elocution, History, Geography, Book-keeping, Arith- methic, the Latin, Greek, English, German and French Languages and literature. The college is intended for day scholars only. The collegiate year is divided into two terms, the first beginning on the first Monday of September, the second on the first Monday of February. Students, hov/ever, are received at any time during the year. At the close of each term the several classes are subjected to a thorough examination in the branches studied during the previous half year. The annual commencement is held on the last Wednesday in June, when degrees are conferred and premiums awarded. On completing the studies of the Collegiate Department, those who prove deserving of the distinction receive the degree of Bachelor EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 237 of Arts. Subsequently, by devoting one year more to the study of philosophy, or two years to any of the learned professions, they may obtain the degree of Master of Arts, if the Board of Managers be satis- fied with their proficiency and moral conduct. Though the government of the institution is mild rather than severe, yet, for the maintaining of order and discipline, without which good results are not attainable, strict obedience, assiduous application and blameless conduct are required of every student. Any serious neglect of these essential points renders the offender liable to effective correction and even to dismission. Illinois Military Academy.— >S^<7e: Morgan Park, Ills., 13 miles south of the Court House. Access: Van Burcn and Sherman sts depot; Ride: 55 minutes; Hound Trip: 75 cents. The Illinois Military Academy is a boarding and da.y school for boys, with a military cast; it is strictly non-sect- arian. The academy occupies a tine three story building which contains the different school rooms. The aims of the Academy are to furnish adequate and thorough preparation for any of the colleges, for the scientific schools of the country, or for business life. To this end, there are four courses of study, each embracing four years. Tiiese courses are: i) the Classical, 2) the Latin-Scientific (no Greek), 3) the English J^cientific, 4) the English Commercial. The conditions for admission are a good character and an average preparatoiy education; the applicant must be at least 12 or 14 years old, acconling to the course he seeks to enter. The students, uniformed as cadets,' are subjected to a strict military discipline. Between the reveille at six o'clock in the morn- ing and the tattoo at nine o'clock at night the time is divided into alternate periods for instruction and military exercises, with inter- missions for meals and recreation; the regular school instruction pre- dominates, however, largely. The agreeai)le alternation of intellectual and physical exercise, the military order and promptness, and the habit of obedience, prove this method a desirable one in both tlirections; and the cadets by their straight carriage and neat uniforms, present a pretty sight. The prospectus of the association has a number of recommend- ations from prominent people. 238 fiPTTOATTONAL INSTITUTTONS. The Jewish Manual Training School, situated in the southwest part of tlie eity, on Judd street, between Clinton and Jefferson sts., is a fine four story building, erected by the Jewish Manual Training School Society which, founded by Leon Mandel, counts now among its members about 500 of the most prominent Jews who support the institution by voluntary contributions. Theschool, situated in the mitlst of a very puor and illiterate population consisting for tlie most part of emigrants from the East of Europe, has, in the short time of its existence, exerted a most salu- tary influence and proven its needfulness by the number of applicants, of whom only about fifty per cent, or one thousand can be accommo- dated. On the ground floor are the carpenter and machitie shops and the xuashing and bathing rooms which are very practically arranged. On the second story, besides a large hall, the kindergarten rooms, the School rooms for the elementary classes and the office of the superin- tiiideiit. On the third story more school rooms, the music room, and the gyiiDiasitim; and on the fourth floor some class rooms, a room for instriiition in dress-making, physical and chemical laboratories. Heating and ventilation of the building are excellent. The instruction delivered to the three sections of the school, the kindergarten, the elementa/y and the higher classes, is almost exclu- sively oral, and constantly alternates between the common branches taught in school and manual training, a method which proves very successful and contributes to the physical development of the scholars. Although the main object of the school is a preparation for practical life, it endeavors to effectuate a harmonious development of the pupils by furnishing also instruction in the fine arts and in physical culture. An evening school connected with the institution and frequented by about 400 adults, makes the salutary work of the school available for larger circles. The Josephinum on the corner of Oakley ave. and Thompson st, not far from North ave., a non-confessional educational institution for girls, is directed by the order of Sisters of Christian Love (in (lormany known by the name of MaUinckrodt Sisters). The institution, at the same time a ioarding 3ind day school ha.s accommodations for 75 home and loo day scholars. Those day EBUCATTON.AL INSTITUTIONS. 239 scholars whose homes are at !;reat distance from the school, may take their luncheon at the school. The stately school house consists of a central structure with two four story wings. Being situated, free on all sides, on a large lot, on high ground near Humboldi Park, far from factories and other busi- ness places, it is surrounded by ample play grounds, and has the ad- vantage of a quiet and healthy location. The interior appointments are throughout modern. There are spacious class rooms, a gym- nasium, small theatre, etc. The instruction is divided into an i:<ouli;vanl. This sciuinafy is located in two buildings, the tlioologi- fal hall and the dwelling house of the students. The main structure, called Wheeler Hall, is built in late English Ciolhic, the material being red brick, brown stone and terracotta, (. hiiaijo Manual Training School. the latter for the ornaments. The spacious lecture room is reached from the main entrance by passing through a hall flanked by (iolhic columns. On the east end of the building projects the pen- tagonal chapel which has on each side an altar window bearing im- ages of Christ and the four evangelists. A beautiful organ comple- ments the sumptuous appointments of the chapel. In the west end is the library which is lighted by a magnificent large Gothic window divided into four sections, showing on stained glass the portraits of 244 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. several bishops. In the remaining part of the building are class rooms, the dinning room, the professors apartments etc. On the west is situated the four story dormitory building with sick chamber, gymnasium and every convenience for the inmates. The students pay $200 per year for room and board. Garrett Biblical Institute. Lor. Evanston. Branch of Northwestern 1 uiversitj-. This inslilution aims to give an opportunity for theological train- ing to young men who desire to prepare themselves for the Methodist Episcopal ministry and are in possession of the necessary preparatory training. Instruction and rooms are furnished free of cost. The Norwegian, Danish and the Swedish seminaries, branches of Garrett Western Theological Seminary. Institute, are intended to prepare ministerial aspirants for their call- ing in these languages. The former had 14 students in 1890; and the latter had 19. The catalogue of Northwestern University, of which Garrett Biblical Institute is a department, gives the particulars of the curriculum. The Institute has its own library of 5,000 volumes; and in 189:) had 1S7 students in all. The German Theological Seminary of the Lutheran General Synod was estahlishod in July, 1SS5. It i.s located un the corner of Augusta st. and A.shland ave. The number of students is 20. 246 EBUCATtONAL INSTITUTIONS. 3) MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL COLLEGES. TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NURSES. The nuujber and excellence of the medical colleges of Chicago have won for her the title of the " Vienna of Amer- ica." Most of them are located in the vicinity of the Cook County Hospital, Harrison and Wood sts., with its unsurpassed clinical facilities, and the handsome brick and stone build- ings of four celebrated medical colleges face the hosi)ital. Rush Medical CoUese. All are reached by the Ogden ave. or Van Buren st, cars. Each college has a free t/isjten.sarj/ attached, and all but one or two have a hospital adjoining, under their special manage- ment. Rush Medical College. —Xoc. Cor. Wood and West-Har- rison st. This college, situated diagonally opposite the Cook county hospi- tal, is a branch of Lake Poorest University, and the oldest medical EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 247 school in Chicago, and one of the most prominent medical schools in the whole country. The three story building contains two large lecture rooms, each with a capacity of 500, besides the accessory rooms of such an insti- tution. The course of study is very comprehensive. The neighbor- ing hospitals: /V£.fAj'/£''''V'« Hospital, Cook Co. Hospital, ( 7,000 pa- tients annually,) the Illinois Charitable Eye and Kar Imjirmary offer very favorable opportunities for clinical practice; besides the Central Free Dispensary in the college building, with 13,000 patients annu- ally. Good and cheap board may be obtained in the neighborhood. Average attendance 500 students. College of Physicians and Surgeons.— Lot'. 818 West- Harrison St. e-or. Ilniiore. Tlie college is located in u stately' ft)ur stoiy building, in Queen Anne style. At one corner arises a tower KK) feet high. The first floor is occupied by offices and the West Side Free Dis- pensary in which 25,000 cases are annually treated. In the second story are the spacious lecture room, a large clinical operating room, patients'' room, etc. The library, chemical laboratory etc. are in the third story, and in the fourth are the amphi-theatre, with a capacity of 450, the dissecting room etc. Attached to the the college is a hos- pital. The students have, besides, opportunity for practice in Cook Co. Hospital and the 111. Eye and Ear Infirmary. The interior arrangements are remarkably practical. Course of study: three years. Conditions for admission and curriculum, as usual. The college serves especially for the further education of phy- sicians. Hahnemann Medical College, -iyor. 2818 Cottage Grove Avenue. This is one of the oldest homeopathic schools in the country. The four story college building contains ail the rooms and ap- pointments necessary for a medical school. The plan of teaching is largely clinical and objective, ihe college course being the complement of the daily drill in iho hospital. The college is open to b- classes with the clinical professors. The two large dissecting rooms are spacious, well lighted and airy, and supplied with everything necessary for the convenience or welfare of the students. The chemical and microscopical laboratories are large and well equipped; there is an extensive anatomical museum; a reading room; a reference library, containing several hundred volumes of rare and valuable books; reception and cloak rooms; offices and everything necessary for the convenience and comfort of students and teachers. About 1, 600 patients are annually treated in the various depart- ments of the college. The Chicago Medical College.— iy^c. Prairie Ave. cor. Twenty Sixth St. The Chicago Medical College, the medical school of the Northwestern University, belongs to the oldest and most re- spected schools in the country. The college contains two large amphitheatres for didactic and clinic instruction. There are departments for Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Bandaging, and laboratory courses in Chemistry, in Normal and Path- ological Histology, a pr.T.ctical course in Obstectrics, and a bacterio- logical laboratory. The college has a very rich museum of preparations for instruc- tion in anatomy and materia medica. A reading room with books and professional papers is at the dis- position of the students. The Sotith Side Dispensary in the college building, with about 14,000 patients annually, serves for clinical practice; besides Mercy, St. Luke's and Cook Co. hospitals. 250 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The course of study lasts four years. The college was, in 1890, attended by 240 stndcnis. Bennett Medical College and Hospital. Zoc. Ada St., Northwest cor. Fulton St. This coUesre pursues aims similar to that of other medi- cal schools. The course of instruction in this college is eclectic, and open to both male and female students. Womans' Medical College. —i/oc. 335 South- Lincoln St. opp. County Hospital. The three story college buildin.o; contains two lecture halls, a museum, a laboratory, a disj.ensary etc., and is in every way practically appointed. Chicago Veterinary College- Lw. 2537 State St. This scluiol has for its object the education of veterina- rians. The faculty is composed of twelve teachers, and the attendance was, in 1890, 137. The school possesses a small veterinary museum, a chemical and microscopical laboratory, a pharmacy etc., and gives instruction in all branches of veterinary science. A hospital connected with the college gives the students opportunity for medical and surgical practice. Chicago Policlinic. Loc. 104 and 106 Chicago Avenue. This institution offers something like post graduate courses in surgery and medicine for practicing physicians. There are about 150 patients treated free, daily. About twenty physicians among whom prominent specialists. The Training School for Nurses founded in 1881, owes its existence to a lack of nurses experienced by the Cook Co. Hospital. The school located on Ilonore St., about half a block from the hospital and closely afifiliated with the county hospital, receives about 80 pupils at the age of from 25 to 35 who must, before definitively en- tering the school, serve on probation for one month, with no other compensation than free board and room in the school. The majority of candidates withdraw before the end of the month, the strict discip- line, attendance during eleven hours, contact with patients of both sexes, proving too much for them. Only one-fifth or one-sixth of the number take the whole course. The pupils are instructed, either practically at the patients' beds EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 251 or theoretically by lectures, in the accessories to medical treatment: Cooking for the sick, dressing wounds, drawing blood, ventilation and heating of sick chambers, observation of pulse, appetite, temperature of the body, breathing, sleep, effect of medicines etc. The month of probation satisfactorily passed, the candidate is admitted to the school upon signing a contract binding her to strict observation of ,the regulations of school and hospital, and to service in both for two years. The school thereupon furnishes her with a dress, apron and cap. The day nurses serve from 7:30 a. m. to 7:30 p. m., the night nurses the rest of the time. At the end of two years the pupil receives her diploma and one hundred dollars. The diploma, however, being limited, must be re- issued from time to time. The authorities of the school may even re- voke it, upon finding the bearer negligent in the discharge of her duties. The excellent work (lone l)y the school is best demonstrated by a constant reduction of the death-rate, ever since its establisment. Trained nurses may he engaged at the school for i^3 per day, or $15 to $20 jier w eek. Chicago College of Dental Surgery.— Branch of Lake Forest University. Lor. (.Vjrner Wabash Ave. and Madison St. The College has a well-lighted and well-ventilated lecture room, faculty room and museum, a large room for the infirmary, with excel- lent light, having a capacity for sixty chairs, a large and well fitted chemical laiioratory; a mechanical laboratory, and a complete histo- logical laboratory; also a dissecting room, patients' waiting room, students' cloak room and superintendent's room, together with toilet rooms etc. The Chicago College of Dental Surgery confers upon those who have satisfactorily completed its courses the tlegree of Doctor of Den- tal Surgery. Ciraduates in medicine may present themselves for final examination alter completing a special course of one year; all other students, in order to obtain the degree, must have studied Den- tistry three years, of which at least two shall have been spent in a col- lege. The Infirmary of the college, open throughout the year, af- fords students practical experience in dealing with every form of den- tal and oral deforniity and disease. College of Dental and Oral Surgery.— />orfr//o// 84 Monroe St. This branch of the Northwestern University offers 252 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. thorough instruction in dentistry. High qualifications for admission are required. The college owns a rich anatomical museum which serves for demonstration. The course of study comprises normal and pathological histology and Ijacteriology. The students have an opportunity for practically exercising their profession in St. Luke's and Mercy hopitals. A li- brary and reading room in which the professional journals are kept are at the disposition of the students. The course of study lasts three years. In 1890: 30 students. Illinois College of Pharmacy.— Xoc. S. W. cor. Lake and Dearborn Sts. This branch of the Northwestern University has for its aim a thorough education of pharmaceutists, and gives more attention to practical instruction than other schools of simi- lar character. In a great number of drug stores throughout the country there is little opportunity to learn pharmaceutical work. Young men learning the business simply get mercantile practice without any professional work whatever. For example, they do not learn to make perfect emulsions, pills, suppositories, and other typical extemporaneous preparations, nor to overcome difficulties such as constantly occur in stoi'es where a fair amount and variety of dispensing business is done. For this reason the Illinois College of Pharmacy gives special manual training in dispensing work to all of its students in a separate laboratory fitted up expressly for that purpose. This new feature in pharmaceutical education has proved to be of great value. The college being specially designed for the education of drug- gists, the requirements for entrance are such as will admit the great majority of drug clerks, apprentices, and persons preparing for the drug business. Thus a good common public school education is suf- ficient; but no person under eighteen years of age will be admitted. The principal branches taught are: Pharmacy, Chemistry, Ma- teria Medica, Pharmacognosy, Physics, Metereology, Botany and Microcospy. Four laboratories have been provided viz: A chemical labora- toi-y for work in experimental and analytical chemistry, a pharmaceu- tical laboratory for instruction in the methods of making chemical and pharmaceutical preparations, a botanical and microscopical la- boratory, and a dispensing laboratory. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 253 The studciUs themselves perform instructive experiments, make a great variety of chemical and galenical preparations, learn the be- havior and uses of re-agents by actual work, receive instruction and practice in chemical anlysis, make and examine microscopical sections of drugs and put up prescriptions, and pursue such other practical studies as are best mastered by doing individual work. Tractical exercises in the class-rooms are given in connection with the study of weights and measures, specific gravity, the use of hydro- meters; the application and transposition of the pharmacopoeial, and other working formulas, the writing of chemical symbols, formulas, and equations ; calculations of combining proportions; problems in pharmaceutical technology ; official pharmaceutical nomenclature etc. In the study of pharmacognosy the classes are subdivided, and the tlrugs placed before each student upon large tables, where they can be conveniently and thoroughly examined and compared with the official descriptions, and the students are also drilled in writing correct and systematic descriptions of drugs from the specimens be- fore them. A few prizes are annually awarde 18,000 volumes, is at the disposition of the students. Chicago College of Law. Branch of Lake Forest Uni- versity. Location: 78 La Salle St. This institution is open to all who possess the requisite qualifica- tions and ai'e desirous of availing themselves of its advantages, but it is conducted more especially for the purpose of affording young men, who are engaged in offices and business houses during the day, an opportunity to pursue a regular course of law studies, imder proper instruction. Its sessions are therefore held each week-day evening between the hours of seven and nine o'clock. Applicants for admission to the Junior Class must have at least a good common school education, and must be prepared to pass an examination upon the branches of learning usually taught in the public schools. No distinction is made in the admission of students on account of se.x or color. The sludcnls arc rocjuiied to carefully read and study the text- books included in the course, and instruction is given in the form of thorough examinations upon lessons previously assigned, coupled with such explanations ami illustrations of the various topics thus presented for consideration as at the time may seem necessary to their being properly and adequately understood. Lectures upon special subjects are also given. To this are added occasional exercises in the preparation of pleadings, and in the discussion by the students, under the super- intendence of the Faculty, of matters of pleading and practice, and other cases of Law, arising upon cases to be specially assigned. The Philosophical College. Branch of Lake Forest Universitj'. Location: Lake Forest. (See Suburban Stations.) The Philosophical Faculty corresponds in general to the Philo- sophical Faculty in the European Universities, and offers graduate courses of instruction in Philosophy, Science, Languages and Litera- ture, extending over two years of residence at the University and leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Candidates must be college graduates, and possess a reading knowledge of French and German, EDUCATIONAL INSTTTUTIONS. 255 4) LIBRARIES. As in so many other things, the great calamity of the Fire of 1871 only served to stimulate the development of the libraries of Chicago. The universal sympathy which the terrible fate of the young city awakened also found expres- sion in the gift by English donors of a collection of 7,000 books for the establishment of a {niblie library. This collec- tion formed the nucleus of the Public Library of the city of Chicago, which is described below. To the rich endowment which called the soon to be de- scribed Neirhcrrff Lihrary into life, there has recently been added anotlier-the 22 million dollar endowment of the late ./"///( Crcriir for the establishment of a free public library. The Crerar library will be established only after the bequest made in the will has been confirmed. These extraordinary means lead to the expectation of a high development of library facilities in Chicago; the more so becau.se the administrators of the different libraries are agreed to make them complementary, and so judiciously to realize the common aim. Besides these, there are in Chicago, in connection with the public schools, churches, societies, etc., many small and some larger libraries, as well as a number of valuable private libraries with rare and valuable works. So far as these are of public interest and have come to our knowledge, they are mentioned below. The Public Library is located on the fourth story of City Hall (west wing of the Court House) and has entrances from La Salle, Washington and Kandolph Streets. It is best reached by the elevators which are always run- ning during the hours in which the library is open. The library consists of: (l) A Circulating Department, open only on week days, from 9 a, m. to 8:30 p. m. Every inhabitant of Chicago who is endorsed by a well known citizen, is entitled to the free use of this circulating li- brary. Application blanks are furnished by the library. Rooks (one volume at a time, two if part of a large work) may be kept two weeks and be renewed once for as long a period. A fine of three cents per day and volume is levied if books are not returned when due. For the 256 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. greater convenience of the public, there are established the following stations of the public library: FREE DELIVERY STATIONS. The Chicago Public Library receives and exchanges books, free of charge, and issues Library Cards at the following places: NOKTH DIVISION. 1 N. 2 N. 3 N. 4N. SN. 6 N. 1 W. 2 W. 3 W. 4 W. 5 W. 6 W. 7 W. 8 W. 9 W. 10 W. 11 W. 12 W. 349 Division Street, 199/^ Center Street, 500 Lincoln Avenue. Ravenswood, 130 FuUerton Avenue, 341 Clybourn Avenue, WEST DIVISION. 278 West i2th Street, 547 West Indiana Street, 817 West Madison Street, - 513 West iSth Street, 1204 Milwaukee Avenue, 381 South Western Avenue, 883 North California Avenue, 4135 West Lake Street, 335 South Halsted Street, 405 West Van Buren Street, Irving Park, 1264 West Madison Street, R. E. BURKE. MRS. W. L. MALONE. E. M. POPE. HISTORICAL SOCIETY. A. B. WOLF. READING ROOM. FRANK KOTZUM. iMRS. S. IMBRIT. R. C. HOLLAND. ANTON JANES. READING ROOM. MRS. MARY ROOKS. MRS. E. AINSWORTH. E. Y. HORDER. READING ROOM. MRS. C D. SHIELDS. A. L. ADAMS & CO. J. T. SUTOR. 1 S. 2 S. 3S. 4S. 5S. 6 S. P. V. FITZPATRICK. GEO. W. BOULTON. MRS. ALEX. DARROW. READING ROOM. READING ROOM. L. E. DE GARMO. SOUTH DIVISION. 154 East 22nd Street, - - . 233 3iSt Street, 3804 Cottage Grove Avenue, 625 43rd Street, (Lake) 134 53''d Street, - - - - 353 63rd Street, ... Branch Reading Rooms. 1204 MILWAUKEE AVENUE. 625 43rd STREET, TOWN OF LAKE. 341 CLYBOURN AVENUE. 134 53rd STREET, HYDE PARK. 335 SOUTH HALSTED STREET. (2) A Reference Room, which is open to every orderly person. Reserved space for ladies. All catalogues and books in them marked "reference" (all valuable works which are not given out) may here be inspected. The numbers of the books desired must be placed on an application slip furnished by the library. No more than five volumes may be inspected at a time. Fiction is not here delivered. A collec- tion of large maps of the most important countries is near the entrance. (3) Reading Room for Periodicals, open on week days from 9 EmrCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 2r)7 a. m. Itj lo p. m; on Sundays from g a. m. to 6 p. m. and open to all. There are here kept 587 periodicals, 390 of which are magazines, 71 daily papers, and 126 trade journals. Of the 390 periodicals, 220 are American, 92 English, 50 German, 9 ?"rench, 7 Scandinavian, 6 Bo- hemian, 4 Polish and two Dutch publications. (4) }\itt-nt Department, containing works referring to patents. Open only on week days, from 9 a. m. to 5:30 p. m. (5) Card Catalogue Department, presenting the catalogue of the library in cards. Each book is represented by two cards, one bear- ing the title of the book, and the other the author. The cards are arranged alphabetically, and every new accession is at once entered. This very convenient arrangement is not only of great service to the public, but also to the librarian. The Officers and Attendants of the Library endeavor in every way to assist the public and are always ready to give information on subjects connected with the library. Librarian, T. //. Hild; Assis- tant Librarian, E. T. L. Gauss. The library numbers 156,243 volumes, 124,141 of which are in the English language, 17,351 in German, 6,682 in Lrench, 453 in Ital- ian, 163 in Spanish, 25 in Portuguese, 1214 in Dutch, 3732 in Bohe- mian, 1002 in Polish, 136 in Russian, 3944 in Scandinavian. These numbers comprise 16,364 volumes of periodicals with technical and scientific contents. A large number of them is com- plete from the first day of their publication. Some very rare and valuable books may be inspected by obtain- ing special permission. The library was distinguished by a gold medal, at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. A separate building for the library, on the corner of Michigan Ave. and Randolph St., is now contemplated. The necessary means being plentifully provided, the new library building promises, with regard, to architecture and interior appointment, to be one of the finest in the country. The Newberry Itihx^ixy.— Location: Cor. State and Oak Sts. The aim of this library is not LMitortainment but instruc- tion; honco it excludes all entertainiuent reading. It is fur- thermore a reference library, and does not loan out books. •The use of this library is free to everybody. The public reading room contains the periodicals and convenient tables and chairs. A library attendant who is always present, brings the books for the 258 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. reader. The reading room is open from 9 a. m. till 5 p. m., and from 7 till 10 in the evening. The library at present contains 60,614 volumes and 23 958 pam- phlets; among these, 959 relate to biography: 2722 government doc- uments and sociology; 1,975 are historical; 737 relate to music; 2,992 to religi(-)n ; there are 2,099 serials, I7)203 medical works etc. C)f very great importance to the specialist and scholar is the large number of, in part very expensive, chemical, technical, medical, his- torical, geographical, musical and other periodicals, (279 of which are medical) in all living languages, to which the library subscribes and which it preserves. The instituti(jn owes its origin to the old settler, U'a/U'r Loomis Nctabei'iy, who died on the 6lh of November, 1868, and bequeathed, in case of death of his two daughters, (one of whom died in 1874 and the other in 1876) without offspring, and of his wife, (who died in 1885), the half of his great wealth for the founding of a library on the North Side. This hall is at present about two and one half mdlion dollars; but since the bequest consists of real estate, which is constantly in- creasing in value, the real value of the property is much greater than this. These vast means of course permit very liberal purchases. Hence a very valuable musical collection, many rare, old and expensive works, complete sets of the important scientific journals, etc., have been purchased, and thus form the nuc'ens of a library of the first rank. A new library building is in process of erection, on North Clark street, between Washington Square, Oak, Clark and Dearborn streets. It will be 300 feet long and 60 feet wide, and promises to be architect- urally noteworthy. The Library of the Law Institute, an association of raenibcfs of the Chicago Bar, is located in the Court House. It contains about 18,000 volumes, including the reports and statutes of the United States, and of all the States in the Union, as well as the English, Scotch and Irish reports and statutes, and a vast collection of elementary works, treatises, and digests. For the use of this library, practicing lawyers, members of the rnstitute, pay $1*00, besides an annual assessment of from $10 to $12. EnrOATIONAI. INSTITITIONS. 259 The Chicago Historical Society. JjocAitinn: 142 Dear- born Avt'iiuf. is out" of the oldest and most noteworthy insti- tutions of the city. It was founded in 1856 l)y a number of jironiinciil citizens, and its purpose is the collection of historical material of every kind, and of every age and nation, but especially such as has reference to the Cily of C/iitago, \.\\e State' 0/ //linois :\ui\ tlic U^nited States. With this aim, there had been collected, at the time of the great fire in 1871, lCX5,ocx) books and documents, besides numerous curiosities of all kinds. Among these there was much valuable material bearing on the Civil War, as well as the original of the Prcjclamation that an- nounced the abolition of slavery. All this became the ])rey of the flames. The universal sympathy which the misfortune that befell Chicago III 1S71 aroused, extended alsi) to the Historical Society; and in a few years a very considerable nucleus for a new collection had been contributed. This collection, too, was lost in a second fire in July, 1874. The repeated misfortunes could not, however, cripple the enthu- siasm of the members, and on the 15th of ()ctol)er, 1877, the society ninveil into the present library building. This building is however, in every respect inadequate to the wants of the society, and the erec- tion of a new building may yet be expected in 1891. '"'he society has in other ways promoted the interest of Chicago; and the city is especially indebted to its efforts for the removal of the cemeteries, and the creation of Lincoln Park: the finest ]iark in the city. At present tlie lilirary conlaiiis 18,000 bound volumes, and 40,000 |)aiiiplilels. It is open from 9 a. m. till 5 p. rn. (closed on Sunday) and is free to all for the use of books; which however are not loaned out. The society holds monthly meetings, at which, historical and biographical subjects are treated before a select audience. The collection contains complete files of the newspapers and peri- odicals printed in Chicago, as far as these could be secured. And to this is added an extensive literature relating to the State of Illinois, and the United States. The prominent American periodicals are in the collection. Ami it contains a large number of pamphlets, illus- trated papers, clippings, photographs, stereoscopic photographs, orig- inals or facsimiles, interesting documents, maps, etc., especially such as relate to Chicago. And in various cases set up in the room, are 260 KDITCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. contained all kinds of historical objects, of ethnographical, geological, palaeontological and archaeological interest; Indian weapons, imple- ments and ornaments, the contents of Indian graves — weapons, idols, pottery, etc. There are also collections of old coins, medals, paper money, etc. There are also in the library a number of portraits (oil paintings) most of them old settlers of Chicago; and a large oil painting, the snliject of which is the "Great Fire;" and a reduced imitation of the block house of Fort Dearborn, the first military station at Chicago, built of wood taken from the block house itself. The Young- Men's Christian Association Library, 148 Madison st., containing aliuo.st 5,000 voltune.s. i.s open to mem- bers only. A reading room, with the leading daily papers, weeklies, magazines, etc., is open to all. The Union Catholic "Lihxdirj.— Location: 94 Dearborn St. The library contains about 2,800 volumes from all depart- ments, except such as conflict with the Catholic religion. Membership, 350; open from noon to 6 P. M. Sundays, 3 to 6 P. M. Chicago Atheneum Library.— i/ocv/^'o^/.- 18 to 26 Van Buren st. The library contains about 2.000 volumes from all depart- ments of literattire, and is open on week days from 8 A. M. to 9 P. M. Connected with it is a reading room, provided with the Chicago daily papers and the leading weeklies and magazines. The Universities, Medical^ Pharmaceutical^ and Jjavo ColJe(i< >^. have nearly all more or less extensive libraries. (5) ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS- PANO- RAMAS, MUSEUMS. hxtlmiitVitQ.^ Location: S. W. Cor. Michigan avenue and Van Buren St. The museum of the Art Institute is a beautifully propor- tioned five storj^ structure, built of pink-brown sandstone the outer surface of the blocks being left rough. The main front, with its gable and'beautiful round arched portal. is on Michigan avenue. The windows of the second and third llnors are an-anged in a system of seven great round arches, the two tiers I ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 261 of windows being separated by a frieze-like strip of stone work dec- orated with medallion busts of celebrated artists. Three similarly ex- ecuted portraits fill the point of the gable. The wimlows of the fourth story as well as those of the gable are plain rectangular openings in the masonry, but producing by their beautiful proportions a good effect. The tops of the fourth story windows on the Van Buren street side rise above the lower roof line, each window requiring thus a sep- arate roof, as a dormer window. The Van Buren Street facade is a repetition, on a smaller scale, of the one on Michigan Avenue. On the corners of the building are massive round towers, having their bases at the level of the third floor, and ending in conical roofs. Resting on a capital and surmounting the peak of the gable is a small torso. Interior. — In the arrangement of the collections, the lower rooms have been given to sculpture, casts, metal-work and ceramics, the rooms above being reserved for paintings, etc. In the description we have taken up the different rooms in their natural order, or that in which they present themselves to the visitor, and not as they are nund)ered. First Floor. — The first room on the right, occupying the north- east corner of the building, is devoted exclusively to plaster casts of classical works in Greek and Roman Art, the collection being among the most important in the country. Especially noteworthy are : Frag- ment from \\\& frieze v>{\\\.g. great altar of Pergamon (after the original in the Berlin Museum); Drum of column from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, (original in the British Museum); The Dying Gaul; Niobe and youngest daughter (Florence); Diana as Huntress; Apollo Belvedere. On the west wall are beautiful models of columns of the different classic orders. Adjoining this room on the west are those containing the Eldridge G. iyK7i'^\\&so{ Atigustus, and one of Minerva, a copy of the Laocoon group. In the next room are reproductions of specimens of Assyrian, Egyptian, and early Greek art. Of especial interest are: Colossal head of /'?f7/«('.r<'^ /// from the temple of Aboo-Simbel, in Nubia (same size as original); Plas- ter model of the Gate of the Lions at Mykenae; Assyrian and (!reek friezes. Adjoining this room on the south is another. No. Ill (reached by ascending a few steps), also devoted to casts. At the entrance, Her- mes and Dionysos, after the original discovered in 1877, in Olympia. mienos with Bacchus; Diskol>olos\ Eirene and Plautos. — Frieze from 262 ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. the iridnument of Lysikrates. Karyatid from Erechtheion. From here the next floor is reached hy the stairway. On the walls are plaster busts of Roman Emperors. Second Floor . Above, before the entrances, are original draw- ings for wood cuts that have appeared in prominent American maga- zines (Century, Harpers' and St. Nicholas). These drawings, executed by various methods, show remarkable ability. The room in the North- east corner is occupied by the Chicago Society of Decorative Art, which possesses a noteworthy collection of embroidery, specimens of , textile industry, etc. (Admission free at all times). The adjoining room. No. ii, contains a part of the collection of metal- work and an- tiquities. On the walls of this room are framed chromolithographs of frescoes, monuments and drawings by celebrated masters. In the middle of the room are three very interesting Japanese incense-altars of beautiful dark bronze, standing nearly ten feet high and covered with magnificent reliefs, statuettes, dragons and fret-work; also a gigantic (Japanese) bronze vase, supported by a dragon, etc. On the wall and near the exit are faithful reproductions of interesting armor, shields, etc. On the west wall are interesting reproductions of ivory carvings of much artistic value. On the north wall is a cabinet con- taining a collection of all the copper coins minted in the United States from 1793 to 1890, A bust of Dante, in bronze. A much re- duced copy of the Faniese Bull, also in bronze. In the five glass ca- ses in this room are arranged the following: (l) yapanese costumes, ivory carvings, pagoda-shaped vessels and urns of bronze (one taken from the temple of Kaga is at least 150 years old) hat of a Buddist priest, etc. (2, 3 and 4) Good models of celebrated masterpieces in the jeweler's and goldsmith's art. (5) Galvanoplastic fac similes of the Hildesheim collection (discovered in 1868), and similar reproduc- tions of the Bernay collection (69 pieces from the temple of JVIercur Augustus in Canetum; found near Bernay in France). In the next room are ten glass cases, four on the left and six on the right; an aisle separates the two rows. On the left: (i) Island terracottas, a collection of genuine miniature objects in clay, resem- bling the well-known Tanagra figures, and consisting of statuettes, heads, idols and various grotesque objects. Discovered near Smyr- na, in 1888. (2 and 3) Two great Greek-Italian vases of the so-called Amphora form. A number of smaller vases and shell-like vessels. (4) Prehistoric bowls, jars and pots, unearthed in New Mexico. Also vessels from Old Mexico. Especially interesting are those in which animal forms have been imitated. On the /-i^/// of middle aisle ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 263 arc the following cases: (i) Crater-shaped Cneek-Italian vase and i8 terra cutta lani[>s, (Roman). (2) CJreek-ltalian vases. A flat vase willr cover (rare). Terra colla groups, etc. (3) Interesting vases in the so-called Kylix and Prochoos forms. (4) Marble statuette of Her- cules, twenty-two inches high. Three terra cottas. (5 and 6) Mar- ble busts of Silene and Hirciiles. Fragments of lead pipes of the ancient Roman water-works. In the south corners of the room are two magnificent marble va- ses, four feet high. The next room, No. 9, contains the library of the Art Institute. The last room on this floor contains, among other things of inter- est, three Brussels Gobelin tapestries (woven), a model in cork of the Temple of Neptune, and the following plaster casts : Thor' s Battle with the Bull, by J. Gelert, one of Chicago's sculptors. King Arthur, of England, in full armor. John Harvard, founder of the Harvard University. Head of David. Colossal bust of Michael Angelo. There are many others almost equally interesting. Third Floor. The rooms on this floor are not yet open to the pulilic, being utilized at present for lecture purposes. Along the stairway leading to the floor above are autotypes of works in the gal- leries of Madrid, the Hermitage at Dresden, etc. Also, plaster casts of the. Aviades, yuno, Diana, Niohe and a Satyr. Fourth Floor. This floor 170 x 27 feet, contains six rooms, A lew rooms of the adjoining building have been arranged for use in connection with these in order to afford additional floor space. This suite of rooms contains the collection of paintings, 550 in number. In the hall at the entrance is a marble copy of the Victoria, from the Temple of Nike Apteros, at Athens; also a plaster cast of the bust ' Lucius ]'erus. The first room (at the front) contains at piesent the collection of the Society of American Wood Engravers. The specimens are se- lected artists' proofs, printed from the original block, and their au- thenticity is certified by the autographs of the engravers. A num- ber of these engravings were awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals at the recent I'.Tris Exposition (18S9). The room also contains three works in marl)le : a bust of Van Buren, Pandora and above ail, the Lost Pleiad, by Randolph Rogers, (in center of room). With room 17 begins the collection of paintings proper. The following deserve especial mention : No. 56. — Neal. "Interior of St. Marks." No. 55. — Ihidgeinan. "Negro Fete, Algiers." No. 57. Bridgenian. "The Terraces of Algiers." Also Nos. 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 48, 49, 50. 51, 58, 61 and 62. 264 ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. On the table in the middle of the room are three marVjle busts. Room i6. Works from the Collection of A. Hunger, (loaned). Twenty-six selected works of modern European artists, Makart, Neuville, Munkaczy, Meyer von Bremen, Wahlberg, Zimmerman, and others. Rooms 15 and 14 contain at present the Ellsworth Collection. Antique vases, medals and coins, lamps, tanagra figures, bronzes, etc. Specimens of oriental ceramics. Eight oil paintings Room 14 contains one hundred and three paintings in oil and and water-colors. The numerous landscapes by George Inness and Hasbrouck are worthy ot note, as are Nos. 69 and 70 (Moeller"), and Nos. I, 7, 19, 60, 77, 88, 100. The glass case in the middle of the room contains wonderful Chinese bronzes, and ivory carvings, colored stones, armor, etc. Room 13 contains thirty one pieces, among them the following: No. 22. — Pearce. "Beheading of John the Baptist." No. 19.— "Sacristy in Aragon." No. 25. — Von Marketi. "Marsh in North of Holland." No. 23. — Van Schendel. "Night-scene on a Market." No. 28. — Velasquez. "Philip IV of Spain." No. i.