PRICE TWEIiVE AND A HA LF CENTS. 
 
 DC 268 
 
 .R49 
 
 Copy 
 
 LIFE OF 
 
 ' UIS-PHILIPPE 
 
 WITH A HISTORY OF THE LATE 
 
 REVOLUTION IN FRANCE. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PROVIS- 
 IONAL GOVERNMENT —AND OF GUIZOT, SEC- 
 RETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, UNDER THE 
 LATE KING. 
 
 WITH FOUR BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 EDITED BY FRANCIS W. RICE, 
 
 TWO YEARS A RESIDENT OF PARIS. 
 
 • BOSTON: 
 
 HOTCHKISS & COMPANY, 13 COURT STREET. 
 
 NEW YORK : BURGESS, STRINGER & CO. ; H. LONG & BRO. ; W. H. GRAHAM : BERFORD 
 
 & CO. PHILADELPHIA : G. B. ZEBIER & CO. ; T. B PETERSON ; A WINCH ; STROKES 
 
 & BRO. BALTIMORE : W. TAYLOR & CO. CLVCINNATI : ROBINSON & JONES. 
 
 ALBANY : PETER COOKE. NEW ORLEANS : J. COOPER VAIL. 
 
 ABNBR FORBES, PRINTER, 37 CORNHILL, BOSTOM. 
 
/:^>^^ 
 
 
i^ 
 
 
 K^ 
 
 
 1^ •'^ ,^ 
 
 ;/^PS\S 
 
 >./— s. .■><«; ! ■* "^ 
 
 ->-■ -J 
 
 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE, 
 
 ^N presenting this brochure before the public, the editor claims but 
 little more than the credit of condensing and bringing into shape, 
 in a cheap form, the history of the stirring events that have created 
 such intense interest in all cduntries, and among all classes and 
 conditions of men. The excellent " Life of Louis-Philippe," thaa 
 whom but few men have played a more conspicuous part on the stage 
 of action, is taken from a popular work by Robert Chambers, of Edin- 
 burg. 
 
 LOUIS-PHILIPPE, ex-king of the French, and one of the most re- 
 markable men in Europe, was born in Paris, Oct. 6, 1773. He is the 
 1 
 
a LIFE OF LOUTS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 eldest son of Louis-Philippe-Joseph, Duke of Orleans — better known 
 under his revolutionary title of Philippe Egalite — and of Marie, only- 
 daughter and heiress of the wealthy Duke of Penthievre. The Or- 
 leans branch of the Bourbon family, of which Louis-Philippe is now 
 the head, originated in Philippe, a younger son of Louis XIII., created 
 Due d'Orleans by his elder brother, Louis XIV., and of whom the 
 French king is the grandson's great-grandson. Philippe, the first 
 Duke of Orleans, was twice married ; his second wife being Elizabeth 
 Charlotte of Bohemia, granddaughter of James I. of England. From 
 this lad)^ the Orleans family are descended, and through her trace a 
 direct relationship to the line of Stuart, and the present royal family of 
 England. While a child, Louis-Philippe was entitled Duke of Valois; 
 but on his father succeeding to the title of Duke of Orleans in 1785, 
 he became Duke of Chartres, which for a number of years he re- 
 tained. 
 
 Whatever were the personal and political faults of Citizen Egalite, 
 he was a kind father, and beloved by his children, five in number, one 
 of whom, however, a daughter, died young. Desirous of imparting to 
 his family a sound education, in which he himself had the misfortune 
 to be deficient, he committed them to the superintendence of Madame 
 de Sillery — better known by her later adopted title of Countess de 
 Genlis. Notwithstanding the subsequent errors of this lady, she was 
 eminently qualified, by her talents and disposition, to be an instruct- 
 ress of youth. The principles on which she based her plans of edu- 
 cation were considerably in advance of the age, and such as are only 
 now beginning to be generally understood. She considered that it was 
 of the first importance to surround children almost from their cradle 
 with happy and cheering influences, to the exclusion of everything 
 likely to contaminate their minds or feelings. It was necessary, above 
 all things, to implant in them a universal spirit of love — a love of 
 God and his works, the consciousness that all was from the hand of an 
 Almighty Creator and Preserver, who willed the happiness of his 
 creatures. To excite this feeling in her young charge, she took every 
 opportmiity of arousing the sentiment of wonder with respect to na- 
 tural phenomena, and then of explaining the seeming marvels on prin- 
 ciples which an awakening intelligence could be led to comprehend. 
 The other means adopted to form the character of her young pupils — 
 the Duke of Valois, Duke of Montpensier, the Count Beaujolais, and 
 and their sister the Princess Adelaide — were equally to be admired. 
 While receiving instructions in different branches of polite learning, 
 and in the Christian doctrines and graces, from properly qualified 
 tutors, they learned, without labor or pain, to speak English, German, 
 and Italian, by being attended by domestics who respectively conversed 
 in these languages. Nor was their physical education neglected. 
 The boys were trained to endure all kinds of bodily fatigue, and taught 
 a variety of useful and amusing industrial exercises. At St. Leu, a 
 pleasant country residence near Paris, where the family resided under 
 the charge of Madame de Genlis, the young princes cultivated a small 
 garden under the direction of a German gardener, while they were in- 
 structed in botany and the practice of medicine by a medical gentle- 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 3 
 
 man, who was the companion of their rambles. They had also ate- 
 liers, or workshops, in which they were taught turning, basket-mak- 
 ing, weaving, and carpentry. The young Duke of Valois took 
 pleasure in these pursuits — as what boy would not, under proper di- 
 rection, and if allowed scope for his ingenuity } He excelled in cabi- 
 net-making ; and assisted only by his brother, the Duke of Montpen- 
 sier, made a handsome cupboard, and a table with drawers, for a poor 
 woman in the village of St. Leu. 
 
 At this period of his youth, as well as in more advanced years, the 
 subject of our memoir gave many tokens of a benevolent and noble 
 disposition, sacrificing on many occasions his pocket-money to relieve 
 distress, and exerting himself to succor the oppressed. Speaking of 
 his progress and character under her tuition, the Countess de Genlis 
 observes : " The Duke of Chartres has greatly improved in disposition 
 during the past year ; he was born with good inclinations, and is now 
 become intelligent and virtuous. Possessing none of the frivolities of 
 the age, he disdains the puerilities which occupy the thoughts of so 
 many young men of rank — such as fashions, dress, trinkets, follies of 
 all kinds, and the desire for novelties. He has no passion for money ; 
 he is disinterested ; despises glare ; and is consequently truly noble. 
 Finally, he has an excellent heart, which is common to his brothers 
 and sister, and which, joined to reflection, is capable of producing all 
 other good qualities." 
 
 A favorite method of instruction pursued by Madame de Genlis con- 
 sisted in taking her young pupils on a variety of holiday excursions. 
 Interesting rural scenes, spots consecrated by historical transactions, 
 cabinets of curiosities, manufacturing establishments, &c., were thus 
 visited, and made the subject of useful observation. In the summer of 
 1787, the Duchess of Orleans and her children, accompanied by their 
 superintendent, visited Spa, the health of the Duchess requring aid from 
 the mineral waters of that celebrated place of resort. A pleasing 
 anecdote is related of the Orleans family on the occasion of this visit. 
 The health of the Duchess having been much improved by the waters 
 of the Sauveniere — a spring a few miles from the town in the midst 
 of pleasing scenery — the Duke of Chartres and his brothers and sis- 
 ter, prompted by their instructress, resolved on giving a gay and com- 
 memorative /e<e. Round the spring they formed a beautiful walk, 
 removed the stones and rocks which were in the way, and caused it to 
 be ornamented with seats, with small bridges placed over the torrents, 
 and covered the surrounding woods with charming shrubs in flower. 
 At the end of the walk conducting to the spring whose \vaters had 
 been so efficacious, was a kind of little wood, which had an opening 
 looking out upon a precipice remarkable for its height, and for being 
 covered with majestic piles of rock and trees. Beyond it was a land- 
 scape of great extent and beauty. In the wood was raised, by the 
 duke and his brothers and sister, an altar to " Gratitude," of white 
 marble, on which was the following inscription: — " The waters of 
 the Sauveniere having restored the health of the Duchess of Orleans, 
 her children have embellished the neighborhood of its springs, and 
 have themselves traced the walks and cleared the woods whh more 
 
4 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 assiduity than the workmen who labored under their orders." On the 
 fete day in question, the young Duke of Chartres expressed with grace 
 and effect his filial sentiments of devotedness and love, but suddenly 
 left the side of his mother, and appeared with his brothers and sister, 
 a few seconds afterwards, at the foot of the altar, himself holding a 
 chisel in his hand, and appearing to be writing in it the word '■'•Grati- 
 tude.'''' The effect was magical ; all present were at once charmed 
 and touched ; and many a cheek was bedewed with pleasurable tears.* 
 The same authority from whom we have the above anecdote, relates 
 some interesting particulars of a journey which the family made about 
 this period to Eu, in Normandy, whence they proceeded westward by 
 Havre to the bay of Avranches. Here they visited the rocky fortress 
 of St. Michael, which, standing within the margin of the sea, is a con- 
 spicuous object for a distance of many miles around. Long celebrated 
 for its shrine of St. Michael, the convent in this island-fort had for ages 
 been visited by thousands of devotees, and probably this species of 
 celebrity, as well as the natural features of the place, and its historical 
 associations, induced the young princesof Orleans to view it with some 
 degree of interest. Till this period, its dungeons had been employed 
 as a state-prison ; and these were viewed with melancholy feelings by 
 the young visitors. While conducted over these gloomy recesses by 
 the monks, to whose charge the prison had been committed, the Duke 
 of Chartres made some inquiries relative to an iron cage, which had 
 been used for the close confinement of prisoners. The monks, in re- 
 ply, told him that the cage was riot of iron, but of wood, framed of 
 enormous logs, between which were interstices of the width of three 
 and four finger-breadths. It was then about fifteen years since any 
 prisoners had been wholly confined therein, but any who were violent 
 were subject to the punishment of twenty-four hours. The Duke of 
 Chartres exprejsed his surprise that so cruel a measure, in so damp a 
 place, should be permitted. — The prior replied, that it was his inten- 
 tion, at some time or other, to destroy this monument of cruelty, since 
 the Count d'Artois (afterwards Charles X.) had visited Mount St. 
 Michael a iew months previous, and had positively command(^d its 
 demolition. " In that case," said the Duke of Chartres, " there can 
 be no reason why we should not all be present at its destruction, for 
 that will delight us." The next morning was fixed by the prior for 
 the good work of demolition, and the Duke of Chartres, with the most 
 touching expression, and with a force really beyond his years, gave 
 the first blow with his axe to the cage, amidst the transports, accla- 
 mations, and applauses of the prisoners. The Swiss who was appoint- 
 ed to show this monster cage, alone looked grave and disappointed, 
 for he made money by conducting strangers to view it. When the 
 Duke of Chartres was informed of this circumstance, he presented the 
 Swiss with ten louis, and with much wit and good humor observed, 
 "Do now, my good Swiss, in future, instead of showing the cage to 
 travellers point out to them the place where it once stood ; and surely 
 
 * Reminiscences of Men and Things, — a series of interesting papers in 
 Frazer's Magazine : 1843. 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. O 
 
 to hear of its destruction will afTord to them all more pleasure than to 
 have seen it," 
 
 One of the means by which Madame de Genlis endeavored to teach 
 her pupils to examine and regulate their own minds and conduct, was 
 the keeping of a journal, in which they were enjoined to enter every 
 occurrence, great and small in which they were personally concerned. 
 The journal kept by the Duke of Chartres, in consequence of this re- 
 commendation, has latterly been given to the public, and makes us 
 acquainted with some interesting particulars of his early life, as well 
 as with the sentiments which he then entertained. The latter are such as 
 might have been expected from a lad reared within the all-prevailing 
 influence of revolutionary doctrines. Of the political movements of 
 1789, Madame de Genlis and her husband were warm adherents ; and 
 they failed not, with the concurrence of the Duke of Orleans, to impress 
 their sentiments on the susceptible mind of their charge. Introduced, 
 and entered a member of the Jacobin Club, the young Duke of Char- 
 tres appears from his journal to have been in almost daily attendance 
 on the sittings of this tumultuary body, as well as the National As- 
 sembly. What was much more creditable to his judgment, he seems 
 to have been equally assiduous in acquiring a knowledge of surgery by 
 his visits to the Hotel-Dieu, or great public hospital of Paris. A few 
 entries in his journal on these and other points, illustrative of his 
 youthful character and pursuits may here be introduced. 
 
 " iVoiJ. 2 (1790). — I was yesterday admitted a member of the 
 Jacobins, and much applauded. I returned thanks for the kind recep- 
 tion which they were so good as to give me, and I assured them that 
 I should never deviate from the sacred duties of a good patriot and a 
 good citizen. 
 
 Nov. 26. — I went this morning to the Hotel-Dieu. The next time 
 I shall dress the patients myself. * * 
 
 Zfec. 2. — I went yesterday morning to the Hotel-Dieu. I dressed 
 two patients, and gave one six, and the other three livres, * * 
 
 Dec. 25. — I went yesterday morning to confession. I dined at the 
 Palais Royal, and then went to the Philanthropic Society, whence I 
 could not get away till eight o'clock. * * i went to the midnight 
 mass at St, Eustache, returned at two in the morning, and got to bed 
 at half-past two. I performed my devotions at this mass [Christmas]. 
 
 Jan. 7 (1791). — I went this morning to the Hotel-Dieu in a hack- 
 ney-coach, as my carriage was not come, and it rained hard. I dressed 
 the patients, and bled three women. * * 
 
 Jan. 8. — In the morning to the Assembly ; at six in the evening to 
 the Jacobins. M. de NoaHles presented a work on the Revolution, 
 by Mr. Joseph Towers, in answer to Mr. Burke. He praised it highly, 
 and proposed that I should be appointed to translate it. This propo- 
 sition was adopted with great applause, and I foolishly consented, but 
 expressing my fear that I should not fulfil their expectations. 1 re- 
 turned home at a quarter past seven. At night, my father told me 
 that he did not approve of it, and I must excuse myself to the Jaco- 
 bins on Sunday." [We are afterwards informed that he executed the 
 1* 
 
6 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 translation, but that it was arranged for the press by his sub-governor 
 or tutor, M. Pieyre, whose name was prefixed to it.] 
 
 The Duke of Chartres appears from his journal to have been at- 
 tached in an extraordinary degree to Madame de Genlis, whose admo- 
 nitions he always regarded as those of a mother. Referring to this 
 kind instructress, under the date May 22, he proceeds : — " O my 
 mother, how I bless you for having preserved me from all those vices 
 and misfortunes (too often incident to youth), by inspiring me with that 
 sense of religion which has been my whole support." 
 
 Some years previous to this period, the duke had been appointed 
 to the honorary office of colonel in the 14th regiment of dragoons. 
 Such offices being now abolished, it became necessary for him to as- 
 sume in his own person the command of his regiment, and for this 
 purpose he proceeded to Vendome in June, 1791, accompanied by M. 
 Pieyre. At this time considerable commotion took place in many 
 parts of France, in consequence of the refusal of a numerous body of 
 clergy to take an oath prescribed by the constitution. The nonjuring 
 clergyman were everywhere ejected from their livings, and in some 
 places treated with indignity. While the Duke of Chartres was in 
 Vendome, a popular ferment took place, in which two of these unfor- 
 tunate men would have been murdered by the mob, but for his humane 
 interference. The occurrence is described as follows in his journal : 
 
 " June 27. — [Mentions his attendance with his regiment on a re- 
 ligious procession led by a clergyman who had taken the appointed 
 >oath.] At noon I had brought back the regiment, but with orders not 
 to unboot or unsaddle. I asked Messrs. Dubois, d'Albis, Jacquemin, 
 .and Phillippe, to dinner. They brought us word that the people had 
 , collected in a mob, and were about to hang two priests. I ran im- 
 mediately to the place, followed by Pieyre, Dubois, and d'Albins. I 
 came to the door of a tavern, where I found ten or twelve national 
 . guards, the mayor, the town-clerk, and a considerable number of peo- 
 ple, crying, ' They have broken the law ; they must be hanged — to 
 the lamp-post I' I asked the mayor what all this meant, and what it 
 ^■was all about. He replied, ' It is a nonjuring priest and his father, 
 .who have escaped into this house ; the people allege that they have in- 
 sulted M. Buisson, a priest who had taken the civic oath, and who was 
 carrying the holy sacrament, and 1 can no longer restrain them. I have 
 ■ sent for a voiture lo convey them away. Have the goodness to send 
 for two dragoons to escort them.' I did so immediately. The mayor 
 - stood motionless before the door, not opening his mouth. I therefore 
 addressed some of the most violent of the mob, and endeavored to ex- 
 plain ' how wrong it would be to hang men without trial ; that, more- 
 over, they would be doing the work of the executioner, which they 
 • considered as infamous ; that there were judges whose duty it was to 
 deal with these men.' The mob answered that the judges were aristo- 
 crats, and that they did not punish the guilty. I replied, ' That's your 
 own fault, as they are elected by yourselves ; but you must not take 
 the law into your own hands.' There was now much confusion ; at 
 last one voice cried — 'We will spare them for the sake of M. de 
 'Chartres.' 'Yes,. yes, yes,' cried the people ; ' he isa good patriot ; be 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 7 
 
 edified US all this morning. Bring them out; we shall do them no 
 harm. I went up to the room where the unhappy men were, and 
 asked them if they would trust themselves to me ; they said yes. I 
 preceded them down stairs, and exhorted the people not to forget what 
 they had promised. They cried out again, ' Be easy ; they shall re- 
 ceive no harm.' 1 called to the driver to bring up the carriage ; upon 
 which the crowd cried out, ' No voiture — on foot, on foot, that we 
 may have the satisfaction of hooting them, and expelling them igno- 
 miniously from the town.' ' Well,' I said, ' on foot; be it so ; 'tis the 
 same thing to me, for you are too honest to forfeit your word.' We 
 set out amidst hisses and a torrent of abuse ; I gave my arm to one of 
 the men, and the mayor was on the other side. The priest walked 
 between Messrs. Dubois and d'Albis. Not thinking at the moment, I 
 unluckily took the direction towards Paris. The mayor asked one of 
 the men where he would wish to go ; he answered, 'To Blois.' It 
 was directly the contrary way from that which we were taking. The 
 mayor wished to return, and to pass across the whole town. I opposed 
 this, and we changed our direction, but without going back through the 
 streets. We passed a little wooden bridge of a few planks without 
 rails ; there the mob cried to throw them into the river, and endeav- 
 ored, by putting sticks across, to make them fall into the water. I 
 again reminded them of their promise, and they became quiet. When 
 we were about a mile out of the town, some of the country people 
 came running down the hill, and threw themselves upon us, calling 
 out, ' Hang or drown the two rascals ! ' One of them seized one of 
 the poor wretches by the coat, and the crowd crushed in, forced awav 
 the mayor and M. d'Albis. I remained alone with M. Dubois, and 
 we endeavored to make the peasant loose his hold. I held one of the 
 men by one hand, and by the other endeavored to free the coat. At 
 last one of the national guard arrived to our assistance, and by force 
 cleared the man. The crowd was still increasing. It is but justice to 
 the people of Vendome to say that they kept their word, and tried to 
 induce the peasants to do no violence to the men. Seeing, however, 
 that if I continued my march, some misfortune must inevitably occur, 
 I cried we must take them to prison, and then all the people cried, 
 ' To prison ! to prison ! ' Some voices cried, ' They must ask pardon 
 of God, and thank M. de Chartres for their lives.' That was soon done, 
 and we set out for the prison. As we went along, one man came for- 
 ward with a gun, and said to us, ' Stand out of the way while I fire on 
 them.' Believing that he was really about to fire, I rushed forward in 
 front of my two men, saying, ' You shall kill me first.' As the man 
 was well dressed, M. Pieyre said to him, ' But how can you act so ? ' 
 ' I was only joking,' says the man; ' my gun is not charged.' We 
 again continued our way and the two men were lodged in the prison." 
 The unfortunate priests were afterwards, to the satisfaction of the 
 populace, left to be dealt with in terms of law. On the 1st of July 
 we find the following entry: — "Several of those who, the day be- 
 fore had been the most savage, came with tears (o ask my pardon, 
 and to thank me for having saved them from the commission of a 
 
8 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 crime." The feelings of the duke must have been enviable at this 
 moment, but not less so on the following occasion ; — 
 
 ^^ August 3. — Happy day! I have saved a man's life, or rather 
 have contributed to save it. This evening, after having read a little of 
 Pope, Metastasio, and Emile, I went to bathe. Edward and I were 
 dressing ourselves, when I heard cries of ' Help, help, I am drowning ! ' 
 I ran immediately to the cry, as did Edward, who was farther. I came 
 first, and could only see tops of the person's fingers. I laid hold of 
 that hand, which seized mine with indescribable strength ; and by the 
 way in which he held me, would have drowned me, if Edward had 
 not come up and seized one of his legs, which deprived him of the 
 power of jumping on me. We then got him ashore. He could 
 scarcely speak ; but he, nevertheless, expressed great gratitude to me 
 as well as to Edvvard. I think with pleasure on the effect this will 
 produce at Bellechasse. I am born under a happy star! Opportuni- 
 ties offer themselves in every way ; I have only to avail myself of 
 them ! The man we saved is one M. Siret, an inhabitant of Vendome, 
 sub-engineer in the office of roads and bridges. I go to bed happy! 
 
