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Stories of New York 
 
 FOR 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY READING 
 
 liY 
 
 ELMA G. MARTIN 
 
 SYRACUSE, N.' \." 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 
 
 1900 
 
 Copyright. 1900. by C. W. Kardeen 
 
< 
 
 xA 
 
 74267 
 
 Library of Congresw 
 
 Two Copies Received 
 NOV 12 1900 
 
 Copyright antra 
 
 No 
 
 SECOND COPY 
 
 Delivered to 
 
 ORDER DIVISION 
 APR, 10 t901 
 
Publisher's Introduction 
 
 The recent marked tendency to make local his- 
 tory prominent in supplementary reading is in 
 every way to be commended. Children like 
 tales of adventure and daring; they like such 
 tales the more if they know they are true, and 
 still more if they are associated with places near 
 by or well-known. 
 
 New York is as remarkable in its history as in 
 its geography. Here were the headquarters of 
 the Indians ; here were some of most romantic 
 of explorations; here were the most important 
 battles of the revolution and of the war of 1812 ; 
 here the Erie canal was built ; here the first steam- 
 boat ran ; here the development of commerce and 
 of manufactures has been the greatest. To 
 ride from Albany to New York or to Buffalo is 
 to pass through ~a region full of historical asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 This history is the rightful heritage of the chil- 
 dren of the State. They have the right to expect 
 of their education that it shall enable them to 
 recognize its landmarks and recall their associa- 
 tions. When they see from the windows of the 
 
 (?) 
 
8 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 train the Oriskany monument, it should call up 
 the picture of what was perhaps the pivotal bat- 
 tle of the revolution, with General Herkimer 
 wounded at the foot of the tree but still direct- 
 ing his men. When they pass the ruins of 
 Ticonderoga, their minds should recall Ethan 
 Allen's rough demand for its surrender. Crown 
 Point, Plattsburg, Oswego, Niagara, Stony Point 
 — what memories of valiant deeds should cluster 
 about these names. 
 
 This volume is a contribution to this end. The 
 stories deal with the Indians, the explorers, the 
 patroons; they tell of Champlain and Stuyve- 
 sant and Leisler ; of the settlement of New York, 
 the burning of Schenectady, the capture of 
 Ticonderoga and Stony Point, the surrender of 
 Burgoyne, the treason of Arnold. Most of the 
 stories are told as by contemporaries — the nar- 
 rative of the wounded soldier to his grandchild, 
 the letter of the husband to the wife, of the son 
 to his absent mother. They have all been used 
 in the schoolroom and have all been found to be 
 interesting to the children. Profitable they can- 
 not fail to be. 
 
 For supplementary reading the advantage of 
 stories which have a connection is well-known 
 to observing teachers. The large, open type, 
 the familiar conversational style, the illustra- 
 tions, make it admirably adapted for a reader for 
 
PUBLISHER S INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 children of the fourth to seventh grades. It 
 will prove among the most pleasing to the chil- 
 dren, and certainly among the most useful in 
 every way. Our children should know what a 
 grand old State they live in, and they cannot 
 learn history more certainly and pleasantty than 
 by using this volume as a reader. 
 
 The expressed purpose of the regents of the 
 University and of the department of public in- 
 struction to give more and more prominence in 
 the regents and in the uniform examinations in 
 history and geography to the history and geog- 
 raphy of New York, makes it especially desirable 
 as an early preparation for these examinations. 
 
Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. The Indians of New York 17 
 
 II. The Discovery of New York 22 
 
 III. Samuel de Champlain 27 
 
 IV. The Settlement of New York 31 
 
 V. Indian Revenge 36 
 
 VI. Life under the Patroons 40 
 
 VII. Peter the Headstrong 46 
 
 VIII. The Burning of Schenectady 52 
 
 IX. Jacob Leisler 57 
 
 X. Grandfather's Story of Fort Edward 62 
 
 XI. The Stamp Act 69 
 
 XII. The Capture of Ticonderoga 75 
 
 XIII. Washington's Retreat from Long Is- 
 land 79 
 
 XIV. Burgoyne's Surrender 87 
 
 XV. The Capture of Stony Point 94 
 
 XVI. Arnold's Treason 99 
 
 XVII. The Battle of Plattsburg 108 
 
 XVIII. The Erie Canal 114 
 
 (li) 
 
Portraits 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Alexander, William 80 
 
 Andre, John 100 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund 57 
 
 Arnold. Benedict 100 
 
 Brant, John 21 
 
 Burgoyne. Gen. John 88 
 
 Cham plain, Samuel de 27 
 
 Charles II 49 
 
 Clinton. DeWitt 117 
 
 Sir Henry 80 
 
 Colden, Cadwallader 72 
 
 Colles, Christopher 119 
 
 Cruger, John 70 
 
 Gates, Horatio 90 
 
 Herkimer. Nicholas 89 
 
 Howe. Earl Richard 79 
 
 Sir William 79 
 
 Hudson, Henry 23 
 
 James II 49 
 
 Johnson. Sir John 89 
 
 Sir William 62 
 
 KiiiL r Heudrick 65 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kosciusko, Thaddeus 91 
 
 Livingston, Robert 1 61 
 
 Robert R 70 
 
 Macomb, Alexander 109 
 
 McDonough, Thomas 112 
 
 MoDougall, Alexander 82 
 
 Mary II 58 
 
 Mifflin. Thomas... 83 
 
 Morgan, Daniel 87 
 
 Morris. Gouverneur 119 
 
 Putnam. Israel so 
 
 St. Leger, Barry. 89 
 
 Schuyler. Philip 90 
 
 Stark, John 89 
 
 Stirling. Lord 80 
 
 Stuyvesant, Peter 46 
 
 Thayendanegea 21 
 
 Washington, George 81 
 
 Wayne, Anthony 95 
 
 William III 58 
 
 (13) 
 
STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
The Indians of New York 
 
 Hundreds of years ago, before the foot of 
 white man ever trod the soil of the new world, 
 where now fruitful farms and populous towns 
 lie, the Indian roamed through the forest, or 
 paddled his canoe over the smooth lake or rapid 
 river. Extending through the State of New 
 York was the country of the Iroquois, a con- 
 federation composed of five, and later of six 
 tribes. The Mohawks occupied the eastern part 
 of the State. West of them were the Oneidas, 
 Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. These tribes 
 were united in war, but each governed itself in 
 local affairs, only sending its sachems and war- 
 riors to the grand council held at the call of the 
 chief sachem of the confederation, at a town of 
 the Onondagas near the site of the present city 
 of Syracuse. 
 