—Bridgeman^ "Arab Women at the Hand-Loom." Also works by Munkaczy, Zettel, Thompson, and others, and a genuine Rembrandt (loaned): "The Accountant." Dearborn Observatory. The building includes a dome for the great Equatorial, a Meridian Circle room, Library, and eight additional rooms for other purposes. The whole is arranged especially for convenience in carrying on astro- nomical work. The Dearborn Observatory forms the Astronomical department of the Northwestern University. Its objects are to make original re- searches in Astronomical Science, to assist in the application of As- tronomy to Geography, in communicating exact time, and other useful objects, and to furnish instruction in Astronomy to the students of the University. The principal instruments of the Observatory are : I. The great Equatorial refracting telescope, made by Alvan Clark & Sons, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1861. This instrument was the largest refractor in the world until a few years ago, and now has few superiors. The telescope is fitted with driving-clock, microme- ter, and other appliances necessary for first class work. The dimen- sions of the Equatorial are: ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 2G5 Diameter of declination circle, 30 inches; reading by vernier to 5 niiiuiles, and by two microscopes to 10 seconds of arc. Diameter of hour circle, 22 inches; reading by vernier to single minutes, and by microscopes to single seconds of time. Focal length of telescope, 23 feet. Aperture of object glass, i8_^ inches. 2. A .Meridian Circle, of the first class, constructed in 1867, by Messrs. A. Repsold 6c Sons, of Hamburg. This instrument has an object glass of six French inches aperlun-, and a divided circle of forty inches diameter, reading by four microscopes. In plan of construc- tion it is like Bessel's celebrated Koenigsberg circle by 'the sume makers, but has some recent improvements in the mode of illuminat- ing the field of view, together with apparatus for registering declina-' tions. Hough's printing and recording chronographs are used for recording meridian observations and other phenomena. The Observatory has a chronometer (William Bond & Son, No. 279), three mercurial pendulum clocks, and an astronomical library, containiTig about one thousand three hundred volumes and pamphlets. A late addition is a complete outfit for photographing. The Observatory is open to visitors on Thursday evening of each week by previous arrangement with the director, and at other times by making special arrangements with the president of the University, or the director of the Observatory. The Chicago Academy of Sciences, which has it: quarters in the exposition building on Michigan Avenue at the foot of Adams street, possesses the only public natural history collection in the city. A previous rich collection was destroyed in the Oreat Fire. The society owns a large library as well as an extensive collection ol the objects of natural history, such as stuffed and mounted mammals and birds, minerals, etc. The Kacvipfer Collection of American Animals, especially birds, owned by the taxidermist, Mr. Kaempfer, 259 F-lni St., must be nien- tione of its speci- mens. The collection is open to visitors. VIII. The Press. The pioneers in Chicago journalism nearly all drank deeply of the bitter cup of woe which seems inseparable from such enterprises during the first years of their existence. At times the little sheets would be reduced to half their regular size, owing to scarcity' of paper; or a more pervading scarcity would compel them to suspend publication altogether for a few weeks, then to appear again, '" reorganized on a solid basis," till once more forced to suspend, or till they passed . into other hands. For a long time the papers changed owners about every two years, and though a few have survived to the present day and are now important journals, the short-lived ones were greatly in the majority. During the period 1883- 1855 alone, about sixty papers were started, onlj' to i)ass, after a brief and inglorious battle, to their eternal rest. The first newspaper in Chicago was the Weekly Chicago Democrat. It was first i)ublished on Nov. 26, 1833, from the office of John Calhoun, and championed vigorously the cause of " Jacksonian Democracy." The young paper, beginning with 148 subscribers and a dozen advertisements, managed with difficulty to maintain its existence till 1836, when it passed into the hands of John Weutworth — later known as '' Long JoJin" — then but twenty-two j^ears old, who succeeded in bringing it into prominence. In the summer of 1835, a second paper, the American, representing the interests of the whig party, came into ex- istence. This paper, 11x16 in. in size, was made a daily in April, 1839. In July, 1840, the publisher complains of slow- ness in collections, and offers in several subsequent issues to accept butter, eggs, wood, etc., in payment of accounts. After October, 1842, the American appeared under the title of the Chicago Express. The name was frequently' changed (always simultaneously with a change of ownership), and in 1844 be- came the Chicago Daily Journal, which still exists as the Evening Journal. This is the Nestor of the Chicago news- papers, and has been tin; school in which nuiny of our fore- 266 THE PRESS. 2crt most jiiunialists iccfMvctl their first training. Of those who W'lii their first hiurels on this paper, and are yet active in tlie journalistic Hehl. we may mention, anions; others: George R Uliton. Andre .Mattesoii. and J. (\ K. Forest. Tribune IJuiiain-, cor. M.ullsoii and DciiilMnn Sis. 268 • THE PRESf^. Since those dajs, journalism in Chicaoo has made mighty strides upward. Among 24 daily pai)ers are several of the most influential in the country. In addition to these there are 260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, and 19 monthlies and (juarterlies. So .threat is the circulation of these periodicals that their mail edition alone exceeds the entire combined circulation of all periodicals published in the 14 Southern states, with St. Louis included. The Evening Journal occupies the Evening Jounuif Bidlding, 159 Dearborn st. It is published dailj' (except Sunday) in two editions, issued at 3 and 5 P. M. It is decidedly republican in principle, and beine; the oldest paper established, has a strong supjwrt, especially among the older residents of the city. Its conservatism, trustworthiness and moderation give it a wide circulation as a family pa]>er. The Chicago Tribune, 8. E. cor. Madison and Deai-liorn sts., occupies a fine five-storj^ building of red sandstone. In the baseme.nt are the presses; on the ground floor, the busi- ness office; on the fourth floor, the editorial rooms; and on the fifth floor, the composing room. The editorial stafi" con- sists of about fifty persons, in connection with whom are the regular correspondents, numbering several hundred. The outlay for telegraphic desjiatches alone exceeds $125,000.00 per year. The Clncafjo Tribune is the leading republican paper of the northwest, It was founded in 1847, and has since stead- ily gained in circulation and influence. Its able editorials, well-edited feiiilleton, and excellent financial and market re- ports, make the paper the most widely read and influential in the business world, as in cultured circles. The paper has a large circulation (over 90,000 subscrib- ers), and a very extensive advertising patronage. The num- ber and extent of the advertisements in the Sunday edition would api)ear to a European to be simi)ly enormous. The Chicago Herald occupies a building of noteworthy architecture at 154 Washington st.— the Herald Building. TIIK I'KKSS. 269 This paper is mic nt' tlif youiigL-st in C^liieairn, and lias decided demncratic proclivities. It was f'nuiideil in 1S81. and has already reached a circulation exceed- ing 100,000 copies. The ably con- ducted i)aper con- forms to the jiopular taste with much suc- cess. It is very com- Iilcto in news, has an admirably conducted fvnllh'toii^ and is abundantly illus- trated. Th-e paper is a very efficient advi'r- tising medium. Its t y ]) ff r a p h i c a 1 appearance is fault- less. The Daily News 12:{ and Vl') 'jth ave., is one of the marvels of Chicago. It was founded in 1S75 as a one-cent paper, and during its short life, has attained an aver- age daily circulation of about 220,000 cop- ies. The paper, not The Chicas'i Her^iKl Building. pui)lishcd on Sunday, is issuc^d on week days in two editions -a morning edition, at two cents; and an afternoon edition, issued at 12. 15 and 5 o'clock, at out; cent. The News is one of the few papers that can truly be called iudepeudcnt. Its 270 THE PRESS. peculiarity ia suddenly bringing before the public remote yet interesting subjects, and especially the completeness, conden- sation and trustworthiness of its news, are the explanation of its enormous circulation. At the same time the paper is an excellent advertising medium. The Times (cor. Washington st. and 5th ave.) occupies a fine five story building of its own, in which are also located the Fre'iP Pri'tisc and Ahendpost. The Times, founded in 1854, ten years ago tho most in- fluential ])apei- in Chicago, is ikiw on the point of recovering its former prestige, which it lost for a time through a change THE PRESS. 271 in management, after the death of its distinguished publisher, Willnir F. Store;/. It is now, as years aso, one of tho most widely read pa- pers in the West, and one of the best known in the country. The Inter Ocean Building. Although adhering to democratic principles, the Times is not a i)arty organ in a strict sense, and is fearless in the publication of anything that comes under the head of news. The eiiuipment of the paper is very complete and prac- tical. 272 THE PRESS. The Inter OceaJl— Location cor. Madison and Dearborn ets. — is a radical republican paper and one of the leading journals of the country. It has a daily and weekly edition; the latter probably enjoys the largest circulation of any sim- ilar imper in the west, estimated as high as 140,000. The paper is very conservative and has a large circulation in fam- ily circles. The Inter Ocean makes a specialty of suburban, club and society notes. The Evening Post, 164 Washington st., is one of the yoUhgest papers in the city (founded 1890). It is independ- lent in politics; has strong financial backing; and has been from the beginning well-edited and typographically note- worthy. The variety and repleteness of its news and miscel- laneous matter, apt illustrations, etc., have won for it a wide circulation during the short course of its existence. It is published daily, except Sunda^, and is sold for 2 cents. The Globe, 118 Fifth ave., is a recently-established daily of outspoken democratic i)rinciples. The Illinois Staats Zeitung, cor. Washington st. and lPif\\i ave., occupies the Illinois Staats Zeitung building, one of the finest newspaper buildings in the country. The struct- ure is in the style of the Italian Renaissance, and has entrances on both streets. At the level of the fourth floor are statues of Franklin (south fa9ade) and Grutenberg (on the Fifth ave. fa9ade). On the roof are five female figures (un- fortunately rather too small). The Illinois Sfaafs Zeitung is, aside of the New York Staats Zeitung, the most widely read German paper in the country; was established in 1848, and from a very small be- ginning has gradually risen to its present importance. A few of the early editors and founders, as Dr. Helhnuth, Geo. Schneider, the well-known banker, Lorenz Brentano, ex-mem- ber of Congress, are yet residents of Chicago. During the time of the first two above mentioned, the daily edition had 70 subscribers, and the weekly 200. Now, the combined cir- culation of the different editions exceeds 100,000. The Staats Zeitung, while representative of the German element, is strongly American in spirit. Its great influence THE PRESS. 278 ill public affairs is uiujiu'stioiicd, and extends far beyond the limits of the city. The Freie Presse, 90 to 94 Fifth avc., is one of the ohlest German pajiers in the West. It is strongly republican in i)rinciple, and has a wide circulation. It appears in five editions daily, and is published on Sunday' under the title "Daheim." The paper concerns itself much with socioloi?- ical questions, in which it advocates a temperate course. Ablj'-written leaders add to its interest. The National Zeitung, 87-91 Jefferson st.. is a recently established rejiublican weekly, and very outspoken in its sup- port of a protective tariff. This paper addresses itself more particularly to the cultured reader, and offers each week, in addition to its interesting editorial articles and a review of the domains of politics, art, etc., a number of carefully se- h'cte'd articles from German and American periodicals. Price, per number, o cents. The Abendpost, 187 Washington st., is a German daily, published evenings, and sold, for 1 cent. Although not yet two years old, it has reached a circulation of 30,000, its sub- si ribers being scattered throughout the entire West. In politics, the Abendpost is independent. Th(! Arbeiter Zeitung, 2S to 30 Market st., has attained a wide circiilalion among the laboring classes, whose interests it represents. It is issued in a Sunday edition, called " Ui'e Facker (The Torch). The Economist, 59 Dearborn st., is a weekly journal de- voted to financial and real estate interests. It is ably edited, and of much interest to all buyers of stocks, real estate, etc. The Graphic was the first illustrated weekly in Chicago to establish itself on a firm basis, although many attempts had previously been made in that direction. It is well illus- trated, and the reading matter interesting. Price, lOc. per numl)er. America, 180 and l-'2 IMonroe St., is a weekly whose principal object is the defense of the American national principle. It opposes any foreignism in American national 274 THE PRESS. affairs, as well as church influence in the public schools, and attempts to arouse the interest in public aflfairs. Its peculiar field has secured for it a wide circle of readers. Hemlandet is the oldest Swedish newspaper in the city. This paper, which is republican in its bearings, is distin- guished by its moderation and trustworthiness, and is especially a family paper. Its extensive circulation through- out the country makes it a very effective advertising medium. Norden is " ~^ a Norwegian ^ . , I \ d e m c r a t i c '' ^^ J^ weekly paper. °- '^-^^^'^fe^^^iyi America is ' --riy.T^^^w^-iMrt^^ a Norwegian- Danish republi- can and relig- ious weekly. S V e n ska- American is an independent St. X i\ ii 1 s \ hIi iiu W il) ch a\<. , rnr 29th Swedish weekly paper with lepublican inclinations. Its cir- culation is mostly in the country. Svenska Tribunen is a Swedish republican weekly. This paper, conducted in a liberal spirit, gives much attention to social questions. Skandia is a Swedish democratic daily paper. It has been in existence only a year, and circulates mostly in the city. Svenska Kuriren is an independent Swedish weekly paper. Skandinaven is a Norwegian republican daily paper. J.^.WODLLKnnT, A*Wt>U FULLERTON AVE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Fullcitoii five., cor. Larr.'xbee, CHURCHES. Chicago can not compare in point of church architecture with the older cities of this country, not to speak of the celebrated cathedrals of Europe, yet there are manj' buildings worthy of mention, particularly so by reason of their ex- cellent interiors and modern conveniences. The following list of churches is arranged according to the divisions of the city and as far as possible in the order of their location from the center of the city. To facilitate the selection of those particularly worthy of a visit we have prefixed the name of the church thus*. To the most noted**. Grace Church. — Penomination; Episcopal. Site: Wahaish Avenue, mar loth Street, north of Lihby Prison. A brick building with yellow sfjuare stone front, in French Gothic. The main entrance is on the West facade fronting Wabash Avenue. It is a large portal of sandstone with a pointed arch richly ornamented, flanked by six columns and project- ing far from the wall. Above in the pediment of the gable is a very large rosette of twelve divisions with stained glass. The square tower is rich in form; but it has only been carried to the height of the ridge pole. The interior makes a very pleasing impression. The high choir is pentangular and has large windows. The stained glass in these is remarkable, especially a crucifixion, xlmong the other windows in the main aisle are some memorial wirj- 276 CHURCHES. 277 dows worthy of mention, for instiince that on tlie south wall, the third from the choir: (,'hrist bU^ssin^ the children. The rest of the windows and the msette contain mostly' (lothic ornamentation. On the wall of the choir are two frescoes representing Church Music. The lecturn of polished brass is a piece of fine workmanship. The baptismal font is of marble. The ors^an is placed in the N.-E. corner. St. Paul's Church.- -Denomination: Site: .)fic/ii(/iiii Av.. Iiffirem lOtli ((ml IJtli st., mi tJu'Eaat aide. A large Gothic structure of gra3''ish yellow square stone with rough surface. The transei)t is considerably lower than the nave. The West facade is of imposing form and dimensions. A large Gothic portal, above which a handsome rosette, both sur- rounded by an imposing triple pointed arch resting on a cluster of six columns. The steeple which rises from the South facade, has not been carried above the roof. It contains a second, smaller entrance. The exterior of the church is varied by massive buttresses which project far out and lack the finials. The ehurch is, at present, not used. It is in a rather ne- glected condition, and not open to tlui public. * St. John's Church. — I^enomiiiatioii: Roman Catholic. Site: Chirl,- ami IStl, strrrf.s. A Gothic building of yellow sand stone, with the school hi)us(> and ])arsonage adjoining. Tile main facade looking south is on ISth street and is flanked by two extensive substructures to the spires which are, however, carried hardlj' to the height of the roof. The portal lies between the two and consists of a lofty pointed arcn ])rotruding from the wall and supported by ten slender (■(dumns uf polished granite. In the middle of the arch stands 278 OHtTRCHES. on a slender pedestal the statue of St. John. Above the por- tal rises a lar£i;e lancet-window with the rosette. The transept projects onlj' in its lower part from the nave; the upper half (the gable wall) lies in the field of the main wall and contains a large triangular rose window. The choir is a hectagon with five windows and a balcony leading round half way between the floor and the ceiling. Interior. The interior makes ahai-nionious,even a grand impression. The vaulted ceiling consists of a pointed arch, only broken by wooden ribs gracefully sprung and resting on pilasters, thus allowing the eye to wander from wall to wall. These ribs are of grayish brown color and tastefully gilded. The tone of the inside walls is a clear gray; that of the ceiling blue, enlivened by handsome borders and ornamentations. - On the walls of the transept under the rosettes are the pic- tures ofthe twelve apostles on golden ground. Of greater artistic value are the stations placed between the windows, represent- ing the successive stages of our Lord's passion: fourteen oil paintings about 3x4 feet in size, from the hand of an artist. The most impressive i^art of the church is, however, the choir, by virtue of its five windows of stained glass, which are decidedly of artistic value, being probably the most rennirkable in the city. — The stained glass of the rosettes is likewise worthy of mention. The high altar has dark wood carvings with eflFective gilding. There are, moreover, two side altars in the church. The organ is famous for its harmonious tone. Although the adjacent and dependent buildings in the immediate neighborhood interfere only with the effect of that part of the structure that is architecturally the most in- significant, leaving the church almost completely free on three sides, yet the site is rather too remote and the surround- ings are too poor to give full effect to this church which is in point of architecture and dimensions comparatively quite im- poitant. cniTRCHES. 279 Second Presbyterian Church. Dcnoniinatidii: /^rrs/n/frnan. Siti": MicliKjiiii Accnin a nil -l>th str((l. Tliis is perhaps the finest Gothic church in Chicago. The structure owes a great deal of its effect to its verj' picturesque iiiatcrial: a somewhat jxirous, light stone having all shades from light gra}' t.i l.lack. Tiu- church is crect- e d in pure Gothic style and shows rich sand stone sculptur- ings. Above the main portal on Michigan A ve. is the large ro- sette, surround- ed bj' the em- blems of thef our evangelists. The most effective part of the building is the steeple at the South-East. Withasubstruc- ture of massive ^ buttresses, its*— . base a [» p o a r s f^' • strongandlarge; ^^■ but atthe lu'i"ht Second Presbyterian Church. (if the belfry a singularly light and graceful effect is obtained by the aid of sandstone arches and tower windows. These pniiited arches, divided in two bj' a slender column, occui)y almost the whole width of the tower wall, leaving only the folir ciu'ners as a support to the roof. The square part of the tower then ends with crenelated walls, making room for the py- 280 CHURCHES. ramid. Tlie latter, in effective contrast with the gray walls of the main structure, is covered with red tiles and adorned with gablets. The church has three naves. At the West is a transept containing the minor compartments. The interior of the church corresponds with its beautiful exterior. The partitions of the naves are formed by hand- some pointed arches resting on tall, slender columns. The side naves support the gallery framed by a fine wooden ba- lustrade. On the west wall stands the large organ which with its tuagnificently carved Gothic case of dark wood ap- propriately complements the rich interior. Among the win- dows are worthy of mention the large rosette which is placed at a great height, and a fine memorial window on the south wall. Of especial interest is the rich and very tasteful deco- ration of the ceiling and the walls. Eirst Presbyterian Church. — Denomination: Presbyterian. Site: N.-E. corner Indiana Avenue and 21st street. Massive Gothic structure of dark red brick with rich settings and trimmings of brown square stone. The steeple with its octagon spire is one of the highest in Chicago. The twelve tall lancet-windows, divided into two parts and having a rosette in the gable, have sandstone settings and are sepa- rated from one another by high buttresses. The slate roof has eight jutties. The large portal on the West facade with its pointed arch leads into the interior, the general effect of which is one of solemn splendor. In froiit of the visitor, in the choir without windows, rises in an artistically carved Gothic case of dark wood the large organ with its magnificently gilded face. Be- fore the organ is the i)ulpit and the platform. Along the sides run the finely carved railings of the galleries. Through tlie large windows pour floods of light. Among the stained glass windows are esi)ecially noteworthy those of the west facade. Sinai Congrcgalion, ImJiana A Iwtnty-first St 282 ciiTrRcriEs. The richly ctirsed woodwork of the rafters etc. foi'm an effective contrast to tlie si»leiidid decorations of the ceiling. The latter are mostl}' in the style of Italian renaissance and number amon,^ the finest in Chicago. * Sinai Congregation.-Denomination : Mosaic. {Reform. Jews) Site: S - W. corner of Indiana Avenue and 21.st Street. A rather simple temple of grayish square stone, in Moorish and Oriental style. Among the windows is especially notice- able the rosette which is surrounded by fields decorated after Moorish pattern. The building is distinguished by its four massive square cupolas which rise above the roof; the middle cupola of the main facade with its crowned top may be seen from a great distance. The interior with its rows of seats rising one above an- other, its gallery with a carved front and its large organ, is very quiet and in comparatively simple style. The decollation is Moorish, in harmony with the architecture. * Church of the Messiah.— Denomination: Unitarian. Site: Michigan Avenue and the S.-E. corner of 23rd /Street, diagonally oj)posite the Immannel Baptist Church. It is a peculiar structure, attracting attention less on account of its dimensions than its curious architecture. The side walls are so low that the windows project above the lower edge of the roof and are connected with the main roof by short dormer roofs. This latter is disproportionally large, giving the whole a heavy appearance. From the main roof project also ten small triangular roofs the fronts of which are filled by small rosettes. The style is a somewhat free adap- tation of the Gothic. A peculiarity of the building is the steeple which is drawn in in the middle and is thus readilj' distinguished from many similar ones. The church has, be- sides, two other tower-like projections, one on the ridge over the cross of nave and transept and the other over the vesti- CHURCHES. 283 bule.— The transept is lower than the nave and projects clearly from the nave. The larjie m^^c nn the West facade must also he mentioned; it is formed hy three cusps. The material is yellow stone with sandstone for window trimmings, gable.5 and buttresses. The interior is a large space free of columns etc. The roof is supported by a system of semi-circular rafters and the connecting beams. Construction and ])ainting of this wood work, although somewhat unusual in a (Jothic church, are made to harujonize with the rest as' well as possible. The decoration is simple and quiet. Windows and rosettes are uf stained glass. Immanuel Baptist Church. Denomination: Brqjtisf. Site: Mir/n';/(iii Aif.. a liflh Sniit/i (>/'2:inf St. A i)rominent church in the Gothic of the lifteenth cen- tury, built of squares of native calcareous stone (Illinois lime stone) with a rough surface. The main facade on the East con- tains the large portal and three windows with rosettes. The steeple on the north-east corner begins as a quadrangular, becomes then octangular and rises with the slender pyramid to a height of 21(J feet. The buttresses terminate in free pin- nacles of sand stone. The canopies and gable ends are crown- ed with finials. The church has in an additional building on the West side a sei)arate room for the Sundaj' school. The decoration of the iiitirior is modelled after a chapel of Notre Dame in Paris. The 1800 seats are arranged in a semi-circle; the}' rise as in an amphi-theatre in the hand- somely curved gallerj'. The vaulted ceiling is painted blue. The West wall forms a very i)ictures(|ue, almost too the- atrical termination. Behind the handsomely wrought plat- form with the pulpit rises a Gothic arch, forty feet high, over which is a cross. A porti^re of green silk in the wide open- ing of the arch liides the baptismal font behind which stands a tower-like structure covered with a Moorish Indian cupola. Above it the large organ with a front decorated in colors. 284 CHURCHES. Christ Church. Denomination: Reformed Episcopal. Site: Mic/u'f/aH Ave., S.-W. corner '^4th St. Structure in simple Grothic of yellow square .stone (Illinois Lime Stone) with rough surface. The church has no side aisle; the choir in form of a quintagon has no windows. Of the two steeples on the Michi- gan Avenue facade only the one on the North —an Italian campanile with a quadrilateral pyramidical pinnacle -is completed. In the field between the two is a large lancet window with a rosette. The vestibule receives light through rosettes on the North and South wall. From the middle of the roof rises a small turret. Interior: The decoration is quiet in tone. The choir re- ceives its light through a serai-circular sky light. Some of the numerous small windows have handsome stained glass donated by members of the church. On the West is a gallery supported by columns. The organ is placed to the left of the choir, in theN.-E. corner. -Worthy of mention are a baptismal font of marble and a fine tectum of polished brass. — 900 seats. St. Anthony of Padua Church.— Denomin.: Roman Catholic. Site: Hanover St. and S.-E. corner of 24th Place. This is one of the few churches in Chicago which are built in pure Komanesque style. The ground plan has the form of a cross. The church looks from East to West. The main facade contains the portal with three doors and several windows. Its ornaments are of sand stone. A large flyer leads up to the auditory. After passing through the inside doors of the vestibule, the visitor finds himself in one of the finest and most effective church interiors of Chicago. Interior: Eight beautiful semi-circular arches resting on slender pillars, separate the nave from the two transepts and bear the upper walls of the nave. Where nave and transept meet, rises a large cupola which with its well calculated di- mensions, is very effective. The finest ornament of the church 286 CHURCHES. is the thoroughly artistic decoration. Romanesque fresco- paintings and ornaments in quiet tones harmonizing with one another, cover arches, walls and vaults. The two cross-walls of the transept contain at the hight of the handsome rosettes, four large mural paintings. In the semi-circular choir there are three beautifully executed fresco-paintings. The high altar is of marble; the two other altars (Joseph and Mary with the infant) of wood with rich painting and gilding. The organ is placed in the West end. This church is distinguished from many others by the rare harmony of its proportions and decorations; the latter ha])pily complement the construction. The cupola is surmounted by a quadrangular super- structure from each corner of which arise elegant sand stone turrets. It ends in a low, octangular tower with a cross. The buttresses reach considerably beyond the roof and are crown- ed by finials. The gable of the West side contains another turret. The material is, for the basement (Sunday school room), yellow stone; the rest is gray brick with sand-stone trimmings. Trinity Methodist Church.— Denomination: Methodist. Site: Indiana Avenue near 24th Street. The nave is on the West flanked by two substructures for the spires between which the portal. The East part of the nave is terminated by the transept in front of it. The material is yellow stone with a rough surface and sand-stone (for trimmings and sculptures). The most remarkable part of the structure is from an architectural point of view, the large portal which is divided into three parts. It occupies the whole width of the wall that terminates the nave and gets its division from two columns placed free in the portal. It terminates at the top in three narrow gables crowned with finials. The spires are only carried to the height of the roof. Interior: Stei)ping inside, we first pass the vestibule with the stair-case. Noticeable is the disposition and illu- mination of these parts as well as the perfect acoustics CITURCIIKS. 287 if the lars^e hall. Walls and ceiling are tastefully and bocoiuiiigli' decorated. The grouiul tone is a liiiht red with izildiiii^. On the West, North and 8<>uth arc on the cross walls of the naves larj^e lancet windows divided in three parts and having stained glass in (rotliic style. The fine, large organ is placed at the West end. At the same height with the organ runs all around a finely carved wooden gallery resting on pillars. All Saints' Church. —Denomination: Roman Catholic. Site: .S'.- W. corner of 25th Place and Wallace StrcH. A Gothic church of gray brick. The steei)le in the N.-K. liiis nut been carried beyond the height of the gable of the loof. The bell is i)laced in a temporary wooden belfry at the top of the steeple. Interior: The church lias two naves and a transept. Sixteen free, round pillars support the jiointed arches on wiiich rests the weight of the upper walls. The transept has iiM each side a side transept. The masonry of the ceiling is >upporUtd by a system of rafters. The i)entagonal choir on the West contains a handsome high altar of marble, in Gothic forms and richly gilded. The columns, capitals, consoles, pendants etc. show beautiful sculpture. Plymouth Cong^eg. Church.-Denomination: Congregational. Site: Michigan Avenue, neor 2(itlt strict. The ground plan of this church is a rectangle with the front corners cut oif. The material is yellow stone and sand- stone for the stone-work. The middle space is flanked by two wide buttresses running up into an elegant roof supported by I'our slender columns. Between the buttresses is the large, senii- eircular-arched window, filling almost the whole wall. Where the corners are cut off are the portals. They are formed hy semi-circular arches flanked by six columns. These arches 288 ciiURciiKS. support a cubic-shaped structure, which in turn is crowned by a small, pavilion-like super-structure. The ])ortals are connected by short double-arched arcades, with a stone balcony. The interior is comparatively simple but tasteful. The finely ornamented organ stands in effective contrast with the quiet deco- ration of the walls. The seats rise as in a n a m p h i- theatre. Among the windows of stained glass m ay be men- tioned the large west window. The church is noted for the ex CO Hence of its choir, and sustains a large Sunday school and local mission church, and in part a mission church and school. Plymouth Congregational Church. Seating capacity 1400 persons. Trinity Church. -Denomination: Episcopal. Site: Michigan Avenue and 26fh Street. An interesting church in English Grothic style. The ma- terial is the yellow Illinois lime-stone and sand-stone for the trimmings. The church has in addition to the main nave and two side naves, a large, somewhat low transept. East of CHURCHES. 281) the choir is a Ladj' Chapel, connected with the main structure by a covered jjassage. Between choir and transept a turret on the ridge of the I'oof. The main facade on the West side contains two rather large pointed arch windows and a rosette. The substructure of the tower which bounds the west facade contains also the two main i)ortals. The spires, as yet un- completed, do not reach beyond the ridge of the roof. * St. James Church. — Denomination: Roimni- Catholic. Site: Wdbdsh Avenue, near ^iOtli Street. A structure with three naves and a transept in early (xothic. The spire built into the main facade looking East, lacks the pyramid. Interior: The ceiling is supported by eight single and four triple pillars of polished gray marble. In the side aisles bounded by them are the fourteen stations of the passion. The transepts contain galleries. The side walls are almost wholly taken up by immense lancet windows with a rose placed in each of them. The ornamentation of the stained glass is Gothic. The trilateral choir added to the west wall contains a beautiful high altar of white marble with remarkable sculpture. On both sides of it, at the ter- mini of the side aisles, are the altars of Joseph and of Mary, with the pictures of the same on gold ground. On the East, oi)posite the choir, stands the organ. The bronze statue, three feet high, in the south of the side nave, representing St. Peter with the keys in a sitting attitude on a socle of yellow marble, is a little master-piece. The decoration of the walls and the ceiling are in light colors with moderate gilding. St. Paul's Church.— Denomination: Universalist. Site: Prairie Avenue, near 30th Street. St. Paul's Universalist church is a romanesque structure of not very considerable dimensions, but of very interesting architecture. The material is a reddish brown stone of 290 CHrRCHES. charming effect. The luaiu dii'ectiou of the church is from West to East. On the crossing of nave and transept rises a short but very large octanguU\r tower with .small semi-circular windows. The two main entrances are on the Western main facade on Prairie Avenue. Two rather low doors above which rise handsome romanesque arches, lead into two small porches connected by the vestibule. The latter, a low room resem- bling a corridor, is secluded from the street by a wall slightly curved toward the street and having nine small windows. On the South of the main facade is, besides, a semi-circular arch which marks the entrance to the rooms in the basement. This richly broken exterior is still more enlivened by tasteful sculi)tures: Portal columns vfiih sculptured capitals, plastic bands hewn from the stone, ornamental window trimmings etc. Interior. With the characteristic exterior corresponds the beautiful interior. The most striking portion is the inner construction of the tower which rests on four large and powerful semi-circular arches which are in turn supported by eight short, massive columns. The eight side walls of the tower rest on the semi-circular arches, and as many triangles meeting at the top in a common spire form the final termin- ation. On the outside this part is covered by painted sheet iron and red tiles. Roof and walls of the steeple have small windows. The decoration of the ceiling is executed in very tasteful tones. The walls are covered with terra-cotta tiles on which charming ornaments. A chief attraction of the church is a memorial window on the South, representing Christ blessing the children. The organ is placed in the east end of the nave. First Baptist Church. — Denomination: Baptist. Site: South Park Avenue cDid Slat Street. The opulent temple of the First Bajitist Society is a stately Gothic structure with a tall steeple visible at a great distance. The main nave is connected with a chapel-like structure placed east of it, hy a short stair case crowned by a turret. The transept is low, supported by buttresses and pro- CHURCHES. 291 triuliiif,^ but little from the nave. The steeple on the north- west corner is at its base quadraniiular and contains on its two sides, which are parallel to the streets, the two main portals. The l)clfVy is formed by pointed arches and free sanil-stone columns. The quadrangular part of the steeple First IJ.iDlist Church. is terminated by a balustrade of broken sand-stone. Then follows an octangular super-structure which forms the basis for tlie likewise octangular roctf of the steeple which is cover- ed with slates. The three large lancet windows on the main facade on the west side first attract the visitor's attention. These as well as the somewhat smaller gable windoAv are ornamented with sand- stone sculptures. The buttresses terminate at the top in 292 CHURCHES. small, lofty tower roofs supported bj^ four slender columns; a circumstance which contributes materially to enlivening the facades. The southern extremity of the main front is flanked by the sub-structure for a second, as yet only projected steeple which likewise contains a portal. Passing to the Interior the large magnificent organ with its tasteful decoration and effective gilding presenting the finest appearance of any organ in Chicago, first attracts the attention of the visitor. The fundamental tones of the in- terior decoration are, for the ceiling, chamois and for the walls, a light terra cotta. The panelled ceiling is supported by pointed arches of wood which in turn rest on bronzed chaptrels and columns. A gallery leads all around the interior. The stained glass of the windows shows simple Gothic ornaments. Under the organ platform, separated from the rostrum by five protruding, richly carved pointed arches, is the loggia- like baptismal font, on both sides of which the pointed arches continue, leaning against the walls and forming an arcade the fields of which are ornamented with frescoes on blue ground. The whole appointment breathes opulence. The church is praised for its good acoustics. The additional building resembling a chapel, contains rooms for the Sunday school etc. Fifth Presbyterian Church..— Denomination: Presbyterian. Site: S-E. corner of Indiana Avenue and 30th Street. This church is a structure of grayish stone with a quadrangular belfry and a low transept. The main facade looks West toward Indiana Avenue. A few steps lead to the loggia enclosed by two large, but low semi-circular arches. From this loggia the vestibule on the base of the steeple is reached. The latter; being rather bare, has long and very narrow quadrangular windows, and, what is quite rare in i CHURCHES. 293 Chicago, a clock. It is crowned by a low pyramid. The buttresses and the base of the steeple, being curved, grow more massive toward their foiuxlation. The iiifrrior is lighted by two windows in the west and north walls, composed of a great number of small S(iuares. The walls in light yellow, are tastefully decorated. Some of the windows are of stained glass. The chapel which also contains the Sunday school rooms, projects from the east wall of the church. South Park Avenue M. E. Church. (Denomin. : Method ist-Ep!sc(ip(d.) Site: iS.- W. cortiir of Soiifh Pdrlc Avenue and S3rd Street. Impressive structure of square stone with an effective sjiire; with a free use of Norman and romanesque forms. The entrance, a low semi-circular arch, is on the main facade on South Park Avenue. Another entrance is on 33rd street, in an additional structure placed before the tower and crowned with a balcony. The ten large semi-circular windows in the side walls are ornamented with stained glass and separated by strong buttresses reaching to the roof. The tower on the N.-E. corner, with its unique finial, reminds one of the bar- bicans of the medieval castles and boroughs. Rising from the angles at the top are four round turrets which are at their base encircled by a common wall. Each of the wails between lias two lower windows in front of which is a balustrade of open work masonry. The pinnacle of the tower is a low quad- rangular, pyramid with rounded corners. The int< rior has 150(1 seats rising as in an amphi-theatre, and a beautiful gallery. The wainscoting of the ceiling and the woodwork of the seats etc. is of oak and California cedai*. The walls etc. show simi)le decorations on a ground of light terra eotta. 294 ciitiRriiES. **South Congregational Church.-Denomin.: Congregational. Site-jV.-TF. corner of Drexel Boulevard and 40th St ret t. A very picturesque and interesting edifice in Romanesque style. The characteristic impression produced by this church is due to its situation and its environment as well as to its original architecture. To the material, too, must be ascribed a not inconsiderable part of the effect: It is the gray prairi ' stone with rough surface. The acute angle in which the neighboring streets meet, necessitated the irregular form of the ground plan: A rect- angle (auditorj') with a right angled triangle (vestibule) attached to it. The main facade on the boulevard is flanked by two towers on the corners, between which projects the semi-circular arched portal with the heavy canopy. It is sur- mounted by a large Romanesque window with fine feather- ings. The vestibule is lighted by two small rose windows at the sides of the portal. On the southern facade is especially noteworthy the large semi-circular arched window with its feathering of rosettes and foiles, filling almost the whole cross-wall of the transejit. The most impressive part of the structure is the tower in the S.-E. corner. It is supported by four free massive columns with cubical base. The loggia-like basement of the tower, thereby become free, serves as a lobby to the vestibule with which it is connected by a few broad steps. The tower, first having the shape of a drum, is broken by five semi-circular arched windows. The quadrangular part above this is on every corner flanked by massive buttresses which enlarge toward their base and continue as free, round columns, on which are placed the four wide semi-circular ai'ches, that form the spacious belfry. The latter is suiTounded by a balustrade of stone in oiien-work. (In the ground plan a circle drawn through the four corner columns.) The yyinnacle is a quadrangular slated pyramid from the corners of whose base rise four small cones. The northern tower flanking the other side of the facade rnrurnES. 295 is iuuch simpler and lnwcr. It is all the way cylindrical and ends in a cone. The interior is of simple but solid ele.trance. The pews, do(n-s and rafters show some tine wood cai'ving. Pulpit and oriran are on the Wf'st wall: on the East, above the vestibule, is the srallery. The ciiief ornament are the l)('autiful stained glass win- dows in the transept. Temple of the "Anshe Maarab" Congregation. Denomination: Reformed Jews. Site: S.-E. eomer of IndiaiKi Areime mid 33rd Street. This, the larj^est Jewish temple in Chicago, is a massive structure of gray material, presenting on the outside two dis- tinct parts. The lower part being constructed in sand stone squares with rough surface, resembles (ine half of a cube and makes by virtue of its unbroken surface a remarkably strong impression. It is built in the free Romanesque style. On this main part rises a superstructure with a hip roof cover- ed with slates and bordered by a stone balustrade. The walls of this superstructure are enlivened by plastic orna- uients in Moiu'ish style and broken by narrow windows ar- ranged in groups of three. The windows of the substructure arc jiartly rectangular, partly semi-circular arched. The main entrance on the west sidd (Indiana Ave.), form- ed by a very large semi-circular arch, leads into the basement which contains the various auxiliary rooms. The auditory l)roi)er occupying the entire building, is large and very high, looking from Kast to West and decorated in exclusively Moorish style. The interior is abundantly lighted by the eight lai'ge .semi-circular arched windows and the twent\-seven smaller windows of the sui)erstructure. The side walls incline above the large windows and meet in a half-circle, thus forming a ceiling resembling the one half of a cylinder. Some of the semi-circular rafters are decorated with gold. A spacious 296 CIIlTRCIIES. gallery with seats rising as in an amphitheatre, runs along three sides of the interior. The front of this gallery is cover- ed with a coat of dark stucco painted in dark red. On this ground are executed numerous modernized plastic ornaments in Moorish style. A similar ornamentation showing repeated- ly the Jewish emblem, the so-called "Shield of David", is seen on a wide strip along the woodwork of the ceiling. The east wall is most luxuriously appointed. The pulpit stands in a large niche hewn in the wall and resembling a choir; above it is the organ screened by an open-work carving of wood with beautiful Moorish and Indian motives. This lattice work is surrounded by a large semi-circular arch, three feet wide, with charming oriental arabesques. The remaining part of the east wall is richly provided with colored stucco- ornaments after modernized Oriental motives (stars, bands, flowers, acanthi, symbols etc). All the wood work visible in the temple is of antique oak. Oakland M. E. Church. -^Denomin.: Methodist Episcopal, j Site: S. W. corner Oakicood Boulevard and Langley Ave. This church, built in 1886 of grey sandstone squares with rough surface, appears in the ground plan as a nave with transept crossing it at right angles and an addition placed in the corner, containing a small, open entrance hall projecting a little from the two adjoining front walls. The architecture is in free Romanesque style. Between the entrance hall and the cross wall ofthe nave (looking North) rises, in the middle of the facade, the steeple in form of a campanile. It projects a little from the front, has up to the second story a semi-cir- cular frontal addition, farther up long and ver^^ narrow win- dows resembling loop-holes, an open belfry with semi-circular louvre windows and a stone balustrade. It terminates in a slender, quadrangular pyramid covered with slate* The church is mainly lighted by the two large semi-circular arched windows in the front walls of the nave, eomi)osed of several quadrangular and one semi-circular arched window. First Presbyterian Church, In.iiaiia Avenue i:or. 1 wenty-tirst St 298 CHURCHES. The Ulterior of the church is very simple. It consists of two vestibules and the quadratic auditory with the platform in the N. W. corner. Pews, wainscoting etc., are of light wood. The stained glass paintings are worthy of mention. * Forty-first Street Presbyterian Church. Denomination: 1* reshytcrlan. Site: S.