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CAMP LIFE OF A VOLUNTEEE. 
 
 CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO 
 
 GLIMPSE AT LIFE IN CAMP. 
 
 BY 
 
 "ONE WHO HAS SEEN THE ELEPHANT." 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 GRIGG, ELLIOT AND CO., 
 
 No. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET. 
 
 NEW ALBANY, INDIANA: 
 
 J. R. NUNEMACKER. 
 
 AND FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS AND COUNTRY xAlERCHANTS 
 SOUTH AND WEST. 
 
 1847. 
 
Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1S47, by 
 
 GRIGG, ELLIOT, AND CO., 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 V 
 
 CM' 
 
 Philadelphia: 
 t. k. and p. g. collins, rhinteks. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In thus bringing myself before the public as an author, I offer no 
 apology. I make no pretensions to literary merit. The following 
 pages were written in the confusion and inconvenience of camp, 
 with limited sources of information, and without any expectation of 
 future publication. I offer nothing but a faithful description of my 
 own feelings, and of incidents in the life of a volunteer. To such 
 as may be interested in an unvarnished relation of facts, connected 
 with the duties, fatigues and perils of a soldier's life, I respectfully 
 submit this volume. 
 
 B. F. SCRIBNER. 
 
 New Albany, 
 Indiana. 
 
PUBLISHERS^ NOTE 
 
 To the interest of a simple personal narrative, this volume adds 
 the value of a faithful description of that part of a soldier's duty in 
 the camp and field, which is necessarily excluded from official ac- 
 counts or general histories. It attracted in manuscript the attention 
 of the publishers, as a work similar in spirit and purpose to Dana's 
 " Two Years before the Mast," although necessarily less varied in 
 incident, and less comprehensive in information than that very 
 popular production. 
 
 The map of the field of Euena Vista by Lieutenant Green, of 
 the 15th infantry, is presented as the most accurate yet published, 
 having been approved by many distinguished officers as a true re- 
 presentation of the ground, and of the relative positions of the corps 
 of the American and Mexican armies, on the day of the battle. A 
 careful examination of the map and references, will affiard a clearer 
 idea of the movements of both, and of the progress of the action, 
 than any of the descriptions which have yet appeared. 
 
INCIDENTS 
 
 CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 
 
 July. — We left the New Albany wharf, July 11th, 1846, at one 
 o'clock A. M., and are now winding our way to New Orleans, on 
 the noble steamer Uncle Sam, en route to the wars in Mexico. I 
 am wholly unable to describe ray thoughts and emotions, at leaving 
 my native home, with its endearing associations, and embarking 
 upon a venturesome career of fatigue, privation, and danger. I 
 stood upon the hurricane deck, and could see by the moonlight 
 crowds of my fellow townsmen upon the bank, and in the intervals 
 of the cannon's roar, returned their encouraging cheers. As we 
 glided down, the last objects that met my lingering gaze, were the 
 white dresses and floating handkerchiefs of our fair friends. How 
 few of us may return to receive their welcome ! 
 
 I am becoming more and more impressed with the aristocracy of 
 office. Those who hold commissions have the best pay, the best 
 fare, and all the honor. The private performs the work, endures 
 the privation, and when the toils and sufferings of the campaign are 
 over, forgetfulness folds him gracefully in her capacious mantle. 
 The cabin has been reserved for the stafi' and commissioned officers, 
 while the non-commissioned and privates enjoy decks the best way 
 they can. I now realize that when one takes up arms voluntarily 
 in defence of his country's institutions, he forfeits his claim to gen- 
 tility, thereby rendering himself liable to all kinds of cold, cheerless 
 inattention. Under a full appreciation of this fact, one of my com- 
 panions and myself applied to the Captain of the steamer for a 
 cabin passage. He granted our request, with the Colonel's consent, 
 and by paying extra ten dollars, we were permitted to occupy the 
 
12 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 last remaining mora, and enjoy the very great privilege of sitting at 
 llie same table with our titled superiors. 
 
 There are five companies on board, and all appear in good spirits. 
 They are following the bent of their several inclinations. At a table 
 above me is a group of " Greys" busily engaged in signing resolu- 
 tions indicative of their disapprobation of the course of Gov. Whit- 
 comb and his advisers, in officering and forming our regiments. 
 I will not here try to show how all our plans have been frustrated, 
 nor speak of the many discouraging circumstances under which we 
 go away ; suffice to say, I willingly signed the resolutions, which 
 will be sent home for publication. I pause to listen to a song in 
 which Prof. Goff appears to lead. 
 
 How pleasing are the impressions made upon the mind by a beau- 
 tiful landscape, when advantageously seen and properly appreciated. 
 We have just passed three islands lying almost side by side, thereby 
 giving great width to the river. They are indeed beautiful. Viewed 
 in the distance they appear like three huge tufts of grass. 
 
 12th. — Our noble craft is now ploughing the bosom of the " Great 
 Father of Waters." There is something truly sublime in beholding 
 a mighty river moving on in its course, defying every resistance, 
 ^and bearing silently on towards the ocean. There is a tiresome- 
 ness in the scenery upon the banks of this noble stream, when com- 
 pared with the diversified character of that found upon either side 
 of the beautiful Ohio. 
 
 It is remarked generally by those among us, accustomed to tra- 
 velling, that a more orderly set of men they have never seen than 
 the volunteers from Indiana. The Greys attract much attention by 
 their jokes and animation. They lead in the dance, and three of 
 their number take the front rank in music. Goflf with his guitar, 
 Tuley with his violin, and Matthews with his vocal accompaniments, 
 constitute a musical trio, possessing power to cheer the soldier's 
 saddest hour. I have formed qdite an agreeable acquaintance with 
 the clerks of the boat, who manifest much interest in my future wel- 
 fare. We have just passed the mouth of the Arkansas river, and I 
 do not remember to have seen a single farmhouse for a distance 
 of many miles, that indicates competency or convenience. 
 
 17^/2. — After a most delightful trip of five days we arrived at the 
 great City of the South, and are now encamped on the " Battle 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 13 
 
 Ground" of the memorable 8th of January. We are almdst deluged 
 in water and mud, as it has rained almost every day since we left 
 home. Having pitched our tents, several of us not particularly de- 
 lighted with our new quarters, sought more congenial lodgings in 
 the city, where we have remained ever since, but shall rendezvous 
 and proceed to camp in the morning. In relation to my visit to the 
 city, I shall not particularize except to say, that I delivered a letter 
 of introduction kindly given me by a friend, and was joyfully recog- 
 nized and received. , 
 
 18/A. — In pursuance of appointment, several of us met next 
 morning at the Lower Market, negotiated with some Spaniards to 
 take us in their sail-boat to the encampment, and were soon under 
 way. Having arrived, we were forced to wade from the river to 
 our tents, nearly to the knees in mud and water. We were truly in 
 a sorry plight. 
 
 Some of the more enterprising in camp have greatly improved 
 their condition, by laying cordwood in the bottom of their tents. 
 Our condition is rendered more insupportable from the fact that the 
 "Barracks" are so short a distance from us, presenting so much of 
 comfort. We truly envy the regulars. 
 
 On the afternoon of the same day we received orders to strike 
 tents and prepare for embarkation, which we joyfully obeyed. 
 About midnight five companies were economically stowed under 
 the hatches of the ship Gov. Davis. Our vessel, together with the 
 Partheon, also containing Indiana troops, was soon towed onward 
 to the Gulf. 
 
 19^/?. — We entered the Gulf next morning, and started upon our 
 course with a fair wind, which, however, was of short duration. It 
 soon commenced raining, and while I write, head winds impede our 
 progress. Sea sickness and low spirits prevail. I have not yet 
 been affected by the former, but am by no means realizing the 
 pleasure trip, which some of my friends anticipated. If they could 
 spend a night in the hold of this crowded vessel, they would not 
 dream of citron groves or perfumed bowers. 
 
 20f/t. — In view of bettering my condition last night, I sought new 
 lodgings by climbing up under the seat of an inverted yawl, where 
 I slept, or tried to sleep ; for the seat was short, narrow and hard, 
 
14 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 as my bones can testify. It was also dark and stormy. The wind, 
 rain, thunder, lightning, and creaking of the ship, as she heaved 
 and surged through the billows, filled my mind with fear and anx- 
 iety, and kept me the whole night clinging to my narrow perching 
 place. The sky is now clear, and wind fair, and the whole face of 
 nature changed. We are gracefully gliding through the white 
 spray, as it glitters in the sunbeams. The gorgeously tinted clouds 
 are reflected upon the waves, in all the colors of the rainbow. This 
 is the first time I have enjoyed a scene at sea, or fully realized being 
 out sight of land. The undulating motion of the vessel, instead 
 of making me sick, produces real pleasure. How exhilarating to 
 feel ourselves riding up, up, and down, down with such regularity, 
 fanned by the breezes that whistle through the sails ! 
 
 21s/. — Last evening was spent in organizing a debating club 
 from the soldier fragments of the Caleopean Society, together with 
 several new members. Grave and powerful speeches were made, 
 and the question " Should the pay of volunteers be increased ?" 
 was discussed in a masterly manner. Arguments on both sides 
 were unanswerable, and consequently unanswered. But as the 
 exercises were got up more for amusement than improvement, they 
 closed at an early hour, with a musical finale by the trio performers, 
 who, with the captain of the ship, and others were convened upon 
 the quarter-deck. We then stretched ourselves upon the deck, 
 where we slept undisturbed, save when in the way of the sailors 
 managing the ship. 
 
 This morning there appeared to be a general depression of spirits 
 among the Greys. Complaints were heard from many who be- 
 fore had not been known to murmur. Our quarters between decks 
 are truly unenviable, and the heat and stench almost insupportable. 
 We had a fine treat to-day for dinner. The captain of the Greys 
 had the good fortune to capture a young shark. It was very accept- 
 ably served up in the form of chowder. The wind is rather more 
 favorable than it has yet been, but our progress is still slow, and it 
 is the general opinion, it will be several days before we arrive at 
 Point Isabel. Another and myself spent a portion of the afternoon 
 upon the quarter deck reading plays from Shakspeare, after which 
 we were all richly entertained in listening to the glowing descrip- 
 tions of Napoleon and his marshals by Headley. 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 15 
 
 22d. — We have now fair wind, and are making fine speed. This 
 morning the reading party was broken up by the fantastic gambols 
 of a shoal of porpoises. This was quite an incident, and was 
 hailed with much pleasure by {he ennui-burdened passengers. At 
 noon we found by the altitude, that we were but six hours sail from 
 Galveston, and but half way to our destination. The captain says 
 if the wind continues favorable, we shall, however, reach there in 
 two days. I have felt gloomy and low spirited all day ; owing, I 
 suppose, to our uncomfortable situation. 
 
 23d, — This has been a miserable day. I do not think I ever 
 spent one more unhappily. In fact, ever since I have been aboard 
 this ship, I have had the blues most supremely. The crowd, the 
 confusion, the dirt, the continual heaving of the vessel, and the dis- 
 mal wo-begone countenances, of companions, are well calculated to 
 fill the mind with reckless despondency. 
 
 2'ith. — We are now lying at anchor five miles from Brazos San- 
 tiago. About 8 o'clock, last night we witnessed the affecting sight 
 of a burial at sea. It was indeed a thrilling scene. The moon 
 and stars shone in all their brilliancy, as if indifferent to human 
 woes. The body of the dead wrapped in his blanket — the soldier's 
 winding-sheet — was brought upon deck. A few words of consola- 
 tion to friends composed the ceremony, and the body was lowered 
 into the quiet deep, food for the " hyenas of the ocean." I never 
 shall forget the foreboding pause of the vessel, or the awful splash 
 of the corse as it fell into its watery grave. With sad emotions 
 awakened in my bosom, I lay down upon the quarter-deck, and 
 was ruminating upon the blighted hopes of this unfortunate youth, 
 when I was aroused by an approaching storm. I sought shelter in 
 the hold, but the crowd, the heat, the stench and the groanings of the 
 sick, rendering it almost insupportable, I soon went aloft, preferring 
 death by drowning to suffocation. The rain had ceased, but having 
 lost my blanket, I was forced to take the wet deck and make the 
 best of it. We shall have to remain on the vessel anchored in the 
 offing, until conveyed ashore by steamers, to procure which the 
 general and staff have just started in a long boat. 
 
 It is grateful, under any circumstances, to have friends, but how 
 much additibnal pleasure it gives to find them among strangers. 
 To find one here and there, who can sympathize with us in misfor- 
 
16 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 tune, and feel interested in our welfare, when we least expect it, 
 is calculated to give us better views of humanity. My thoughts 
 were dirt-cted to this subject by the kindness of one of the mates of 
 the ship. One day, when I was sitting in a rather musing mood, 
 he introduced himself by familiarly accosting me with " Frank, 
 how goes it ?" After some conversation on matters of present in- 
 terest, he inquired how I came to volunteer. I explained to him 
 some of the causes. Among others I told him the " Spencer Greys" 
 was an independent company formed several years ago, and chiefly 
 composed of young men of New Albany. They had attracted much 
 attention by the splendor of their uniform, their prompt and accurate 
 movements in the drill, and their superior skill in target firing. 
 They had won many prizes from neighboring companies, and there- 
 by gained a celebrity, as possessing all the requisite qualifications 
 to meet the foe, providing courage, that essential quality in a soldier, 
 w^as not wanting. The call went forth for volunteers, and the in- 
 quiry was naturally made, " Where are the Greys?" To say no- 
 thing of the many motives that may prompt, pride to sustain the 
 reputation already gained was sufficient for most of us. Our com- 
 pany was filled up, and we -reported ourselves in readiness to the 
 governor, and were duly accepted. Here my new friend was called 
 to supper, and upon declining to accompany him, he kindly insisted 
 I should receive a package of finely flavored cigars, upon which I 
 can regale luxuriously. 
 
 2bth. — We are still waiting in the most painful suspense and 
 anxiety, for transportation ashore. For my own part I have made 
 up my mind to bear everything like a philosopher. I entered upon 
 this campaign, expecting to meet with privation and suffering ; and 
 judging from the past I am likely to realize my expectations. But 
 trifling officers, and our very unpleasant situation on this filthy ship, 
 are distresses that most of us overlooked in our calculation. Here- 
 after I am resolved to take everything easy, and complain as little 
 as possible. Surfeited with bacon and hard mouldy bread, and in 
 consideration of the frequent invitations from the mate to eat with 
 him, I went to the steward, and negotiated for one dollar a day to 
 take my meals at the table of the ship. After dinner I was beckoned 
 to the lower cabin by my friend the mate, where he brought forth a 
 rare collation, upon which we feasted like epicures. He opened his 
 chest and showed me many curiosities from China, Java, and other 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 17 
 
 foreign countries. He also furnished a list of clothing, handker- 
 chiefs, paper, pencils, and lastly his hammock, and begged me to 
 take freely anything that would contribute to my comfort, as it 
 would give him great pleasure to share with me. I declined re- 
 ceiving anything upon the ground that I was well provided, and 
 could not carry his hammock, upon the comforts of which he so 
 fully expatiated. I did, however, accept a superior cedar pencil, 
 and warmly thanked him for his kind offers. He tells me he is a 
 native of Boston, and a brother of Thayres, who is interested in the 
 Boston and Liverpool line of steamers. 
 
 26th. — We are spending another Lord's day in a heathenish 
 manner. There are very few among us who spend the day differ- 
 ently from other days. We have not yet heard from our officers. 
 Most of us have ceased to make calculations upon the future. How 
 strangely is man subject to fluctuation of feeling! — with what sud- 
 denness the mind can fly from pleasure to pain ! Last night I realized 
 this in its fullest sense. I was seated astern luxuriating under the 
 influence of a fine cigar, (thanks to my new friend,) and for the first 
 time witnessed a clear sunset at sea. It was one of the most glorious 
 scenes I ever beheld. The whole western sky was illuminated 
 with the most gorgeous colors. The refulgent sun slowly sinking 
 into the liquid blue until nearly immersed, sank at once, and a dark 
 mist shot upward in his pathway to the clouds, which still retained 
 their variegated tints. The whole scene was sublimely beautiful, 
 and filled me with a joyful enthusiasm. The sea breeze, and the 
 graceful rocking of the ship contributed to the effect. At such a 
 moment how sweet is the thought of home, and the pleasures we 
 long to share with loved ones left behind ! These alluring reflections 
 led me at length to a vein of melancholy, and produced a complete 
 reaction in my whole feelings, which harmonized well with the 
 changed and threatening aspect of the gathering clouds. We have 
 just been thrown into^a state of intense excitement by the arrival of 
 a steamer which has taken three of our companies. The rest will 
 remain till morning. 
 
 21th. — According to arrangement, the steamer arrived this morn- 
 ing, to transport us to the island. During the bustle of transfer, 
 we were attracted to the stern of the ship, where the sailors had 
 caught a shark, on a hook baited with bacon. Soon a great crowd 
 
]8 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 was collected, many climbing over the bulwarks and among the rig- 
 ain<T to witness the captured fish. He was at length harpooned and 
 shot, but was so large we could not conveniently t)ring it on board. 
 Just as we were leaving the ship an affray took place between the 
 steward and one of our men, which was soon participated in by the 
 mates, and many of our party. Several blows passed, pistols were 
 presented, and for a time serious consequences were feared, but the 
 trouble was soon settled, when the mate understood the circum- 
 stances of the case. It appeared that one of our men and an officer 
 claimed the same piece of ice, each one persisting in having bought 
 it of the steward, to whom it was at last left to decide. He declared 
 in favor of the officer and gave our man the lie, &c. Then came the 
 knocks. But as I said before, everything was soon adjusted, and we 
 separated with perfect good feeling. As we shoved off the mates 
 and crew (steward excepted) leaned over the bulwarks, and gave 
 us three hearty cheers. We landed at Brazos Santiago about noon, 
 having had several hard thumps as we passed the reefs. 
 