 Many towns of the various tribes were scat- 
 tered through the State. Let us suppose our- 
 selves in one of the villages of the Senecas, the 
 tribe most skilled in building. It is situated 
 near the shore of one of the beautiful lakes of 
 central New York. The land slopes gently down 
 
 (17) 
 
18 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 to the pebbly beach, and at a distance of a few 
 hundred yards from the lake we see through the 
 trees the habitation of the Indians. Before the 
 door is a tall pole bearing the rudely-carved repre- 
 sentation of the bear, the totem of this particu- 
 lar family. Each tribe was divided into families 
 or clans, all supposedly descended from the same 
 female ancestor, and each having its separate 
 sign or totem. 
 
 The building is a narrow structure, consider- 
 ably over one hundred feet in length, with gable 
 toward the lake. It is built with a wooden 
 framework covered with elm -bark. These long 
 houses are built to last several years, and are 
 much more substantial than the wigwams of 
 some other tribes. Issuing from a number of 
 holes in the roof, are thin lines of smoke. En- 
 tering a building by a door at the end, we wouid 
 find ourselves in a passageway between two rows 
 of stalls. The first two, nearest the entrance, 
 are reserved for storing the beans, corn, tobacco 
 and other stores belonging to the tribe. Every- 
 thing except weapons and trinkets is held in 
 common, and to these storehouses all members 
 of the tribe go for provisions. 
 
 Passing on we see four stalls or rooms grouped 
 about a common fire-place, which is a pit in the 
 hard earthen floor, directly under a hole in the 
 roof. Each of these stalls serves for the home 
 
THE INDIANS 19 
 
 of a family. There are six or seven fire-pits, 
 each with its accompanying group of rooms, 
 and at the farther end, store-rooms similar to 
 those we first found. 
 
 Over one of the fires a squaw is cooking the 
 family supper. This consists of parched corn 
 and fish, just caught from the lake. Part of 
 the smoke from the fire escapes through the hole 
 in the roof above it, and part settles down, ren- 
 dering the air almost unbreathable. There are 
 no windows and the only light comes from 
 above, and from the fires. 
 
 These Indians raise corn, beans, pumpkins, 
 squashes and sunflowers, the women cultivating 
 the soil with rude hoes made by tying a flat 
 stone to a stick. The lake and forest supply the 
 remainder of the food. The only domestic ani- 
 mal is the dog, numbers of which skulk about 
 the dwellings. 
 
 Passing outside we see some of the squaws 
 returning from labor in the fields, many with 
 their pappooses strapped to a board on their 
 backs, peering out with their beady black eyes. 
 On entering the house the mother will hang the 
 baby in its strange cradle on the wall, while she 
 busies herself with domestic duties. 
 
 A few old men linger about the house, sitting 
 on the ground in the light of the setting sun, 
 
20 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 smoking pipes of copper with earthenware bowls. 
 Their dress is of skins, and on their feet they 
 wear mocasins made of the hide of the deer. 
 
 At length, just as daylight is fading away, a 
 faint shout is heard from the lake. All rush to 
 the shore, and spy a black speck which soon 
 shows itself to be a number of canoes, paddled 
 rapidly by muscular Indian warriors. Their 
 paddles keep time to a peculiar rhythmic chant 
 which, as they approach the shore, gives place 
 to a succession of blood-curdling whoops. They 
 seem intoxicated with joy. Upon reaching the 
 shore they rush madly from the canoes, brandish- 
 ing bows and arrows, and waving in the air the 
 bloody scalps of their enemies, for this is a re- 
 turning war party. The warriors are muscular, 
 well-formed men, with hair adorned with feath- 
 ers and bodies smeared with paints in various 
 colors and designs. 
 
 A huge fire is hastily kindled near the shore, 
 the warriors snatch food, quickly cooked by the 
 squaws, devour it as a hungry animal would, 
 some men eating pieces of raw meat, and begin 
 a weird dance about the fire. This, slow and 
 measured at first, and accompanied by the rattle 
 of rude drums, soon becomes fierce and furious, 
 and is continued until one after another of the 
 warriors becomes exhausted. 
 
THE INDIANS 21 
 
 Such were the Indians of New York. Skilful 
 above other tribes in 
 building the long-houses, 
 in the manufacture of 
 rude stone-headed ar- 
 rows, spears, and toma- 
 hawks, cunning in the 
 chase and on the war- 
 path, faithful to a friend 
 and cruel and revengeful 
 john brant, thayendane^ea to an enemy, they pos- 
 sessed the faults and virtues of wild children of 
 the forest. 
 
The Discovery of New York 
 
 About the table upon which the evening meal 
 was spread, in a modest Dutch home, were 
 gathered, early in the winter of 1609, a middle- 
 aged matron and her three children, two little 
 daughters and a tall, stalwart son. There was 
 an air of great excitement in the group, and 
 admiring glances were frequently cast at the 
 boy, who, from his appearance, was a sailor, 
 who had just returned from a long voyage. 
 