 " August 11. — Another happy day. I had been invited yesterday 
 to attend at the Town-House with some non-commissioned officers and 
 privates. I went to-day and was received with an address ; there was 
 then read a letter from M. Siret, who proposed that the municipal body 
 should decree that a civic crown should be given to any citizen who 
 should save the life of a fellow-creature, and that, in course, one should 
 be presented to me. The municipal body adopted the proposition, and 
 I received a crown amidst the applause of a numerous assembly of 
 spectators. I was very much ashamed. I nevertheless expressed my 
 gratitude as well as I could." 
 
 Besides the numerous entries in the journal referring to his military 
 avocations and his epistolary correspondence, he occasionally speaks 
 of the studies in which he was engaged. One extract will suffice to 
 show his diligence in this respect. 
 
 " Yesterday morning at exercise. On returning, I undressed, and 
 read some of Henault, Julius Caesar, Sternheim, and Mably, Dined, 
 and after dinner read some of Ipsipyle, Metastasio, Heloise, and Pope. 
 At five, to the riding-house ; and afterwards read Emile." 
 
 About the middle of August, 1791, the Duke of Chartres quitted the 
 garrison of Vendome with his regiment, and went to Valenciennes, in 
 the north of France, where he continued his military avocations. In 
 April, 1792, war was declared against Austria, which was observed to 
 be maturing plans for a hostile invasion of France ; and now the Duke 
 of Chartres made his first campaign. At the head of troops confided 
 to him by Kellermann, he fought at Valmy (September 20, 1792 ; 
 and afterwards (November 6,) under Dumouriez, distinguished him- 
 self at the battle of Jemappes. 
 
 Here may be said to terminate the first and happy period of the life 
 of Louis-Philippe, and we now have to follow him in the misfor- 
 tunes which attend his family. 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 MISFORTUNES AND WANDERINGS. 
 
 While the Duke of Chartres was engaged in repelling the foreign 
 arntiies which menanced the tottering fabric of the French monarchy, 
 the Revolution was hastening to its crisis. Monarchy being extin- 
 guished, and the king and his family placed in confinement, a decree 
 of banishment was hastily passed against all other members of the 
 Bourbon-Capet race. This act of proscription, which was aimed at 
 the Orleans family by its enemies, was as summarily repealed as it 
 had been passed ; but the circumstance was of too alarming a nature 
 to be disregarded, and the Duke of Chartres earnestly besought his 
 father to take advantage of the decree of banishment, and with his 
 family seek a retreat in a foreign country. " You will, assuredly," said 
 he, addressing the Duke of Orleans, " find yourself in an appalling 
 situation. Louis XVI. is about to be accused before an assembly of 
 which you are a member. You must sit before the king as his judge. 
 Reject the ungracious duty, withdraw with your family to America, 
 and seek a calm retreat far from the enemies of France, and there 
 await the return of happier days." To these persuasives the Duke of 
 Orleans unfortunately lent a deaf ear; he considered it to be incon- 
 sistent with his honor and his duty, to desert his post at the approach 
 of danger. Yet so much was he moved by the entreaties of his son, 
 that he desired him to consult an influential member of the assembly 
 on the subject, and let him know the result. The deputy, however, 
 declined to express his opinion. " 1 am incompetent," said he, " to 
 give your father any advice. Our positions are dissimilar. I myself 
 seek redress for personal injuries j your father, the Duke of Orleans, 
 ought to obey the dictates of his conscience as a prince, — of his du- 
 ties as a citizen." The undecided answer neither influenced the 
 judgment of the Duke of Orleans, nor corroborated the arguments of 
 his son. Impressed to the fullest extent with the duties of a citizen, he 
 felt that he could not honorably recede ; and that a man, whatever his 
 rank might be, who intentionally abandoned his country, was deserv- 
 ing of the penalties reserved for traitors. Perceiving that his father 
 made his determination a point of honor, a case of political conscien- 
 tiousness, he desisted from further solicitation, embraced him for the 
 last time, and returned to the army.* 
 
 Disastrous events now rapidly followed each other. On the 21st of 
 January, 1793, the unfortunate Louis XVI. was carried to the scaffold, 
 and a few months thereafter, the Duke of Orleans was seized on the 
 plea of conspiring against the nation. On the 6th of November, he 
 was brought before the revolutionary tribunal, and, after a mock trial, 
 condemned to death on a series of charges, all of which he was noto- 
 riously guiltless. Vievving the proceedings of his judges with contempt, 
 he begged, as an only favor, that the sentence might be executed with- 
 out delay. The indulgence was granted, and he was led, at four 
 o'clock, when the daylight was about failing, from the court to the 
 
 * History of First Revolution. 
 
10 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 guillotine. An eye-witness on this tragic occasion mentions, that, 
 prompted by barbarous curiosity, he took his station in the Rue St, 
 Honore, opposite the palace of the duke, in order to observe the effect 
 which, at his last moments, these scenes of former splendor and en- 
 joyment might have on him. The crowd was immense, and aggra- 
 vated, by its unjust reproaches and insults, the agony of the sufferer. 
 The fatal cart advanced at so slow a pace, that it seemed as if they 
 were endeavoring to prolong his torments. There were many other 
 victims of revolutionary cruelty in the same vehicle. They were all 
 bent double, pale, and stupefied with horror. Orleans alone — a strik- 
 ing contrast — with hair powdered, and otherwise dressed with care in 
 the fashion of the period, stood upright, his head elevated, his counte- 
 nance full of its natural color, with all the firmness of innocence. The 
 cart, for some reason, stopped for a few minutes before the gate of the 
 Palais Royal, and the duke ran his eyes over the building with the 
 tranquil air of a master, as if examining whether it required any addi- 
 tional ornament or repair.* The courage of this intrepid man faltered 
 not at the place of execution. When the executioner took off his coat, 
 he calmly observed to the assistants who were going to di-aw off his 
 boots, " It is only loss of time ; you will remove them more easily 
 from the lifeless limbs." In a few minutes he was no more. Thus 
 died, in the prime of life — his forty-sixth year — the rash and impru- 
 dent, though honest Philippe Egalite ; adding, by his death, one to 
 the long list of those who perished from the effects of a political whirl- 
 wind which they had contributed to raise. 
 
 Seven months previous to this event, the Duke of Chartres, along 
 with his friend General Dumouriez, became assured that the cause of 
 moderation was lost, and looked with apprehension on the reign of 
 terror which had already begun to manifest itself. There was little time 
 for deliberation as to their course. Being summoned to appear before 
 the Committee of Public Safety, and knowing that citations of this na- 
 ture were for the most part equivalent to condemnation, both instantly 
 fled towards the French frontier. The fugitives were hotly pursued, 
 but were fortunate in making their escape into the Belgian Nether- 
 lands, at that time an appanage of the House of Austria. What were 
 the reflections of the Duke of Chartres on this conclusion to his career 
 as a friend of liberty, we should vainly endeavor to imagine. 
 
 The duke was courteously received by the Austrian authorities, who 
 invited him to enter their service ; but he declined to take up arms 
 against France, and preferred to retire for a time into private life. He 
 now pursued his way, as a traveller, by Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, and 
 Coblentz, towards Switzerland, depending on but a small sum of money, 
 and everywhere in danger of being captured. His sister Adelaide, or 
 Mademoiselle d'Orleans, as she was called, fled also to the same coun- 
 try in company with Madame de Genlis, and the two parties joining 
 at Schaffhausen, proceeded to Zurich, 
 
 * Alison mentions that tfiis lialt was caused by Robespierre, who promised, 
 even in this last extremity, to rescue the Duke of Orleans, provided he would 
 give him his daughter Adelaide in marriage. The duke, it is said, scornfully 
 repelled the insulting offer. 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 11 
 
 The two younger sons of the Duke of Orleans, Montpensier and 
 Beaujolais, were less fortunate than their brother and sister. At first, 
 confined along with their father in the tower of St. Jean at Marseilles, 
 they were in a short time deprived of the consolation of being near a 
 parent, and finally had to mourn his unhappy fate. The two young 
 captives were now exposed to greater insults and severities, and in the 
 tumultuary excesses of the mob, who contrived to force the prison and 
 massacre a large number of its inmates, they were in imminent dan- 
 ger of losing their lives. After the fall of Robespierre, besides beinc 
 suffered to take an airing daily in the courtyard, they were permitted 
 to correspond with their mother, the widowed Duchess of Orleans, 
 who, suffering from bad health, was permitted by government to re- 
 side a prisoner on parole, in the house of a physician in Paris. Yet 
 these indulgences served little to assuage the irksoraeness of their sit- 
 uation, and on the 18th of November, 1795, they attempted to make 
 their escape. Montpensier, in descending from the window of his cell, 
 fell to the ground ; and on coming to his senses after the shock, he 
 found that his leg was broken. Beaujolais was more fortunate, and 
 could with ease have escaped on board a vessel leaving the port ; but 
 he preferred to remain with his brother, and returned to imprisonment. 
 In consequence of this unfortunate attempt, the two princes were ex- 
 posed to fresh severities from their inhuman jailer. By the repeated 
 supplications of their mother, and the growing moderation of the gov- 
 erning party, they were finally, after a miserable confinement of three 
 years, liberated, on condition of proceeding to the United States of 
 America, there to join their elder brother, Louis-Philippe, an account 
 of whose wanderings we shall now resume. 
 
 Arriving in the town of Zurich, it was the intention of the Duke of 
 Chartres to take up his abode there with his sister and Madame de 
 Genlis ; but to this arrangement there were difficulties which had not 
 been foreseen. The French royalist emigrants in Zurich were by no 
 means friendly to the house of Orleans, and the magistrates of the 
 canton, by giving refuge to the prince, dreaded embroiling themselves 
 with France. The illustrious exiles needed no explicit order to seek 
 a new retreat. They quietly departed from Zurich, and crossing the 
 mountains to the town of Zug, procured accommodation in a small 
 house near the borders of the adjoining lake. Their rest in this se- 
 cluded spot was of no long duration. Their rank and character being 
 discovered, they were once more under the necessity of preparing to 
 seek a place wherein they might be sutTered to dwell unobserved, and 
 in peace. At this crisis, by the intercession of a kind friend in Swit- 
 zerland, M. de Montesquieu, admission into the convent of Sainte- 
 Claire, near Bremgarten, Avas procured for Mademoiselle d'Orleans 
 and her instructress. Relieved of anxiety on account of his beloved 
 sister, the Duke of Chartres commenced a series of wanderings in 
 different countries of Europe, everywhere gaining a knowledge of 
 men and things, and acquiring firmness from the adverse circumstan- 
 ces with which it was his lot to contend. Deprived of rank and for- 
 tune, an outlaw and an exile, he now was indebted alone to his own 
 native energies, and the excellent education which he had acquired. 
 
12 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 The first place visited by the duke was Basle, where he sold all his 
 horses but one, for the sum of sixty louis-d'ors, and with the remaining 
 horse, along with Baudoin, a humble and faithful retainer, who insisted 
 on remaining in his service, set out in prosecution of his journey. The 
 cavalcade was affecting. Baudoin was ill, and could not walk. He 
 was therefore mounted by his kind-hearted master on the back of the 
 horse which had been reserved for his own use, and leading the animal 
 in his hand, the Duke of Chartres issued from the gates of Basle. One 
 can easily fancy the interest which must have been raised in the minds 
 of the Swiss peasantry, on witnessing such a manifestation of humane 
 feeling. 
 
 An excursion of several months through some of the most pictur- 
 esque and historically interesting parts of Switzerland, while it gratified 
 the love of travel, and enlarged the mind of the prince, also diminished 
 his resources ; and a time came when it was necessary to part with 
 his remaining horse. From this period, with a knapsack on the back 
 of his companion, the ever attached Baudoin, and with staffs in their 
 liands, the pair of wanderers pursued their journey on foot, often toil- 
 worn, and at last nearly pennyless. On one occasion, after a toilsome 
 journey, when they reached the hospitium of St Gothard, situated on 
 an inclement Alpine height,* they were churlishly refused accommo- 
 dation for the night, and were fain to seek shelter and repose beneath 
 the shed of an adjoining inn. Courageously contending with privations 
 in these mountain regions, the duke was at length reduced to the great- 
 est straits ; and it became necessary for him to think of laboring for his 
 support. Yet, as labor is honorable in a prince as well as a peasant, 
 there was not to this intrepid young man anything distressing in the con- 
 sideration that he must toil for his daily bread. While he reflected on 
 the best means of employing his talents for his support, a letter reached 
 him from his friend M. Montesquieu, stating that he had obtained for 
 him the situation of a teacher in the academy of Richenau, a village 
 at the junction of the two upper Rhines, in the south-eastern part of 
 Switzerland. Glad of such a prospect of employment, the Duke of 
 Chartres set out on his journey to Reichenau, where he shortly after 
 arrived in the humble equipage of a pedestrian, a stick in his hand, 
 and a bundle on his back, along with a letter of introduction to M. Jost, 
 the head master of the establishment. Being examined by the officers 
 of the institution, he was found fully qualified for his proposed duties ; 
 and though only twenty years of age, was unanimously admitted. 
 Here, under the feigned name of Chabaud-Latour, and without being 
 
 * " How often," says Madame de Genlis, in allusion to the trials and priva- 
 tions to which the Duke of Chartres was exposed after his escape from 
 France, — " How often, since his misfortunes, have I applauded myself for the 
 education 1 had given him; for having taught him the principal modern lan- 
 guages; for having accustomed him to wait on himself; to despise all sorts 
 of effeminacy ; to sleep habitually on a wooden bed, with no covering but a 
 mat; to expose himself to heat, cold, and rain; to accustom himself to fa- 
 tigue by daily and violent exercise, and by walking ten or fifteen miles with 
 leaden soles to his shoes ; and finally, for having given him the taste and 
 habit of travelling. He had lost all he had inherited from birth and fortune; 
 nothing remained but what he had received from nature and me ! " 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 13 
 
 recognised by any one save M. Jost, he taught geography, history, 
 the French and English languages, and mathematics, for the space of 
 eight months. In this somewhat trying and new situation, he not only 
 gave the highest satisfaction to his employers and pupils, but earned 
 the esteem and friendship of the inhabitants of Reichenau. 
 
 It was while here filling the post of a schoolmaster, that the Duke of 
 Chartres learned the tragical fate of his father. Some political move- 
 ments taking place in the Grisons, Mademoiselle d'Orlees thought it 
 proper to quit the convent at Bremgarten, and to join her aunt the 
 Princess of Conti, in Hungary. M. Montesquieu believed that he 
 might now give an asylum to the prince, of whom his enemies had for 
 some time lost all trace. The duke consequently resigned his office 
 of teacher at Reichenau, receiving the most honorable testimonials of 
 his behavior and abilities, and retired to Bremgarten. Here he re- 
 mained, under the name of Corby, until the end of 1794, when he 
 thought proper to quit Switzerland, his retreat there being no longer 
 a secret. 
 
 We now find the Duke of Orleans, as he vvns entitled to be called 
 since his father's decease, once more a wanderer, seeking for a place 
 of repose, free from the persecution of the French authorities and their 
 emissaries. He resolved to go to America, and Hamburg appeared to 
 liim the best place for embarkation. He arrived in that city in 1795. 
 Here his expectation of funds failed him, and he could not collect suf- 
 ficient pecuniary means to re&ch the United States ; but being tired of 
 a state of inactivity, and provided with a letter of credit for a small 
 sum on a Copenhagen banker, he resolved to visit the north of Europe. 
 This banker succeeded in obtaining passports for him from the King 
 of Denmark, not as the Duke of Orleans, but as a Swiss traveller, by 
 means of which he was able to proceed in safety. He travelled 
 through Norway and Sweden, seeing every thing worthy of curiosity 
 in the way, journeyed on foot with the Laplanders along the moun- 
 tains, and reached the North Cape, in August, 1795. After staying a 
 few days in this region, at eighteen degrees from the pole, he returned 
 through Lapland to Torneo, at the extremity of the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 From Torneo he went to Abo, and traversed Finland ; but dreading 
 the vengeful character of Catherine, he did not enter Russia. 
 
 It must be acknowledged that Louis-Philippe was now turning the 
 misfortunes of his family to the most pi-ofitable account. By bringing 
 himself into contact with every variety of life, and adding the treas- 
 ures of personal observation to the stores of learning with which his 
 mind was fraught, he was preparing himself for that course of events 
 which has given him such a powerful influence over the destinies of 
 his own country and of Europe. The bold and rugged scenery of 
 these artic regions, and the simple and unpretending kindness of the 
 inhabitants, must have produced a vivid impression upon a young man 
 of his rank, and pi'evious pursuits, sent forth under such circumstances 
 to commence his novitiate in the world. 
 
 After completing the examination of these ancient kingdoms, and 
 after having been recognised at Stockholm, he proceeded to Denmark, 
 and, under an assumed name, withdrew himself from observation. 
 2 
 
14 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE, 
 
 During his expedition, no improvenaent Imd taken place in his pecuni- 
 ary resources, or political prospects ; but no reverses could shake the 
 determination he had formed not to bear arms against France ; and he 
 declined the invitation of Louis XVIII. to join the army under the 
 Prince of Conde. 
 
 The wandering prince had taken his measures with such prudence, 
 that the French government had lost all traces of him, and the agents 
 of the Directory were instructed to leave no means unemployed to 
 discover his place of refuge. Attention was particularly directed to 
 Prussia and Poland, in one or other of which countries he was thought 
 to be. But tnese efforts were baffled, and were finally succeeded by 
 an attempt of a different character, making such an appeal to the feel- 
 ings of the son and brother, as left him no hesitation in accepting the 
 offer of a more distant expatriation, which was made to him. A com- 
 munication was opened between the Directory and the Duchess of 
 Orleans; and she was given to understand, that if she would address 
 herself to her eldest son, and pi'evail upon him to repair to the United 
 States, her own position should be rendered more tolerable, and the 
 sequestration removed from her property ; and that her two youngest 
 sons should be released, and permitted to join their brother in Ameri- 
 ca. To this proposition the duchess assented ; and wrote a letter to 
 her son, recommending a compliance with the terms proposed, and 
 adding, — " May the prospect of relieving the suffering of your poor 
 mother, of rendering the situation of your brothers less painful, and of 
 contributing to give quiet to your country, recompense your gener- 
 osity ! " 
 
 The government charged itself with the despatch of this letter to the 
 exile, and a new effort w^as made for his discovery. When other 
 means had failed, their charge-d'affaires at Hamburg applied to Mr. 
 Westford, a merchant of that city, who, from some circumstances, was 
 supposed to be in correspondence with the prince. This suspicion was 
 well founded ; but Mr. Westford received with incredulity the declar- 
 ation of the charge-d'affaires, that his object, in opening a communica- 
 tion with the duke, was to convey to him a letter from his mother on the 
 part of the government ; and disclaimed all knowledge of his actual 
 residence. He, however, immediately communicated to the duke a 
 statement of what had taken place, and the latter determined to risk 
 the exposure, in the hope of receiving a letter directly from his 
 mother. He was actually in the neighborhood of Hamburg, though in 
 the Danish slates, where he had changed his residence from time to 
 time, as a due regard to secrecy required. An interview between the 
 duke and the French charge v^^^s arranged by Mr. Westford at his 
 own house in the evening ; and there, after the receipt of his mother's 
 letters, Louis signified at once his acceptance of the terms proposed, and 
 his determination to embark for the United States without delay. He 
 immediately wrote a letter to his mother, commencing with the dec- 
 laration, — ." When my dear mother shall receive this letter her orders 
 will have been executed, and I shall have sailed for the United 
 States." 
 
 The ship " American," Captain Ewing, a regular trader between 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 15 
 
 Philadelphia and Hamburg, was then lying in the Elbe, preparing for 
 departure. The duke, passing for a Dane, applied to the captain, and 
 engaged his passage for the usual amount, at that time thirty-five 
 guineas. He had with him his faithful servant Baudoin, who had re- 
 joined, him in his travels, and whom he was solicitous to take with him 
 across the Atlantic. But the captain, for some reason, seemed unwil- 
 ling 1o receive this humble attendant, and told his importunate passen- 
 ger that the services of this man would not only be useless to him upon 
 the voyage, but that when he reached x\merica, he would, like most 
 servants, desert his master. He was, however, finally persuaded to 
 yield, and the servant was received for seventeen and a half guineas. 
 
 The duke was anxious to escape observation in Hamburg, and asked 
 permission of the captain to repair on board his ship, and remain a few 
 days before her departure. The captain, with some reluctance, con- 
 sented to this unusual proposition ; though it afterwards appeared that 
 this step, and the mystery which evidently surrounded his young pas- 
 senger, had produced an unfavorable impression upon his mind. 
 