 2Sth. — Yesterday about dark we pitched our tents, and ate our 
 suppers, after which many of us proceeded to the beach, and en- 
 joyed the luxury of sea-bathing. The convenience here for this 
 refreshing operation cannot be surpassed. We waded out on the 
 reefs and turning our faces to the shore, received the angry surges 
 upon our backs, or facing them again could see one after another 
 coming at regular distances, roaring like a cataract fall, and with 
 foam and spray, dashing onward, like a white plumed army rushing 
 to the charge. In regular succession they swept over our heads. 
 We were all highly delighted with the novelty of the scene, which 
 may be enjoyed, but not described. After rising this morning, the 
 first thing was to repeat the exercises of last night, which greatly 
 refreshed us, and sharpened our appetites for the morning meal. 
 The scorching rays of the sun came down upon us " doubly distilled 
 and highly concentrated ;" the effects of which are, however, greatly 
 counteracted by the sea-breeze. The thermometer stood yesterday 
 at 90°. 
 
 The island is about 3^^ miles wide, and very prolific in oysters, 
 clams, crabs and fish. It may be compared to a sand bar occa- 
 sionally diversified by little mounds, which are moved about by the 
 storms that visit it. I am told that not long ago several families 
 were destroyed by one of these dreadful tempests. One of our 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 19 
 
 officers, when walking along the beach the other day, unconsciously 
 trod upon the exposed body of a man partially decayed, that two 
 weeks ago was buried six feet in the sand. I am informed that the 
 1st Indiana regiment will leave for the Rio Grande in two days. 
 If this be the case, our stay here wuU not be long. There are about 
 5000 troops here, most of whom wuU leave before us. We are in 
 fine health and spirits, and continually congratulating ourselves, 
 upon our escape from the detested ship. 
 
 3lst. — I have spent the last two days in running about, and in 
 writing letters to my friends, one of which I shall here embody in 
 my journal, as it contains all that has transpired since my last date : 
 
 " Having already delayed too long, in hopes of sending you some 
 news, I will commence at once, as your facilities for obtaining the 
 truth are not much better than mine. There are so many conflicting 
 rumors continually floating about the camp, and orders arriving daily 
 purporting to be from Gen. Taylor, that we are getting to believe 
 nothing, and to make as few calculations upon the future as possi- 
 ble. I shall therefore send you nothing in the news line that I don't 
 think correct. 
 
 " The 1st and 3d Indiana regiments left yesterday for the Rio 
 Grande, the mouth of which is eight miles down the beach. From 
 thence they will be taken by steamboats up the river. We expect 
 to start on to-morrow. Some say we will stop at Barita, and others 
 at the head-quarters opposite Matamoras. 
 
 "I am sitting upon the sand and writing this, while-some of the 
 boys are cooking, others washing, and some enjoying the luxury 
 of a sea bath, hunting shells, oysters, &c. We would all present a 
 novel appearance, could you see us now. I sometimes almost lose 
 my own identity. The sudden change of occupation and associa- 
 tions affects us all. 
 
 " The health of the company is good, and all are making the best 
 of everything. We have but two or three sick, and they are re- 
 covering, except one, and he is very low. He has been prevailed 
 upon to accept a discharge, and will return home in the first vessel. 
 He is a good fellow, and all of us regret to part with him. 
 
 " General Lane has just returned from an interview with General 
 Taylor, bearing orders for us to leave in the morning. Another 
 election in our regiment for Colonel will take place this evening, 
 and, if possible, I will send you the result. 
 
20 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 " The day before yesterday another and myself obtained permission 
 to visit Point Isabel. We accordingly set out early in the morning. 
 After crossing the Brazos in a sail-boat, we first visited the hospital 
 containing the sick and wounded of the 8th and 9lh. The rooms 
 were large and airy, and everything characterized by cleanliness 
 and order. It is an afTecting sight for an American to behold his 
 countrymen wounded in carrying out the demands of his govern- 
 ment, to see them with their legs and arms blown off, rendering 
 them ever afterwards incapable of enjoying active life. I was sur- 
 prised and delighted with the patience and good humor they ex- 
 hibited, and with what good feeling the infantry and dragoons 
 joked and rallied each other. The first instance was brought about 
 by ray addressing one of them with, 'My friend you do not look 
 much like a wounded man.' Said he, ' I wasn't much hurt, but 
 that man sitting on my right, belongs to May's dragoons, who have 
 so immortalized themselves. He was shot all over with six pound- 
 ers.' The one pointed out pleasantly rejoined. 'You are jealous 
 because we fought harder than you did.' Then turning to us he 
 continued : ' Yes, the infantry got into a difficulty and cried, 
 "come and help us;" that was enough, so we rode up and saved 
 them ; now they envy us our distinction.' ' No we don't,' re- 
 plied the other, ' no we don't. We know you did all the fighting. 
 Uncle Sam could not get along without you.' ' Do you see,' said 
 the dragoon, still addressing us, 'how they try to take away our 
 laurels ? I w^ill not talk with my inferiors. You know our privates 
 rank with their orderly sergeants." W^e then passed on to others, 
 who freely answered all our questions. They are all convalescent 
 with the exception of one prisoner, who was shot in both legs. One 
 leg has been amputated, and it is supposed the other will have to 
 be, and that he will not be able to survive the operation. From 
 here we proceeded to the armory, and were shown some copper 
 balls taken in the late battles. We then visited Major Ringgold's 
 grave. It is enclosed with a wooden fence, the rails of which are 
 filled with holes, so as to admit musket barrels. These form the 
 palings, the bayonets serving as pickets. Two boards painted 
 black serve for tombstones. The newly made graves of volunteers 
 were scattered around, with no names to distinguish them. Thus 
 we realize all their day-dreams of an unfading name. We then 
 retraced our steps towards the quartermaster's depot, stopping at 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 21 
 
 intervals to speak with the regulars, who were very courteous and 
 patronizing, evidently feeling their Superiority. 
 
 " At the outer edge of the entrenchments, we passed by a party of 
 Mexicans. We could not but exclaim, 'Are these the people we 
 came to fight against?' You can form no idea of their wretched 
 appearance, without thinkir'^ of the most abject poverty and igno- 
 rance. They had brought hides to sell, on carts with wooden 
 wheels, drawn by oxen with a straight stick lashed to the horns for 
 a yoke. Having arrived at the quartermaster's, we were shown 
 some pack saddles, and camp equipage taken in the two battles. I 
 never was more disappointed with the appearance of a place than I 
 was with Point Isabel. The government houses are built princi- 
 pally like barns with canvas roofs. There are in the place only 
 three or four old Spanish huts, with thatched roofs ; the rest are 
 tents and canvas covered booths. Capt. Bowles has been elected 
 Colonel by about 100 of a majority. We start for the mouth of the 
 Rio Grande to morrow at daylight." 
 
 Aug. 1. — As I stated in the foregoing letter, W. A. Bowles of 
 Orange County is now our Colonel elect, Captains Sanderson and 
 Reauseau being the opposing candidates. I shall here refrain from 
 speaking of the present defeat, but I am well assured that Sander- 
 son was honestly elected at New Albany ; and yet losing one of 
 the company returns, was enough to break the election, although 
 the clerks were willing to swear that Sanderson had a majority ! 
 How we have been gulled and led about by a set of political dema- 
 gogues, who, regardless of the fearful responsibility, have forced 
 themselves into positions they possess no qualifications to fill, with 
 a hope thereby to promote their future political aggrandizement. ! 
 shame on such patriotism! — According to orders early this morning, 
 we took up the line of march for the mouth of the Rio Grande, stop- 
 ping only to prepare to wade the lagoon. Having arrived, we 
 pitched our tents to await transportation. 
 
 19th. — By way of relating what has transpired in the last two 
 weeks, I will copy a letter to two of my relatives, containing most 
 that I would have journalized. 
 
 " I received your letter, and under no circumstances could it 
 have been more acceptable. The company left the mouth of the 
 Rio Grande on the 3d inst., except one of the lieutenants and my- 
 2 
 
22 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 self, who were sent up the dny before with eight men, to guard the 
 commissary stores. We* arrived at this place, Camp Belknap, four- 
 teen miles below Matamoros, in the night, and remained on duty in 
 the rain and mud with no shelter for twenty-six hours. When the 
 regiment arrived, we exchanged Ihe duty of sentmels for that of 
 pack horses. We carried our bagg <Te and camp equipage, nearly 
 a mile through a swamp, into the chuparel situated on a slight 
 elevation or ridge. It is universally admitted that a chaparel can- 
 not be described. I shall therefore attempt it no furllier than to 
 give some of the outlines of its character. 
 
 " At a short distance it is indeed beautiful, resembling a well 
 cultivated young orchard. Upon a near appioach we find the 
 largest trees do not exceed in size the peach or plum tree. These 
 are very crooked and ill-shaped, with pinnate leaves somewhat re- 
 sembling the locust. They are called musquite trees, and are scat- 
 tered about at irregular distances. The intervals are filled up with 
 a kind of barren-looking under-growth, which meets the branches 
 of the former. Prongs of this bush, with sharp steel-colored 
 thorns, shoot out in all directions, commencing just above the sur- 
 face of the ground. The rest of the chaparel is composed of all 
 kinds of weeds, thickly interwoven with briars, and interspersed with 
 large 'plats of prickly pear and other varieties of the cactus family. 
 
 " I am conscious I have not done this subject justice. My powers 
 of description are inadequate, and in order to have a full and clear 
 conception of a chaparel, you must see and feel it too. Two days 
 occupied in clearing it away, preparing for an encampment, will 
 give any one a clear idea of its character. The expression so com- 
 mon with us. 
 
 All bushes liavo tliorns 
 All insects have horns, 
 
 is almost true without exception. Even the frogs and grasshoppers 
 are in possession of the last mentioned appendages. 
 
 " Our encampment is beautifully situated upon a grassy ridge, 
 bounded in front by the Rio Grande, opposite Barita, and in the 
 rear by a vast plain bedecked with little salt lakes. Now if you 
 think this a romantic spot, or that there is poetry connected with 
 our situation, you need only imagine us trudging through a swamp, 
 lugging our mouldy crackers and fat bacon, (for we are truly living 
 on the fat of the land,) to become convinced that this is not a vis- 
 ionary abode, but stern reality, I have yet encountered but little 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 23 
 
 else than sloughs, thorns, and the ' rains and storms of heaven,' 
 and consequently have not appreciated the clear nights and brio-ht 
 skies of the ' sunny South.' At present we have finer weather, and 
 it is said the rainy season is nearly over. 
 
 " I hope that by speaking freely of things as they are, I am not 
 conveying the idea that I am discontented. Notwithstanding the 
 attractions of home, and the greatness of the contrast when com- 
 pared with these scenes, I never yet have regretted the step I have 
 taken. We sometimes think it hard to bear with the ignorance and 
 inattention of our field oflScers. The badly selected ground and 
 our frequent want of full rations may possibly not be attributable to 
 their ignorance and neglect, but they are certainly the ones to whom 
 we look for redress. Other regiments around us better officered, 
 fare very differently. I visited another corps the other day, and to 
 my surprise found that they had for some time been drawing an ex- 
 cellent article of flour, good pickles, and molasses. This was the 
 lirst time I knew that such things could be obtained, except from 
 the sutlers, who charged seventy-five cents per quart for the last- 
 mentioned article. 
 
 " The more I see of our boys the stronger is my impi'ession that 
 a better selection could not have been made. Our messmates are 
 all well chosen, and had we no other difficulties than those incident 
 to a soldier's life, a happier set of fellows could not be found. The 
 plans we form to enliven, not only succeed with ourselves, but 
 attract other companies. Our quarters are frequently sought by 
 them, to listen to our music, and look upon our merry moonlight 
 dances. 
 
 " I am sometimes struck with the patience and philosophy exer- 
 cised, even while performing the humiliating drudgery of the camp. 
 In my own case I do not know whether it is owing to my selection 
 of companions or not, but I have never realized the exhaustion and 
 fatigue a description of our manner of procuring water and pro- 
 visions would indicate. I have just returned from one of these 
 expeditions, and will here give you a faithful description of the 
 schemes resorted to, in order to lighten our burdens. Another and 
 myself set out with two iron camp-kettles swung upon a tent pole. 
 Walking about half a mile up the ridge, we came to the crossing 
 place — the narrowest place of the slough, which ebbs and flows 
 with the tide. This is unfit to drink en account of possessing the 
 essence of weeds, distilled by the combined action of water and 
 
24 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 sun. In this clime he trifles not, but sends his rays down with 
 earnestness and energy. Well, after struggling through the tangled 
 weeds with water nearly to the waist, we in due time arrived at the 
 bank of the river, dipped up our water and sat down to rest. We 
 found but little inconvenience in getting water from the stream, as 
 it was filled to the .top of its banks. The country here of late has 
 been almost inundated. The oldest residents say such a flood has 
 not been before for thirty years. If there is fatigue in going with 
 empty buckets, you may readily conceive what is the eflect of filled 
 ones returning. The pole was kept continually twisting by the 
 swinging motion of the kettles, it being impossible to keep them 
 steady on account of the irregularities of the road. The difficulties 
 of the journey were greatly augmented by the depth and tenacity 
 of the mud, which kept us plunging about, and to our great conster- 
 nation, causing us to spill the precious liquid. 
 
 " From this description you may think we had a cheerless trip. 
 It was not so. All was characterized by good humor. We started 
 out crying the lead, ' a quarter less twain,' until we exhausted the 
 vein; then turning military, the command was given, ' guide right, 
 cover your file leader, left, left, left,' &c. The novelty of the 
 scenery and genial injluences of the sun, — for I know of no other / 
 cause, — gradually excited our minds as we proceeded through the 
 quiet wave, and inspired us to more noble and exalted demonstra- 
 tions. Glory became the subject of our song. Touching quotations 
 from the poets, and inflamed, impressive recitations, from ardent, 
 patriotic orators and statesmen, were resorted to, expressive of the 
 high aspirations with which we set out upon this glorious campaign. 
 We then in lower tones spoke of the realization of these day-dreams. 
 With feelings thus awakened we continued our wade. As we ap- 
 proached the land, whether it was owing to a sensitive feeling upon 
 the shoulders, a general physical debility, the interesting associa- 
 tions, or the lulling murmur of the ripples in our wake, I pretend 
 not to say ; at any rate ' a change came over the spirit of our dreams.' 
 Our minds reverted to the pleasing recollections of home. The 
 departed shades of good dinners, and clear, cool refreshing drinks, 
 rose before us, seducing our appetites from coarser fare. Thus ended 
 our trip, which, from our own reflections, and the ludicrous contrasts 
 of the present with the past, wound up with the heartiest merriment. 
 Safely landed, we drained our boots and proceeded to tent No. 1., 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 25 
 
 ■where the water was received by our thirsty messmates with counte- 
 nances expressive of joy and satisfaction. 
 
 " The day before yesterday we lost one of our comrades, John 
 Lewis, who died from the effects of measles. Not one, to ray know- 
 ledge, taken down here with this disease has ever recovered. He 
 was the second in size in the company, and possessed a powerful 
 frame and a strong constitution. We gave him a soldier's burial. 
 We have obtained discharges for all our sick who are dangerously 
 ill. There is but a small chance for recovery here. The disease 
 may be partially overcome, but to regain strength, when but little 
 reduced, is almost impossible. I don't wonder that our hospitals 
 are full when I think of that dreadful slough. For my own part 
 I was never blessed with better health. Ever since we landed at 
 Brazos, I have not in a single instance failed to report myself fit for 
 duty, at roll call every morning. None have escaped better. The 
 boys say I look so much like a Mexican in complexion, you would 
 hardly recognize me. I cannot say much about my face, as I seldom 
 get a sight of it, but my hands look very much the color of a new 
 saddle. You would be surprised to see the bronzing effect of the 
 sun upon our finger nails. This climate suits my constitution ad- 
 mirably, you therefore need give yourselves no uneasiness about 
 my health. 
 
 " I do think T never had anything diff'ase joy more suddenly 
 through my heart, than did the arrival of your letter. I had just 
 returned from wading the slough, loaded with provisions, as the 
 company was going out on four o'clock drill. I was wet to the 
 waist, and worn out by heat and over exercise. I perceived one 
 of the lieutenants beckoning to me with a paper in his hand. As 
 soon as he attracted my attention, he threw it on the ground, and 
 hastened to join the company, which was marching to the parade 
 ground. I seized it, and without changing my clothes read it over, 
 and over again. It was soon spread among my friends, that I had 
 received a letter, and congratulations from all were showered upon 
 me. I read the expression, 'Home; that word is dearer to you 
 than ever,' which met with a hearty response. 
 
 " The camp is continually agitated by rumors brought in by our 
 scouting parties. The other day the regiment was ordered out, our 
 effective force computed, and ammunition distributed, on account of 
 one of these reports, 
 
 " You say you often wonder what I am doing. I will give you 
 
26 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 our daily order of exercises. We are aroused at daylight by the 
 i^eveille, and have a company or squad drill for two hours ; after 
 which eight men and a sergeant, or corporal, are detailed for guard. 
 Company drill again at four o'clock and regimental at five. The 
 intervals are filled up in getting wood, water and provisions, cook- 
 ing and washing. Hunting parties go out sometimes and kill fowls, 
 cattle, wolves and snakes. One day last week mess No. 14 served 
 up for dinner a rattlesnake seven feet long. There are many things 
 I should like to write, but having already spun this letter to an out- 
 landish length, I conclude by thanking you for the attention and 
 consolation you have given my dear mother. The affectionate 
 regards of my brothers greatly encourage me. I am writing this 
 lying on the ground, with my paper on my blanket, and with noise 
 and confusion around." 
 
 31s^ — If our spirits are depressed, and loneliness and ennui per- 
 vade our feelings, when in good health, how much greater must be 
 the discontent and gloom that weigh upon us when sick? Nothing 
 could be more unenviable than my situation for the last two days. 
 Last Thursday we moved our encampment about a mile further 
 down the river, below the slough, upon the ground formerly oc- 
 cujiied by the 2d regiment from Kentucky. The heat, rain, violent 
 exertions and other causes combined, have brought upon me the 
 prevailing disease of the season. I have suffered from accompany- 
 ing headaches and fever. My condition has been much ameliorated 
 by the kind attentions of officers and men. These examples of 
 generosity are teaching me gratitude, but I place myself under ob- 
 ligation as little as possible. 
 