 After finishing the frugal supper, the younger 
 girl climbed to her brother's knee, and said, in 
 an awe-stricken tone, ' ' And you were really in 
 the New World, Heinrich ! Were there dragons 
 there, and goblins ? ' ' 
 
 " No, little sister," was the reply, "but there 
 were strange beasts and stranger men. Sit still 
 and I will tell you about it. ' ' So while the elder 
 girl put away the remains of the meal, and the 
 mother took her knitting, the boy recounted his 
 adventures. 
 
 t4 You know," said he, "how anxious the 
 East India Company was to find a route to India 
 toward the northwest. We sailed in that direction 
 
 (22) 
 
THE DISCOVERY OF NEW YORK 23 
 
 after leaving Texel last April, hoping to discover 
 
 the long wished for pas- 
 sage, but we met only 
 fogs, winds, and ice and 
 had to turn back. Then 
 Captain Hudson steered 
 south, sailing for w r eeks 
 through unknown seas. 
 Early in July we spoke 
 some French fishermen 
 henry Hudson, 1550-16H on tb e banks of New- 
 foundland, and a few days later entered a very 
 good harbor a little to the south on the coast of 
 the mainland, where we set a new main mast 
 and mended our sails. Then we pursued our 
 journey toward the south and, on the eighteenth 
 of August, rode at anchor off the mighty bay 
 into which the river of King James, in Virginia, 
 flows. As the passages toward the south had 
 been explored by the English and the Spanish, 
 we turned our prow northward, to view more 
 carefully the shores we had passed. 
 
 ' ' Early in September we entered a goodly bay 
 in which all the ships of Holland might ride in 
 safety. We anchored, and the savages came 
 out to us in canoes made of hollow trees, which 
 they paddled with much dexterity ; they wished 
 to exchange their furs for knives and beads. 
 The next day some of us landed. As Captain 
 
2-i STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Hudson stepped on shore the Indians stood and 
 chanted in a strange, weird fashion, believing 
 us to be visitors from Heaven. They wore fur 
 or feather mantles, shell bracelets and necklaces, 
 and some of the men had pipes of copper with 
 earthen bowls, in which they burn that plant 
 called tobacco which Sir Walter Ealeigh brought 
 into fashion in England. They passed the 
 lighted pipes around from one to the other, each 
 puffiing at it in turn. ' ' 
 
 '"And did you take it too?" questioned the 
 child on his knee. " Did it taste good ? " 
 
 ' ' Yes, I took some, but it was a strange, 
 strong plant, and it gave me a queer, bad feel- 
 ing, ' ' was the reply. 
 
 ' ' The day after this, ' ' he continued, ' ' John 
 Colman, an Englishman of the crew, was killed 
 by an arrow while returning from exploring the 
 shore. This made us more cautious, and we 
 soon moved up the bay to the mouth of the 
 river, which the Indians said flows far and feels 
 the tides of the ocean. Next day we started 
 northward, sailing sometimes past steep, rocky 
 cliffs, and sometimes along green, gently-slop- 
 ing shores. It is a noble river, and the land 
 through which it flows is as fair as one could 
 wish to see. 
 
 ' ' Occasionally we stopped and visited friendly 
 natives. Once they offered us a banquet, send- 
 
THE DISCOVERY OF NEW YORK 25 
 
 ing hunters out into the forest for pigeons and 
 other game, and killing fat dogs. They had 
 quantities of a grain called maize which is very 
 good when parched. 
 
 " We did not stop long, but went on until we 
 could no longer feel the tide, and the stream be- 
 came quite shallow in places. Then the Half 
 Moon was anchored, and the ships' boat was 
 manned and sent still further up the river. I 
 was one of the crew. We rowed some distance 
 up a tributary of the stream, which comes from 
 the west, but the river constantly grew smaller, 
 so we gave up and returned to the ship. 
 
 ' * The captain was very much disappointed, for 
 he had hoped to go that way to the Indies, and 
 he sorrowfully ordered the ship to be turned 
 down stream. 
 
 ' ' When we again came to the mouth of the 
 river we found the same friendly natives who 
 had shown themselves on our first arrival. Cap- 
 tain Hudson determined to give them a feast, 
 and invited them on board the Half Moon. He 
 gave them, among other things, some of our 
 rum to drink. The chief took the cup, smelled 
 it, and passed it on. The next did the same, 
 and all refused to drink, until one, fearing we 
 would take offence, said good-bye to his friends, 
 took the rum and hastily swallowed it. Soon 
 he began to lose his senses and fell down drunk. 
 
26 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 The others thought him dead, but, after sleeping 
 a while, he awoke and told them that it was the 
 strongest water he had ever drunk, but that it 
 made him happier than he had ever been before 
 in his life. 
 
 ' ' After the banquet the Indians paddled away 
 in their canoes, with presents of beads, cloth 
 and knives. The next day we set sail for home, 
 reaching Dartmouth, as I told you, the seventh 
 of November. King James heard of our discov- 
 eries, and, as he knew Captain Hudson to be an 
 Englishman, he stopped the vessel and will not 
 allow her to leave. The captain sent his charts 
 and log-book, with some other papers to the East 
 India Company at Amsterdam, and I was one 
 of those whom he selected to bring them. I 
 came home as soon as they were delivered. ' ' 
 
 ' ' I am glad you are home, and were not killed 
 by those Indians, like the Englishman, 1 ' whis- 
 pered the little girl, sleepily. 
 
 ' ' Come, daughter, you must not stay up too 
 late, listening to your brother's tales. He can 
 tell you more to-morrow. It is time for bed 
 now, ' ' said the mother, and the children dutifully 
 kissed mother and brother and left the room. 
 
Samuel de Ohamplain 
 
 While Hudson was making his way up the 
 beautiful river which bears 
 his name, a French voy- 
 ager had entered the terri- 
 tory occupied by the pres- 
 ent State of New York, 
 from the north. Samuel 
 de Ohamplain, for such 
 was his name, had made 
 a number of voyages to 
 Samuel de champlain. 1567-1635 Canada, or New France as 
 
 it was then called, and had established a settle- 
 ment at Quebec. 
 
 Making friends of the Algonquin Indians, he 
 explored much of the St. Lawrence region in 
 their company, and in the summer of 1609 was 
 induced to join a war-party against the Iroquois, 
 or Five Nations, a confederacy occupying the 
 territory to the south of Lake Ontario and the 
 St. Lawrence river. Ohamplain, two French 
 companions, and the warriors of the Algonquin 
 tribe made their way up the Sorrel river, pad- 
 dling swiftly along when the river was smooth, 
 
 (27) 
 
28 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 and carrying their frail birch bark canoes on their 
 backs around the water-falls and rapids. They 
 entered the beautiful lake, studded with islands 
 and surrounded by forest-clad mountains, to 
 which Champlain gave his name, and paddled 
 down to a promotory where Fort Ticonderoga 
 was later built, before seeing any of their ene- 
 mies. Suddenly near evening one day, an Iro- 
 quois war party was seen approaching the shore, 
 and both parties halted and waited until morn- 
 ing for the battle, spending the night in taunts 
 and jeers at each other. 
 