 Late in the night preceding the departure of the ship from the Elbe, 
 when the duke was in his berth, an elderly French gentleman, des- 
 tined to be his only fellow cabin passenger, came on board. He un- 
 derstood English badly, and spoke it worse ; and perceiving the ac- 
 commodations far inferior to those he had anticipated, he set himself 
 to find fault with much vehemence, but with a garrulity wonderfully 
 checked by the difficulty he encountered in giving vent to his excited 
 feelings in English. He called for an interpreter; and, not finding 
 one, he gradually wore away, if not his discontent, the expression of 
 it, and retired to rest. In the morning, seeing the duke, his first in- 
 quiry was if he spoke French ; and perceiving he did, he expressed 
 his gratification, and said, " You speak very well for a Dane, and you 
 will be able to get along without my instruction. You are a young 
 man, and 1 am an old one, and you must serve as my interpreter." 
 To this the duke assented ; and the old gentleman, who was a planter 
 from St. Domingo on his way to his native island, commenced the 
 enumeration of his grievances. He had no teeth, and the cook no 
 soft bread, and he said it was impossible to sail in a vessel not provid- 
 ed with the means of baking fresh bread ; that such an arrangement 
 existed on board all the French ships ; and that he could not eat the 
 American biscuit. Tlie captain coolly, told him, ''There is my beef, 
 and there is my bread ; and if you are not satisfied with my fare, you 
 can leave the ship." The impatient planter, unwilling to relinquish 
 the chance of revisiting his native country, thought it better to risk his 
 teeth rather than disembark, and continued on board. There were 
 many steerage passengers, Germans and Alsatians, emigrating to the 
 United States. The ship left the Elbe on the 24th of Septembe'i% 1796, 
 and after a pleasant passage of twenty-seven days, arrived at Philadel- 
 phia. Shortly before entering the Capes of the Delaware, the duke, 
 unwilling that the captain should learn his true character from public 
 report after reaching his destination, disclosed to him who he was. 
 The captain expressed his gratification at the communication, and 
 frankly stated, that the circumstances under which he had come on 
 
16 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 board had produced an impression upon his mind unfavorable to his 
 young passenger; that in striving to conjecture what could be his true 
 position, he had come to the conclusion that he was a gambler who 
 had committed himself in some gambling speculations, and that he was 
 seeking secrecy and refuge in the new world. The chances of luck 
 had indeed been against his new acquaintance, and he had lost a great 
 prize in the lottery of life ; but he had preserved those better prizes — 
 an approving conscience, and an unblemished reputation. The other 
 passenger, the St. Domingo planter, remained in ignorance of the name 
 of his cabin companion, till he learned it in Philadelphia, when he 
 called to make known his surprise, and to tender his compliments. 
 
 RESIDENCE AND TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 The Duke of Orleans, having arrived in the United States in the 
 November following, was joined by his brothers, Montpensier and 
 Beaujolais, after they had encountered a stormy passage of ninety-three 
 days from Marseilles. The reunited princes now took up their resi- 
 dence together in Philadelphia, and there they passed the winter, 
 mingling in the society of the place, and forming many agreeable ac- 
 quaintances. Philadelpliia was at that time the seat of the federal 
 government, and General Washington was at the head of the adminis- 
 tration. The three young strangers were presented to him, and were 
 invited to visit Mount Vernon after the expiration of his term of ser- 
 vice. The duke was present at the last address delivered by General 
 Washington to Congress, and also at the inauguration of Mr. Adams, 
 when his venerable predecessor joyfully took his leave of public life. 
 
 During the season, the Duke of Orleans and his brothers visited 
 Mount Vernon, passing through Baltimore, where he renewed an ac- 
 quaintance previously formed in Philadelphia with General Smith ; and 
 crossing the site of the present city of VVashington, where he was hos- 
 pitably received by the late Mr. Law, and where he met the present 
 General Mason of Georgetown. This most respectable man is well 
 remembered by the king, who loves to speak of the hospitality of his 
 house, and of his personal kindness — evinced, among other circum- 
 stances, by his accompanying his three young guests in a visit to the 
 falls of the Potomac. From Georgetown the party passed through Al- 
 exandria, and thence went to Mount Vernon, where they were most 
 kindly received, and there they resided some days. 
 
 While at Mount Vernon, General Washington prepared for the ex- 
 iled princes an itinerary of a journey to the w^estern country, and fur- 
 nished them vvith some letters of introduction for persons upon the 
 route. They made the necessary preparations for a long tour, which 
 they performed on horseback, each of them carrying in a pair of sad- 
 dle-bags, after the fashion of that period, whatever he might require in 
 clothes and other articles for his personal comfort. The travelling-map 
 of the three princes is still preserved, and furnishes convincing proof 
 that it has passed through severe service. The various routes followed 
 by the travellers are strongly depicted in red ink ; and by their extent 
 and direction, they show the great enterprise displayed by three young 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 17 
 
 strangers to acquire a ju^it knowledge of the country, at a time when 
 the difficulties of travelling over a great part of the route were enough 
 to discourage many a hardy American. Louis-Philippe, in not long 
 since showing this map to an American gentleman, mentioned that he 
 possessed an°accurate account, showing the expenditure of every dol- 
 lar he disbursed in the United States. It is an example of business 
 habits worthy of all praise and imitation. This attention to the impor- 
 tant concern of personal expenditure was one of the characteristic fea- 
 tures of Washington ; and both of these celebrated men were, no 
 doubt, penetrated with the conviction that punctuality is essential to 
 success. 
 
 At the period in which the journey of the princes was performed, 
 the back settlements of the United States were in a comparatively rude 
 condition, and could not be traversed without undergoing many hard- 
 ships. The inns, in particular, were few and far distant from each 
 other, and their keepers, in many cases, churlishly independent and 
 overbearing. Taking the road by Leesburg and Harper's Ferry to 
 Winchester, the duke and his brothers dismounted at a house kept by a 
 Mr. Bush, where they experienced an unpleasing instance of incivility. 
 Mr. Bush was from Manheim on the Rhine, and the Duke of Chartres 
 having recently visited that city, and speaking German fluently, a bond 
 of communication was established between them, and the landlord and 
 the traveller were soon engaged in an interesting conversation. This 
 took place while the necessary arrangements were making to provide 
 a substantial meal for the hungry guests, and probably, also, for others 
 who were waiting for the same indispensable atlention. One of the 
 younger brothers was indisposed, and" the elder suggested to his land- 
 lord a wish that his party might be permitted to eat by themselves. 
 But oh the vanity of human expectations ! Such a proposition had 
 never been heard in the whole valley of Shenandoah, and least of all 
 in the mansion of Mr. Bush. The rules of his house had been attack- 
 ed, and his professional pride wounded ; the recollections of Manheim, 
 and the pleasure of hearing his native language, and the modest con- 
 versation of the young strangers, were all thrown to the wind, and the, 
 offended dignitary exclaimed, " If you are too good to eat at the same 
 table with my other guests, you are too good to eat in my house — 
 begone 1" And notwithstanding the deprecatory tone which the duke 
 immediately took, his disavowal of any intention to offend, and his 
 offer to eat where it would be agreeable to this governor of hungry 
 appetites that these should be assuaged, the young men were compell- 
 ed to leave the house, and to seek refuge elsewhere. 
 
 Our adventurers turned their backs on Mr. Bush and Winchester, 
 and proceeded on their journey. When traversing a district called 
 the Barrens, in Kentucky, the duke and his brothers stopped at a 
 cabin, where was to be found " entertainment for man and horse," 
 Bnd where the landlord was very solicitous to ascertain the business of 
 the travellers — not apparently from any idle curiosity, but because he 
 seemed to feel a true solicitude for them. It was in vain, however, 
 the duke protested they were travelling to look at the country, and 
 without any view to purchase or settlement. Such a motive for en- 
 2* 
 
18 LIFE OF LOIJIS-PHILirPE. 
 
 countering the trouble and expense of a long journey, was beyond the 
 circle of the settler's observation or experience. In the night, all the 
 travellers were disposed upon the floor of the cabin, with their feet 
 towards a prodigious fire, the landlord and his wife occupying a punch- 
 eon bedstead, pinned to the logs forming the side of the mansion. The 
 duke, in a moment of wakefulness, was amused to overhear the good 
 man expressing to his wife his regret that three such promising young 
 men should be running uselessly over the country,and wondering they 
 did not purchase land there, and establish themselves creditably. 
 
 At Chilocothe the duke found a public house kept by a Mr. M'Don- 
 ald, a name well known to the early settlers of that place ; and he was 
 a witness of a scene which the progress of morals and manners has 
 since rendered a rare one in that place, or, indeed, throughout the 
 well-regulated state of Ohio. He saw a fight between the landlord 
 and some one who frequented his house, in which the former would 
 have suffered, if the duke had not interfered to separate the combat- 
 ants. 
 
 Arriving at Pittsburg, a town rising into importance at the head of 
 the Ohio, the travellers rested several days, and formed an acquaint- 
 ance with some of the inhabitants. From Pittsburg they travelled to 
 Erie, and thence down the shore of the lake to Buffalo. On this jour- 
 ney they lighted on a band of Seneca Indians, to whom they were in- 
 debted for a night's hospitality ; for there were then few habitations 
 but Indian wagwams upon the borders of the American lakes, and still 
 fewer vessels, except birch canoes, which sailed over their waves. 
 Among this band was an old woman, taken prisoner many a long year 
 before, and now habituated to her fate, and contented with it. She was 
 a native of Germany, and yet retained some recollection of her native 
 language and country ; and the faint, though still abiding feeling which 
 connected her present with her past condition, led her to take an inter- 
 est in the three young strangers who talked to her in that language 
 and of that country, and she exerted herself to render their short resi- 
 dence among her friends as comfortable as possible. The chief as- 
 sured the travellers that he would be personally responsible for every 
 article they might entrust to his care ; but that he would not answer 
 for his people unless this precaution was used. Accordingly, every 
 thing was deposited with the chief, saddles, bridles, blankets, clothes, 
 and money ; all which being faithfully produced in the morning, the 
 day's journey was commenced. But the party had not proceeded far 
 upon their route, when they missed a favorite dog, which they had not 
 supposed to be included in the list of contraband articles requiring a 
 deposit in this aboriginal custom-house, and had therefore left it at lib- 
 erty. He was a singularly beautiful animal, and having been the com- 
 panion in imprisonment of the two younger brothers at the castle of 
 St. Jean, they were much attached to him. The duke immediately 
 returned to seek and reclaim the dog; and the chief, without the 
 slightest embarrassment, said to him, in answer to his representations, 
 " If you had intrusted the dog to me last night, he would have been 
 ready for you this morning; but we will find him." And he imme- 
 diately virent to a kind of closet, shut in by a board, and on his remov- 
 ing this, the faithful animal leaped out upon his masters. 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 19 
 
 Scarcely resting at Buffalo, they crossed to Fort Erie on the British 
 side, and then repaired to the Falls of Niagara. This j^rand natural 
 object, as may be supposed, engaged the careful exannination of the 
 princes, and one of them, the Duke of Montpensier, who excelled in 
 drawing, made a sketch of the cataract for his sister. The partv then 
 proceeded to Canandaigua, through a country almost in a state of na- 
 ture. In one of the worst parts of this worst of roads, they met Mr. 
 Alexander Baring, the present Lord Ashburton, whom the duke had 
 known in Philadelphia. 
 
 Continuing their route to Geneva, they procured a boat, and em- 
 barked upon the Seneca Lake, which they ascended to its head ; and 
 from hence they made their way to Tioga Point, upon the Susquehan- 
 nah — each of the travellers cerrying his baggage, for the last twenty- 
 five miles, upon his back. From Tioga the party descended the river 
 in a boat to Wilkesbarre, and thence they crossed the country to 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 While residing in this oily, the Duke of Montpensier wrote a letter 
 to his sister, Mademoiselle d'Orleans, (dated August 14, 1797,) from 
 which the following extract has been published, giving an account of 
 the journey which the writer and his brothers had lately performed : 
 
 " 1 hope you received the letter which we wrote you from Pittsburcr 
 two months since. We were then in the midst of a great journey, that 
 we finished fifteen days ago. It took us four months. VVe travelled 
 during that time a thousand leagues, and always upon the same horses, 
 except the last hundred leagues, which we performed partly by water, 
 partly on foot, partly upon hired horses, and partly by the stage or 
 public conveyance. We have seen many Indians, and we renaained 
 several days in their country. They received us with great kindness, 
 and our national character contributed not a little to this good recep- 
 tion, for they love the French. After them we found the Falls of 
 Niagara, which I wrote you from Pittsburg we were about to visit, the 
 most interesting object upon our journey. It is the most surprising and 
 majestic spectacle 1 have ever seen. It is a hundred and thirty-seven 
 (French) feet high; and the volume of water is immense, since it is 
 the whole river St. Lawrence which precipitates itself at this place. I 
 have taken a sketch of it, and intend to paint a picture in water colors 
 from it, which my dear little sister will certainly see at our tender 
 mother's; but it is not yet commenced, and will take me much time 
 for truly it is no small work. To give you an idea of the agreeable' 
 manner in which they travel in this country, 1 will tell you, my dear 
 sister, that we passed fourteen nights in the woods, devoured by all 
 kinds of insects, after being wet to the bone, without being able to dry 
 ourselves ; and eating pork, and sometimes a liule salt beef, and corn 
 bread." 
 
 During the residence of the Duke of Orleans and his brothers in 
 Philadelphia, the city was visited by yellow fever — a fatal epidemic 
 but from which the unfortunate princes found it impossible to fly, on 
 account of a lack of funds. From this unpleasant and perilous dilem- 
 ma they were happily relieved in the course of September, by a remit- 
 tance from their mother. With a purse thus opportunely reinforced, 
 
20 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 they now undertook another excursion, which this time led them to the 
 eastern part of the United States, finally arriving in New York. Here 
 the brothers learned that a new law had just decreed the expulsion of 
 all the members of the Bourbon family yet remaining in France from 
 that country ; and that their mother had been deported to Spain. Their 
 object was now to join her ; hut, owing to their peculiar circumstances, 
 and to the war between England and Spain, this object was not easily 
 attained. To avoid the French cruisers upon the coast, they deter- 
 mined to repair to New Orleans, and there to find a conveyance for 
 Havana, whence they thought they could reach the mother country. 
 They set out, therefore, for Pittsburg on the lOth of December, 1797; 
 and upon' the road, fatigued with travelling on horseback, they pur- 
 chased a wagon, and, harnessing their horses to it, and placing their 
 luggage within, they continued their route more comfortably. They 
 arrived at Carlisle on Saturday, when the inhabitants of the neighbor- 
 ing country appeared to have entered the town for some purpose of 
 business or pleasure, and drove up to a public house, near which was 
 a trough for the reception of the oats which travellers might be dispos- 
 ed to give their horses, without putting them into the stable. A quan- 
 tity of oats was procured by the party, and poured into the trough; 
 and the bits were taken from the horses' mouths, to enable them to eat 
 freely. The duke took his position in the wagon, looking round him ; 
 when the horses being suddenly frightened, ran away with the wagon, 
 which, passing over a stump, was upset and broken. The duke was 
 thrown out, and somewhat injured. In early life, as we have seen, he 
 had learned to perform the operation of bleeding. Immediately per- 
 ceiving that his situation required depletion, and making his way, as 
 he best could, to the tavern, he requested pei'mission of the landlord 
 to perform the operation in his house, and to be furnished with linen 
 and water. The family was kind, and supplied him with everything 
 he require^d ; and he soon relieved himself by losing a quantity of 
 blood. The circumstances, however, had attracted general attention, 
 in consequence of the accident to the wagon, and of the injury to the 
 traveller, and still more from the extraordinary occurrence of self- 
 bleeding ; and a large crowd had collected in the tavern to watch the 
 result of the operation. It is probable the curious spectators thought 
 he was a Yankee doctor going to the west to establish himself, and to 
 vend medical skill and drugs. Apparently well satisfied with the sur- 
 gical ability which the stranger had just displayed, they proposed to 
 him to remain at Carlisle, and to commence there his professional 
 career, promising to employ him, and assuring him that his prospect 
 of success would be much more favorable than in the regions beyond 
 Ihe mountains. 
 
 When our party reached Pittsburg, they found the Monongahela fro- 
 zen, but the Alleghany open. They purchased a keel-boat, then lying 
 in the ice, and with much labor and difficulty transported it to the point 
 where the two rivers meet and form the Ohio. There the party em- 
 barked on that river, which ihey descended along with three persons 
 to aid them in the navigation. Before arriving at Wheeling, the river 
 became entirely obstructed by the ice, and they were compelled to 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 21 
 
 land and remain some days. They found Major F., an officer of the 
 United States army, charged with despatches for the posts below, de- 
 tained at the same place. On examining the river from the neit^hbor- 
 ing hills, they ascertained that the region of ice extended only about 
 three, miles, and kept themselves prepared to take advantage of the 
 first opening which should appear. This soon came, and they passed 
 through, and continued their voyage ; but Major F., who had not been 
 equally alert, missed the opportunity, and remained blockaded. He 
 did not reach the lower part of the river till three weeks after our 
 travellers. 
 
 At Marietta the party stopped and landed, and a circumstance con- 
 nected with this event shows the extraordinary memory which Louis- 
 Philippe possesses. A few years ago he asked an American gentle- 
 man if he was ever in Marietta. As it happened, this gentleman had 
 spent some years in the early part of his life there, and was able to 
 answer in the affirmative. "And do you know," said the king, " a 
 French baker there named Thierry.?" The gentleman knew him 
 perfectly well, and so answered the inquiry. " Well," said the king, 
 " I once ran away with him " — and then proceeded to explain, that, 
 in descending the Ohio, he had stopped at Marietta, and gone into the 
 town in search of bread. He was referred to this same Mr. Thierry ; 
 and the baker not having a stock on hand, set himself to work to heat 
 his oven in order to supply the applicant. While this process was 
 going on, the prince walked over the town, and visited the interesting 
 ancient remains which are to be found in the western part of it, near 
 the banks of the Muskingam, and whose history and purposes have 
 given rise to such various and unsatisfactory speculations. The prince 
 took a sketch of some of these works, which are indeed among the 
 most extensive of their class that are to be found in the vast basin of 
 the Mississippi. On his return he found the ice in the Muskingam on 
 the point of breaking up, and Mr. Thierry so late in his operations, 
 that he had barely time to leap into the boat with his bread, before 
 they were compelled to leave the shore, that they might precede the 
 mass of ice which was entering the Ohio. The bak^er thus carried 
 off bore his misfortune like a philosopher; and though he mourned 
 over the supposed grief of his faithful wife, he still urged the rowers 
 to exert themselves, in order to place his young countrymen beyond 
 the chance of injury. They were finally successful ; and after some 
 time, Mr. Thierry was taken ashore by a canoe which they hailed, 
 well satisfied with his expedition. The travellers continued their 
 voyage, and met with but one accident. By the inattention of the 
 helmsman, the boat struck a tree, and stove in her bows. All the 
 crew, princes and hired men, went to work ; and after twenty-four 
 hours, the damages were repaired, and they reached New Orleans in' 
 safety on the 17th of February, 1798. 
 
 " From this city they embarked on board an American vessel for 
 Havana in the island of Cuba; and upon their passage they were 
 boarded by an English frigate under French colors. Until the char- 
 acter of the cruiser was ascertained, the three brothers were appre- 
 hensive that they might be known and conducted to France. How- 
 
22 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 ever, when it was discovered, on one side, that the visitor was an 
 English ship, and, on the other, that the three young passengers were 
 the princes of the house of Orleans, confidence was restored, and the 
 captain hastened to receive them on board his vessel, where he treated 
 them with distinction, and then conducted them to Havana. 
 
 The residence of the wandering princes in Cuba was of no long 
 duration. By the Spanish authorities they were treated with marked 
 disrespect, and ordered to return to New Orleans. This, however, 
 they declined to do, and proceeded to the Bahama islands, expecting 
 thence to find their way to England. At this period the Duke of 
 Kent was in the Bahamas, and kindly received the illustrious stran- 
 gers, though he did not feel himself authorised to give them a passage 
 to England in a British frigate. They were not discouraged, but 
 sailed in a small vessel to New York, whence an English packet car- 
 ried them to Falmouth. 
 
 ARRIVAL IN EUROPE — MARRIAGE. 
 
 The Duke of Orleans and his brothers arrived at Falmouth early 
 in February, 1800, and readily obtaining the permission of govern- 
 ment to land in the country, they proceeded to London, and shortly 
 afterwards took up their residence on the banks of the Thames at 
 Twickenham. Here the exiles had at length an opportunity of enjoy 
 ing some repose in the midst of the best English society ; nor was the 
 well-known hospitality of England lacking on this, as on all other oc- 
 casions. The young princes were treated with the greatest kindness 
 by all classes, from royalty downwards, and, by their unaffected 
 manners, gained universal esteem. Neither the polite attentions of 
 the English people, nor the splendors of London fashionable life, 
 however, could obliterate the recollections of his mother from the 
 heart of the Duke of Orleans; and the English government having 
 allowed him and his brothers a free passage in a frigate to Minorca, 
 they proceeded thither with the expectation of finding a means of 
 passing over to Spain, in which country their parent was an exile and 
 captive. This troublesome expedition, from the convulsed state of 
 Spain at the period, proved fruitless, and they returned to England, 
 again retiring to Twickenham. 
 
 At their pleasant retreat here, the Duke of Orleans engaged with, 
 zeal in the study of political economy and the institutions of Great 
 Britain ; at times making excursions with his brothers to the seats of 
 the nobility and interesting parts of the country, and from taste and 
 habit, becoming almost an Englishman. The only pressing subject 
 of concern was the infirm health of the Duke of Montpensier. With 
 a somewhat weakly constitution, deranged by long and cruel confine- 
 ment in prison, he had, since his first arrival in England, experienced 
 a gradual sinking in bodily strength. Notwithstanding every effort of 
 medicine to save him, this amiable and accomplished prince died, 
 May 18, 1807. His remains were interred in Westminster Abbey, 
 ■where his tomb is marked by an elegant Latin epitaph, the joint com- 
 position of the Duke of Orleans and General Dumouriez. To aggra- 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 23 
 
 vate the loss, the health of Count Beaujolais, affected by the same 
 treatment as that of his brother, began also to decline. Ordered by 
 his physicians to visit a warmer climate, the duke accompanied him 
 to Malta, and there he died in 1808. His body was consigned to the 
 dust in the church of St. John at Valetta. 
 