 If any one should wish to fully appreciate home with its endear- 
 ing associations, let him imagine himself a sick soldier, with his 
 body protected from the ground only by the thickness of his blanket, 
 a coat or knapsack for a pillow, and the hot scorching sun beating 
 through his crowded tent. And in the intervals of a burning fever, 
 should his aching bones find repose in sleep, and in dreams 
 
 " Friends and objects loved 
 Before the mind appear,"' 
 
 yet how fleeting are all earthly joys! The company on the right 
 must be drilled. He dreams again. He meets in fond embrace the 
 object of his purest affections, and is about to snatch a warm kiss 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 27 
 
 of welcome. That detested drum. Complain not. The sentinels 
 must be relieved. I can write no more now. My head grows 
 dizzy. 
 
 September 2d. — Last night the whole encampment was thrown 
 into the most intense excitement, by a row which broke out between 
 two companies of Georgia troops, who were embarking on the 
 steamer Corvette for Camargo. The combatants were principally 
 Irish, and fought with their characteristic determination. Although 
 we were some distance from the river, we could hear distinctly the 
 blows, and demoniacal yells of the rioters, which were truly appal- 
 ling. The conflict continued for two hours, during which several 
 were killed, and wounded, and quite a number terribly bruised, 
 and others were knocked overboard and perhaps drowned. Colonel 
 Baker, of the 4th Illinois regiment, marched on board with twelve 
 men, and demanded peace. He was himself attacked by four men 
 with bayonets, which he warded off with his scabbard, at the same 
 time defending himself with his sword, from the attack of the Irish 
 captain, and succeeded in disabling him, by thrusting his sword 
 into his mouth, and cutting open the whole side of his cheek. A 
 savage yell was immediately heard from the mob, and the report of 
 a pistol, which was aimed at the brave colonel's head. He fell 
 badly wounded, the ball entering the back of his neck, and coming 
 out of his mouth. Then came the cry, " Help, your colonel is 
 shot, — they have killed Colonel Baker." This was too much, and 
 we made a simultaneous rush for our arras. Colonel Bowles ordered 
 out five companies, the Greys among the number, — and in five 
 minutes we had a line formed around the boat, and the riot quelled, 
 before the Illinois regiment had arrived. The exposure of last 
 night has quite laid me up to-day, although the captain of the guard 
 called me from the ranks, and sent me to my quarters long before 
 morning. 
 
 This has been a solemn day. We had two burials, and it is 
 thought Colonel Baker will not recover. The whole day has been 
 occupied in the court martial, which has resulted in sending the 
 officers engaged in the riot, under arrest, to General Taylor, who is 
 now at Camargo. 
 
 1th. — I am as well as ever again, and on duty. The regiment 
 has just been mustered by Captain Churchill, for two months' pay. 
 
28 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 I have been gloomy and low-spirited all day. When I reflect upon 
 my situation here in contrast with that at home, I can hardly realize 
 that I am the same person. Everything appears like a dream, and 
 I almost believe I am acting a part in which my own character is 
 not represented. I am thrown among the temptations of camp, but 
 do not think the effect will be demoralizing, or its impressions last- 
 ing. The more I see of vice and dissipation, the firmer I believe 
 a moral and virtuous life constitutes the only sure guarantee of hap- 
 piness. If permitted to return home, I shall better appreciate its 
 blessings, be a better friend, a kinder brother and a more dutiful 
 son. The more I know of the world, the higher value I set upon 
 friends. Oh ! how sweet to enjoy their society, and feel the capa- 
 cities of the affections filled with congenial objects! Here I have 
 nothing to love, no one who knows my heart, or understands ray 
 feeiinofs. When I recall the impressions of mind under which I 
 volunteered, I have a presentiment that an unhappy fate awaits me. 
 I doubt whether a warm heart or a flowing soul is a source of more 
 pleasure than pain to its possessor. * * * * 
 
 lAth. — Two others and myself have just returned from a visit to 
 Matamoros. Three or four days since we left the camp in company 
 with several of the ofl[icers, on board the steamer Whiteville. They 
 were going to draw pay. The captain of the boat was quite dis- 
 concerted to see so many of us (nearly twenty in all), coming on 
 board. Having got under way he still insisted he could not accom- 
 modate us ; that he had no right to stop for us, and that our orders 
 from the quartermaster were nothing to him. After much debate 
 in relation to provisions, starvation, &c., we settled down, and 
 made up our minds for the worst, which was bad enough, to say the 
 least. The boat lay-to at night on account of fog and the serpen- 
 tine windings of the river. We stopped twice to wood on the way. 
 The ranches along the banks are principally owned by the rich, 
 who live in the cities. General Arista's crossing was the first place 
 we stopped. There are here about half a dozen thatched huts, and 
 about twenty " peons" employed in cutting wood, and hauling it on 
 carts with wooden wheels. Quite a number of us went ashore and 
 distributed ourselves among them. I went to the farthest hut, 
 where I was greatly amused by the little urchins. They were run- 
 ning around the yard perfectly naked, notwithstanding the rain was 
 pouring down in torrents. I approached the house which contained 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 29 
 
 one man, two women and three or four children. They all arose, 
 and made the kindest demonstrations for me to enter. I declined, 
 at the same time pointing to my muddy feet. They signified " never 
 mind the mud," and I walked in and seated myself upon a bench. 
 One of the females furnished me with a cushion to sit upon, covered 
 with cloth of their own weaving, which was fringed and ornamented 
 with the brightest and most showy of colors. We could understand 
 each other very well upon some subjects, such as the various articles 
 of clothing, and the prices of the different materials. Everything 
 in the room was of the roughest construction. The fire was placed 
 at one end of the room upon a floor, which was of the most primi- 
 tive order. An aperture in the roof served for a chimney, which 
 but partially performed the agency. They were destitute of chairs 
 and bedsteads. Hides spread upon the ground constituted their 
 beds, an arrangement admirably adapted to prevent injury upon the 
 heads of children, caused by falling during the dreamy hours of 
 sleep. I was greatly pleased with the two women, and with one 
 especially. She appeared to belong to a higher station. She was 
 apparently about twenty-one, and looked very differently from any 
 of the sex I had yet seen in that region. Her forehead was high and 
 intellectual, her countenance was animated and intelligent. In her 
 ears were large golden pendants, which contrasted strangely with 
 the rude furniture around. Her beautifully delicate hand did honor 
 to the glittering jewels encircling her tapering fingers, which were 
 gracefully entwining the hair of her companion seated by her side. 
 Perhaps my preference for one was induced by the approving 
 glances from her " large, dark, eloquent eyes." She had smoothed 
 for me the cushion, and flattered me with her looks, and I being in 
 a frame of mind rather susceptible to kind attentions, my vanity was 
 very naturally somewhat excited. They were both attired in the 
 simplest manner. A white chemise, and skirt girded around the 
 waist with a yellow silk sash comprised the whole arrangement. 
 Their small beautiful feet were not cramped in stockings or shoes, 
 or their ankles hid with a skirt too long. Their bosoms were not 
 compressed in stays, or mantled in cashmeres, but heaved freely 
 under the healthful influences of the genial sun and balmy air of the 
 sunny south. I approached the mat where they were sitting, and 
 took the hand of a little girl, and touching the shoulders of my 
 favorite, I pointed to the child and asked if it was hers. She shook 
 her head, and looked intelligibly towards her companion. I then 
 
30 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 took up the child in my nrms and pointed to the " Slates," as if I 
 would take it iiome with me. They both snatched the child with 
 great fondness, exclaiming " no, no, no," to the infinite amusement 
 of the men who came around me, making every demonstration of 
 gratification and good will. At this interesting crisis the steamboat 
 bell summoned me, and by running at full speed I arrived just in 
 time, while one of the party less fortunate was left behind. He 
 was greatly frightened, and plead earnestly, but his supplications 
 were in vain. The captain said he could walk across the country, 
 and get to Mataraoros before we would. I would almost willingly 
 have exchanged situations with him. 
 
 We at length arrived at Mafamoros, having been in sight of the 
 town for five hours before we landed. The river is so crooked that 
 there are landings on different sides of the city. We registered our 
 nara'es at the Exchange Hotel. This is a two story brick building 
 with a flat roof, and an open court in the centre. It was formerly 
 the Mexican custom house. Our sleeping room was the one through 
 which two cannon balls had passed, during the bombardment from 
 Fort Brown. The next morning we rose early and visited the 
 market. The building is about twenty-five feet high, supported by 
 columns and arches. The whole interior is divided into stalls, 
 where can be bought meats of all kinds. The outside is reserved 
 for vegetables and varieties, sold from mats spread upon the ground, 
 by women with half-clothed figures, and disheveled hair, present- 
 ing an appearance uncouth and repulsive. Bread, milk, pies and 
 hot coffee are sold in large quantities. 
 
 I was surprised to find so many Mexicans still residing in the 
 city. And was still more surprised to find the alcalde and police 
 officers performing their respective duties, and all the municipal 
 laws enforced as formerly. The alcalde, however, receives instruc- 
 tion from Colonel Clark. 
 
 The dress most common for the women I have already described ; 
 I will, however, mention that they never wear bonnets, but throw a 
 scarf ingeniously over the head and shoulders. The young men 
 dress with much taste and neatness, and most of them possess fine 
 figures. The) generally appear in white, and instead of suspenders 
 they wear around the waist sashes of various colors. The bottoms 
 of their pants are of enormous width. Some, more showy than the 
 rest, wear blue over the white, with the outer seam left open to the 
 hips, and buttons down the side. The hat, which is made of straw 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 31 
 
 or wool, and often covered 'with oil-cloth, has its peculiarities. On 
 each side and about three inches from the top, are fixed little silver 
 knobs in oval plates. The bands are often made of gold or silver. 
 My thoughts and feelings while passing through the streets, were 
 in keeping with the novelty of my situation. Suddenly thrown into 
 a foreign city, where everything presented an appearance so dis- 
 similar to anything I had ever seen, I was constantly surprised into 
 expressions of wonder and curiosity. The side walks are so narrow 
 but two persons can walk abreast. The houses on the principal 
 streets are built generally of brick, with flat roofs, brick floors in 
 the first story, and open court yards in the centre. Those in the 
 less frequented parts of the city, are made of slabs and stakes driven 
 into the ground, the intervals filled with mud and straw, and thatched 
 with palmito. 
 
 One of the most distinguishing characteristics of this people is 
 their insatiate thirst for gaming. It amounts almost to monomania. 
 Play seems to be the sole occupation of a large portion in this place. 
 Crowds of both sexes maybe seen at almost any time in the streets, 
 and on the banks of the river, betting on their universally favorite 
 game "monte." The hotels, restaurants and coffee-houses are 
 infested with gamblers from all nations. Those boarding at the 
 Exchange follow their respective games, with all the dignity that 
 characterizes the professor of law or medicine. Many of them are 
 very showy in their appearance, courteous in their manner, and 
 agreeable in their intercourse. To the volunteers, they are atten- 
 tive and obliging, always ready to give them any information or 
 advice, and ever ready to rid them of any extra dimes they may 
 wish to hazard upon their games. It would doubtless surprise any 
 of our good merchants at home, to witness the unceremonious ran- 
 cheros entering their stores, leading in their favorite mustangs after 
 them, — a general practice here. But it is time I should close this 
 prosy description. It would be an endless task, should I attempt 
 to relate all I saw and heard in the church, in the hospitals, and 
 especially the never-to-be-forgotten incidents on the lower plaza, 
 and at the fandango. 
 
 Just before we unexpectedly embarked for the camp, our atten- 
 tion was attracted by music, and a crowd, following a company of 
 rope dancers. We were informed that they came in every Sunday 
 afternoon, and performed at three o'clock. The party consisted of 
 three men and one woman on horseback. They were gaudily 
 
32 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 dressed, very much after the manner of our circus riders, but, if 
 possible, more grotesque and sliowy. The music consisted of a 
 clarinet, a drum and a kind of opheclide painted green and red. 
 The pompous cavalcade, supported by the motley crew of men, 
 women and children, making every gesticulation of delight, pre- 
 sented truly a rich and ludicrous scene. About this time the 
 steamer Corvette rounded to with a load of sick volunteers from 
 Camargo, for the general hospital, and as we expected to leave 
 immediately, we hastened on board. 
 
 I never in my life regretted so much to leave any place after so 
 short an acquaintance. I was just becoming familiar with the city, 
 and the next night promised much. That by the way. I went on 
 board without a murmur, and was Soon on my way to the camp. 
 
 20///. — This day has opened upon me fraught with new cares and 
 responsibilities. This is ray twenty-first birth-day. My country 
 can now fairly claim my influence in sustaining her laws, and sup- 
 porting her institutions. When an American youth enters upon the 
 stage of political life, he should endeavor fully to comprehend the 
 genius of its government, and the high and glorious privileges it 
 imparts. His freedom of thought and right of suflfrage place him 
 far above, in point of privilege, any other people, and secure to him 
 blessings not enjoyed by any other nation under heaven. In view 
 of the inestimable rights he enjoys, how great are his obligations! 
 How carefully should he endeavor to avoid party influences ; and 
 remain firm in noble principles, in spite of the deluding sophistry of 
 heartless demagogues. As he approaches the ballot-box, that 
 sacred guarantee of liberty when unabused, let him pause and re- 
 flect whether he is acting from impulse or the dictates of reason. I 
 am now twenty-one ! We all look forward with interest to the period ! 
 We expect, and we anticipate, and how often, during the flow of 
 buoyant thought, we map out the way to future greatness. My 
 feelings are so fluctuating, my anticipations so frequently unrealized, 
 that no result can be very unexpected. From this candid and free 
 expression of my feelings, I do not wish to convey the idea that I 
 am disposed to find fault with the world, or with the organization 
 of society, but only to indicate more clearly the constitution of my 
 mind with native sources of unhappiness. 
 
 In looking back over a few years in which I have mingled some 
 in society, I cannot say I have derived no pleasures from the past. 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO, 33 
 
 that I have seen no bright spots, or enjoyed no valued objects. It 
 would be base ingratitude were I to disclaim participation in some 
 delightful scenes where sympathy and affection warmed kindred 
 hearts. Was this more than balanced by painful reaction ? 
 
 The frequent brooding upon saddening subjects, pride, and, I 
 may add, a sprinkling of patriotism, will, to some extent, account 
 for this day finding me a soldier upon the borders of Mexico. It is. 
 time I should leave this subject. I drop it at once to recount some 
 of the events of the day. 
 
 Yesterday we were visited by a strong north-wester, so common 
 to the season in this latitude. It blew so hard that the water from the 
 Gulf was driven up into the sloughs, causing a swelling from the little 
 salt lakes of which I have before spoken ; but to-day we have a 
 clear sky and a calm breeze. After breakfast this morning, I went 
 to the sutlers, and bought a large box of sardines and some claret, 
 as a little treat for the mess. Our captain and lieutenants were 
 invited to partake, and toasting my birth-day, they all wished me 
 success. I spent the night until tattoo, in writing these random 
 reflections, and in thinking what a contrast the associations of to- 
 day will present, when compared with three preceding anniversa- 
 ries of my birth-day. 
 
 October bth. — For the last two weeks nothing has transpired 
 worthy of note. The time drags heavily when waiting for orders. — 
 Col. Lane's regiment has moved up to Palo Alto, seven miles from 
 Matamoros. General Lane still drills our regiment, as our colonels 
 are both sick, and one gone home. Yesterday I wrote a letter, and 
 will copy it in part. 
 
 tt * * * * * jj. jg Sunday evening, and just about the time 
 you are returning from church in the afternoon. I fancy I can see 
 the friends convened in your front room. I often think of your 
 parlor. At this time what a different scene our camp presents 
 from that of the drawing-room ! Instead of handling gloves, fans, 
 or parasols, our boys are engaged in brightening their arras and 
 equipments, to surprise the regiment this evening on dress parade. 
 I am sitting in tent No. 1, and writing this epistle upon a box that 
 some of the boys have picked up at the commissary's. While 
 speaking of the mess I will pronounce a short eulogiura. It is the 
 only one, with perhaps one exception, that has undergone no 
 changes since we left home. We have had no difficulties, but have 
 
34 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 lived together in uninterrupted harmony. We now number six, 
 one of our mess having been discharged. What a place this for 
 the study of human nature! Points of character that at home lie 
 concealed from every one, are here developing everyday, and con- 
 sequently much change of opinion in relation to character. Even 
 one's own self changes views respecting one's self, in regard to the 
 natural disposition, motives, and impulses of action. The more I 
 see of a soldier's life, the stronger is my conviction that there are 
 worse evils to be feared than those of the battle field. A retrograde 
 in morals or a total loss of moral principle, is incalculably worse. 
 Take young men, who, from their position in society at home, are 
 excluded from the haunts of strong temptations and the greater 
 vices, and for the most part you will find them moral from habit, 
 rather than from fixed principles, and a clear discrimination between 
 right and wrong. ! how many such will be wrecked and ruined 
 in this campaign! 
 
 " I am daily realizing the force of that old adage, ' we know not 
 what we can do until we try.' If any one had told me only a few 
 months ago, that I could with impunity, sleep upon the ground in 
 the open air, and rise at reveille in the morning, and drill two hours 
 before breakfast, I should certainly have been at a loss to know of 
 what kind of materials he thought I was made. Yet these I do 
 almost every day, and so accustomed am I to a soldier's couch, I 
 seldom think of a softer bed. Then, there is poetry in reposing 
 under the direct gaze of the moon and stars, which, like guardian 
 angels, superintend, while the watchful sentinel guards around. 
 Apropos : we do have some of the finest nights you ever witnessed. 
 The moonlight is so clear and bright, we easily see to read by it. 
 And then what a range for the imagination. How plainly do happy 
 meetings, delightful visions of love and sympathy, rise before us. 
 Under such pleasing emotions we sink into the most refreshing 
 slumbers, which are only disturbed by the musical mosquitoes or 
 industnous ants. I close this epistle. The drum calls to parade." 
 