- W. corucr of Grand Boulevard and 41st Street. One of the most modern churches of Chicago. The edi- fice in llomanesque and Norman forms, is erected of grayish red square stone with rough surface. The ground plan shows the form of a cross in the outside angles of which are placed the steeple, the vestibules, stair-cases etc. Most noteworthy is the steeple, a solid, quadrangular campanile with long and narrow quadrangular windows which appear almost like loop- holes, and with semi-circular apertures in the belfry. Its roof is a low slated pyramid. The church proper consists of a nave and a transept of equal length. The north, east and south walls are each broken by two rows of semi-circular arched windows. The lower of these are broad and divided, while the ujiper are long and narrow. At the corners low, round buttresses with sculptured capitals. The effect of the interior is simple but elegant. The wainscoting, the panelled ceiling, the front of the gallery and the seats are of bright oak wood. Tiie walls are light red. A gallery winds along the north, east and south wall. The wood work of the ceiling is supported by four round massive stone columns placed in the four corners. The church con- tains 1,600 seats, but has room for 2,500 persons. On the west side is added a structure similar to the main building, but in simpler forms. This contains the Sunday school rooms. St. Cecilia's Church. — Denomination: Roman- Catholic. Site: S.-E. corner of 45th and Atlantic Street. This is a new structure in the Eomanesque style. The foundation stone was laid in 1889. The ground plan is an octagon with a short space built out for the choir. The two CHURCHES. 299 large niche-like semi-rotundas built in the walls adjoining the choir give the interior a unique effect. The portal on the north wall is formed by a number of round-arches diminishing toward the back, the foremost of which rests on four slender, free colums. The material for the substructure is a greenish stone with good effect, and for the rest greyish yellow tiles. St. Gabriel's Church. —Denomination: Konidn Catholic. Site: S.-E. corner Sltrrmou and 45tli Street. A new edifice of reddish brown bricks in pure Roman- esque forms. (On the foundation stone on the north facade: A(I Sniictioit Gifhrielent iiViVT.) Although the exterior of the church has, through its wide windows and low buttresses, a rather heavy appear- ance, it is partly redeemed by the high steeple on the N. W. corner, the only one in Chicago built entirely of stone. This is quadrangular and protrudes somewhat from the walls. Its three free edges are bordered by small, round bartizans. The walls are broken V)y windows resembling loop-holes. The pyramid being quadrangular is crowned by a finial and a cross. Interior. The church looks from North to South; the nave is divided into three aisles; at its south end is a septangular choir. The transept is small and shows but one aisle. The ceiling rests upon ten semi-circular arches sujqwrted by eight pillars with acanthus cai)itals of white stucco. Of the semi-circular arched windows aw especially note- worthy the two memorial windows in the transept, the live choir windows and the simple rosette in the north wall. The choir is remarkable, consisting of an arcade with seven arches forming the half of a polygon with fourteen sides and being supportet by six fine granite columns. 800 OHURCHES. Hyde Park Presbyterian Church. Denomination : Freshyterian. Site: N. E. corner Washiugton Avenur and 53d Street. A new and interesting church (completed in 1890) in the fentre of the pleasant suburb Hyde Park. The edifice, built of gray sand stone witli a rough surface, is in the ground plan a rectangle. The main facade is on the West (on Washing- ton Avenue) occupying one of the longer sides of the rectangle. From outside the «3hurch appears as a nave look- ing from North to South, with two wings of transepts added on the West between which is placed a low quadrangular steeple resting on two columns. A staircase between these columns leads to the entrance. The South facade is formed by the cross-wall of the nave and a pavilion on the f]ast with aspire in form of a cone (containing the study of the minister.) .The cross-walls of nave and transepts have, with the sole exception of that on the North, each a large semi-circular arched window with Gothic foliations, whose semi-circular arch is on the outside encircled by an imitation ogee arch. On the sides the windows are bordered by two semi-circular buttresses showing, like the upper gable field, some light ornamentation hewn in stone (bands of foliage, finials, etc). The North wall contains seven lancet windows. The most eflFective part of the church is the quadrangular tower in the corner. It contains at its base the main entrance and the vestibule; further up the belfry with eight high louvre win- dows which are open at the base but show, in the upper half open work stone ornamentation. Here too, the semi-circular terminations are surrounded by imitation ogee arches. The whole is crowned by a quadrangular pyramid covered with ■slate and having at each side a small bartizan covered with metal. Even the steeple contains stone ornamentation (buttresses, plasters, bands and poppy-heads.) The interior is separated in two parts by a corridor issu- ing from the western entrance: the Sunday school and the CHURCHES. 3(11 church proper. The hitter is an octagonal hall decorated in quiet colors and containing eight hundred seats. Organ and ]iulpit are placed on the east wall. The ceiling is i.anelled in light oak, and the same wood is used throughout the church. The Sunday school room adjoining it makes through its effective stained glass i)aintings (especiall}' noteworthy is the memorial window on the east wall) and the pretty boxes on the gallery, a very favorable impression. Hyde Park M. E. Church.— Denomin.: Methodist Episcopal' Site: «S'. E. Corner d4fJi Street and Washington Ave. An edifice situated in the finest part of Hyde Park. Tt is built of massive squares of grey granite, in a combination of modernized Romanesque and Norman style. The east wing of the tra n se pt alone is finished. The facade of the nave is to be on the West, where it will be flanked by two q u a d r a n gular steeples, the lai'ger one of which, on the North East, will con- tain two semi-circu- lar a r c h e d portals. Its edges are in the upper half flanked by four tall, narrow turrets. The spire is a quadrangular pyramid. The walls and the ceiling (which latter is supported by an extensive system of rafters) are wainscoted in light oak. A spacious gallery runs round the interior. The stained, glass paintings are verj- effective. <3^^ ^-==1^^--" Hyde Park M. E. Church. 302 CHURCHES. WEST SIDE. Cathedral S. S. Peter and Paul. Denomination: Episcopal Loc; Washington Boulevard and Peoria Street. A small church without steeple, in the simple form of Cathedral S. S. Peter and Paul. early Gothic, built of yellow stone. The exterior being very plain, the harmonious and elevating interior surprises all the more. The church has a nave and a transept. The ceiling CHIKCHKS. 303 with lacunars is supported by simply carved rafters forming pointed are-hes. The walls, havinj^- for a ground a dark brown and red, are covered with frescoes and lii^ht gilding. The choir is heptagonal and has five beautiful windows. The altar of white marble; a chair with rich carving placed in the choir; the stained glass of several windows and the baptismal font in the N.-E. corner, hewn in the finest marble (given by Helen Anderson Carter) are all donations in memory of deceased parishioners. The conception in graceful (xothic fiirins and the perfect execution make this font a genuine masterpiece. The cover is of polished brass in open work. Opposite the baptismal font, on the east wall of the transept are small figures of Peter and Paul, carved in wood and sur- rounded by Gothic wood-carving. The transept contains two rosettes. The church was the first stone building on the west side and stood for a long time solitary in the i)rairie. Centenary M. E. Church.— Denomination: Methodist J'Jj>is((>j)((/. Site: Wist Monroe St., near Morgan St. A Gothic church with a front of yellow stone with rough surface. The main facade looking South, is divided by butt- resses into three i)arts. A large portal with three doors leadsJ into the interior. The upper ])art of the central field is almost entirely taken up by a large window ornamented with stained glass paintings. The front is bordered by two large, round buttresses reaching beyond the roof and terminating in cones. Interior. The ground plan of the church is a rectangle, the southern part of which is taken up by the vestibule and the stair case. In the ground floor are the Sunday school and the auxiliary rooms. The auditory makes in spite of the presence of various styles (Tudor arches, pointed arches and semi- circular arches) a favorable impression, the eye being enabled to glance fmm wall to wall without encountering pillars or 304 CHURCHES. columns. The length walls which contain each seven win- dows, support on four moldings projecting one beyond the other thereb}' forming an inverted terrace, the ceiling vaulted in form of a Tudor arch. Eight wooden rafters composed of quadrants and flat arches, and several others running length- wise enliven the ceiling. The gallery on the north wall rises like an amphitheatre; the seats there are reserved for the choir. Behind, in a niche bordered by a large Tudor arch in the north wall, is the organ painted in various colors. In front of and below the organ the tribune for the preacher. Of the stained glass paintings are especially remarkable those of the large window in the south wall. The wood work of the church is partly of black walnut. First Congregational Church.— Denomin.: Congregational. Site: Washington Boulevard and Ann Street. A stately Grothic church of yellow square stone and sand stone trimmings. The nave, looking from North to South, opens on the Boulevard by three portals, which are crowned by massive pediments projecting from the facade. The two extremities of the transept which joins the south end of the nave, are broken by two large windows with- in three widely carved arches. The edifice, erected in 1869, has no steeple. The appointment of the interior is simple but distin- guished. On the south wall is the pulpit, behind which the organ. The balustrades, the pulpit and the deacons pews are fine specimens of wood work in black walnut. The spacious interior is lighted by the rosette-like windows of the transept and b}' six immense windows in the nave, reaching from the floor to the roof. The ceiling, a flat vault is blue and the walls are in light buff; both are adorned with pleasing fres- coes. A handsomely curved gallery runs along the walls. The seats rise gradually as in an amphi-theatre. (MIURCHES. Union Park Congregational Church. :505 Denomination; Q^iir/ref/'ttioiml. Site: Ashhtnd Are. timJ WanhliKjtoii Bid., near Union Park. (rotliir cliuich of yellow stone, looking from East to \Vest. The steeple on the N. E. corner terminates in a slender octanirnjar pinnacle. Through the ogive portal we I'caeh a s|)acious stair-case, which lca,14 CHURCHES. St. Stanislaus. — Denomination: Romaii, Catholic. Site: S. E.coruer of NohJc ami Inc/rahani Streets. The St. Stanislaus church is the centre of the " Polish ^luarters" of Chicago, as the central part of the region between Milwaukee Ave. and the river is called. The edifice, which is of considerable dimensions, and in llomanesque stjde, has a nave with two aisles. The main facade on the West is flanked by two unfinished steeples. A wide stair- case leads to the three semi-circular arched portals that open into the vestibule. The exterior is enlivened by simulated arcades running over the entire west front, and a large -I rosette. The eighteen large, arched windows are separated from one an- other by but- tresses. The steeples are, likewise, strengthened by hi g h - reaching but- tresses. The interior of St. Stanis- laus churchy in pure Ro- m a n e s que bt btaniskus Church fomiS, makeS a harmonious impression in spite of the bare greyish white walls. Sixteen pillars with sculptured capitals support the eighteen semi-circular arches on which in turn rests the ceiling. Pillars and arches are repeated in the nave as thin pilasters and simulated arches. The ceiling of the nave and CHURCHES. 315 the aisles is arched in a semi-circle and has neither transverse arches nor ornaments. In the apsis is tl\e high altar of niarhle" On tlie west side are two galleries, the upiter one of which contains tlie organ. Tn the immediate neighborhood of the church rises the large four-story building of *S'^ Stanislaus School, a new structure of greyish-yellow bricks and smooth sand stone. On each of the four corners rises a turret. A buttress in the central i)art of the building is crowned with the statue of St. Stanislaus. NORTH SIDE. Cathedral of the Holy Name. Denomination: Roman Catholic. Site: -iV. E. cor. Superior and A^. St(tte Sfs. The archi-episcopal "Cathedral of the Holy Name" is a tine structure in early Gothic. It was building from 1874 to 1S82, on the site of the old church which was burned in the great fire, 1871, and is now surrounded by a group of build- ings, which likewise serve religious purposes and occupy an entire block: the Parochial School, the Academy of the Ladies of the Sacred ITeart, the Parochial Building, contain- ing the offices and apartments for the priests, etc. The edifice is made throughout of yellowish grey stone with rough surface; the sculptured ornaments alone are executed in sand stone. The ground plan is a cross with the shaft looking west. The buttresses on the Avails of the nave are insignificant; but where they adorn the edges, as on the steeple, or where they mark the joint of nave and transept, they appear as powerful pillars, reaching beyond the roof and terminating in small quadrangular pinnacles. The facade which looks west contains the main portal, the pedi- nictit nf which is crowned with finials. Above it are several nani)W lancet windows, and directly above these is the ;-jl(j CHURCHES. rosette in twelve parts. The arrangement on the outside walls of the transept is similar; the portals there, are how- ever, placed in a porch, (containing the vestibule) which pro- jects from the front. The quadrangular steeple at the southwest corner of the edifice contains two more entrances and terminates in a slender octagonal pj'ramid covered with slate and crowned by a large gilded cross. The cathedral has a nave with two side aisles, and a short transept. On the east is added the pentagonal choir. The nave is separated from the aisles by twenty columns wifeh pointed arches supi)orting the upper walls of nave and aisles. The ceiling of the nave is vaulted, but the aisles have shed roofs. The walls of nave and aisles are enlivened by imitation triforia and small rosette windows. The lancet windows in the side walls are adorned with old stained glass paintings. Five large paintings representing scenes from the historj' of our Lord's passion distinguish the choir. The high altar is made of various kinds of marble. On both sides of it, at the extremity of the aisles, are the altars of Joseph and Mary. The wood carving on the archi-episcopal sedilium and the Grothic pulpit is remarkable. The organ with its front painted in different colors is one of the most i)owerful in the city. Under the organ platform, in a niche, is the marble bust of the late bishop Foley (died 1879.) The church has 1800 seats. East of the cathedral and connected with it by a gang- way is the parish residence which was built later but in the same style as the cathedral. * * St. James Church. Penoniination : Episcojxd. Site: 6''f.s.'* (tiul Huron St. One of the handsomest and most noteworthy churches of Chicago. The edifice is in Grothic style. It has nave and transejtt with buttresses reaching beyond the roof and ^?"^ ST. JAMKS KllSCOPAL CHURCH, Cor. Cass and Huiorn Ave. and Delauore PL The congregation, an oif-shoot from Pl3'mouth Congrepa- tidiial Church, wa.s founded in 1853. The old church, the foundation stone of which was hiid in 1865, was destroyed in The New England Church. the great fire. Onlj- a small part of the nortli wall remained, and some of the buttresses still show traces of the fire. The present edifice was erected between 1874 and 1876. It is a Gothic structure with nave and transejtt and a chapel added on the northeast. •^■2{) CHURCHES. The interior is lighted by three large rosettes and win- dows adorned with simple stained glass paintings. The main portal on the we.st facade is flanked by two fine columns of polished granite. Above it the rosette. Both portal and rosette are encircled by an immense pointed arch taking up almost the whole west wall. On both sides of the door are ))laced two stones brought over from England, the one on the North from the year 1620, the other with this inscription: M. L. 15.95. The iitterior is not remarkable. Rafters of dark wood held up by the walls and two beautiful polished granite pillars constitute the support of the ceiling. The magnificent organ ($7,000) from Boston is placed at the east wall. A curiosity is the baptismal font of the fourteenth cen- tury, brought over from England from the old church of Scroosby. It is of most primitive form. The chapel-like additional building on the East contains the Sunday-school rooms and the residence of the sexton. Unity Church.— Denomination: Unitarian. Site: Dcarhorn Are. and Walton Place. A Gothic structure. The material is yellow stone with rough surface. The main facade is on the West, facing Washington Square. Of the two steeples only the northern is complete. It has an octangular pyramid covered with slates. The southern one, lacking the spire, is crowned by a stone balustrade. It has four rosettes which are however without glass. The handsome portal is bounded by a pointed arch. The fronton contains sculptures. On each side of the church eight buttresses. The interior is not very remarkable. In the east end of the church, in what may be termed the choir, stands the large organ, the front of which is decorated. The roof is rather flat. A gallery with a fine wooden front runs around the interior. North of the pulpit stands a remarkable bap- tismal font with sculptures in sand stone and granite. ciirRciiES. 321 Fourth Presbyte lian Church.— Denominat: /'/Tifc/y^cr/aH. Site: Superior and Rns/i Streets. A Gothic structure of yellow stoiio with steeple on S. E. corner, not yet completed. The main portal on the east extremity of the transept projects from the walls. Above it a large rosette with fine stained glass paintings. The effect of the interior is odd. Walls and ceiling are decorated with simi)le ornaments after early medicCval motives. They are executed in dull gold with a coat of varnish. The seats and the three galleries are of black walnut. The organ is very powerful, and the church is noted for its excellent acoustic properties. Paulus Kirche. — Denomination: Lutheran-evangelical. Site: A' W. corner of N. Franklin and Superior Sts. This church, commonly named Wiinders-Kirche after its pastor, was destroyed in the great fire of 1871 and immediately re-erected after the catastrophe. The new building was con- secrated toward the end of 1872. The interior is very light and pleasant. There is a beau- tiful picture over the altar, representing a crucifixion. In the belfry are three bells. Chicago Ave. Church. — Denomination: Independent. Site: X. W. corner La Salle Ave. and Chicago Ave. A solid structure of stone with high buttresses and a round steeple with belfry at the meeting of the two facades. Tn the lower jtart of the steeple is the entrance from which a wide winding stair case leads up to the auditorium. The basement contains among others the Sunday-school rooms. The interior is an irregular, octagonal room. On its three sides looking West are the pulpit, the pews and the stair-case leading to the gallery. The walls are decorated in simple style. On the five remaining sides is a gallery sup- ]iorted by iron columns. 322 CHURCHES. * Grace M. E. Church. Denomination: Methodist E}>tsc(jpal. Site: S. W. cor. LaSalle Ave. and Locust St. Built in 1876. A Gothic church with its main facade Jooking P]ast toward La Salle Ave. The material of this is yellow Illinois lime stone with rough surface; the rest of the structure is of brick and sand stone. The basement contains the Sunda.y-school room. The main facade has four but- tresses which reach beyond the roof and terminate in pinnacles, two of which are on the corners and close the facade, while the two others bound the central section. The portal is formed by a pointed arch supjHjrted by sand- stone columns. In the upper part of the arch is a rosette, above which rises an imjjosing Grothic window divided into two halves, which is, like the portal, flanked by free sand- stone columns. Two other lancet windows with two rosettes light the vestibule and the gallery. The church has no steeple. Vestibule and stair-case are on the East side. The walls are decorated in a light gray. The ceiling, in light blue, is sujiported by rafters. The choir on the West is set off by an imposing pointed arch which is handsomely decorated and supported by clustered columns. The organ in the choir, the stalls in front of it and the pulpit harmonize well with the rest. The windows show stained glass paintings in simple Gothic ornaments. On three sides of the interior is a gallery. * English Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity. Denomination: Lutheran Ei-oiif/elical. Site: S. W. corner La Salle Ave. and Elm St. A church in Gothic style with a quadrangular steeple on the N. E. corner. The main facade on the East and the steeple are of yellow Illinois lime stone with rough surface; the rest of brick. CHURCHES. 323 The heavy portal which iirojects from the walls, is sup- )»orted )»y two fine columns of polished granite. Above it is a large lancet window with a losette. On the north wall are iiuttresses. The steeple ter- minates in a (|ua(lraii,srular |iyrami(l with tinials on the edges. The interior is very pleasant and elevating. The terra-cotta colored transverse arches of the vault set off effectively from the light walls and the blue, rather low ceiling. Above the ves- tibule, on the East, stands the organ. O|)i>osite, at the end of the west wall, under the large triangular window. is the altar and the plat- form. The stained glass i)ict- ures (mostly memorial win- dows), are very pleasing. English Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity. Church of the Ascension. J)enomination : Episciqxtl. Site: S. E. cor. Lo Sailr Arc. ond Elm St. A structure of yellow stone without a steeple and of modest dimensions. The portal in the main front, facing LaSalle Ave., is in a porch which serves as vestibule. The windows are separated by low buttresses. In front of the rpiadrangular choir added to the main building, is, on the J]ast. the small chapel. The interior is simply but tastefully decorated. The ceiling, supported by rafters, is panelled in wood. The or- gan stands on the N. E. side, near the choir. 324 CHURCHES. The chapel is distinguished by cliarming, small. Gothic windows and a fine mai'ble altar. La Salle Ave. Baptist Church. Denomination: Baptist. Site: La Salle Ave., North of Division St. Handsome edifice with characteristic front of grey square stone. Through an imposing semi-circular arch are reached the two winding stair cases, which from both sides of the entrance lead into the interior. Each stair-case is surrounded by a colonnade of six columns through which the light falls on the central part built in form of a curve. The church is remarkably well lighted in all its parts. The ititerior decoration is verj'^ simple. The organ is placed in the alcove on the east wall. For the rest nothing remarkable. St. Joseph's Church. — Denomination: Roman Catholic. Site: iV. Market St., N. E. corner HiU St. St. Josephs church is a simple edifice in early Gothic style, made of gray brick. The main direction of the church is from West to East; the heptagonal choir on the East end is of the same height as the roof. A low, quadrangular addi- tional building contains the sacristy. On each side of the church are seven tall windows, separated from one another by rather thin buttresses reaching up to the roof. The steeple, which projects a little, arises from the centre of the West facade. In its quadrangular lower part is the main portal. At the height of the ridge pole the octangular sec- tion of the steeple begins which is surrounded by slender pinnacles adorned with finials. The spire, likewise octangu- lar, is covered with slates and crowned with finial and cross. The interior of the church affords a rather pleasant and harmonious impression, which is, however, somewhat weak- ened bv the unsuitable decorationof the choir. The two side cm KciiEs. 32') aisles arc separated from the nave by flustered columns and terminate in cross arched vaults. The choir receives its light through seven narrow but high windows. Its roof is half of a stonj' vault which directly' continues the ceiling i>f the nave. The side altars on the Kast end of the aisles show tine wood carving and gilding. The windows contain stained glass ornaments in simple Gothic style. St. Michael. Denomination: Roiiuin Catholic. Site: (Jhrrldiid Are. tim/ Eiif/enie St. The 8t. Michael church is one of the largest church edi- fices of Chicago. The exterior is unobtrusive. The facade is enlivened by tall windows and the three porches on the North front. Very effective is the lofty steeple with its slender octagonal i)innacle that can be seen from a great distance. The church has a nave and two aisles. A transept is suggested in the interior, but it does not project from the nave on the outside. Ten fluted i)illars separate the nave from the aisles and support the ceiling. On the north wall two galleries, one placed above the other. Opposite, added to the South side, is the pentagonal choir. Among the richly adorned altars is especially noticeable the high altar, at the side of the crucifix, with the statues of Peter and Paul in gilded niches and above them the patron saint of the church, St. ^lichael. Be.-:^ides these there is in the northwestern vestibule an altar with the representation of the mdti r (/uloro.sti. The interior decoration with its gilding and its colored frescoes on light gray and red ground, is verj' attractive. The ceiling is adorned with a number of mural i)aintings, renresenting scenes from the sacred history. 326 CHURCHES. * Church of the Covenant.— Denomination: Preshi/ferian. Site: Cor. BrJtlen Ave and lY. Hahted St. The foundation stone of this church was laid in August, 1887. The building, on the outside very massive, shows in the interior a semi-circle with seats as in an amphitheatre. The only ornaments of the facades are the semi-circular arched windows in Italian renaissance. The belfry is not yet completed. P]utrance through the two semi-circular arched jiortals in the lower part of the steeples. The material is brick and terra cotta. Litcrior. Fifteen gilded pillars support the gallery running into beautifully decorated semi-circular arches, which in turn support the roof. The platform and the pulpit are placed in front of the south wall. Behind them, in an alcove-like room, is the beautiful and costly organ. The uppermost part of this wall is broken by a charming, so-called nun's gallery, a series of semi-circular arches sup ported by free double columns, through which falls the light from the windows behind. The wood-carving of the ballustrades is in antique style. Walls and ceiling are decorated in amber and brown. * Belden Ave. Baptist Church.— Denomination: Baptist. Site: iV. E. cor. Belden Ave. and N. Hahted St. A pleasing modern structure of gray square stone with an additional building on the North for the Sunday-school. On each of the two facades, square and semi-circular arched windows. On the S. W. corner the (piadraugular, rather low steeple. The interior makes a ])leasiiig as well as elegant impres- sion. The auditory is rectangular. The seats rise as in an amphitheatre and can be thrown back like opera chairs. The numerous windows admit a flood of light to the interior. The decoration, although simple, is very pleasing. Pulpit, bap- tisntal font and organ are placed in the N. E. corner. A gallery runs all around the hall. CHURCHES. 327 * FuUerton Ave. Church.— Denomination: Frishi/trrian. Site: ^V. W. cm-. FnllertDU Av< . (iiul Ldrrahrc St. A Romanesque church in the t'oiiii of a cross, built of a gray and preen, ver^' i>icturcs<|ue .stone. On the North is added a chapel-like structure, in the style of the main edi- tice, containing sundry rooms. Especially developed are the walls facing the streets and ending the nave and aisles. The quadrangular steeple is placed between them in the corner. The two facades of ele of WiLsuit, resting on four massive pillars, and having a cupola surmounted by a large oak. Farther to the left is the granite obelisk of Mc- Kt'chney & Hill, the second highf>st in the cemetery. On the left of this we see the beautiful and stately mausoleum of the Ttn/lor fdinily, in form of a small chapel. East of this lies the Willotnmre, an ai'titicial pond with a small island which, as well as the shores of the pond, display an exuberant vege- tation. Openings in the foliage afford charming glimpses of the water and the landscape beyond. Following the Willow- mere in northea.sterly direction, we pass by a number of tombs. To the finest of these belong that of the WlUintu H. Mitchell family, surmounted by a female figure, and that of Martin Ryerson,hu\\t in p]gyptian style out of massive blocks of polished granite. Both of these are situated at the south- eastern end of the Willowmere. From the south end of the Willowmere we enjoy the view of a very charming scenery. On the one side appears the water, reflecting in its clear surface the trees on its shores; on the opposite side gently rises a green slope with groups of trees and shrubbery. This division of the cemetery, Belle- vuf, is one of its prettiest parts. Each lot of this division is completelj' separated from the others and the rest of the world by a rocky, vine-covered wall and dense shrubbery, thus forming a peaceful retreat in the heart of the great city of the dead. Southeast of this division is situated the Chapel of the cemetery, which is well worth an inspection. It is built in 334 CEMETERIES. Gothic style from red and green Waupaca granite. Under it is a well-arranged morgue. A few steps northeasterlj' from the chapel, on Western avenue, rises the monument of Will- iam 31. Hoyt, perhaps the finest of the cemetery, representing an allegorical group—Faith, Hope and Love— on a tall pedes- tal of granite. Opposite this is a simple obelisk bearing a long inscription, indicating the resting place of the famous de- tective. Allan /*t«/.vr/o», who, among his other achievements, distinguished himself chieflj^ by saving the life of Lincoln in 186L Passing thence eastward by the chapel, we reach, after an agreeable stroll through the newer parts of the cemetery, the gate at Buena Park Station and the pleasant building near by that contains the offices for the management of the cemetery, and is surrounded by magnificent pines. Thence we gain a very attractive view of the Hazelmere, a small pond encircled by dense shrubbery. On the south the German Lutherav Evangelical Ceme- tery adjoins Graceland Cemetery, separated from the latter by Graceland ave. This burial place, commonlj' known by the name of "Wunder's Cemetery," in honor of the Rev. Henry Wunder, has an area of 142 acres. It is adjoined on the south by the Jewish burial place of the society Chehra Gemilath Chasadim Uhikur Cholim. This is of but small extent, and contains for the most part only simple graves with plain marble slabs. Here are, besides, two other Jewish cemeteries, that of the Chehra Kadisha Uhikar Cholim, and the burial ground of the Hebrew Benevolent Society. *Rosehill Cemetery.— /S^Vf.- Six and one half miles north of the Courthouse, and one and a half miles west of the shore of Lake Michigan. Access: 1st — By local trains of the Chica- go & NoTthwestern RK.., Milwaukee division, from Northwest- ern BR. Depot, cor. Wells and Kinzie streets Ctrip, 26 minutes; round trip, 40 cts.), to the entrance of the cemetery; 2d — By street cars, via Northside Cable Bead (Clark street, or Wells, and city limits, change at Clark and Diversey streets), to the foot of the private driving road to the cemetery (reached in about an hour from the corner of Clark and Randolph CEMETERIES. 335 streets); 3d— By jtrivate vehicle, throujrh Lincoln Park, and via Lake View ave., Barry street, Evanston ave. and Ridge street, to the cemetery. This burial ground compares in beauty with the most famous in the I'nited States. It extends between the tracks of the Chicago & Northwestern lUl. and the Western avenue extension, covering, in the sliajie of a quadrangle, an area of about 500 acres, lialf of which is not yet laid out. The ground is that of a rolling i)rairie and rises from 30 to 40 feet above the level of the lake. Like Graceland Cemetery, this burial ground is laid out in landscape style, rivalling the former in the charm of its scenery and the beauty and costliness of its monuments. 7«."5/)Pc//o«..— Entering through the elegant gate, on the side of which are the offices of the cemetery, the visitor sees in the middle of the gently ascending road, a tall soldier's monument, representing a soldier with the flag standing on a slender column. The i)eaestal, which is adorned with re- liefs and trophies, bears the inscrijjtion: Our Heroes. Round about this monument are a number of soldiers' graves with special monunjcnts, whose inscri]itions give a fragment of the history of the Avar. Taking the carriage road to the north, we reach, i)assing the beautiful mausoleum of C/urrles K. Hop- l-iiisoii, the fine marble monument erected to the memory of the members of the Vuhintary Firemen s Division. It rises in a rondeau in the middle of the road, and is adorned with the emblems of the fireman. Not far from it is a slender obelisk of gray granite, erected to the memory of Hurry Fox, and a few steps thence, in northwesterlj' direction, one of the most remarkable monuments of the cemeter\', commemorat- ing George S. Bangs, the founder of the rapid mail trans- portation service in the United States, and representing, in sand-stone, a massive trunk of a tree, embraced b}' ivy; its top and branches broken by the storm. At the base of the monument appears a mail train, just entering a tunnel. We then i.ass the obelisk of Durid and Cornelia Cole, and that of Joh)i Woitirort/i, wIiIl-Ii latter is remarkable for its dimen- sions. Crossing thence the cemetery in a south we.-^terly direc- 33G CEMETERIES. tion, we pass the fine family vault of Wright, and come upon the shore of an artificial lake, near which rise the tall obelisks 0^ Amos Jerome Siull, William II. Ferry, Laflin, Goodrich and other well-known citizens. That part of the cemeter}^ situated farther to the west, is as yet uncultivated. Southeast of that portion the fine granite mausoleum of G. Faninan attracts, among the many sumptuous monuments the special atten- tion of the visitor. Southwest, near the gate, is the suhter- raiteau morgue, and north of the entrance the extensive <7reeH hoii.se. *Oakwoods Cemetery.— aS'S'/^e.- Near the Insane Asylum described above, constituting a complex of ten buildings in Grothic style, with a front of 460 feet. The poor-house, which can accommodate nearly 1200 inmates, is nearly always deplorably overcrowded, mostly by such as are com- pletely overcome by poverty. According to the reports of the ma- nagers, there is a very frequent change of quarters, on the part of the inmates, between the Insane Asylum and the Infirmary. Insane people who have recovered niove to the poor-house, and paupers who have become insane are removed to the asylum. Surely the inmates of the two institutions are to be numl)ered among the most pitiable of the city's inhabitants. St. Vincent's Infant Asylum and Maternity Hospital. Si'fc: 191 La Salle ave., cor. Superior st., is an institution, CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. :U7 founded and conducted by the Sisters of Charity; it has been established for the caire of infants and children under five years of age, who can be reclaimed by parents or friends at any time, unless they abandon them or desire to give them up for adoption. Tlie buildiiit^ is capable of accomodating 200 children. It is pro- vided with a perfect system of ventilation, all modern improvements, and is heated by steam, making it altogether one of the finest insti- tu tions in the Union. Two spa- cious rooms on the first floor, each 30 X 40 feet, ; are devoted to '^ play room and 2 K i n d e r garten J pu r poses, and g the exercise there '' obtained is sup- plemented by re- creation on the lari;e balconies 1 attached to the playroom. There are also large nurseries St. Vincent's Infant Asylum and !\Iateinity Hospital. where mothers are accommodated with their infants, free, on condition that each woman will nurse another infant. Arrangements can also be made to have infants wet-nursed. A portion of the building is fitted up as a lying-in department, which is entirely private. Patients can be accommodated according to their means. In the wards the terms range from $5.00 to $8.00, and in the private rooms from $I0,0(,) to $20.00 per week, according to the room selected. Old. People's Home.— »S'//^.- Indiana avc., near .39th st. The home, founded in 1861, aifords shelter to elderly women without means. There are at present 74 inmates in the three story building which is calculated to receive 80. 348 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. Conditions for admission are a good character, age of 60 years (exceptionally 55)' $300 entrance fee and furniture for the room to be occupied by the applicant. The home, being richly endowed, rests on an excellent financial basis. Prominent business people contribute, further, to the support of the institution by giving annual donations. A committee formed by thirty ladies of the wealthy class provide the inmates with suitable reading matter and endeavor in every respect to render theii sojourn in the home as enjoyable as possible. Chicago Nursery and Half Orphan Asylum.— ^SV^c 855 North Halsted and 175 Burlini;' sts. The institution takes care of orphans and of the children of poor women in order to give the latter an opportunity for going about their work. The children are schooled and instructed in handiwork. Only girls under I2 and boys under lo years are admitted. Girls are dis- cliarged from the institution at the age of 14 years, boys at 10. The average number of children at the asylum is from 130 to 150. The institution is supported by members who pay an annual contri- bution, by charitable gifts and, chiefly, by the revenue from its numerous endowments. The asylum is open to visitors: on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, from 10 a. m, lo 4 p. m. Uhlich's Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Asylum. ->S'/Vr; Center and Burling sts. This orphan asylum, consisting of several buildings, stands on grounds of considerable extent, which furnisli aiuple play-grounds for the children. In 1889, at the same time that a new building was erected, the old ones were thoroughly overhauled; and now the institution can lake care of 160 children. The number at present is, however, only 85. The asylum owes its existence lo an endowment established by the old settler, C. J. Uhlich, who in 1867 gave for that purpose a )Mece of ground containing 48 lots on Wentworth ave. and La Salle street. To this there was later added a supplementary gift of $24,000 from the Chicago Aid and Relief Society. Chicago Home for Incurables. — Site: Cor. Ellis avenue and 5Gth street. This institution has been in existence since CHARITABLK AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 349 1881, and now occupies (since March 1890) a new building, well adapted to its purposes. It is designed to care for the worthy ]ioor of Cook County, who are afflicted with an incurable disease, and can accommodate 150 ])atients. Inmates May 1891: 77. The institution is mainly sup- ])orted by voluntary contril)utions. Newsboys and Boot-blacks Home. - »SV^ .- 1418 Wa- bash ave. The purpose of this institution is to furnish newsboys, boot-blacks, and other homeless boys a temporary stopping place, as well as to be helpful to them in their search for work. It entertains, during the year, nearly looo i)oys, and lodges, on an average, 150 of them. The charge for supper, lodging and break- fast is 15 cents; sometimes boys are entertained without charge. An evening school is connected with the home. The Illinois School of Agriculture and Manual Training for Boys. — Sitr: Glenwood; Access: by the Eastern Illinois Railroad; Ride: 74 minutes; Roand Trip: $1.42. The institution stands on an elevation and consists of seven buildings arranged in a semi-circle; a principal building and to the right and left of it cottages built in (jothic style. Each of these cot- tages, substantially and neatly arranged within, contains six sleeping rooms, besides school-rooms, etc. There are at present 150 pupils; and the institution is conducteil on a plan very similar to that of "St. Mary's Training School for Boys", which is elsewhere fully described. The Chicago Orphan Asylum.— *S'(Vf.- 2228 Michigan ave. Although bfingii protestantasylum. children of all creeds are received in this home whose aim it is to bring up and generally assist destitute children. A school and a kindergarten are connected with the asylum. The children are either given away for adoption, or sent into apprentice- ship, after they have reached their twelfth year. The home has accommodations for 250 children, and is most of the time taxed to its full capacity. It is supported by the income from real estate owiu'd liy it, by beipiests and voluntary contributions. House of the Good Shepherd.— aS'jVc: 340 North Market street, Hill, Sedgwick and Elm streets. The house of the 350 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. good shepherd, oecupyiii2;the entire block between the streets named, is an asylum for fallen girls. The large foui-stoiy brick building which was erected in 1872, lies opposite St. Joseph's church and is surrounded by a lawn. The reception rooms and parlors are in the projecting central structure, and the two wings, together with the low addition on the south-east corner, shelter the inmates and the thirty sisters who are in charge of the asylum. Over the entrance to the central building is, on the level of the second story, a niche with a pointed arch, containing the figure of the good shepherd. The institution, l)esides clothing, feeding and sheltering tlie inmat s, procures suitable positions for them. Their number is, on the average, 350. The Foundlings' Kome.—JSite: No. 114 South Wood st. It was founded in 1871 and has from that time until now re- ceived 6000 foundlings, about 1200 of whom were given away for adoi)tion and about l.oOO restored to tlieir parents or friends. Childless couples may adopt children from the home. They are not, however, given away unconditionally. Unless the children be properly taken care of, they must be returned to the home. Of 56 children received in 1889, 33 were brought to the home by their mothers who promise upon making an application for their children, to leave them at the home for a month. After this time the mother may either take it home again or leave it at the home for adoption. In the latter case she renounces all rights to the child. Of the 56 children mentioned, there were in March 1890, 55 adopted (25 boys and 30 girls). The demand for girls is greater than that lor boys. The home, nof receiving any funds from the community, is wholly supported by voluntary contrilnitions, some of which are given by Ibrmer inmates. Chicago Home for the Friendless.— *S'<7e: 1926 Wabash avo. The Home of the Friendless is one of the oldest chari- table institutions in the city, having been in existence since 1858. The buildings consist of a neat four story principal structure, and additions. They contain about loo rooms : work-rooms, bed-rooms CHARITABLE AND BKNE\ OLKNT INSTITUTIONS. 