 Bereaved, and almost broken-hearted with his losses, the Duke of 
 Orleans passed from Malta to Messina in Sicily, and by a kind invita- 
 tion from King Ferdinand (of Naples), visited the royal family at 
 Palermo. The accomplishments and misfortunes of the duke did not 
 fail to make a due impression on the Neapolitan family, while he was 
 equally delighted with the manner in which he was received by them. 
 During his residence at Palermo, he gained the affections of the Prin- 
 cess Amelia, the second daughter of the king, and with the consent 
 of Ferdinand and the Duchess of Orleans, who fortunately was re- 
 leased from her thraldom in Spain, and permitted to come to Sicily, 
 their marriage took place in November, 1809. Restored to a long- 
 lost mother, and at the same time endowed with an estimable wife, 
 need we doubt that the happiness of the Duke of Orleans was com- 
 »plete. Certainly it deserved to be so. 
 
 _ In about six months after this event, the Duke of Orleans was in- 
 vited by the regency of Spain to take a military command in that 
 country, in order to assist in expelling the French imperial invaders. 
 Desirous of pursuing an active and useful life, he obeyed the invita- 
 tion ; but, to the disgrace of the Cortes, they refused to fulfil their 
 deceitful promises, and after spending three months in attempting to 
 gain redress, the duke returned to Palermo, where, on his landing, he 
 had the pleasure to learn that the Duchess of Orleans had given birth 
 to a son (September 2, 1810). 
 
 POLITICAL CAREER — BECOMES KING. 
 
 We have, in the preceding pages, briefly traced our hero from 
 childhood to youth, and from youth to manhood. We have seen him 
 in adversity, with scarcely bread to eat, or a house wherein to lay his 
 head. We have seen him emerge from this period of misfortune, 
 till he arrived in a country where his claims were recognised, and he 
 not only found a home, but a companion, amiable, accomplished, and 
 m every other way calculated to insure his happiness. We will now 
 follow this remarkable man from his comparative obscurity in a for- 
 eign land, to the country and home of his fathers, where, by the force 
 of circumstances, he reached a station the highest which any earthly 
 pov^rer can confer. 
 
 The domestic tranquillity which the Duke of Orleans was enjoyin^ 
 in Palermo was, in 1814, suddenly and unexpectedly interrupted by 
 the arrival of intelligence that Napoleon had abdicated the throne, and 
 that the Bourbons were to be restored to France. Being now en- 
 abled to return to the country of his birth, and the inheritance of 
 which civ:l discord had deprived him, the duke sailed from Sicily in 
 a vessel placed at his disposal by Lord William Bentinck. On the 
 18th of May he arrived in Paris, where in a short time he was in the 
 
24 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 
 
 enjoyment of the honors due to his rank and talents. His first visit 
 to the Palais Royal, which he had not seen since he parted with his 
 father, and now his own by inheritance, is mentioned as having been 
 marked by strong emotion 5 nor were his feelings less excited on 
 beholding other scenes from which he had been banished since child- 
 hood. 
 
 The return of Napoleon in 1815 broke up his arrangements for 
 settling in his newly-recovered home. He sent his family to Eng- 
 land, and was ordered by the king, Louis XVIII., to take command of 
 the army of tiie north. He remained in this situation until the 24th 
 of March, 1815, when he gave up the command to the Duke of Tre- 
 viso, and went to join his family in England, where he again fixed 
 his residence at Twickenham. On the return of Louis XVUI. after 
 the Hundred Days, an ordinance was issued, authorising, according 
 to the charter as it then stood, all the princes of the blood to take 
 their seats in the Chamber of Peers; and the duke returned to France 
 in September, 1815, for the purpose of being present at the session. 
 Here he distinguished himself by a display of liberal sentiments, 
 which were so little agreeable to the administration, that he returned 
 again to England, where he remained till 1817. He now returned to 
 France, but was not again summoned to sit in the Chamber of Peers, 
 and remained therefore in private lite, in which he displayed all the 
 virtues of a good father, a good husband, and a good citizen. 
 
 The education of his family now deeply engaged his attention. 
 His eldest son was instructed, like his ancestor, Henry IV., in the 
 public institutions of the country, and distinguished himself by the 
 success of studies. His family has ever been a model of union, good 
 morals, and domestic virtues. Personally simple in his tastes, order 
 and economy were combined with a magnificence becoming his rank 
 and wealth ; for the restoration of his patrimony had placed him in 
 a state of opulence. The protector of the fine arts, and the patron of 
 letters, his superb palace in Paris, and his delightful seat at Neuilly, 
 were ornamented with the productions of the former, and frequented 
 by the distinguished men of the age. 
 
 While the Duke of Orleans was thus living the life of a quiet citi- 
 zen, a new scene was opened in the drama of his singularly change- 
 ful life. We here allude to the Revolution of 1830, the intelligence 
 of which struck every nation in Europe with surprise. Yet such an 
 event was not altogether unlooked for. The elder family of the 
 Bourbons, who had been restored by force of foreign arms to the 
 throne of their ancestors, are allowed by their best friends to have 
 conducted themselves in a manner little calculated to insure the at- 
 tachment of the French people. The final blow levelled at the con- 
 stitution by Charles X., and the Prince de Polignac, with the rest of 
 his ministers, was unquestionably one of the maddest acts of which 
 history presents any account. The facts of the case were as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 The Chamber of Deputies was dissolved in May, (1830,) and a 
 new election ordered to take place in the latter part of June and in 
 •luly. All the returns of the new elections indicated a strong majority 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 25 
 
 against the ministry, who were not by any means popular. It is the 
 well-known practice in European constitutional governments, that in 
 such cases as this the king changes his ministers, in order to bring 
 the executive into harmony with the legislature. Charles X. ventured 
 on reversing this practice. Instigated by advisers and followers, who 
 afterwards deserted him, he resolved to retain his ministers, and haz- 
 ard a new election on the principles of voting different from what the 
 existing law prescribed, and by which he hoped to gain a majority in 
 the Chamber. The newspapers generally having denounced these 
 and other projects as a violation of the charter or compact of the king 
 with his people, they became an object of attack, and it was resolved 
 to place the press under such laws as would effectually prevent alt 
 free discussion. Three ordinances were forthwith issued by royal 
 authority. One dissolved the Chambers ; another arbitrarily pre- 
 scribed a new law of election ; and the third suspended the liberty of 
 the periodical press. This daring violation of the charter was viewed 
 with consternation by the people. When the act became generally 
 known in Paris on the 26th of July, the funds declined, the banks re- 
 fused to discount bills, and the manufacturers discharged their work- 
 men, which, of course, increased the discontent. Several newspapers 
 appeared, in despite of the ordinances, on the 27th, and copies were dis- 
 posed of by hundreds in the cafes, the reading-rooms, and the restau- 
 rants. Journalists hurried from place to place, and shop to shop, to 
 read them aloud, and comment upon them. The apparatus for print- 
 ing the Tew^s, one of the most energetic of the liberal papers, was 
 seized by an agent of police, aided by a detachment of mounted gen- 
 darmerie. This and other acts of aggression served as a signal for 
 revolt and revolution. In Great Britain, before such extreme meas- 
 ures would be resorted to, the people would assemble peacefully, and 
 petition or remonstrate; but in France, where public meetings of any 
 kind are not tolerated without the consent of a chief magistrate, the 
 people are practically denied the power of petitioning ; and hence 
 one cause of their recourse to a violent means of redress. 
 
 In the night of the 27th July, the streets and boulevards were barri- 
 caded, and the pavements were torn up to serve as missiles. On the 
 morning of the 28th, all Paris was in arms; the national guard ap- 
 peared in their old uniform, and the tri-colored flag was displayed. 
 By a singular infatuation, the government had taken no precaution to 
 support its measures by a competent armed force. There were at 
 most 12,000 soldiers in Paris, the garrison of which had just been 
 diminished ; the minister of war, instead of bringing an army to bear 
 on the capital, was occupied with administrative details; and M. de 
 Polignac was regretting that he had no cash to invest in the public 
 funds. To increase the mismanagement, no proper means were 
 adopted to provide rations for the soldiers on duty in the streets. 
 
 On the 28th, the fighting was considerable ; the infuriated populace 
 firing from behind barricades, from house-tops, and from windows ; 
 many of the trooi)s were disarmed; some were unwilling to fire on 
 their countrymen, and some went openly over to the citizens. On 
 the 29th, General Lafayette was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
 3 
 
26 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE, 
 
 national guard by the liberal deputies, and was received with enthu- 
 siasm. The fighting was still greater this day ; and on the 30th, the 
 Parisians gained the victory. From 7,000 to 8,000 persons were killed 
 and wounded. It now became necessary to determine what form ot" 
 government should be substituted for that which had been vanquished. 
 The cause of the elder branch of the Bourbons was pronounced hope- 
 less. The king was in effect discrowned, and the throne was vacant. 
 In this emergency, the provisional government, which had risen out of 
 the struggle, and in which Lafitte, Lafayette, Thiers, and other poli- 
 ticians had taken the lead, turned towards the Duke of Orleans, whom 
 it was proposed, in the first instance, to invite to Paris to become 
 lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and afterwards, in a more regular 
 manner, to become king. The Duke of Orleans, during the insur- 
 rection, had been residing in seclusion at his country seat, and if 
 watching the course of events, at least taking no active part in either 
 dethroning his kinsman, or in contrivances for his own aggrandize- 
 ment. 
 
 M. Thiers and M, Scheffer, were appointed to conduct the negotia- 
 tion with the duke, and visited Neuilly for the purpose. The duke 
 was, however, absent, and the interview took place with the duchess 
 and the Princess Adelaide, to whom they represented the dangers 
 with which the nation was menaced, and that anarchy could only be 
 averted by the prompt decision of the duke to place himself at the 
 head of a nevv constitutional monarchy, M. Thiers expressed his 
 conviction, " that nothing was left the Duke of Orleans but a choice 
 of dangers, and that, in the existing state of things, to recoil from the 
 possible perils of royalty, was to run full upon a republic and its inev- 
 itable violences." The substance of the communication being made 
 known to the duke, on a day's consideration he acceded to the re- 
 quest, and at noon of the 31st came to Paris to accept the office which 
 had been assigned him. On the 2d of August, the abdication of 
 Charles X., and of his son, was placed in the hands of the lieutenant- 
 general ; the abdication, however, being in favor of the Duke of Bour- 
 deaux. On the 7th, the Chamber of Deputies declared the throne va- 
 cant; and on the 8th, the Chamber went in a body to the Duke of 
 Orleans, and offered him the crown, on terms of a revised charter. 
 His formal acceptance of the offer took place on the 9ih, and is thus 
 described by Louis Blanc : " A throne overshadowed with tri-colored 
 flags, and surmounted with a crimson velvet canopy, was erected in 
 the Palais Bourbon ; before it, was arranged three settees for the lieu- 
 tenant-general and his two elder sons. A table covered with velvet, 
 on which stood the pen and ink to be employed in signing the con- 
 tract, separated the settee reserved for the prince from the throne, and 
 typified the interval that lay between him and royalty. The Duke of 
 Orleans made his entry to the sound of the Marseillaise [a popular 
 air,] and the noise of cannon fired by the Invalids. When he had 
 taken his place, he put on his hat, and desired the members of both 
 Chambers to be seated. The prince now requested M. Casimer 
 Perier, president of the Chamber of Deputies, to read the declaration 
 of the 7th of August, which was to the effect that the throne was va- 
 
LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE. 27 
 
 cant, de facto and de jure, and that it being indispensably needful to 
 provide for the same, the Chambers of Deputies and Peers now invit- 
 ed his royal highness, the Duke of Orleans, to become king. The 
 lieutenant-general read his acceptance in these terms: 
 
 " ' I have read with great attention the declaration of the Chamber of 
 Deputies, and the act of adhesion of the Chamber of Peers. 1 have 
 weighed and meditated every expression therein. I accept, without 
 restriction or reservation, the clauses and engagements contained in 
 that declaration, and the title of King of the French which it confers 
 on me, and I am ready to make oath to observe the same.' The 
 duke then rose, took off his glove, uncovered his head, and pro- 
 nounced the form of oath handed to him, ' In the presence of God, 
 I swear faithfully to observe the constitutional charter, with the modi- 
 fications set forth in the declaration ; to govern only by the laws ; to 
 cause good and exact justice to be administered to every one accord- 
 ing to his right ; and to act in everything with the sole view to the in- 
 terest, the welfare, and the glory of the French people.' " Louis- 
 Philippe was now king. After signing the originals of the charter 
 and the oath, he ascended the throne, from which he delivered an 
 appropriate address on the occasion. He adopted the style and title 
 o[ Louis-Philippe I., King of the French. The principle on which 
 he attained this high office bears a close resemblance to that on which 
 the house of Brunswick was called to the throne of Great Britain — 
 the invitation of the people, to the exclusion of the legitimate or reg- 
 ular line of monarchs. 
 
 Two things were remarkable in the revolution of 1830, — the hero- 
 ism of the people, and the imbecility of the ruling power. When 
 news was brought to Charles at St. Cloud, on the 28th, that blood was 
 flowing in the streets of Paris, he treated the intelligence with indiffer- 
 ence ; when all was over, he was seized with abject despondency, 
 and sinking under that bitterest and most utter hopelessness of soul, 
 that afflicts the proud in their hour of dismay, his only thought was to 
 humble himself beneath the hand of God. His act of abdication was 
 unheeded by the Chambers. He and his family, including his grand- 
 child, Henry, Duke of Bourdeaux, were tranquilly conducted out of the 
 kingdom. The humiliation was the more complete, that his partisans, 
 the friends of legitimacy, those who would now clamor for the restora- , 
 tion of his family to the throne, shrunk from his cause. Over the 
 whole of France there was not a hand lifted, except among the troops, 
 who acted from the habit of duty, to support the falling fortunes of 
 his house. 
 
 Though considerably advanced in life, Louis-Philippe's constitution 
 is vigorous. A handsome man while young, his frame is now bulky ; 
 but there is much ease in his movements, and his whole carriage is 
 marked by tliat happy address which good taste and the polished so- 
 ciety in which he has moved, have enabled him to acquire. He is 
 ready in conversation, and was affable to all who were introduced at 
 his court. In the execution of his public duties he was prompt and ac- 
 tive, and was said to exercise a degree of control over his ministry, 
 which almost went beyond the bounds of constitutional monarchy. 
 
28 LIFE OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE, 
 
 Since his accession to the kingly office, his perfect knowledge of 
 English and other modern languages, has proved of incalculable ad- 
 vantage in diplomacy, as well as in arriving at the true meaning of 
 foreign intelligence. 
 
 The court of France, under the auspices of the queen, was acknowl- 
 edged to form a pattern for royalty. A kinder mother, or a more 
 pious Christian is nowhere to be found. It could not fail to afford 
 gratification to Louis-Philijipe, that his ancient preceptress and friend, 
 Madame de Genlis, lived, though only for a short time, to see her be- 
 loved pupil attain a station of which she had rendered him worthy. 
 She died in Paris at the close of the year 1830, in the eighty-third 
 year of her age. 
 
 The greatest misfortune of the king's life, was the death of his 
 eldest son, Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans, born 1810, who was killed 
 by jumping from liis carriage, July, 1842. He married, in 1837, 
 Helena, daughter of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin, — 
 by whom he had two children, viz.: Louis-Philippe, (Count of Paris,) 
 born Aug. 24, 1838, and now consequently ten years of age, and 
 Robert-Philippe, Duke of Chartres, born 1840. 
 
 The other sons of Louis-Philippe are : 
 
 Louis, Duke of Nemours, born 1814, married Victoria Augusta, of 
 Coburg, cousin of Prince Albert. 
 
 Francis, Prince de Joinville, born 1818, Admiral of the French 
 Navy, married Francisca, a sister of the Emperor of Brazil, and of 
 the Queen of Portugal. 
 
 Henry, Duke d'Aumale,late Governor of Algiers, born 1822 ; mar- 
 ried to Carolina, cousin of the King of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Anthony, Duke of Montpensier, born 1824 ; married a sister of 
 the Queen of Spain. 
 
 The Ex-King had two daughters, one of whom is Louisa, Queen 
 of Belgium, born 1812. The other was Marie Clementine, born 
 1817, — died some years since. She was a patron of the arts, and 
 a fine piece of sculpture from her own chisel, a " Joan of Arc," is in 
 the palace at Versailles. 
 
 Besides the young Count of Paris, there are two other claimants to 
 the crown at this time, namely : first, the young Duke of Bordeaux, 
 son of the Duke de Berri, and grandson to the late King, Charles X., 
 who was of the elder branch of the Bourbon family, and brother of 
 Louis XVI. and Louis XVIII. 
 
 Second, Louis Napoleon, son of the late Louis Bonaparte, who vi^as 
 for a while King of Holland. The mother of this prince was Hortense, 
 daughter of Josephine, first wife of the Emperor Napoleon. 
 
 The Princess Adelaide, sister to Louis-Philippe, a strong-minded 
 woman, beloved by the Parisians on account of her beneficence to the 
 poor, had much influence over her brother, and was invariably con- 
 sulted by him on all important affairs. She died in December la^i. 
 
LA MART I NE . 
 
 THE FEENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 FEBRUARY, 1848, 
 
 FEW short weeks ago Louis-Philippe was thought to be firmly 
 seated upon his throne. He had an army of 360,000 men, 
 thought to be devoted to him. Forts and navies secured him at 
 home and abroad. Three-fourths of the Deputies were his tools ; 
 the press was apparently humbled. He had firm, energetic Ministers 
 — men of iron. True, some discontent was manifested on account of 
 electoral corruption, and not a few cried for Reform ; and there was a 
 rumor of a banquet, and of opposition, which the Ministers were to 
 put down without trouble. Some thought that Louis-Philippe would 
 be the last of his race who would occupy the throne ; but few, very 
 few, dreamed that a Revolution would deprive him of his crown. But 
 he is gone, and, with his family, is now an exile in a foreign land. 
 His race have no prescriptive hold over France. His whole power 
 dates from the Revolution of 1830, and it is not only gone suddenly 
 3* 
 
30 THE FRENCH KEVOLUTIOW. 
 
 and totally, it has gone forever, without any apparent hope of ever 
 again being restored. It has vanished like a scene shifted at a thea- 
 tre. So sudden, so great, and so complete a change was never known 
 before. 
 
 One day a mighty Monarch, the next a fugitive from his native 
 land. One day surrounded by a happy and prosperous family, with 
 guards, and flatterers, and all the splendor of a court ; the next a 
 wanderer, without support or consolation, and seeking the means of 
 escaping from phantoms which his own terrors conjured up. Ro- 
 mance and fable have nothing equal to this. There is nothing resem- 
 bling it but that Eastern story of the Magician and the Sultan. Sur- 
 rounded by his courtiers, the Sultan asked the magician for a proof 
 of his art, and was told to plunge his head into a tub of water. He 
 did so, and found himself transformed to a sick and crippled street 
 porter, surrounded by misery and want. He went through a variety 
 of sufferings that lasted apparently for years. In his agony he ex- 
 claimed against the villain dervish ; he struggled and raised himself 
 up, and there he was, the dervish still standing before him, and all his 
 courtiers round about him. The adventures of two lives were gath- 
 ered in that " drop of time." 
 
 It would be useless to record here, at length, the causes of this 
 great Revolution, which is destined to work such important changes 
 not only throughout France, but throughout Europe, — a general cor- 
 ruption in every ramification of the Government, and especially in the 
 electoral colleges — the buying and selling of offices — the restriction 
 of the liberty of the press — the refusal to allow the real wealth of 
 the country, the mechanics and artisans, any participation in the Gov- 
 ernment which they were obliged to support in splendor — or even to 
 hear their complaints, were the just causes of Louis-Philippe's dis- 
 grace. The tacts are familiar to us all. It would be equally useless 
 to speculate upon the results of this great change, when events are 
 so rapidly developing themselves. We can only hope, as lovers of 
 our kind, that it will eventuate to great good instead of great evil to the 
 nations of the old world — that they will break the chains that have 
 so long bound them to slavery — and not, hy any excesses, give 
 courage to the enemies of the rights of man. 
 
 With this introduction I will now endeavor to give in as succinct a 
 manner as possible an account of the great Revolution from Monday, 
 Feb. 21, when it may be said it commenced, up to this time, when 
 the Republic seemed to be completely established ; premising that the 
 immediate cause of the explosion was the avowed determination of the 
 Government to prevent the assembling of the opposition Deputies and 
 the people to a Reform Banquet, which had been appointed for the 
 next day. 
 
 Monday^ Feb. 21. — From the conduct of the Government in ref- 
 erence to the event, (the Reform Banquet,) it would seem as though 
 they courted a collision with the people. The Opposition Deputies 
 disappointed them. They, in consequence of the ministerial prohi- 
 bition, abandoned the intention of holding a banquet, and exhorted 
 the people to submission. 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 31 
 
 It had been confidently stated that no obstacles would be placed by- 
 Government in the way of the Reform Banquet. Such had been their 
 intention until the publication of the manifesto of the committee. 
 The determination of Government not to allow the banquet was made 
 known in the chamber on Monday evening. The debate which was 
 on the Bordeaux Bank Bill, had attracted but few members, when 
 suddenly, at a little before five o'clock, the doors of the Chamber 
 were thrown open, and 250 deputies rushed to their places. 
 