 Zlst. — The only apology I offer for such a distance between dates, 
 is the absence of anything worthy of relation. I have occupied a 
 part of the interim in writing letters, and as they contain the little 
 of incident transpiring, I will copy another in part. 
 
 " As a good opportunity presents itself to send you a few lines, I 
 will avail myself of it, although it is very disagreeable to write with 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 35 
 
 a strong northerly sweeping over, blowing sand and dirt in the eyes, 
 and covering the paper. I received your last letter, and I assure 
 you it gave me great pleasure to hear you were well, and partially 
 resigned to our separation. I waited for it so long, I had become 
 used to disappointment, and thought myself partially hardened and 
 indifferent, but it has awakened anew all my anxieties. How lonely 
 and melancholy it makes me feel to see others around reading epis- 
 tles from their friends, while I am apparently forgotten and uncared 
 for. Indeed, these reflections are sources of much unhappiness. 
 Do not think from these expressions, that our condition is worse 
 than previously. It is greatly improved since the many unfavorable 
 accounts you have heard from us. There is not now one among 
 us confined to his tent, and everything goes on as well as a soldier 
 could expect. My brothers can form no idea of the encouragement 
 and gratification they afforded me by their assurances of interest and 
 regard. I can conceive of no incentive to action greater than to 
 gain their affection and approbation. Assure them of my kind 
 remembrances. I feel this separation will only tend to bind us 
 closer together, if we are ever permitted to meet again. 
 
 " As the armistice has not yet expired, I cannot with certainty 
 inform you of our future movements. If the war continues, we ex- 
 pect to move towards Tampico, where we expect active service, a 
 glorious end or a wreath of laurels. General Patterson deems it 
 no mark of disrespect to the Indiana troops, that they have not been 
 pushed forward, nor will it affect our reputation. Our hospital has 
 recently been greatly enlarged and improved. Our stock of medi- 
 cines is very low, but fortunately the camp was never in a healthier 
 condition. Cease your care for me and bestow your sympathy upon 
 a needier object. The sick soldier with a hard bed and burning 
 fever, has a stronger claim upon you. Forget him not. 
 
 *' I commenced this letter intending to send it immediately, but 
 shall not be able to do so for a week or two." 
 
 lOlh. — I transcribe here a fragment of a letter to my sister " . 
 
 I do think you have used me shamefully, by not noticing one of 
 my letters, and I have a great mind to fill this whole sheet with 
 scoldings. I left home as you know, with but few associates. I 
 have no friends of my own age with you, that I have any claims 
 upon, or from whom I have a right to expect any favors. But from 
 you I expected much, or at least I felt assured you would not forget 
 
36 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 me. How much I have been disappointed, you yourself can judge. 
 Your inattenlion becomes more unpardonable, when I think of the 
 many subjects of interest you have to write about. If you would 
 just give a list of the friends who have called upon you, within the 
 last week, or fill a page with the innocent sayings of the little ones, 
 it would be hailed by me as a God-send in this dreary place. I 
 am beginning to feel quite like an old soldier, and 'forward, march, 
 ^uide left,' and other phrases of the drill are becoming as familiar 
 as if I had spent years in the service. We have had quite an ex- 
 citement in relation to moving, for the last two weeks. General 
 Lane has received orders to hold this regiment ready to march at 
 an hour's notice. Ever since he has drilled it twice a day. The 
 Tampico fever and rage for Monterey have abated, but still the 
 general keeps up his two drills a day. The paymaster was here 
 last week, and paid off' all save three companies, — ours one of them. 
 The money gave out. The health of the company is better than 
 ever, and we do have some of the greatest jollifications you ever 
 heard of. We get a couple of violins, and do up dancing to their 
 music a la Mexicana. You w^ould deem it a rich treat to hear the 
 promptings, and attempts at Spanish, which some of the boys have 
 picked up in the neighborhood, at the various fandangos. We 
 sometimes have half the regiment about our quarters. The captain's 
 marque, like his shop door at home, is the emporium of anecdote 
 and humor. 
 
 " 15th. — Lieutenant Caycehas just arrived from among you, and 
 has enriched us all. How shall I express my gratitude, for the 
 kind favors you have shown me ? The shirts from my dear mother 
 came just in time. And although the expression of FalstafT, — ' I 
 have but a shirt and half to all my company; and the half shirt is 
 two napkins tacked together,' was not true of us generally, yet I 
 assure you my under ' tunic' answered mighty well to the half shirt. 
 Your letter, and those of other friends are thankfully received. 
 This has been a happy day to us all, notwithstanding the north- 
 wester. I now take a hasty leave. The bearer waits for this." 
 
 21s^. — For the last two days we have all been busily engaged in 
 preparing for, and in celebrating the fourth anniversary of the 
 Spencer Greys, which came off yesterday in fine style. Our arms 
 and equipments were all polished and whitened, in the best manner 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 37 
 
 our limited conveniences would allow. Our fatigue dresses were 
 not so showy as our handsome uniforms at home, yet we made an 
 imposing appearance, and attracted much attention, while perform- 
 ing some maneuvers of the fancy drill, upon our parade ground. 
 One of the paymasters said it was the finest display he had seen on 
 the Rio Grande. I am told that our general, in a burst of admira- 
 tion, said, " I would rather command a regiment of such boys than 
 be the president." In fact we did ourselves great credit both in 
 the field, and target firing. Above all the rest our beautiful flag 
 was universally admired. 
 
 It was a fine day, and everything appeared to good advantage. 
 The sun once more shone forth with all his refulgence, which con- 
 trasted happily with the cold and dreary weather of the three or 
 four previous days, during which a strong norther was sweeping 
 over us, blowing down tents and covering everything with sand. 
 But our birth-day anniversary was ushered in with an unclouded 
 sky, and a complete change in the whole face of nature. The 
 whole day proved an auspicious one, as the paymaster arrived and 
 forked over our seven dollars a month. At night music and danc- 
 ing were the order of exercises until tattoo, after which I took the 
 arm of a messmate and strolled out upon the bank of the river, 
 where we called up to our minds images of the past, spoke of home, 
 and drew many interesting contrasts. The pleasures of memory, 
 how varied they are ! How inestimable are the faculties by which 
 we can enjoy again, former pleasures, and happy unions of the past ! 
 I sometimes think that pleasures retrospective are purer than those 
 of anticipation or realization. " How grand is the power of thought ! 
 My God! how great it is." These reflections and our mutual in- 
 terchanges of sentiment were at length interrupted by the sound of 
 a guitar, which emanated from the sutler's tent, to which we at 
 once proceeded, and found quite a number of officers, listening to 
 the laudable performances of our musical trio. We remained by 
 invitation, until the party broke up, then returned to our quarters. 
 
 " 23d. — Dear M I have just returned from a visit to 
 
 Point Isabel after letters. Most of the boys were paid for their 
 pains, except myself. It is an anomaly to me that others around 
 me are continually receiving epistles from their friends, while I am 
 generally doomed to disappointment. The party consisted of five. 
 After walking sixteen miles, we arrived at Brazos Santiago, where 
 3 
 
38 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 we were struck with the change everything presented. It appeared 
 more like the levee at New Orleans, than the desert island on which 
 we first encamped. The government has about one hundred and 
 fifty teamsters and laborers employed, and whole acres are covered 
 with baggage wagons and army stores. The harbor is filled with 
 hundreds of vessels. Having regaled ourselves with a dish of 
 oysters and clams, we took a boat and sailed to the point. We 
 registered our names at the " Palo Alto House," — repaired to the 
 post office, and performed various errands for the boys. The next 
 morning we witnessed the thrilling spectacle of the disinterment of 
 the remains of Major Ringgold, for the Baltimore committee. The 
 coffin was escorted to the quartermaster's depot, by a company of 
 regulars. Others formed a procession in the rear, and all marched 
 to the tune of " Adeste Fideles," accompanied by the roaring of one 
 eighteen pounder. Having arrived at the destined place, the body 
 was removed to a leaden coffin. It was so decayed we could form 
 no idea of its form or features. After dinner we returned to the 
 Brazos, and put up at the Greenwood Hotel. During the night 
 there came up a tremendous storm, which swept over the island 
 driving everything before it. It was quite amusing to see the bar- 
 rels and hats, bounding before the gale. Even part of an old 
 steamboat chimney was started, and rolled before the wind, faster 
 than a horse could gallop, and was thus driven as far as the eye 
 could see on the other side into the gulf. A bet was made upon 
 the comparative speed of the barrel, hat and chimney — the hat won. 
 Having finished our suppers, we repaired to the theatre. The 
 Young Widow and Irish Tutor, composed the exercises of the even- 
 ing, interspersed with songs and dances. Two or three of the cha- 
 racters were tolerably well sustained, and one of the mess remarked, 
 ' It is as good a theatre as I want to go to.' The storm continued 
 during the performances with redoubled fury, and the tide coming 
 up between us and our lodgings, we were forced to wade it against 
 wind and sand, which lashed our faces uninercifully. The next 
 morning we started for the camp, stopping by the way to pick up 
 shells, which I will send you the first opportunity. The Tampico 
 fever rages higher than ever, and our general is of the impression, 
 we will not be here six days hence. * * * * * Messes No. 1 and 13 
 have this day united into one. We now think we are the greatest 
 mess alive. Every one possesses some peculiarity of taste and dis- 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 39 
 
 position, that affords fun for the rest. Every meal is attended, with 
 the life and jollity of a public dinner." * * * * 
 
 " 22c?. — Dear Mother. The letter and clothing you sent me VA'ere 
 gratefully received. You can form some idea of my health, when 
 I tell you the shirts would not button at the neck by two inches, 
 nor at the wrist without an effort. In the pants the boys say I look 
 like a ' stuffed paddy.' Nevertheless they all answer the purpose. 
 
 This has been quite an eventful day. In consideration of having 
 no extra dinner on the day of our celebration, and this being the 
 birthday of two of our. boys, the combined efforts of messes 1 and 
 13, were brought to bear upon the preparation of a sumptuous dinner 
 for the company. Guests were invited, among whom were many 
 officers of the brigade and regiment. Everything was got up in a 
 style truly rich and rare. Cooking was done in a manner unsur- 
 passable. Roast beef, fish, potatoes, peach pies and pound cake 
 ■without eggs, constituted the principal dishes. Cigars and claret, 
 were the accompaniments. Managers, cooks and waiters, all per- 
 formed in their happiest way, in their appropriate departments, and 
 our guests congratulated us upon the entire success of our efforts." 
 
 December bth. — We all thought yesterday, that last night would 
 close our stay in camp Belknap, as we had received orders to em- 
 bark on the first boat, for Camargo, and thence to Monterey. The 
 joyous excitement this news diffused among us, surpasses any de- 
 scription I can give. In our company the whole night was spent 
 in music and dancing. Our musicians acquitted themselves ably. 
 Our captain and others joined in our merriment. I was on duty as 
 corporal of the police, and as the officer of the day only ordered 
 me to suppress all riots, and see that the lights were put out at 
 tattoo, I did not think dancing included, so I joined in the festivi- 
 ties with an ardor that has rendered me to-day almost unable to 
 walk, and my head aches as if it would split. "Those who dance 
 must pay the fiddler." We have just removed to the river, where 
 "we will await conveyance. 
 
 1th. — Night before last sevfen companies of the regiraeht em- 
 barked for Camargo, leaving the two rifle companies and Spencer 
 Oreys for the next boat. We are detained in consequence of the 
 
40 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 captain refusing to go on the steamer Enterprise, as it is too small 
 to be safe for three companies. So the Lanesville Legion took our 
 place, it being a smaller company. We expected to start next 
 morning, but have been disappointed. 
 
 Last night we were thrown into great excitement by the alarm of 
 an attack from the enemy. Just before dark the general and others 
 thought they heard sounds of a bugle, in the chaparel on the Mexi- 
 can side of the river, supposing them to proceed from the enemy. 
 In consideration of our exposed position, — there being only one 
 hundred and fifty of us, with but little ammunition, it was thought 
 prudent to station a picket around the camp. The three companies 
 were ordered out, and four cartridges apiece distributed, then 
 marched up to be reviewed by the general. He told us what he had 
 heard, and other causes which made our position a dangerous one. 
 He urged the necessity of watchfulness, saying that we would never 
 have so good an opportunity of showing what we were made of. 
 Many other things he said, calculated to excite our attention, then 
 dismissed us charging us to lay near our arms, and not be taken by 
 surprise. We returned to our tents, and arranged everything, and 
 lying as directed upon our arms, we made up our minds to do our 
 best, if we were disturbed before morning. About two hours after 
 midnight, we were suddenly arroused by a discharge of musketry 
 from our outpost, and the cry, "to arms, to arms." In ten minutes 
 the whole three companies were at the general's quarters. 
 
 I think I know now the feeling one experiences while going into 
 battle. My emotions this night I never shall forget. When first 
 aroused I seized my musket and equipments, and rushed from the 
 tent in the greatest excitement. The firing from the pickets, the 
 universal rushing, hurry and confusion, the impatient cries of, "make 
 haste, men; fall in," etc., made me so nervous that doubtless for a 
 few minutes, my words were unintelligible. After a short period 
 of agitation everything was ready. As we were marching out to 
 take our position, it seemed that this would be a wonderful night 
 in my earthly career, and my fate was to be decided by my success 
 in the coming conflict. I said within, be calm and do your duty. 
 I aroused all my energy and decision of character. I then moved 
 with an unwavering step, and would have given all my possessions 
 to come in contact with the foe. Our men never marched better, 
 dressing to the guide as it was shifted, with as much calmness as 
 when on ordinary drill. 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 41 
 
 Having formed our line in front of a dense chaparel, a party was 
 sent out to reconnoitre. Here I had a presentinaent that the enemy 
 would not meet us ; that this was not the night for our military 
 laurels to be secured. Had we met the enemy in the field of battle ; 
 had we gained victory amidst adverse circumstances, how gratify- 
 ing to ambitious desire that friends-should read eloquent descriptions 
 of our deeds of chivalry. Great was our anxiety while waiting for 
 the return of the detachment. 
 
 At length the party came ; they reported to the general ; the gene- 
 ral addressed us in complimentary terms, expressing his unlimited 
 confidence in our fidelity and courage. He dismissed us saying 
 our only enemies here, the wolves, had retired to the chaparel. 
 We returned to our tents crest-fallen, very few having a disposition 
 to joke or laugh over this evening's adventure. 
 
 10th. — At last we have departed from camp Belknap. The place 
 that a few months ago contained 8000 souls, is now without an in- 
 habitant. I left this beautiful spot with mingled emotions of pain 
 and pleasure. Here we had light duties, we had opportunities to 
 hear from home, and other sources of comfort. On these accounts 
 I confess I left camp Belknap with regret. But on the other hand 
 it could be no longer said, they still remain away from active duties 
 and scenes of glory. I thought of the upper camp and wonders 
 in other lands. On these accounts I left our old encampment 
 with feelings of delight. 
 
 We transported ourselves, our camps and equipments to the river 
 bank; but how heavily many an hour passed away before the 
 arrival of a steamboat. We several times laid in provisions and 
 eooked them for the trip, and several times we eat up our provi- 
 sions before we started on our trip. It is said man is a poor econo- 
 mist in domestic matters, and indeed our conduct on this occasion 
 seemed to prove it. 
 
 Well, at last we are on board the steamboat Whiteville, the same 
 upon which many of us went some time ago to Matamoros. Before 
 its arrival the three captains drew lots for choice of quarters. Our 
 captain was successful, and he selected the boiler deck. But the 
 captain of the steamboat refused to let us occupy the place specified. 
 His plea was " 'Tis unsafe, the boat rolls so." Accordingly all 
 three companies were stowed away amidst the filth, noise and con- 
 fusion of the engine room. 0! 'tis revolting to the feelings of one 
 
42 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 accustoracd to the decency and luxuries of civilized life, to be 
 herded together like cattle in some dirty little enclosure, and there 
 treated with the hauteur and chilling neglect of the most abject 
 slaves. IIow the hot blood mantles my cheek wheal I look at our 
 situation. " The boat rolls so !" A fine excuse truly! Other boats 
 of no greater strength carry troops upon the boiler deck ; yet this 
 hireling says, we " have no more right there than his firemen.^'' 
 Behold the sacrifices of the soldier ! He forfeits his self-respect, 
 his sense of right and wrong, his liberty of speech, his freedom of 
 action, and his rank in society. All this for the public good, and 
 what is his reward ? Why, one ration a day, and seven dollars a 
 month, the cold indifl'erence of the hireling citizen, and of the ava- 
 ricious or ambitious officer, holding in his hand the regulations of the 
 Army. How many such officers when at home, in newspaper arti- 
 cles or public orations, give vent to fires of eloquence and of patriot- 
 ism. They would shed the last drop of blood for their dear coun- 
 try! but they seem mighty unwilling to shed ihe. first drop, or why 
 don't they shed a little reflection for the comfort of the poor soldier, 
 or why don't they shed out some of their big salaries for the advan- 
 tage of those who have left firesides and friends for their dear 
 country ? 
 
 So far as this government boat was concerned, it had this regu- 
 lation: "No private shall enter the cabin, or be permitted to sit at 
 the table," the money or intrinsic worth of the soldier notwithstand- 
 ing. Well, I have this consolation, that I have endeavored to show 
 proper respect without truckling to oflSce or power. In my inter- 
 course and associations with officers, I have kept up appearances 
 without blushing, at the inferiority of my living to theirs. As to 
 the monthly pay of the volunteer, one of my messmates well ex- 
 pressed himself. " I hope Congress may not increase our pay to 
 ten dollars, for I never can be paid with money for the wounds my 
 pride has received." 
 
 By the above remarks let it be understood that I am not finding 
 fault with the duties of the soldier. I am willing, God knows I 
 am willing, to do everything in my line of duty. Nor am I op- 
 posing rigid discipline, for I hold that subordination is the life and 
 safeguard of the army. Yet the soldier has rights that should be 
 protected, and feelings that should be respected. 
 
 llth. — We arrived at Matamoros this morning, before day. At 
 
« A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 43 
 
 sunrise, several of us went up to the city, but saw nothing worthy 
 of notice. On my return, I stopped at the camp of the 4th Regt. 
 Illinois Volunteers. There I heard with surprise, that my old friertd 
 Sergt. R. C. had been discharged on account of consumption. His 
 brother sergeant of the same company had died just before at Ca- 
 margo. 
 