 The Iroquois was one of the bravest and most 
 warlike tribes of the new world, but, relying 
 upon their white companions, the Algonquins 
 were confident of victory. They had previously 
 planned the battle, in accordance with Indian 
 methods, by selecting a level plot of ground, 
 using sticks for warriors and longer ones for 
 chiefs, and sticking them upright in the ground, 
 the warriors gathering around, studying the 
 arrangement and making suggestions, each one 
 learning his own position in the battle. 
 
 When morning dawned the Algonquins ad- 
 vanced, carefully concealing the Frenchmen, 
 until they had approached within a few hundred 
 yards of their enemies. The Indians told Cham- 
 plain that they were sure of victory if he could 
 only kill three chiefs who came forward in front 
 
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 29 
 
 of the Iroquois band, wearing plumes, and 
 dressed in armor made of cotton-fibre. The 
 Algonquin ranks opened and Champlain ad- 
 vanced twenty paces; he stopped, levelled his 
 gun, a short arquebus loaded with four balls, 
 and fired. This discharge killed two chiefs and 
 wounded one warrior. 
 
 Astounded at the noise and at the effect of 
 the shot, for the cotton- fibre coats of mail were 
 impervious to arrows, and they could not under- 
 stand how the bullets could penetrate them, the 
 Iroquois broke and fled, pursued by the howling 
 Algonquins. Thus, by one shot, did Champlain 
 gain for his Indian allies the victory, and for 
 himself and his countrymen the lasting enmity 
 of the Iroquois. Moved by this defeat, and 
 others of a like nature, this powerful nation al- 
 ways aided the English against the French. 
 
 A few months later Champlain and five of his 
 French comrades accompanied his Indian allies 
 on another war expedition, during which they 
 attacked a fortified town of the Onondagas in 
 central New York. 
 
 Whooping and yelling, they reached the town, 
 which was surrounded by a stockade of logs. 
 Leaving the Algonquins out of reach of the ar- 
 rows of their enemies, Champlain and his white 
 companions approached the stockade, and, 
 thrusting their muskets through crevices, fired 
 
30 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 at the defenceless Indians within. At last, see- 
 ing their ammunition was getting low, they bade 
 the Algonquins approach the wall, under cover 
 of their shields, and attach ropes to the posts, by 
 which the structure could be pulled down and a 
 breach made so that the assailants could enter. 
 This was done, and the warriors were about pull- 
 ing down the stockade, when Champlain spied a 
 small party of French fur traders approaching 
 in a canoe. He bade the Indians wait so that 
 his friends could " have some of the sport ". 
 
 When they came up, the traders took their 
 muskets and fired into the living mass of red 
 warriors within, until they became tired, when 
 the stockade was pulled down and the Algon- 
 quins finished the destruction of the town. Out 
 of one hundred warriors only seven escaped. 
 The Algonquins gave Champlain the entire credit 
 for this victory, as they rarely attacked a forti- 
 fied town when unassisted, relying almost 
 entirely on treachery and cunning to surprise 
 their enemies in the forest or field, when away 
 from the towns. 
 
 Other Frenchmen entered New York to fight 
 against the Iroquois, and thus some of the 
 strongest and most civilized tribes were alienated 
 from them and made to serve as a protection to 
 the English in the later struggles between the 
 French and English. 
 
The Settlement of New York 
 
 On the dock in the city of Amsterdam, one 
 bright day in the summer of 1613, stood a group 
 of four, talking earnestly and rapidly. They 
 were the same persons whom we saw gathered 
 around the supper table listening to the tale of 
 the adventures of the son. Near by was moored 
 the good ship ' ' Tiger ' ' ready to sail on a voyage 
 to the New World for a cargo of furs. She was 
 laden with cloth and trinkets for barter with the 
 savages. The last of the cargo had just been 
 taken aboard, chains rattled, officers shouted 
 their orders, and the time had come to start. 
 
 ' ' Good-bye, mother, ' ' said the sailor as he was 
 ordered on board. 
 
 ' ' Good-bye, my son, ' ' replied the mother em- 
 bracing him with tears in her eyes. 
 
 The sisters then came in for their share of 
 leave taking. " Good-bye, Heinrich. Will you 
 bring me back a little Indian baby to play with, 
 and a string of pearls like pigeon's eggs?" said 
 the younger. 
 
 "Yes, Minnchen, if I can get them. Good- 
 bye, little sisters, and be good while I am gone, ' ' 
 
 (31) 
 
32 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 and with a kiss and an embrace for each he 
 joined a group of his comrades and hurried on 
 board. 
 
 The vessel weighed anchor and was soon un- 
 der way, amid the fluttering of kerchiefs and the 
 tears of the parting. A voyage to the New 
 World meant much in those days. It was long 
 and full of peril. 
 
 After the vessel had sailed out of sight the 
 mother and daughters, each weeping silently, 
 started on their way back to their home. They 
 must walk long, weary miles to their humble 
 village dwelling, yet they did not mind that, if 
 only they might see their loved one until the last 
 minute. 
 
 A company of rich Amsterdam merchants had 
 sent Captain Adriaen Block, an experienced navi- 
 gator and a brave man, to the New Netherlands, 
 as the country discovered by Hudson was called, 
 for a cargo of furs. Four other ships, of which 
 the "Fortune", commanded by Captain Hen- 
 drik Christiaensen was one, were sent about the 
 same time. Heindrik Braun had been anxious 
 to take the voyage with Captain Block, as he 
 had already visited the New World in company 
 with Hudson. 
 