 In five minutes the Chamber, empty before, was filled in every 
 part. It appeared that at a meeting of the deputies and electors who 
 were to take part in the manifestation of Tuesday, a report had been 
 suddenly and most unexpectedly circulated that Government had, at 
 the eleventh hour, resolved to adopt measures of severe coercion ; and 
 M. Odillon Barrot, wishing to clear this up, put the question to minis- 
 ters. 
 
 M. Duchate! stated in the most explicit and unequivocal terms, that 
 after the formal declaration and programme which had been pub- 
 lished in the morning in the opposition journals, the Government had 
 decided to resort to measures of force to prevent the proceedings as 
 announced from taking place. 
 
 Immediately after the Chamber adjourned, a meeting of the depu- 
 ties took place at the house of M. Odillon Barrot, and a resolution was 
 taken, which was afterwards made public, that the Opposition, not 
 wishing to take directly or indirectly the responsibility for the conse- 
 quences which may result from the new measures adopted by the 
 Government, had resolved not to attend the proposed banquet. A 
 proclamation to this effect was published by the committee on Mon- 
 day night ; and one from the Prefect of Police, forbidding the meet- 
 ing, on the grounds assigned in the Chamber by M. Duchatel, ap- 
 peared at the same time. 
 
 During the night, between Monday and Tuesday, military wagons 
 and artillery caissons, escorted by cavalry, were incessantly passing 
 along the line of the Boulevards which connects Vincennes with the 
 quarter of the Tuileries and Chamber of Deputies. The garrisons of 
 Paris had been increased to 100,000 men. Orders were given to 
 concentrate the troops about the Chamber of Deputies on Tuesday 
 morning. Each company of infantry carried, beside their usual 
 arms, a collection of implements for cutting down barricades, such 
 as hatchets, ])ickaxes, adzes, &c. These were tied upon the knap- 
 sack, each soldier carrying one. 
 
 Tuesday, Feb. 22. — At an early hour troops were everywhere in 
 movement, and immense numbers of people began to assemble. In 
 front of the Chamber of Deputies, 6,000 men, in blouses, (cotton 
 frocks,) had gathered. All the avenues were guarded by Municipal 
 Guards and troops of the line. Two squadrons of cavalrv and a bat- 
 talion of infantry were ordered to clear the area in front of the Cham- 
 bers, as also the bridge of La Concorde. The people quickly retired 
 singing the Marseilles Hymn, and other patriotic songs. Being joined 
 by another dense column, they proceeded to the residence of M. 
 Guizot, and began to throw stones. A body of Municipal Guards de- 
 
32 THE FKENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 liberately loaded their guns. The troops showed great forbearance. 
 The Commissary of Police called on the people to disperse ; but 
 they continued to annoy the officers, and occasionally cried, "Fiwe la 
 Ligne!"" to flatter the soldiers. 
 
 It was singular to observe in most respects the perfectly similar 
 appearance of that quarter to-day, and the same hour, July 27, 1S30. 
 The same species of attack on the hotel of the Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs, (M. de Polignac) — the same measures of repression — the 
 same expression of hatred towards the Minister on the part of the 
 people — the same air of severity on the countenances of the gend- 
 armes. A horse-soldier ordered a man to move on, telling him that if 
 he did not, he would cut him down. The man, folding his arms, and 
 looking sternly at the soldier, replied, " Would you, coward ? " The 
 troops rode off. An incident of the same kind occurred there in 
 1830. 
 
 Similar scenes occurred in other parts of the city ; and in some in- 
 stances the Municipal Guards were driven into their barracks by the 
 mob. In the early part of the day no serious apprehensions were 
 entertained of a popular commotion. Nevertheless, barricades were 
 thrown up, and the soldiers manifested great repugnance to the dis- 
 charge of the painful duties they were obliged to perform. In S.pite 
 of occasional disaster, the people preserved their good nature, but con- 
 tinued to block up the squares and streets, especially inthe vicinity of 
 the Chamber of Deputies. At one o'clock several squadrons of the 
 municipal cavalry arrived, and the populace was desired to disperse. 
 This order being disregarded, the charge was sounded, and the drag- 
 oons rushed on the people. A first effort was made to disperse the 
 crowd by the mere force of the horses, without the use of arms, and 
 the dragoons did not draw. This, however, proving ineffectual, sev- 
 eral charges with drawn swords were made, the flat of the sword only 
 being used. By these means the multitude was at length dispersed, 
 without any loss of life or injury that we could hear of. At one 
 o'clock, the main thoroughfares were clear. During the remainder 
 of the day, the principal streets were patroled by the cavalry of the 
 municipal guard, the infantry of the line keeping clear the footways. 
 
 At the meeting of the Chambers at one o'clock, the greatest gloom 
 prevailed. Few Deputies were in attendance, and the benches of the 
 Opposition were completely vacant. M. Guizot arrived at an early 
 hour, and was shortly afterward followed by the Ministers of Finance, 
 Public Instruction, and Commerce. Marshal Bugeaud, who had ac- 
 cepted the military command of Paris, took his seat close to the Min- 
 isterial Bench. 
 
 At three o'clock, M. Odillon Barrot entered the hall, accompanied 
 by Messrs. Duvergier d'Hauranue, Marie, Thiers, Gamier Pages, 
 &c. ' Their appearance produced some sensation. MM. Dupin, La- 
 martine, Billault, Cremieux, and the Ministers of the Interior and Jus- 
 tice next made their appearance, but the discussion on the Bank Bill 
 continued until five o'clock, and no incident of interest occurred. 
 
 When the discussion terminated, M. Odillon Barrot ascended the 
 tribune, and deposited on the table the following formal act of im- 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. dd 
 
 peachment against Ministers, signed by the Deputies of the Opposition 
 
 to the number of 53. 
 
 We propose to place the Minister in accusation as guilty — 
 
 1. Of having betrayed abroad the honor and the interests of France. 
 
 2.. Of having falsified the principles of the Constitution, violated the 
 
 guarantees of liberty, and attacked the rights of the people. 
 
 3. Of having, by a systematic corruption, attempted to substitute, 
 for the free expression of public opinion, the calculations of private 
 interests, and thus perverted the Representative Government. 
 
 4. Of having trafficked for Ministerial purposes in public offices, as 
 vi'ell as in all the prerogatives and privileges of power. 
 
 5. Of having, in the same interest, wasted the finances of the State, 
 and thus compromised the forces and grandeur of the kingdom. 
 
 6. Of having violently despoiled the citizens of a right inherent to 
 every free Constitution, and the exercise of which had been guaran- 
 teed to them by the Charter, by the laws, and by former precedents. 
 
 7. Of having, in fine, by a policy overtly counter-revolutionary, 
 placed in question all the conquests of our two Revolutions, and thrown 
 the country into a profound agitation. 
 
 [Here follow the signatures — M. Odillon Barrot at the head.] 
 
 M. Genoude submitted in his own name, a proposition of accusation 
 against the ministers, conceived in these terms: 
 
 Whereas the minister, by his refusal to present a project of law for 
 electoral reform, has occasioned troubles, I propose to put in accusa- 
 tion the President of the Council and his colleagues. 
 
 The President raised the sitting without reading it, but announced 
 that it should be submitted to the approbation of the Bureaux on 
 Thursday. The House then adjourned. 
 
 In the evening the greatest alarm and disorganization existed in 
 Paris. The demonstrations of the day had not, however, produced 
 many lamentable results. Several municipal guards were injured by 
 stones. A sub-officer of that corps was killed, and two soldiers 
 wounded. Several gunsmiths' and armorers' shops were reported 
 to have been attacked. 
 
 Wednesday, Feb. 23. — The barricades thrown up the previous day 
 had been, during the night, everywhere demolished. The people 
 again commenced throwing up barricades, but they were promptly 
 removed by the military in divers streets; and the attitude of the 
 populace — the National Guard in many instances fraternizing with 
 them — grew hourly more menacing until toward evening a rumor 
 of the resignation of the Ministry stopped the current of popular fury, 
 and induced a pause. It was in the Chamber that the most important 
 scene occurred. 
 
 A deputation of officers of the National Guard, most of them be- 
 longing to the fourth Legion, had made their way through the Place 
 de' la Concorde, where an immense crowd had congregated about 
 noon, and across the bridge to the Chamber of Deputies, for the pur- 
 pose of presenting a petition to the Chamber in favor of reform. The 
 battalion of the tenth Legion on duty at the Chamber of Deputies im- 
 mediately took up arms, and went to meet the approaching party with 
 cheers. 
 
34 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 At the middle of the Pont de la Concorde the two columns met. 
 General Trezel, the Minister of War, who accompanied the battalion 
 of the tenth Legion, addressed the advancing party, and remonstrated 
 with them on the unconstitutional nature of their proceedings, and the 
 commander of the tenth declared that he would not allow the peti- 
 tioners to pass. 
 
 M. Odillon Barrot and M. Gamier Pages then went forward for the 
 purpose of communicating with the advancing party, but on some 
 representations being made to them, they thought it wise to retire. 
 They returned to the Chamber, and the petition was consequently not 
 presented. On their entering, the aspect of the Chamber was calm, 
 but evidently occupied with what was passing without. The mem- 
 bers of the Left assembled in great numbers, and were convening in 
 groups. 
 
 M. Vavin, deputy for the Seine, first addressed the Chamber, de- 
 manding of the Minister of the Interior, in the name of his colleagues, 
 explanation and information as to what had occurred. 
 
 The Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that he did not think it prop- 
 er to enter into any explanation on the subject. As long as his Min- 
 istry remained in office, he should cause public order to be respected 
 according to the best of his judgment, as he had hitherto done. 
 
 After some interruption, created by this announcement, M. Odillon 
 Barrot rose, and said : In consequence of the situation of the Cabinet, 
 I demand the adjournment of the proposition which I made yesterday, 
 (the impeachment.) (Loud cries of "Yes, yes," and " No, no.") 
 I will submit to the decision of the Chamber on the point. (No, no). 
 
 Dupin and Guizot then addressed the Chamber, after which the 
 President put the question as to the adjournment of M. Odillon Bar- 
 rot's proposition. One hundred members supported the adjournment ; 
 the Conservatives voted against it. 
 
 The Chamber immediately rose in great agitation. 
 
 When M. Guizot was entering the Chamber before announcing his 
 resignation, the tenth Legion of the National Guard on duty saluted 
 him with groans of " A bas Guizot." "Vive Louis-Philippe." M. 
 Guizot looked annoyed, and passed on without making any remark. 
 A minute afterwards M. Muret (de Bort) came out of the Chamber 
 and announced that M. Guizot and his colleagues were out of office. 
 The announcement was received with loud cheers, and immediately 
 spread like wildfire. In less than half an hour it was known all over 
 Paris. 
 
 A very stormy conversation took place in the Chamber of Peers on 
 the present state of Paris, but it led to no result. 
 
 Everywhere the National Guards were fraternizing with the people. 
 
 At half past three, the Marche des Innocents and the Faubourg St. 
 Martin were the scenes of melancholy and unequal conflicts between 
 the people and the Municipal Guards ; a volley fired by the latter 
 wounded a great number. A strong patrol of National Guards were 
 compelled to surrender their colors. 
 
 At the Fille du Calvaire there was also fighting, several cannon 
 shot having been fired in that street ; and the General commanding 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 35 
 
 the troops (Peyronet Tiburce Sebastian!,) brother of the Marshal, is 
 said to have been shot by a man en blouse. 
 
 Ten of the people made prisoners by the troops were confined in 
 the guard-house of the Boulevard des Bonnes Nouvelles, which has 
 uniformly been taken by the people in every emeute. The people 
 attacked it at five o'clock, disarmed the soldiers, discharged the musk- 
 ets, and then returned them, liberating the prisoners. They carried 
 off the flag that adorned the entrance, and presented it as a trophy to 
 the 3d Legion of National Guards. The 5lh Regiment, which joined 
 the people in July, 1830, was present during this affair, and again 
 fraternized with the people. The people proceeded at five o'clock to 
 the Prefecture of the Police, to liberate the prisoners confined there. 
 On their way, they called at the Reforme newspaper office, and there 
 were told that all was not over ; that the Banquet must take place, and 
 that good care would be taken to secure their liberties. 
 
 At three o'clock, M. Rambuteau, Prefect of the Seine, waited upon 
 the King to inform him the Municipal Council had decided on demand- 
 ing the resignation of the Ministry. The King immediately convoked 
 a council of Ministers, and brought the subject before them. The 
 Ministers replied, " Sire, renvoyez-nousy Having accepted their 
 resignation, the King sent for M. Mole, who replied that he accepted 
 of the " Ministege de I'Emeute." 
 
 Towards half-past four, an officer of the Etat Major passed along 
 the Boulevards, announcing the change of Ministry, and the appoint- 
 ment of Count Mole to the Presidency of the Council. The feelings 
 with which this announcement was received, showed that this conces- 
 sion would not be deemed sufficient — that securities would be demand- 
 ed for the future. " There shall be no mistake this time," was an 
 exclamation heard in numberless groups. 
 
 Nevertheless, there was a short interval of lull ; the firing had 
 ceased ; the troops were everywhere returning to their barracks, and 
 some hope might be entertained that all might yet terminate without 
 further disaster, in the course of the evening, however, an incident 
 occurred, which at once gave a fatal turn to the events of the day. 
 As the crowd assembled before the hotel of the Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs, and were uttering the usual cries, the soldiers fired without 
 any previous notice, and fifty-two persons fell dead or wounded. A 
 cry of vengeance was immediately uttered by the people, the victims 
 of this abominable outrage, and several of them hastened into the 
 neighboring streets, shouting " To arms ! To arms! We are being 
 assassinated !" Shortly after, a cart arrived at the offices of the 
 National, containing dead bodies. The vehicle was surrounded by 
 people, who were weeping and full of indignation, and who showed 
 the bloody bodies, crying, " They are assassins who have slain them ! 
 We will avenge them ! Give us arms ! — arms !" The torches casting 
 their glare by turns on the bodies and on the people, added to the 
 violent emotions of the scene. M. Gamier Pages being at that moment 
 in the office of the National, addressed the people. He promised 
 that he would employ his efforts to obtain for the people thus attacked, 
 the satisfaction which was required from their impious and atrocious 
 
36 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 Ministers. M. de Courtais, Deputy of the Opposition, hastened to 
 Boulevard des Capucines, to inquire into the causes of this shameful 
 butchery. lie ascertained that the Colonel of the regiment which 
 had caused the firing to take place was in consternation at what had 
 occurred. He thus explained what he called a deplorable imprudence. 
 At the moment at which the crowd arrived, a bullet from a gun, 
 which went off by accident in the garden of the hotel, broke the leg 
 of the lieutenant-coloneTs horse. The officer commanding the de- 
 tachment believed that it was on attack, and immediately, with a 
 guilty want of reflection, commanded his men to fire. This officer 
 was immediately placed in prison. Of this unfortunate incident 
 another account is given, which attributes the firing of the soldiers 
 to a spontaneous movement of their own, occasioned by seeing a 
 young man walk up to the officer in command, and blow his brains 
 out with a pistol. This account receives no corroboration, however, 
 from the French papers, and is probably unfounded. 
 
 The buzz of an approaching multitude was heard, and a long song 
 of death. " Mourir pour la patrie," (Die for our country) was 
 chanted by the throng, instead of the victorious Marseillaise. Mingled 
 with this awful and imposing chorus, the noise of wheels could be 
 heard. A large body of the people slowly advanced. Four in front 
 carried torches. Behind them came an open cart, surrounded by 
 torch-bearers. The light was strong, and discovered four or five dead 
 bodies, partly undressed, which appeared to be carefully ranged in 
 the cart. 
 
 When the head of the column reached the corner of the Rue Le- 
 pelletier, the song was changed to a burst of fury, which will not 
 soon be forgotten by those who heard it. The procession halted at 
 the office of the National, and the whole party burst into an unanimous 
 shriek or cry of Vengeance. You know how sonorous is that word 
 when pronounced in French. The dead bodies in the cart were those 
 of the men who fell under the fire of the soldiers above mentioned. 
 
 This event is a deplorable one. It may possibly change the issue 
 of the affair. 
 
 The night was an awful one. The noise of workmen broke on the 
 stillness. Having heard a similar one in 1830, I guessed what was 
 going on. Barricades — one immensely strong, at the end of the Rue 
 Richelieu, were in progress of construction. Every tree on the 
 whole line of the Boulevards has been felled. Every one of the 
 superb lamp-posts has been thrown down, and converted into barri- 
 cades. 
 
 At the corner of every street is a barricade — gentlemen, shop-keep- 
 ers, clerks, workmen, all laboring at the work with an eagerness and 
 an earnestness beyond description. 
 
 Thursday, Feb. 24. — Paris passed completely into the hands of the 
 populace. The fall of the house of Orleans is inevitable. The peo- 
 ple are not satisfied with " Reform'''' — they demand a change of 
 Government. 
 
 At the distance of 150 feet from the front of the Palais Royal, is 
 the Chateau (fEau — a massive stone building, occupied at the time 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 37 
 
 as a barrack, and at this moment garrisoned by 180 municipal guards. 
 In most parts of the city, seeing that the troops fraternized with the 
 people, the Government had given them orders not to fire. These 
 guards, however, attacked the insurgents in and about the Palais Royal. 
 Their fire was returned, and a desperate conflict ensued. The battle 
 lasted for more than an hour — the people rushing in the very face of 
 the muskets of the guard, as they blazed from the grated windows. 
 At last the barrack was set on fire, and the guard yielded, though not 
 till many of their number had fallen, and the rest were nearly dead 
 with suffocation. The Chateau d'Eau is now a mere ruin, its mottled 
 walls giving evidence of the shower of bullets that had been poured 
 upon it. 
 
 No sooner had the Chateau d'Eau surrendered, than the flushed 
 victors took their course towards the Tuileries, which was near at 
 hand ; shouting, singing, roaring, they came like a surge, bearing all 
 before them. The Place du Carrousel was filled with troops, but not 
 a sword was unsheathed — not a bayonet pointed — not a musket or a 
 cannon fired. There stood, idle and motionless, the mighty arma- 
 ment, which the King had appointed for his defence. How vain had 
 his calculations proved — for alas, they were founded in a radical 
 error. The soldiers would not massacre their brothers, to sustain a 
 worthless thing — though it were the title of a croion. How pregnant 
 is this fact, as to the future fate of monarchies ! 
 
 At 2 o'clock the King abdicated, in favor of his grandson, 10 years 
 of age. On leaving the palace, the King and his family proceeded to 
 Neuilly under an escort of cuirassiers. 
 
 Marshal Bugeaud has been named at once commander of the 
 National Guard and of the troops of the line. 
 
 In the Chamber of Deputies, at one o'clock, M. Sauzet took the 
 chair, in the presence of about 300 members. Shortly afterwards it 
 was stated that the Duchess of Orleans had arrived at the palace, with 
 her two sons. The Princess soon appeared at the left door, accom- 
 panied by the two princes, and the Dukes de Nemours and Montpen- 
 sier. The young Count de Paris entered first, led by one of the mem- 
 bers of the house. He penetrated with difficulty as far as the semi- 
 circle, which was crowded with officers and soldiers of the National 
 Guard. His presence produced a lively impression on the assembly. 
 Almost immediately afterwards the Duchess entered, and seated her- 
 self in an arm-chair between her two sons. 
 
 The hall was then forcibly entered by a multitude of armed men 
 of the lower orders and of the National Guard. The Princess and her 
 children then retired to one of the upper benches of the centre, oppo- 
 site the President's chair. 
 
 The greatest agitation and uproar prevailed, and when silence was 
 restored, M. Dupin rose and announced to the assembly that the King 
 had abdicated in favor of his grandson, and conferred the Regency on 
 the Duchess of Orleans. A voice from the public gallery : " it is too 
 late." 
 
 An indescribable scene of tumult ensued. A number of deputies 
 collected round the Duchess and her children, and the Dukes de 
 4 
 
38 THE FRENCH KEVOLITTION. 
 
 Nemours and Montpensier. National Guards also rallied around the 
 royal family. 
 
 M. Marie then ascended the tribune ; his voice was drowned by 
 deafening cries. When silence was restored, M. Marie said, that in 
 the critical situation in which the capital was placed, it was urgently 
 necessary to adopt some measures calculated to calm the population. 
 Since morning the evil had made immense progress. Shall we pro- 
 claim the Duke de Nemours or the Duchess of Orleans, Regent ? M. 
 Cr^mieux, who followed, was of opinion to uphold the new Govern- 
 ment. M. Genoude thought that an appeal ought to be made to the 
 people. 
 
 M. Odillon Barrot then ascended the tribune, and advocated the 
 rights of the Duchess of Orleans. M. Larochejaquelin supported the 
 appeal to the people. M. Lamartine, and M. Ledru Rolin insisted on 
 the necessity of appointing a Provisional Government. M. Sauzet 
 here put on his hat and concluded the sitting. The Princes retired, 
 followed by all the members of the Centre [Government party] those 
 of the Left [Opposition] alone remaining in the Hall. The insurgents 
 then called, or rather carried M. Dupont de I'Eure to the Presidential 
 chair. The tribune and ail the seats were occupied by the people 
 and National Guards, and the names of the following members of the 
 Provisional Government were proclaimed amidst a scene which has 
 not been witnessed since the Convention : 
 
 M. Gamier Pages, M. Marie, M. Lamartine, 
 
 M. Arago, M. Ledru Rolin, M. Cremieux. 
 
 This list was received with cries of ' Vive la Republique,' and the 
 Assembly then adjourned to the Hotel de Ville to instal the Provisional 
 Government. 
 