 About noon we shoved out and continued our serpentine wind- 
 ings. Soon after starting several of us took seats upon the boiler 
 deck, determining not to be removed, when the captain approached 
 and tapping me on the shoulder, beckoned me to one side. He 
 pointed below to a wretched specimen of humanity, and remarked 
 with energy, " Look there, sir ! look there! Would you have me 
 take such men as that into my cabin ?" I replied, " must we all suffer 
 from the imprudence of one man?" "That's it! That's it!" said 
 he, laying his hand on my shoulder. " How can I distinguish ? A 
 whole regiment may sutTer from the bad conduct of five or six men, 
 and one may injure the reputation of a company." " But," said I, 
 " if you had complied with the arrangements made, you would have 
 run no such risks, nor brought down the indignation of us all. The 
 Spencer Greys, sir, are gentlemen, and know how to behave them- 
 selves ; but you say we have no more right here than your firemen. 
 I tell you, sir, that if because we are volunteers, we have forfeited 
 in your estimation all title to respectability, it argues that you have 
 but little sympathy for us or the cause in which we are engaged." 
 I was much surprised to see the calmness with which he took this 
 harangue, for it was delivered with much excitement. He at once 
 attempted to defend himself, denying some things and explaining 
 others, but his efforts were unavailing, for the narrowness of soul 
 wa§ still apparent. Here others joined us and took part in the 
 conversation, when I soon after made excuse and left. 
 
 About sundown we laid up for the night just above St. Marie. 
 This little town is composed of several thatched huts, a neat little 
 white brick house, and a large cotton press. I thought this could 
 not be the enterprise of the natives, and sure enough, we found that 
 the buildings were owned by a gentleman from New Orleans. I 
 inquired his name, but have forgotten it. He sends his cotton into 
 the interior to market. 
 
 What fortunes might be made here in the cultivation of cotton. 
 As we ascend the river whole acres of cotton may be seen unculti- 
 vated and going to waste. Occasionally a few of the indolent na- 
 
44 INCIDENTS OP 
 
 tives may be seen picking a little for their own use, and leaving the 
 rest to rot upon the ground. 
 
 The country now begins to assume a more favorable appearance. 
 The river banks are higher, and tlie lands back not so subject to 
 inundation. I have not seen any liills, or even more gentle undu- 
 lations since we started. 
 
 13th. — Yesterday and to-day the time has glided away more 
 pleasantly than usual. Our officers called a meeting, and decided 
 that we should occupy the boiler deck, and at night have as much 
 of the social hall and cabin floor as is necessary to lie down. 
 
 During the afternoon, in conversation with the captain of the boat, 
 he spoke at length of the Mexican character, and gave me much 
 information respecting the natural resources of the country. The 
 conversation turned upon the war and its effects. Major Ringgold 
 and Colonel Watson were spoken of. The captain appeared to 
 have been acquainted with them both. 
 
 At night we laid up as usual, when nine of us set out in search 
 of a " fandango," which we heard of in the neighborhood. After 
 wandering an hour we found that we had taken a wrong direction, 
 and commenced retracing our steps, when we were alarmed by the 
 most unearthly yells apparently approaching us. The sounds pro- 
 ceeded from a party of young men mounted upon " mustangs," on 
 their way to the fandango. We stopped them and conversed some 
 time by signs, and made known our wishes to accompany them. ' 
 They now started ahead signifying to us to follow after, which we 
 did, imitating their yell of " uh! ah! whoop! and extravagant ges- 
 ticulations. Soon they galloped off on their ponies beyond our 
 hearing. 
 
 Nothwithstanding the discouragement, we resolved to proceed. 
 The night was dark, and the chaparel was gloomy through which 
 was our pathway. At a rancho we procured a guide, who moved 
 reluctantly till we gave him a dollar. This made him bound ahead 
 yelling like a madman. Now in the broad road, now in a circuitous 
 path, through weeds and briars we followed on and on, until the 
 guide paused and appeared bewildered. Had it not been for our 
 resolution to attain our object, we should have turned back. The 
 Mexican gaining confidence, so did we and on we went. Soon we 
 came to another rancho, where we were beset by myriads of dogs, 
 but like their owners they soon retreated before our charge. At length 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 45 
 
 we arrived at our destination, where we were received with great 
 courtesy by the men, but with fear and trembling by the women. 
 They had evidently seen but little of the Americans, and doubtless 
 our beinjj soldiers increased their timidity. It was some time before 
 they ventured to look upon our countenances, or enter into the dance 
 with us without considerable reluctance. But our kindness and 
 liberality soon gained their confidence, for after each set we escorted 
 our partners to the table, Avhere were sold cakes, hot coffee and 
 cigarritas. Everything was in the open air. A large circle was 
 formed with benches, and the dancing went on in the centre. The 
 whole was dimly lighted by lanterns of oiled paper. 
 
 Both sexes were dressed principally in white. Uncleanness in 
 dress, is not one of the faults of the Mexicans, when we take in con- 
 sideration their mode of washing. Without tub, without washboard, 
 they rub their clothes on a smooth board, laid horizontally upon the 
 ground beside the stream. Occasionally they take up water in the 
 hand and splash the garment. Much might be said about the 
 events of this night, but this book is filling up too fast already. I 
 know not when I shall get another. Before we started we took 
 leave by shaking hands with them all. It was quite interesting 
 employment to pass down a line of thirty girls, squeezing their 
 little hands. They certainly can say " Adios Senor," with a 
 smile and " naivete" almost irresistible. We arrived at the boat 
 precisely at twelve o'clock. To my surprise I found it was my 
 night for guard, but it was not too late to perform my duties. 
 
 14.th. — Yesterday we passed Reynosa, but the boat not landing 
 we saw very little of the place. 
 
 This morning we got aground, where we were until evening. 
 The Corvette, coming down, generously stopped and pulled us off, 
 after breaking three large cables. 
 
 18th. — Well, here we are at last, opposite Camargo on the banks 
 of the San Juan. Through great patience and tribulation, we have 
 at length encamped on the most disagreeable spot that might fall to 
 the lot of a soldier. The sand ankle deep and kept in continual 
 motion by the wind and constant traveling. It reminds one of the 
 simoom on the desert of Sahara. Twice to day I went to Camargo. 
 First as bearer of an order for new canteens and haversacks; and 
 secondly, for v/ild mules to be broken for baggage wagons. We 
 
46 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 only succeeded in getting five, but must draw the rest in the 
 morning. 
 
 Before I returned to the camp, I attended the funeral of an old 
 Mexican lady, which to an American was a great curiosity. The 
 procession followed the priest to the house of the deceased. He 
 'was attended by three little boys with long cylindrical poles of brass. 
 The one in the centre bearing the representation of our Saviour's 
 crucifixion ; the other two bore long wax candles. They were 
 dressed in long frocks of red flannel, and something like white 
 waistcoats, which were intended, perhaps, to represent wings. On 
 the sides of the priest were two other boys, with a silver censer 
 and a kind of pot with water and sprinkler. The shoulders of the 
 priest were covered with a velvet mantle, richly ornamented with 
 silver. Each one in the procession carried a long candle with a 
 black ribbon in the middle. After remaining half an hour in the 
 house, they proceeded with the corpse to the church, accompanied 
 with singing and music from Jhe flute and violin. The lid of the 
 coffin was carried at one side, leaving the body exposed all the 
 way. On the black covering of the lid, was a cross formed with 
 white tape. 
 
 In the church the coffin was placed upon a table covered with 
 black velvet trimmed with silver lace, and a large silver candlestick 
 at each corner. Immediately in front of this was another table 
 decorated in a similar manner with lace, and having candlesticks. 
 On this were skulls and bones lying. The room was handsomely, 
 furnished with images of Christ, the Virgin, and many of the saints. 
 After lighting the candles they began chanting the service, accom- 
 panied by the flute and violin, which composed the exercises, and 
 lasted more than an hour. The music ceased only while the priest 
 sprinkled the corpse and moved over it the incense. They repaired 
 at length to the grave-yard, still chanting and playing, while the 
 chimes tolled their deep melancholy tones. At the grave what a 
 sight to behold ! The ground was strewed with skull bones and 
 partly decayed remains of humanity. Every new grave they dig 
 they disinter a body, though it is not necessary, to make room for 
 another coffin. 
 
 After a short ceremony the priest retired, followed by the boys. 
 The coffin was filled with dirt, each one putting in some, and the 
 lid was then nailed on and lowered into the shallow grave. When 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 47 
 
 covered over, the soil was beat down with a large stone, and left 
 level with the surface. 
 
 As we came back we met another funeral escort, but unlike the 
 first. The body was uncoffined, unshrouded, and unattended by 
 the pomp of ceremony, or the lamentation of friends. The dead 
 man was guilty of poverty. But the last may be first. 
 
 Having returned to our camp we all entered upon the culinary 
 preparation of four days' provisions. To-morrow we shall, if ready, 
 start for Monterey. If ready, I said ; the mules must be shod, and 
 broken in time for the harness. The right wing may leave us, 
 which we all hope will not be the case. 
 
 The reported deaths to-day of Mexicans in Camargo, was thirteen, 
 mostly from measles. No wonder this disease is so fatal with Mex- 
 ican treatment. When the malady is fairly broken out, they apply 
 cold water and drive it in, and the consequence is, the patient is 
 driven into the eternal world. I should like to speak of many more 
 things which I have seen to-day, but the lateness of the hour, and 
 my weariness will prevent it. I am now afflicted with the first cold 
 since I left home. Two items more shall be mentioned. Another 
 was received this evening into the mess; and it is said the needle- 
 eyed soul of the Whiteville has been discharged from the captaincy 
 for dissipation, and inattention to duty. 
 
 19th. — Pursuant to arrangement, we set out to-day for Monterey. 
 We were awakened before daylight, but we did not start before 
 noon. Many of us have been in Camargo to-day, to obtain five 
 more mules, and exchange flour for bread. Our haversacks are 
 stored with four days' provisions. Here is a list of eatables; 1st, 
 bread; 2d, boiled pickled pork; 3d, coflfee ; 4th, salt. Soon we 
 shall realize the fatigues and trials of a wearisome march. For my 
 future perusal I shall give a minute description of the sufferings and 
 incidents of our tedious journey. 
 
 The road to-day was ankle deep in dust all the way, which nearly 
 suffocated us. It arose so thick at times, that we could not see the 
 company in front. We, however, kept up our spirits to the highest 
 pitch. Bursts of merriment followed the glances and expressions 
 of all. We were truly an antiquated looking group, with our locks 
 and hair covered faces whitened with the dust. 
 
 About sundown we arrived at our first encampment, having tra- 
 veled nine miles. The 1st regiment of Indiana had started in the 
 
48 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 inorninof, and had already pitched their tents. The 3d regiment 
 liad gone ahead. I feel very tired with sore feet and aching bones. 
 A cup of cofTee has helped me somewhat. 
 
 20///. — This morning I arose greatly refreshed, and ready to march 
 twenty miles, the reported distance to Mier; but before night I felt 
 very difTerently, and every step was exceedingly painful. My feet 
 were badly blistered, and every sudden movement of my arms, was 
 like the piercing of sharp instruments. These acute pains were 
 occasioned by the straps and weight of my knapsack, which con- 
 tained all I possessed. Fancy ^o yourself the burden I was bound 
 to support. The cartridge box with forty rounds of ounce ball 
 cartridges, bayonet scabbard and belts, the haversack of provisions, 
 canteen with water, musket and knapsack. Let the stoutest carry 
 such loads twenty miles through dust and hot sunshine, and I assure 
 you they will gladly stop for the night. The straps of my knap- 
 sack bound me so tight, that I could scarcely breathe. The pain 
 at times was so excessive that I became bewildered, and all things 
 seemed to swim around rae. But pride forbade complaint and I 
 jogged on ; while others, apparently hardier than myself, gave out, 
 and had their burdens lightened. It was dark when we pitched 
 our tents in sight of Mier. After much seeking, sufficient wood 
 was obtained to boil our coffee, and give light for the writing of 
 these notes. 
 
 21s/. — In the morning I felt greatly invigorated. I was quite 
 disappointed in not getting a better view of Mier, a place that will 
 long be remembered, in consequence of the awful tragedy which 
 was acted there. Last night too much worn out to visit it, and this 
 morning took unexpectedly a rout that did not pass through its 
 streets. Oh! the sufferings of the twenty-first. The sun shone 
 with the power of July, and the dust how annoying! My nose so 
 sore with blowing that I dare not touch it ; and ray lips so blistered 
 that I cannot tell when they are closed. The heat, dust and salt 
 pork made us so thirsty, and how we did suffer for want of water! 
 So great was our thirst, that we drank largely of a pond covered 
 thick with a green scum. 
 
 Having trudged nineteen miles we arrived at Cannales' Run, 
 where we encamped for the night. Nearly overcome with the 
 march, feet exceedingly sore, and so scalded with sweat, that they 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 49 
 
 did not look like flesh aiid blood. But bathing thera in cold water 
 made them much better. After being seated a few minutes I was 
 so sore and stiff, that it required almost a superhuman effort to move. 
 But I kept up appearances, and did not acknowledge the extent 
 of my fatigue. I had resolved to fulfil the prediction — "I can 
 stand the march !" Great praise is bestowed upon us by the trains, 
 saying we are the strongest regiment in the field. 
 
 22c?. — What an astonishing effect is produced by a few hoiirs' 
 sleep. Last night I stretched my aching, stiffened limbs upon the 
 ground, and how refreshed this morning and ready to march twelve 
 or fifteen miles to Point Aguda. My feet are becoming hardened, 
 but after stopping it is some time before 1 can walk without great 
 pain ; but a little marching prepares me for jogging on better than 
 ever. The march of the twenty-second would have been much 
 easier had we not lacked bread. Just think, half a baker's loaf at 
 breakfast for eleven men, and no more till we stopped at night. 
 
 Here we had a pleasant camp beside a clear running brook, and 
 near a beautiful cascade, constructed of stone and cement, in order 
 to turn the channel through the town. How pitiable is the indo- 
 lence of the natives. Such natural advantages are neglected. 
 What a mill seat is here ; yet the poor women crush their corn be- 
 tween a stone roller and slab, in a barbarous manner upon their 
 knees. What a lack of enterprise! Two companies of Ohio 
 volunteers are stationed in this place. 
 
 2dd. — This is our fifth days' march, and about one half way to 
 Monterey. The 1st regiment keeps before, and discommodes us 
 greatly by their train. This day I did very well. Feet getting 
 well! Thanks to cold water! 
 
 We pitched our tents near the old Spanish town of Ceralvo, 
 which bears the impress of an antiquated fortress, and reminds one 
 of the dilapidated castles we read of in romances. The houses are 
 built of gray stone, with loopholes for windows. Through the 
 centre of the town runs a beautiful clear stream, spanned by bridges 
 and arches. There is also a large cathedral with chimes and a 
 towering steeple. It is said to be 166 years old. Three companies 
 of Ohio troops are stationed in this place. 
 
 24ith. — This sixth day's march, the easiest of all. Feet nearly 
 
50 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 well, and bones don't ache so grievously. The beautiful scenery 
 by the way contributed to my ease in marching. 
 
 It was not yet light when we left Ceralvo. As the rising sun 
 cast his radiant beams upon the mountains on the left, I think I 
 never beheld anything so beautiful and sublime. The whole chain, 
 as far as the eye could reach, appeared like piles of burnished silver, 
 shaded out in delightful golden tinges, I gazed upon this wonder- 
 ful scenery with such exalted enjoyment, that I forgot the toils of 
 my journey. How thankful am I, that in my heart are placed such 
 sources of happiness. How majestic are the works of God ! And 
 what exhibitions are these of his Omnipotence! At length the 
 mists of the morning were dispelled by the heating rays of the sun. 
 Then in a short time what a change! Where the rich magnificence 
 was displayed upon the mountain tops, were huge piles of rocks 
 reaching up to the clouds. But still was left the imposing grandeur 
 of the scene. 
 
 At a creek about six miles from this encampment, we met an ex- 
 press from Gen. Lane to Col. Drake of the 1st, and to the Lt. Col. of 
 the 2d Reg. The former was ordered back ; eight of his compa- 
 nies to be stationed at Matamoros, and two at the mouth of the Rio 
 Grande. I was thankful that ours was permitted to go on. How 
 my sympathies were aroused in favor of the First. Many of them 
 received our farewell with tears streaming from their eyes. 
 
 The night of the 24th, we were uncomfortably encamped in the 
 deserted bed of a river. There was no other water within ten 
 miles. On a flooring of stones, our supper consisted of coffee and 
 hard crackers filled with little black bugs. This, of course, was 
 not very refreshing, after a hard day's march. 
 
 There is but little soil between this and Camargo worth culti- 
 vating. Scarcely a tree to be seen larger than the cherry. The 
 soil is generally rocky and sandy, in some places having indications 
 of iron. It produces spontaneously little else than burs, briers, 
 thorns, and all varieties of the cactus. The prickly pear grows in 
 enormous piles, more than six feet in height. The bank of this 
 deserted channel is about forty feet high, composed of large gravel 
 cemented together. 
 
 Christmas. — What a contrast between my situation here to-day 
 and that at home one year ago. The events of last Christmas I re- 
 member well ; but here a year after, far away, encamped in the val- 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 51 
 
 ley of the Sierra Madre, having marched all day with our flanks 
 guarded by their stony peaks. I am on duty to-night, for which a 
 fifteen miles' march is a poor preparation. Everything is filled with 
 romance. The sky unclouded, all bespangled with brilliant stars, 
 and the silvery moon riding forth in the midst of this beautiful 
 scenery. 
 
 26th. — Having traveled sixteen miles this day, we encamped 
 two miles beyond Marin, on the bank of a little river. We passed 
 through the town of Ramus, which is said to be owned by Cannales, 
 the celebrated robber. In Marin there is a fine cathedral and 
 plaza. The houses of this town are built of stone and plaster of 
 Paris, in which the country abounds. Notwithstanding my being up 
 all night previous, I went ahead of the advanced guard all day. I 
 thought I could get along better at my own gait. 
 