 Months passed by and at last it was told in 
 Amsterdam that the ' fc Fortune " was in. After 
 this became known, his mother and sisters waited 
 
THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK 33 
 
 longingly for news of the ' ' Tiger ' ' and of Hein- 
 rich. In a few days one of his companions 
 brought to the little home a letter, an unusual 
 thing in those days. After much spelling and 
 studying, the little family was able to make out 
 the following : 
 
 " Island of Mannahatta, ) 
 Eighth of May, 1615. ] 
 
 "My highly esteemed and beloved mother: 
 
 " Since I left you on the dock at Amsterdam 
 many months have passed and much has hap- 
 pened. I wish I could sit by our fireside and tell 
 you about it, as I did six years ago, with little 
 Minnie on my knee. But I suppose she would 
 think herself too large to sit there now. 
 
 " We had a fine passage and moored, early in 
 September, in the fine harbor which we entered 
 with Captain Hudson. Many natives visited us 
 and we soon had a quantity of rich furs in ex- 
 change for some of our cloth, beads and trinkets. 
 But we had not a cargo, so decided to wait for a 
 party of Indians from up the river. 
 
 " We were nearly all on shore one day, when 
 we discovered the 4 Tiger ' was in flames. We 
 sprang to tlie boats, but arrived too late to save 
 the ship, although a large part of her cargo was 
 saved. 
 
 " Captain Block at once set about building a 
 small vessel of sixteen tons burden, which we 
 
34 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 called the 'Restless'. To furnish quarters for 
 the crew while this was being built, and to store 
 the cargo, we built a few huts on this island, 
 which the Indians call Mannahatta. 
 
 ' ' After the ' Eestless ' was finished Captain 
 Block left part of the crew with some of the fur 
 traders on the island to traffic with the Indians, 
 and went eastward to see what lands might be 
 there. We who were left set about building a 
 truck house and fort. We built a square log 
 house with loop-holes on all sides, and surrounded 
 it with a palisade of logs. 
 
 " After Captain Block had been gone about 
 three months, Captain Hendrick Christiaensen 
 was going further up the river, and, as I had 
 been there before, he desired me to accompany 
 him, which I did, although the winter weather 
 was upon us and the river often filled with float- 
 ing ice. 
 
 " We proceeded up the river almost as far as 
 the ship could go, then landed and commenced 
 trading with the Indians. Captain Christiaensen 
 concluded to build a truck- house on a small 
 island which we called Castle Island. We built 
 the house of logs and surrounded it with a 
 stockade and a moat eighteen feet wide. We 
 stayed some time at this place, and then sailed 
 south with a cargo of furs, leaving a garrison of 
 twelve men to trade with the Indians. 
 
THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK 35 
 
 ' ' When we reached Mannahatta, which we of 
 Amsterdam wish to call New Amsterdam, we 
 found our men on very friendly terms with the 
 natives and some of them not at all opposed to 
 remaining until other ships come next year. I, 
 too,' decided to stay, partly because Captain 
 Christiaensen could not take many of us, as he 
 has to follow the coast eastward until he finds 
 Captain Block, and take him and some of the 
 crew of the k Eestless ' back to Holland, and 
 partly because there is need of men here, and I 
 like the adventurous life of the trading post. 
 
 ' ' Captain Christiansen will see that this long 
 letter is delivered to you, that you may know 
 that I am alive and well, and desirous to be 
 with you all. 
 
 ' ' My warmest love to both the dear sisters 
 and to yourself, my most highly esteemed mother, 
 ' ' From your fond son, 
 
 "Heinrich Braun." 
 
Indian Revenge 
 
 Two Indians, one a chief past the meridian 
 of life, but stiU full of the strength and vigor 
 which comes from a life in the forest, the other 
 a boy of perhaps fourteen or fifteen years, 
 straight and willowy in form, were sauntering 
 along the shore of a little lake which occupied 
 formerly that part of Manhattan Island where 
 later the Tombs was built. It was a clear 
 autumn day in the year 1626. The sun glistened 
 on the water and the light breeze brought down 
 the leaves in showers. A flock of wild geese 
 settled down slowly on the reedy margin of the 
 lake, and the two stopped to watch them. 
 Blows of the hammer resounded from the fort 
 which was being built on the lower part of the 
 island by direction of Governor Minuit. The In- 
 dians, wno were from one of the tribes of River 
 Indians, were about to resume their way to the 
 trading post, whither they were taking a bundle 
 of skins for barter, when suddenly they were 
 confronted by three Dutchmen, farm servants 
 of Governor Minuit. who were returning empty- 
 handed from an examination of their traps, set 
 the night before. 
 
 (36) 
 
INDIAN REVENGE 37 
 
 " The Indian has furs. The red-skins take all 
 and leave none for us," said one, seeing the 
 bundle in the possession of the chief, and angry 
 at his own poor success. 
 
 16 Let's take what he has, " shouted another. 
 
 "We're with you," responded the third, and 
 I they attempted to rob the defenceless savages. 
 
 The Indians resisted. Loud and angry words 
 1 were exchanged, then blows, until at last the 
 three drew their knives and killed the unoffend- 
 ing chief. At the death of his uncle, the young 
 Indian started and fled, with the last words of 
 the murdered man, "Revenge, revenge," ring- 
 ing in his ears. How well he carried out the 
 dying commands, the later history of the colony 
 Jean tell. 
 
 P The governor neglected to expiate the crime 
 by the payment of wampum, according to the 
 Indian custom, and years passed. Governor 
 Minuit was succeeded by Wouter Van Twiller, 
 and he in turn by headstrong, cruel William 
 Kieft. Kieft aroused the slumbering hatied of 
 the tribes along the Hudson by imposing a trib- 
 ute of furs and corn. Soon some swine were 
 stolen from a plantation on Staten Island. The 
 governor charged the innocent Raritans with the 
 theft, and sent an armed force against them. 
 Several Indians were killed. This served to 
 arouse all the tribes about New Amsterdam. 
 
38 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Just at this time the nephew of the chief who 
 had been killed by Minuit's servants, remember- 
 ing the slaughter of his uncle, determined to 
 execute the vow of vengeance which he had 
 taken so long before. He crossed over to Man- 
 hattan, steathily entered the cabin of Glaus 
 Smits near the East River, slew him, plun- 
 dered his dwelling, and fled. Thus had the 
 slaughter of the unoffendiug warrior borne its 
 bitter fruit. 
 