351 school-rooms, play-rooms, children's rooms, hathiii;^ and wash-rooms, sick-rooms, a dispensary, etc. The object of the institution is to afford protection and employ- ment or assistance to wortliy destitute women and children, until other anil perniancnl hontes and means of support can lie secured to them. The institution has several schools : the Home School, 1890, 40 pupils; Burr Mission Industrial school, 1890, 70 girls and 40 boys. It is nuiintaineil mostly by the income from its jm; iperty, and by volun- tary gifts. Hcjinc of the Friendless. Girls wlio enter the home at or above the age of twelve years may, with the approval of the Home Industrial School Committee, be assigned to the "Industrial Class." Tlie girls of this class are trained in the various i>ranches of household work, including cooking, sweep- ing and dusting, making of beds and laundry work. They are also taught to sew and mend neatly, and to cut and make their own dresses and underclothing. It is the aim of the board that every girl who enters this class shall receive such training in these various de- ])artments that she will, on leaving the home, be competent to secure a tirst-class position at service in a good family. In addition to being so trained, these girls are taught in the Home School reading, writing, arithmetic and geography. If any member of this class shows talent for any special branch of study, in 352 CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. music, art or science, which by cultivation will enable her to take a higher place in any other department of labor, she may with the ap- proval of the Refei-ence Committee, have the opportunity to develop that talent. It is the policy of this institution to retain in the home the girls belonging to this class until they are capable of self-support, except in cases where it is deemed wiser by the Reference Committee and Industrial Girls' Committee for them to go to permanent homes. The institution does not accept foundlings. The Home for the Friendless is under the supervision of a Board of Managers, representing the various protestant churches of the city. Produce of every kind, clothing — especially for children — and money always needed. The number admitted to the home during the year has been: Adults, 711; children, 724; total, 1,435. Washingtonian Home.— -S'*Ve.- 566 to 572 West Madison St., cor. Ogden ave. This is a correctional institution for drunkards and opium eaters. The asylum located, in a stately live story building, accommodates about 100 patients and con- tains, besides the hospital, rooms designed and specially arranged for delirious patients., rooms for the amusement and entertainment of the convalescents, and a complete household. The inmates usually pay a small fee; although in special cases they may be admitted free. The asylum is supported by an annual contribution of $15,000 by the city, (the money coming from public bar licenses), and by about an equal sum received from the inmates, by store-rents, interest of bequests etc. Good food and appropriate treatment, are the means employed for curing the patients. Tliie attendants endeavor by frequent lectures and amusements to restore to the patients confidence in themselves and self-esteem. The asylum being taxed far beyond its capacity, the treatment of the patients must be shortened to 20 days, and thereby loses its effi- ciency. To relieve the present strain, the authorities are planning a considerable enlargement of the home and recommend the exclusion of criminals and the transfer of incurable drunkards to a special asylum. The home publishes a monthly sheet, called 'The Washingtonian'. The statistics published therein give the following information: niAHlTAULK AND BENEVOLENT INSTlTl'TloNS. 353 AdKj NATIVI IV ETC., OF INMATKS. Betvveei! 15 and 20 - 15 Between 50 and 60 184 Between 20 and 30 23(>9 Industrial School for Girls. -Sfff. Sodtli Kvanston. Acn'fis: Si'c "Jjist of Suburban Trains'. The purpose of the institution is to care for poor and ne- glected girls wherever found, whether on the streets or in the countj'^ poor houses; but ruined girls, and such as have al- ready served a sentence of imprisonment, are excluded. The institution is controlled i)y women, of whom one is appointed by the state for each of the twenty congressional districts. It is their duty to seek out the girls, in their resi:)ective districts, who are with- out proper control and care, who are without a real home and wander about on the streets and highways idling and begging, and are sur- rounded by evil influences. A lady superintendent and a number of teachers give the girls instruction in all household accomplishments: sewing, dress-making, washing and ironing, and in special manual arts if there is a special talent for them. .\nd there is given regular school instruction and instruction in vocal music. The older girls are held to take a part in the household affairs. The girls find a home here until the age of eighteen years, if they are ni>t sooner returned to relatives or ])laced in families. St. Mary's Training School. AV/r- Feehanville. Cook Co.. 111. May be readied by \\'i.seoii... \\ . Cur. ut I'auiina Jit. The hospital facing Paulina Street, is a handsome four story brick structure, with basement and mansard roof. There is room for eighty patients. The insiiiuiiun receives women .approaching con- finement, as well as women and children suffering from diseases that ^are neither incurable nor contagious. Patients who are unable to pay for treatment are admitted upon recommendation of the Relief and Aid Society or one o( the directresses. It also undertakes the training of nurses. The management of the hospital is in the hands of a number of prominent women of the city; and the physicians and personnel of the hospital are also exclusively women. Michael Reese Hospital. — Location: Cor. 29th St. and Groveland Park Ave. The hospital is a three story structure consisting of a l)rincipal building and two wings. It is excellently arranged and owes its existence to an endowment by Micliad Reese who.se name it bears. Although it is a Jewish institution, patieiUs of all religions are admitted. None of the nurses at present are Jews. Of the 582 pa- tients fcr the year 1889, only 276 were of the Jewish faith. A free dispensary for the poor is connected with the hospital. Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.— Xoca^;uiies. The ■'combiinition" system i)revails everywhere, and until the jiublic taste changes, which no doubt will occur in 'jood time, we can hardly look for any improvement in Chicago. Tn the central, or down town part, of the city Chicago has at present five theatres —besides the Auditorium — which can hardly be called a theatre in the ordinary sense, as it is tS'/V('.- 169 W. Madison st., east of of Halsted st; W. Madison st. cable cars. Haymarket Theatre is one of the newest and most elegant play houses in Chicago. Externally it is a neat renaissance structure, of pressed brick, with terra cotta pillars and pilas- ters. The entrance is in the curved projecture, which in the second story contains an open loggia and terminates with a' balcony-. Through the marble trimmed vestibule one passes into the foyer to the parquet and the boxes. This is ren- dered attractive by a fountain and beautiful furniture, and above it there is a second foyer for the upper rows. The in- side of the theatre itself produces, by its subdued colors, a quiet and harmonious impression. There are twelve boxes,' three galleries and the parquet. The boxes are remarkable for their beautiful bronze and brasswork, rich draperies and elegant furniture. The two lower galleries have parapets of pierced metal work, and the tasteful electric chandeliers de- serve mention. The audience room is kept in terra cotta color, which is enlivened by flat plastic ornaments and a rich outlay of colored bronzes. The stage borders on the auditorium on the East, and measures fifty by ninety feet. The house will hold 2,650 spectators, and makes a specialty of English and American dramas and comedies. TIIKATKES. 377 Windsor Theatre.— aSV^.- 4G() N. Clark st., near Division St.; N. (Mark st. cable cars, 12 minutes. Windsor Theatre is one of the newer theatres of Chicago, quite easily recognizable by the lara;e square cupola capped with a globe. Entering the vestibule, with the ticket office and the stairway leading to the gallery, we reach the small foyer. The 2.700 seats are divided into parquet, sixteen lidxes and two galleries. The boxes are finished in pretty wood-carving and metal work, and are draped Avith elegant, heavy materials. The lower gallery, constructively a con- tinuation of the second tier of b<:)xes, has a parapet in the form of a line composed of projecting and retreating curves and angles. The wall above the opening of the stage presents a keel-shaped arch, and has rich plastic ornamentation, painted in tlnll yellow and bright bronze. The principal colors of the rest of the internal decoration are Isabella and gold. The curtain and scenery deserve mention. The theatre is given especially to the lighter plays : comedies, farces, etc. Criterion Theatre. — *S';^>j;^■^:■::-:^;::t■■:-:^■^■^:1■;,:^[l^.:^"^i:^ti^jgsssga l'«k*i5Pn rs3ji^fs^3^ rrwwFv prw in w '>iQiL Kiml.all Hall. 243 Wabash Avenue. 386 CONCERT HALLS. and red. The ceiling which is divided intu four parts, is done in light, mild colors with additions of bronze and gold. The fine chan- deliers are hung in the centre of the three ventilating cupolas. Espe- cially pretty is the decoration of the East wall, consisting of bass-reliefs representing, in four fields crowned by a round arch, colored alle- gories of the dance which greatly enhance the effect of the room. From the elevated platform at the East end of the hall (with interesting glimpses of the stair cases) we enter the large banquet hall and the adjoining two small parlors. The banquet hall with its front on Clark st. is as profusely decorated as the ball room. On the North wall is an elevated semi-rotunda from which the speeches are delivered. North Side Turner Hall.-^/'^e; Nos. 225-261 N. Clark st. The North Side Turner Hall, erected by the Chicago Turner association, is a large, four story structui'e which stands on the site of the old house which was destroyed by the great fire. In the basement is the gymnasium with the usual appointment. At the same height with the gallery for spectators on the North wall, is a hall devoted to social gatherings, festivities, etc. Un the Clark St. side, under the beer-hall, is the new bowling alley. In the addition on the rear is a large hall intended to be used for theatrical representations, concerts and balls. The ceiling whicli is decorated in light colors, shows six medallion portraits of famous poets and composers: Shakespeare, Longfellow, Beethoven, Mozart, Liszt, etc. On the South wall at the side ot the stage, are the por- traits of Schiller and Goethe. A gallery in form of a horse shoe with seats rising as in an amphitheatre, runs along the walls. On the same story in the main building are the reading room, the library of the Turner association, the office of the president, the rehearsing rooms, etc. etc. The remaining part of the building is occupied by clubs and asso- ciations, or leased for business purposes. In the South wing, on the first floor, is a beer-hall and a billiard room. Brand's Hall.— >S'/7*^; S. E. corner of N. Clark and P^riests. A pleasant building in the Renaissance style, and one of the favorite halls of the North Side for lodge and public fest- ivities, balls and concerts. The lower part shows bossages on the outside; the large hall is outlined by long pilasters reaching up to the roof, and eight high CONCERT HALLS. 3g7 semi circular arcliLnl windows. The roof is crowned by a stone balu strade. Save a few side halls, the restaurant and the stores on the first floor the entire building is taken up by the large hall which serves at once for theatre, concert and dancing hall and is, as regards its appointments, one of the most notable of the city. The walls are sheathed low. The main entrance on the South side, the two side entrances at the side of the stage and the lodges above are decorated in delicate ivory-yellow. The walls which are painted in terracotta and have a very quiet effect, are enlivened by pilasters and large mirrors. The ceiling with the ventilation cupola is decorated in light tones. On the West side, opposite the stage, is a finely curved gallery which with its balustrade, harmonizes well with the rest. Uhlich's Block, or Uhlich's Hall is the name of the lonj? structuie In'tweeii the railroad viaduct and Kinzie St., Nos. 1!J to 37 North Clark street. It contains, in the third story, at the extremities of the two wings, two large halls connected with each other by a corridor; between the usual accessory rooms, bar, dressing room, etc. The hall in the North wing contains a small stage. Both halls are almost constantly occupied by associations of all nationalities, for the celebration of festivities, balls, concerts, etc. ■Vdjoining the South hall is the comfortably appointed club room which is used in common by the Griitly association, the Swiss male chorus society and some Low-German associations. On the fourth story of the central part is the dining room, etc.; on the gro.ind floor is the well-known Leiitz-beer hall. Kimball Hall.— One of the musical headquarters of this fity is the new building of the W. W. Kimball Company, on Wabash ave. south of Jackson st., which is devoted exclusiv- ely to musical interests. It contains in the second story the so-called Kimball Hall, a beautiful room with a seating capacity of 600, furnished with fixed opera chairs, and charmingly decorated in harmony with the art of music. The upper stories are occupied by the studios of musicians, among whom are some of the most prominent in the city. The highly modern and conveniently arranged building, built with special reference to musical purposes, is provided with partition walls in the construction of which careful attention was given to the deadening of the sounds of the instruments. Musical Life. Although Chicago is a city of comparatively recent ori- gin, it has nevertheless an interesting musical history. The first organized effort in the direction of music was made in 1849, when a musical society, under the direction of Mr. W. Plagge, gave a series of regular concerts. Soon after, 1850- 1852, Mr. Julius Dyhrenfurtli induced about twelve good mu- sicians of New York, to make Chicago their home and gave instrumental concerts at the Tremont House for two seasons. Mr. Dyhrenfurth after this abandoned the enterprise, and Mr. Carl Bergman took his place for one season, after which he left Chicago for New York. The revolutionarj^ period of 1848-1849 had brought many intelligent Germans to Chicago, who — 1852— formed the Maennergesangverein^ which, during a number of years, under the direction of Messrs Rein and J. linger, gave regular concerts, and also two operas: '" The Zaar and Carpenter," by Lortzing; and " Stradella," by Flo- tow, in thei* own hall, the Deutsche Haus. In 1856, Mr. Henry Ahner, a former member of the famous Germania Orchestra, came to Chicago, became leader of a new vocal society—'" The Freie Saengerbu)id"—a.nd organized each sea- son a series of very successful afternoon concerts at Metro- politan Hall, corner of Randolph and La Salle sts. At the same time, chamber music concerts of a very high order were given by Messrs. Paul' Becker (piano), Henry Be Clerquc (violin), and Albert Melms (cello), with whom Mrs. Henry Band, pianist, occasionally associated. In 1857, from June 7 to 11, a Saenger/(st was held at Chicago with a male chorus of about 400 and an orchestra of 35, under the direction of Mr. Hans Balat/ca, of Milwaukee. In 1859, the first American choral society was organized under the name of ' The Musical Union," and under the di- rection of Mr. C. M. Caily. Shortly afterwards, the Mendels- sohn Choral Society, under Mr. Dohn, began to compete for public favors with the former society. A new impetus was given to Chicago's musical life in 1860, when, upon the occasion of the performance of Mozarts Requiem at the Cathedral, and later at Bryan Hall, Mr. Hans Balatka, of Milwaukee, received a call from the mu- sical people of Chicago to conduct the performances, and to permanently locate in Chicago. In October, 1860, the Phil- 388 MTSICAL LIFE. 380 /idnnnnic Sociefi/ of Chicago was organized under Mr. Ba- latka's direction, and for several years all its concerts were attended with unprecedented success, most all of the sym- jjhonies of Beethoven. Mozart and Haydn, and quite a number of modern orchestral works, having been successfully performed. The Musical Fnioii having been re-organized under the name of the Chicdijo Oratorio Society^ ^•AV^.nw^cv Mr. Bahitka's direction, a number of brilliant oratorio per- formances, with such celebrities as Mad. Farepa Rosa, Miss N^iilssiDi, Miss Carfi. Mr. Wliitucij, Rudolplisou and others. Tn April. IHfii), tJie GcrDtaiiia Maeiiiierchur was orgamzed at first under Otto Lo/is direction, which, however, soon passed into !Mr. Balatka's haiuls, Mr. Lob assuming the lead- ershijiof the newly organized Concordia Maennerchor. The healtliy rivalry of these two societies gave to Chicago a number of excellent concerts and the operas of Der Frei- scliuet:: and Straddla, by the (lermania, and the Macjic Flute., by the Concordia, at Crosbys Opera House. Tn Juiii', 186^, the second great Saeugerfesf was held under Mr. Balatka's direction at the Kink, cor. of Wabash ave. and Jackson sts. This festival had an in- ternatioiuil character, in which not only societies from all parts of the United States took part, but in which, also, Ger- man singers were repre- sented by delegates from abroad. This was one of the first of the great musical fest?ivals of America, a grand chorus of 1,200 singers and a grand orchestra of 1(10 musicians partic- ipating. During 1868-1869, Mr. Balatka gave, at Farwell Hall, .■symphony concerts and Saturday afternoon concerts. 390 MUSICAL LIFE. which, on tne 17th of December, 1870, culminated in a srand performance of Beethoven's glorious ninth symphonj', on the 100th anniversary of the masters birth. The great fire of 1871 seemed at first to be fatal to all musical enterprises. The then existing societies lost every- thing; most of them dissolved; and only a few continued on in a precarious life. In 1872, the Aj)ollo Mtisical Club was organized as a male chorus, under the leadership of Mr. Dohn. Mr. Balatka having, after the fire, gone to Milwaukee, returned in 1873 and founded the Liederlcranz Society, with which — 1874 — he brought out successfully the opera of J/a- sanieUo in McVicker's Theatre. The Apollo Club, which constantly grew in public favor, gave every year a series of excellent concerts, under Mr. W. F. Tomlins, in McCormick's Hall. 1875, a mixed chorus was added to the club, and a grand musical festival was given under its auspices, with the co-operation of Thmuis Orches- tra. — Among the most notable musical events of a later period, are: 1st.) The great Musical Festival, 1880, at the Exposition Building, under Theodore Thomas, with Materna, I^ielsson, Annie Louise Cary, Winkelmaiui and Scaria,ai chorus of 1,000 singers and an orchestra of 120. 2d.) The great National Saengerfest of 1881, also at the Exposition Building, under the leadership of Mr. Hans Balatka, with a mixed chorus of 1,200, a male chorus of 2,200, and an orches- tra of 150, with Mad. Peschtca-Leutner, 3Iiss Cary, Messrs. Candidus, Remmei-tz and Whitney as soloists. 3d.) The great Opera Festival— l^Q — at the Exposition Building, with Adelina Patti as the principal star; and, 4th,) the opening of the great Auditorium, December, 1890, by the Abbey Italian Opera Combination, with Patti and Tamagno as principals. 5th.) The establishment of a permanent orchestra in Chicago — 1891 — under the direction of Mr. Theodore Tltomas. MUSICAL SOCIETIES. Chicago's principal musical organizations which give regular concerts, are : I. INSTRUMENTAL, a. OrchestraL I. Chicago Orchestral Association, Auditorium; Theo. Thomas, Conductor. MUSICAL LIFE. 391 2. J?oscnbt'il\'r''s Onhestra, Turner Hall ; concerts every Sun- day afternoon. 3. Chicago Sympliony Clitb, Central Music Hall; S. Jacobsen, Conductor. 4. Artist's Comert Club, Miss Amy Fay, Secretary. b. Chamber Music. 1. American Conservatory String Quartette, Chickering Hall, Wabash ave. 2. Balatka Quintette Club, Kimball Hall. 3. Chicago Musical College String Quartette, Central Alusic Hall. 4. C, Wolfssohn Trio, Bourniques Hall. II. VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL. 1. Apollo Musical Club (mixed chorus), Central Music Hall W. F. Tomlins, Director. 2. Concordia Ladies' Chorus, Chickering Hall ; Mad. Huefner llarken. Director. 3. Frohsinn (male chorus), Freiberg's Hall; H. Schoenfeld I )i rector. 4. Germania Maennerchor (male chorus), Germania Club, N Clark St. and Grant pi.; T. Heinze, Director. 5. Liedertafel Vorivaerts {male chorus), Yondorf 's Hall; G. Ehr horn, Director. 6. Orpheus Maennerchor (male chorus), 49 La Salle St.; G Ehrhorn, Director. 7. Sennef elder Liederkranz (male and mixed chorus), 565 Wells St. ; Hans Balatka, Director. 8. Ttutonia Maennerchor {vc\?\^ C^^oxwa), 196 W. Chicago ave. G. Ehrhorn, Director. MUSICAL SCHOOLS. 1. American Conservatory of Music, Chickering Hall; T. Hatt staedt, Director. 2. Apollo School of iMusic, Central Music Hall; W. F. Tomlins Director. 3. Balatka Academy of Musical Art, \\.\n\h3.\\ \lz.\\\ Hans Ba latka. Director. 4. Chicago College of Vocal and Instrumental Art, Kimball Hall; A. E. Ruff, Director. 5. Chicago Conseri'atory, 9th floor Auditorium; Sam. Kayser Director. 6. Chicago J/usical College, Central Music Hall ; F. Ziegfeld Director. 7. National Conserr'atory of Music, 113 Adams st. 8. Root's, F. iV., Music School, Kimball Building; F. W. Root Director. 9. Chicago Athenaeum, 48-54 Dearborn st. 10. Zither Teachers, Rudolph Schlick, 555 N. Clark st. Clubs and Societies. The real club life of Chicago dates from the time of the great fire. This catastrophe brought about a great revolution not only in all the other phases of city life, but also in its social relations. Relations of long standing were broken up by the extremely numerous changes of residence; the rebuild- ing of a gi-eatcity, and the universal attention which destiny and the future of Chicago had attracted, brought hither a great mass of new elements of population. When then, a few years later, the great losses had been bridged over, and the social life had settled back into quieter ways, the many new relations found expression in the founding of numerous clubs- Since then the club life of the city has developed luxuriously. Most of the clubs are, of course, of a social character; a considerable number aim at intellectual and physical recrea- tion; others i)ursue social, political, scientific or benevolent ends; and others, again are devoted to sport and favorite amusements. To these must be added the many associations of a national character, and those based on the companion- ships and associations of the war, etc., etc. The greater part of these, however, are removed from public interest, and in so far as they are not mentioned in this book, may be found in the city directory. Union League Club, Location: Jackson St., corner 4th Ave. opposite the south front of the Custom House. This very large and influential club, numbering 1200 members, has been in existence since 1879. Its aim is the maintenance and defence of the principles of the American republic, a loyal attitude toward the existing government, increasing the appreciation of civil rights and duties, pro- tection of the political and civil rights of all citizens, freedom of the ballot and an honest and competent administration of national, state and local affairs and resistance to corruption. The six story building, of modern style, with its project- 392 OMllS AM) SOCIKTIKS. 39;} infi; semi-circular cupola-crowned, balconied pavilion,and vari- ed terra-cotta ornamentation, has a striking appearance and produces a line effect. Internallj', it contains the usual rooms iif a club house; and the furnishinsrs are rich and substantial. The large library and a considerable collection of paint- ings are worthj' of mention. The excellent kitchen of the club and the central location make the club life, which is strictly confined to members, very lively. Friends however maj' be introduced by the members. Calumet Club.— *S'/V<°.- Corner iMichigan Ave. and 20th st. Tlie Calumet Club, (named from the Indian word 'calu- met" pipe of peace), has existed since 1878, and numbers among its members manj' of the most prominent citizens. It is considered the most aristrocratic club in the city. The sjdendid four-stor}' club house, built of pressed brick with copious terra-cotta ornamentation, with its projecting towers, balconies and gables, makes an architecturally inter- esting impression. The broad entrance on twentieth st. leads the visitor into the beautifully furnished hall, in which an antiiiue fire-place, a fine stairwaj'^ and stained-glass windows are noteworthy objects. At the right end of this entrance- hall is the billiard room, and adjoining this are the neatly furnished cafe and the artisticall}' decorated assembly hall. The whole front of this stor^' on Michigan avenue is occupied by the tastefully furnished reading rooms, in which there are a few paintings and a number of portraits of ])rominent people. The second story contains the luxuriously furnished card- room and the dancing hall. The third story contains private rooms and sleeping rooms; and the fourth contains the diniiig- hall, which will accommodate 300 people; a number of private eating rooms, and the kitchen. An especiallj' interesting room is the "Old Settlers" Room," with its collection of curiosities from the early history of Chicago, among them a large number of portrait* of the prominent jdoneers of the city, some noteworthy objects con- nected with the Indian massacre of 1812, and the fiddle that belonged to Mark Beaubien, the old settler frequently menti- oned ill this book. etc. 394 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. Once each year the club offers the hospitality of the house to those settlers of the city who arrived before 1840, and gives an evening reception and a banquet. But the list of these guests of the club, several hundred in number, is found, at each yearly banquet, to have grown smaller. Union Club. — Site: Corner Washington Place and Dear- born Ave. Union Club is the most fashionable club on the North Side. It aims only at social ends, and bears an aristrocratic and very exclusive character. The three story club house, built of brown sandstone, has its main entrance on Washing- ton Square; and is internally and externally built and fur- nished in imitation of a wealthy English country seat. One first enters the large, elegant, wainscoted hall, from which a very pretty stairway leads to the upper stories. On the left side, along the whole of the Dearborn street front, are the reception rooms, which contain a small number of good pain- tings. In the rear is the cafe, furnished in the style of an old-English tavern; and adjoining this are billiard rooms, reading rooms, etc. In the second story are the library, eating rooms, card rooms, etc. The kitchen is in the base- ment. The internal finishings of the house, with an abundance of oak-wood wainscoting, are remarkably luxurious. Illinois Club.— Site: 154, S. Ashland ave. The Illinois Club is the most prominent social union on the West Side; its membership is composed of prominent business men who live in this section of the city. The aim of the club is the cultivation of literature and the fine arts, as well as of social intercourse. The fine, three story club house, with a wing, on the most beautiful residence street on the West Side, contains the usual reception-, reading-, card-, billiard-, ball-, and eating rooms, bowling alley and kitchen; and in the wing, the art gallery of the Illinois Art Association. The elegance of the rooms is heightened by the many valuable paintings that adorn the walls. The musical and social entertainments that are given by the club are eagerly patronized by the fashionable world of the West Side. CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 31)5 Iroquois Club.— aSVVc- Coluuibia theatre building, 110 Monroe st, between Dearborn & (Mark sts. This club, which was founded in 1881 and numbers about 550 members, although of a social character, is principally devoted to the furtherance of the interests of the Democratic party. It numbers among its members many well known democratic citizens and politicians, is the most imjiortant club of this party in Chicago, and wields a great influence in national, state and local political movements. The club rooms in the Columbia theatre building, con- sisting of reception-, reading-, smoking-, billiard-, eating-, and toilet-rooms, are distributed over the diffei'ent stories of the building and are very elegantly furnished. The Standard Club.— The Standard Club, at the corner of Michigan boulevard and 24th st, is the leading Hebrew club of the city. Its members are mostly prominent business men, i)hysicians. lawyers, etc. Its entertainments are always sure of large jiatronage. The stately club-house, 68x162 feet, has four stories and is solidly built of granite blocks. The style of architecture is the so-called American, which depends upon no established school, and aims only at convenience and durability. The internal arrangements are simple, but very tasteful. In the basement is the large, roomy kitchen, with arran- gements capable of providing a banquet for 2.000 people. There is also a wine-cellar containing the best foreign wines bought at first hand by the club itself. The front part of the basement, at the north end, contains four large bowling- alleys; and at its south end, a wine-room fitted up in old- German style, with many mediaeval decorations. In the first story is the large and elegant stairway; on the north side of the building are the library and the reading room, and on the south side a roomy, richly draped and beautifully furnished reception room. West of the entrance is the billiard room, and adjoining it, the cafe for gentlemen. Opposite this are the business rooms of the club, and card- rooms. The second story contains the ladies' parlors, green- 396 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. room, dre8sin,e rooms, several larjie eating rooms, ami the large, 60x70 foot dancing hall. In the third story there is another hall with a large stage and coinplete stage furnishings. This is the largest and most complete private theatre in the city, and oflFers ample seating room for 800 persons. The membership of the club, which is limited to 350, now numbers 300. The initiation fee is $100.00, and the annual dues, $80.00. Chicago Club. — Location: No. 43 Monroe st., between State st. and Wabash ave. This club, founded in 1869, is one of the oldest in the city. It numbers among its members many of the most prominent men of the city, bears an exclusive character, and is the specially representative association of the city in the reception of eminent native and foreign guests. The club-house is an elegant, five-story gothic structure. The jutting portal leads into the impressive hall, adjoining which are the reception and readiiuj rooms and the cafv; the second story contains the hlJUard rooms and llhrary; the third, sleeping rooms] the fourth, the common and t\\Q private dining rooms; and the fifth, the kitchen. The internal arrange- ments are very substantial and elegant. The Commercial Club is an association of prominent business men, the object of which is the mutual exchange of opinions on the general commercial interests and such questions of the day, as are of especial interest to the in- habitants of Chicago. The members, the number of which is restricted to sixty, meet on the last Saturday of the months from October to April, for a dinner, and give an annual banquet. The Club makes its sjiecial task the hospitable reception of prominent visiting merchants; and, in conse- quence of the standing of its members, has made its influence, although very conservative and indirect, frequently efi^ective in local afi'airs. The Germania Club, 649 North Clark st., is the most prominent German association in the city; and owns the splendid Club house, "Germania HalV\ which is more fully described elsewhere. The Club consists mainly of the mem- CJ.LliS AMJ SUCIKXIKS. ?,97 bers of the ■'Germama Maenner-chor , whitli was fuundcd in 1865; and has at present 500 members. Its various concerts, balls, etc., are actively particii)ated in bj' the iirominciit (xer- mans of the city. News Boys' Club.-:iUU Clark .st. Even the new.^boys have their Club. It.s member.ship numbers 50, and the monthly dues ai'e ten cents. A number of kindhearted women have fitted up a large room in the third storj' of the Imperial building, at 260 Clark st., where th(> street arabs may spend their evenings. The Club opens at half \yd>>t ;>even, at which time most of tlie members are „sold out'. As soon as the door is ope- ned the boys make a rush for the wash-stands, as unwashed members are not permitted iu the club. For the entertain- ment of the boys, a number of games are i)rovided, such as checkers, dominoes, "authors " etc.; and dumb-bells, Indian clubs and other similar ai)paratus is at their disposal. There is also a piano, on which the ladies play for the boys. It must be remarked here, that in this circle dreamy or old music is called ''siimy: 1S2 Wabash avc. .\ u association of amateur photographers, consisting of ladies and gentlemen of the best society. The club has ex- tensive and complete arrangements, in the upper stories of the building, f(jr the practical work of the art. The work- rooms are ojicn to the members at all times. The club has already ])roduced some verj' creditable work; has a reading- room with a rich. collection of photographic books and peri- odicals, and specimens of the work of the members. The club holds a meeting on the second Tuesday evening of each month, at which photographic subjects are discussed, new methods explained, or, at times, exhibitions held. The admission fee is $10.00; and the annual dues $12.00. The Chicago Florist Club is a very i)rosperous associa- tion of flower-lovers. It holds an annual well-patronized public exhibition. The exhibition of 1800 brought together a surjirisingly varied and beautiful collection of chrysanthe- mums, a rich collection of orchids, splendid roses, artistic flower pieces, etc. There is connected with the exhibition, a distribution of ]irizcs for the best productions. SPORTING CLUBS. Chicago Athletic Association. - Locd/idu: Michigan ave., south of 3Iadisou st. This club, whose aim is the physical culture and social intereourse of its members, possesses in its new home, one of llie Hnest club houses in the countrj'. The new building, erected at a cost of lialf a million, is a ten story, architec- turally impressive structure, in the style of the Venetian tone and yellow brick; and the building covers an area of snxlT2feet. The basement contains eight hoicliii!/ i(//( i/s, a long shoot- iii'i oilcr iron, and all 414 SUBIRBS. accurately bolted and riveted together. These wheels are used under all new Pullman cars and the best class of private cars and passenger coaches. One of these wheels will run over 350,000 miles before it is unfit for service. The paper cores can then be used again with new tires, hubs and covering. Their principal value consists in that they prevent the transmission of vibration occasioned by the conduct be- tween tire and rail, and as a result, there is no disintegration or gran- ulation of any portion of the metal composing the wheels or axles. These wheels cost irom $60 to $100 each. South Chicago.— aS'^Vc- Twelve miles south of the Court house, near the mouth of Calumet river. Acces.^: See list of suburban trains. It may be reached in about 40 minutes, by three different railroads, or, in summer, by excursion boats from Clark st. bridge in one hour, round trip 50 cents. South Chicago, with its 20,000 inhabitants, is a rapidly growing manufacturing town, Its most important establish- ment is the works of the Illinois Steel Company, the SoutJi Chicago Rolling Mills, which employ 5,000 workmen in the manufacture of steel rails. The company, with a capital of $25,000,000, controls the North Chicago Rolling Mills, the South Chicago Rolling Mills and the Milwaukee (Wis.) Roll- ing Mills, the Joliet (111.) Steel Works and the Union Steel Works (Chicago). It also owns its own railroad equipment of 2,000 cars and 59 locomotives, and its own coal lands. The product handled in and shipped from the various works was thus : Gross Tons. Pig iron and spiegel 647,017 Bessemer ingot 75i>833 Rails 539,603 Billets 81,585 Rods 49,800 Bar iron and steel 56,415 Beams and channels 5' '^^ Total 2,131,414 In the manufacture of this product there were used in round num- bers the following materials : Gross Tons. Iron ore 1 1 ,000,000 Coke 7,000,000 Coal 2,000,000 Total 20.000,000 SUBURBS. 41,-) Aboiu 10,000 men are cinployed in the mills ot the company, and the pay-rolls for the year ending June 30, 1S90, amounted to about .$6,000,000. Additions are being made to the plant in a large open hearth steel works and plate mill and a mill for rolling all classes of structural iron, which will increase the capacity of the works of this company to about 3,600,000 gross tons. The steel is cast into ingots 16 inches scjuare making six rails each. The ingots are taken fiom the pits and conveyed in an upright jiosition to the soaking pits (holes containing 8 or 10 ingots fired with gas, passing through regenerators) and after heating are taken to the blooming train. Here an ingot is reduced in nine passes to a bloom eight inches square which is cut into two blooms each making three rails. Ordinarily these blooms are rolled direct to rails; but a furnace is provided for reheating any that aretoocold to roll. The rail train isin two parts (each driven by a separate engine) placed parallel to each other and eighty feet apart. The bloom after roughing (five jiasses) in the first train goes to the second in which it makes four passes and then returns to the first train where it is finished to a rail in four passes. The rail then passes to the saws and hot-bed and to a very complete finishing where it is straightened, drilled, and inspected, and loaded in cars. An interesting detail of this plant is the use of crude petroleum for firing boilers. The oil is delivered to the works by a pipe con- necting with the main pipe line from Lima, Ohio, 208 miles distant. A dock for the huikling of iron and steel ships is a newer establishment, and bids fair to become an important factor in the development of South Chicago. Other iron and steel tcorks, gold and silver smelting tcorJcs, etc., the number of which is constantly increasing, make the place a more and more potent factor in the metal industry. *Fort Sheridan.— /S/^'.- Twentj'-four miles north of the Courthouse, on the shore of Lake Michigan. Aecess: See list of suburban trains. The pliysionnomy of the streets of the American metro- polis ditfers from that of the European capital, perhaps, in nothing more than by the absence of all uniforms. Every- body appears in this country in citizen's clothinii-. except the l.'tter carrier, who wears a rpiiet gray, and the i)oliceman. who lias a blue tuiiform. 41(j SUBURBS. The entire American ai'iny counting hardly as many men as a single European army division, and these troops being stationed chiefly in remote frontier districts, the sight of a United States soldier is a rare occurrence. Chicago has, however, a small military detachment in its immediate neighborhood, a company of regular United States . troops, composed of soldiers enlisted for fiv^e years. This military, which during the labor troubles in 1877 contributed much to the re-establishment of order, was stationed in the vicinity of Chicago in accordance with the wishes of large business firms which offered the government in return, a tract of land compi'ising 500 acres, to be used for military purposes. This land is now called Fort Sheridan, and is picturesquely situated on the densely wooded shore of the lake with its clefts and ravines, beyond the suburb of Evanston. The buildings are long barracks with a tall water tower, stables, rooms for stores and ammunition, bakery, and separate dwellings for officers and subalterns. The men in their Simple, but suitable uniforms make a good impression. Draw- ing a salary of from $13 to $18 per month, and having rather easy duties, their life is agreeable enough. A canteen in connection with the dining room will be opened soon, furnishing the men with wine and beer (no whisky) at reasonable prices. The gain netted from the sale of these articles will in some other way be expended for the benefit of the men. The garrison is to be gradually enlarged to eight com- panies of infantry and four squadrons of cavalry. Being designed to rei:)resent a model garrison of the Unit- ed States, Fort Sheridan is to be appointed in most liberal manner, at a cost of nearly a million. Evanston. Site: 12 miles north of the Court House. Access: Chicago & Northw. R. R. (Milw. Div.) or Chic, Milw., & St. Paul K K (Evanston Div.) Trij^, S8 minutes; round trip, 60 cts. Evanston, which now lies only a few miles from the northern border of Chicago, is one of the most important sub- urbs of the city. A large part of its 10,000 inhabitants are SUBURBS. 417 prosperous Chicago business men, who here enjoy the charm of a half rural life and the advantages of a modern, well-or- dered community. Another large portion of the population consists uf the students, teachers and others directly or in- directly interi'sted in the great Northwo^tani Vnivcrsitij, to which Kvaii^ton largely owes its fame and prosperity. These two elements give to the town its quiet, grave and in part distinguished character. Moreover, the prohibition of liquor- selling, which applies to an area extending four miles from the university, shuts out many signs of liveliness, and all noisy amusements. Tlic iMire air, free from dust and smoke, the constant breeze from across the lake, the pure water and the elevation of the place were inviting factors that prompted men to settle; then, too, the city was very wisely platted with reference to the existing beauties of the landscape. The streets are broad, paved throughout, provided with perfect sidewalks, and lighted by eletricity. The houses, almost without excep- tion, stand apart from each other, in beautiful lawns or well kept gardens. The streets and open places are thickly studded with trees and shrubs, and the S/icridan Road, run- ning along the lake shore, equals the boulevards of Chicago. Fiverything suggests neatness, quietand wealth. The town be- gins north of Calvary Cemetery, with the recent settlement of 2.000 inhabitants, called South Evanston, and stretches several miles along the lake shore. A considerable portion of Evanston lies west of the two above-mentioned railroads; the most imi)ortant and beautiful part however, lies toward the lake. The houses of the more fashionable part of the city, which resemble country seats, in their style suggest P]nglish models; and among some of the more recent houses as well as among the buildings belonging to the university, are some of noteworthy architecture. Among the churches are to be mentioiu^d the First Methodist chureh (TTinnian Ave. & Church st.), a tine, gothic brick structure, and the First Congregational church. The latter ig of Roman type, with a beautiful interior and stained-glass 418 SUBURBS. windows. And recognizable at a great distance is the First Baptist church, with its tapering steeple. To get a view of the town one can leave either of the two depots, which lie close together, walk a short distance south- ward to Dempster street and follow the latter eastward to the lake. From here a pier stretches out into the water; and at the same point begins the magnificent Sheridan Road, which runs northward along the shore. On the landward side of this road with its beautiful foot- and driveways, are the most handsome residences of Evanston, alternating with public plats; and to the right there is an uninterrupted view out upon the expanse of clear water of Lake Michigan. After passing a second pier and a large boat club house, the Life Saving Station is reached; and here the Sheridan Road turns and runs westward for a short distance, and then turns north- ward and runs parallel to the lake shore. The plat of land lying between the road and the lake, which rises somewhat toward the north, constitutes the University grounds; and contains a group of nine buildings, some of which are of con- siderable size and noteworthj^ architecture. Passing through the oak grove of the University grounds and staying close to the shore, one reaches the new astronomical observatory, which stands by itself and farthest to the north; and returns to the Sheridan Road, after taking a view of the water works and light house, which are near by. From the light-house tower the university buildings are passed in review, and then passing through University Place, one reaches the large five story '"Woman's College", which likewise belongs to the university, from where a feM' minutes walk brings us back to the depot. Edgewater. — Site: Seven miles north of the Court House; Access: See list of sub. trains. A i>retty little suburb with about 1000 inhabitants. Sheridan Drive, that beautiful highway, which is a prolonga- tion of the lake shore drive at Lincoln Park, passes through it. and affords an opportunity to see aconsiderable number of elegant residences and park like plats. The suburb has a prftttv Methodist church, an Episcopal church, a public hall SUBURBS. 