 27th. — And now we are at the Walnut Springs; the celebrated 
 battle-ground of Monterey ! This has been a painful day's march of 
 twenty-five miles. In eight days and a half, have we performed 
 our journey. No infantry ever performed the same distance in less 
 time. Here we are, four miles from the city, at the camp of old 
 Rough and Ready, who has just started with his command for 
 Victoria. 
 
 This is a beautiful spot, with towering peaks rising majestically 
 all around. Here are the largest, straightest trees I have seen in 
 the country, forming a beautiful shade. We were hurried on in 
 consequence of an order to Col. Hadden, from General Lane, stating 
 that w^e were to continue our march to Saltillo, as Santa Anna was 
 reported within two days' march of that place. Then, we have still 
 a march of sixty-five miles before us, having passed over one hun- 
 dred and fifty already. After carrying heavier burdens than troops 
 of other states, it may be supposed we were not very sprightly ; yet 
 I feel more able to travel on the next day, than I did on the third 
 
 (lay. 
 
 On that evening, being wearied, and having duties to perform, I 
 did not w-rite all that I wished. Much might have been said about 
 the beautiful scenery that I beheld. After a hard day's march it 
 was quite unpleasant, of course, to hunt wood, carry water, and 
 cook half the night for the rvext day. But, in the above instance, 
 
52 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 we. had but Utile to cook, our supplies having not arrived from 
 Monterey. 
 
 28th. — Whilst striking our tents this morning, general orders ar- 
 rived, granting a day's respite, as the provisions could not be secured 
 
 so soon. Instead of resting, quite a number set out to visit the 
 city. It is truly astonishing how deceiving is the distance to the 
 mountains. For three days we have been marching directly towards 
 two mountain spurs, higher than their neighbors. After a day's 
 journey, they seemed no nearer than they did in the morning. The 
 city was four miles off, yet beyond Avas a knoll that appeared no 
 more than a hundred yards distant. The previous evening a num- 
 ber of us started for this prominence that we might gaze upon Mon- 
 terey, but soon found out the deception and returned to the en- 
 campment. 
 
 The more I examine and reflect about the numerous points of 
 natural defence around the city, the greater my astonishment how it 
 could be taken by our little army. But it is useless for me to attempt 
 a description of scenes connected with the exciting action that was 
 performed there. More interesting accounts than I can give have 
 been published in numerous papers of our country. 
 
 The first place of prominence which we visited was the cathedral. 
 This surpasses all edifices of the kind I ever saw in splendor. The 
 images are clothed and decorated w-ith jewels and precious metals. 
 Some of the smaller paintings are framed in solid silver. The music 
 from the harp and deep toned organ is truly enchanting. We visited 
 also the fortification, the bishop's palace, and the market. The 
 latter abounded in sugar cane, sweet potatoes and oranges of the 
 most delicious flavor. 
 
 Before our return I met one of our townsmen. He belonged to 
 the Louisville Legion, who were stationed near Saltillo. His health 
 was recovered, and by his invitation we visited his quarters, the 
 hospital. There we saw other acquaintances pale and emaciated 
 by disease. They grasped our hands with warmth and tearful eyes. 
 It was a touching scene, and made us all thankful for the preserva- 
 tion of our health. Our friend accompanied us to our camp and 
 showed the position of the troops, and manner of attack in the great 
 battle. We were also much interested in inspecting an extensive 
 tannery. It was so clean and convenient. There were enormous 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 53 
 
 vats which were hollowed in the solid rock, and watered by a clear 
 stream running through the yard. / 
 
 I am conscious I have not done justice to these subjects; but this 
 evening I am so low spirited, that I cannot write anything with ease. 
 My companions around are reading epistles from home, while I am 
 destitute of such consolation. These are unavailing regrets. I 
 must cease my complaints. Our provisions are come, and they 
 must be prepared for to-morrow's march. 
 
 29//i. — Before day-light we were up and making ready for Saltillo. 
 As we passed through Monterey, much attention was attracted by 
 our numbers and healthy appearance. Having traveled fifteen 
 miles we arrived at the little town St. Catharine, situated near the 
 mountain in the pass. It contains about five hundred inhabitants. 
 Neai" us on the same route, are encamped three companies of regu- 
 lars. I suffered but little from this day's march; and felt that I 
 could go twice the distance on the succeeding day, with as little 
 suffering as I endured some of the first days. 
 
 The garden of General Arista near Monterey, must have a passing 
 notice. It certainly surpasses anything of the kind that I ever be- 
 held. It is regularly laid out with taste and skill. The earth is 
 raised about three feet above the walks. Here are flowers of all 
 varieties and the most fragrant. On each side of the main path 
 (which is made of plaster, white and smooth), are two large basins 
 with fountains rising from the centre. But more beautiful still are 
 two pools of water, the most limpid and transparent, in which may 
 be seen myriads of the finny tribe. Then there is a clear cool 
 stream flowing through white cement tunnels, throughout the whole 
 garden. The shady groves of exotic fruits, the atmosphere laden 
 with grateful perfumes, all conspired to make it a place of enchant- 
 ment. Everything appeared so novel, so beautiful, that I almost 
 fancied it the Garden of Eden. 
 
 30^A. — Here we are encamped in the plaza of Rinconida, after a 
 most fatiguing march of twenty-two miles. The road was broken 
 and rocky, and the wind blowing to the rear nearly suffocated us 
 with dust. This town is built of mud, and is half way to Saltillo. 
 To this the armistice extended. Rinconida signifies secure corner, 
 and is in keeping with its name, being in the intersection of two 
 ranges of mountains. It could be well defended by a small force. 
 4 
 
54 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 Tending to and from the town is a beautiful grove of trees, forming 
 a shady archway above, and is interspersed with enormous century 
 plants, the stalks of which rise from fifteen to twenty feet. 
 
 Quite an excitement! Arrival of the Great Western, or, the 
 heroine of Fort Brown. She has every appearance of an Amazon, 
 being tall, muscular, and majestic in her expression. She won lau- 
 rels at the bombardment fromMatamoros. She issued out coffee to 
 the men while the bombs were falling all around her. 
 
 3lst. — On the morning of the 31st, we were mustered for two 
 months' pay ; then took up our line of march as usual. Owing to 
 the well nigh broken-down state of our teams, we marched but 
 twelve miles on the 31st. The road was hilly and dusty, but we 
 arrived at our encampment in good time ; the Greys being the ad- 
 vanced guard. This place is called the Warm Springs, from the 
 temperature of the water. It is destitute of tree and bush, for miles 
 around, that could be procured for fuel. 
 
 " Camp Butle?; Jan'y 1st, 1847. 
 " Dear Sister: — 
 
 " How shall I repay you for your very kind letter? You can never 
 know how grateful I am for its cheering effects. In fact I never 
 had so much need of consolation before, as we have just finished a 
 long and wearisome march from Camargo through Monterey to this 
 place. We are encamped in the dust, which, with the wind and 
 cold, destroys every moment of comfort. Our wood is issued out, 
 two cords to the regiment ; but when it comes to be divided among 
 the companies, then subdivided among the messes, it is separated 
 into small parcels indeed. No wonder, then, after marching over 
 two hundred miles, and passing through so many comfortable places 
 where other troops are stationed, that we should feel disappointed 
 in being quartered in this disagreeable place. The effect is visible 
 upon us all. 
 
 " We had been here but a few days when Col. Bowles arrived from 
 the States loaded with letters. My dear sister, if you could have 
 seen with what eagerness we listened for the announcement of our 
 names, and with what avidity we tore open the seals and devoured 
 the contents, then you would have known how dear you all are to 
 us, and how lively is the interest we take in the associations of our 
 beloved homes. I am unable to say how often I have read your 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 55 
 
 letter, but every time it appears new and interesting. Unto the 
 never-to-be-forgotten friends who so kindly remember me, please 
 give the assurance of my increased regard and warmest gratitude. Of 
 my sincerity I promise to convince them if we are ever permitted to 
 meet again. We are now amongst the foremost troops in the ene- 
 my's country, having pitched our tents six miles from Saltillo on 
 the high lands of Mexico, with a girdle of mountains around us. 
 Through these there are three principal passes. Gen. Wool's di- 
 vision occupies beyond the city ; two companies of Kentucky 
 cavalry at Rinconida Pass ; and two companies of the same regi- 
 ment at the one on our left. 
 
 " Our discipline here is very strict, as rumor of an attack is con- 
 tinually floating about the camp. Last night near midnight an ex- 
 press arrived from the city, with orders that a picket guard of 
 thirty men should be stationed two miles from the camp on the road 
 to the two passes, as a large body of lancers had been discovered 
 in the neighborhood. But no further alarm has yet been given. 
 
 " We arrived here on New Year's day, just as the Louisville Le- 
 gion and the 1st Ohio regiment, were returning to Mpnterey. We 
 had many a welcome recognition of friends in the Legion, and 
 many jokes on our bronzed appearance; and allusions made to 
 brighter days, when we attended together military encampments, 
 dinners and target shooting ; little dreaming that such a meeting as 
 this was in store. 
 
 " Yesterday several of us visited a cotton factory not far from the 
 camp, which is owned by a Scotchman, who conducts the concern 
 with ability. There are fifty girls employed, several of whom are 
 from the States. The machinery was imported*from New York. 
 
 " We have just received word to garrison the city, in place of 
 General Worth's division. Yesterday they started on their way to 
 join General Scott. The 3d regiment has already started, so I 
 must postpone finishing till we are moved. 
 
 " 18;^. — During the interval between these dates, I have been so 
 employed, that I have not been able to finish these notes. We 
 have so many duties to perform, that there are few leisure moments 
 indeed for writing. One hundred men are detailed from each of 
 the Indiana regiments for guard ; besides others to work on the 
 fortifications. Last night our company w^as on patrol. We were 
 up all night traversing the streets and alleys, and every suspicious 
 
56 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 corner in the city. But there is so much excitement connected 
 with these duties, that we greatly prefer them to the monotony of 
 camp life. 
 
 " VVe are now pleasantly situated, having comfortable quarters and 
 good provisions. The Greys sustain that character which they so 
 proudly bore at home. Yesterday General Butler remarked to his 
 aid-de-camp, while on brigade drill, that we were the finest volun- 
 teer company he had seen in the service. Our belts were perfectly 
 white, and our arms brightly burnished, which made the contrast 
 so perceptible. 
 
 " The city of wSaltiJlo is situated on the side of a hill. It has 
 narrow streets and side walks, which are roughly paved with stone. 
 The houses are built of stone and mud bricks, whitened over on 
 the outside with plaster. They have flat roofs. The city boasts 
 of two cathedrals, a nunnery and four plazas. In the centre of the 
 plazas are fountains continually playing from the centre of large 
 basins. 
 
 " The church and plaza Santiago are truly magnificent, covering a 
 whole square, and the front beautifully ornamented with columns, 
 arches and statuary. In one steeple is placed a town clock, and in 
 another a fine collection of chimes. The plaza, when viewed from 
 the church, has an imposing appearance. The side walks around 
 lead through arches supported by columns. There are groves of 
 trees at regular distatices, and fountains in the centre, spouting forth 
 the sparkling liquid into the air, forming rainbows as it falls in 
 copious showers into the basin below. But these beauties are but 
 a scanty foretaste of the splendid magnificence that presents itself 
 when you enter the church. I am incompetent to give a just de- 
 scription of its solemn grandeur. The paintings were truly beauti- 
 ful. Hundreds of images were set in large cases of glass, and 
 gilded niches richly clothed in satins and velvets, and decorated 
 with silver, gold and precious stones. The altar in the sanctum is 
 entirely overlaid with silver, as well as the candlesticks, censers 
 and other appendages. The religious awe and superstitious reve- 
 rence they have for these things are astonishing. As they pass the 
 cathedral, they take off their hats. At morning, noon and night, 
 the bells commence ringing, as if the whole town was on fire, and 
 persons in the streets uncover their heads. Yesterday I saw a 
 woman walking on her knees over the rough stones to church. 
 
 " A portion of my leisure time is agreeably spent with some of 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 57 
 
 my Mexican acquaintances. I have made some progress in acquir- 
 ing their language. Yesterday I dined with them by invitation. 
 The natives are moving from the city in great numbers, and every 
 day increases the belief that the town will be attacked. About nine 
 o'clock the other night, the whole city was thrown into an uproar 
 by an expected attack. Great were the stir and confusion. As the 
 long roll resounded from every guard station, the crowds of terrified 
 citizens were seen hurrying to their homes, closing up their stores 
 and barricading their doors. The fire was gleaming from the rough 
 stones, as the galloping steeds were rushing to and fro. The cries, 
 ' to your quarters, men, the enemy is upon us!' added to the com- 
 motion and tumultuous disorder. 
 
 " In a few minutes our little force was formed on the main plaza, 
 and after an exciting appeal, were stationed at different points. 
 There we anxiously awaited the assault, but waited in vain, and 
 were soon disbanded, as the alarm was occasioned by the firing of 
 the Mexican sentry upon convicts who were attempting to make 
 their escape. It appears that Santa Anna had sent an order to the 
 alcalde, requiring him to liberate the criminals, on condition they 
 would join the army. This the alcalde refused to do; the prisoners 
 finding this out, raised in rebellion, which caused our stampede. 
 
 " Yours, &c." 
 
 Camp at Agua Nueva, February 12th. 
 
 We arrived at this place, on last Saturday, to join General Taylor 
 and Wool, who recently concentrated their forces here. It is gene-' 
 rally believed that a movement is contemplated upon San Luis 
 Potosi, or Zacatecas. 
 
 It is quite cold in this elevated situation, and we have suffered 
 exceedingly, especially within a few days. Last night was the first 
 snow storm that I saw this winter. We use pitch-pine as wood, 
 and chop it ourselves upon the mountains, six or seven miles from 
 the camp, by the road. 
 
 We now occupy the post of danger, and know not what is in 
 store for us. So many rejiorts have been in circulation, that we are 
 almost indifferent to what we hear, no matter how startling it might 
 appear. But if we march towards San Luis, we shall have what 
 we have been so long craving — a fight. Recently I became ser- 
 geant, to fill the vacancy occasioned by Thomas Gwin being made 
 
58 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 sergcant-raajor. Being on guard to-night, these notes are written 
 during the intervals of my duties; having a cold, and nursing my 
 light, which is kept flickering by the howling wind without. It is 
 neatly eleven, and time to awaken the second relief. 
 
 13^//. — Last night I was so cold and uncomfortably situated, that 
 I was incapable of holding my pen, but I have commenced early 
 this morning, hoping to finish before my companions start away. 
 There was rain last night, and it don't seem so cold at present, but 
 the moun ains are still covered with snow. This place is truly 
 romantic, and presents some of the finest prospects I ever beheld. 
 There is the extended plain, doited with white tents, and the huge 
 mountain piles around excite the loftiest sentiments. If the gor- 
 geousness of the sunsets could be transferred to canvas, the painter 
 might be called a wild enthusiast. 
 
 Dear sister, in sending you this journal, I am actuated by the ex- 
 pectation of a long and perilous march. It is well to dispense with 
 all superfluous weight. Please take care of this till I return, if I 
 should be so fortunate. I know not whether to ask you to continue 
 writing, as it is doubtful whether your letters would be received. 
 I shall hasten to apprize you of our next movement. Remember 
 me to all my friends, my mother and brothers in particular. My 
 fingers are so benumbed that I cannot w^rite any more. 
 
 28//*. — During last week, I have passed through so many thrilling 
 scenes, that I am unable to describe them in regular order. Last 
 Sunday we received orders to strike our tents and prepare to march. 
 Before we had formed a line, and the command given, "file left," 
 the most of us were ignorant of our place of destination. But so 
 soon as we commenced marching towards Saltillo, there was an end 
 of discussion. 
 
 Traveling about sixteen miles, we arrived at Buena Vista. After 
 pitching our tents, we lay down supperless, for we had neither wood 
 nor provisions. Scarcely had I fallen asleep, when the news was 
 circulated that a mail had arrived. Soon after a letter was handed 
 me from my friend Mrs. W., but, having no light, I was forced to 
 postpone the reading till morning. 
 
 We had scarcely finished our breakfast, when the long roll was 
 beaten, calling us all to arras, as our picket guard had just arrived 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 59 
 
 with the intelligence that the Mexican army was approaching. 
 Having packed our wagon and formed a line, we were marched 
 one and a-half miles towards the enemy, and stationed on a ridge 
 just behind the narrow pass in which Major Washington's battery 
 was placed. There we waited the approach. The Mexicans had 
 encamped the night before at Agua Nueva, causing the Kentucky 
 and Arkansas cavalry, who were guarding some provisions, to de- 
 stroy them and retreat in the night. 
 
 We were greatly indebted to Colonel May and Captain M'Cul- 
 lough, who rendered us much good service as spies. The intelli- 
 gence which they brought caused us to leave the plains of Agua 
 Nueva for a very strong and advantageous position. — Whilst we were 
 awaiting the onset, I read Mrs. W.'s letter over and over again. 
 It was encouraging, and afforded many topics for contemplation. 
 
 Having remained in this position more than half the day, we were 
 ordered over to another height on the left, near the foot of the moun- 
 tain, where we were, during the night, occasionally receiving a 
 shot from the enemy's battery. (See Map, Letter D.) Toward even- 
 ing, the two rifle companies, from each of the Indiana regiments, 
 commanded by Major Gorman, who were stationed on the left, upon 
 the side of the mountain, (see Map G,) were fired upon by an im- 
 mense body of the enemy, who had also ascended the mountain. 
 A heavy fire was kept up till dark, when all was silent, save the 
 echoing of the enemy's trumpets. I never shall forget the peculiar 
 melody of those sounds as we lay upon our arms, hungry, and 
 shivering with cold. It was a prelude to the awful din of next 
 day. 
 