 But still more was to follow. His chief re- 
 fused to give up the murderer at Kieft's demand. 
 The angry governor was delighted to have a cause 
 for war, but the colonists were as anxious to 
 avert it. So great was the pressure brought to 
 bear upon him that Kieft called a council of 
 twelve men to advise him. This was the first 
 representative assembly called for political pur- 
 poses in New York. The twelve were anxious 
 to secure peace with the Indians, but at last, in 
 return for concessions granted by the governor, 
 they gave a reluctant consent to the punishment 
 of the Indians for the murder of Smits. 
 
 The red-skins eluded an expedition sent against 
 them, and made a nominal peace with the Dutch. 
 At midwinter a large war party of Mohawks 
 came down the Hudson and the river tribes fled 
 to the Dutch for protection, encamping near the 
 river. Instead of rendering their red brethern 
 
INDIAN REVENGE 39 
 
 eternally greatful to them, and showing their 
 humanity and Christian spirit, the Dutch, al- 
 though this course was strongly resisted by most 
 of the colonists, surprised the Indians on a cold 
 night, and about a hundred savages, squaws and 
 papooses as well as warriors, were slaughtered 
 in cold blood. 
 
 Naturally the Indians retaliated in every way 
 possible. Villages and farms were made deso- 
 late, and the colony was on the verge of ruin, 
 which was averted only by the recall of Kieft 
 and the appointment of Peter Stuyvesant in his 
 place. 
 
Life Under the Patroons 
 
 It was a pleasant day in the autumn of the 
 year 1642. A soft haze hung over the Hudson, 
 and the forests which lined its banks were re- 
 flected in its blue depths with all the gorgeous 
 beauty of red and gold with which nature had 
 clothed them. On the western bank of the 
 river, near where Fort Orange, with its accom- 
 panying cluster of houses — then called Bevers- 
 wyck, now Albany — was situated, two girls 
 about twelve and fourteen years of age, were 
 busily engaged in gathering the nuts which the 
 frost of the previous night had scattered in 
 abundance on the ground. Squirrels chattered 
 among the trees, angry at the intrusion, and 
 occasionally a flock of wild fowl skimmed over 
 the tranquil waters of the river. 
 
 The girls were Lisbet and Gerretji van Nieuk- 
 kerk, daughters of the schepen of Eensselaer- 
 wick. Gerritji, stopping to chase a squirrel as 
 he ran along the ground from one tree to another, 
 suddenly called out : ' 4 Lisbet ! Lisbet ! look, the 
 sloop is coming up the river ! ' ' 
 
 Sailing slowly along in the light breeze was 
 
 (40) 
 
LIFE UNDER THE PATROONS -±1 
 
 the little vessel which did service between 
 Rensselaerwick, the large estate of Patroon 
 Van Rensselaer, and Manhattan Island. 
 
 " Let's go and see her come in," shouted Lis- 
 bet, and off they ran in the direction of the 
 wharf. As they came near they saw Arendt 
 van Curler, who governed the colony in the ab- 
 sence of the Patroon, walking with several others 
 in the direction oi the wharf. Women and chil- 
 dren stood in groups near, and the two girls 
 joined oue of these groups. 
 
 Slowly the sloop sailed in, and at last her pas- 
 sengers could disembark. They were met at the 
 wharf by the men, and welcomed by a hearty 
 Dutch kiss and an embrace. Foremost of the 
 group of comers was a man of about forty years 
 of age, in the garb of a Dutch minister. He 
 was accompanied by a woman, evidently his 
 wife, and four children, a girl probably sixteen 
 years of age, and three younger boys. These 
 were Dominie Johannes Megapolensis, who had 
 been sent over to preach the gospel on the estate 
 of Patroon Van Rensselaer, and his family. 
 There were also a number of other settlers, two 
 of them accompanied by their wives. 
 
 Van Curler escorted the men and women to 
 the settlement, but the children, allured by the 
 sight of others near their own age, and wearied 
 by their long passage up the river, lingered and 
 
42 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 were approached by Lisbet and Gerritje van 
 Meukerke. 
 
 " My name's Gerritje ; what's yours ? " queried 
 the girl, bashfully twisting one yellow braid, and 
 poking her bare toe into the sand. 
 
 " My name is Hellegond Megapolensis, and 
 these are my brothers, Dirrick, Johannes, and 
 Samuel," replied the new comer. 
 
 "Will you have some of our nuts?" said 
 Lisbet, offering an apron filled with chestnuts. 
 
 All accepted the invitation gladly and soon 
 became quite talkative. They wandered off 
 into the woods by the wayside, and finally sat 
 down on a fallen tree at the outskirts of the 
 settlement. 
 
 ' k Yes, ' ' Hellegond was saying, ' k we came 
 from Amsterdam on the ship ' De Houttuyn ' 
 with Captain Adriaen Dircksen Houttuyn. We 
 waited over two weeks at the Manhattans for 
 the sloop to come for us ; then we had a pleasant 
 passage up the North Eiver ; but the time seemed 
 long, for we were tired of being on the ship, and 
 longed to get to our new home. How long have 
 you been here ? ' ' 
 
 ' ' We came nearly twelve years ago, ' ' answered 
 Lisbet, "when I was only two years old and 
 Gerritje a baby. That is our house over there 
 near the river, ' ' and she pointed to a substantial 
 log cabin to the left. "That is my father's 
 
LIFE UNDER THE PATROONS 43 
 
 wheat field, too, and he raises more wheat on it 
 than any other man in the colony on the same 
 amount of land. ' ' 
 
 ' ' But I thought all the land belonged to Myn- 
 heer Van Eensselaer, " said Dirrick. 
 