 During these events, the insurgents had not been idle. Mr. Good- 
 EiCH in an interesting letter to the Boston Courier, gives the follow- 
 ing account of the revels in the Tuileries : 
 
 " The Place de la Concorde was crowded with soldiers, and fifty 
 cannon were ranged in front of the gardens. Yet this mighty force 
 seemed struck with paralysis. Long lines of infantry stood mute 
 and motionless, and heavy masses of cavalry seemed converted into 
 so many statues. Immediately before the eyes of these soldiers was 
 the Palace of the Tuileries in full possession of the mob, but not a 
 muscle moved for their expulsion. 
 
 Passing into the gardens, I perceived that thousands of persons were 
 spread over their surface, and a rattling discharge of fire-arms was 
 heard on all sides. Looking about for the cause of this, I perceived 
 that hundreds of men and boys were amusing themselves with shoot- 
 ing sparrows and pigeons, which had hitherto found a secure resting- 
 place in this favorite resort of leisure and luxury. Others were 
 discharging their muskets for the mere fun of making a noise. Pro- 
 ceeding through the gardens, I came at last to the Palace. It had 
 now been for more than an hour, in full possession of the insurgents. 
 All description fails to depict a scene like this. The whole front of 
 the Tuileries, one tenth of a mile in length, seemed gushing at doors, 
 windows, balconies, and galleries, with living multitudes — a mighty 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 39 
 
 bee-hive of men, in the very act of swarming. A confused hubbub 
 filled the air, and bewildered the senses by its chaotic sounds. 
 
 At the moment I arrived, the throne of the King was borne away 
 by a jubilant band of revellers ; and after being paraded through the 
 streets, was burned at the Place de la Bastile — a significant episode 
 is this tale of wonders. The colossal statue of Spartacus, which 
 faces the main door of the Palace, towards the gardens, was now dec- 
 orated with a piece of gilt cloth, torn from the throne, and wreathed like 
 a turban around his head. In his hand was a gorgeous boquet of arti- 
 ficial flowers. It seemed as if the frowning gladiator had suddenly 
 caught the spirit of the revel, and was about to descend from his pe- 
 destal and mingle in the masquerade. 
 
 1 entered the palace, and passed through the long suit of apart- 
 ments devoted to occasions of ceremony. A year before I had seen 
 these gorgeous halls filled with the great and the fair — the favored and 
 the noble, gathered to this focal point of luxury, refinement and taste, 
 from every quarter of the world. How little did Louis-Philippe, at 
 that moment, dream of " coming events ! " How little did the 
 stately queen — a proud obelisk of silk and lace and diamonds — fore- 
 see the change that was at hand ; I recollected well the effect of this 
 scene upcfti my mind, and felt the full force of the contrast which the 
 present moment presented. In the very room, where I had seen the 
 pensive and pensile Princess de Joinvilie and the Duchess of Mont- 
 pensier — then fresh from the hymeneal altar — her raven hair stud- 
 ded with a few diamonds like stars of the first magnitude — whirling 
 in the mazy dance — I now -beheld four creatures like Caliban, 
 gamboling to the song of the Marseillaise. 
 
 On every side my eye fell upon scenes of destruction. Passing to 
 the other end of the palace, I beheld a mob in the chambers of the 
 princesses. Some rolled themselves in the luscious beds, — others 
 anointing their heads with choice pomade — exclaiming, " Dieu — 
 how sweet it smells ! " One of the Gamins, grimmed with gun- 
 powder, blood and dirt, seized a tooth-brush, and placing himself be- 
 fore a mirror, seemed delighted at the manifest improvement which 
 he produced upon his ivory. 
 
 In leaving the palace, I saw numbers of the men drinking wine 
 from bottles found in the cellars; None of them was positively drunk 
 — to use the words of Tam O'Shanter — " They were no* fou, hut 
 just had plenty,'''' — perhaps a little more. They flourished their 
 guns and pistols, brandished their swords, and performed various 
 antics, — but they offered no insult to any one. They seemed in ex- 
 cellent humor, and made more than an ordinary display of French 
 politeness. They complimented the women, of which there was no 
 lack — and one of them, seeming like a figure of Pan, seized a 
 maiden by the waist, and both rigadooned merrily over the floor." 
 
 The two palaces had been abandoned to pillage. The garden of 
 the Tuileries was strewed with dresses, bonnets, music-books, and 
 other lady's gear. The furniture had been nearly all burnt on three 
 huge fires, the one in the Rue Rivoli, and the others on the quay. 
 The cellar of the palace was filled with drunken rioters. 
 
40 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 Between the railing which separates the Tuileries from the Place 
 
 de Carrousel, on which spot Louis-Philippe had, at nine o'clock, re- 
 viewed a portion of the troops who were so soon to desert him, there were 
 thousands of bloused and armed citizens in all stages of drunkenness. 
 The same distaste for personal plunder had, however, been evinced by 
 the people as that which had distinguished the Revolution of July ; and 
 every man or woman who issued from the Tuileries was scrupulously 
 searched by the guards stationed by the leaders of the populace at the 
 gates. In the Palais Royal a similar scene had taken place. A huge 
 fire kindled in the court had consumed the gilt chairs, paintings, cano- 
 pies, sofas, settees, curtains and tables, which were hurled by the 
 mob from the windows. Amongst these was the throne on which 
 Louis-Philippe, for the first time, sat, as King of the French ere he 
 took possession of the Palace Tuileries. It was thrust into the fire 
 amid thunders of applause, and the charred and burning fragments 
 were subsequently trampled under foot in savage sport. Some of the 
 splendid draperies were borne in frantic triumph along the Boulevards. 
 The Palace was gutted by the insurgents from garret to cellar. 
 
 At five o'clock the Provincial Government issued a proclamation, 
 announcing the final accomplishment of the Revolution, enjoining 
 order, unanimity, and the organization of patrols by the citizens. 
 
 After this tranquillity was restored, only to be disturbed by the 
 cries of drunken persons who paraded the streets. 
 
 In the taking of the Palais Royal and the Tuileries where the 
 people fought with desperation, particularly in the court-yard of the 
 former Palace, 500 persons are said to have been killed. It is esti- 
 mated that, altogether, 1,000 persons have lost their lives in this 
 Revolution. On taking the Tuileries the people found a mag- 
 nificent image of Christ in sculpture. The people stopped and sa- 
 luted it. 'My friends,' cried a pupil of the Ecole Polytechnique, 
 ' this is the master of us all ! ' The people took the Christ, and bore it 
 solemnly to the church of St. Roch. 'Citizens, off with your hats. 
 Salute Christ!' said the people; and every body reclined in a re- 
 ligious sentiment. Noble people, who respect all that is sacred. 
 
 Thus, after a reign of seventeen years and a half, fell Louis-Phil- 
 ippe of Orleans, first King of the French. As a successful intriguer, 
 called by a people to the throne from which the will of the same 
 people had finally ejected him, he fell in the same fruitless struggle 
 as that which had destroyed a preceding dynasty. 
 
 Friday, Feb. 25. — A Republic has been proclaimed. The king 
 and his family are gone to Eu. 
 
 The Provisional Government already appointed has been confirmed. 
 The following are Ministers : Dupont de I'Eure, President ; Lamar- 
 tine. Foreign Affairs; Arago, Marine ; Ledru, Rolin, Interior ; Marie, 
 Public Works ; Carnot, Public Instruction ; Bethmont, Commerce ; 
 Lamorciere, War ; Garnier Pages, confirmed as Mayor of Paris ; 
 Cavaignac, Governor of Algiers ; Decoutrias, Commandant of the Na- 
 tional Guard. 
 
 The first morning that dawned on the Republic, found Paris in an 
 excited but perfectly peaceful state. The people all have arms, but 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. €1 
 
 there is no disposition to use them. Many malefactors caught in steal- 
 ing, have been summarily shot by the people, and in some instances 
 been left on the spot, with " Voleur " (thief) affixed to them. 
 
 Several proclamations have been issued congratulating the people on 
 their victory ; abolishing the Chamber of Peers ; ordering food to be 
 supplied to the people ; decreasing the hours of labor to 10 hours ; 
 granting to the workmen remuneration for their labor ; announcing the 
 surrender of the garrison of Vincennes ; ordering that all pledges of 
 less than ten francs in the pawnbroker's shops, to be restored to the 
 depositors, and charged to government ; entreating the workmen not to 
 break up machinery, such as steam presses, etc. 
 
 The Pont Louis-Philippe, an iron chain bridge, was destroyed to- 
 day. All those streets bearing the names of the Royal family were to 
 change their soubriquets to " Liberty," " Equality," etc. 
 
 In the course of the night, M. Arago, as Minister of Marine, sent 
 for all the admirals, and demanded of them if they were willing to 
 serve the Republic. They answered, " All." Admiral Baudin, was 
 appointed commander of the Toulon fleet. 
 
 Thus ended the first day of the Republic. 
 
 Saturday^ Feb. 26. — Several railway stations and bridges in the 
 neighborhood of Paris, have been burned. The Republic is being 
 proclaimed in all parts of France. Adhesions to the Republic from 
 the most distinguished men continue to pour in, 
 
 Sunday, Feb. 27. — To-day has been inaugurated the column of 
 July, in presence of the National Guard and people. The con- 
 course of people was immense. More than 100,000 troops were under 
 arms, covering a distance of four miles. Lamartine rode a beautiful 
 white charger, himself wearing a cocked hat, sword, epaulettes, and a 
 coat trimmed with red. A proclamation announces, that all between 
 the ages of 20 and 60, except those composing the National Guard, 
 will be enrolled, and denominated the " Battalion of the Country." 
 Two hundred thousand dollars have been subscribed for the wounded. 
 
 PROCLAMATION. 
 
 The Sovereign People declare, 
 
 That the government, having betrayed its trust, is de facto and 
 de jure dissolved. 
 
 Consequently, 
 
 The people resume the full exercise of their sovereignty, and de- 
 cree as follows : 
 
 The Chamber of Peers, which only represents the interests of the 
 aristocracy, is suppressed. 
 
 The Chamber of Deputies, which is the mere representative of privi- 
 lege, monopoly, and corruption, and the majority of whose members 
 have been participators in the unpardonable crime of the government 
 which has subjected the citizens to a murderous fire, is hereby, and 
 remains dissolved. 
 
 The nation, from the present moment, is constituted a Republic. 
 
 All citizens should remain in arms, and defend their barricades 
 
 4» 
 
42 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 until they have acquired the (>njoyments of all their rights as citizens, 
 and as operatives. 
 
 Every citizen who has attained his majority is a National Guard. 
 
 Every citizen is an elector. 
 
 Absolute freedom of thought, and liberty of the press, right of politi- 
 cal and industrial association, to be secured to all. 
 
 As the government of the future can only respect the wishes and 
 the interests of all classes, all Frenchmen should assemble together in 
 the respective communes, in deliberative assemblies, in order to elect 
 a new and real representative of the country. 
 
 Until the nation has formally declared its will on this head, every 
 attempt to restore obsolete powers must be deemed an usurpation, and 
 it is the duty of every citizen to resist any such attempt by force ! 
 
 Bretliren ! let us be calm and dignified, in the name of liberty, 
 equality, and human fraternity! 
 
 Mo7iday, Feh. 28, — One of the first acts of the Republic has been 
 to abolish death for political offences. What a sublime example, to 
 abolish the punishment of death for any political offence, among the 
 first acts of a republican government under existing circumstances, 
 and to have the announcement of that act received by tens of thousands 
 of people with cheer upon cheer, until the voice of the speaker was 
 drowned in that of the public, and himself taken in their arms and 
 carried to his house. 
 
 The American Minister has recognised the Republic. Mr. Rush 
 waited upon the Provisional Government, and " hoped that the friend- 
 ship of the two Republics might be coextensive with their duration." 
 Arago replied in a felicitous manner. 
 
 Tuesday and Wednesday, Feb. 29, and March 1. — Everything is 
 quiet in the city, — occasional disturbances in the suburbs. All titles 
 of nobility abolished. Albert, a workman, is a member of the Provis- 
 ional Government. The archbishops are sending in their adhesions to 
 the Republic. The Tuileries has been made a hospital. Jerome 
 Bonaparte, the only brother of Napoleon, has sent in his adhesion, and 
 been appointed Governor of the Hotel of the Invalides. 
 
 Thursday, March 2. — The splendid palace of Neuilly, private prop- 
 erty of the king, in the vicinity of Paris, has been burnt. It was set 
 on fire, after the revolution had done its work, by thieves and robbers, 
 for the joint purposes of destruction and plunder. There were millions 
 in money, plate, &c., deposited there, besides a large quantity of wine, 
 &c. But the brave polytechnics immediately rushed into the building 
 with their forces, and took possession, with drawn swords, of all the 
 valuables, which they removed wijh safety, while the robbers went 
 into the wine cellars, and drank and quarrelled, till they got too drunk 
 to do either, and then falling down, were burnt up with the flames 
 which themselves had created ; and about one hundred dead bodies 
 have been taken from the remains of the building. In Paris, there is, 
 of course, a large number of criminals; and it is truly wonderful how 
 they have been controlled and killed, and property and person pro- 
 tected from their depredations, during such a revolution as that which 
 has just taken place. Nothing but the most determined resolution and 
 
THE FRENCH KEVOLUTION. 43 
 
 active vigilance on the part of the masses, could have effected this, for 
 spectators could not distinguish, in such masses, between insurgents 
 and thieves, and it is among the remarkable events of the age, that in 
 such moments of excitement, when laboring men were fighting roy- 
 alty, upon the result of which depended whether they should have a 
 republic or a gallows for their reward, that they should turn aside to 
 protect the king's property, which they had captured, and to execute 
 robbers, who undertook to plunder. The masses, whose historians 
 have described as needing a king to govern them, could not only gov- 
 ern themselves without law, but the kingdom, at the same moment 
 they were overthrowing its government, and conquering its troops, and 
 taking possession of its palaces. I have spoken of the women who 
 fought — they did so in great numbers, and fifteen or twenty wounded 
 have been carried to the hospitals. This may seen extraordinary to 
 our people, and from it they m.ay draw an improper inference as to 
 their character and motives in so doing. But, in France, the wives, 
 and sisters, and daughters of laboring men, work in the shops, in 
 streets, like men, according to circumstances. In shops of all descrip- 
 tions, there are women as well as men, generally, perhaps universally, 
 both. In the largest stores in Paris, women keep the accounts, and 
 the clerks take the articles sold, to the clerk of the accountantess, give- 
 her the numbers and prices, and she calculates the amount, receives 
 the money, and enters it in the book, and gives the receipt. A ma- 
 jority of the persons in the shops of Paris are women, and this applies 
 to all classes, even to the charcoal shops; women also drive the horse- 
 carts, wield the hand-barrow, and carry burthens in the streets ; they 
 drive teams to and from the markets, sweep the streets, plough the 
 fields, and plant and gather the crops, and, in all respects, perform the 
 labor of men, in the open air. All this class of women are generally 
 industrious, civil, and, in all respects, well behaved ; but the popula- 
 tion of France is excessive, the earnings of the people are small, and 
 their taxes excessively heavy ; the women are, therefore, obliged to 
 work, and in working, they lose the timidity which forms the charm 
 of woman, and they become accustomed to mingling with men and the 
 multitude ; and, in revolutions, they do not shrink from the position 
 which habit has assigned to them, and with which necessity has made 
 them familiar ; ihey, therefore, join their companions in arms, and, in 
 some instances, I saw them carrying guns and drawn swords, during 
 the melee. This feature in the condition of the French population is 
 disagreeable to those who have seen woman only as she is respected 
 and regarded in the United States. 
 
 Saturday^ March 4. — One million of people, probably, have assem- 
 bled-to witness the funeral rites over the departed dead — those who 
 have died fighting for their liberty and a republic, and v/ho have been 
 immortalized as suddenly and unexpectedly as their sovereign was de- 
 . throned. This was probably the pageant of all pageants — the num- 
 bers, the occasion, the sentiment of the public, the place, could hardly 
 be expected to occur again in the history of the world. No descrip- 
 tion can give any representation of the thing itself. It will want the 
 grandeur, the sentiment, the expression, the impulse, the life, and 
 
44 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 fitting up of that which rnally existed. A roillion of people may as- 
 semble, and the assembly give no evidence of a living, moving im- 
 pulse, absorbing every other consideration, and equalling in expression 
 the congregated numbers — it will be a large picture; but the paint- 
 ing will not speak out, and exhibit its thousand varied and varying 
 characteristics. It will not put forth here its gorgeous beauty and 
 royal magnificence ; and there put on the colors of mourning, and 
 drop a tear of sorrow ; here present the grandeur of power, and there 
 the sentiments of profound emotion, and the most refined sensibility. 
 It will be a congregated mass of people, and that is all. But not so 
 with this Parisian assemblage, gathered together to pay the last tribute 
 of respect to their companions in arms, who had died in doing service, 
 that others might enjoy the rights of man. The manifestation was 
 equal to the occasion, and beautifully appropriate ; there was the 
 church of the Madeleine, the most elegant and magnificent church in 
 Paris — not as Adrian says, built over the spot where Louis XVI. and 
 Marie Antoinette were buried, but in the Place de la Madeleine, 
 dressed in mourning outside and inside ; and upon the black drapery 
 hapging down its lofty walls, in front were inscribed in immense let- 
 ters, " To the citizens who died for liherty,'''' in the nave of the church 
 was erected a catafalque^ and it was lighted and filled with a repre- 
 sentation of every grade, class and profession in Paris ; it presented 
 an imposing scene. Hundreds of musicians played standing upon the 
 broad pedestal, upon which rest the columns that surround the church, 
 and the immense throng joined in the " chant jor the dead^'' making 
 Paris resound for many squares round, with the sound of instrumental 
 and vocal music ; and apparently making every object present, ani- 
 mate and inanimate, give forth strains of melody. Every street and 
 square, as far as the eye could extend, was filled with human beings ; 
 the uniforms of the troops, reflecting the bright rays of the sun, added 
 infinitely to the effect. Every legion had its flag — every procession 
 its drapeaux and its inscription. Here were the National Guards in 
 all their glory, proud of their achievements, their new uniform, and 
 the glory of the occasion, which belonged much to them. They con- 
 stituted the prominent feature of the picture — their numbers were 
 immense. They were the new recruits, not yet uniformed, number- 
 ing more than twenty-five thousand, wearing the tri-colored badge of 
 a National Guard. Here were the blue frocks in numbers past find- 
 ing out. There were the Polish Legion, numbering thousands, bear- 
 ing the most elegant banner of them all, amidst the cheers and wel- 
 come of republican France. The air vibrated with oscillating and 
 deafening cheers, upon the appearance of this relic of heroism and op- 
 pression, and many a heart leaped at the thought of one day drawing 
 the sword for Poland. Carriages were dressed and painted in black ; 
 and in the centre was an immense carriage drawn by eight white 
 horses, and dressed with wreaths of laurel, and filled in with cypress 
 branches, towering high into the air; and after this came a carriage 
 bearing a flag, upon which was inscribed '■'wounded,'''' and in which 
 rode two wounded men, the sufferers in the late conflict. Every 
 building was lined with spectators — every balcony filled with human 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 45 
 
 beings, and every window with human heads. The masses crowded 
 full every place where a man could stand on tiptoe ; and amidst this 
 immense and varied throng rode, upon his white charger, Lamartine 
 — his benevolent countenance beaming with a look of kindness and 
 self-reliance, upon all — confident in the purity of his own intentions 
 and the patriotism of France. May his hopes be fulfilled and his 
 country be benefitted by the occasion, which is celebrated this day, 
 and to which this man may now be considered as having devoted his 
 life. A republic or exile is before him, each leading near by a gal- 
 lows. He looked quiet, and he does not expect to fail ; he occupies a 
 fearful eminence, and his name and deeds are already stamped in in- 
 delible characters upon the French Revolution of 1848. 
 
 On each side of the Boulevards, from the church to the Bastile, ex- 
 tended three lines of the tri-colored flag — the distance is about four 
 miles. Around the monument were twenty antique tripods, burning 
 and casting up flames of blue and green ; around the monument was 
 entwined the tri-colored flag ; a stage for the provisional government 
 was erected at the foot of the monument. The symbolical chariot, 
 before referred to, was male at the Hotel de Ville, and crowned with 
 the statue of the republic. When the procession moved from the 
 church, the bands played the national hymns. Before the revolution, 
 there were numbers of the Municipal Guard upon every occasion 
 when men or women congregated, at the balls, as well as in streets. 
 Yesterday there was no guard except the National Guard in the pro- 
 cession, and no disturbance. The cortege was three hours and a half 
 in passing between two living hedges. At the monument, the govern- 
 ment addressed the people, and paid the last tribute of respect to the 
 dead, and of condolence to the living. The bodies are buried at the 
 foot of this monument erected to liberty — and erected to the memory 
 of the three days in July, 1830, which by the treachery of a king, they 
 say, have been barren of their legitimate fruits. 
 