 Before hostilities commenced, a flag of truce was sent by Santa 
 Anna with dispatches to General Taylor, stating that he was here 
 with twenty thousand men, and to save loss of blood, demanded im- 
 mediate capitulation. General Taylor is said to have replied, "If 
 you want us, come and take us!" It looked almost like madness, 
 with an army of four thousand five hundred men, and sixteen small 
 pieces of cannon, to compete with a force, which all our prisoners, 
 and Santa Anna himself, agree in being twenty thousand men, and 
 seventeen pieces of cannon^— of which eight, were sixteen and twenty- 
 four pounders. What a fearful difference ! Yet that small army of 
 raw, inexperienced volunteers not only struggled against twenty 
 thousand strong of the flower of the Mexican army, commanded 
 by one of the ablest generals in the world, but obtained a com- 
 
60 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 plete victory. This I hold to l)n one of the greatest achievements 
 upon record. 
 
 Before I proceed fiirtlier, I must confess my inability to give an 
 accurate description of the whole action. The excitement and 
 interest I experienced in what was passing immediately around rae> 
 occupied all my attention. I shall, therefore, for ray future perusal, 
 detail my own feelings and actions, together with what came under 
 my own observation during the hazardous conflict. 
 
 At sunrise, on the following day, the roaring of the enemy's 
 cannon announced the commencement of hostilities. A heavy fire 
 was opened upon our riflemen upon the mountain, but they returned 
 it in a handsome style. They were reinforced by a part of the 2d 
 Illinois regiment and Kentucky cavalry, but still the odds were 
 greatly against them. The whole mountain side, as far as the eye 
 could reach, glittered with the enemy's bayonets and lances. 
 
 It was about nine o'clock in the morning when our regiment and 
 a battery of three pieces, commanded by Lieut. O'Brien, marched 
 out towards the battery which had been playing against us during 
 the night and morning. We formed a line in front of three regi- 
 ments of Mexico's oldest soldiers (see Map 0). It was an awful 
 moment to face the thousands of veterans in solid column, with 
 their gaudy uniforms and showy banners. But we had no time for 
 admiration; for, before our line was formed, they had fired two 
 rounds, which we soon returned in right good earnest. I was at 
 ray post in the rank of file closers, and was urging the men to form 
 in their proper places, when Captain Sanderson cried out, " Never 
 mind, Frank, fire away!" which I did, with all possible haste. 
 About this time the battery on our left (see Map, Letters M, B), 
 opened upon us a deadly fire of grape, which raked our flank with 
 terrible effect; still we stood front to front, and poured our fire 
 upon the infantry, which did us but little injury, as they shot too 
 high. But the battery on our left galled us exceedingly. It ap- 
 peared as if we had purposely halted in their exact range, and the 
 whole atmosphere resounded with the wdiizzing shot that came 
 with increasing precision. Apollos Stephens was the first of the 
 Greys to fall. He received a grape shot in the head, and fell back 
 almost into ray arms. 0, how shall I describe the horror of my 
 feelings? There lay quivering in death one of my comrades, with 
 his eyes upturned, and the tears starting from them. It w^as a sad 
 and touching scene — one that will never be efTaced from my 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. ' 61 
 
 memory. I was loading when he fell, and compressing my lips, 
 and smothering my emotions, I stepped over him and fired. Our 
 captain was the next to fall, exclaiming "/'tje ^o< z7, 607/5.'" A 
 grape shot had struck his scabbard, which saved his life. Being 
 ready to fire again, I stepped into a vacant place in the ranks, 
 where I continued to load and fire without noticing anything around. 
 The only thought I remember to have had was, " W[iat a wonder I 
 did not receive Captain Sanderson's shot, as I w-as next to him 
 on the same line! so the ball must have passed me before it struck 
 him." All was hurry and excitement, each working hard and doing 
 his best. Occasionally a cannon-ball would whistle over our 
 heads, or strike the ground near us, throwing the rock and dirt in 
 all directions. 
 
 We had fired about twenty-one rounds, when I heard some one 
 say, "They are all retreating!" and turning, I saw that the right 
 wing had gone, and the left starting. But several who had not 
 heard Colonel Bowles' order to retreat, cried out, "Halt, men! for 
 God's sake, stop !" At this, many of us hesitated ; but the retreat 
 was general, and the enemy fast advancing upon us, led on by a 
 large force of lancers. At length. Lieutenant Cayre, then in com- 
 mand, remarked, "It's no use, boys, to stay here alone; let us 
 retreat!" which we did, with the balls raining around us, and the 
 lancers at our heels. We rallied, by order, on the brow of the 
 ridge from which we started in the morning, but were told to fall 
 back upon the ridge on which we were first formed on the morning 
 of the 22d. Here many of us met the Mississippi regiment of rifle- 
 men, who had just arrived from their quarters in town. 
 
 The more I reflect upon our position in the opening of the con- 
 flict, the more I am at a loss to understand the policy of sending the 
 2d regiment against such an overpowering force. We were three- 
 quarters of a mile from any assistance, except that of the gallant 
 O'Brien, who with his three little pieces did such great execution. 
 
 Our field oflScers all deny giving the word retreat, and General 
 Lane, they say, intended to charge. Had he given the word, the 
 charge would have been made ; but how dreadful would have been 
 the slaughter of our troops. It is unprecedented in the annals of war- 
 fare, for eight companies to rush against a disciplined force of three 
 thousand infantry supported by twelve hundred lancers. Had we 
 remained fifteen minutes longer, it is thought not one half of us 
 
62 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 M'ould have survived. Their battery was fast getting our exact 
 range, and it is astonishing that so many of us esfcaped.* 
 
 My object in thus pausing in my description, is to show the posi- 
 tion of our field officers, and why the 2d Indiana regiment scattered 
 themselves into other regiments. Here, one instance will be related 
 showing the qualification of Colonel Bowles to command. On the 
 night of the 22d we were surprised by a body of horsemen, sup- 
 posed to be lancers endeavoring to outflank us. This was pointed 
 out to the Colonel, who called us to attention, and attempted to form 
 us in a line of battle before the enemy. But, in his ignorance of 
 tactics, he got us with the " left in front," and while we were ma- 
 neuvering to get right, we might have been cut to pieces. Fortu- 
 nately, however, the alarm was caused by some of our own cavalry, 
 who were returninc; from watering their horses. 
 
 At this display of incapacity in the hour of danger, great murmur- 
 ing arose amongst the officers, and the men were all unwilling to 
 trust their honor and lives in his hands. A committee was sent to 
 General Lane, requesting him to be with us on the following day, 
 which he promised faithfully to do. Now in these remarks, I do 
 not wish to express any disrespect to Colonel Bowles, farther than 
 as a military commander. I believe him to be intelligent, courteous 
 and humane, and judging of actions during the engagement, I have 
 no reason to doubt his or Colonel Haddon's bravery. But who 
 would wonder at our want of confidence in these officers, after be- 
 
 * Injustice to General Lane who, being ordered by General Wool to move 
 forward and meet the enemy that were advancing in strong force, selected 
 this point for their reception — I will state, that since I have surveyed, with more 
 leisure and coolness, our position, I am convinced that a more judicious spot 
 could not have been chosen. It was the only place where our small force could 
 present so large a front as the enemy, who, with their overpowering numbers 
 upon almost any other ground, might have surrounded and destroyed us. To 
 show the probability of success, had the intended charge been made, I will here 
 quote from a conversation after the battle. General Wool remarked to Colonel 
 Bowles, in the presence of General Lane, Colonel Curtis, 3d Ohio regiment, and 
 Major Washington. Light Artillery, that if he had withheld his order, " Cease 
 firing, and retreat," and had carried out the intention of General Lane, to ad- 
 vance, his regiment would have executed one of the most briUiant things ever 
 done on any field of battle; "for," said he, " Santa Anna, in his own official re- 
 port, remarks, ' that he had already passed an order for his forces to retreat, 
 when the enemy, after a most determined resistance, was observed to give way 
 in great confusion.' " 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 63 
 
 holding their ridiculous blunders while on drill ? Who would blame 
 the men for preferring other commanders, when the enemy com- 
 menced crowding upon us ? One-third of us joined other regiments, 
 and the remainder rallit^d under Lieutenant Colonel Haddon, form- 
 ing a distinct front as a regiment, and fought with firmness along- 
 side the Mississippians and 3d Indianians. 
 
 After many fruitless exertions to rally his men, Colonel Bowles 
 ordered those who were near him to join the Mississippians, at the 
 same time falling in himself. We marched along the ridge to meet 
 a large body of lancers supported by infantry. We soon opened 
 our fire upon them, and that, too, in a manner which forced them to 
 retreat, and pursuing, we halted at intervals, and continued our 
 leaden hail. Having followed them across two deep ravines, they 
 were reinforced, and came rushing down upon us like a tremendous 
 avalanche, pouring out upon us their incessant shot. We fell back 
 across the two hollows, occasionally halting to fire upon our pursuers. 
 
 While in the second ravine, the sun shining with burning heat, 
 famishing for want of water, and almost overcome with exertions, 
 I leaned against a rocky precipice, and there made up my mind to 
 die. Sad and hopeless were my thoughts, when, raising my head, 
 I beheld the Mexican line firing down upon us. At this I was in- 
 voluntarily aroused, and recollecting an expression in Mrs. W.'s 
 letter, " If you should die, it would kill your mother," I made 
 an effort for those 1 loved and gained the summit. But oh! God! 
 what a merciful preservation! The balls rained around, scattering 
 death and destruction on every side. It appeared like the bed 
 under a shot tower, so thick and fast did the balls hail about us. 
 A man just before me was shot down, and a brave lieutenant, who 
 so kindly made room for me in his company, fell wounded behind 
 me, exclaiming, " Give me water! give me a handkerchief!" I 
 gazed upon his supplicating countenance, but had nothing to relieve 
 him. Rendered reckless by the sight we had just witnessed, we 
 rallied again upon the top of the hill, and with the 2d Indiana under 
 Lieutenant Haddon, opened a terrible fire upon our blood-thirsty 
 enemies. They soon retreated in the utmost disorder. 
 
 Having fled beyond our fire, a detail was sent to explore the 
 ravine for our wounded. While descending, what a shocking 
 scene, presented itself! The barbarians were cruelly butchering our 
 wounded, and stripping them of their clothes. But our unerring 
 rifles soon stopped these atrocious murders. Our success was but 
 
C4 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 poor compensation for the blood of twenty brave comrades. The 
 poor lieutenant was left naked with his throat cut from ear to ear. 
 About this time the city of Saltillo was attacked by two thousand 
 lancers, from Palamus Pass, commanded by General Minon, but 
 being unable to face Major Webster's well-directed battery from the 
 redoubt fort, were driven back, after endeavoring to join the main 
 army by passing along the foot of the mountain. Simultaneous 
 with this engagement, a charge was made by a large body of 
 lancers upon our baggage and provision train, at the Ranch (see 
 Map, Letter J) Buena Vista, and were met by several companies of 
 Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry, who were unable to withstand the 
 shock, and were forced to fall back. Then the extended line of 
 lancers came rushing down with their weapons poised ready to 
 murder and rob our wounded, and sack our wagons. But they 
 were checked by the appalling fire from the Indiana rifle battalion, 
 who were ordered from the mountain with others who had rallied 
 there. (See Map, Letter K.) If the latter could be blamed for 
 retreating thither, they more than balanced it by their coolness and 
 heroic defence in this instance. So firmly and furiously did they 
 resist the Mexicans, that the plundering wretches gladly made their 
 escape, leaving the plain strewed with their dead and dying. They 
 were now pursued by Colonel May's squadron of dragoons, who, 
 wijh two pieces of Captain Bragg's battery, had just come up.' 
 They were driven along the foot of the mountain into a gorge, 
 where they joined a force that the Mississippians, reinforced by 
 the two Indiana regiments and a twelve-pound howitzer, had been 
 firing upon with great execution. There we had them in a dread- 
 ful dilemma, Colonel May (see Letter U), and the two pieces on 
 the left pouring forth a destructive fire as they closed in. Below, 
 on their right, was stationed a battery of three pieces, commanded 
 by Captain Sherman, (see Letter Z,) emitting without mercy the 
 messengers of death. Still further to the right was our position, 
 (see Letter H,) and with our little cannon was opening their ranks 
 at every fire. At this interesting crisis, just as we were about to 
 obtain a brilliant victory over a force of more than five thousand 
 strong:, we were ordered to cease hostilities, as a flag of truce had 
 arrived. There was an immediate cessation on our part, which the 
 enemy faithlessly took advantage of, by passing out of the gorge, 
 but not without suffering greatly from the fire which opened upon 
 them, when their object was discovered. 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 65 
 
 The greatest portion of the afternoon was spent with these events. 
 The enemy, now making another desperate effort, came charging 
 down upon us in all their splendor. We at once formed a V. (See 
 Letter H.) The 3d Indiana on the right, the Mississippians and 
 2d Indiana forming the angle. As we stood awaiting their ap- 
 proach, Colonel Davis cried out, "Hold your fire, men, until they 
 get close, and then give it to them!" I never shall forget the im- 
 posing appearance of the Mexicans as they bore down upon us with 
 their immense columns, glittering lances, and parti-colored banners. 
 There was one company mounted upon white horses, and wearing 
 brass mounted caps, with red plumes. At first they started off in 
 a trot, and as they accelerated into a graceful gallop, with lines 
 accurately dressed, and lances poised for action, within twenty 
 paces of us, General Lane gave the word — " Jfow give it to themV 
 Here I shall fail in description. What language could I use to 
 convey a vivid impression of the din and crashing thunder of this 
 terrible collision ? How awful was the report and the destruction 
 of our deadly fire. The enemy at first slackened, then halted and 
 wavered ; then turning toward their battery, on the ridge, they fled, 
 terrified and panic-stricken. 
 
 It was, indeed, a glorious achievement. W^hole platoons ap- 
 peared to droop and fall before our unerring shot. It seemed as 
 if every man felt that he was an American soldier, and that he was 
 individually responsible for the performance of that hour. And as 
 the victors pursued the retreating foe, they rent the air with their 
 shouts of triumph, throwing up their caps, and giving every demon- 
 stration of the highest delight. 
 
 I now felt for the first time like exclaiming, " There is something 
 glorious in the pomp and circumstance of war." I almost thought 
 that I could not be killed, and I felt secure when I reflected about 
 the bloody ravine, and my miraculous escape. General Lane here 
 rode by, exclaiming, " We'll whip them yetP^ He forgot entirely 
 his wounded arm, and rode about the field cheering and encourag- 
 ing the men. It was truly a happy time! Our little cannon had 
 played into them so effectually, and it was defended so nobly ! In 
 a few minutes we were again facing the foe upon the ridge, near 
 the place where we were stationed in the morning, (see Letter S.) 
 The enemy had planted there a heavy battery, (see Letters M and 
 B,) and as we ascended the brow of the hill, we were warmly 
 received by an incessant fire, both from the battery and the Mexi- 
 
66 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 can reserve of six thousand (hat were pursuing the Illinoisians and 
 Kentuckians, who had heroically attacked this overpowering; force. 
 This was the unfortunate charge in which fell the gallant Hardin, 
 McKee, and Clay ; — a trio of nnind, heart and courage, ever to be 
 lamented. (See Letter P.) 
 
 We soon, however, nothing daunted, paid them back with in- 
 terest, and again the air was eloquent with our victorious cheers. 
 We'there fell back for protection, under the brow of the hill, and 
 calmly listened to the whizzing shot from the enemy's battery strik- 
 ing the ground in front and rear, scattering the stone in every direc- 
 tion. Thus was spent the remaining portion of the day. Occa- 
 sionally we would be called to attention, and marched to the brow 
 of the hill, when we suspected some demonstration upon our can- 
 non, which was used in silencing the enemy's battery. About sun- 
 down, the thundering of artillery ceased, and the conflict of the 
 day was over. 
 
 The Mississippians having received orders to repair to their quar- 
 tern in town, myself and Lieutenant Kunkle, (who so proudly bore 
 our banner in the thickest fight,) accompanied them as far as the 
 hacienda. Our noble banner was executed by the skill and patriot- 
 ism of the New Albany ladies. 
 
 Such a night as I spent at the hacienda, God grant that I may 
 never spend again! What piles of wounded and dying that lay 
 groaning around ! After wandering about among the wagons which 
 were formed into a hollow square, I came across one of my mess- 
 mates. Warmly grasping each other's hands, we mutually inquired 
 for our comrades. Then came the mournful tidings of the death of 
 Francis Baily, Warren Robinson, and Charles GofT, three of my 
 warmest friends, and brightest ornaments of our company. What a 
 shock was this! — two of our beloved messmates, by whom, side by 
 side, we had laid together for so many long months on the sol'dier's 
 couch, and with whom we had so often joked, while around our 
 simple meals ! But no more shall we mingle together in such un- 
 interrupted harmony! I sought among the wagons for ray blanket, 
 but it w'as not there. I desired no food, notwithstanding I had 
 eaten but a few pieces of hard crackers since the morning before. 
 I was now becoming conscious of my excessive weariness. Loss 
 of sleep, violent exertion, and the rain, which drenched us several 
 times during the day, caused my bones to ache in every joint. 
 Weary and faint, I resorted to the roof of one of the houses, hoping 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 67 
 
 lo get a little rest, but in this I was disappointed. I had scarcely 
 begun to occupy a portion of a blanket kindly offered me by one of 
 my friends, when we were alarmed by an unexpected charge from 
 the lancers. Great were the excitement and hurry on the house tops. 
 Soon every one was ready and waiting for the onset. Thus the 
 night was spent in continual alarms, anxiety and suspense. We were 
 ordered to lie upon our arms, and five times during the night were 
 we aroused for the expected assault from the lancers, whose watch 
 fires gleamed ominously from the mountains around. The sun had 
 hardly arisen upon the bloody field, when I gladly arose to seek a 
 fire, as my limbs were benumbed with cold. While seated on a 
 stone near a fire, I was brooding over my fate, and that of our little 
 army. 
 
 Gloomy, indeed, were my thoughts when my eye caught an 
 open letter lying upon the ground. Picking it up, I read care- 
 lessly until I started at beholding my own name. Soon I found 
 that the letter was written from my beloved home, by one of my 
 female friends to ray departed associate, Charles Goff. Never did 
 I before so fully appreciate the value of friends, or a quiet home, 
 
 away from the tumult of war. " A says she loves her friends." 
 