4in and electric lightiiij^. It has also a boat club, a shooting club, tennis court, a bath house on tlie lake shore and various social unions. As the property is sold only on the condition of the erection of ele,i!:ant residences, the young suburb, with its beautiful location, is assured of a very fashionable charact'M-. Eiverside, {-rs/i(i si>rings. the waters of which act internally against liver, stomach and kidney dis- eases and purify the blood, and externally act upon the skin of the bather. The sorrounding country, with its lakes and forests, offers opportunities for hunting, fishing and excur- sions. There is daily connection with Oconomowoc by means of four-in-hand stage coaches. Oconomowoc. Wis. -Site: 120 miles from Chicago. Access: Chic, Milw. & St. Paul 11. 11. 4.^ hours; Fare: $8.49. Hotels: Jones, Draper. Townsend, Besser, Bordulac. Oconomowoc, the "Long Branch" of the west, is one of the most beautiful summer resorts in the northwest. It lies about 35 miles from Milwaukee, and 400 feet above Lake INIichigan, upon an isthmus between Luc In Bdle and Foir- Icrx Ldke. Besides these, there are within a distance of one 428 EXCURSIONS. or two miles, a number of forest-rimmed, island-dotted little lakes, with deep, very pure, cold water containing many of the prettiest and rarest fishes, such as the muskallonge, pickerel, lake trout, black, green and rock bass. The unusually charming scenery and the cool summer temperature have attracted a large number of regular guests; many wealthy citizens of Chicago and Milwaukee have their villas here. The principal street is the avenue between the two lakes. Beautiful driveways and foot-paths along the lakes and to neighboring points give opportunities for excur- sions. Southwestward the road leads along Lac la Belle, through charming stretches of woods and between t^jperand Lower Nashotd lakes to Ddajield with its efficacious Namah- hin Springs; then farther to the westward across the isthmus between Twin Lakes, along Crocker and Otis and the Siher lakes, and from there back to the Oconomowoc river. A second road leads past the romantic Giffords on the north shore of Oco)ioimrwoc lake to Nashotah station, between Pine and Okavchee lakes to North lake, with a mineral spring near by, and then near Beaver lake and back to Oconomoxooc. There are good hotels and accommodations everywhere, mostly near the water, and good fishing grounds. The larger lakes are alive with row and sail boats and steam yachts. The thick forests swarm with game. Especially worthy of mention (besides those already mentioned), are the following mineral springs: La Belle Springs, Drapers Floioing Magnesia Springs, Hitchcock's Medicinal Springs, and especi- ally Minnewoc Springs, near Giffords. Marquette, Mich. — >S*'^\- 401 miles from Chicago, Access: 15 hours, Single Trip: $10.87. Chic, Milw. & St. PaulR. R or Chic. & North w. R. R. By the steamers of the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Transportation Co., 610 miles. (Steamers every Wednesday and Saturday). Round Trip, first class, $25.00; second class, $12.00. Hotels: Marquette Hotel, Brunswick Hotel, New Clifton Hotel, Summit House. The city lies on a bay in the south shore of Lake Su- perior; and has 9,000 inhabitants. Marquette is a prettily built city, has a pleasant summer climate, and a number of EXCURSIONS. 429 interesting!; places in its neiirhltorhood. The beautiful scenery, and the excellent fishing, hunting and boating and other sj)orting facilities attract juany guests. The city is the prin- cipal shipi)ing port for the iron regions of Michigan. Of the points that are worthy of a visit, and are easily reached by rail or steamer, the following may be mentioned: Grand Js/(i»(I, Pictured Rochs, Carp Rirtr, Dead River, Chocolate River, Champion (on lake Michigamnii; 32 miles) especially for water sports, and Ishpeniiiif/ with its iron mines. For good sportsmen and lovers of nature there may be recommen- ded a four or five days' excursion, under the direction of a guide, by boat across Michigammi lake to Michigammi river, then down the Menomonee river to the city of MeiKmioiiee, near Green Bay. The tri)) would run through a great region rich in game, an almost unmolested wilderness. A similar excursion could be made down the Escanaha river. Ashland, Wise— >S^*V^.- 483 miles from Chicago, Access: 17 hours by Chic. & N. W. R. R. and Wise. C. R. R. Fare: first class, $12.25. By boat of Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co., Roioid Trip, $42.00. This place, situated on the south shore of Chequamegou Bay, is, on account o^ its Northern latitude, much fre(|uented during the hot summer season. Sportsmen will find rich opportunity for stag and bear hunting in the surrounding for- ests, and for angling in the baj' which, with its numerous small tributaries, abounds in fish of all kinds The Apostle Islands north of Ashland are a favorite resort for excursionists and offer much interest from a geological point of view. Madison, Wise— *SV^\- 139 miles from Chicago; Access: 4 hours by Chic. & Northw. R. R.; Fare, first class $3.92. Ca))ital of Wisconsin, 13.392 inhabitants, between the lakes Monona and Mendota and as regards situation and surrounding landscape one of the finest cities in the West. A lively business place, the city is, at the same time a favo- rite summer residence. The fine climate in the hot season and the popular ex- cursions in boats and small steanuMS on the lakes, attract a great njamber of visitors. Worthy of mention are the uni- 430 EXCURSIONS. versity of Wisconsin, the interesting collections of the Wis- consin historical society and a number of fine buildings, among which the State capitol, the soldiers orphan asylum, municipal buildings, post office etc. Devil's Lake, Wis.— Site: 173 miles from Chicago, Accesx: 5j hours via Chic. & Northw. R.R. Shu/Je Trip: $4.94 The scene of a powerful eruption of the earth in times immemorial, this place shows a number of gigantic rocks grouped about a quiet sheet of water which mirrors the phan- tastic shapes of the rocks. Some of them are as high as 700 feet and suggest with their grotesque forms, all sorts of objects to a ready imagination. The place which is settled by many club-houses and tasteful private residences has a great attraction for excur- sionists who in the warm summer months seek recreation in the cool forests of Wisconsin. Prairie du Chien, Wis. --S'/V'.- 280 miles from Chicago. Accois: Milwaukee & St. Paul R R. 10-12 hours; Ro^lnd Trip: — Dousman House. Prairie du Chien is one of the oldest cities in the North- west, and is situated on the site of an old Indian community, on the east bank of the Mississippi, on a prairie surrounded by bluffs. Here in former times, stood Fort Crawford of historic memory. At the south end of the city the Wisconsin River emp- ties into the Mississippi; on the opposite shore, in Iowa, is N. McGregor, like Prairie du Chien an important railroad center. The beautiful situation of Prairie du Chien, a new artesian mineral spring, and the many coming and going river steamers, introduce much life and intercourse with the outer world. Lake Pepin, Minn.— Access: Chic, Milw. & St. Paul R. R. or the Chic, Burl. & Quincy R. R. ; Site: 65 miles south east of St- Paul. Lake Pepin is the name of a lake-like expansion, .30 miles long and with an average width of three miles, of the Mississippi river between the cities of Red W^ing and Wabasha. This part of the river is one of the most beautiful 432 EXCURSIONS. stretches in the Mississippi valley, closed in by picturesque, f!;rayish white limestone cliffs that rise to a height of 400 feet (Maiden Rock) and equal the most beautiful scenery of the Hudson or the Rhine. The railroads running along the two shores and the daily steamers carry the through traffic and the intercourse between the pretty cities along the shore, Red Wing, Lalie City, Frontenac, Maiden Rock, Reed's Lan- ding and Wahasha. The last two are opposite the mouth of the navigable Chippewa river. The whole region offers splen- did opportunities to the hunter, for the thick forests reach to the edge of the river. This whole region plays an important role both in In- dian tradition and in early American history. Lake Villa, Wis.— ylcccss.- Wise. Centr. R. R. 2 hours Round Trip,%%m. The picturesquely situated Lake Villa consists of an ele- gant hotel and a small number of comfortably furnished summer lodges, located in the midst of three lakes. Near by there are six other small lakes of different sizes, and there is an abundance of groves and picnic grounds. Fox Lake. -J.ccess:Wisc.C.RR.2^ hours/?oi$3.00. Fox and Grrass lakes, connected by a hook-shaped creek, is a summer resort much patronized, especially by the resi- dents of Chicago. A number of good hotels, many beautiful villas, private residences etc., picturesquely grouped along the shores, afford abundant shelter during the summer months. Both lakes furnish excellent fishing-grounds, and have a luxurious and varied watei'-flora. The hunter, more- over, finds a wealth of game here. The wild celery that grows in such abundance, attracts great flocks of ducks and geese in the Fall, and the plant is said to give the meat of these birds a peculiarly delicate flavor. Voyages on the little steam.ers that cruise on the lakes, or in boats, or excursions into the beautiful surrounding country offer abundant variety of entertainment. Most noteworthy of all is the wild water-lily, which here covers an area of more than a hundred acres. The rare and beautiful sight and fragrance of these water-lilies in so great EXCURSIONS. 433 an expanse of ffrowtli, could probably be found in but few places in the world. Kilbourn City, Wis. (The De]h.)-Sife: 193 miles from Chica-..; 4.] hours; limnid Trip $3.75; Chic., Milw.&St. Paul R. K. (La Crosse Division). Hotels: Finch House, Kilbourn, Hygienic Institute. ' Kilbourn City is an excursion point on the Wisconsin river, half way between Chicago and St. Paul, much visited by sportsmen, lovers of nature, geologists, antiquarians and pleasure-seekers, on account of its highly interesting surround- ings. To see all the wonders of nature, landscajjc beauties and antiquities of Kilbourn and its vicinity would require a whole week; most of the thousands of annual visitors content themselves with a visit to the Dells of the Wisconsin River, one of principal sights in the whole Northwest. The Dells of the Wisconsin form a meande'ring river- gorge eight miles long, through the Potsdam sandstone, which in places rises several hundred feet above the river. In the course of many centuries the water has worn out wonderful forms in the rock, and the whole di.stance now forms a succession of the most remarkable rock-figures, caverns, gullies, holes, and sandstone forms, overgrown with bushes, trees, lichens, ferns and moss. A wealth of Indian legend and history is woven into the romantic landscape. Already from the steel-railroad bridge, which, crossing the river near the depot at a height of 75 feet from the water, unites the two rocky shores, there is a fine view of the stream. In order to visit those parts of the Dells that lie up stream from the city, one takes the daily steamer, or hires a row-boat. The very beginning of the trip is captivating; the first striking rock-form is "Anf/el Bock'\ then follows "Siral/oirs Fort", a i)erpendicular rock wall, pierced by holes, which are full of birds nests; and then a narrow called the " /yiintr Jiiirs'. Farther up we meet ''' C/iivuiei/ Rock' and the "Dills House'', an old, several-storj' building, once a much fre<|uented stopping place for Indian hunters and raftsmen. A quarter of a mile farther up comes ^'Chapel Gorge" with 434 EXCURSIONS. ""Pulpit R(K'k'\ and now there is disclosed a second narrow in the gorge, ''the Devil s E1b(iiv\ one of the most wonderful parts of the stream. The two rock walls, 200 feet high at this jwint, approach within fift^^ feet of each other; the river, 100 feet deep here, is verj^ swift, and dangerous to venture upon in spring. The first stopping place is ''Cold Water Canon'' kn excellent fishing-ground for speckled trout, and the habitat of the rare '\frnfjraiit ferii\ Close by is the ''Devifs Juff — a hollowed-out rock 75 feet high; farther up stream is '^Steam- boat Rock", an oval, pine-covered island of rock. Then we reach the wild, romantic ,, Witches GnlcJi\ which is a mile long. On the face of a rock that projects to a height of 189 feet, near the entrance of the Gulch, there is a rock-figure like a witches face. Passing along the many windings of the ravine, we reach first the ^'Phantom Chamber", consisting of large caverns and ravines, one above the other, made acces- sible by flights of wooden stairs, and containing a pretty waterfall. There the passage becomes so narrow that corpulent people can get through onl.v with difficulty {Fat M((n's Misery Point). At the end of " Witches Gulch" there is an open place surrounded by hills, in which there is a dance-paoilion and refreshment house. After an hour for visiting" Witches Gidch", the steamer starts on its trip again. A row-boat party has the advantage of being able to visit several points that cannot be reached from the steamer, namely, Skylight cave and Boat cave. There is a wonderful charm in a moonlight visit to the Dells. Another interesting group of sights is found in the Lower Dells^ three miles down the river from the city, with very similar rockj' banks, caverns, ravines, and islands, and similarly covered with luxurious vegetation. And southwest fi'om Kilbourn is Mirror Lake, four miles long, with pictures- que shores, crystal-clear water and an abundance of the finest kinds of fishes (black bass and speckled trout). On the north shore, near the village of Delton. are two mineral springs, and "Congress Half, a noteworthy rock cavern, Teu miles east of Kilbourn is Lake Mason, and north EXCURSIONS- 435 of this, Luki, Jorddii, Taylors Glen, south of the city, is also worthy of a visit. Another series of sights is seen on a fine drive-way running up the river, — such as tlie Hornet's ^^rsf, Lunclu'on Hull, Stand Ruck, and many others. And lastly must be mentioned the numerous mounds, prehistoric burial places and earth-works, which lie about the city singly or in groups, and the most of whose outlines re- present some animal. SHORT KXCURSTONS BY WATER. A number of })oints in the virey to the wild beasts. The instigator of the deed, Liotot, and the murderer, Duhaut, were shot a few days afterward in a quarrel with their comrades. Thus the two wretches received a speedy reward; but their death could not make good to the world the loss of the extraordinary man. Among the great number of nien whose names are con- nected with the discovery and exploration of the new world, La Salle holds a prominent place. The results of his labors during 10 years cannot justly be regarded as the standard by which to judge the man. In his undertakings he had, as we have S(>en, only too often to rely upon his own resources; the inconstancy and feebleness of the Canadian government making it impossible to give him the support he merited. But his personality, his courage, his presence of mind in the hour of danger, make him withal, a character unique and fascinating. His organization, physical as well as mental, iMtwerful though it was, was too strongly accentuated, thus containing the germ for his destruction. He was inclined to subordinate all the comforts of life to his pursuits. Ke- 454 TOXTY's " LIFE OF LA SALLE." quiriii^t;' the same devotion from others who had no share in the flight of his faney and tlie fire of his genius, was as im- prudent as it was unjustifiable, and it is not surprising that his obstinacy and his scorn of all contradiction should raise up enemies against him. A passage from Tonty's " Life of La Salle "' will i)erhaps best illustrate the relations existing between him and his men: "Our men, discouraged by the long and wearisome jour- ney the end of which could not be foreseen, loath to vagrate in forests and deserts where they had no other company than wild beasts and savages, without guide, without means of transit, without provisions, could at length no longer refrain from expressing their scorn for the originator of so weari- some and dangerous an undertaking. Mr. La Salle, discover- ing with his extraordinary penetration the cause of their dis- content, sought by all possible means, to avert its conse- quences. To encourage them and to persuade them to continue the journey, he pictured to them the glory of the undertaking, the example of the Spaniards, the prospect of rich booty and everything likely to fire the imagination of man. But all these representations, like oil poured on fire, served only to feed their discontent. Thej^ replied: Ai'e we forever to remain the slaves of his whims, and to listen to his wild fancies and his foolish expectations? And shall what we have suffered, serve only to throw us into new dangers and privations, merely to gratify the ambition or the folly of a man without mercy? * * Thus was ended, by the hand of the treacherous mur- derer, a life that the perils of the wilderness, envy, ill-will and constant misfortune had been unable to break; in like manner is the mighty ship wrecked upon the hidden crag. CHICAGO FROM 1686 TO 1829. 455 The Jcatli of liiiSalU' involved the dissolution of ths couipiiMy. Leavinji behind the men who had participated in the murder, the five remainiuit men (one of them was Henry Joutel, a Freneh priest and authority for these notices) con- tinued their journey and reached, on Sept. 14, 1687, Fort St. Louis on the Illinois River, where they met with a hearty reception. An attempt in the fall of the same year, to push forward to (.anada came to an unexpected end at Chicago. Having been retained by unfavorable weather until the spring of lt)88, the small company made then a second attempt to continue their journey, reached Chicago safely which had by that time become a favorite portage, sailed, towards the end of March 16S8 to Canada and thence to France, where they first announced to the world the death of La Salle and the particulars of the ill-fated expedition. While these events were taking place, the Canadians were in expectation of news from La Salle. His departure from France having been known to them and the French j)osts in the land of the Illinois, the^' indulged in the boldest si)eculations as to the success of the expedition of the famous traveller. On Feb. 13, 1686, Tonty started with fifty men to meet La Salle. He soon reached the mouth of the Mississippi, and expected to find his friend La Salle somewhere there at the head of a thriving colony. But seeing no trace of him, he was compelled to return, leaving everywhere on his route traces of his presence and entrusting a letter to La Salle to one of the neighboring Indian tribes. Returning to his post among the Illinois, he soon afterwards received a visit from the five companions of La Salle above mentioned, who, how- ever, in order to borrow monej' in La Salle's name, witheld from him the news of his death. The plans of La Salle were not again taken taken up until lG!(!t, when two Frenchmen Ihirvillc. and Bienville, after having reached the mouth of the Mississippi and received Tonty's letter to La Salle, laid the foundations for a colony, which is now known as the city of New Orleans. 456 ■' FORT CIIICAGOU *' ERECTED 1684. There being, then, a connection between the gulf of Mexico and Canada with the shortest route leading through Chicago, the French erected in course of time a number of forts along the route from New Orleans to Canada, in order to defend their new possessions in case of need. One of these was 'Fort Chicagou" erected probably as early as 1684 and, according to a report of 1685, garrisoned with 60 men under the command of captain de la Durantaye. According to the notes of the French missionary St. Cosme who traveled with several companions from Mackinac to the land of the Illinois, there was, in 1699, besides a small French colony, a thriving mission of the Jesuits at Chicago, between two large villages of Miami Indians, each containing 150 huts. A boy, as he relates, belonging to the company ha4>pened to go astray in the high prairie grass and could not be found until two weeks later when he had lost his mind and was entii-ely exhausted. About this time the puritan settlements in the East begin to develop rapidly. Chicago, however, remains for 131 years longer a short stretch of land settled by a mere handful of people, but slowly gaining in importance as a portage for caaoes. At the beginning of the 18th century the country around the Chicago portage being the scene of frequent wars between the Illinois and Iroquois Indians, the Chicago route became unsafe and was gradually forsaken. About 1718 the Miami Indians were wholly driven from the neighborhood of Chicago, and about 1722, the hostile Fox Indians had advanced as far as the fort near Starved Rock and Lake Peoria. The French forces were frequently in the greatest danger, the settlers were murdered in sight of the cannon of the fort and the war which kept raging in upper Illinois for nearly half a century interrupted only by periodical but always unsucessful attempts for the establishment of friendly relations, crowded the name of Chicago for a time from memory. ARUIVAI, OK .roiIN KTXZIK, 1804. 457 Tn July 1778, some cliicfs of tho Tliiiois Indians trans- ferred, for a handsel of five shillings and some goods, two strips of land East of the Mississippi to the Onion (Chicago) river,and including all the land of the city of Chicago, to one William Murray, an Englishman, of whom we have spoken In the beginning of this history. Murray in turn resold the land in 1780, at the time of the war between America and Kiigland, to a company of Englishmen that had been formed in Philadelphia under the name of the 'Illinois Land Com- l)any." This company offered in a petition to congress, to cede the immense strips of land which they had obtained for almost nothing, against a re-transfer to them of one quai'ter (if it, in order to obtain a government title. Congress was in favor of granting the request, but the senate dismissed it on the ground that a direct transfer of land by Indians without the sanction of the government was null and void. Two other attempts the company made in 1792 and 17J>7, for obtainincr recognition of their title were equally uiisTiccessful. The first non-indigenous settler in the Chicago region, was according to the rei)ort of the British commander at Miehilimackinac, (who speaks of "Eschikagou") B<(pfisfe Point de Saihle, a handsome and well educated negro, who lived in a small hut on the northern bank of the Chicago river and was, being a friend of the French, regarded with an evil eye by the English. He was a wealthy fur trader, a man who enjoyed life and was not averse to a good glass. Having for seventeen years unsuccessfully aspired to the honor of becoming a chief of the Pottawattomie Indians, he left the place in 17!1G and went to Peoria. His successor was a Frenclinian named Le Mai, who in the spring of 1804 trans- ferred his log cabin to John Kinzic, justly called the "father of Chicago". John Kinzie, born at Quebec, in 1773, of Scotch parent- aere. had. after serving an apprenticeshij) in a silversmith's shop, settled at Detroit, where he devoted the time left him ])y exercise of his profession to trading with the Shawnee and 458 CHICAGO an idyllic picture of peace. Ottawa Tiidiaiis. He settled at Chicago in the spring of 1804, and soon enlarged Le Mais cabin to a more comfortable dwelling, which he shared with his wife and his young son. This house was for many years the only one in the Chicago region occupied by a white man. How long it remained there cannot be determined; but sure it is, that it disappeared before 1830, in the first period of development of Chicago. Situated in the angle formed by the lake and the north bank of the river, it was directly opposite Fort Dearborn, erected later, presenting with its four poplars in a small garden before the house, and the green lawn gently sloping toward the river, an idyllic picture of peace. An occasional Indian loitering about or leading a pony packed with furs; an idle French-Canadian; the sentinel pacing to and fro in front of the fort opposite; a soldier lying in the grass, or another shooting the numerous wild ducks— this was the whole life at the colony composed of four cabins. Various games shortened the long hours of pioneer life, and sometimes the other settlers, Ouilmette. Pettell and Le Mai. all French-Canadians, would, with their Indian wives, or some guests from the garrison, waltz to the tunes from John Kinzie's fiddle. There being no inn, the transient strangers were always hospitably received at Kinzie's house. This hospitality was often accompanied by amusing incidents, an example of which is the following, after the version of a later daughter-in-law of Kinzie: "A transient Southerner, a man of means and education, arrives at Chicago and asks for shelter for himself and his horse. Being directed to John Kinzie, the stranger is hospitably received by the latter, led into the parlor and presented to two ladies who happen to be there. After having been served with a good supper, the stranger asks for a boot-jack and quietly takes of his boots in presence of the astonished ladies. Before retiring he gives his orders for his breakfast. Highly pleased to find it satisfactory on the following morning, he concludes, the weather lieing moreover stormy, to stay another day; tired of reading, he walks up and down the room, chatting with his hosts. On the following day, the weather having improved, the stranger makes ready for his departure and asks for the bill. JOHN' kixzie's hospitality. 450 "Vou do not owe anything," says Kinzic peared on the scene. The savages, embarrassed by his presence, and ashamed to acknowledge their bloody pur- pose, modestly asked for some white cotton to wrap their dead, and on securing it, took their departure peaceably. Three days later John Kinzie and his family were taken to St. Joseph, Mich., whence the latter proceeded, in Novem- ber, to Detroit, leaving behind John Kinzie, who did not join them until January of the following year. The scope of this book forbids making mention of the interesting details attendant upon the escape of Captain Heald and wife. Lieutenant Helm and wife, and many other survivors. The fort then lay in ruins until four years later, in 1816, peace having been concluded, and the rule of the United States over the lakes established, the fort was rebuilt on a somewhat more extended and altered plan. The scattered remains of the victims of the massacre of 1812 were then buried, and two companies of infantry under the command of Captain Bradley stationed at the fort. Order being re-established, John Kinzie promptly returned with his family; the friendly Indians followed, new settlers arrived, and soon the life at the small place regained its old aspect. The treaty of St. Louis, in which the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians ceded to the United States a strip of land extending ten miles North and as many miles South of the mouth of the Chicago river, from Lake Michigan to the Kan- kakee, Illinois and Fox rivers, was concluded in the saniQ year. ORflAMZIN(J THE ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL COMPANY. V— ilfc-Tr'.y.^L'xi ^-,-,-!- ^ ^'--*.^ - - '' , "11 I MM In 1823 the garrison was removed from Chicago, the government having meanwhile obtained a footing on the Mississippi, which made a post in Chicago superfluous. From 1828-1831, and again from 1832-1836, the fort was again garrisoned. But on Dec. 29. 1836, it was definitively given up by the government; the troops were with- drawn, and all of the fort but one small building, was ultimately demolished in lSo7. This build- ing was moved to the South end of Hush str. bridge, on the lot on which stands to- day the ware- house of the firm of W. 31. Hoyt, where it remained until 1871, when it perished in the great fire, together with many other monuments of old Chicago. A marble slab on the house of W. M. Hoyt commemorates the history of the former post. In the fourteen years from the re-construction of Fort Dearborn in 1816, until 1830. Chicago developed but little, and hardly changed in its outward appearance. During these j'ears however, the plan of constructing a canal between the lakes and the Mississippi (already con- ceived by Joliet, as mentioned in the beginning of this history) was seriously considered by Congress, and on March 30, 1822, ten thousand dollars were granted for the survej' of the land through which the canal was to be cut; the State of Illinois being authorized to build the canal on land belong- ing to the United States, and receiving besides, a land grant of ninety feet on each side of the canal. Subsequently, in 465 466 LAYING OUT THE TOWN OF CHICAGO. 1825, the Illinois and Michigan Canal Company was organized, which, after having with the aid of the State of Illinois, made several attempts to realize the project, came to the conclusion that, a loan being, for a long time, out of the question on account of the depression of the monej' market, a successful realization of the project could be effected only through an additional grant of land by the government. The advocates of the enterprise, (among whom representative Cook was especially ardent), having succeeded in obtaining a magnificent grant of land extending on both sides of the canal, over 284,000 acres, among which were 113,000 acres of fertile prairie land, the success of the enterprise was assured, and the name Chicago, which (as was mentioned in the introduction to this history) then signified the whole region about the city of Chicago of today, began to gain «a a more precise meaning. CHICAGO FROM 1830 TO 1836. The canal commissioners appointed by the legislature "to lay out the route of the canal, to survey cities, to sell land and to expend the revenue therefrom for the construc- tion of the canal," commenced in October, 1829, to lay out the town of Chicago, and on August 4. 1830, the survey of James Thompson, the government surveyor, was published, showing for limits of the city the present State, Madison, Desplaines and Kinzie streets, with an area of about three-eights of a square mile. The number of inhabitants in Chicago did not, at that time, exceed one hundred, partly whites and partly half-breeds, besides the two companies of U. S. Infantry sta- tioned at the fort. The hamlet of Chicago grew but little in the first year of its existence, as the canal commissioners did not sell much land, although the lots now constituting the most valuable property, sold for from f 11 to |T0, and the land outside the city limits mentioned above, was offered at only $1.50 per acre. TIIK CUEATIOX OF COOK ("OL'NTY. 467 111 Muicli, 1831, the picsout Lake, McHeiny, L)uPa,a;e and Will counties were added to the precinct of Chicago, and the whole district named Cook County after Hon. Daniel H. P. Cook, in recognition of his services for the passage of the canal bill and the land grant in connection with it. In June, 1881, the garri.son was removed to Green Bay, and the fort and other government ])roperty placed under the charge of the resident Indian agent. The first commissioners of Cook County held a session on April 13, 1831, imposing a tax of j per cent on all estate, real and personal, and granting the two first licenses for the sale of liquors; one to Elijah Wentworth for seven dollars; and the other to Samuel Miller for five dollars, with a fixed schedule of prices for lodgings, drinks, etc., as follows: Each half pint of wine, rum f)r l)i-an(ly 25 cents. Each jiint do 37}^ Each half pint of gin i8^ Each pint do S'X Each gill of whiskey .o6jij^ Each half pint do 12^ Each pint do ■. i83^ Eor each breakfast aixt supper 25 Eor each dinner 37/4 Eor each horse fed 25 -Keeping horse one night 50 Lodging for each man jier night 12^ Eor cider or beer, one pint 06^ For cider or beer, one quart I2|^ It was besides resolved to run a ferry-boat over the Chicago river at its bifurcation, and to grant a number of business licenses. Toward the close of September of the same year, the peace of the settlers v/as greatly disturbed by the arrival of about four thousand Indians, who had come to receive their yearly supplies. Although by no means in a friendly mood, they were entreated by Billy Caldwell (Sau-ga-nash) an in- Hnential half-breed, who was a mutual friend to both parties to leave the place quietly, which they did, after having indulged in a wild drinking bout. 468 TPIE BLACK HAWK WAR. The winter of that year passed quietly. Mark Beaubien, (of whom more anon) placed all his social talents at the dis- position of the settlement; music and dances, debates in the club and an occasional wolf hunt within the present limits of the city, helped to pass the time away. The young colonj' were sanguine in their expectations of the new year, hoping for an increased number of new arrivals, when in the spring the news spread of the hostile movements of Black Hawk, a famous Indian chief, who was on his way to Canada, murdering and pillaging everything he encountered while traversing Illinois and Michigan. The sparse pojmlation of the neighborhood, unable to offer resist- ance, fled to Chicago, seeking refuge in Fort Dearborn, which however, at that time had no garrison, but only a com- pany of volunteers to do patrol service. The settlers, as may be imagined, were in great distress, knowing perfectly well the fate in store, if the Indians made a successful raid upon them. The situation was aggravated by the news that the Ottawa, Pottawattomie and Chippewa Indians, who all be- longed to the Chicago agencies, were considering the induce- ments held out to them by Black Hawk. The fear among the settlers was so great, that, according to the testimony of a witling, they were, upon awaking in the morning, in the habit of assuring themselves, that they still were in possession of their scalps. But again it was owing to the influence of Billy Caldwell, the half-breed, that the peaceful relations ex- isting were preserved. The colony was somewhat re-assured by the arrival on June 17. of a small number of U. S. troops, who were quar- tered in tents outside of the fort. Four other companies, under General Scott, reached Chicago by steamboat on July 10, but these, instead of inspiring the colonists with greater confidence, brought with them the cholera, an enemy hardly less dread'ed than the Indians. The families were summoned to leave Avithin twenty-four hours, the fort which was to re- ceive the troops and the patients. This order was promptly obeyed, although it involved great hardships for the refugees who were now without any shelter until they succeeded in IMPROVINO CHU'.AdtO IIARROR. 4g9 buildino; some teiui)()raiy shanties. Only a small number of them had IVmnd ivf'nge in houses deserted by settlers tleeing from the cholera. Being destitute of cooking-utensils, lack- ing proper food and being^ crowded together, their situation, es|)ecially that of the patients, was almost insup- portable. Another steamer, arriving on July 18, brought more soldiers suffering from eliolera. Two days later, the troops, who had lost a hundred men within ten daj'S, started for the battle- field, but learned on the way thither, that on August 2. an encounter with an issue unfavorable to the enemj' had terminated the Black Hawk war. Although, having in no wise contributed to the military success, the troops that had been stationed at Chicago and marched through Northern Illinois, Southern Wisconsin and the beautiful Bock Biver Valley, were of great benefit to the future of the citj', since they pictured to the East in the liveliest colors the beauty and fertility of the sections they had traversed, thereby causing a very considerable increase in the number of emigrants who, stopping at Chicago on their way to the far West, greatly enlivened the place. In the fall of 1832, the settlement offered a very curious aspect: New emigrants, of all sorts and conditions and of correspond- ing exterior arrived daily on foot, on horseback or in wagons and continued after a short stop, their journey West. With all this Chicago had gained but twent3' souls by the close of the year; but its favorable geographical situation, its natural advantages as a harbor, had commenced to attract the attention of intelligent people, which found its expression in the now rapidly increasing number of new settlers. So manj' new settlers arrived in the spring, 1833, that 150 new houses were built; at the same time the chances of the city were materially improved by a grant of $25,000, by Con- gress, (voted on March 2. of the same year) for the improve- ment of Chicago harbor. The Chicago river had so far been inaccessible for laden vessels, in consequence of a shelf of sand situated across its mouth. In order to open the entrance to it, about five 470 AN INDIAN CAMP. hundred feet of the Southern liarbor dam were completed in the course of 1833, and as much of the Northern dam in the following year, thus cutting off the old channel that turned South. The dredging, which had hardly been begun, was, in the spring of 1834, suddenly brought to an end by the high water of the river, which swept away the remains of the bank and permitted for the first time large vessels to enter the river. An event of still greater importance for the city was. however, the treaty with the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potta- wattomie Indians, concluded in September, 1833, in which they ceded to the United States a large part of Northern Illinois, Southern Wisconsin and large sections of land in Indiana and Michigan. The surroundings of Chicago, being thereby opened to white settlers, and riddened from the dangerous neighborhood of the Indians, the city was greatly benefited by the treaty. The Indians, discouraged by the defeat of Black Hawk, and deteriorated by many vices adopted from the whites, (especially that of excessive drinking) after long urging, re- luctantly gave their assent to the stipulations of the treaty. Chicago presented in those days a curious picture. Be- sides emigrants in all imaginable array, there were the camp of five thousand Indians besieged by a host of adventurers, who were trying by all sorts of tricks to take advantage of the drunken red-skins; land-sharks, Indian-traders, horse- thieves, liquor-peddlers, in short, all sorts of desperadoes of white, black and red shades, half-breeds and other mixtures. There was an incessant noise about the town from early dawn till late at night. After the whites had done swearing during the day, the red-skins began to howl at night. Life in public was filthy, and the homes were full of squalor. On the wide prairie interesting scenes from Indian life could be observed: Indians on foot or on horseback, exer- cising with their spears; a race between Indian ponies, accompanied by the wild yells of their riders; a council of grave, deliberating chiefs; near by a drunken Indian, brandishing his bowie-knife, surrounded by his neighbors. TTIK rjRKAT rnT'xriT,. 471 trying to fjuiet hiiii; a family witli ladea ponies and wolf dogs, about to leave the place; a drunken Indian on the arm of a com]>aiiion, opposite his squaw, whose weeping and wail- ing would be heart-rending, were it not that she too is drunken; at every step drunken people staggering about or lying on the ground— a pitiful picture of the deterioration of a race once so healthy and manly. The great council in which it was decided to cede the land above named, to the United States government, was a touch- ing affair, says Charles J. Latrobe, an English traveller, from Avliose graphic accounts the above pictures are taken. It had been preceded by a preliminary meeting, in which the U. S. commissioner opened the negotiations by saying that the great father in Washington, having heai'd of the intention of the Indians to sell their land, had sent them a commissioner to negotiate with them, whereupon the Indians replied jiromptly through their interpreter that the great father must have met an ominous bird who told him a falsehood; for they were far from wishing to sell their land. The commissioner then said that having come together in a council, the question had better be considered; and he l)roceeded forthwith to acquaint them with the wishes of the great father, asking them to give him their opinions about the question. Being thus driven to the wall, the chiefs looked up to the skj' and, observing a few clouds, declared the weather was not favorable enough for so weigthy a deliberation. Thereupon thoy adjourned. We here quote Latrobe: "Day after day passed. It was in vain that ll>e signal-gun from the fort gave notice of an assemblage of chiefs at the council tire. Reasons were always found for its delay. One day an inlluential chief %> as not in the way; another, the sky looked cloudy, and the Indian never performs an important business except the sky be clear. At length, on the 2ist of September, the Pottawatomies resolved to meet the Commissioners. We were politely invited to be present. The council fire was lighted under a spacious open shed on the green meadow, on the opposite side of the river from that on wliich the Fort stood. I'rom the difficulty of getting all together, it was 472 OONCLUDINO THE TREATY. late in the afternoon when they assembled. There might be twenty or thirty chiefs present, seated at the lower end of the enclosure, while the Commissioners, Interpreters, &c. were at the upper. The palaver was opened by the principal Commissioner. He requested to know why he and his colleagues were called to the council. An old warrior arose, and in short sentences, generally of five syllables, de- livered with a monotonous intonation, and rapid utterance, gave answer. His gesticulation was appropriate, but rather violent. Rice, the half-breed interpreter explained the signification, from time to time to the audience; and it was seen that the old chief, who had got his lesson, answered one question by proposing another, the sum and substance of his oration being — 'that the assembled chiefs wished to know what was the object of their Great Father at Washington in calling his Red Children together at Chicago.' This was amusing enough after the full explanation given a week before at the opening session; and particularly when it was recollected that they had feasted sumptuously during the interval at the expense of their Great Father, it was not making very encouraging progress. A young chief arose and spoke vehemently to the same purpose. Here- upon the Commissioner made them a forcible Jacksonian discourse, wherein a good deal which was akin to threat, was mingled with ex- hortations not to play with their Great Father, but to come to an early determination, whether they would or would not sell and ex- change their territory; and this done, the council was dissolved. One or two tipsy old chiefs raised an occasional disturbance, else matters were conducted with due gravity. The relative positions of the Commissioner and the whites be- fore the council-fire, and that of the Red Children of the Forest and Prairie, were to me strikingly impressive. The glorious light of the setting sun streaming in under the low roof of the council-house, fell full on the countenances of the former as they faced the West — ■ while the pale light of the East, hardly lighted up the dark and paint- ed lineaments of the poor Indians, whose souls evidently clave to their birth-right in that quarter. Even though convinced of the ne- cessity of their removal, my heart bled for them in their desolation and decline. Ignorant and degraded as they may have been in their original state, their degradation is now ten-fold, after years of inter- course with the whites; and their speedy disappearance from the earth appears as certain as though it were already sealed and accomplished." CHIOA(i() T.VCORPORATED AS A TOAVN. 473 Tlie treaty was signed on Sept. 26. 1833. Only one of 77 chiefs was able to write his name. The others affixed, as a sign of assent to the stipidations of the treaty, a cross under it, which was ex])lained by adding the names, as Sluiw-waw- uulc-wiik, his X mark, Shdw-u-e-nwii-e-tcfy, his X mark, etc. The treaty granted to the Indians five million acres of land on the East side of the Missouri; the amount of $470,000, jiayable in different sums and at different periods; an annual l)ension to si)ecia]ly mentioned individuals and for twenty years a yearly payment of $14,000, as an indemnity for the cession of their lands. Even before the conclusion of the treaty, (which every- body felt sure would be effected) the incorpoi-ation of the town of Chicago was concluded on Aug. 5. 