 Wednesdaij, March 8. — The provisional government yesterday re- 
 ceived a deputation of upwards of two hundred and eighty citizens of 
 the United States. These gentlemen walked in procession to the Ho- 
 tel de Ville, and amongst them was borne the American flag and that 
 of the French republic united together, and flowing from the same 
 staff. Mr. Goodrich, (Peter Parley), in the name of his countrymen, 
 presented the following address: 
 
 Gentlemen, Members of the Provisional Government of the French 
 Republic — As citizens of the United States of America, and specta- 
 tors of recent events in Paris, we come to offer you our congratula- 
 tions. A grateful recollection of the past, and the ties of amity which 
 have existed between your country and ours, prompt us to be among 
 the first to testify to you and to the people of France the sympathy, 
 the respect, the admiration which these events inspire. Acknowledg- 
 - ing the right of every nation to form its own government, we may still 
 be permitted to felicitate France upon the choice of a system which 
 recognises as its basis the great principles of national liberty and po- 
 litical equality. In the progress of the recent struggle here we have 
 admired the magnanimity of the French people, their self-command 
 
46 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 in the hour of triumph, and their speedy return to order and law after 
 the tumult and confusion of revolution. We see in these circum- 
 stances happy omens of good to France and to mankind, — assur- 
 ances that what has been so nobly begun will be consummated in the 
 permanent establishment of a just and liberal government, and the con- 
 sequent enjoyment of liberty, peace, and prosperity among the citizens 
 of this great country. Accept these testimonials of the sentiments 
 which fill our hearts at the present moment, and be assured that the 
 news of the revolution which you have just achieved, will be hailed by 
 our countrymen, on the other side of the Atlantic, with no other emo- 
 tions than those of hope and joy, for France and for the world. 
 
 M. Arago replied as follows : 
 
 Citizens of the United States : — We are, happy to hear the expres- 
 sion of the sentiments which you have just manifested ; and we are 
 happy such sentiments proceed from the citizens of a free people. 
 We are, above all, happy at the manner in which you appreciate the 
 acts of the Parisian population. You have perceived what courage 
 our fellow-citizens have shown on the day of combat, and what mod- 
 eration they have shown after the victory ; you have also seen with 
 what eagerness that people, after having departed from its ordinary 
 sphere, again placed itself under the dominion of its laws. You have 
 justly declared that a people has a right to give to itself such a govern- 
 ment as suits it. Look at your own flag ; you behold there the evident 
 proofs of your prosperity ; the number of stars which are there dis- 
 played has been prodigiously augmented, and will be still more so. 
 (Bravo ! bravo !) What has been so great an advantage to the 
 American population, cannot fail to be so likewise for the French peo- 
 ple (cheers.) We have no doubt that your fellow-citizens in the 
 Uni-ted States will join in the sentiments which have brought you this 
 day before the Provisional Government. We have no doubt that fresh 
 applause will also be given there to the valiant population of Paris. 
 (We can answer for that!) Gentlemen, the prayer that we offer up, 
 and which will be realized, is to see the American nation, and the 
 French nation, living in the most intimate union (loud cheering.) 
 There is no motive of difierence between you and us, once that we are 
 established as a republic, and that we advance in the republic path of 
 liberty, equality, and fraternity. I am convinced that the two nations 
 will be united, as are the two colors which you there bear amongst 
 you, " Vive la Republique." (The cry was three times repeated by 
 the deputation.) 
 
 One of the American gentlemen then said : 
 
 The Americans here present request you to accept these two flags 
 united ; they are the eternal emblem of the alliance between France 
 and the United States of North America. (The members of the dep- 
 utation, — " We swear it by our blood ! ") 
 
 M, Arago — We receive the color with gratitude. It shall be 
 placed in the Hotel de Ville ; and I trust that never will despotism 
 attempt to snatch it thence (loud applause.) 
 
 The double flag was then placed in the Hall of Reception, and 
 the deputation then withdrew amidst reiterated cries of " Vive la 
 Republique ! " 
 
THE FRENCH KEVOLUTION, 47 
 
 FRENCH REPUBLIC. 
 
 LIBERTY — EQUALITY — FRATERNITY. 
 
 The provisional government of the Republic, considering that no 
 French land should any longer bear slaves, decrees — a commission is 
 instituted under the provisional minister of colonies and the marine, to 
 prepare, vvithin the shortest delay, the act for the immediate emancipa- 
 tion of the slaves in all the colonies of the republic. F. Arago. 
 
 The large banking house of M. Gouin has failed. 
 
 Thursday, March 9. Latest advices from Paris represent the city 
 as tranquil, but the financial crisis still continues unabated, and some 
 eminent houses are spoken of as being in difficulties, but no farther 
 failures have been announced. 
 
 Friday, March \0. The forthcoming elections in France excite 
 great attention. The government were aware of the fearful import- 
 ance of the matter, and were, whh the temper and the sagacity that 
 had hitherto characterized their measures, preparing for the crisis. 
 
 Towards the close of business on Thursday, the market considera- 
 bly improved in consequence of a report that the government v/ould 
 publish on Friday, an expose of the financial situation of the country, 
 in which important reductions in the public expenses would be an- 
 nounced. It was understood that all salaries above 3,000 francs would 
 be reduced, and that the ministers respectively should not be allowed 
 more than 25,000 francs, ($5,000) per annum. 
 
 The Republic has been acknowledged by England, Belgium and 
 Switzerland. 
 
 There was a rumor in Liverpool,when the Caledonia sailed, that the 
 Emperor of Russia had refused to acknowledge the French republic. 
 
 All the general officers of the garrison of Paris had sent in their 
 adhesion to the government. 
 
 We understand that on Saturday, 11th, all the diplomatic agents 
 were recalled. The government has well conceived that those who 
 abroad have been the interpreters, and too often the docile agents of 
 an anti-national policy, cannot consistently continue to be the repre- 
 sentatives of republican France. 
 
 The electoral assemblies of cantons are convoked for the 9th April 
 next, to elect representatives of the people to the national assembly, 
 which is to decree the constitution. 
 
 CIRCULAR OF THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO THE 
 DIPLOMATIC AGENTS OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC. 
 
 This most remarkable document was published in the "Moniteur " of Sun- 
 day, March 4. It is bold, square, and to the point. There is nothing tortu- 
 ous about it ; 
 
 Sir : — You know the events of Paris, the victory of the people, its hero- 
 ism, its moderation, its pacification, the order reestablished by the concur- 
 rence of the whole of the citizens, as if, in that interregnum of the visible 
 powers, the reason of the public were alone the government of France. 
 
 The French revolution has thus entered into its definitive period. France 
 is republican. The French Republic has no occasion to be acknowledged in 
 
48 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 order to exist. By natural law, as well as by the law of nations, it exists ; it 
 is the will of a great people, which does not demand its title but from itself. 
 Nevertheless, the P^rench Republic, desiring to enter into the family of gov- 
 ernments instituted as regular powers, and not as a phenomenon coming to 
 disturb the order of Europe, it is proper that you promptly make known to 
 tne government to which you are accredited, the principles and tendencies 
 which will henceforth direct the foreign policy of the French government. 
 
 The proclamation of the French Republic is not an act of aggression against 
 any form of government in the world. The forms of government have di- 
 versities as legitimate as the forms of character, the geographical situation, 
 the intelleclual, moral and material development of nations. Nations, like 
 individuals, have different ages. The principles which govern them have 
 successive phases — monarchical, aristocratical, constitutional, republican gov- 
 ernments, are the expressions of the different degrees of the maturity of the 
 genius of the different nations. They demand more liberty in proportion as 
 they feel themselves capable of supporting more. They demand more equal- 
 ity and democracy, in proportion as they are the more inspired with the feel- 
 ing of justice and love for the people. It is a question of time. A nation 
 goes astray in outrunning the hour of that maturity, as it dishonors itself in 
 allowing it to escape without seizing upon it. The monarchy and the repub- 
 lic are not, in the eyes of true statesmen, absolute principles which are ene- 
 mies to the death : they are facts which are contrasted to each other, and 
 which can live face to face, while they understand and respect each other. 
 
 War, then, is not the principle of the French Republic, as it became the 
 fatal and glorious necessity of the Republic in 1792. Between 1792 and 1848 
 there is half a century. To return, after the lapse of half a century, to the 
 principles of 1792, or to the principles of conquest and of empire, would not 
 be to advance, it would be to retrograde witli the advance of time. The rev- 
 olution of yesterday is a step in advance, and not one backwards. The world 
 and ourselves wish to march to fraternity and peace. 
 
 If the situation of the Republic in 1792 explained the war, the differences 
 which exist between that period of our history and that in which we live, 
 explains the peace. Apply yourself to the understanding of these differences, 
 and explain them to those around you. 
 
 In 1792 the nation was not one. Two nations (peuples) existed on the 
 same soil. A terrible struggle still prolonged itself between the classes dis- 
 possessed of their privileges, and the classes who had just succeeded in 
 achieving equality and liberty. The classes dispossessed united themselves 
 with the captive royalty, and with jealous foreigners, to deny its revolution 
 in France, and re-impose upon it the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the the- 
 ocracy by invasion. At the present day, there are no longer any distinctions 
 and inequality of classes. Liberty has freed all. Equality before the law 
 has levelled everything. Fraternity, of which we proclaim the application, 
 and of which the national assembly is to organize the benefits, is about to 
 unite all. There is not a single citizen in France, to whatever opinion he 
 may belong, who does not rally to the principle of the country before every- 
 thing else, and who does not render, by that very union, all attempts impreg- 
 nable to the attempt and to the fears of invasion. 
 
 In 1792 it was not the entire population who entered into the possession of 
 the government. It was the middle classes only who wished to exercise lib- 
 erty and enjoy it. The triumph of the middle classes at that time was ego- 
 tistical, as the triumph of every oligarchy must be. It wished to retain for 
 itself the rights achieved for all. It was necessary for it to operate a strong 
 diversion against the advance of the people by precipitating it (the people) 
 on the field of battle, in order to prevent it from entering into the exercise of 
 its own government. This diversion was the war. War was the idea of the 
 Monarchians and the Girondins. It was not the idea of the most advanced 
 democrats, who wished like us the sincere regards and the complete reign of 
 the people itself, comprising in that name all classes, without exclusion or 
 preference, as the nation is composed. 
 
 In 1792 the people was only the instrument of the revolution. To-day the 
 revolution is made by the people and for the people. The people is itself the 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 49 
 
 revolution. In entering into it, it carries into it its new necessities of labor, 
 of industry, of instruction, of agriculture, of commerce, of morality, of pros- 
 perity, of property, of cheap living, of navigation, and, in short, of civiliza- 
 tion, which are all the necessities of peace. The people and peace are but 
 one word. 
 
 In 1792 the ideas of France and of Europe were unprepared to comprehend 
 and to accept the great harmony of nations among each other to the benefit 
 of the human race. The idea of the age which was closing was only in the 
 heads of some philosophers. Philosophy at the present day is popular. Fifty 
 years of liberty, of thinking, of speaking, and of writing, have produced 
 their result. Books, journals, and the tribune, have acted as the apostles of 
 European intelligence. Reason spreading everywhere, and overstepping the 
 frontiers of nations, has created that intellectual nationality which will be 
 the achievement of the French revolution, and the constitution of interna- 
 tional fraternity all over the globe. 
 
 In short, in 1792 liberty was a novelty, equality was a scandal, and the 
 Republic was a problem. The title of nations, which had only just been dis- 
 covered by Fenelon, Montesquieu, and Rousseau, was so completely forgotten, 
 buried, profaned by old feudal dynastic and sacerdotal traditions, that the most 
 legitimate intervention of the people in its affairs appeared a monstrosity to 
 the statesmen of the old school. Democracy made the monarchs, and at the 
 same time the foundations of society tremble. To-day, thrones and the peo- 
 ple are accustomed to the word, to the forms, and to the regular agitations of 
 liberty, exercised in nearly different proportions, in all States, and even in 
 monarchies. They will accustom themselves to the Republic, which is its 
 complete form in all the ripest of nations. They will recognize that there is 
 a conservative liberty. They will acknowledge that there may be in the 
 Republic not only better order, but that there may be more real order in that 
 government of all for all, than in the government of the few for the few. 
 
 But besides these disinterested considerations, the sole interest of the con- 
 solidation and the duration of the Republic would inspire in the statesmen of 
 France the thoughts of peace. It is not the country that runs the greatest 
 danger in the war, it is the liberty. War is almost always a dictatorship. 
 Soldiers forget institutions for men. Thrones tempt the ambitious. Glory 
 dazzles patriotisnr. The [)restige of a glorious name veils the attack upon 
 the sovereignty of the nation. The Republic desires glory, without doubt, 
 but it wishes for it for itself, and not for Csesars or Napoleons. 
 
 Do not deceive yourselves nevertheless. Those ideas which the provision- 
 al government charges you to present to the powers as a pledge of European 
 safety, have not for their object to obtain forgiveness to the Republic for hav- 
 ing had the boldness to create itself, and still less to ask humbly the place of 
 a great right and a great people in Europe. They have a more noble object : 
 to make sovereigns and nations reflect, and not to allow them to deceive 
 themselves involuntarily, as to the character of our revolution ; to give its 
 true light and its just character to the event; in short, to give pledges to liu-- 
 manity before giving them to our right, and to our honor, if they should be. 
 unacknowledged or threatened. 
 
 The French re[)ublic will, then, not make war on any one. It has no oc- 
 casion to say that, if conditions of war are laid down to the French people it 
 will accept them. The thoughts of the men who at the present moment gov- 
 ern France, are these : it will be fortunate for France if war be declared 
 against it, and if it be constrained thus to increase in strength and glory, 
 in spite of its moderation. It will be a terrible responsibility for France if 
 the republic itself declares war without being provoked to it. In the first 
 case its martial genius, its impatience of action, its strength accumulated dur 
 ing so many years of peace, will render it invincible within its own territory, 
 and redoubtable, perhaps, beyond its frontiers. In the second case, it would 
 turn against itself the recollection of its conquests, which diminish the 
 affection of nations, and it would compromise the first and most universal 
 alliance, the spirit of nations, and the genius of civilization. 
 
 According to these principles, sir, which are the cool principles of France 
 — principles she can present without fear, as without suspicjon, tp her friends 
 5 
 
50 THE FRENCH KEVOLUTION. 
 
 and to her enemies, you will have the goodness to impress upon yourself the 
 following declarations : — 
 
 The treaties of 1815 exist no longer as law in the eyes of the French Repub- 
 lic ; nevertheless, the territorial circumscriptions of these treaties are a fact 
 which it admits as a basis, and as a " point de depart " in its relations with 
 other nations. 
 
 But if the treaties of 1815 do not exist any longer excepting as facts to 
 modify a common understanding, and if the Republic declares openly that its 
 right and its mission is to arrive regularly and pacifically at these modifica- 
 tions, the good sense, the moderation, the conscience, the prudence of the 
 Republic exist, and are for Europe a better and more honorable guaranty than 
 the letter of those treaties, so often violated and modified by Europe itself. 
 
 Endeavor, sir, to make the emancipation of the Republic from the treaties 
 of 1815 be clearly understood, and try to show that freedom has nothing in it 
 that is irreconcilable with the repose of Europe. 
 
 Thus we declare it openly. If the hour of the reconstruction of some na- 
 tionalities, oppressed in Europe or elsewhere, should appear to us to have 
 sounded in the decrees of Providence — if Switzerland, our faithful ally since 
 Francis I., were constrained or threatened in the advance which she is effect- 
 ing in her government, in order to lend additional strength to the facine of 
 democratic governments — if the independent States of Italy were invaded — 
 if any limits or obstacles were imposed on their internal transformations — if 
 the right of alliance among themselves, in order to consolidate an Italian na- 
 tion, were contested by main force — the French Republic would believe it- 
 self entitled to arm itself in order to protect these legitimate movements of 
 the greatness and the nationality of States. 
 
 The Republic, you see, by its first step, repudiates the era of proscriptions 
 and of dictations. She is decided never to veil liberty at home. She is equal- 
 ly decided never to veil its democratic principle abroad. She will never per- 
 mit any one to interpose between the pacific radiation of its liberty and the 
 regard of nations. She proclaims herself the intellectual and cordial ally of 
 every right, of every progress, of every legitimate developement of the insti- 
 tutions of nations which wish to live on the same principle as herself. She will 
 not endeavor any immoderate or incendiary propagandism amongst her neigh- 
 bors. She knows that there is no durable freedom but that which grows of 
 itself on its own soil. But it will exercise by the light of its ideas, by the 
 spectacle of order and of peace which it hopes to give to the world, the sole 
 and honest proselytism of esteem and of sympathy. That is not war — it is 
 nature. That is not the agitation of Europe ; it is life. That is not to em- 
 broil the world ; it is to shine from its place on the horizon of nations, to ad- 
 vance them and to guide them at the same time. We desire, for humanity, 
 Ihat the peace be preserved. We even hope it. One only question of war was 
 mooted, a year ago, between England and France. It was not republican 
 France which started that question of war ; it was the dynasty. The dynasty 
 carries away with it that danger of war which it had given rise to for Eu- 
 rope by the entirely personal ambition of its family alliances in Spain. Thus 
 that domestic policy of the fallen dynasty, which weighed for seventeen years 
 on our national dignity, weighed at the same time, by its pretensions to an- 
 other crown at Madrid on our liberal alliances and on peace. The republic 
 has no ambition. The republic has no depotism. It inherits not the pretensions 
 of a family. Let Spain govern itself; let Spain be independent and free 
 France, for the solidity of this natural alliance, counts more on the conform 
 ity of principles than on the successions of the house of Bourbon ! 
 
 Such is, sir, the spirit of the councils of the republic. Such will invariably 
 be the character of the policy, frank, firm, and moderate, which you will 
 have to represent. 
 
 The republic has pronounced at its birth, and in the midst of the heat of 
 contest, not provoked by the people, three words which have revealed its 
 soul, and which will call down on its cradle the blessings of God and men : 
 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. She gave immediately thereafter, by the abo- 
 lition of the punishment of death for political offences, the true commentary of 
 those three words at home : do you also give them their true commentary 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 51 
 
 abroad. The sense of these three words applied to our external relations is 
 this; the breaking by France of the chains which weighed on its principle 
 and on its dignity ; the recovery of the rank which it oughl, to occupy in the 
 scale of the great European powers; in fine, the declaration of alliance and 
 amity to all nations. If France feels conscientiously its ])art in the mission 
 of freedom and civilization in the present age, there is not one of those words 
 which signifies war. If Europe is prudent and just, there is not one of those 
 words which does not signify peace. 
 
 Receive, sir, the assurance of my high esteem. 
 
 (Signed) LAMARTINE. 
 
 Member of the Provisional Government of the Republic, and Minister of 
 Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Paris, March 2d, 1848. ' 
 
 FLIGHT OF LOUIS-PHILIPPE AND HIS FAMILY. 
 
 M. C. Maurice, the editor of the Courrier des Spectacles, gives the 
 following account of the departure of the ex-King fronn the Tuileries : 
 
 " About one o'clock in the afternoon, whilst in conversation with 
 the colonel of the 21st Regiment of the Line, who appeared well dis- 
 posed, and of which he gave proof in ordering his men to sheath their 
 bayonets, a young man in plain clothes, who turned out to be the son 
 of Admiral Baudin, on horseback, trotted past us at a quick pace, cry- 
 ing out that Louis-Philippe had abdicated, and requesting that the 
 news might be circulated. A few instants after, at the Pont Tournant, 
 we saw approach from the Tuileries a troop of National Guards on 
 horseback, at a walking pace forming the head of a procession, and 
 by gestures and cries inviting the citizens to abstain from every un- 
 favorable demonstration. At this moment the expression, 'a great- 
 misfortune,' {une grande infortune^) was heard, and the King Louis- 
 Philippe, his right arm passed under the left arm of the Queen, on 
 whom he appeared to lean for support, was seen to approach from the 
 gate of the Tuileries, in the midst of the horsemen, and followed by 
 about thirty persons in different uniforms. The Queen walked with a 
 firm step, and cast around looks of assurance and anger intermingled. 
 The King wore a black coat, with a common round hat, and wore no 
 orders. The Queen was in full mourning. A report was circulated 
 that they were going to the Chamber of Deputies to depose the act of 
 abdication. Cries of " Vive la Reforme ! ''"' " Vive la France!'''' and 
 even, by two or three persons, '■'■Vive le jRoi .' " were heard. The 
 procession had scarcely passed the Pont Tournant, and arrived at the 
 pavement surrounding the Obelisk, when the King, the Queen, and the 
 whole party made a sudden halt, apparently without any necessity. 
 In a moment they were surrounded by a crowd on foot and horse- 
 back, and so crowded that they had no longer their freedom of motion. 
 Louis-Philippe appeared alarmed at this sudden approach. In fact the 
 spot fatally chosen by an effect of chance produced a strange feeling. 
 A few paces off a Bourbon king, an innocent and resigned victim, 
 would have been happy to have experienced no other treatment. 
 Louis-Philippe turned quickly round, let go the Queen's arm, took off 
 his hat, raised it in the air, and cried out something which the noise 
 
52 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 prevented my hearing ; in fact, the cries and pele mele were general. 
 The Queen became alarmed at no longer feeling the King's arm, and 
 turned around with extreme haste, saying something which I could not 
 catch. At this moment I said, ' Madame, ne craignez rien ; continuez, 
 les rangs vont s'ouvrir devant vous.' Whether her anxiety gave a 
 false interpretation to my intention or not I am ignorant, but pushing 
 back my hand, she exclaimed, ' Laissez moi ! ' with a most irritated 
 accent She seized hold of the King's arm, and they both turned their 
 steps towards two small black carriages with one horse each. In the 
 first were two young children. The King took the left, and the Queen 
 the right, and the children with their faces close to the glass of the 
 vehicle, looking at the crowd with the utmost curiosity. The coach 
 man whipped his horse violently, in fact with so much rapidity did it 
 take place that the coach appeared rather carried than driven away. 
 It passed before me, surrounded by the cavalry and National Guards 
 present, and cuirassiers and dragoons. The second carriage, in which 
 were two ladies, followed the other at the same pace, and the escort 
 which amounted to about 200 men, set off at a full gallop, taking the 
 water side, towards St. Cloud. The horse in the coach in which the 
 King was could not have gone the whole way, so furiously did he gal- 
 lop under the repeated lashes of the coachman, whilst the surrounding 
 crowds vociferated that they were taking flight. At this moment I was 
 accosted by M. Cremieux, who said with truth that we had put the 
 royal party into their carriage, and we proceeded together to the 
 Chamber of Deputies. 
 