 " So it does," continued Lisbet, " but we rent 
 it of him and pay him so much wheat or so many 
 skins for the use of it each year. Our noble 
 patroon, you know, furnishes the settlers with 
 as much land as they can cultivate, with horses 
 and cows, plows and tools, and they pay him 
 half the increase of their flocks and herds, and 
 a portion of the crops raised. They sometimes 
 prefer to pay a fixed rent each year, as my 
 father does. No settler can leave the land for 
 ten years, and if he leaves at the end of that 
 time, all the buildings he has built belong to the 
 patroon. We are not allowed to weave cloth or 
 to grind our own grain, but must buy the cloth 
 which comes from Holland in the West India 
 Company's ships, and have the grain ground in 
 the patroon 's mill. We must give him the first 
 chance to buy anything we have to sell, too. He 
 has a right to govern us as he pleases, but must 
 protect us from the Indians, and is to provide a 
 church and a school. We expect to have a 
 church before Christmas, right over there on 
 that hill ; and there is to be a ferry to bring the 
 farmers from the other side of the river to 
 church." 
 
44 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 ' ' Are there Indians here ? ' ' said little Samuel, 
 looking about him in a frightened manner. 
 
 " Oh, yes," responded Gerritje, " lots of them, 
 but they will not harm you, now. They are not 
 at war with as, and only come to the fort to 
 trade furs and wampum for cloth, beads or guns. ' ' 
 
 "Don't you think we had better go back to the 
 father, sister ? ' ' queried the little fellow, shortly, 
 looking about him as if he expected to see a 
 painted savage spring out the woods. 
 
 ' ' Yes, dear, ' ' was the smiling reply, as they 
 all arose to join the older people. 
 
 They found their elders about to sit down to a 
 meal prepared for them by Mistress van Curler 
 and her willing neighbors. The room in which 
 the table was laid was a long one, with a large 
 fire-place at one side, surmounted by an oaken 
 mantle on which was usually a row of bright 
 pewter dishes, but these were now in use. The 
 ceiling was low and the oaken beams were stained 
 with smoke. About the sides of the room were 
 guns, swords, bows and arrows, intermingled 
 with strings of dried apples and pumpkins, and 
 ears of corn hanging by their braided husks. 
 The floor was covered with white sand. In one 
 corner was a large clock, and drawn up to one 
 side of the fire-place was a large oaken chair 
 which had evidently been brought from the 
 mother country. 
 
LIFE UNDER THE PATROONS 45 
 
 At the head of the heavy oaken table sat 
 Dominie Megapolensis with his wife next to him. 
 The others were ranged about the table, and 
 about smaller ones improvised of boards and 
 benches. The tables groaned with the hearty 
 viands dear to the Dutch housewife. Whole 
 hams, haunches of venison, wild turkeys, hams, 
 corn bread, cheese, with pumpkin pies, oily 
 koeks, new milk, pots of tea, and pitchers of 
 foaming beer, appeared as if by magic, and just 
 as rapidly disappeared. The children, who were 
 to wait until the older people had finished, were 
 afraid there would be nothing left for them, but 
 the stock of provisions held out, and they gorged 
 themselves until they could eat no more. After 
 a romp on the grass, the two girls proudly led 
 the four strangers home to spend the night with 
 them, for the new settlers had to stay at the 
 different houses until homes could be provided 
 for them. 
 
Peter the Headstrong 
 
 Peter Stuy vesant, often called Peter the Head- 
 strong, was the last, and 
 in many respects, the best 
 of the Dutch governors of 
 New Amsterdam. By pro- 
 fession a soldier, he was 
 fond of the arbitrary na- 
 ture of military rule. He 
 was a thorough disciplin- 
 arian, fond of show, aris- 
 
 peter stuyvesant. 1602-1682 tocratic in the extreme, 
 
 haughty toward his subordinates, but inflexibly 
 honest, just and patriotic. He had been gover- 
 nor of Curagoa for the Dutch West India Com- 
 pany and, while besieging the Portugese island 
 of St. Martin, had lost a leg. The need of skil- 
 ful medical treatment had brought him to Hol- 
 land, and while there, he received the appoint- 
 ment of director general in place of William 
 Kieft, whom the company had decided to recall. 
 The little fleet of four vessels bearing the new 
 director and some settlers, arrived at Manhattan 
 one pleasant May morning in 1647. The whole 
 
 (46) 
 
PETER THE HEADSTRONG 47 
 
 city turned out under arms to meet him, shouted 
 themselves hoarse, and nearly exhausted the gun- 
 powder of the town to show their joy at his 
 arrival. 
 
 Stuyvesant marched proudly up to the fort, 
 displaying his silver-mounted wooden leg, which 
 gained him the title of "Old Silver-leg". In 
 utter disregard of everyone but himself, he kept 
 a number of citizens standing for several hours 
 bare-headed in the hot sunshine, and then made a 
 speech to the people in which he promised to 
 govern them "as a father his children, for the 
 advantage of the chartered Dutch West India 
 Company and these burghers and their land." 
 
 He was too honest to conceal his views and 
 soon declared, ' ' If any one during my adminis- 
 tration shall appeal, I will make him a foot 
 shorter and send the pieces to Holland, and let 
 him appeal in that way. ' ' But, although des- 
 potic, honesty and wisdom characterized his gov- 
 ernment. Trade was regulated, relations with 
 other colonies were adjusted, Indian troubles set- 
 tled, the morals of the people and the support of 
 religion'attended to. 
 
 Peter succeeded at last in infusing some of his 
 own energetic spirit into the people, and a period 
 of comparative prosperity followed. Led by 
 patriotic feeling, he dropped the Indian name of 
 Manhattan and called the capitol of the colony 
 
48 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 New Amsterdam. He found the town a strag- 
 gling, irregularly built village, and he insisted 
 upon the construction of buildings with reference 
 to street lines. Houses of logs thatched with 
 reeds and straw, with windows of oiled paper, 
 began to give way to more pretentious dwellings 
 of tiles, shingles and brick. At first brick was 
 imported from Holland at great expense, but 
 finally a brick yard was established on the island. 
 The houses were surrounded by gardens in which 
 tulips and cabbages, with some other flowers and 
 vegetables, were grown. The floors of the living 
 rooms were strewn with white sand, marked in- 
 to fanciful shapes with the broom. Huge chests 
 filled with homespun linen occupied the corners, 
 cupboards with glass doors displayed rows of 
 shinging pewter plates, and the wealthier citizens 
 often had china tea sets and solid silver spoons, 
 tankards, and punch bowls. 
 