1833. The first town-trustees wer selected on Aug. 10, and tlie limits of the town enlarged to Jackson street, on the south, Jefferson a^wJ Cook streets, on the west, Ohio street, on the north; aiTd north of the river, to the lake, and south of the river, to State street, on the east. After the election of the officers, Chicago was, at the close of 1833, a town legally and completely or- ganized, with a population of about 250. The place extended at that time, along the south side of the river (the present South Water street) West to the settle- nujit at the bifurcation of the river. There were, besides, a lew shanties in the prairie, the present South side, and a few North of the river. The whole, however, had a pitiful ap- pearance. Coming from the South, out of the oak grove lunir 24th street, one could look over a wide plain to the banks of the river, sparsely dotted with trees. A large pool, forming a sort of bay, and allowing ferry boats to sail up as far as Randolph and Dearborn sts., connected with the South bank of the river, where to-day State street begins. A tannery and a saw-mill were the only industrial establishments. The meat interest, which has since grown to such gigantic proportions, was represented by George W. Dole, who erected at the south-east corner of Water and Dearborn sts. the first large frame house, in which he slaughtered and packed during the winter, several hundred 474 EARLY TRANSPORTATIOX FACILITIES. pieces of cattle and pork, which were shipped to Detroit and New York in the spring. Charles Butler, a brother-in-law of the well-known old settler, William B. Ogden, travelling in the summer of 1833, from New York to Chicago, gives in the account of his journey, some interesting details as to then existing trans- portation facilities. Having reached Detroit by a steamboat from Buffalo, he continued his journey by land, following in his vehicle and with the aid of a guide, the only way to Chicago, an Indian path which led through Southern Michi- gan and Northern Indiana to Michigan City, a hamlet of a few houses in the midst of a desert of sand. On the morn- ing after his arrival, his host unfolded, according to Butler's own humorous statement, a plan of Michigan Cit}\ owned by him and surveyed at his instance, explaining to him with much enthusiasm that this place was destined to become the great harbor of Lake Michigan, urging him at the end to purchase a few lots. Thence the journey was continued on horseback along the shore of the lake. He speaks with much warmth of the first impression he received of the surround- ings of Chicago. The view of the wide prairie gilded by the setting sun; the seeminglj' boundless surface of Lake Michi- gan; the absence of all animal and of every sign of human life; all this impressed him as a beautiful picture of peace. The place itself, however, inhabited by a few hundred people who lived in houses of the most primitive character, bearing the mark of haste, being mostly mere shanties joined together in a few days, was a great disappointment to him. The emigrants who arrived almost daily in vehicles of all sorts, camped usually under the cover of their wagons until more jiermanent shelter was provided for them. A house, so-called, was generally erected in a few days; the majoritj^ of contracts for building houses stipulated a week for the execution of the work. There were almost constantly from 200 to .300 strangers at Chicago. Butler says that in his inn, which was filled with emigrants and travellers to the last corner, the partitions of the various rooms were formed by PREPARING THE EXECUTION OF THE I. & M. OANAL. 475 upright stands, with sheets attached to them. A large part (»f the floor was, every night, covered with guests. From the east window of my room situated in a house on the west side of the south arm of the river, I could see Lake Michigan be- yond Fort Dearborn near the shore of the lake, and the few very low houses of the settlement; and follow the course of the river, the water of which was, from its bifurcation, as clear as the water of the lake. The condition of Chicago, her future and that of the surrounding country, was naturally the subject of all dis- cussion. The large section between Lake 3Iichigan and the Missis<5i]ipi, which was then considered the western boundary of the West, and the country on the northwest of it — in- cluding the whole of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa — was at that time an entirely uninhabited land with a luxuriant vegetation and a virgin soil. The eastern part of Michigan was then inhabited by 20,000 people; the western part was only a sparsely populated wilderness. Northern Indiana was in a similar state, and Northern Illinois, including Chicago and the section toward the Mississippi, had only a scattered population, settled gen- erally along the western rivers. The project of connecting Chicago with the Mississippi, 1)3' the Illinois and Michigan Canal was again and again taken up. The Congress of the United States had long ago encouraged the construction of the canal by donating every alternate section of the land to be traversed bj' the canal. But the State of Illinois had so far taken no steps. The entire trade of the Mississippi valley was then in the hands of New Orleans. The canal was universally re- garded as a boon not only to Chicago, but to the whole country, and spurred on by the general interest felt in the subject, the legislature of Illinois took in its session from 1834 to l)%>o, preparatory measures by granting a loan for the exe- cution of the canal which was finally com]»leted in 1818 in spite of the financial difficulties, which be.set the State treasury and temporarily interrupted the work. With regard to these difficulties, the canal, when completed, was regarded not only 476 THE GREAT LAND CRAZE. as a monument of the spirit of enterprise of the State of Illinois, but also of its conscientiousness in fullfilling its en- gagements. The tide of emigration setting in in the spring, 1834, after the conclusion of the treaty with the Indians, in Sept. 1833, Chicago ^as unable to accommodate the great mass of people looking for shelter, and the majority therefore camped in covered wagons oj: under some other temporary roof. Real estate, which had so far had no precise monetary value, hav- ing been purchased or disposed of by way of barter, for horses, etc., kept pace with the growing development of the place, the buyers became more and more numerous, a mass of real estate agents were pushing the sales, and in consequence of all that, a lot which had a year before been a burden on account of the annual tax of two dollars, or had seemed too high at twenty dollars, rose suddenly to fifty dollars, two days later to sixty and in a fortnight more to a hundred dollars. Toward the close of the year almost everyinhabitant was, besides exercising his regular profession, speculating in real estate; not with a view to investment, but to the gain realized from quick sales. The speculating fever reached its culminating point in 1835. An auction by the government, lasting four entire months, had attracted, besides a number of bona fide sett- lers, a host of adventurers and speculators. The large gains realized in the shortest time from the sale of land, and the well founded confidence in the future of the newly opened regions, led to the formation of the most extrava- gant plans, and Chicago was the place where all these phantasmagories were realized. Large strips were day after day sold by the government at $H per acre; and only a few days later the land was resold in lots properly laid out on neatly drawn and colored plans, showing the streets of the future city, already baptized with some Indian name, the public squares, sites for school houses, churches, etc. The speculators thus parcelled out the greater part of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, prairie, forest and sandy ground, located cities and streets, which, without having a house or a THE CRISIS (IF 1S37. 477 man to show, were sold and resold within a few weeks. A goodly number of places, such as Koshkonong, Oquaka, Wis. and others were sold several times without existing either at the time of the sales or thereafter. Places which, according to the judgment of speculators, were destined to become im- portant harbors on rivers or lakes had a special attraction for them, and hardly a mouth of a river, however insignificant, was spared being made the site of a new city. The humorous side of the situation was not wanting; for very few of the buyers having personally seen the purchased lands, and the survey being, in many cases, inexact, the city with the strange Indian name could frequently not be found on the land, but was according to the plan, located in the I'iver or lake. Values in land of all kinds, an endless number of farm and wood-lands, a mass of titles, of more or less doubtful origin, etc., were in the market, and wherever men met, the trade in land was the one absorbing subject of conversation. The more extravagant the project, and the more remote the land, the greater was the craze for it. Considering that the same territory which was then the object of wild speculation, is even to-day sparsely populated, with its five million people, and at that time was inhabited probably only by the hundredth part of the population of to-day, the pursuit of those days must appear all the more extravagant. This unwholesome state of things resulted from the attrac- tion which the enormous gains realized from the speculation in land exercised over the capital stored up at the large mnney markets of the East, Boston, Philadelphia and New York. The country was moreover at that time flooded with bank notes, which by authorization of the loose legislatures of several states, had been issued in amounts altogether in- commensurate with the legitimate wants of business. These large means did not care for solid investment, but for the mere gain realized from the reselling of purchased land. Although there existed among intelligent people a certain distrust in the artificial values, everybody hoped to sell out 478 FRf^M 1838 to 1870. before the outbreak of a crisis which was imminent and suddenly set in. On June 23. 1836, Congress passed a law instructing the U. S. treasury to withdraw the privilege of deposit of all pub- lic moneys from any banks which should at any time refuse to redeem their notes in cash and to refuse, at the same time to accept their notes in the U. S. offices. Very few banks disposing of sufficient cash to redeem their large issue of notes, a general suspension of cash payment, and the ensuing insolvency of most Western banks in May, 1837, was, after a long depression of business, the final outcome of the situa- tion. The consequence of this was a sudden fall of the prices of real estate in the West. A large part of it was in a short time reduced to the price it brought three years before, i. e., to about one-tenth of the price it had brought before the crisis. The burden was, however, born for the most part not by the settlers at Chicago, but by the Eastern speculators. 1838-1870. The history of Chicago, as we have followed it down to this time, is intimately connected with individual men and localities; from here the interests of the community com- mence to preponderate. W"e observe the wheel-work of business interests commencing to co-operate; we see the development of highways of travel and commerce, and how provision is made for the common necessities of all; in short, we follow the constantly changing conditions of a great and flourishing community. Only individual features of such a history can be passed in review; its most essential points have been touched upon in other places; and its whole extent lies beyond the scope of this book. The most important events of the period from 1838 to 1870 are: the Great Flood in the year 1849; the Great Crisis of 1857, and the Great American Civil War, which broke out in 1861. Other incidents that will be briefly mentioned under special dates, will be given principally to impress the contrasts in the very brief and extraordinary development of the city. :, * * * FRo.M 1838 TO 1870. 479 The beginnins of the year 1838 was gloomy enough. Business in general was growing constantly duller, and the once so flourishing real estate business was almost wholly in the hands (if the sheriff. To tliis general distress there was added an epidemic malarial fever, caused by the drj'ing up of the swampy soil of the region in the unusual heat of that summer, to the fatal attacks of which many of the inhabit- ants fell victims. Courage, however, was not lost, for in the second story of a wooden store a theater was opened which bore the ambitious name " Rialfo." The year 1831) brought only a continuation of the oppres- sive conditions, which were still more heightened by the fact that the notes of the Michigan banks, which were circulating extensively in the little city, became worthless through the collapse of those banks. And on the 23d of October of the same year, the State Bank of Illinois, with its many branches, suspended its payments. On the 27th of October, the (jreat- est Jirc that the city had experienced nj) to this time destroyed the Trcmoitt Jlonse and seventeen other houses, entailing a loss of $6(K0OO. Not until 1842 was there any marked improvement in the business and growth of the city. A T^nited States bank- ruptcy law went into effect, and many of the merchants of the city took advantage of its provisions. On April 13, 1843, the first tri-weekly express began to run between Chicago and the East. On the 21st of April, a city ordinance went into effect, which declared the hogs that roamed at large a hindrance to traffic and banished them from the streets. The good old times finally returned in 1844. Over 600 houses were built and the population increased to over 12,000. In 1845, work on the canal, which had been suspended on account of the lack of funds, was again resumed. And on the 26th of November, of this year, the first newspaper in the German language, the " CJiicdnit VollisJ'riimhenomena by the liberation of vast quantities of carhonic acid from its union with other elements, as a result of the immense burning, which, by union with the oxygen masses of the air, were changed to carbonic acid gas. The presence of even eight per cent, of this gas in ordinary air is dangerous to life; and to this is to be ascribed the death of the many people who were afterward found dead in the vicinity of -the burnt district, but on whose persons not the slightest injury by fire could be found. The great quantities of water that were evaporated by the fire in Chicago, and which filled the air in the form of super-heated vapor, were attacked by the carbon present in the air; and the carbon formed by union with hydroijen a light carburetted hy- drogen gas, while the liberated oxygen also united with carbon 498 THE GREAT FIRE. to form carhonic acid. This carburetted hydrogen, which is also known as marsh-gas, and so frequently causes explosions in mines when brought in contact with ordinary air, was also largely increased in quantity by the coal gas that streamed forth from the retorts and thousands of ruptured gas pipes. By the mixture of this gas with the ordinary air, the latter became in many places highly inflammable, and thus made pos- sible the lightning-like and leaping propagation of the flames to great distances. In this way also, the remarkable balloon- like bodies of fire that had their origin in the upper air, are explained as accumulations of this gas, which found the oxy- gen necessary for its ignition only at a great height, because the oxygen in the strata or air immediately over the fire was consumed by the intensely glowing carbon. And it was this atmosphere, saturated as it was with hy- drogen gas, that kept in a blazing condition the innumerable brands that went flying through the air. In an ordinary at- mosphei'C these would have quickly died out, but here they found, in the great accumulations of hydrogen gas, constantly renewed ignition while on the way, and hence fell, still blaz- ing, in vast numbers on the Crib, two miles out on the lake. Another important chemical change in the atmosphere was the formation of considerable quantities of ammonia, by the union of hydrogen and the highly heated niti'ocjen of the air. But no inconsiderable percentage of the whole united with carbon, to form the carbonates of ammonia, or become oxygenated more slowly, evolving an abundance of nitric acid. To the latter is to be ascribed the peculiar odor that was noticed by many in the burnt district after the fire, which was remarked by many as identical with that noticed after a severe thunder storm, and is now known to be due to the formation of nitric acid in the air. The peculiarities of the air-currents and their efi'ects de- serve especial mention. During the whole continuance of the fire, a high wind blew from a southwesterly direction, varying hardly more than one or two points of the compass from its course above the buildings, from midnight till five o'clock in the morning. But when observed from the street CATIiEDKAl, OK THK HOLY NAME, Lor Superior and N. Slate sty. 500 THE GREAT FIRE. the wind seemed to blow from every direction. The attenua- tion of the air arising from the continuously spreading fire, resulted in the constant movement of masses of air, and thus there arose constantly shifting artificial currents, which swept around the corners and through the alleys with the force of a whirlwind. The violent wind at the same time acting like a blow- pipe, fanned the already great fire to a higher pitch of heat, and carried up the almost smokeless flames to a height of a hundred feet and more. Only the combined action of such chemical and physical forces as those described above can make comprehensible the burning power of the fire. Gigantic stone buildings, which, under ordinary conditions, would have fallen only after sev- eral hours, here succumbed to the element in as many min- utes. It was of little consequence whether the building was a so-called fire-proof stone or brick structure. Most kinds of stone burst in the heat. Under the influence of the heat the much-used limestone separated into layers, which flew ofi", snapping like the salvos of an incessant discharge of fire- arms. The much-used Athens marble, a kind of pure lime- stone which only hardened in the air, even burned when pieces of it fell on glowing coals. Walls of fortress-like thickness burst asunder, and of the many very substantial structures that burned, but very few ruins worthy of mention remained standing. Strangely small were the remains of the vast masses of stone afterwards found where once large build- ings had been standing, and which in many cases only partly filled the cellars. Much of the stone that retained its form, afterwards crumbled to dust at the slightest touch. The many great iron beams and pillars which supported the builds ings proved especially fatal. Under the influence of the extraordinary heat they either lengthened out or bent, so that their burden fell. Most remarkable of all was the complete combustion of the wood. Of those half-charred remains that are always left, even after a fire that has been left to itself, not the slightest trace was to be found on the whole vast burnt are^,. THE oheat pire. 501 Only a fine white ash was left. Even the dust and dirt in the streets was burned, and only the firm wood-iiaveniunt, with its hard ui)i)er surface, remained, although even that was badly charred in places, The heat, alone, had raised the rails of the street railways from the pavement, tearing up the great nails with them, leaving them bent into various serpen- tine form.s, lying on the streets. The incessant tones of warning that had been pealing forth for hours from the great bell in the City Hall; the red horizon, fire-tinted for many miles; the thousands of messen- gers sent by anxious friends; the word that passed from neighbor to neighbor — had by midnight carried the news of the common misfortune into every corner of the city. The danger att'ected everybody; it threatened the heart of the city; and every one, whether merchant or servant, manufac- turer or laborer, had some interest here, whether his friend's or employer's, which had to sufl'er. So by midnight the great thoroughfares of the citj' were closely crowded with an excited multitude and vehicles of everj' description, whose numbers constantly increased. Thousands of busy harrds loaded, with feverish haste, the freight-wagons in front of the great stores; innumerable wagons loaded with wares and household furniture of every description and seeking a refuge on the Lake Shore toward tlie north or east, hastened through the streets; among these tlie carriage of the rich merchant, anxious to reach the scene of the disaster before the fruits of years of anxiety and labor vanish in smoke; thousands upon thousands of footmen, carrying, lugging, dragging whatever they hope to save, shov- ing and trampling under foot whatever gets in their way — tlius tlie great stream moved on and increased with every passing moment. Law no longer reigns. Every one stands for himself, and the selfishness of man in despair becomes everywhere pain- lully apparent. IMore yet— the greed of the lawless— now that the hand id' law can no longer reach them; a robbery such as can be imagined only in war-times of centuries gone by now sets in. 502 THE GREAT PIRE. In returning to the description of the fire, it needs to be remarked that from here it can be described as a whole only in its most general features. No one man could survey the whole nor even a great jtart of the conflagration, and what we know is only the combination of the sej arate expei'iences of many. Yet more. The frequent comparison of the ruighty catastrophe with a great battle, in which the fight is kindled in a hundred places at once, is no doubt apt, except that in our ease the other witness of history, the enemy and victor, forever silent, will never relate his deeds. * * * * When, toward one o'clock in the morning, as we said before, the two fire-columns, steadily increasing in extent as they advanced, approached each other at La Salle st., the already enormous conflagration became comparatively greater, in spite of the fact that the more substantial and larger stone buildings which began here seriously checked its progress. At this time the wooden buildings on Market, Wells and Franklin streets, and at the river ends of Jackson, Quincy and Adams streets, formed one vast sea of flames. One of the first of the larger buildings which the fire- column moving eastward surrounded, was the Grand Pacific Hotel, located as it is to-day, a magnificent new hotel, which had just been completed. Almost simultaneously with this, the neighboring depot of the Michigan Southern Railroad went up in flames. Turning more to the north again from here, in hardly more than 20 minutes the raging element had made its way as far as Madison and La Salle sts. The Chamber of Commerce soon fell a victim, after the well known Farwell Hall, and now the fire faced the Court House, which was separated from the street on all sides by a broad strip of lawn, and stood completely isolated in the middle of a whole block. The opinion prevailed that this building could surely be saved. In order to check here the fire still more effectually, the business palace of the Mer- charifs Insurance Company, opposite the Court House, on the northwest corner of La Salle and Washington streets, was blown up with powder. Thus, a very broad open space, in- CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH. Cor. Michigan ave. and Twenty- lliird st. ^04 *HE GREAT i'lftfi. eluding the street, was made, but even this could not set bounds to the fire. As if this space were nothing but a little alley, the gigantic tongues of flame swung over the chasm and around the banks and insurance buildings beyond. And with this vanished the last hope to repress the ravaging ele- ment. At the same time, almost, a light full of evil fore- bodings appeared within the City Hall. Indeed, the roof of the C !ty Hall haa already caught fire several times during the night, which was suppressed by the watchmen with the apparatus that was at hand. An in- cessant rain of sparks and fire-brands poured down upon the building, and at two o'clock in the morning the watchmen became convinced that they could no longer hold their post. They abandoned the bell, whose continuous sounds had for several hours announced the danger to the citizens. They were overtaken, however, by the flames, which spread rapidly through the whole tower, and only made good their escape after being severely scorched. In a very few minutes the tower was all in flames, and rose like a smelting furnace out above the building, the central part of which fell with a thundering crash at twenty minutes past two. The great City Hall bell, which was rung by machinery, was kept going by the steam engine which the watchmen had left running when they abandoned the tower. In the midst of the flames, and accompanied by their crackling and snap- ping, the deep tones of the bell-strokes pealed forth upon the air, until it also, with the central part, fell to the earth, tearing with it the iron stair-way that led up to it. The bell, which had so faithfully proclaimed the ap- proaching dangei', was bought by an Eastern firm. Her 10,- 800 pounds of metal were recast into little bells, mementoes of the fire, and sold by the thousands, in the city and all over the country. The inmates of the county jail, which was then on the ground floor of the City Hall, were, as may be easily imag- ined, in a state of no small agitation. Almost choked by the smoke, and in fear of being burned alive, they kept up a shrill clamor for help, mingled with all conceivable impreca- THE OREAT FIRE. 505 tions and exclamations of despair, and tugged with the strength of madness at the iron bars of their cells. When the building could no longer be saved the keepers opened the cells, and the liberated prisoners, most of them bare-headed and bare-footed, ran out howling like demons, into the streets. A large freight-wagon, loaded with ready-made clothing, which was passing at that moment, was halted by the released prisoners and robbed of its load, whereui)on the thieves fled to dark and distant passages in order to comi)lcte their toilets. Only those arrested for murder were held. Just as the bell had broken down, the mayor, Mr. Mason, left the City Hall in company with his son. He relates that when he ste|>ped out into the street and looked toward the south. La Salle street looked like a furnace; Washington street presented the same spectacle; and Randolph street, to the east, was likewise a great sea of fire. Hastening down La Salle st. toward Lake st., he again found everything to the east in flames, and at South Water st. the same condition. Clark St. was likewise impassible. An attempt to reach the North Side through the La Salle st. tunnel proved a failure, on account of the crushing mass of human beings. He reached the North Side at last over the Wells st. bridge. When he arrived at the place where the Criminal Court building now stands, at the corner of Michigan and Dearborn sts., Wright's stables, northeast of the State st. viaduct, were already in flames. But the Rush st. bridge was still passable, and hastening over it. they reached their home on Michigan ave. and 12th st., at half past three o'clock in the morning. The other column of fire had in the meantime worked its way in a northeasterly direction toward the lake, as far as the corner of Madison and Dearborn sts. There it stood, at about four o'clock in the morning, before the Tribune Build- ing, one of the finest and most nearly fire-proof l)uildings in the city. This had outlived the fate of its neighbors, and still stood unscathed, although surrounded on three sides by the flames. Then the hope was renewed, as it had been so many times before, that here at last the fire would find a limit. At four o'clock the Tribune BnUdlng was the only 506 THE GREAT FIRE. newspaper building that was left; McVicker's the only thea- ter, and the Palmer House the only large hotel. But the flames, advancing from the south, from the Michigan South- ern Depot, had devoured the De Haven Block, the magnifi- cent Bigeloio House, the two ni^y^sive Honore hrdldings and the Academy of Dextrin (66 Adams st.), and had already reached the Palmer House. And from here an irresistible column of fire worked its way northward, and soon attacked the McYicker Theater, which stood east of the Tribune Building and was separated from the latter by an alley. In a short time the iron shutters of the Tribune Building began to bend under the influence of the intense heat, the flames found an entrance, and in a few minutes this building, too, had fallen beneath its fate. Even at this late hour, the opinion prevailed that the fire would reach its limit on the east side of State st.; and that Wabash and Michigan avenues might be regarded as reason- ably safe. But many of the business men on these streets found it advisable to remove their more valuable wares to the open spaces of Dearborn Park and the Lake Front. Here it was believed that there was absolute safety; but this very region was to be again the meeting place of the two great columns of fire that had started in the region of the gas-works. Then, for a number of minutes, the fire held its course more to the east, and burned its way through the whole of Washington street as far as Dearborn st., reaching then the large Crosby Opera House, which had just been renovated at a great cost and was to be dedicated that night by the famous Thomas Orchestra. And soon afterwards the fire had reached the St. James Hotel, corner of State and Wash- ington streets, where the two columns of fire again met. About this time the fire column that had moved north- ward, and, passing Market, Franklin and Wells sts., had advanced to La Salle st., had devoured all the cheap buildings on its way on Jackson, Quincy and Adams sts., and had reached Madison st. The well known Nevada Hotel., a meet, ing place of artists, actors, journalists, etc., at the corner of Washington and Franklin sts., stood in flames, and turning THE GREAT FIRE, 507 jrratUially tn the northeast from tliere, the fire ran along tlie river. At tlie INIaJison st. bridge, the f^reatest anxiety was en- tertained h'st the f,Meat Oriental Flourinj? Mills, on the west shore of the river, should catch fire, and thus the conflagra- tion gain once more a footing on the West Side. Fortunately, the buildings had for hours been drenched on all sides with water by their own powerful steam pump, and in this way the danger was hapi)ily met. At four o'clock in the morning, this division of the fire had aln^ady reached the Bn'(/ur. &Sherni. .40 Kighty-fiist siroel 36 C. & E. I. Polk&Dearlx.rn • 54 Eighty-third St. . . 37 C. & E. I. " • 54 Eighty-fourth st. . II. 8 43 Ills. C. Foot of Lake •45 Eighty-seventh si. 12.2 45 Ills. C. " " .45 Ellnirn 44 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 2.40 Elgin 42.5 80 108 C. M.&St. P. C. &N. W. Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie 1.90 1.90 Elgin (East side). Eimhurst 15-8 43 C. & N. W. " .80 Elsdt)n 8.5 5.6 6.5 35 26 24 c. & c;. T. C. M.&St. p. p. S. & M. S. l'iilk& Dearhon ( 'anal & .\dams v. Pur.&Sherm • 25 2; Elsnicre *Englcwood • J •3" *Englcwood. . . . 7.2 25 }'. Ft. W.&C. Canal & Adams .30 *Engle\vood(63rd ; 6.6 27 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .4''> *Engle\vood 6.6 28 C. R. I & P. y. Bur. &Sherm. •30 *Kngle\vot)d 6.3 30 C. & E. Polk & Dearborn •40 * Kngle\vood(63rd ) 6.6 30 Wabash " •40 Ei.la 33-5 9.6 11.2 80 C. B. &Q. C. & N. P. Canal & Adams 2.02 Erwin 34 IIarrison&5.ave. !'olk& Dearliorn .40 .64 Euclid Park 42 C. & E. I. Evanston II. 8 37 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie .60 EvanstDu 12.4 40 C. M. & St. P. Canal & Adams .60 Evergreen Park. . 14-5 51 C. & G. T. Polk & Dearborn .60 Eairview P;uk . . . '5-1 45 P. C.C.&St. 1.. Canal & Adams .6.. Ecrnwood II. 7 45 C.&E. I. Polk& Dearborn .70 Eields 17.8 53 19 P. Ft. W.&. C. L. S.&M.S. Canal & Adams V. Bur.&Sherm. .60 *Eifty-first street . •25 *Eifty-first street . 5-5 20 P. Ft. W.&C, Canal & Adams •25 *Fifty-first street . 5-2 24 C. R. I. &P. V. Bur.& Sherm. .25 *Eifty-fifth street. 20 L. S. & M. S. " •25 *Fifty-fifth street. 6 21 P. Ft. W. & C. Canal & iVdams .25 *l'ifty- fifth street. 5-4 23 C.&E. I. Polk & Dearborn •34 *l'ifty-fifth street. 5-7 26 C. R. I. & P. V. Bur.& Sherm. • 25 *Kifty-fifth street. 8.9 37 c & c;. T. Polk & 1 )earborn .35 *57thst. (S. Park) 6.9 27 Ills. c. Foot of Lake .25 *Fifty-ninth street 22 E. S. & M. S. V. Bur.&Sherm. .30 SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. Station Miles Mill. Railroad Depot Round Trip *Fifty-ninth street 6.0 25 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn $ .36 *Fifty-ninth street 6.2 27 C. R. I. & P. V.Bur.&Sherm. .30 *Hfty-ninth street 9-5 38 C. & G. T. Polk & Dearborn .35 Fordham 10. 1 38 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .35 Forest Glen 10.2 30 C. M.&St. P. Canal & Adams .50 Forest Hill 12.9 41 P. C.C.&St. L. " .55 Forest Hill 9-7 42 Wal^ash Polk & Dearborn .50 Forest Home. . . . 10.5 42 C. & N. P. Harrison&5.ave. .50 Fort Sheridan . . . 24.2 68 C. &N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1.25 *Fortieth st.Junct 5-7 23 C. & N. P. Harrison & 5. ave .25 *Forty-first street 4.2 17 P. Ft. W. &C. Canal & Adams .25 *Forty-first street 4 17 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .24 *Forty- third St.. . 5 20 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .25 *Forty-third st. . . 5 16 L. S. & M. S. V.Bur.&Sherm. •25 *Forty-fourth st. . 4.3 20 C. R. I & P. >> II .25 *Forty-fifth street 6.5 28 C. &N. P. Harrison & 5 . ave .30 *Forty-seventh st 4.6 22 C. R. I. &P. V.Bur.&Sherm. •25 *Forty-seventh st 5-6 22 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .25 *Forty-eighth st . . 6.8 30 C. & N, P. Harrison &5. ave. .30 *Forty-ninthst. . . 4.8 20 . C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .28 Franklin Avenue . 9-3 33 C. & N. P. Harrison & 5. ave •40 Franklin Park. . . 15-1 51 C. &N. P. " " .65 *Fullerton Ave . . 3-5 15 C. M.&St. P. Canal & Adams •15 Galewood 8.7 41 CM. &St. P. " " .44 Gardners Park. . . 15-3 53 Ills. C. Foot of Lake. .55 Geneva 35-5 61.7 86 154 C. & N. W. C.&N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1.90 3.25 Genoa Jnnction. . Givens 12.8 18.9 23-5 44 54 74 C. R. I. & P. C. &: N. \V. C.&E. I. V.Bur.&Sherm. Wells & Kinzie Polk & Dearborn .70 Glencoe. •95 1.42 Glenwood Globe 25.1 34.2 72 100 P.C.C.&St.L. C. & E. I. Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn 1. 15 Goodenow 2.06 Graceland 5-8 22 C. M.&St. P. Canal & Adams .30 *Grand Boulevard 4-7 21 L. S.&M. S. V.Bur.&Sherm .20 Grand Crossing. . 30 L. S. & M. S. I) )i .30 Grand Crossing. . 9.6 32 P. Ft. W. & C. Canal & Adams .30 Grand Cross. (75th 9-3 36 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .30 SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. Station GrandTrunkCros Chant Park (I ray land <''eggs (Jriffith (Iriffith Grossdale *Gross Park Gurnee Hammond Hammond Hammond Junct . Hammonds Harlem Hartsdale Harvey Harvey ■ Hawthorne Hayford Hegewisch Hegewisch Hermosa Highland Park . . Highlands Highlands High Ridge Hinsdale Hohart Homewood Hulberts ♦Humboldt Hunting Avenue. *Hyde Park (53.) Ills. Central Cross. Irving Park Itaska Jefferson Park. . . 44-7 8.2 19.4 28.9 35-8 12. 1 4-3 38.6 20.4 21.8 9-5 34-2 11. 2 33 23 19.6 6.9 11.5 18.5 18.2 5-9 22.9 16.3 25.8 8.1 16.9 33-4 23-3 46.7 4.9 7.2 6.4 20.6 6.7 21.2 8.7 Mill. 52 •25 25 55 85 98 35 17 82 60 62 38 76 39 92 72 66 23 44 55 5> 32 65 45 78 28 48 9' 70 127 22 25 25 61 24 54 32 Railroad Wabash C. & E. I. C. M. & .St. P. C. B. & Q. C. & Erie C, & G. T. C. H. &Q. C. & N. W. C. M.&St. P. C. & Erie P. Ft. W. & C, C. & E. CM. &St. P. C. & N. P. P. C.C. &St. L C. & G. T. Ills. C. C. B. & Q. C. & G. T. P. Ft. W. & C. C. & E, C. M. & St. P. C. & N. VV. C. B. & Q. C. &E. C. & N. W. C. B. & Q. P. Ft. W. «&C. Ills. C. C. & E. CM. & St. P. C & N. W. Ills. C P. C.C. & St. L, C & N. W. C M. & St. P. C & N. W. Depot Polk & Dearborn M J) Canal & Adams Polk & I )earborn Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams Harrison&5.ave. Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Foot of Lake. Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Foot of Lake Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie Foot of Lake Caual & Adams Wells «& Kinzie Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie Round I'rip $ .54 2.68 •35 .87 1-55 1.55 .55 .25 1-95 .85 .85 .55 1.70 •50 1.50 .90 • 75 .31 .40 .70 .70 •30 ••15 .73 1.35 .40 .76 1.60 .90 2.45 .22 .40 .25 .90 .35 1.05 .45 SUBITRBAX RAILWAY STATIONS. Station Miles Min. Railroad Depot Round 'I'rip Jeffery Avenue . . 9-4 35 Ills. C. Foot of Lake. $ .30 Johnstone 16.4 61 Wabash Polk & Dearborn .80 Juliet 4'^- 5 152 120 44 C. R. I & P. C. & N. W. V.Bur.&Sherm. Wells & Kinzie I 00 Kenilworth • 75 Kenosha 51-4 119 C. & N. W. " " 2.9s Kensington ( 1 16,) 14.4 50 Ills. C. Foot of Lake • 50 Kensington 13-7 50 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .82 *Kenwood(47th). 5.6 22 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .25 Kirwin 9-4 39 C. & N. P. Harrison & 5. ave .45 Kouts 55-1 22.6 40.6 146 61 C. & E. C. B. & Q. C. & N. W. Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie 2.90 1.36 2.20 Lacton La Fox LaGrange(5th ave 137 39 C. R. & Q. Canal & Adams .62 La Cj range (St. ave 14.2 41 C. B. & Q. " " .64 *Lake Ave (&4ist 5-7 25 L. S. & M. S. V. Bur.i&Sherni. • 25 Laive Bluff ...... 30.1 75 C. &N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1-55 Lake Forest 28 75 C. & N. W. " 1-45 Lake Geneva .... 70.4 172 C. & N. W. " 3-75 Lakeside 17-5 51 C. &N.W. " .90 Lancaster 28. 65 C. M.&St. P. Canal & Adams 1.40 *Langley Ave. (40. 5-2 23 L. S. & M. S. V.Bur.&Sherm. •25 Lansing 28.1 9.2 80 34 P. C.C.&St. L. C. & N. W. Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie 1-35 • 50 Lathrop Ave La Vergne 9.1 29 C. B. & Q. Canal & Adams .41 Libertyville 35-3 77 C. M. & St. P. " 1.80 *Lincoln Ave. . . . 4.1 22 C. M.&St. P. " .20 Linden Park 8.3 30 C. &N. P. [Iarrison&5.ave. •35 Linden Park 6.2 22 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie .30 Lisle 24.4 60 C. B. & Q. P. Ft. W &C. 1.56 1.60 Liverpool 30.5 84 Llewellyn Park . . 14. 1 45 C. M.&St. P. " " •65 Lombard 20 50 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1. 00 Longwood 11.8 45 C. R. I. & P. V. Bur.& Sherm. .60 Me Caffrey 11 42 C. & G. T. 'oik & Dearborn .40 Mc Henry 5^.2 12S C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 2.45 *Madison Park (50 6 24 Ills. C. Foot of Lake •25 *Madison st 6.6 25 C. & N. P. I Iarrison&5.ave. •25 SUBtfilBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. Station Manhattan .... Mannheim .... Maple I'ark . . , *.\Iaplevvo(Kl . , M alley Marvin , Maynard Maynard , May wood .... Meacham .... Melrose *Michigan.\vc.(40 *Millard Avenue *.Mil\vaukee .\ve. Milwaukee .... Milwaukee .... Mokena Monience Mont Clare. . . . Montrose Montrose Moreland Moreland Morgan Avenue Morgan Park . . Mnrrell I'ark . . M()rt(jn Morton Park . . Mount (Ireen wood Mount 1 lopc ..... Mount Olivet .... Mount Prospect. . Naperville New C'hicago. . . . New Lennox .... New Lenno.x .... Ninety first st . . . Miles 39-6 14. 1 50.6 4.1 29.9 7.2 29.9 31.2 10.4 23- I II-3 4 5-4 3-9 85 f^5 29.7 50 9.6 9 7.6 5-7 7-7 132 13.8 8 '4-3 7-5 16.2 17.2 16.3 19.7 28.4 18.4 33- 1 34-1 12.7 119 57 15 94 27 84 89 35 58 39 '9 19 17 180 180 9^ 137 40 27 28 18 28 45 55 34 38 25 56 58 56 59 72 63 lOI 102 47 Railroad Wabash C. M. & St. P. C. & N. W. C. & N. W. Wabash C. &N. P. P. C.C.&St. L. C. & G. T. C. & N. W. C. M. &St.P. C. «&N. W. L. S. & M. S. C. 15. &Q. C. M.&St. P. C. M.&.St. P. C. & N. W. C. R. I & P. C. & E. i. C.M.i&St. P. C. M.&St. P. C. & N. W. C. & N. W. C. & N. P. C. R. I. & P. C. R. I. & P. C. & G. T. C. M. & St. P. C. 15. &Q. C. & G. T. C. & (i. T. C. & G. T. C. & N. W. C. 15. & Q. Ills. C. Wabash C. R. I. & P. Ills. C. Depot Round Trip Polk & Dearborn $2.14 Canal & Adams .70 Wells & Kinzie 2.80 " " .20 Polk & Dearborn 1. 51 Harrison&5. ave. ..30 Canal & Adams 1.35 Polk& Dearborn 1-35 Wells «& Kinzie .55 Canal & Adams I.I5 Wells & Kinzie .60 \^ l}ur.& Sherm. .20 Canal &, Adams .24 " " .20 " " 4.50 Wells & Kinzie 4.50 V. liur.tfc Sherm. 1. 00 Polk & Dearborn 3.00 Canal & Adams • 50 " " .40 Wells & Kinzie .40 " " .30 Harrison&5.ave. ..30 V.P.ur.& Sherm. • 75 " " • 75 Polk & Dcarliorn • 25 Canal &, .Vdams .70 " " .34 Polk & Dearborn .60 " .60 " .to Wells & Kinzie 1. 00 Canal & Adams 1.70 Foot of Lake .70 Polk & Dearborn 1.78 V.Bur.& Sherm. 1. 00 Foot of Lake •45 10 SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. Station Miles Min. Railroad Depot iound Trip Ninety-tifth street 10.9 40 C. R. I. & P. V.Bur.&Sherm. $ .60 Ninety-ninth st. . II. I 42 C. R. I. & P. " " .60 Normal Park .... 7-3 32 C.R.I&P. )) 11 35 Normal Park .... 7-3 30 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .44 North Aurora. . . . 41.6 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 2.10 North Evanston. . 131 40 C.&N.W. " .65 Norwood II. I 37 C.&N. W. " •55 Noyesst 13- 1 41 C. M. & St. P. Canal & Adams .65 Oakdale 10.2 40 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .62 Oak Glen 28 83 C. & G. T. " 1.25 Oak Glen (Barr) . 17 4 47 C. M. (feSt.P. Canal & Adams .90 *Oakland(39lhst) 4-4 18 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .25 Oaklawn 14-5 58 Wabash Polk & Dearborn .68 *Oakley Ave 6.6 31 C. & G. T. " " • 15 Oak Park 8.6 30 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie .45 Oak Park 10.6 37 C. &N. P. Harrison&5.ave. .45 *Oak Woods .... 8.9 35 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .30 One Hundredth si 14.1 45 P. Ft. W.&C. Canal & Adams .50 One Hundredth st 41 L. S. & M. S. V.Bur.&Sherm. .50 I04lh street 12.9 45 Ills. C. Foot of Lake. .50 Iiith street 12.7 48 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .76 1 1 2th street 15-3 45 C. &E. " " .70 Ii6lh street 14.4 50 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .50 123rd street 15-3 53 • Ills. C, " " • 55 Ontarioville 28.5 66 C.M.&St. P. Canal & Adams 1.45 Orison 10.7 23.2 6.1 50 79 30 C. M. &St. P. Wabash C. M.&St.P. Polk & Dearborn Canal & Adams • 55 Orland 1. 15 Pacific Junction. . .25 Palatine 26.1 74 C. &N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1-35 Palmer 42.9 117 C. &E. Polk & Dearborn 2.25 Park Manor 8.2 26 L. S. & M. S. V.Bur.&Sherm. .30 Park Manor 8.3 28 P. Ft.W. «&C. Canal & Adams .30 Park Ridge 13.1 43 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie .65 Park Side 8.9 34 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .30 Pennock 6.4 21 C.M.&St. P. Canal & Adams .3c *Prairie Ave(40tli 4-3 20 L. S. & M. S. V.Bur.&Sherm .20 Prospect Park . . 22.5 56 C. &N.W. Wells & Kinzie 1^15 SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 11 Station I'ullmaii (II ith St riilliiiaii Jmictiiiii ruriugton. . . Racine Racine ivaiuiey. . . . Raveiiswood Ravinia Kayiiiond si. Kc.lesdalc. . . Riclimoiul . . Ri.li,H-rRia . . Ki.lgclaiul . . RingwoDil . . . KivLitlale . . . Riveiilale( 135th st River Forest . River Forest . River Park. . . Riverside .... Rogers Park. . Rogers Park. . Roiiiloul Rose Hill R..selle Russell Salt Creek . . . .Schererville . . Sedley 71st St. (So. .Shore Seventy-second st 75tli St. (Windsor P *Seventy fifth st .Se\enly-ninth st . Shefiieid Shernierville . . Shooting Park . Miles Min. «3.9 47 12-3 40 I4.S 58 O1.7 •39 69.2 155 51.6 109 5.« 22 21.3 59 14-3 56 39-^ 109 00 4 149 45-7 118 7-7 28 54 137 20.8 62 17 60 u.y 43 9.8 36 12.3 55 II. I 33 9 29 9.! 30 323 72 7.0 20 24-5 60 47 100 19.2 66 34.7 95 50 135 9.9 37 31 10.5 39 8.3 34 1 1.2 41 16. 1 50 20.9 53 1S.3 54 Railroad Ills. C. C. & E, C. R. I. 8c P. C. & N. W. C. M. & St. P. C.M. &Si. P. C. & N. \V. C, & N. W. C. R. I. & P. C. & G. T. C. & N. W. C. & N. \V. C. & N. W. C. & N. W. P.C.C.t&St.L Ills. C. C. & N. P. C. & N. W, C. M.*&St. P. C. B. & Q. C. M.&St. P. C. &N. W. C. M.&St. P. C. & N. W. C.M. & St. P. C. M. & St. P. C. M. & St. P, P. C.C.&St. L. C, &(;. T. Ills. C. C. & E. I. Ills. C. C. R. I & v. Ills. C. P. Ft. W. & C. C. M. & St. P. P.C.C.&St. L. Depot Foot of Lake Polk & Dearborn V. Hur.& Sherm. Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie V. Bur. & Sherm Polk & 1 )earborn Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Foot of hake Harrison&5. ave. Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Wells & Kinzie Canal & Adams Polk & Dearborn Foot of Lake Polk & Dearborn Foot of Lake V. l>ur.& Sherm. Fool of Lake. Canal & Adams Round Trip $ .53 .65 80 3-55 3-55 3.10 .30 1. 10 .80 1.60 3.10 2.50 .40 2.70 .90 .65 •50 •50 .65 .50 •45 .45 1.65 .40 1.25 2.35 •95 '•65 1.80 •30 .46 .35 •45 .35 .60 1.05 .70 13 SUBURBAN RAtLWAY STATIONS. Station Miles Mill. Railroad Depot Round Trip *Sixtieth st 7.3 29 Ills. C. Foot of Lake $ .25 *Sixty first st 6.8 24 P. Ft. W. & C. Canal & Adams .3^ *Sixty-thiid st. . . 6.6 30 Wabash E'olk & Dearborn .40 *63id (Woodlawn 7-7 30 Ills. C. Foot of Lake. •25 *Sixty-thinl st. . . 6.6 27 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn .40 *Sixty-fifth St. . . . 6.9 30 C. R. I & P. V. Bur.&Sherm. •35 *Sixty-seventh st. IO-5 41 C. &G. T. Polk & Dearborn .40 *Sixty-seventli st. 8. 2 32 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .30 Sollitt 41. 1 117 39 C. &E I. L. S. & M. S. Polk & Dearborn V. Bur.&Sherm. 2.46 South Chicago. . . .45 South Chicago. . . 12.7 40 P. Ft. W.&C. Canal & Adams .45 South Chicago(9i. 12.7 47 Ills. C. Foot of Lake •45 SouthEnglewood . 98 38 C. R. I. & P. V. Bur.&Sherm. • 55 So. Englw. Junct. 9.9 39 C. R. I. & P. " " .60 South Evanston. . 11.4 35 C. M. & St. P. Canal & Adams •55 South Evanston. . 10.8 34 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie • 55 South Holland . . . 19-5 64 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn 1. 18 South Lynne .... II. 2 34 P. C.C.&St. L. Canal & Adams • 55 South Oak rark.. 9-9 40 C. &N. P. IIarrison&5.ave. •45 *South Park (57th 6.9 27 Ills. C. Foot of Lake • 25 South Ridgeland. 8.9 37 C. &N. P. Harrison & 5. avc •40 South Shore (71st) 9.9 37 Ills. C. Foot of Lake •30 Spaulding 21.3 68 C. & G. T. Polk & 1 )earboni .90 Spaulding 32.8 74 CM. &St. P. Canal & Adams ^65 Spring Bhifif. . . . 45 107 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 2.45 St. Charles, Ills.. 38 100 C. &N.W. " " 1.90 St. Maria 13 47 C. & G. T. Polk & Dearborn • 55 *State St. (40th st) 3.8 18 L. S. & M. S. V.Bur.& Sherm. .20 Steele 33-6 6.6 103 24 Wabash C.&N. W. Polk & Dearborn Wells & Kinzie 1.82 Summerdale .35 Sycamore 60. C. & N. W. " 3 15 Symerton 47 134 Wabash Polk & Dearborn 2.54 Terra Cotta 45-7 121 C. & N. W, Wells & Kinzie 2.45 Thatchers Park . . 12.3 45 C. & N. P. Harrison&5.avc. .60 *Thirty-fifthst.. . 16 Ills. C. Foot of Lake .25 *Thirty-ninth st . 3-6 17 C. R. I. & P. V. Bur. & Sherm. • 15 *39th St. (Oakland 4.4 18 Ills. C. Foot of lake • 25 SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. 13 Station Miles Mill. Railroad Depot Round Trip *Thiity-ninthst. . 15 L. S. & M. S. V. Bur.& Sherm. $ .15 Thornton 21.8 70 C. & E. I. Polk & Dearborn 1.30 Thornton Juncl.. 20.1 65 C. & E. I. " 1.20 Thornton Juncl. . 25 78 C. &G. T. " " 1.05 Tt)lleslon 26.2 76 P. Ft. W. & C. Canal & Adams 1-45 Tracy Ave '5-5 54 C. & G. T. Polk & Dearborn .60 Tracy Ave 12.8 50 C. R. I & P. V. Bur.& Sherm. .70 Turner Park II. 5 52 C. M. & St. P. Canal & Adams .60 Turner 30 76 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1-55 *Union StockY'ds 5-2 18 1'. Ft. W.&C. Canal & Adams • 25 *Union StockY'ds 5-2 30 L. S. & M. S. V. Bur.& Sherm. .25 Valparaiso 43-9 no P. Ft. W&C. Canal & Adams 2.35 \'alparaiso 55-5 145 C. & G. T. Polk & Dearborn 2.35 *Vincennes Av(40 5 22 I.. S.