 The King reached the chateau, at Dreux, on the night of the 24th." 
 
 LOUIS-PHILIPPE IN EXILE. 
 
 It will be well to retrace the course of the King and Queen from 
 the chateau at Dreux, previously to leaving which a farmer procured 
 disguises for the royal party ; the King habiting himself in an old 
 cloak and cap, having first shaved his whiskers, discarded his wig, and 
 altogether disguised himself so as to defy recognition. 
 
 Long before daylight, the party started on their way to La Ferte 
 Vidame : taking the road of Evreux, twelve to fifteen leagues from 
 Honfleur. They travelled chiefly by night, and reached Honfleur at 
 five o'clock on Saturday morning. They remained at Honfleur, in the 
 house of a gentleman whom the Kin^' knew, for a short time, and then 
 crossed to Tronville, a short distance from the town. It was their in- 
 tention to embark at Tronville, but owing to the boisterous state of 
 the weather they were compelled to remain at the latter place two 
 days, when finding they could not set sail, they returned to Honfleur, 
 with the intention of embarking from that place ; but the sea still con- 
 tinued very rough, and the King fearing that the Queen in her ex- 
 hausted condition would be unable to bear the fatigue of a rough pas- 
 sage, deferred his departure till the weather changed on Thursday. 
 In the meantime information was secretly conveyed to the Express, 
 Southampton steam-packet, that they would be required to take a party 
 from Havre to England. 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 53 
 
 On Thursday afternoon, \he gentlemen who sheltered the dethroned 
 Monarch and his Consort at Honfleur engaged a French fishing-boat 
 to convey the party from Honfleur to Havre ; and, fearing that in this 
 small vessel the features of the king might be recognized, the gentle- 
 man engaged an interpreter to interpret French to the king, who, to 
 render his disguise more complete, passed as an Englishman. Noth- 
 ing of moment transpired on the passage to Havre, where the Express 
 was waiting with her steam up ; and at nine o'clock on Thursday eve- 
 ning, the royal fugitives and suite set sail for England. 
 
 A little before seven on Friday morning, the Express steamer ar- 
 rived off Newhaven harbor. Here she lay to, and her commander, 
 Captain Paul, pulled off for shore in a boat with General Dumas, who 
 proceeded to the Bridge Inn, to bespeak accommodations for the voy- 
 agers. Having made due arrangements, he started for London, leav- 
 ing the hostess in perfect ignorance as to the rank of her expected 
 gu°ests. The Captain returned to his ship shortly after. About eleven 
 o'clock a boat pulled up to the shore, containing an elderly gentleman 
 attired in an old green blouse and travelling-cap, and a rough great 
 coat: a lady of similar age, plainly dressed in a black bonnet, and 
 checked black and white cloak, attended by a young female ; and 
 three other persons. 
 
 The royal party having landed, were conducted by Mr. Sims the 
 distance o"f 200 yards, where a fly was in waiting, into which the king 
 and queen, with the female attendant, stepped, and were about 
 to proceed, when Mr. Sims involuntarily betrayed his recognition, and 
 exclaimed, " Welcome to England, King Louis-Philippe! welcome, 
 welcome !" 
 
 The party were then conducted by Mr. Sims to the Bridge Inn, 
 where every preparation had been made by Mrs. Smith to secure the 
 comfort of her anticipated but unknown guests. The truth, however, 
 was immediately disclosed ; and the worthy hostess, her daughter and 
 assistants, confirmed the welcome which had already been pronounced, 
 and conducted the royal exiles up stairs. On reaching their apart- 
 ment, the emotions of the worn-out and harassed travellers overpow- 
 ered them, and found vent in a flood of tears. 
 
 The royal party comprised, in addition to the king and queen, a fe- 
 male German attendant on her majesty, a confidential valet, a private 
 secretary, (M. Pauline, Oficier d'Ordonnance), and two other gentle- 
 men. Considerable secrecy was at first observed as to the names and 
 rank of the retinue, who, however, have since proved to be Generals 
 Dumas and Rumigny, M. Thuret, the king's private valet, and Mile. 
 Muser, attendant on the queen. 
 
 In the course of the morning, several of the inhabitants of_ New- 
 haven paid their respects to his majesty, and offered their services in 
 various ways. Mr. Packham was charged to proceed to Brighton, m 
 order there to repair the deficiencies of the royal wardrobe ; " for," 
 said the ex-monarch pithily to Mr. Packham, " we are very short of 
 clothes." The king also handed over to him several bags of silver 
 coin, for the purpose of getting it changed into English money. 
 5* 
 
54 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 In the course of the afternoon the editor of the Sussex Advertiser 
 had a private interview with Louis-Philippe and his august Consort. 
 
 " In alluding to recent events," says the editor, " his Majesty point- 
 edly disclaimed any feelings of animosity or resentment against those 
 who had helped to hurl him from the lofty position he had lately oc- 
 cupied. His observations on this point were made with a calm and 
 dignified composure of voice and manner, which certainly gave the 
 strongest impress of sincerity and truth. Without attempting to ex- 
 culpate either one party or the other, it may be truly said that, had a 
 far different tone pervaded the observations of the dethroned monarch, 
 the moment and the occasion might well have been pleaded in excuse. 
 During this most interesting interview, there were no other persons 
 present save General Rumigny. It was an interview not easily to be 
 forgotten." 
 
 The royal party proceeded to the railway station, and at eleven the 
 train took its departure for Lewes. A number of persons congre- 
 gated, who warmly greeted the royal exiles. The king acknowledged 
 their greetings, stretching out his arm and shaking hands with those 
 nearest his carriage window. 
 
 At Croyden the Duke and Duchess of Nemours, who had arrived 
 from town, had been waiting the arrival of the special train from New- 
 haven since ten o'clock. 
 
 In due season the approach of the royal train was perceived, and 
 notified to the party waiting its arrival in deep anxiety. On perceiv- 
 ing her children, the queen gave a stifled scream. In a moment Louis- 
 Philippe was locked in the embrace of his son, the Duke de Nemours. 
 It was determined that the ex-king and queen and their illustrious rela- 
 tives should proceed direct to Claremont, in carriages which were in 
 waiting for that purpose. 
 
 Queen Victoria had offered to send her private carriage to East 
 Sheen, to convey the royal party to Claremont ; but the ex-king de- 
 clined the proffered courtesy, preferring to travel in a private manner 
 to his destination. 
 
 On reaching the railway station doorway, his Majesty recognized 
 the editor of the Sussex Advertiser, and seizing his hand, grasped and 
 retained it firmly in his own, saying, with most impressive tone and 
 manner: " My friend, recollect this: Charles X. was dethroned for 
 having sought to abolish the Charter of the Constitution ; I have been 
 dethroned because I resolutely strove to uphold it. Recollect this. 
 You mark the difference." The royal party then entered their car- 
 riages, and were loudly cheered on their departure. 
 
G U I Z T 
 
 M. GUIZOT, LATE MINISTER— AND MEMBERS OF THE 
 PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 UIZOT— First entered public life in the year 1829, as Deputy 
 for Lisieux, being then in the 42d year of his age. Before, how- 
 ever, he had long been a member, the Chamber dissolved. He 
 _ was again returned, and henceforth took a prominent part, and 
 was a leadmg member, in all the succeeding administrations, ex- 
 cept while filling the London embassy. It is, however, as a member 
 of the ministry^of October, 1840, that he has become best known. 
 During this period Marshal Soult was for five years President of the 
 Counc'il, and therefore head of the JVIinistry, still M. Guizot may have 
 been looked upon virtually, if not actually, as the Premier, and took 
 the lead in all the important and weighty questions of the day. 
 
 Below the middle stature, somewhat square-built, and of an aspect 
 always grave, if not severe, with a proud and piercing eye, M. Guizot 
 
56 THE FliENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 Strikes you at first sight as a man of thoughtful and reflective habits, 
 and of an energy subdued rather than extinguished by severe study. 
 Approach him nearer, and you will perceive that he is more spare in 
 flesh, more sombre in appearance, more livid in look, than you had 
 supposed at a distance. His features, when excited, assume a dis- 
 agreeable aspect — his lips become contracted, his eyes appear deeper 
 sunk in their cavernous orbits, and his whole appearance gives token 
 of a person of a restless and melancholy, as well as of a meditative 
 disposition. There is no gaiety in his look or manner. He does not 
 laugh nor joke with his next neighbor on the bench of ministers, but 
 appears altogether absorbed in public affairs or in his own reflections. 
 At the tribune, notwithstanding his diminutive stature, his appearance 
 is imposing, for he has an expressive countenance — there is much 
 latent fire in his deep-set eye, and notwithstanding his dictatorial and 
 pedantical air, there is a certain dignity in his manner. His voice is 
 full and sonorous, but it is neither very varied in its tone nor very 
 flexible. His style of speaking appears more of the Genevese, than 
 of the French school. It is dry, sententious, clear, dogmatical, lumi- 
 nous, lacking the suppleness and vivacity of Thiers, and the genial 
 flow, pathos, richness, grace, and large manner of Berryer. But the 
 tone of M. Guizot, it must be admitted, is generally philosophical and 
 elevated, and he exhibits great power of expression, and often much 
 adroitness in hitting the humor of the Chamber. No man seizes on a 
 leading popular idea with greater address, or more artfully and elabor- 
 ately produces it suited to the taste of a majority. Of many of the de- 
 tails of business, and of much of the ordinary routine of office, Guizot 
 is ignorant. To the praise of being a very learned man, a clever and 
 copious writer, and a first rate debater, M. Guizot has fully vindicated 
 his claim. 
 
 Lamartine, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, is almost unknown in 
 this country, except as a poet, who has written much, and has been 
 praised by Goethe, and been called by his countrymen the Byron of 
 France. But Lamartine has been for many years a politician, and a 
 reformer. Unlike most poets he is rich in this world's goods ; and 
 unlike most politicians he has never sought office for the sake of its 
 emoluments. He was born at Macon, on the 21st of October, 1790, 
 and was educated, until the time of going to college, by his mother. 
 His father had been a major in a cavalry regiment, under Louis the 
 XVL, and his mother was the daughter of an under governess in the 
 family of the parents of Louis-Philippe. In all of his writings there 
 has been exhibited a strong religious sentiment, which is to be ac- 
 counted for by the history of his early years. He relates that his 
 mother received from her mother on her death bed, a present of a 
 Bible. Out of this book, when quite a child, he was taught to read ; 
 it was ornamented with engravings ; and when he had recited his les- 
 sons well, and had read half a page or more without making mistakes, 
 his mother used to reward him by showing and explaining the pictures. 
 Six years after her death, he described, with all the fervor of a poet, 
 the silvery and affectionate tones of her voice, and dwelt with rapture 
 upon the recollections of those days when, seated on her lap, she 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 5*? 
 
 praised his good behavior, and wondered what would be his future 
 fate. 
 
 Lamartine finished his education at the College of Peres de la Foi 
 in Belley, where he was noted for his fervent religious feeling and 
 serious character. On leaving college he went first to Lyons, and then 
 made a voyage to Italy. He went to Paris during the last days of the 
 ennpire, and having been educated to hate and despise the imperial 
 reginne, he was somewhat puzzled to know what to do with himself. 
 Being young and not a little enthusiastic, he was soon for a time led 
 away by the attractions of the theatre, and spent considerable money 
 and time in admiring the acting of Talma, who was at that period in 
 all his glory. In 1813, he again visited Italy, where he wrote or com- 
 menced a number of literary works. On the fall of the emperor he 
 returned and offered his services to the restored race which had shared 
 the blood and the affections of his father, and was enrolled as a mem- 
 ber of the gardes du corps. After the famous Hundred Days, Lamar- 
 tine quitted the service ; and, having become attached to a young wo- 
 man, was about to marry, when she was snatched away from him by 
 death. This circumstance affected him for several years, and on it 
 he has written some of his most poetical poems. 
 
 In 1820, on rising from a sick bed, he gathered together his writings 
 and attempted to find a purchaser, or at least a publisher. It was a 
 hard task ; but accident led to acquaintance with a man who was 
 struck with Lamartine'a appearance, or had the taste to discover some 
 peculiar value in his poems, and who printed them under the title of 
 " Meditations Poetiques." To so great a popularity did he arrive in a 
 short time, that within less than four years forty-five thousand copies 
 of his first work were sold in Paris. This success opened to him the 
 doors of diplomatic life, and he was sent as an attache to Florence. 
 From that time to J825, he resided successively at Naples and at Lon- 
 don as Secretary of Legation ; and from that latter city, went back to 
 Tuscany as Charge d'Aflaires. 
 
 A poet's life is incomplete without some romance, and Lamartine 
 was not without his share of happy adventure. When in Florence as 
 a simple attache, in the midst of a splendid Italian fete, he overheard 
 a rich, tender, and melodious voice, murmuring whh a foreign accent, 
 one of his own verses. The soul of the poet was on fire at once, and 
 an acquaintance being easily made with his fair admirer, who proved 
 to be a rich, young English woman, he was married to her in the 
 course of a few months. Just previous to his return to Tuscany, his 
 fortune already large, was increased by the death of his uncle ; but 
 neither diplomacy nor riches seemed to wean him from the muses ; 
 and he kept on writing and publishing from time to time. One of his 
 poems was considered so offensive to a Neapolitan officer, that he chal- 
 lenged Lamartine, who fought to defend his verses, and received a 
 dangerous wound, which confined him for sometime to his bed. 
 
 In 1829 he returned to Paris, and was elected a member of the In- 
 stitute. He was about to depart for Greece in the character of Min- 
 ister Plenipotentiary, when the revolution of 1830 took place. The 
 new government offered to confirm the appointment ; but he refused 
 
58 THE FEENCH EEVOLUTION. 
 
 it, and preferred to remain out of office, holding his own predilections 
 for the elder branch of the Bourbon family. 
 
 The revolution of 1830 opened people's eyes to many things that 
 were not previously known to their philosophy ; and among others 
 Lamartine was led to speculate more calmly and considerately on the 
 subject of politics. Now commenced with him a desire for a more 
 active life, and he panted to take part in the debates of the tribune. 
 But his first step was an unlucky one ; he came forward as candidate, 
 for the Chamber of Deputies from Toulon and was defeated. 
 
 In 1833 he went to Marseilles, where he engaged a vessel entirely 
 for his own use, and sailed for Asia. He was absent from France for 
 sixteen months, with his family, during which time he had the misfor- 
 tune to lose his only child, a daughter. On his return he published 
 his famous work entitled Voyage en Orient. He visited all the princi- 
 pal places in Egypt and Asia, traversed the deserts, made acquaint- 
 ance with Ibrahim Pacha, the famous Lady Stanhope, and other dis- 
 tinguished people. His Itineraire is at once the book of a poet, a 
 historian, and a philosopher ; describing, as it does, all the principal 
 places in Greece, Judea, Turkey, and Servia. He was recalled to 
 France by the people of Dunkerque, who had in his absence elected 
 him to the Chamber. 
 
 In January, 1834, he made his first appearance on the tribune dur- 
 ing the discussion of the address in answer to the throne, and occa- 
 sioned great curiosity, as it was yet unknown which of the parties he 
 would join ; but ho refused to be classed with either party ; he spoke 
 of justice, of moderation, of toleration, of humanity. 
 
 After his entry into the Chamber, he did not, as many predicted he 
 would, desert the paths of literature ; and he has published, during the 
 period which has elapsed, some of his best works. His History of the 
 Girondins is having an immense sale at the present time. At the 
 same time he has increased in power as a debater, and risen in public 
 estimation as a politician. He was enthusiastic in the description of 
 the glorious future fate which he had pictured in his own mind for 
 Eastern countries, and contended that they would, in the course of 
 twenty years, become great and civilized republics. 
 
 Lamartine will be found liberal, honorable, and courteous in his in- 
 tercourse with other nations, a foe to tyranny, and a friend to young 
 as well as old republics. 
 
 Garnier Pages, Minister of Finance, is not so handsome a looking 
 man as either Barrot or Lamartine. His face is long, and rather thin, 
 — his eyes staring, and he wears rather large spectacles ; his hair 
 has generally a crazy look, and he brushes it high up, exposing a 
 broad good forehead. But, on the whole, he has quite as intelligent 
 a look as either of the other gentlemen named. We find in a work 
 published a few years ago, that Pages is stated to have brought with 
 him into politics, all those qualities which adversity bestows upon se- 
 lect minds; the habit of observation, calmness in discussion, a whole- 
 some appreciation of difficulties, a knowledge of the world, a practical 
 method of considering its daily occurrences. 
 
ODILLON EARROT 
 
 ^DILLON BARROT, who led the way in the Revolution, at first, 
 is a stout, strong-built man, with a comely, inexpressive, and 
 meditative face. His voice is full and sonorous, and he has a 
 pompous and measured style in speaking, and he generally 
 gives you rather the idea of a professor of moral philosophy, or a lec- 
 turer, than a political debater. But occasionally he warms to his sub- 
 jects, and at such times an auditor may ever and anon hear some 
 finely conceived sentences, well delivered, with earnest and appropri- 
 ate action. Lukewarmness, however, and temporizing are the char- 
 acteristics of the man. He is almost always tame, and generally 
 timid, and though he has come out with more fire and force recently 
 during the reform banquets, yet if the people resist, Barrot will not be 
 the man to lead them on. The great defect of this cold, calm, color- 
 less man is, that he is too full of theories and abstractions. Though 
 he occasionally generalizes luminously, yet being totally devoid of fine 
 fancy and imagmation, his didactic disquisitions fall on heedless and 
 unlistening ears. 
 
60 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 iiiiiiii: 
 
 019 650 381 A, 
 
 DuPONT, {(le VEure), the President of the Council, is a Nestor in 
 the public service, being 81 years of age, and having been more than 
 60 years in public life. His inflexible integrity and lofty sense of 
 duty are proverbial. Elected a deputy at the Restoration, he im- 
 mediately resigned a profitable and highly honorable magistracy, which 
 he had before enjoyed, deeming its continued tenure incompatible 
 with the proper discharge of the duties of his new station, and thus ad- 
 ministering a cutting rebuke to the crowd of functionaries, that then, 
 as lately, crowded the Chambers. He was the close friend of La 
 Fayette, and through the influence of the latter, became the First Min- 
 ister of Justice under Louis-Philippe, who was anxious to secure for 
 his new administration the benefit of his name and influence. Not 
 long after, Dupont thought he discovered Machiavelism in the King, 
 and indignantly withdrew from the cabinet. He repulsed with dis- 
 dain all attempts to conciliate him by ofl^ering him a seat on the bench 
 of the High Court of Appeals. Though poor, he was no Trojan to 
 accept presents from the Greeks, and has ever since opposed the Or- 
 leans government with the most unwavering resolution, in 1842, he 
 was elected a Deputy by three different colleges. His advanced age 
 has prevented his taking a very active part in the late Revolution, or 
 the acts succeeding if, but yet his name is a tower of confidence. 
 
 Arago, who is Mayor of Paris, was one of the active men of 1830, 
 although not then a member of the Chamber. He is better known in 
 this country by his fame as a man of science. He always maintained 
 his liberal opinions with the greatest ability and fearlessness. Neman 
 is more independent of cliques and factions. Arago was never a slave 
 to anything mortal but once ; and then he was made so by stress of 
 circumstances. Having been sent to Spain to make some observ- 
 ations on longitude, the vessel in which he sailed fell into the hands of 
 the Algerines, and for months he suffered bondage. If size and weight 
 are controlling elements in the valuation of slave propeily, Arago 
 must have been deemed a rich prize by his barbarian masters, for his 
 stature is Herculean. He is now in his sixty-third year, with a tall 
 and majestic figure, a bright sparkling eye, and an impetuous manner. 
 He is a man who always wants to be doing something else — never 
 satisfied to keep his mind to one point only, but while engaged on one 
 subject, although not disposed to give it up, never satisfied without a, 
 second object also engages his thoughts ; he is a man who would, if he 
 could, keep both hands employed on two difl^erent tasks. His father 
 took particular pains with his education, and he had the advantage of 
 instruction at Perpignan college, whence he went to a still higher insti- 
 tution at Montpelier, and afterwards, at eighteen years of age, to the 
 Polytechnic school, where he remained two years. His first public 
 service was in the capacity of Secretary of the Bureau of Longitudes, 
 Napoleon sent him to Spain, on an important scientific expedition, 
 which was accompanied with important results. 
 
 In 1831 Arago was elected to the Chamber from his native place, 
 Perpignan, and immediately established himself on the opposition 
 benches. He has held a large number of public offices, and has for 
 many years been director of the Observatory of Paris, and chief of 
 the Bureau of Longitudes. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 019 650 381 fl