 How did these sweet words sink into my heart, and what would I 
 not have given to have realized their import! But what a contrast 
 between my situation and that of my friends! The dead and the 
 dying, with mangled and bloody features, staring at me, and a day 
 of deadly strife before us! I felt that my own destiny would soon 
 be sealed, and resolved to hold out to the last. 
 
 If ever permitted to return home and mingle with valued friends, 
 and enjoy the blessings of peace, doubtless many of the horrors will 
 be effaced from my memory. But never shall I forget the terrible 
 night that I passed at the hacienda of Buena Vista. 
 
 Having partaken of some refreshment, many of us proceeded to 
 the field to rejoin our regiment. While wiping out our muskets 
 and renewing our flints by the way, we were passed by six men, 
 bearing the body of a wounded companion. Looking over their 
 shoulders, I recognized ray old friend. Sergeant Combs, of the 3d' 
 Indiana regiment. The poor fellow had been shot in the leg, and 
 had lain out in the field all night. In the morning his naked body 
 was found amidst a plat of prickly pears, with his flesh penetrated 
 by the long needles. He has since died. 
 
 Upon our arrival we heard of the retreat of the Mexican army, 
 
68 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 and parties were sent out in all ilirections for the killed and wounded. 
 Another and myself obtained leave to seek for the body of Warren 
 Robinson. The last account we had of him he was in a ravine, 
 completely exhausted, and some one passing, remarked, "Warren, 
 don't stop here; you'll surely be killed !" He answered, " I can't 
 help it ; I can go no further ; and if I never see you again, you will 
 know where to find rae." This place was described to us, and we. 
 found him accordingly. He was pierced to the heart by a ball, and 
 robbed of his shoes and stockings, and the contents of his pockets. 
 After gazing upon the placid countenance of young Warren, and 
 reflecting on his blasted hopes of the future, we raised him up, 
 and willi assistance, bore his bleeding body to the summit of 
 the ridge. Having secured a wagon, a party of us went in search 
 of others belonging to our regiment. At length we found the hor- 
 ridly disfigured bodies of Apollos Stephens and Francis Baily. 
 They were stripped of their clothing, and near the place where they 
 had fallen in the morning. At first the icy coldness of their naked 
 bodies sent a thrill of horror at every touch throughout my whole 
 frame : but my firmness of nerve increased a little as we progressed 
 in filling up the wagon with our fallen associates. How my blood 
 chills when I reflect on those dead soldiers stiflfened in frightful 
 attitudes, that were heaped upon one another so promiscuously 1 
 On which side soever we turned our eyes, could be seen friends 
 and foes terribly mangled, and lingering in torture. Many of the 
 Mexicans would call out " Agua, agua !" and gulping it down, 
 they would appear resigned to die. And thus the day was spent in 
 wandering over the bloody field, and burying the dead. The dead 
 of each regiment were laid together. Our boys were placed side 
 by side — Robinson sharing the blanket of his college mate Capt. 
 Kinder. After preserving a lock of each one's hair, as a memento 
 for their friends, we fixed a cross made with staves, with their 
 names cut thereon, and raised over them a pile of stones. Then 
 we fired three salutes, and with a heavy heart returned to our 
 camp. But wherever we went, the dead appeared to follow us, 
 and the most solemn silence reigned around. On one side lay 
 fifty of our killed, all stripped ; and everywhere could be seen the 
 effect of the raging conflict. After a cheerless supper, we performed 
 the last duties of humanity to our worthy messmate Charles Goflf. 
 It appears that during the retreat he received a lance wound in the 
 left elbow, and repaired to a stream below the rancho to quench 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 69 
 
 his thirst and bathe his wound when he was attacked by five lancers. 
 Seeing him unarmed, they pursued him at full speed. After 
 chasing him some distance, they overtook him, and Charles, finding 
 it impossible to save himself, faced the foe and received the lance 
 in the breast, before assistance could arrive, and died with an ex- 
 pression of calm resignation lingering upon his countenance. He 
 was a good soldier, taking pride in the performance of all his duties. 
 As a Christian he was invulnerable to the temptations of camp. The 
 last conversation I had with him was just before we marched out 
 to the battlfe. I inquired if he had expressed to any one his wishes 
 in case he should fall. He replied "No!" with great seriousness. 
 *' Hadn't you better?" said I. "Yes, and now is the time," he 
 answered. " I wish you to collect my papers and things, and take 
 them home to my friends; you know who I mean." I asked if he 
 just meant those things that might be preserved as mementos. 
 Here we were called to attention, and he replied by nodding his 
 head. Then I heard his rallying voice after the retreat, which was 
 the last I saw of him until he was cold in death. how deeply 
 do we feel his loss ! Few, indeed, were like him ! We buried him 
 by moonlight on a grassy ridge near the spot where he fell. Several 
 officers of the brigade and regiment were present. 
 
 The next day our scouts brought word that Santa Anna was still 
 at Agua Nueva, and perhaps would renew the combat. We were 
 ordered to strike our tents and repair again to the battle-field, where 
 we remained suffering almost every inconvenience. In my mess 
 there was not a single blanket, and many of us had lost our knap- 
 sacks with our clothing. So we were forced to sleep upon a stony 
 mattress with our tents as coverlids. Even such rest as these could 
 afford was uncertain. Our dreams were feverish with anxiety, and 
 every hour we expected the long roll, and our arms were continually 
 near us. The long roll! oh how terrible the sound! fraught with 
 danger and death! The soldier alone can appreciate its import! 
 A night or two before, we heard its sounds with all its horrors. 
 
 Others with myself were conversing over a few coals when Gene- 
 ral Lane came up, and ordered Colonel Bowles to have the long 
 roll beaten as an express had just arrived, stating that our picket 
 guard had been fired upon. This was a fine opportunity to witness 
 its startling effect, and waking up ray mess we looked down the 
 ravine, where so many were reposing their weary bones. The 
 moon looked down upon us in all her silvery brightness, save in the 
 5 
 
70 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 gloomy shadow of mighty rocks, which were piled up stratum upon 
 stratum. Death-like stillness pervaded the scene, but it was like 
 the silence that preludes the mighty crash of the avalanche ; for now 
 the rolling of a hundred drums spreads from line to line. In an in- 
 stant the white coverings are flying in the air, and the whole army 
 starting to their feet with every variety of expression visible upon 
 their excited countenances. 
 
 After shivering in the cold for an hour, we were permitted to lie 
 down again upon our arms. Thus the time was spent in continual 
 alarms and rumors of assault, which was worse than a dozen battles. 
 We were all anxious to meet the enemy again, to be revenged for 
 their cruelty to our wounded brethren, and felt that we could fight 
 more effectually, as we were hardened into indifference by the past, 
 in beholding our falling comrades. And further, we had a rein- 
 forcement of General Marshall with three eighteen pounders. At 
 length intelligence came that the Mexican army had taken up their 
 line of march to San Luis Potosi ; when we were ordered imme- 
 diately to make preparations for our old encampment. 
 
 It was a melancholy march, as the road all the way for sixteen 
 miles was strewed with the Mexican dead. On a single spot I 
 counted thirteen bodies; and at times the scent from the field was 
 almost insupportable. After an exciting march, we pitched our 
 tents near the spot which we left a week before; and part of the 
 time since the enemy had occupied, whose fires were not extinct 
 on our return. 
 
 March 14//i. — We received orders last Wednesday to remove 
 back to Buena Vista, as the water was so bad, and the wind and 
 dust so disagreeable, that even our horses were affected, causing 
 them to die off in great numbers. I was on guard the day before, 
 and was not relieved till the next evening. To remain a whole 
 day in the hot sun without shelter, and remain up all night in the 
 cold wind, is a poor preparation for a hard march. The guard went 
 in advance, and upon our arrival, were posted around the camp, 
 which is situated on a ridge, sloping from the mountain. There 
 we remained until the tents were pitched, and a new guard 
 mounted. 
 
 We have not yet forgotten the battle. Low spirits, gloom and 
 regret are everywhere manifest. There are but few who have not 
 to mourn the loss of friends and relations. Our wounded are all 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 71 
 
 doing -well, save Granville Jackson, the inflammation of whose 
 hand has brought on a severe fever; and Alfred Goodwin, who, 
 though badly wounded, may eventually be able to M-alk. 
 
 Much controversy is going with regard to the retreat of the 2d 
 regiment ; but as it can easily be proved that Colonel Bowles gave 
 the order, the matter will soon be favorably understood. But the 
 subject gives us great trouble. If our reputation must suffer, it is, 
 indeed, very discouraging. 
 
 General Taylor, the adored of the army and the hero of many 
 battles, has removed with Colonel May's squadron of dragoons, 
 Bragg's battery of light artillery, and the Mississippi regiment, to 
 Walnut Springs, near Monterey. We are still under the command 
 of General Wool, who, although a brave and prudent officer, and a 
 good soldier, falls below " Old Rough" in gaining the affection 
 of the men. 
 
 There are many things I should like to speak of, especially inci- 
 dents and personalities connected with the battle, but am now too 
 low spirited to relate them. We are so inconveniently situated, the 
 wind and dust so disagreeable, and at times so concerned for our repu- 
 tation, that often I become almost hopeless, and hardly care what be- 
 comes of me. The Indiana troops have truly been unfortunate, the 
 2d regiment especially. From our first entering the service, we were 
 organized in a way contrary to our wishes, and officers selected for 
 us, wholly unqualified for their stations, and even below mediocrity 
 in point of talent, which rendered them unable to draw the atten- 
 tion of commanding officers to their regiment. Thus the greater 
 portion of our time was spent in obscurity, wading the lagoons of 
 Belknap — since which time we are nothing indebted to our regi- 
 mental officers for our preferments. General Lane has made the 
 2d regiment what it is, and does honor to the position which he 
 occupies. But I will cease this strain, as I promised to complain 
 as little as possible. 
 
 Jipril \st. — We are now comfortably situated, and have less 
 cause of complaint than at any other time during the service. 
 There are two tents pitched together for our mess of eight, who 
 live together in the greatest harmony. Our floor is carpeted with 
 grass, and we have blankets and provisions in abundance. But 
 still we look with much solicitude to the time when we shall meet 
 our beloved friends at home. What a blank is caused by the 
 
72 
 
 absence of some of the refinements of society, and to be so long 
 absent from those we love, with but liltic to occupy their places! — 
 I have k'iirnc'tl much in the tented field; I have learned how few 
 are tiie real wants of man ; I have learned to abstain from luxuries 
 and to suffer privation; I have learned how important is good 
 female society for the refinement of manners and the elevation of 
 morals. 
 
 All is quiet again, and the excitement attending the expectation 
 of another attack, has died away. Until recently, the guard duty 
 has been very heavy, and the troops in constant anxiety, caused by 
 the rumors in circulation. — Yesterday the whole division passed in 
 grand review before General Wool and statf. It was truly a 
 splendid sight. Seven regiments of infantry, accurately dressed 
 upon the same line; two squadrons of dragoons, and four batteries 
 of flying artillery. The gaudy uniforms of the general and staff 
 added to the imposing grandeur of the parade. The camp is gene- 
 rally in good health, and our wounded doing well. The loss of 
 GofT and Robinson is a severe stroke to the mess. I assure you 
 we miss them greatly, especially at night, when we see their vacant 
 places upon the ground. 
 
 May 15th. — During the last two weeks much excitement has pre- 
 vailed with regard to the court of investigation, concerning the 
 conduct of Brigadier-General Lane and Colonel Bowles. General 
 Lane called for an examination on his own part, and was acquitted 
 with the highest praise. Colonel Bowles, by request, followed his 
 example, and the charge of incapacity for performing the duties of 
 his office, and ignorance of company and battalion drill, were fully 
 substantiated, as well as the word of giving the order — " Cease 
 firing, and retreat!" This decision, approved by Generals Taylor 
 and Wool, at once sets at rest all doubts as to the propriety of our 
 retreat, and no blame can now be attached to the 2d regiment for 
 that unfortunate event. 
 
 Yesterday evening we received the joyful orders to take up our line 
 of march for the mouth of the Rio Grande, to start on the 24th. 
 The 2d Kentuckians started yesterday; the Ohioans will leave on 
 the 18th; and the Illinoisians on the 30th. — We have just received 
 a request from the citizens of New Albany to bring home the four 
 bodies of our fallen comrades. We had already canvassed the 
 matter, and given it up as impossible; but now it must be done, 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 73 
 
 and preparations are being made for their transportation. General 
 Lane, with his characteristic nobleness of heart, lends a helping 
 hand. The Mexicans are inferior mechanics, and material is scarce ; 
 and we shall have to use tin instead of lead for coffins, as the latter 
 is not to be had. 
 
 The decision of the Court of Inquiry encouraged and animated 
 us all ; and the effect was quite obvious throughout the whole camp. 
 Last night a number of us were convened around the fire, and were 
 all recalling incidents connected with the battle. Many amusing 
 anecdotes were related, two of which I shall record, as examples of 
 great coolness in the heat of battle. - 
 
 During the engagement of the rifle battalion on the mountain, 
 a deer sprang up in the ravine, between the two fires ; a backwoods- 
 man observing it, cried out, " Look at that deer!" at the same time 
 diverting his aim from the enemy in front, instantly fired, and 
 brought the animal to the ground. Another happened under my 
 -^wn observation. When Captain Sanderson fell, badly shocked by 
 a grape shot striking his scabbard, a man just before him, who was 
 squatted down examining his flint, seeing the ball fall near, picked 
 it up, and turning to the captain, who w^as gasping for breath, 
 threw it towards him, carelessly remarking, " There it is, Cap.!" 
 
 A ludicrous story was told of a party composed of different regi- 
 ments, in an eating-house of Saltillo, after the battle. They were 
 drinking, and relating their wonderful exploits. One in particular 
 was eloquent upon the daring bravery of his captain. At this crisis, 
 a fellow who had been unnoticed before in their merriment, advanced 
 from his corner, and enthusiastically insisted that the captain spoken 
 of was a brave man. for he saw him charge unarmed upon a pre- 
 sented pistol. The stranger was invited to drink, then urged to 
 relate " the circumstance, and, after smacking his lips with great 
 satisfaction, he commenced. " During the fight I retreated to town, 
 and hid in an old bake oven that stood on the hill, as you enter the 
 city. Well, I hadn't been there long, before I spied your captain 
 making for it at full speed. I drew my revolver, and when he 
 came, cried out to him, ' Don't you come here, or I'll blow your 
 brains out!' But he rushed right in.''^ 
 
 An amusing incident came off the other day, at the mounting of 
 the guard. A lieutenant, rather too fond of the " Critter," with a 
 seedy suit that had evidently not been worn out wiih brushing, was 
 rejected, and charged by our worthy inspector-general not to pre- 
 
74 INCIDENTS OF 
 
 sent himself there again. So the next day another was detailed/ 
 not much better attired. When the inspector perceived him, he 
 rode up, and severely remarked, "Didn't I tell you not to come 
 back here?" He respectfully rejoined : " A slight mistake, colonel , 
 there is one grease spot less on this hat!" 
 
 " Camp near Reynosa, June Ath. 
 
 " According to general orders, we broke up our encampment at 
 Buena Vista on the 24th of May, and after a march of ten suc- 
 cessive days, over three hundred miles, we arrived at this place. 
 From this we will take steamboats to the mouth of the Rio Grande, 
 thence by vessels to New Orleans, where we will be discharged, 
 and permitted to return to the endearments of home. It rained 
 during our last day's march, and has continued to do so ever since, 
 at intervals. 
 
 "Yesterday several of us visited Reynosa, but saw nothing inte- 
 resting, with the exception of the funeral of a little girl five years of 
 age. We were first attracted to the house by music from the drum, 
 clarionet and violin. When we arrived, we found the child placed 
 upright in the coffin, and tricked out with finery. On the head was 
 a kind of a crown of gilt paper; in one hand the figure of a saint, 
 and in the other a piece of black wax. After many of the family 
 and friends had assembled, they formed a ring before the door, and 
 commenced dancing and waltzing in the most unfeeling manner, 
 until the corpse was conveyed to the church. They bear the death 
 of children with great philosophy, deeming it no source of lamen- 
 tation. The more extensive my acquaintance with this people, the 
 greater my pride and satisfaction in being an American. The beauty 
 and ingenuousness of their women, the mind and energy of their 
 men, are so far below those of ours, that we cannot make a com- 
 parison. They plough their fields with a straight stick running slant- 
 ing into the ground ; never did I see them make a pound of butter, 
 although they obtain vast quantities of milk; and they justify their 
 laborious way of crushing corn by saying ' it makes it much finer 
 than mill 
 
 ? 5J 
 
 On the ?d of July, we landed at New Albany, after an absence 
 of a year. Multitudes of friends and acquaintances stood upon the 
 shore to await our arrival. The cannon roared to welcome us, and 
 a flowery arch spanned the street in all its beauty, to cheer us as 
 we entered the city. On the fifth, we transported to the solemn 
 
A CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 75 
 
 grave, the remains of our fellow soldiers. Great was the concourse 
 which followed in procession, to witness the mournful ceremony. 
 A noble monument will mark the resting-place of those who fell in 
 battle. 
 
 Reader, I will now come to a conclusion. This journal was 
 written for my own reference and amusement, but I have made 
 some verbal alterations for your accommodation. Had I more 
 thoroughly revised the style and arrangement in my manuscript, 
 doubtless fewer errors would have existed ; but it may go forth with 
 its imperfections, for I have neither time nor inclination to put on a 
 higher polish. 
 
 Other companies than the Greys, and other regiments than the 
 Second, could not expect a description of all their glorious deeds 
 from one whose humble position limited his survey and sources of 
 extensive information. If I have erred in statements, it was of the 
 head, and not of the heart. With a clear conscience I have written 
 what I have written. Brilliant actions, no doubt, were performed at 
 Buena Vista that will never shine upon canvas, nor glow in the 
 poet's song, nor blaze upon the page of history. 
 
 THE END. 
 
31^-77-2. 
 
 ^^