&M.S. VJSur. & Sherm. •25 Wadsworth 42.9 90 C. .M.&St.P. Canal & Adams 2.15 W'alden 12.3 10.7 47 44 C. R. I. & P. C. & N. P. V. Bur. & Sherm. Harrison&5. ave. .60 W'aldhcim Comet. •50 W'avrcnton 36.8 79 C. .M.&Si. P. Canal & Adams 1.85 Washington Hyts 12 43 C. R. I. & P. V. Bur. & Sherm. .60 Washington Ilgts 16.2 49 P. C. C. & St. L. Canal & Adams .60 Waukcgan 35-6 78 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 1.90 Waukeslia 104.5 254 C.&N. W. " 5.00 Wayne 35-3 15-3 85 C. & N. W. M it 1.85 .69 Western Springs. 43 C. B. & Q. Canal & Adams *West 40lhst. . . . 4.7 16 C. & N. \\. Wells & Kinzie •25 West Hinsdale. . . 17.8 50 C. 15. & Q. Canal & Adams .80 West looth St. . . . 14 45 P. Ft. W. & C. " •50 W. U. Junction . . 61.8 130 C. M. &St. P. " 3-55 Wheaton 24.9 67 C. &N.W. Wells & Kinzie 1.25 Wheeler 37.1 98 P. Ft. W.&C. Canal & Adams 1.85 Whitings 16 50 56 I.. S. & M. S. Ills. C. V. Bur. & Sherm. Foot of Lake .60 WildV.'ood (128th .60 Wiilard 13-7 76.4 42 P. Ft. W.&C. Canal & Adams •5° Williams Bay. . . . 187 C. & N. W. Wells & Kinzie 4.00 Wilmclte H 42 C. & N. W. " " .70 Windsor Park (75. 10.5 39 Ills. C. Foot of Lake •35 Winf.eld 40.4 III C, & E. Polk & Dearborn a..5 14 SUBURBAN RAILWAY STATIONS. Station Winfield Winnetka *Woodlavvn T'aik Woodstock .... Worth Miles Mill. 27. 5 68 16.5 48 7-7 30 51-3 131 17-5 70 Railroad C. & N. W. C. & N. W. Ills. C. C. & N. W. Wabash Depot Wells & Kinzie P^oot of Lake Wells & Kinzie Polk & Dearborn Round Trip M.40 .85 .25 2.85 .85 ♦o«<^^^3:-t 15 POSTAGE RATES. THE CLASSES OF MAIL MATTER. Domeslic mail inaUcr is divided into four cla^sses, as follows: First Class — Letters, postal cards, and matter wholly or partly in writing, whether sealed or unsealed (except manuscript copy ac- companying proof sheets or correctetl proof-sheets of the same), and all matter sealed or otherwise closed against iiispcctiarkage must not exceed four pounds in weight, unless it be a single book. PAYMENT OF POSTAGE. On first-class matter the postage should be fully prepaid, but if two cents in stamps be affixed, the matter will be forwarded and re- mainder due collected of addressee before delivery. On Se(^oni), Third and Fourth Class Matter— The postage must be fully prepaid. 16 POSTAGE RATES. WHAT MAY BE WRITTEN OR PRINTED ON MAIL MATTER. Second Class — Name and address of persons to whom the matter is to be sent; index-figures of subscription book printed or written; ])rinted title of jDublication, printed or written name or ad- dress, witliout advertisement of publisher or sender; written or print- ed words or figures, oi both, indicating date on which subscription ends; correction of typographical errors, a mark except by written or printed words to designate a word or passage to which it is desired to call attention; the words "sample copy" ; publisher's or news agents' bills, receipts, and orders for subscription, but the same shall con- vey no other information than the name, place of publication, sub- scription price, and amount of subscription due. The number of copies enclosed may be indicated on wrapper or face of package. Third Class — Sender's name and address, with the word "from"; marks other than by written or printed words to call attention to word or passage; correction of typographical errors; on the blank leaves or cover of any book may be placed a simple manuscript dedication or inscription not like a personal correspondence; upon the address side of wrapper, envelope, tag or label must be left space sufficient for legible address and necessary stamps. Fourth Class — With matter of this kind may be enclosed any mailable third-class matter. On wrapper, cover, tag or label may be written name and address of sender with word "from"; marks, num- bers, names or letters for purposes of description, or same may be printed; any printed matter not in nature of a personal correspond- ence. On address side must be left space sufficient for legible address and necessary stamps. THE REGISTRY SYSTEM. All mail matter, including drop letters, may be registered; but not matter addressed to fictitious names, initials, or box numbers, or bearing vague and indefinite addresses. The registry fee is ten cents in addition to postage. It must be prepaid by stamps affixed. THE POSTAL MONEY ORDER SYSTEM. The following are the fees for domestic money-orders: For orders not exceeding $5 5c. For orders exceeding $5 and not exceeding $10 .... 8c, For orders exceeding $10 and not exceeding $15 loc. For orders exceeding$i5 and not exceeding $30 15c. For orders exceeding $30 and not exceeding $40 20c. For orders exceeding $40 and not exceeding $50 25c. For orders exceeding $50 and not exceeding $60 30c. For orders exceeding $60 and not exceeding $70 35c. For orders exceeding $70 and not exceeding $80 40c. For orders exceeding $80 and not exceeding f 100 45c. The fee for a postal note is 3 cents. A postal note may be drawn for any amount from one cent to four dollars and ninety-nine cents. FOREIGN POSTAGE. UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION RATES. Letters, per 15 grams or J.^ uunce prepayment optional, except to places marked * to which full payment is compulsory at rates given herewith 5 cts. Postal cards, each 2 " Newspapers and other printed matter, per 2 ounces 1 " ,~ . , t First ten ounces or fraction thereof 5 " Commercial papers, j ^^.^^^ additional 2 ounces . •' Samples of Merchandise. \ l"^^ four ounces 2 '■ •^ j Every additional two ounces 1 Registration fee on letters or other articles 10 " All correspondence other than letters must be prepaid, at least partially. International Money Orders. The rates will l)e as follcnvs (with the exception of r)ciimark, I^uxemburg, the Netherlands and Norway, when a small extra fee will be charged to pay the Ger- man Post, through which the orders are sent): For sums not exceeding Sio.oo ■ . 10 cts. ( )ver Sio.oo and not exceeding 20.00 20 " " 20.00 " " 30.00 ■. 30 " " 30.00 " " 40.00 40 " " 40.00 ■' " 50.00 50 " Countries comprised in the Universal Postal Union. Argentine Republic. Austria- Hungary. Hahamas. Uarbadoes. Pelgium. Bermudas. Bolivia. Brazil. British Colonies on West Coast of .Africa. British Colonies in West Indies. British Guiana. British Honduras. British India. Bulgaria. Ceylon. Chili. Columbia, U. S. of. Costa Rica. Congo, State of. Denmark. Dominica. Ecuador. Egypt- France, including Algeria, Monaco, Tunis, Tangier, Cambodia, Tonquin. French Colonies — I. In Asia: French estab- lishments in India and Cochin China. 2. In Akkica: Senegal and de- pendencies. Reunion. Madagascar. 3. In .Amer- ica: French Guiana, Gu- adeloupe, M.irtinique.St. Bartholomew, St. Pierre. French Colonies — 4. In Oceanica: New Caledonia, Tahiti, Mar- quesas Islands, Gambler. Germany. Great Britain and Ireland. Gibraltar and Cyprus. (ireece. Greenland. Guatemala. Hayti. Hawaii and Samoa. Honduras. Hong Kong. Italy. Iceland. [amaica. Japan and Jinsen (Corea). Liberia. Luxemburg. Montenegro. Netherlands. Netherland Colonies — I. In Asia. Borneo, Su- matm, J.iva. Celebes. 2 In Oceanica: New-Gui nea. 3. In America Surinam, Curacoa, St Eustatiiis. Newfoundland. Nicaragua. N orway. Nubia, Soudan. Paraguay. Patagonia, Eastern part. Portuguese Colonies — I. In .'Vsl.^. 2. In .ArKicA CapeVerde, Mozambique 17 Persia. Peru. Portugal, including Madei- ra and the Azores. Roumania. Russia, including Finland. Salvador. San Marino. Servia. Siam. Spain, including the Ca- ■ nary Islands, the Spanish possessions on the north coast of Africa, the Re- public of Andorra, and the postal establishments of Spain on the west coast of Morocco. Spanish Colonies — I. In Africa: Fernando Po. 2. In America: Cuba and Porto Rico. 3. In Oceanica: Ladrone and the Caroline Islands. 4. In Asia: the Philippine Archipelago. Straits Settlements (Singa- fiore, Penang, and Ma- acca. ) St. Thomas and St. Croix, W. I. Sweden. Switzerland. Trinidad, W. I. Turkey, European and Asiatic. Uruguay. Venezuela, COUNTRIES OR PLACES NOT EMBRACED IN THE UNIVERSA L POST AL UNION. Prepayment is compulsory, exceptto places marked* to which payment is optional. tThe limit of payment is at port of debarkation, for all other places, to destination, t Samples are not accepted for these destinations. § Registration is allowed on letters and other articles. Fee, lo cents. II Registration is allowed only on letters. Fee, lo cents. International Money Orders are issued only to countries or places marked H Postal cards can not be sent from tha United States to any of the following places except Canada and Mexico. COUNTRIES — OR — PLACES OF DESTINATION. Africa (West Coast), except Egypt, Liberia, and British, French, Spanish and Portuguese Colonies, by British mail t Ascension, Island South Atlantic, British mail . . . Australia, except New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria- via San Francisco till Australia, all parts of, by British mail, via Brindisi || Basutoland, see Cape Colony. British Columbia. See Canada. Caffraria. See Cape Colony. Canada (Limit of letter weight: 30 grams or i oz. Postal cards and all printed matter at domestic rates §1 Cape Colony, South Africa, British mail §1! Chatham Islands, Oceanica, via San Francisco. See New Zealand. China, British mail, via Brindisi *i Fiji Islands, via San Francisco and Sidney tt Griqualand. See Cape Colony. Madagascar, except St. Mary's and Tamatave, Brit- ish mail t Mexico, North America (United States domestic rates, at least one rate of postage (2 cts. ) must be prepaid) * Morocco, except Spanish possessions on West Coastt Natal South Africa, by British mail § Navassa, West Indies, direct mail tt Navigator' s Islands, Pacific tt New Brunswick. See Canada. New Sjouth Wales, direct mail H New Zealand, direct mail IIH New Zealand, British mail, via Brindisi HIT Norfolk Island, Pacific, viaS. Francisco. See N.Zeal Nova Scotia. See Canada. Orange Free State. See Cape Colony. Pekin (China), Russian mail, via Germany .... Pitcairn Island, Pacific, via San Francisco tt Prince Edward Island. See Canada. Queensland, direct mail H St. Helena, South Atlantic, British mail " Samoan Islands. See Navigator's Islands. Shangai, direct via San Francisco Tasmania 1[ Transvaal, South Africa, British mail Vancouver' sislands. See Canada. Van Dieman's Land. See Tasmania. Victoria. British mail via Brindisi H bo 3 o IT) U.S. 15 U.S. 15 15 5 5 News papers. 'Si Oz. Cts. 18 . no 2 y » 1 =r£;i •^ S3 -i 5» P O M ^* - n w O2.0 p p P p 3 n p p 3 On ft ° . :r 3 ■B-5: o P 19 B pa bd ►c3 O Ul O VI Ul 000000 O Ui I nnooonnnonoo tntnuiLnuitnoicncnt oortonoonn Ul O 0u>U>tnUl(/ll/iUlOIUlUlOiUil c c o c o o . 4h .^ 4.- .^ 4» .^- ' ) o n o n o o 0000000 ) 4.. .^ .^ 4^ .p. U) (>J I ui UT Ln O O O O ) o o o o o n n . 4.. .fc. 4*- 4. O 00000 oonnoonoof UiLnOOOWiOiUtOOO 00000000000 0000000 \ OS C» O^ On 0\<-n 0% O^ux 0^t^ -t^ -**■ O^t/i On-^ *. OJ U) O0O0O<^0Ocn00Ui00O0Uii/»0C oooonnnoonnoonoooono GO 00 00-^3 00^ «s| I *^ -^ o o\ (y\ os c\t/i t 000000 00 o 00000000000000 0000000 VO >0 ^C 00 00 00V3 >^oooo>u>ouioo nooooorinonnon ^ Ovtji p ^ OvOOOl n n p p 01 *. w o 13' o From all Telegraph Offices in Chicago, Illinois, to principal Foreign Countries. The rates given below are by the cheapest and best routes. Ten letters constitute a word. If a word contains more than ten letters it will be charged for as two words. The address, signature and date are all charged for. Messages will be repeated for customers at one-half the rates given below. Africa $2.21 to Algeria Arabia Argentine Republic. Australia 2.64 to Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil 1,69 to Burmah— Upp^r . . . Cape Verde Islands. Ceylon Channel Islands. . . . Chili China 2.05 to Cochin China Costa Rica Denmark Ecuador Egypt 64 to England France , _ Germany Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Holland Honduras Hungary India Ireland Italy Japan Java Luxemburg Montenegro New Zealand Nicaragua 97 to Norway Persia .70 to jrd. 49 ■39 1.23 2.33 2.74 .42 •37 2.60 2-59 1-43 1.02 1-43 ■31 2.76 2.45 1.70 1.02 .41 1.74 ■74 •31 -31 -31 -49 .46 •77 •39 •77 .42 '■37 •31 .40 2.62 1.98 ■37 •43 2.88 1.02 .41 1.23 30 per word. Peru $1.72 to $2.66 Portugal. Roumania Russia, in Europe. . in Caucasus. in Asia 74 to San Salvador 72 to Sardinia .Scotland Servia Siam Sicily Singapore Spain 45 to Sweden Switzerland Tripoli 59 to Turkey, in Europe . in Asia- Sea- ports Tunisia Uruguay V. S. of Columliia. . .97 to Venezuela Wales West Indies — Barbadoes Cuba-Havana.. . . " Cienfuegos . . " Sant. deCuba Dominica Gaudaloupe Grenada Jamaica-Kingston Martinique PortoRico-S. Juan St. Thomas St. Vincent Trinidad 2.73 to •45 •43 •49 •56 .96 •77 .40 •31 -43 1.49 .40 1.88 •47 •45 •37 .62 •45 •55 .39 2.00 1. 14 2.15 .31 2.63 .40 .60 .90 1.90 2.28 2.83 1. 14 2.39 1.87 1.96 2.52 2.75 CHICAGO SUBURBAN WAGON EXPRESS LINES. All places given below are served daily except Sundays by responsible ivagon express lines, whose Chicago receiving offices are stated herewith: Brink's Extkess: 88 Washington St.; Chicago and Oak Park Express: 13 La Salle St.; Grand Crossing Kxi'ress; 88 Washington st.; Hargkave's Ex- press: 88 Washington St.; Hasting's R. R. Express: 54 Randolph St.; Irving Park Express: 159 Lake st. ; Jenning's Express: 246 Lake st. ; Johnson's South Side Express: 65 Washington st. and 146 Pacific ave.; Lucas Express: 44 State St.; Merchants Parcel Delivery Co.: 140 Pacific ave.; Milbrath's Express: ioi South Water st.; Morgan Park express: 65 Washington St.; Page's Express: 65 Washington SL; Reliable Express: 128 South Water st.; Riverside Express: 88 Washington St.: Runo's Express: 40 Franklin street; Stakiord's Express: 88 Washington St.; Suburban Express: 65 Washington st; Townsend's Express: 185 South Water sL; Wall's ExPKESS; 88 Washington St Ai.TENHKiM — Oak Park, Wall's. Ari;vi.k P.\kk — Brink's, Suburban, Merchants, Lucas. Austin — Oak Park, Walls, Suburban. AuHUKN P.\RK — lirink's, Johnson's. AvoNDALE —Merchants, Pr.ge's. Bui(;iiTON Park Merchants. PROOKDALE — Milbrath's, pRooKi.iNE — Milbrath's, Stafford's. Cai.vvky' — Har^irave's, Merchants. Rubo's. Central Park —Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. (^HEi.TK.NHAM PEACii —Milbrath's, Hasting's, Staflord's. Ci-YDE — Riverside. CoLEiiouR — Milbrath's, Hasting's. Constance — Milbrath's. Conway Park — Wall's. Cum MINGS — Milbrath's, Hasting's. CuYi.ER — Brink's, Merchants, Deering — Brink's, Merchants. DoiTGi.AS Park — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. Dunning — Suburban. EuGEWATER — P>rink's, Merchants, Suburban. Englewood — Ihink's, Wall's, Johnson's. EvanstoN — Rubo's, Jenning's, Hargrave's,Merchants,Suburban, KoREsr Home — Oak I'ark, \\ all's. Crani) Crossing— Stafford's, Suburban. (jRAVi.AND — Irving Park, Suburban. CiRossi Park — Brink's, Merchauls. Hari.em — Oak Park. Hawthorne — Riversule. High Ridge — Brink's, Rubo's, HiMHoi.iiT Park — Brink's, Merchants. HvuE Park — Brink's, Milbrath's, Johnson's. Irwin — Oak Park, Wall's. Irving Park — Irving Park, Suburl ..^ . ...^ . ,..v,^ i. ■ ...J, ., Jefferson Park — Irving I'ark, Suburban. Kensington — Milbrath's, Hasting's. Kenwood — Brink's, Milbrath's. Lake View— Brink's, Merchants, Suburban, 21 22 CHICAGO SUBURBAN WAGON EXPRESS LINES. Lawndale — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. LiNUKN Park — Wall's, Suburban. LoNGVVoou — Morgan Park. Madison Park — Brink's, Milbrath's. Maplewood — Page's. Maywood — Wall's. Millard Ave. — Brink's, Merchants. Montrose — Irving Park, Suburban. MoRELAND — Oak Park, Wall's, Suburban. Morgan Park — Morgan Park. MoRTdN Park — Riverside. N'oRM'AL Park — -Brink's. I^ORVVOOD — Suburban. Oakland — Brink's, Milbrath's. Oak Park— Oak Park, Wall's, Suburban. Oakwoods — Brink's, Mill)rath's. Park Manor — Milbrath's, Brink's, Stafford's, Suburban. Parkside — Brink's, Milbrath's. Pullman — Hasting's, Reliable, Ravenswood — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. Ridgeland — Oak Park, Townsend's, Suburlmn. Riverside — Riverside. Rogers Park — Brink's, Jenning's, Suburban. RosEHiLL — Brink's, Merchants. ROSELAND — Hasting's, Reliable. South Chjcago — Hastings. South Englewood — Brink's. South Evanston — Rubo's, Hargrave, Jenning's, Merchants, South Park — Brink's, Milbraths. South Ridgeland — Wall's. South Shore — Milbrath's, Grand Crossing. Stock Yards — Brink's, Merchants, Suburban. Stony Island — Milbrath's. SuMMERDALE — Brink's, Rubo's, Jenning's. Tracy — Morgan Park. Washington Heights — Stafford's. Windsor Park — Milbrath's, Hasting's. WooDLAWN — Brink's, Milbrath's, Suburban. For railroads on which the above mentioned places are located see "Suburban Stations," LAKE PORTS. 23 Lahe Ports. And name of line or lines running to each of the following cities during the season of navigation with dis- tances and fares (including meals and berths) from and to Chicago, for the season of 1891: also a list of all regu- lar lines that are running. FARE FROM CHICAGO. C/3 « " Buffalo, N. Y. Ahnapee, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line Arcadia, Mich. — Goodrich's Ludington & Manistee Line Ashland, Wis. — Lake Mich, it Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . . Bayfield Wis. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co Benton Harbor, Mich. — Graham & Morton Transp. Co. . Brockville, Canada — Merchants Line ' Western Transit Co. (Freight only) .Anchor Line. (Freight only) Union Steamboat Co. (Freight only) . . . ^ Merchants Line. — Via Port Colborn Carlton, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line /.. , • »«• u ( Northern Michigan Line Charlevoix, Mich. •(<. _>i- I Seymour s Line Cheboygan, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line ,., I J ,,•• j Union Steamboat Co. (Freight only.). Cleveland, Ohio .J ». u . i ■ I Merchants Line Cross Village, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line Cornwall, Canada. — Merchants Line De Tour, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . Detroit Mlrh J Western Transit Co. (Freight only.). . uetroit. Mich, -j y^^j^^ Steamboat Co. (Freight only.). . Douglas, Mich. — Peter O'Connor's Liner Duluth, Minn. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . Duncan City, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line Eagle Harbor, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co. Egg Harbor, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line Elk Rapids, Mich. \ Northern Michigan Line •^ I Seymours Line Ellison Bay, Wis. — Goodrich Line Erie, Pennsylvania. — Anchor Line. (Freightouly.) Ephraim, Wis. — Goodrich Menominee Line Elscanaba, Mich. — Goodrich Line Fayette, Mich. — Goodrich Line Fish Creek, Wis. — Goodrich Line i Goodrich Line. (Via Milwaukee.) .. Northern Michigan Line Seymour's Line oodrich Line Gladstone, Mich. — Goodrich Line Glen Haven, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line Grand Haven, Mich. — Goodrich Line Green Bay, Wis. — Goodrich Line Hancock, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co.. Harbor Springs, Mich. .! Northern Michigan Line •^ " • ) Seymour s Line Holland, Mich. — Peter O'Connor's Line Houghton, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. Kewaunee, Wis. — Goodrich Line Kingston, Canada. — Merchants Line Lachine, Canada. — Merchants Line Lake Linden, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co. . L'Anse, Mich. — Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . Leland, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line ( A- .,.„ xf u S Seymour's Line Ludington, Mich, -i r^ -^ j ■ l .. • . t • " j Goodrich Manistee Line Mackinac or ) w : u ) Northern Michigan Line Mackinaw, ) ' ' | Lake Mich. &Lake Sup. Tr. Co.. 240 939 959 63 5.00 5.00 23.00 23.00 1. 00 18.00 10.00 42.00 42.00 2.00 34.00 200 370 346 374 850 390 700 13.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 11.00 7.00 21.50 9.00 25.00 10.00 13.00 13.00 15.00 20.00 13.00 36.00 17.00 90 1039 376 794 365 375 316 337 920 351 302 444 358 239 211 427 392 240 354 365 107 680 '57 184 374 350 1,50 24.00 8.00 19.00 6.00 6.50 6.50 6.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 8.00 7.50 5-50 3.00 6.00 17.00 7.00 7.00 2.00 17.00 5.00 17.00 22.00 17.00 17.00 6.00 4.00 4-5° 8.00 8.00 2.50 43.00 15.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12. 00 13.00 14.00 12.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 14.00 13.00 10.00 5.00 12.00 30.00 13.00 13.00 4.00 30 00 10.00 32.00 38.00 30.00 30.00 11.00 7.50 8.50 15.00 15.00 4.00 S.oo 8.00 .50 9.00 6.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5-50 4.00 10.75 4- 50 4.00 4.00 3- 50 4.00 4.00 5.00 5-50 4.00 4.00 2.7s 3.00 5-50 5-50 3.00 2.50 4.00 7.00 4.00 4.00 1. 00 7.00 4.00 8.50 n.oo 7.00 7.00 3.00 2.25 4.00 4.00 4.00 24 LAKE PORTS. Lake Ports. And name of line or lines running to each of the following cities during the season of navigation with dis- tances and fares (including meals and berths) from and to Chicago, for the season of 1891: also a list of all regu- lar lines that are running. -,. , ( Goodrich Line. (Via Milwaukee.). . . Manistee, Mich. J g^y^^^.-^Lin^. Manistique, Mich. — Goodrich Line ,. . ,,,. I Goodrich West Shore Line. Manitowoc, Wis. j Northern Michigan Line Marinette, Wis. — Goodrich Menominee Line Marquette, Mich.— Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. Menekaune, Wis. — Goodrich Line Menominee, Mich. — Goodrich Line f Goodrich's West Shore Line Western Transit Co. (Freight only.) . . . Milwaukee, ) Anchor Line. (Freight only.) Wis. ] Union Steamboat Co. (Freight only.) Northern Michigan Line •• . . . (^ Lake Mich & Lake Sup. Transp. Co Montague, Mich. — Peter O'Connor's Line Montreal, Canada. — Merchant's Line Muskegon, Mich. — Goodrich's Line Nahma, Mich. — Goodrich's Line •vT .1, ^ AT- u ( Northern Michigan Line Northport, Mich, j Seymour's Line Norwood, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line Old Mission, Mich.— Northern Michigan Line Ogdensburg, N. Y.— Central Vermont Line „^ , »»• u ( Northern Michigan Line Petosky. Mich. \ Seymour's Line Pierport, Mich.— Goodrich's, Ludington &ManisteeLine Port Colborne, Ont. — Merchants Line Port Huron. Mich.— Western Trans. Co. (Freight only.) Prescott, Canada. — Merchants Line Racine, Wis. — Goodrich's West Shore Line Sarnia, Canada. — Merchants Line Saugatuck, Mich.— Peter O'Connor's Line Sault Ste Marie, Mich.— Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co Sheboygan, Wis.— Goodrich's West Shore Line Sister Bay, Wis. — Goodrich's Line St. Catharines, Canada.— Merchants Line St. Helena, Mich. — Northern Michigan Line FARE FROM CHICA(;0. „, , ,,. , (Northern Michigan Line St. Ignace, Mich, -j Lake Mich & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. St. Jam'es, Mich.— Northern Michigan Line St. Joseph, Mich.— Graham & Morton Transp. Co o n »»• u I Northern Michigan Line Buttons Bay, Mich, .j Seymour's Grand Traverse Line. South Haven Mich.— Peter O'Connor's Line Sturgeon Bay, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line Thompson, Mich. — Goodrich's Line Torch Lake, Mich.— Northein Michigan Line Toronto, Canada. Merchants Line rr, /-^-^ 1M- V ( Northern Michigan Line Traverse City, Mich, j Seymour's Line Two Creeks, Wis. — Goodrich's Menominee Line Washburn, Wis.— Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Transp. Co. . . Washington Harbor, Wis.— Goodrich'sMenominee Line Whitehall, Mich.— Peter O'Connor's Line White Fish Point.Mich.- Lake Mich. & Lake Sup. Tr. Co Windsor, Canada.— Merchants Line 325 252 90 127 434 325 335 370 332 362 220 650 1313 60 650 90 450 140 345 700 461 47' 320 60 75 227 5°4 338 350 291 187 944 385 140 OCEAN STEAMSHIP TICKET RATES. 5?;2:z2::22:2:2:2:2;z2;2;2: oooooooooooooo ; :3 33333 = 333 = 33 = Biioul I =^='M w = = " Z^5!23:K~55K50XCO ? ? ? 3 =::-£ g SEEE ■<---^;^ MW33333H ooog-^.^ppoogo 'r^rr-'^ ^ 3 3 n n n n » S) a = cc^'^'^w » J! w ^re'^0 3::-pP— ►'"-1 — ii^r n — P-t, rh-'r-^ 3 ^ rt 3 = ►rat: 5.3- 3-5 ■ t-r P W -t 3 S f« ::• rt _,aq o 3 P J »_3 ^'^^■^^ n [R „ S- o ft 3- ft S5-2S^ 25 P ID e+ (D IK Id (4 2fpg- ppi* ■ ^ vj ^ ^ 4k ^ t OOOUtOiOitnOCnbOOOCiO 888885 K=8^oPPooo;*oo8 M Ui *■ OOCn 0\ On 00 O K) 00 u>0 0000000<-nO Outward Rates to Europe. o !?P- JSPo 00 oouj ui w .^ com onc oo oo oo 004^ 00 00 to OJ-yuil/x^oi ptnuiw o o o* o o o 8 8 8 8 8 o f*=8 1=^0 i*o o o R--5 s 8 OHO ^)4k\O'-t'-"t-'00t0>- Oui o o o o o Excursion or Round Trip. 0\UJ • \C O 00 00 o o O^OH^OMOOOOOOOO 006000 Outward Rates to Europe. M (0 M M M 10 tOMMMtOtOMMS) .^M* vootJ^-tnOOiHONOv O^-^ *0* *00^0000000 S-S: 888888*888888: 888 888 88888 8 Prepaid Rates from Europe. UJ.».CntnU1U1.^4h.^4k4k.UJ* (>JUOJ4h.p..».4k.^A4>>.^4.. 00 o o o osui o^J">i^^o' ooooo\ooooooooo S-S: 888888888888: 8^88888888'S'S Excursion or Round Trip, 26 OCEAN STEAMSHIP TICKET RATES. dij L punoy JO uoisjnoxg •adojng luojj sajB^ piBdajj S> 8 : 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 d-4- iiniridddod r^co &• d^ »Acd lO o ooo mo^o -^--^-on •adojng OJ S3JE^ plEMjnQ "2; dijx punoH JO uoisjnDxg §2Jr8 8 8 d^^ r^ O O •adojng OJ S3JE^ pjEAVJIlQ 1*1^ ro ro dij j^ piinoNj JO uoisjnn.vg CN OO CO H 00 " S 8S = _ - o d o M 00 O^00 O ^O 2 ss^a s oScSj o o o d o « 00 00 ooo •adojng OJ S3)EJI pjBAMIlQ o o o o o o q. \o i^^o ■<*■ > ooo rt _g .£ rt i- rt C o bc"^ p rt • H : o -4 4) c c c o bit--: "-a rt c „ k. n c 4-. "C ^ ■- 1 o SStj •• S i: g S rt i-J ^^ >^> bD>.2 m rt n 3 c c c c c o o o o o I Ci-oooooc o o o.o.a.o.a.0 -=-^„ u I. u u-o 11 v.>.>,>.C.C o iJ hJ J J JJ JJ CCCCCCBC c4c4c4c4(ti{Qc4(Q oooooooo « . - c V ;i 1-I--_Q <<;_o >> . J I > 3 ' i.Ph O :.2 o aj: ,5 «<;E 5~< I I 13 "O ^ c c — '— o _2 u u. C C S !3 o oj; «. C C C C rt A c4 c4 ooobbboooooooooo zz:2;Z2;zz2;zz2;2;^;z;;2;2;2;!z;z^; >.2.2> rt I I O c !n !fi E " « «1< "O "C "O TS C C C C ^^^^ o o o o >■>,>>- s > s > 't 3'3 £ «f^ S .2UO£Z^ o rt rt rt rt rt^ £>>>>>. .2 11111^ •> c c c c c 1 O O O O O n o a S S S S-o S c c c c c ]- u u U ^ U U V ■3333330 0, CCO'CCP:! •c " •J o • « 1 -.-apL, \ :^.H : . rt c « •6|.5 J=^ rt ._ O rt «lj .« o o 1 > S.aE I E g-o S & S S S S S ;z;2;z;2;2;ZZ I- 2 « — 2il2 c e c c rt rt rt rt 0000 »» U V V V OCEAN STEAMSHIP TICKET RATES. 27 X 3 . •< n ^ u a ,— r. 75 ^ 3 ;:j 3 o o aw S £3 S o'u ft 3 .— P '• O 3 o^o r: 3 -J ~i r* O "• 5-< ^" S-' " l-S. sal o f» :» O " = W 5 -i trg (» -•o ^ 3 2. c -I S. P «; JO p • JTa. ir °s •S3 "< ° 3 <» — ai 3 • rt [T, rt E - =-^ ? f6 " 3^M-c 2 " ° 2 S 2 tr _.3'w ^- arq :r =r-i w o 3 n Jq w 3-X) 5^3 TO ii a 3 p 3 ~ p ^ o •5 3-0 5 3, n ° ^ era h: S 3 o <» (T CO " jD ^'2.3 ? c u rr 3 3-P o H n !f n ^ ? 3 .^ Q. o. o 3 3 U 3 n o ^ 3 3- R w < o f» p 5' O n rt E.TO 3 17'" TO S « g fi rt X S " " p (— ni 5 p'p 3 " * D.£ c n n ° c = o ~' n rr- o ''' •*• S o ? n <.- - D.= S,n iw _ 3 :n 3 i.g " 3_a. rt r» rt J-» « „ s -1 Or, P ^ 3 p n n f* ~ 3 T - TO o 3 n 3 Crt U) P >• " S tn 3 ^^ i. ^3 o 0(m rt p f» " C.M D. p 5 ^ ='p TO E; n CO. o •13 5" 5* w p p 3 3 3 < — " 3 r. E. o- o ■— « S w " -■ 3 v; 5 TO re re P re - •o 1 i^ H .?» HH p "^ rr y O o- n-< p i; P o = 3 n o -" 3 i-i 3 t" y O 3 >i R n M ii> 3 c 2.^ S rii p 13 T3 'V z 68 S ; i» 3- ?^ S^ re' ET p" * 2- re 5-o' P * "^ * o _.^ •5" D. D. kJ re_ re_ o •o -o 2- 3^ h; h; 4 K.O p ', g- ."^ III, g. o - re v; 3- P p' 5' 3 p p a 3 g. S. H a • r» 3 P -I c^ ^ i' 5 7 1 » .^ iJQ 3 P re 2 ? -? _ " p ,„ re X o 3 < •3 2 < > re ^ (^ 3: t^ -t TO ? =«":;• S 3 ,.. re " TO 3 3^ re p .;^ w_3 " CTti 3- O TO ^ p' > 3 3 o- tl 2 CAI 3 i^ ^ « -^ S P ■'■ g- ~ n TO - — t» ore 3-re re o' p p -< 3 r r; 5' £ p °-p ^ 3 5' re re 5' re S Sore B P n-2 ; o o- re g 1 : f 5- s? 1 " 2 o S 3 Outward Rates to >3 \0 M 3 Europe. n 5 > 03 I 3 : ^ Excursion 3 § !0 or > o J , Round Trip. H ON C ji • w c 3 • ■ 1 en 1 > • ft Outward 5 « 8 \ f ■ Rates to Europe. * ■ 1 2 ^ * * Excursion V y ^ • or > O 8 g o ! CO • ■lound Trip. M H M W Outward CO H \0 vO p Ul Rates to 8 8 8 8 Europe. > O H > M IH «i Prepaid vO v£ *p 00 Rates from 8 8 8 8 Europe. | » 1 Excursion W On H M 00 o 3 Ov U> 1 or 8 8 8 8 1 Round Trip. TOTAL POPULATION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. From its Incorporation in 1837, to May, 1890. MAYOR. William B. Ogden Alexander Lloyd Augustus Garrett Augustus Garrett John P. Chapin James Curtiss James H. Woodworth . . . . James H. Woodworth . . . . James Curtiss Charles M. Gray Levi D. Boone Thomas Dwyer John Wentworth Francis C. Sherman Francis C. Sherman John B. Rice John B. Rice. John B. Rice Roswell B. Mason Joseph MediU Harvey D. Colvin Monroe Heath Monroe Heath Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison John A Roche DeWitt C. Cregier Total Year Census Taken bv Population under 21 years of age July, 18^7. City. 4,170 July. 1840. United States. 4.479 luly. 184^ City. 7.580 lulv. 184s. State. 1 2, 088 Sept., 1846. City. 14, 169 Oct., 1847. City. 16,859 Sept., 1848. City. 20,023 Aug., 184Q. City. 23,047 Aug., 1850. United States. 29,963 Dec, l8s:i. City. 59.130 June, i8ss. State. 80,000 Aug., 1856. City. 84,113 Aug., i860. Unued States. 109,206 Oct., 1862. City. 138,186 Oct., 1864. City. 169.353 Oct., 1865. State. 178,492 Oct., 1866. City. 200,418 Oct., 1868. City. 252.054 Aug., 1870. United States. 306, 605 Oct., 1872. City. 367.396 153.334 Oct., 1874. City. 395.408 174.549 Oct., 1876. City. 407,661 184,490 Oct., 1878. City. 436,731 201,709 June, 1880. City. 491,516 219,622 June, 1882. City. 560,693 241,693 May, 1884. City. 629,985 263,111 May, 1886. City. 703,817 288,202 May, 1888. City. 802,651 322,454 May. 1890. City. 1,208,669 473.234 POPULATION OF THE CITY BY DIVISIONS. From December, 1853, to May, 1890. YEAR. December, 1853 August, 1856 . . . October, 1862 . October, 1864 . . October, 1866 ., October, 1868 . August, 1870 . . October, 1872 . . October, 1874 .. October, 1876.. October, 1878 , June, 1880 June, 1882 May, 1884 May, 1886 May, 1888 May, 1890 South West North Total Division Division Division Population 26, 592 14,679 17.859 59. 130 30,339 28,250 25.524 84.113 45.470 57.193 35.523 138,186 56.95s 73.475 38.923 169,353 58.755 90.739 50.924 200,418 71.073 1.8,435 62, 546 252,054 86,471 149,780 70,354 306,605 88,496 214.344 64.556 367.396 96,771 220,874 77.763 395,408 104,768 222,545 80,348 407,661 111,116 237,606 88,009 436.731 122,032 269,971 9?. 513 491,516 135,648 312,687 112.358 560,693 149,564 351.931 128,490 629,985 172,379 392.905 138,533 703,817 194,164 454.267 154,220 802,651 413,922 555-983 238,764 1,208,669 28 POPULATION. EXTRACTS FROM TABLE OF TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS, 1890. 29 KKTAII., PkOKESSIONS. Trade or Occupation. Firms. Males. Females Bakeries Barber shops and batlis Blacksmiths Boarding houses Booksellers and stationers Boots and Shoes China, crockery and glassware Cigars, makers and retailers... Clothing, makers and retailers. Coal and wood Confectionery and fruit Dentists Dressmakers Druggists.. Dry goods and notions Florists and nurseries Flour and feed Furniture Gents' furnishing goods Grocers Hardware, stoves and tinware. Harness Horseshoers Jewelers and watchmakers Laundries Meat markets Milk depots and di':ilcrs Millinery Musical instruments Photographers and artists Restaurants Saloons Teaming Architects Lawyers Physicians Midwives and nurses Music teachers Peddlers Teachers in private schools In churches and benevolent institutions Municipal and government officers and employes. 623 ,105 208 goo 123 ,140 116 ,310 -750 740 793 390 ,650 565 873 102 271 296 201 ;,i8o 400 165 255 3. so 750 '.550 955 300 70 380 570 650 1.595 2,850 775 1,250 365 2.550 310 2,650 4.550 2,330 895 425 1,695 6,500 150 950 1.950 510 9.550 1-225 495 765 725 1,050 3.510 1,250 95 275 500 2.950 17,050 6,000 925 2,200 1,650 350 3,800 650 1,500 6,500 790 250 1,850 155 450 125 525 1.975 1,250 50 1.975 8,500 195 75 275 no 2.550 J 95 15 50 2,150 550 350 695 25 200 1,810 3.900 40 450 ISO 650 250 1,250 500 3.500 WHOl.KSALE AND MANUFACTORIES. Bakeries, manufacturing.and wholesale. Billiard tables Banks Boilermakers and supplies .. Bolts Bookbinders Booksellers and stationers. '39 1,422 6 725 85 1 , 229 51 97" 11 895 24 5>9 1 1<) 764 421 22 '4 442 '85 30 POPULATION. WHOLESALE AND U ANVFACTVRINO— Continue J. Tkade or Occupation. Boots and shoes, manufacturing and wholesale Boxes (paper) Boxes (wood) Brass founders and finishers Breweries and branch depots Brick, lime, cement and drain pipes Bridge and car builders Builders and contractors Carriages and wagons. Cigars, manufacturing and wholesale Cloaks and ladies' wear, manufacturing Clothing, manufacturing and wholesale Coal and wood Commission merchants . Confectioners, manufacturing and wholesale Coopers Cornices Distillers and rectifiers Drugs and dye stuffs, manufacturing and wholesale. Dry goods and notions Engravers Express companies Feather dusters and feathers Fish and oysters, wholesale Foundries Freighting (marine) Furniture, manufacturing and wholesale Gas works Gents' furnishing goods, manufacturing Glucose Glue and fertilizers Groceries Hardware and cutlery, wholesale Hats, caps and furs, wholesale Hides, tallow and wool Hosiery Hotels and grand restaurants Ice dealers Insurance Iron works Jewelers and watchmakers, manufacturing and wholesale Lithographers Livery stables . Lumber Machinists and machinery Marble and stone Millinery and straw goods Music and musical instruments Packing and slatightering houses Painters Paints, oils and glass Picture frames and mouldings Paving Planing mills Plumbers and gasfitters Printers and publishers Railroads, steam .... Railroads, street Sash, doors and blinds 9 21 36 85 12 1,460 30 475 155 785 12 32 35 17 71 ^30 82 6 30 60 65 251 225 5 105 66 67 26 302 250 215 99 25 17 52 650 97 lOI 7 55 325 900 100 3 34 1.975 1.777 2,500 5.817 22,500 1.598 1.597 700 3.850 1.250 3,800 635 721 405 475 775 4.500 650 1.325 450 450 6,300 4.500 7.500 950 1,250 900 996 2,500 1.572 470 425 125 2,208 775 1.250 9,883 1.063 507 1.^50 5.575 7.735 1,296 650 1,113 24,004 2,117 1,131 1.250 689 2,850 1.950 10,004 31.500 6,500 1.874 POPULATION. WHOLESALE AND MANUFACTURING— C'(JM//«m^. ni. 9. "Wallace, Hanover and Butler Sts. Cable and Horse Line. Car every 10 minutes From State and Madison sts. to Wallace and 39th sts. Car: Green hodi/ and dash. Light: Green. To State and Archer ave. by cable 14 min. ; then by horse power to Archer ave. and Hanover 20 min.; south on Hanover st. to 30th St. 27 min. ; west on 30th to Butler st. 28 min. ; south on Butler to 39th street 40 minutes. Return by same route to Madison St.; thence same as line 3. Last day car leaves State and Madison sts. at 11:43 P- "i- lO! Wentworth Ave. and Thirty-Ninth Street Horse Line. Car every 6 minutes. From Washinglou and Clark to Wentworth ave. and 39th st. Car: Amher body and dash. Light: Orange. To Clark and 12th sts. 12 min.; Clark st. and Archer avenue 21 min.; Archer avenue and Wenthworth avenue 23 min.; Wentworth avenue and 39th street 44 minutes. Return by same route to Clark and Washington sts. Last day car leaves Clark and Washington at 11:44 P- "i- Sunday 11:50 p. m. 11. Wentworth Avenue and Seventy-Ninth Street Cable and Horse Line. (Auburn Park.) Car eery 8-12 minutes. From State and Madison sts. to Seventy-Ninth and Halsted sts. Car: Wine colored body. Light: Orange. From State and Madison sts. to State and 63rd sts. same as line 2: 46 minutes; to 63rd st. and Wentworth ave. 49 min.; to Went- worth ave. and 69th st. 57 minutes; to Vincennes Road and 73rd St. 62 minutes; to 79th and Halsted sts. 75 minutes. Last car from Madison st. South 12:06 a. ni. b) CROSS-TOWN AND SUBUREAN LINES. 12. Twenty-Second Street Horse Line. Car every 24 minutes. From Cottage Grove aye. and 22nd st. to the river 12 minutes. Last car from the river lOast 7:12 p. m. 13. Halsted Street Horse Line. Car every 3 to 6 minutes. From Halsted and O'Neil sts. to Halsted and 39th sts. Car: YeUoio bod)/; dark yr/loir dash. LiGHT: Ruby. From Halsted and O'Neil sts. south on Halsted st. to Archer ave. 2 min; to Halsted and 31st 10 min; to Halsted and 39th 23 min. Last car leaves Archer ave. and Halsted St. at 12.30 a, m. NIGHT CARS every 60 minutes beginning at 1.00 a. m. 36 STREET RAILWAYS. 14. Twenty-Sixth St. Horse Line. Car every 8-14 minutes. From Cottage G-rove ave. and 26th st. to Halsted and 26th. streets 18 minutes. Last car West from Cottage Grove ave. at 11:24 P- f". 15. Thirty-First st. and Brighton Park Horse Line. Car every g-12 minutes. From 31st st. and the lake to 31st st. and the river. Car: Redhody; dark red dash. LiGHT: Green. From 31st St. and the lake to 31st and State sts. 12 min.; to 31st and Halsted st. 27 min.; to 31st st. and the river 38 min. Last car leaves 31st st. and the lake at 11.36 p. m. 16. Ashland Avenue Horse Line. Car every 12-15 minutes. From Archer and Ashland aves. to 69th. and Ashland ave. Car: Red body and dash. Light: Rahy. From Archer and Ashland aves. to 39th and Ashland ave, 12 min.; to Ashland ave. and 47th st. 26 min.; to Ashland ave. and Garfield Boul. 38 minutes; to Ashland avenue and 63rd st. 50 minutes; to Ashland avenue and 69th street 62 minutes. Last day car leaves Archer and Ashland aves. at 11.45 p. m. 17. Thirty-Fifth and Ullman St. Horse Line: Car every 12 minutes. From State and 35th streets via 35th to Ullman street 19 minutes; North on Ullman to 31st st. 25 minutes. Last car from State st. West ii:i6 p. m. 18. Thirty-Fifth Street and Stanton Avenue Horse Line. Car every 9 minutes. From Cottage Grove ave. and 35th street to Stanton ave. and Thirty-Ninth street. Car- Green body and dash. Light: Green. From Cottage Grove avenue and 35th street west to Stanton avenue 3 minutes; Stanton avenue south to 39th street 6 minutes. Last day car leaves Cottage Grove avenue and 35th street at 7.48 p. m. 19. South Park Horse Line. Car every 17 minutes. From Indiana avenue and 39th street to Washington Park. Car: Green hody; dark green dash. LiGHT: Green. From Indianaave. and39th st. to 47th st..i3 minutes; to Indiana ave. and 51st St. 18 minutes; to Washington Park 21 minutes. Last day car leaves Indiana ave. and 39th st. at 9:04 p, m. 20. Thirty-Ninth Street and Stock Yards Horse Line. Car every 6-8 minutes. From Cottage Grove ave. and 39th street to Stock Yards. Car: Blue body; dark blue dash. LiGHT: Blue. From Cottage Grove ave. and 39th to State st. 13 minutes; to Went- worth ave. and Root st. 20 minutes; to .Stock Yards 30 minutes. Last day car leaves Cottage Grove avenue and 39th street at 12:00 p. m. SOUTHSIDE 37 21. Halsted St. Town of Lake Horse Line. L :u every 7-10 minuli--^. Q,XVi:Yilli)if Ixxlji, (larii ycUoio dasli. hMyiT:Ruhy. From Halsted and 40th sts, to Halsted and 69th sts. 40 min. Last car South from 40th st. 12:02 a. m. Sunday 11:48 p. m. 22. Forty-Third Street Horse Line. Car every 5 - lu inliuUes. From the Illinois Central tracks to Stock Yards. Car: Blue hodi/. From Illinois Central tracks to Cottage Grove avenue 8 minutes; to (irand Boulevard and 43rd 14 min.; to State and 43rd 21 min; to Root St. and Wenthworth ave. 27 min; to Stock Yards 39 min. Last car West 11:40 p. m. 23. Forty-Seventh Street Horse Line. Car e\ery 10 minutes. From State and Fort.v-Seventh street to Ashland avenue. Car: Rrd Ixidfi w body. Light: Green. Krom State and 6ist sts. to Cottage (irove ave. and 6ist st. 12 min.; to 63rd St. 15 min.; to Illinois Central tracks 22 min. Last car I'ast from State st. ii:oo p. m. 26. Wentworth Ave. and Sixty-Third Street Line. Car every 12 minutes, From State and 39tli street to Wentworth ave. andG3rd street. Car: Wine colored body. LiGHT: Oranf/e. From State and 39th sts. to Wentworth ave. and 39th st. 3 min.; then to Wentworth avenue and 63rd street 36 minutes. Last car South from 39th st. 11:24 P- "•• 27. Sixty-Ninth St. Horse Line Car every 9-18 minutes. From State and 64th sts to 69th and Cooper sts. From State and 64th sts. to State and 69th sts 7 min.; to Halsted st. 20 min.; to Ashland ave. 30 min. ; to C*ooper and 69th streets 37 minutes. Last . ar from State and 64th sts. .South 11:21 p. m. 38 STREETRAILWAYS. WEST SIDE. 1. Lake Street Horse Line. Car every 4-8 minutes. From State and Randolph sts. to W.Lake and W. 40th street. Yellow car. — Yellow light. From State and Lake sts. to Lake st. bridge j niin.; to Halsted st. 12 mill.; to Ann st. 17 min.; to Ashland ave 22 min.; to Robey st. 27 min. ; to Western ave. 32 min.; to Albany ave. 40 min.; to W. 40th St. 50 minutes. Return by same route. Last car leaves W. 40th st. 11:18 p. m. — State and Lake sts. 12:10 a. m, 2. Randolph Street Horse Line. Car every 3-6 minutes. From State and Randolph to Western avenue and Lake street. Yellow car.— Red light. From State and Randolph sts. west to bridge 7 min.; to Halsted st. 12 min.; to Ann st, 17 min.; to Bryan Place (Union Park) 20 min. ; northwest on IJryan Place to Lake st., west on Lake st. to Ashland ave. 22 min.: to Robey st. 27 min.; to Western avenue 32 minutes. Last car leaves Western ave. 11:24 p. m. — State and Randolph 11:57 P- '"■ 3. Madison Street Cable Line. Car every 1^2-3 minutes. From La Salle and Madison sts. to W, Madison and 40th sts, Yellow car. — Red light. From La Salle and Madison sts. to La Salle and Randolph st., west to 5th ave. and south on 5th ave. to Washington st. 4 minutes; west on Washington st. through tunnel to Jefferson st. 7 min.; south on Jefterson st. to Madison, to W. Madison and Halsted sts. 10 min.; to Ashland ave. 17 min. ; to Rockwell St. 26 min.; to W. 40th st. 35 min. Last car leaves W. 40th st. 12:00 a. m. — Madison and La Salle 12:35 a. m. 4. Madison Street Horse Line. (Night Cars.) Car every 20 minutes. From State and Washington sts. to Madison and 40th sts. Yellow car. — Red light. From State and Washington sts. south on State st. to Madison st., west on Madison st. to Canal st, g min.; to Halsted st. 13 min.; to Centre ave. 16 min. ; to Ashland ave. 22 min. ; to Robey St. 27 min. ; to Western ave. 33 min. to 40th st. 55 min. Cars leave State and Washington sts. from 12:30 a. m. every 20 minutes. 6. Harrison and Washington Street Horse Line. Car every 4-8 minutes. From Michigan avenue and Washington street to Harrison street and Western avenue. Green Sign.— Green liglit. STREET RAILWAYS. 30 From Stale and Washington streets South to Madison street and 5th avc. 7 riiin. ; West to Franklin, South to Adams, West to 1 )cs- plaines and Adams 16 min.; West to Centre ave., South on Centre ave. to Harrison si, 25 min. ; West on Harrison st. lo Ashland ave. 30 min.; to Western ave. 40 minutes. Last car leaves \\'t'stcrii ave. 11 nop. ni. — Stale and Washington sts. 11:52 p. m. 6. Ogden Avenue Cable and Horse Line. Car every 2-4 minutes. From La Salle and Madison sts. to 0.£;den and Millard aves. Grcoi car. — Yellow light. From La Salle and Madison sts., same as Madison st. line lo Ogilen ave. 17 min.; southwest lo Ogden ave. and Harrison si. 24 min.; to Ugden ave. and W. 12th st. 32 min.; to Millard and Ogden avenues 52 minutes. Last car leaves Western ave. 11:36 p. m. — La Salle anil Madison sts. 12:38 a.m. 7. Harrison and Adams Street Line. Car every 4-8 minutes. From Michigan ave. and Washington street to Harrison street and Western avenue. Red sign. — Red light. From Michigan ave. and Washington st., south to Adams si., west on Adams st. to Halstctl sts. 12 min.; to Adams st. and Centre ave. 18 min.; lo Harrison st. and Centre ave. 23 min.; lo Harrison street and Western avenue 40 minutes. Last car leaves Western avenue 11.18 p. m. ^Michigan ave. and Washington street 12.00 a,, m. 8. Centre Avenue and Adams Street Line. Car every 8 minutes. From Michigan avenue and Adams street to 21st street and AVestern avenue. White sign.— White light. From Michigan ave. and .Vdams St., east on Adams st. to Franklin si, 7 min. ; to Union Depot 10 min.; to Desplaines st. 13 min.; to Centre ave. 19 min. ; south on Centre ave. lo Harrison st. 22 min.; lo I2lh st. 27 min.; to 15th st. 30 min.; to 2isl st. 35 min. ; west on 21st st. to .Vshland ave. 40 min. ; to Rohey st. 45 min.; lo Western ave. 50 min. Last car leaves Western ave. and 21st St. 11:08 p. m. — Michigan avenue and .Vdams street 12.00 a. m. 9. Van Buren Street Horse Line. (No. 1.) Car c\ery z] z - 3 minutes. From State and ilandolph sts. to Western ave. and A'^.Buren st. Yellow car. — Pink light. From Slate and Ranilolph sts., west to 5lh ave., south lo Van Buren St., west lo Van Buren st. bridge 13 min.; lo Halsted st. 18 min.; to Centre ave. 23 min.; lo Ashland ave. 29 min.; lo Robey street 34 minutes; to Western avenue 39 minutes. Last car leaves Western ave. 11:02 p. m. State and Randolph sts. 11:50 p. m. NIGHT C.AR.S leave Western avenue 11:29 p. m.. 12:49 a. m., 2:09 a. m., 3:29 a. m., 4:49 a. m. — State and Randolph 12:10 a. m., 1:30 a. m., 2:50 a. in., 4:10a. m.. 5:30 a. m. 40 WEST SIDE 10. Van Buren Street Horse Line. (No. 2.) Car every 2'2-5 minutes. From State and V. Buren sts. to Kedzie ave. and V. Buren st. YeJJow car. — Pinlc lic/hf. From State and Van Buren sts. to bridge 6 min.; to Ilalsted st. ii min.; to Centre ave. 16 min.; to Ashland ave. 22 min. ; to Robey St. 27 min. ; to Western ave. 32 min.; to Kedzie ave. 41 min. Last car leaves Kedzie ave. 11. 10 p. m. State and Van Buren sts. 11.51 71. m 11. Blue Island Avenue Horse Line. C.ir every 2}^ -5 minutes. From State & Washington sts. to Blue Island & Western aves. Bine dash. — Green light. From State and Washington sts., south on State to Madison st., west to Madison st. bridge 8 min., west toClinton st., south on Clinton st. to Adams st., west to Ilalsted st. 15 min., south on Halsted St. to Blue Island ave. and Harrison st. 18 min., south- west on Blue Island ave. to 12th st. 24 min., to 15th St. 28 min., to 22nd st. 37 min., to Robey st. 43 minutes, to Western avenue 49 minutes. East car leaves Blue Island and Western aves. 11. 15 p. m. State and Washing- ton sts. 12.06 a. m. NIGHT CARS leave Western ave. 11.40 p. m., 12.30a.m., 1.20 a.m., 2.10 a. m., 3.00 a. m., 3.50 a. m., 4.40 a. m. State and Washington sts. 12.30 a. m., 1.20 a.m., 2.10 a.m., 3.00 a. ni., 3.50 a.m., 4.-40 a. m., 5.30 a. m. 12. South Halsted Street Horse Line. (For points on Halsted street South of O'Neil street see South Side System.) Car every 3-6 minutes. From State and Randolph sts. to Halsted and O'Neil sts. Red dash, yellow body. — Red light loitli white star in centre. I'rom Stale and Randolph sts., west to bridge 9 min., to Randolph and Halsted sts. 14 min.. south on Halsted st. to Madison st. 16 min., to Harrison 21 min., to 12th st. 27 min., to 18th st. 34 minutes, to O'Neil street 41 minutes. Last car leaves O'Neil st. 11:14 P- '"• State and Randolph sts. 11:57 P- "i- NIGHT CARS leave O'Neil st. 11:30 p. m., 1215 a. m., 1:00 a. m., 1:45 a. m. 2:30 a. m., 3:15 a. m., 4:00 a. m., 4:45 a. m. State and Randolph 12:15 3. m., i:oo a. m., 1:45 a. m. 2:30 a. m., 3:45 a. m., 4:30 a. m., 5:15 a. m. 13. Clinton and Jefferson Sts. Horse Line. Car every 70 minutes. From State and Randolph sts. to Jeiferson and Meagher sts. Broirn car. Orange light. From State and Randolph st., west on Randolph st. to Clinton St., south on Clinton st. to W. I2th St., west on 12th st. to Jefferson St., south on Jefferson street to Meagher street 33 minutes. Last car leaves State and Randolph sts. 6.09 p. m. 14. Taylor Street Line. Car every 8 minutes. From Michigan avenue and Washington street to Taylor street and Western avenue. Yellow car; Line ana red j)l at/or ni. — Bine and red light. ST RE ET RAIL W AYS. 41 From Micliigan avc. and Wasliingion st., south to Adams St., west on Adams st. to stli ave. 6 min., south on 5th ave. to Harrison st., west on Harrison St. to Canal st. 13 min., south on Canal st. to Taylor st., west on Taylor st. to Halsted st. 20 min., to Centre ave. 25 min., to Ashland ave. 30 minutes, to Robey st, 35 min., to Western avenue 40 min. Last car leaves Western ave. 11.08 p.m. Michigan avenue and Washington street 11.52 p. m. 15. Twelfth Street Horse Line. (No. 1.) Car every I) niiniilos. Fr«iu State and Randolph sts. to Lawndale. Rnl (l<(s/i, yellow hod}/. Green light. From Randolph and State sts., south to Madison st., west on Madison St. to 5th ave. 5 min., south on 5th ave. to I2lh st, 16 min., west on I2lh St. to Halsted st. 25 min., to Ashland ave. 35 min., to Ogdcn ave. 45 min., transfer to Lawndale 56 minutes. Last tar leaves Oi;den ave. T1.16 p.m. State and Randolph sts. 12.05 a.m. NIGH r C.-\RS leave Western ave. 12.40a. ni., 1.25 a.m., 2.10 a.m., 2.55 a.m., 3.40 a.m., 4.25 a.m. State and Randolph sts. 1.303. m., 2.15 a.m., 3.00 a.m., 3.45 a. ni.. 4.30 a. m., 5.15 a. m. 16. Twelfth Street Horse Line. (No.2.) Car every C minutes. From State and A'aii Buren sts. to 12th street and Kedzie ave. Car: red ditsh; yellow body. — Light: green. From State and Van liuren sts. west to 5th ave. 3 min., to Jefferson St. 8 mill., south on Jeflerson st. to I2th st. 14 min., west on I2th St. to Halsted st. 18 min., toCentreave. 23 min., to Ashland ave. 28 min., to Robey 33 min., to Western avenue 38 minutes, to Kedzie avenue 50 minutes. Last car leaves Kedzie ave. ii.ii p. m. — State and Van Bnren sts. 12.01 a. m. 17. Eighteenth Street Horse Line. C.ir i;\ery 7K minutes. From State and Raiidolpli sts. toLeavittst. and Blue Island ave. Car: red and white d(t.sh, divided vertically. — Light: green and white, divided vertically. From State and Randolph sts. west to bridge 9 min., to Halsted st. 14 min., south on Halsted st. to Madison st. 16 min., to Harrison St. 21 min., to 12th st. 27 min., to iSlh st. 34 min., west on iSth St. to Centre avc. 39 min., to Ashland ave. 44 min., to Leavitt street 51 min., south on Leavitt street to Blue Island avenue 58 minutes. Last car leaves Blue Island ave. 11.04 I' '"■ — Slate and Randolph 12.02 a. m. 18. Canalport Avenue Horse Line. Car every 6 minutes From State and Randolph sts. to Halsted and O'Neil sts. Car: ijreen dash; yellow hody. — Light: white. From State and Randolph sts. west to bridge 7 minutes, to Clinton St. 9 min., south on Clinton st. toVanBuren 14 min., to Harrison St., east to Canal, south to I2th St. 22 min., to Canalport ave. 30 min., soullnvcst on Canalport ave. 36 minutes, south on Halsted street to O'Neil street 40 minutes. Last car leaves O'Neil St. it. 16 p. m. — State and Randolph sts. 12.00 a. m. 42 NORTHSIDE 19. Ashland Avenue and Sangamon Street Horse Line. Car every 7-8 minutes. From Michigan ave. and Adams street to Clybourn Place. Car: greeti with blue & inhite platform. — Lifjht: blue & white. From Michigan ave. and Adams st. west to Sangamon St. 13 minutes, to Sangamon and Austin ave. 20 min., to Annst. and Austin ave. 25 min., to Ann st. and Erie st. 29 min., to Ashland ave. and Erie street 35 minutes, to Ashland avenue and Clybourn Place 55 minutes. Last car leaves Clybourn Place 11.05 p.m. -Michigan ave. and.4dams st. 12.00 a.m. NORTH SIDE. 1. City Limits Cable Line via Clark Street. Car every 3 minutes. — Running time 31 minutes. From Monroe and La Salle sis. to N. Clark st. and Diversey ave. Greeu light.— Sign, ''Clarh Street." From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe st. to Dearborn St.. North on Dearborn st. to Randolph St., West on Randolph st., North (through tunnel) on La Salle st., East on Illinois st. to Clark St. 8 min.; North on Clark st. to Chicago ave. 12 min. ; to Division st. 16 min. : to North ave. 20 min. ; to Clark and Centre sts. 24 minutes; to FuUerton ave. 28 min.; to Diversey street 31 minutes. Last car leaves Diversey ave. 11:46 p. m. — Monroe and La Salle St. 12:22 a. m. NIGHT CARS (drawn by horses) from old city limits, down.— 12:18, 1:47, 3:03, 4:19, 5:35, 6:56. From Clark & Washington St. up. — 12:59, 2:25, 3:41. 4:57, 6:13, 7:34. 2. City Limits Cable Line via Wells Street. Car every 6 minutes. — Running time 32 minutes. From Monroe and La Salle sts. to N. Clark st. and Diversey ave. Red light.— Sign " Wells Street." From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe St., North on Dear- born St., Weston Randolph St.. North (through tunnel) on La Salle St., West on Illinois st. to Wells st. g min. ; North on Wells st. to Chicago ave. 13 min.; to Division st. 17 min.; to North ave. 21 min. ; to Clark and Centre sts. 25 min. ; to Ful- lerton avenue 29 min. ; to Diversey ave. 32 minutes. Last car leaves Diversey ave. 11:38 p. m. — Monroe and L a Salle 12:10 a. m. 3. Lincoln Avenue Cable Line via Clark Street. Car every 2'^ minutes. — Running time 32 minutes. FromMonroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Wrightwood aves. Purple light.— Sign "Clark Street." From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe st., North on Dear- born St., West on Randolph st., North (through tunnel) on La Salle St., East on Illinois st. to Clark st. 8 min.; North on Clark st. to Chicago ave. 12 min.; to Division st. 16 min.; to North ave. 20 min.; to Centre st. 24min.; to Lincoln and Garfield aves. 26 minutes; to Fullerton avenue 30 minutes; to Wrightwood avenue 32 minutes. Last car leaves Wrightwood ave. 11:52 p. m. — Monroe and LaSalle 12:24 ^' ^■ NIGHT CARS from Clark and Washington sts. : Wrightwood avenue down. — 12:00, 1:28, 2.44, 4:00, 5:15, 6:31. Washingtonst. up. — 12:40, 2:06, 3:22, 4:38, 5:53, 7:09. STREETRAILWAYS. 43 4. Lincoln Avenue Cable Line via Wells Street. Car every ij iniiiules. — Kiiiiniii!; time 33 minutes. FroiuMouroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Wrij^htwood aves. Red lif/hf—Siqu " Wells Street:' From Monroe and La Salle sts. East on Monroe, North on Dearborn, West on Randolph, North (through tunnel) on La Salle street, West on Illinois st. to Wells st. 9 min.; North on Wells st. to Chicago ave. 13 min.; to Division st. 17 min.; to North ave. 21 min.; to Clark and Centre sts. 25 min.; to Lincoln and Garfield aves. 27 min.; to Fullerton ave. 31 min.; to Wrightwood ave. 33 minutes. Last car leaves Wrightwood ave. 11:40 p. ni. — Monroe and La Salle 12:12 a. m. 5. State and Division Street Horse Line. Car every 3 minutes.^Kunniiig time 14 minutes. From State and Lake sts. to Division and N. Clark streets. Red light. From State and Lake sts. North on State st, to Chicago ave. 8 min., to Division St., West to Clark st. 14 min. Return route through \\'cbster ave., to Lincoln ave., than same as route northward. Last car leaves N.Clark and Division sts. 11:50 p. m. — State and Lake 12:10 a.m. 6. Clark St., Fullerton and Webster Avenues Cable and Horse Line. Car every 6 minutes. From Monroe and La' Salle sts. to Racine and Webster aves. Green and red light. From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Fullerton aves. via Lincoln ave. cable 30 min., west to Fullerton and Racine avenues 35 min., south to Racine and Webster aves. 37 min. If car is run via Wells St. cable, one minute longer. l>ast car leaves Racine and Webster ave. 11.35 P- m- — Monroe and La Salle sts. 12.12 a. m. 7. Garfield Avenue and Centre Street Cable and Horse Line. Car every 4 minutes. From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Racine and (rarfield aves. Or<(nge light, red star in centre. From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Lincoln and Garfield aves. (via Lincoln ave. cable) 27 min., west on Gai field ave. to Halsted st. 31 min., to Racine ave. 37 min. Above time is via Clark st. cable. If car is run via Wells st. cable, it takes one minute longer. Last car leaves Racine aud Garfield aves. 11.35 P- m. — LaSalle and Monroe sts. 12.12 a. m. 8. Clybourn Ave. Cable and Horse Line. Car every 6 minutes. From Monroe and La Salle sts. to Cl.ybourn and Fullerton aves. Red light. From Monroe and La Salle sts. by Wells st. cable, to Wells and Division sts. 17 min., west on Division st. to Clybourn ave., north- 44 NORTH SIDE. west on Clybourn ave. to Larrabee st. 25 min,, to North ave. 31 min., to Centre st. 37 min. to FuUerton ave. 45 min. Last car leaves FuUerton ave. 11.24 P- ™- — Monroe and La Salle sts. 12.09a.m. NIGHT CARS, from Clark and Washington sts., up. — 12.30, 1.50, 3.07, 4.30, 6.00,7.20. FuUerton and Clybourn aves., down. — 11.50, 1.09, 2.26,3.52,5.21,6.37. 9. Sedgwick St. Horse Line. Car every 7 minutes. From Clark and Washington sts. to Sedgwick and Centre sts. Red light, tchite diamond in centre. From Clark and Washington sts., north on Clark st. to Kinzie St., west to Market st., north to Cliicago ave. lo min., west on Chicago ave. to Sedgwick st., north on Sedgwick st. to Division st. 18 min., to North ave. 24 minutes, to Centre st. 30 min. Last car leaves Sedgwick and Centre sts. 11.24 p. m. — Clark and Washington streets 11.54 P- "!• 10. Larrabee St. Horse Line. Car every 7 minutes. From Clark and Washington sts, to Lincoln and Webster aves. Thence by transfer to Racine and Belden aves. White light. From Clark and Washington sts., north on Clark st. to Kinzie St., west to Market St., north to Chicago ave. 10 min., west to Larrabee St., north to Division st. 16 min., to North ave 22 min., to Centre st. 28 min., to Lincoln and Webster aves. 34 minutes. Last car leaves Lincoln and Webster aves. 11.22 p. m. — Clark and Washington streets 11.56 p. m. NIGHT CARS. From Clark and Washington sts., up. — 12. 11, 1.28, 2.44, 4.00, 5.21, 6.37. Racine and Belden aves. — 11. 31, 12.50, 2.06, 3.22, 4.43, 5.59. 11. Halsted and Market St. Horse Line. Car every 9 minutes. From 5th avenue and Randolph street to Halsted street and Evanston avenue. Purple light. From 5th ave. and Randolph St., north over Wells st. bridge, to Illinois St. 6 minutes, west on Illinois St., north on Market street to Chicago ave. 10 min., to Division St., west to Clybourn ave. 16 min.; northwest on Clybourn ave. to Halsted st. 24 min., north on Halsted St. to Centre st. 30 min., to FuUerton ave. 36 min., to Clark st. 40 min., to Evanston ave. 48 min. Last car leaves Evanston ave. 11.06 p. m. — 5th ave. and Randolph st. 11. 54 p.m. 12. Division and Market St. Horse Line. Car every 12 minutes. From Clark and Washington streets to Division street and Milwaukee avenue. Green and toliite light. From Clark and Washington sts., north on Clark |st., west on Chicago ave. to Market st. 10 min., north to Division st. 16 minutes, west to Halsted st. 22 minutes, to Division st. bridge 28 minutes, to Milv/aukee ave. 36 minutes. Last car leaves Milwaukee ave. ii.i4p. m. -Clark and Washington sts 11.50 p.m. STREET RAILWAYS. 45 13. Northwestern Depot Horse Line. Car f\ery o mimites. From Wells and Kiiizie sts. to Madison and State sts. Li"■ 16. High Ridge Horse Line. Car every 15 minutes. From Clark street and Lawrence avenue to High Ridge. Light: Green. From Clark st. and Lawrence ave. to Rose Hill 14 min., to High Ridge 28 minutes. Last car leaves Cl.irk St. and Lawrence ave. to. 00 p. m. — High Ridge 10.30 p.m. 17. Graceland Avenue Line. Car every 10 minutes. Frqm N. Clark street and Diversey avenue to Graceland and Alexandra avenues. (During High School term a car runs from Alexandra avenue to Ashland avenue.) Light: Red. From N. Clark st. and Diversey ave., north on Evanston ave. to Belmont ave. 6 min., to Graceland ave. 14 min., west on Graceland ave. to Alexandra ave. 20 minutes. During High School term, to Ashland ave. 30 min. Last car leaves Clark st. and Diversey ave. 11.45 P- ™- — Graceland and .Alexandra aves. 11.24 p. "i- 18. Gross Park Horse Line. Car every 4 minutes. From Lincoln and Wrightwood avenues to Belmont avenue. Light: Purple. From Lincoln and Wrightwood aves., north on Lincoln ave. to Belmont ave. 10 minutes. Last car leaves Lincoln and Wrightwood aves. 11.45 P- "i- — Lincoln and Bel- mont aves. 12.00 a. m. 46 NORTHSIDE. 19. Roscoe Boulevard Horse Line. Car every 20 minutes. From Lincoln and Belmont aves. to Roscoe Boulevard and Western avenue. (Sharpshooters' Park.) Light: Purple. From Lincoln and Belmont ave., west on Belmont ave. to Robey St., north to Roscoe Boulevard, west to Western ave. 22 min. Last car leaves Lincoln and Belmont aves. 11.50 p. m. — Roscoe Boulevard and Western ave. 9.45 p. m. 20. Ashland Avenue Horse Line. Run north on Ashland avenue every 20 minutes. From Belmont ave. and Glross Park to Graceland High School. Light: Red. Last car leaves Belmont ave. 10.30 p. m. — Graceland High School 8.00 p. m. 21. Sheffield Avenue Horse Line. Car every 10 minutes. From Wrightwood and Lincoln aves., north on Sheffield ave. to Belmont avenue 10 minutes. Light: Red. Connecting with Lincoln ave. going South. Last car leaves Lincoln ave. 11.32 p. m. — Belmont ave. 11.42 p. m. 22. Clybourn Avenue to Belmont Avenue Horse Line. Car every 15 minutes. From Fullerton and Clybourn ave. north to Belmont avenue. Light: red. From Fullerton ave. to Diversey ave. 10 min., to Belmont ave- 20 minutes. Last car from Fullerton ave. 10.40 p. m. — From Belmont ave. 10.25 P- ■"• 23. North Avenue Horse Line. Car every 10 minutes. From Lincoln Park to Humboldt Park. Light: White. From North ave. and Clark st., west on North ave. to Larrabee St. 6 min., to the river 12 min., to Ashland ave. 18 min., to Milwaukee ave. and Robey st. 24 min., to North ave. and Western ave. 30 min,, to California ave. 36 min. Last car leaves Clark st. 10.30 p. m. — California ave. 11.06 p. m. 24. Halsted Street Crosstown Horse Line. Car every 8 minutes. From 22nd street to Fullerton avenue. Light: Red. From 22nd st. to i6th st. st. 5 min., to 12th st. 10 min., to Har- rison St. 15 min., to Madison st. 20 min., to Kinzie st. 25 min., to Chicago ave. 30 min., to Division st. 36 min., to North ave, 42 min., to Centre st, 48 min., to Fullerton ave. 54 min. Last car leaves Fullerton ave. 10.50 p. m. — 22nd st. 11.54 P- "i- S T REE T RAIL W A Y S. 47 NORTH-WEST SIDE. 1) Milwaukee Ave. Cable Line. Car e\ery 3 miiuites. From La Salle and Madison streets to Milwaukee and Armitage avenues. Car: Blue ihish, ydlow body. — Light: green. From La Salle and Madison sts., north to Randolpli st., west to 5th ave., south to Washington St., west (through tunnel) to Des Plaines St, 7 min., north on Des Plaines to Kinzie st. 12 min., northwest on Milwaukee ave. to West Indiana st. 16 min., to W. Chicigo ave. 20 min., to W. Division st. 26 min., to W. North ave. t^t, min., to Armi- tage ave. 40 min. Last car leaves Armitage ave. 12.00 midn. — La Salle and Madisoi^sts. 12.35 ^•'H- 2) Milwaukee and North Aves. Cable and Horse Line. Car every 3 minutes. From La Salle and Madison sts. to North and California aves. Car: blue (l<(sJi, yellow body. — Light: green. From La Salle and ^^adison sts., same route as Milwaukee ave. line, to W. North ave. j} min., west to W^estern ave. 38 min., to California ave. 43 min. Last car leaves California ave. 11. i8 p.m. -La Salle and Madison sts. 12.00 midn. 3) Milwaukee Ave. (Night) Line. C.»r every jo minutes. From State and liandoli)h sts. to Armitage ave. Car: blue dash, yelloto body. — Light: green. From State and Randolph sts., north on Stale to Lake St., west on Lake st. to Lake st. briiige, to Milwaukee ave., northwest on Mil- waukee ave. to Halsted St., to Centre ave., to Chicago ave,, to Di- vision St., to North ave., to Armitage ave. 45 min. Cars leave State and Randolph sts. from 12.45 ^-f"- o" every other 30 minutes. 4) Noble St. Cable and Horse Line. Car every 14 minutes. Car: brown: — Light: red. From La Salle and Madison sts. to Clybourn PI. and Wood st. From La Salle and Madison sts., same route as Milwaukee ave, line to Noble st. 24 min., north on Noble to Blackhawk st. 28 min., west on Blackhawk to Holt St., north on Holt st. to North ave., west on North ave. to Ashland ave. 33 min.. North on Ashland ave. to Clybourn I'l., west on Clybourn PI. to Wood st. 40 minutes. Last car leaves Wood st. 10.18 p. m.— La Salle and Madison sts. 11.00 p.m. 48 N O R T II -W EST SI I) E. 5) Division St. Cable and Horse Line. Car every 6-7 minutes. From La Salle and Madison streets to West Division street and California avenue. Car: Yellow.— Light: Red and (jreeu, divided vertically. From La Salle and Madison sts., same route as Milwaukee ave. line, to W. Division st. and Ashland ave. 26 min., west on Division to Robey st. 31 min., to Western ave. 36 min. to California ave. 42 min. Last car leaves California ave. 11.20 p.m. -La Salle and Madison sts. 12.00 midn. 6) Chicago Ave. Horse Line. Car every 4-8 minutes. From State and Randolph streets to W. Chicago avenue and Leavitt street. Car: Red letter board and dash, yellow body. — Light: yellotv. From State and Randolph St., west to Clinton st. g min., north on Clinton st. to Milwaukee ave., northwest on Milwaukee ave. to Halsted st. 16 min., to West Chicago ave. 22 min., west on Chicago ave. to Ashland ave. 30 min., to Leavitt st. 36 min. Last car leaves Leavitt st. 10.16 p. m. — State and Randolph sts. 10.56 p. m. 7) Chicago Ave. and Humboldt Park Horse Line. Car every 8 minutes. From State and Randolph streets to California avenue and Division street. Car: Red letter board and dash, yelloio body. — Light: yellow. From State and Randolph sts. to Chicago ave. and Leavitt st. as Chicago ave. line, above, 36 min., west to California ave. 44 min., north on California ave. to Division st. 50 min. Last car leaves California ave. 11.15 ?• ""• — State and Randolph sts. 12.08 a.m. 8) Indiana St. Horse Line. Car every 3-6 minutes. From State and Washington sts. to West Indiana street and Western avenue. Car: green. — Light: violet. From State and Washington sts., west to 5th ave., north on 5th ave. to Randolph st., west to bridge 7 min., to Randolph and Halsted sts. 12 min., north to Lidiana st. 18 min., west on Lidiana street to Centre ave. 23 min., to Ashland ave. 28 min., to Robey st. 33 min., to Western ave. 38 min. Last day car leaves Western ave. at 11. 21 p. m. — State and Washington streets 12.01 a. m. NIGHT LINE leaves Western ave. at 12.00 midn., 1.20, 2.40, 4.00, 4.57 a.m. — and Washington sts. at 12.40, 2.00, 3.20, 4.40 a. m. ABOHITEOT6 AND ENGINEEBS FOB BBEWEBS AND MALTSTEB8. A. MARITZENT ARCHITECT AND ENGINEER FOR Brewers • and • Malsters, Rooms 41 . 42. 44. 46 and 43. 177 LaSallc St.. cor. Monroe. FELEPHONE 1633. CHICAGO, ILL. Si'F-:fiALTY : Dfsign and coiisfriic/ion of B7-civeries, Malting flants, Distilleries, Grain I-'.li-i'ato)-^, Factories, etc. ^< REFERENCES. >^ Xmerican Rrewing Co., Chicago, 111. P. Schofiihofcn Brewing Co.. Chicago, 111. Ijeo. A. Weiss Malting and Brewing Co., Chicago, 111. E. Fecker Brewing Co., Chicago. 111. [Chicago Brewing Co., Chicago, 111. jcrli. Lang, Park Brewery, Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee Brewing Co., Denver, Colo. Ph. Zang Brewing Co., Denver, Colo. [davenport Malt iS: Grain Co., Davenport, Iowa. Mobile Brewery, Mobile, Ala. ^Valkcrville Brewing Co., Walkerville, Ontario, Canada. Marcus Marietta, Brewery, Connellsville. I'a. ABT CfALLEBIES. O'Brien's; rhc + Leading + Art + Emporium + of + the + West, ESTABLISHED 1855. Etchings and Mezzotints, :r Water Colors r Artistic Framing Our Chief Study. 208 Wabash Avenue, Soulc's Unmounted Photos. 1S,000 Subjects. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. ABTIFIOIAL LIMBS. ESTABLISHED 1844. SHARP & SMITH, CHICAGO, ILLS., Manufacturers of Artificial Limbs, DEFORMITY APPARATUS. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. 73 Randolph Street SEIVD FOR C ATAL,0«l RS. r^ BAKEB8 AND OONFEOTIONEBS. '^ Fine Bai^iy Goods. ^^'^=5u=L» Bakery Lunches 164 MADISON STREET,:^ GHISAGO. ^ jrs.(^y^''>^FB^^^°^- CO CO PQ pea CO CO INTERIOR OF LUNCH ROOM. » 164 Madison St. - ^. ^ Palmer House = = pATHlS. = = Baths now under the management o.f Palmer House Company, have been entirely remodeled at greaf expense. Are now the Finest in the West. Containing Every Convenience and Luxury. Pl2(JNGE - BATH ALSO . SPLENDID . NEEDLE . SHOWER. Plain Bath Department supplied with Porcelain Tubs. Entrance to Men's Baths through Barber Shop. Entrance to Ladies' Baths through Millinery Store on Monroe Street. ]V[oelci^q[c Places, ,4s follows: Tickets, (good for 6 Turkish, fjussian or Shampoo Baths) $5.00 Turkish Baths 7,00 Shampoo Baths (except Saturday and Sunday) 50 Shampoo Baths (Saturday and Sunday ) 75 Roman Bath 7.50 f^ussian Bath 7.00 Plain Bath 25 Sulphur Bath 75 Swimming Bath 50 Electro Thermal Bath 2.00 Massage and Swedish Movement 2.00 Alcohol fjub 25 Bay Rum F(ub 50 Dry Electricity 7,00 Electric Rub 7.00 «X*^*^*^ Turkish and Russian Baths 50 TO 54 CLARK STREET. 8 BATHS, BATHS, rt V P T\f - - S5.00. A1.L koiJRi g . — ♦ \9 mr mZ JH • GEO. W. LYNCH , Proprietor ELEGANT BATH ROOMS, MARBLE TUBS, ETC. 3t?erma9 JHIouse Barber^lpop 137 RANDOLPH STREET, WM. A. HETTICH, Proprietor. Cl^ICAGO* EXOUBBIONS. DRAKE & WALLACE, Blue Line Boat Livery, AND BOAT BUILDERS, ROWING AND SAIL BOATS, FISHING TACKLE, ETC. Picnics and Private Parties ordering by mail or otlierwise will receive prompt attention Fruits. Confections and Ice Cream Parlor, DOCKS, ST. JOSEPH, MICH. ATHLETIC GOODS. 10U Madisun Street. CniCAGO 241 Broadway. NEW YORK. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. Base-Ball Supplies. Fishing Tackle, Guns, Bicycles, Lawn Tennis, Outing Clothing, and GENERAL SPORTING GOODS OF STRICTLY A HIGH GRADE. SEND FOR CATALOGUES. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 1 022 Market Street. P HILADELP HIA. 38 Holborn Viaduct. LONDON. EN G. BIIiLIABD AND POOL TABLES. tHe BRUNSWICK-BALKE-COLLENDER CO. Most Extensive Manufacturers in the World of Billiard! and i Pool! Tables, DESKJXERS AM) MANUFACTURERS OF Artistic Saloon Furniture, Office, Drug Store Fix- tures and Indoor Hardwood Decorations OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Office and Salesrooms. 263 & 265 WABASH AVE, Factory. MARKET AND HURON STREETS, BILLIABD CLOTHS AND SUPPLIES. GEO. KU LH L, IMPORTER OF Ivory BallSr rK.PE«A,ac (tnd SUPJPLiIES, PLAYING CARDS, CHECKS, ETC. --^ TELEPHONE NO. 1626. BIBD PANOIEES. OABBIAQES. STUDEBAKER BROS. MFG. CO., . . BUILDERS OF . . Fine Carriages and Harness, 203 & 207 Michigan Ave. CHICAGO. HOTELS, BE8TAUKANTS, BEEB HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. IX 31 Hotel Henrici. (EUROPEAN PLAN.) (DEUTSCHES HAUS.) (^ AFE AND • © I^ESTMRANI M- W t)or3ugItd)c Knd)e _§)©_ CENTRALPUNKT FUR ALLE STRASSENBAHNEN OER STADT. "ixs" 70 & 72 Randolph Street, NEAR STATE STREET. ClIICAGO. E. LOEWENTHAL, L. BUXBAUM, Proprietors. X HOTEIiS, BE8TAUBANTS, BEEB HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. Gqfe^H^Fqr]cy Bc|l^etti Uraufjlit, WINES OF MY OWN IMPORTATION. GERMAN: from the renowned firms R. DURLACHER & CO., Bingen, on the Rhine; ANTON BUSCH, Mainz, on the Rhine; EDWARD SAARBACH & CO., Mainz, on the Rhine. FRENCH: from EMIL HAAS & CO., Bordeaux. — 5^tiIe restaUraiVt^ Is entrusted to experienced CHEFS and supplied at all times with the CHOICEST MEATS and the DELICACIES OF THE SEASON. FlXli: l.l'\l'IIK!!^ i><»I<:KVKI> I>AV A3fD IVIGHT. This pl;ue has for the past eigliteen years been successfully managed by the umlersi^MKil, wlui will ciulea\or to cunduct it as one of the best In the country. C. C. WILLIAM MEYER, Prop. WILLIAM C. MEYER, JR., Manager. Xll HOTELS, EESTAtJBANTS, BEEB HALLS, COPFEB HOUSES, ETC. LANSING & McGARIGLE, Chicago.'s Leading Caterers. Gafe anb ResTabrant Magnificently furnished, Superior Cooking, Cleanliness, Good Service, Fine Linen, COMPRISING GENERAL AND PRIVATE DINING ROOMS, CAFE Q^* Headquarters for the Pabst Brewing Company of Milwaukee. ^ 122, 124, 126 Clark Street, TELEPHONE 459. VICTOR LASSAGNE, RESTAURANT:^ . *"• For Quality of Material and Style of Cooking we invite compari son with any place of its character in the city. The justly celebrated Pabst Brewing Co.'s Beers on draught. Pure, Wholesome, and at just the righ temperature at all seasons of the year. Our stock of Wines, California and Imported, old Whiskies and Liquors of the bes grades, Imported and Domestic Cigars, is choice and carefully selected. We have a FULL HOUSE, alter the Theatres. THj^ EBEB CflTEBING CD. 31 WASHINGTON ST. Restaurant for Ladies and Gentlemei Gentlemen's Cafe ^ ^ ^^ Ltinch. Room. ^ffi m^ Private Dining Roonnis ^ Wedding's, Dinners, Luncheons and Receptionj a Specialty WM. WER-NER, Manager. HOTELS, BE8TAUKANT8, BEER HALLB, COFFEE HOnSES, ETC. XV Wagner & HauscWld, IMPORTERS OF U/ipes, ljc]ijor5iQi(^ars. HEADQUARTERS FOR xlos. ScKliiz Prem/^iiig Co.'s Milwaukee Lager Peer. GRICASO. ''The pirry." XVI HOTELS, EESTAUKANTS, BEEB HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. A Monument of Chicago'' s Great JRire, October g^.iS'ji. The walls of this building are composed of thousands of curious and oddly shaped frag- ments collected from, the ruins of Chicago in 1871, consisting of intermolten glass, iron, crockery, tools, etc. Relic* House 900 North Clark Street, Chicago. One-Half Block North of Main Entrance to ^^ Lincoln Park. 'V/|\n ^ ^ ^ Family Resort. WM. LINDEMANN, Proprietor. ^ Choice Refreshments. Imported and Domestic Wines, Liquors and Cigars. IIOTKI.S, UESTAURANTS, HEKK HALLS, COFFEE HOUSES, ETC. XVU GERMANIA CLUB BUILDING. CAI^L STEllNl'S 647 TO 649 NORTH CLARK STREET, CHICAGO. ^1 Popular Park Resort a feiv doors south from North Avenue, and the South Entrance of Lincoln Park. IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC BEERS, WINES, Etc. WIllIaM i^eMy, Cafe and Fancy Bakery, 90 NORTH CLARK STREET, CHICAGO. M I i> i: it I <> it to V V K K. # F. • H. • KRETSCHMAR, # Sunnsr Qard<^9 ai^d pauilioQ, (Formerly Fisher's and John A. DeBerg's Place.) 625-631 NORTH CLARK ST., Telephone 30 1 1 . -^RESTAaRANt.f:^ CHICAGO. '^M" Con7'enient to Lincoln Park. WINE BOOMS. JOHN M. FAULHABER, IMPORTER OF Rhine and Pfalzer Wines, — AND— Fine Liquors, Wholesale and Retail. 76, 78 and 80 FIFTH AVE., CHICAGO. 2tltbeutfd?e5 IDetnf^aus, FAMILY RESORT. o CD < o z LU 111 cc V- ^^ cc cc o CO CM o o o o 3D THE FINEST WINE RESORT IN THE UNITED STATES. WINE BOOMS. CHICAOO I^ATHS KELLEIg. HENRY JANSEN, DIRECT IMPORTER AND DEALER IN RHINE WINES, Nos. 163 & 165 Washington Street, CHICAGO, ILL. J. SCHLOGU IMPORTER OF F(l7lffE*U/lf(^S, Vi/ ]E I fv] -=>~r LJ 13:^, No. 109 Fifth Avenue, Near Washington St., GHIOAGO, - - ILaLaIKOIS. IW SUPERIOR KITCHEN. -^ FINE CHOPS, STEAKS, ETC., A SPECIALTY. WINE BOOMS. AUG. WILKEN& CO. Wholesale and Retail Dealers in [j allfQrnia Wine s and Brandies TdNNEL WEINSTdBE. K'a.m.ily Trade F*romptly Supplied. 4.7 & 49 LA SALLE STREET, BETWEEN RANDOLPH AND LAKE, CHICAGO. Price List of Wines. Hocks Riesling Johannisberger Riesling Cabinet Riesling Cabinet Traminer White Zinfandel Gutedel Dry Muscatel Claret, Table Red Zinfandel Burgundy SWEET WINES. Mount Vineyard Angelica Muscatel Malaga Port Sherry Madeira Tokay Mountain Per Dozen $3.00 3.50 5.25 6.50 6.50 4.00 4.50 5.25 3.00 4.00 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 4.00 4.00 5.25 4.00 to 7.75 4.00 5.25 5.25 5 25 5.25 Per Oallon. $1.00 1.25 2.00 2.50 2.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.00 1.50 2.00 A. Werner & Co.'s Champagne— Case, 24 Pints, $7.50; Case, 12 Quarts, $6.50. Brandy— $3.00, $3.50, $4.00, t5.00 per gallon. For empty bottles returned 50 cents per dozen will be allowed. Reasonable Discount Allowed on Larger Quantities. 2.00 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 to 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 BBEWEBS. MAIN OFFICE: t Cor. Union and Erie Streets. 'i Telephone No. 4357. ^^ BOTTLING DEP'T.: 29 West Ohio Street. Telephone No. 4382. g^ KtlNRY LEEB. Manager. i^^-O CHICAGO. F. d. DevES Brewery C^^pany NORTH HOYNE AVENUE AND RICE STREET BREWERS AND B0TT12ERS OF THE CELEBRATED PURE MALT naENGHENER B EER EXCELLENT EXPORT andTABLE BEERS Telephone 7150 The "Muenchener" is declared by Drs. Wahl and Henius, Directors of the Scientific Station for Brewing in Chicago to he "above the average quality (of beer) as brewed in America, closely resembling in its composi- tion the best of foreign beers imported to this country." Their analysis shows that no substitutes were used for malt and hops in its production. Pabst Brewing Company's SUPERIOR BOTTLED GOODS. WE take pleasure in calling the attention of Housekeepers and the public generally to our Bottled Beers, and the fact that they will be Delivered Free of Charge to any part of the city, in most convenient shape for table use. TJic Reputation of these Beers is World Wide. OF BEAUTIFUL COLOR, AGREEABLE FLAVOR, HIGHLY NOURISHING AND INVIGORATING, THEY ARE A MOST EXCELLENT BEVERAGE FOR THE TABLE. Especial attention is called to the Export Beer and also the Standard brand, which latter is put up in patent rubber stopper bottles, as these are the most popular for family use. The other brands: BOHEMIAN, SELECT, BAVARIAN, HOFBR/EU, are each marked by its own peculiar characteristic of color, strength, etc., the Select being of especial merit. The •• BEST " Tonic is widely known as the best and purest prepara- tion of malt and hops manufactured, and it is prescribed by physicians as a most valuable Tonic, and is fast becoming popular as a table beverage. PKIt'E L.I!!tT OF BOTTL.KO C>iOODi!» (DElilVKREI).) Standard, Patent Stopper, per doz. pints 60 cents liohemian. ^..5 condition, of cases and bottles: P,=»',r»;:^"' ^-"^ - Dozen pint bottles 36c Hpfbraju, 4.00 .. '„^^. .. ,^^ Select, ' " 4.50 quart 48c Each case 24c The "Best" Tonic, per dozen bottles 2.50 J g^V^a'-^ronic bottles;: l! i! i! T.iS A large stock of Bottled Goods constantly kept on hand. We so- licit a trial of our Beers, guaranteeing their Purity, Age and Strength. PABST BREWING COMPANY. Chicago Office : Desplaines and Indiana Sts. TELEPHONE 4383. HERMAN PABST, MANAGER. Henry Uihlein, President. Alfred uihlein, Sup't. Aug. Uihlein, Secretary. Jos. - Schlitz ■ Brewing - Co. rvi I i_vy^.A.LJ p-^ ib: e: . ANNUAL CAPACITY, 600,000 BARRELS. CHICAGO DEPOT AND OFFICE: i COR. OHIO AND UNION STS EDWARD G. UIHLEIN, Mgr. TELEPHONE 4356. AGElVCY FOR SCHLITZ Celebrated EXPORT and Patent Stopper Beer IN QUARTS AND PINTS. WM. L. GOGGIN, Telephone 1082. 228 & 230 S. Clark Street. Coi)rad Seipp » - LAKE SHORE FOOT OF 27th ST., • GHlGASe. # Telephone 8350, Bre\vers and Bottlers of the Celebrated CrCDI_L-riS^I3I.A., • • • X llw • • • Wacker & Birk Brewing Co. BOTTLERS OF CELEBRATED WIENER mULMER BEERS BOTTLED ESPECIALLY FOR FAMILY USE. CHAS. H. WACKER, Pres. and Treas. ^ JACOB BIRK, Vice-President. WM. A. BIRK, Secretary. V 171 N. DESPLAINES STREET, Chicago, Illinois. Telephone Number 4231. N>^ " "^. .">:? \^ §^W^nd Taste ea^; 4IL5est Imported ^e^ /roi^W-e Guarantee ^fp;, W S/fl£ BREWtW ^Pure Malt Beer bre^™- ^ best Malt and Hope- >^ in our Oell^l'^**^^^ ^«^over a Year:^^ \fi[ BBEWEBB AND BEEB IMFOBTEBS. [H. Plautz, President. Philip Maas, Secretary. 111. Ilahne, X'ice-President. John Buehler, Treasurer. j Louis Frisch, Superintendent and Brewmaster. I lorthwestern - Brewing - Co., 1 781-831 CLYBOURN AVE., CHICAGO, ILL.. Brewers and Bottlers OF THE ;elebrated STANDARD and the genuine THICK MASH BAVARIAN ZACHERL BEERS. Telephone '^6i4. ESTABLISHED 1863. FRED. HOLLENDER & CO., l.MroKTERS AND BOTTLKKS t)K AGER BEER, PORTER AND ALE, Telephone No. 36 19. 179 & 181 Illinois Street, CHICAGO. IMPORTED BEER. Per doz. Per doz. Qts. Pts. aiscr, Bremen, light S340 $1.75 Iscncr, Bohemian " 3.40 1.75 ebotschaner " " 3.40 1.75 uerzburger.Bavarian" 3.40 1.75 ilmbacher, " dark 3.40 1.75 langer. " " 3.40 1.75 uerzburger, " " 3.40 1.75 .piiziner, " " 3.40 1.75 Ugustinerbraeau (Muenchen) Bavarian, medium 3.40 1.75 jchorrbracu " " " 3.40 1.75 ^ergerhraeu " " " 3.40 1.75 Uenchen, Bavarian medium 3.40 1.75 CHINA DEOOEAXOESe ^WESTERN * DECORATING * WORKS^ CHICAGO, IliLlXOIS. Firing and Artistic Gilding for Amateurs made a specialty. Superior Gold of our own manufacture, exquisite new shapes for decorating, and every requisite for China Painting, always in stock. China carefully packed free of charge. . . . SEND FOR CATALOGUE ■ • • GRUNEWALD & BUSHER, 3!il Wahash Avenue. jt^^We are also Publishers of the EVANS' DESIGNS for China Painting. OHUEOH FUENITUEB. WM. H. FOULKE, laces, can save money and time t taking rail routes from St. Joe and Bentc Harbor. The Fare, round trip, returning same day, $1.00. Single Fare, $1.00. Sunday Excursion, $1.50, round trip. + + + Meals and Berths Extra. GRAHAM & MORTON TRANS. C( For further information apply to Foot of Wabash Avenue. G. S. WHITSLAR, Gen'l Pass. Agt. FUBBIEBS. CHARLES GLANZ, IMPORTER OF 110 & 112 Madison St., CHICAGO. Seal Garments to Ordej our Specialty. <*=^^^^ e®pviai]©KrirK®. Qelebrated H^"^^ Correct Styles. Extra (,>uality. The Dunlap Silk Umbrella. CHICAGO,— Palmer House. NEW YORK and PHILADELPHIA. alh At*, ano -IM 8t. 711 (ho.tniit 8t, Agencies in all Principal Cities. HOUSE DEOOBATOBS. H. d MlLLISAN, DEALER IN pine U/all papers AND |^ouse Decoration! LINCRUSTA WALTON, ETC. WALL PAPER DEPARTMENT, 212 WABASH AVE. N. FAXON, MANAGER. Telephone 2768. MAIN HOUSE, 178 RANDOLPH STREET, Painting, decorating SIGN Writing, etc. Telephone 1434. fe L-.|>— I .J^±-l,^^ oc t>o ^ m HOMCEOPATHIO DBUOOISTS. ESTABLISHED 1855. The Chicago Homoeopathic Pharmacy, HALSEY BROS. DEALERS IN EVERYTHING THAT PHYSICIANS NEED. No. 27 Washington Street. LITHOOBAFHEBS. ^hober & ^ arqueville [ ithographing Co. -k^J ="'"JacSo„ sts.. Chicago. JEWELEBS. G. D. PEAGOGK 96 and 98 STATE STREET. Fine Diamonds, Watclies, ..^^SILiVBRWAREi AND NOVELTIES. » — xl JEWEIiEBS. Established 1 86C S~?- £?- *-?^AS?ER yylv^'T^^^ ^ .^4 .m -^/A^^ State and. Randolph Sts. IMPORTERS AND DEALERS OF DIAMONDS RUBIES EMERALDS SAPPHIRES Loose and Set AGENTS OF WALTHAM ELGIN AND HOWARD • . • :• WATCHES IN SOLID GOLD GOLD FILLED AND SILVER CASES STERLING 5ILVER A SPECIALTY Open Evenings OPERA GLASSES JAPANESE GOODS. zli ■pf-a^es ^ ^racy • Importers 220 VY)abasb f^ve., Gbicago, O^l^olesalG ar\d I^efail Japanese Qoods Porcelain and China Ware. Embroideries, Screens, Toys, Curiosities, Lacquer Ware, Bamboo Easels, ^*S^ Baskets, etc. Beautiful Goods in both Antique and Modern Styles. OPTICIANS. PRICE OUR Opera, Field and Marine OK THE BEST MAKE +►- LOWEST PRICES. MJ^. !^ PATRONS FIHED UP IN AN HONEST AND CONSCIENTIOUS MANNER. AdftuHng spectacles ami I-'yi-Glasscs a Specialty. Eyes Examined free of Charge, BORSCH, Optician, 103 E. ADAMS STREET. Ovvosite Postomcc. xlii NEWSFAFEBS. 1854 1891 z/i Weekly TolUical U\[ewspaper :. .'. In the Swedish Language. Hemlandet is now 3*7 years ol^, and one of the oldest Republican papers in the country. It is read by all the leading Swedish American citizens, by the old settlers, and by the farmers. As an advertising medium it is unsurpassed among Swedish American papers. Hemlandet Publishing Co., 17^ Chicago Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. c^TTJ _J:i^ ^ O'^ ^ PIANOS, OKOAN6, ETC. xliii ADELINA PATTI AND Tl|e + l^iii]bc|ll + Piqi]os Chicago, December i6, i88g. W. W. KIMBALL CO., Chicago, III.: Gentlemen : It gives me great pleasure to testify to the merits of the New Kimball Piano. It has a wonderfully sweet and sympathetic tone and supports the voice in a most satisfactory manner. Sincerely yours, [Signed,] Adelina Patti Nicolini xliv PIANOS, OEOANS, »T0. 4 WEBER LINDEMAN WHEELOCK STUYVESANT PIANOS SEND FOR CATALOGUES, PRICES andTERMS FOR CASH OR EASY INSTALLMENTS TOTHE Chicago Branch House ofthe BIG FOUR The Manufacturers Piano Co. CHICAGO. PIANOS, OBOANS, ETC. xlv The Leading Piano House of the West. LYON, POTTER & CO. 174 & 176 WABASH AVE., Sole Representatives of .. CTEINWAY & SON'S PIANOS .• . 1 ♦ The Standard IHanos of the World. A. B.CHASE CO. and LESTER Pianos, KURTZMANN Pianos, GEO. W. LYON and WEBSTER Pianos, A-lso THE VOCALION ORGAN The Moat Wonderful Musical Invention of the Century. Wilcox & White Cabinet and Self-Playing Organs, Chase Organs. ESTABLISHED 1837. JiJlIiJs paiJei^ & co-. Piano Manufacturers. Intending purchasers are liere utfered an opportunity of buying a A Strictly First-Class Piano directly from the Manufacturers. Visitors always welcome. Correspondence solicited. factory: warerooms: 89, 91 and 93 East Indiana Street. 1 56 and 1 58 Wabash Avenue, Ci:i-^IC=rA.^CD, IL-I — HEADQUART ER S FOR THE PICTURE TRADE. KURZ Sl ALLISON, Publishers of National Pictures ;<> .t rv UABAHH AVKNl E, CZY-LICHJKC^CD, . - - II_1_II^CZ>I^_ ALL PICTURES MADE BY OUR OWN ARTISTS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. Xlvi MUSICAL GOODS. THE . LARGEST . MUSIC . HOUSE . IN . THE . WORLD. Manufacturers and Retailers of all Kinds of Musical Goods. THR WTASHBURN GUITAR THR RRIE) RIRR ORGAN THR "La and H" harp Agents for the KNABE, and other Pianos, All Visitors to Chicago cordially, invited to call at our WareFOOms and Factory. STATE AND MONROE ^^Lt/^H^^^^^k RANDOLPH ST. AND STREETS, (/^^^^^ O^^^EN AYE. ghigagq. > STATUAKY, YASE8, POTTEBY, ETC. C. HENNECKE CO. G. A. FLEISCHER, Manager. No 207 Wabash Avenue. Nos. 162-164 W. Water St., CHICAGO, ILLS. MILWAUKEE, WIS. MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF Statuary, /^rtistie Brie-a-Brae, VASES, POTTERY, PLASTER CASTS. Finest Collection of Antique, Mediaeval and Modern Statuary In Marble, Bronze, Danish Terra Cotta, Bisque, Alabaster, Ivorite, Florentine, Etc. BUBBEB STAMPS, STENCILS, ETC. xlvii gMiKu C. H. Hanson, ■5 '-■"•J^W 4* Clark Street - CHICAGO. ®l^**":l&S£l^^^'^3l Engraving, The HANDY POCKET SEAL weighs ~ ' "'^'^ToMp'i.tTfsl.oo"'- Checks and Badges. TBUNKS, VALISES, ETC. HASKELL BReS. '*' 52 MADISON STREET, Three Doors East of State. r.p:^^« Sample Trunks and Cases I I KU 11 lV| 9IAI>E TO OltUKK. ««ic^I Fine Sole Leather and Traveling Trnnks A SPECIA1.TY. 8HIBT8, gentlemen's FUBNISHING GOODS, ETC. Slfll^TS CoBB's + Form + Fitting + Shirts Are the Highest Standard of Perfection in Shirt Making. rvi. FR. c=:cz)i3i3, 95 Madison Street and 133 Dearborn Street. ^Iviii SOHOOIiS AND ACADEMIES. - /T^iperv/a l95titute, ^ A Day and Boarding School ' FOR GIRLS ' N. E. CORNER PAULINA STREET AND BERTEAU AVENUE, RAVEiVsWoop, III. The delightful situation of this school, in one of the most beafutiful suburbs now belonging to Chicago, accessible by Clark Street and Lawrence Avenue horse-cars and Chicago & Northwestern R. R., makes it a very desirable place for young ladies, offering the quiet of country life for the pursuit of their studies, and yet enabling them to enjoy all the advantages of education that a large city affords, in lectures, concerts, theatres, etc. The Regular Course of study is comprehensive, enabling pupils, if desirable, to prepare for college, but including also those branches which are mostly considered mere accomplishments, such as Draw- ing, Painting, Needlework, Elocution and Music. I r>j ^ T- F=? x_j d; nr CD r=? ^- Mrs. AMELIA ENDE, Principal. Mrs. MARY GUNNING. Teacher of Sciences. Miss ELIZA ZIPF, " English Branches and Mathematics. Mrs. JOSEPHINE TURCK BAKER. Delsarte and Elocution. Miss CATHERINE JENNET, " German, French and Needlework. Mr. BERNHARD ZIEHN, " Vocal and Instrumental Music. Special students are admitted, and particular attention is directed to the Department of Music, presided over by Mr. Bernhard Ziehn, well known in Chicago as one of the most successful teachers, and enjoying a high reputation as a scholar, both in this country and Europe. For Catalogues and Terms apply to Mrs AMELIA ENDE, Principal. p. O. Box 383, Ravenswood, 111. SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. Xlix m. THE CHICAGO ATHEN^UM ML "THE PEOPLE'S COLLEGE," Has removed from 50 Dearborn Street to its own ELEGANT 7-STORY BUILDING, 18 TO 26 VAN BUREN STREET, Next to Art Institute. The Athenjcum Directors have here provided one of the -finest educational structures in the land. All of the class-rooms have been newly furnished, and ample accommodations secured for 1,000 students. The new building, centrally located, is accessible by steam-cars and street railways from all parts of the city. Two electric elevators convey all our pupils to fifth and sixth floors. EVENING CUSSES FIVE TIMES A WEEK UNTIL MAY 31st. The Gymnasium, greatly enlarged and unsurpassed in its appointments, occu- pies the entire first story and basement. . . . THE Athen>cum Comprises . . . A Choice Library and Reading Room, A Thorough Business and Shorthand iMunson) School, Grammar Schools, School of Architectural and Mechanical Drawing, School of Elocution and Oratory, Languages and Literature, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Rhetoric, Music, A Ladies' Wednesday P. M. Class in Shakespeare. ADDRESS SUPERINTEND^T FOR CATALOGUE. The i Hlinois i College i of i Pharmacy DEPARTMENT OF NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, 40 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO. Pharmacists visiting the city are cordially invited to , call. r'T/ie College is 7'igJit in tJie heart of iJie center of the city. This College opened the Winter Course of '90-'9 1 with the largest attendance of any college in the West. SOHOOIiS AND ACADEMIES. # balatha # Q cademy of nAusical Qr (INCORPORATED,) KIMBALL HALL BLDG., 243-253 WABASH AVENUE, HANS BALATKA, Director CH. F. BALATKA, Assistant Director. V Thorough instruction in all branch^ of music given by the most competei (^ teachers. Send for Catalogue. SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. L. SCHUTT, German = English School, 261 and .263 N. WELLS ST., CHICAGO, ILL. SHOW OASES. CHAS. BODACH. 160 AND 162 FIFTH AVENUE. STAINED GLASS, MAEBLE MOSAICS, ETC. M^^CULLY & MILEST Interior Decorations and Marble Mosaics. 14 MONROE STREET, Cr:MICZ:A.atti>tc \>9Xi ©uro^m fommen laffeii iDitl, faun e§ luir in feinem 3"tf^"ff|e finben, bei mir 5S"reifarten ju lofen. ^Infttttft ^cr ^^offadiere in ^()ic(tgo ftet§ reditjcitig gemelbet. ®(fll> iiub ^^atfctfenbuttdcn nad^ @uro^a fvei ing J^auS ber Gntpfauger. Sl'edifel unb europdt|cI)e '.Diun'^eu ge= iiiib uerfauft. 2S e r c t n t g t e © t a a t e n 9i e i f e p d ff e . ©rfift^oftgs unb JBoHmot^tgfoi^cn eine ©pccialitdt. 6onfulartfd)e 23eglaubignngen tvcvbcn befovgt. Erste Classe Hypotheken auf Grundeigenthum. BAFKTT VAULTS. Iv CENTRAL SAFETY DEPOSIT VAULTS CONDUCTED BY THE Illii|ois Trlis^ ai|«^ Savings llaiik, *• THE ROOKERY." S.-I^. Cor. La Salle and Adams Streets. SAFES FOR RENT AT POPULAR PRICES AND STORAGE FOR VALUABLES IN THE LARGEST AND BEST WATCHED VAULTS IN THE WORLD. Access to Safety Deposit Vaults through the Bank or by Elevator at La Salle Street Entrance- ROBERT BOYD, MANAGER, SAFETY DEPOSIT VAULTS. CillCAGO. Qommereial5afetyDepo5itQo. SAM'L POWELL, Manager, 88 Monroe Street, = = = CHICAGO, ILL. KEEP YOUR OWN AND COUNSEL SAFES TO RENT, ts per year and upwards. STORAGE FOR VALUABLES. Ivi SAFBTX VAULTS. VAN H. IIIGGINS, President. F. C. BRONSON, Manager. — -^^"^^^--^ I Jrl Jt; =5=s=S5^ pdelity §afe [)eposit ^ ompany, 143 RANDOLPH STREET, ClilCAGO. pptvATF SAFES TO RENT. $5.00 TO $50.00 PER ANNUM STEAM PIPE AND BOILER COVBBING. Sectional and Plastic Coveringr. ALFRED C. KEMPER, 208-210 Lake St. CHICAGO. General VA/^estern Agency. MAGNESIA ZITHEB AND ZITHEB MUSIC. ROBERT MAURER, IMPORTER OF Musical ^ Mercha])d]seii ^ i=> e: cz; I A. i_~r I e: ^ = ZITHERS, STRINGS AND ZITHER MUSIC, 384 E. DIVISION. COR. FRANKLIN ST. CHICAGO, ILI^. SUMMEB BEBOBTS. Ivii finTst lake resort IN THE UNITED STATES. T t-i e; Manhattan Beach OF CHICA GO! What to the New Yorker the Manhattan Beach, is to the Chicagoan F. THIELMANN'S FAMILY RESORT, On Diversey Street and the Lake Shore, C^^JUST AT THE NORTH END OF LINCOLN PARK. Fanned by the cooling Lake breezes, the visitor enjoys the de- lightful music of a MIlItai^y |3A]>lpS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE BEST IN THE UNITED STATES, Composed of 40 Leading Musicians. A. KOSEXKKt'KKK, Director. The Concerts will take place Every Evening Except Sunday. A LARGE PAVILION, with seating capacity of over 2,000, offers shelter, should the weather be inclement. The programmes will include almost every style of composition, from the classical to the most popular, changing every day, a feature never before offered in similar places of amusement. remember: Concerts Every Evening, Rain or Shine, FRANZ THIELMANN, Proprietor. |^~Take City liimits Cable €ar,.^S Iviii ^STORAGE.** GENEI^^L AND BONDED. Hiram Sibley Fire-Proof Warehouses. 2 TO 18 N. CLARK STREET. Largest and Safest Warehouses in the United States. We Receive, Store and Ship Merchandise in Packages of every description. Spe- cial Locked Rooms for Furniture, Trunks, Valuable Packag"es; also Locked Departments for Mineral Waters, Wines, Champagnes, etc. Goods held in Bonded Warehouse. Duties Paid, Shipping, Delivering and Transferring Done. Rates given at Warehouse Office. HIRAM SIBLEY & CO, PROPRIETORS. Ht^'See illustration and description page 221 of this guide. TABLE liUXDBIES, WINES, ETC. lix 110-112 MADISON ST. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PURVEYORS OF TABLE LUXURIES, WIiVes A]>tp cIgars. Special attention is called to our unrivaled assortment of WINES, im- ported direct from places of growtti in Europe. HIGH CLASS GOODS OUR SPECIALTY, but recognizing the demand for a GOOD SOUND TABLE CLARET we have placed on the market the MOST ECONOMICAL WINE IN THE WORLD. TliE INIaPOLEOINI CLAIJET In Cases of .>(> Qmtrt Hottlcs lO (ia/s. ff iiic at a cost of lit Cents per Oiiart. net. PRICE PER CASE, $11.00, CASES AND BOTTLES RETURNABLE FOR $1.50 SeXI* FOR