 The citizens rose at cock-crowing, breakfasted 
 at sunrise, dined at eleven, and at nine o'clock 
 retired. The usual social gatherings were tea 
 parties which began at three o'clock in the after- 
 noon in winter, and ended at six, at Avhich time 
 the visitors went home and did their milking. 
 The young men accompanied the maidens to their 
 homes, and before departing decorously printed 
 a resounding kiss on the blooming cheek at the 
 gate. All were thrifty, economical and indus- 
 trious. 
 
PETER THE HEADSTRONG 49 
 
 These were the ''good old days", often dis- 
 turbed, however by quarrels between the despotic 
 Stuyvesant and the citizens, who, influenced 
 partly by the settlers from New England, grew 
 more and more anxious for self-government. 
 In England Charles II had taken the reins of 
 government which fell 
 from the weak hands of 
 the republicans and, anx- 
 ious to please his subjects 
 and keep his power, had 
 proclaimed ' ' liberty t o 
 tender consciences ' ' . The 
 Dutch West India Com- 
 pany followed the exam- 
 
 ('harles II. 1630-1685 x _ " in 
 
 re.gned. 1661-1685 pie, but Stuyvesant, de- 
 
 voted to the doctrines of the Dutch Reformed 
 church, began a series of petty persecutions 
 which drove people to dislike him heartily. 
 At this juncture news came that an English 
 fleet, sent by James, Duke 
 of York, brother to Charles 
 II, was on its way to cap- 
 ture New Amsterdam. 
 Thoroughly frightened, 
 Peter tried to fortify the 
 city, but the people would 
 work only in a half- 
 hearted way, and when, 
 
 .James II, 1633-1761 , ., ' -, o a j. • 
 
 reioned. 1685-1688 at the close of August in 
 
50 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 1664 four English men-of-war anchored outside 
 the Narrows, the people were half anxious for a 
 change of rule. In vain Peter fumed and 
 stormed and tried to evade them; the people 
 would know the terms offered by the English, 
 and when they found that Dutch settlers were 
 promised the same rights as the English, men, 
 women, and children besought him to submit. 
 
 L ' I would rather be carried out dead, ' ' said 
 the stern old governor ; but he could not hold out 
 alone, and at last the headstrong old man who 
 had ' a heart as big as an ox, and a head that 
 would have set adamant to scorn ' consented to 
 capitulate. 
 
 On the morning of September eighth the old 
 patriot stumped down Bear Lane from the fort 
 to the place of embarkation for Holland at the 
 head of his soldiers, and an hour later the Eng- 
 lish flag was raised on the fort and the city proc- 
 laimed tk New York " in honor of the proprietor. 
 Peter went to Holland to report to the West In- 
 dia Company, but later returned and settled on 
 his ''bouwerie' 1 or farm near the eastern coast 
 of the island, and lived in tranquillity until his 
 death in 1682. He was buried under the old 
 church of St. Mark, and in the northern wall of 
 that structure may now be seen a freestone slab * 
 
 *A picture of this is found in Hendrick's Brief History of the Empire 
 State, p. 25. 
 
PETER THE HEADSTRONG 51 
 
 on which is engraved a memorial inscription. 
 ' ' With all his faults Peter Stuy vesant was a 
 grand man of the time in which he lived. 11 
 
The Burning of Schenectady 
 
 On one cold winter day in February, 1670, the 
 snow lay like a cold white blanket over the field, 
 or piled in hugh drifts in sheltered spots, about 
 the frontier post of Schenectady. Schenectady 
 was, at that time, a village of about eighty 
 houses, enclosed in a palisade of logs for protec- 
 tion from the Indians, hostile since the opening 
 of the war between the French and English the 
 year before, known as King William's war. 
 
 There were two gates to the town, and about 
 one of these a number of boys and girls were 
 playing in the snow. " Howard, why don't 'oo 
 make a bid snow man for 'ittle May ? " lisped a 
 three year old child, whom her brother was 
 drawing on a home-made sled. 
 
 ' ' Come, boys, let's make a snow man, ' ' shouted 
 the boy, pleased with the idea. 
 
 "All right, we'll make some soldiers, " was the 
 eager reply. "Let's make one on each side of 
 the gate." 
 
 " Hal, you and the little fellows and the girls 
 roll big balls, and we will make the men. Get 
 some shovels, boys." 
 
 (52) 
 
THE BURNING OF SCHENECTADY 53 
 
 All was activity and bustle. The snow was 
 rolled into large balls, these were set upon one 
 another, and soon two immense snow images 
 were finished, just as the shades of night began 
 to close in about the little village. 
 
 A group of men stood about, watching the 
 children at their work, and the captain of the 
 little company of Connecticut soldiers stationed 
 there sauntered toward the group. 
 
 ' ' I think sentinels had better be posted to- 
 night, don't you, Mr. Carver?" he asked of a 
 man who was evidently one of the more influ- 
 ential members of the group. 
 
 ' ' Pooh ! hoo ! No, not I, ' ' was the scornful 
 response. " Why should we post sentinels and 
 deprive tired men of a good night's rest, when 
 there is not a live enemy this side of Canada ? ' ' 
 
 " But we don't know that," persisted the cap- 
 tain; ik the woods may be full of sly red devils 
 waiting for night to fall upon us. " 
 
 ''Nonsense, captain," interposed another, 
 ' ' you military men are always imagining some 
 enemy or another is about. There isn't an In- 
 dian going to cross those miles of woods between 
 here and the Saint Lawrence, in this weather, 
 let alone a Frenchman. ' ' 
 
 " The garrison at Pemaquid would have faired 
 better if they had ' imagined some enemy was 
 about ' last August, ' ' continued the soldier. 
 
54 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 k * But that was in summer when the travel- 
 ling' s good. Here, boys, if our brave captain 
 will have sentinels, here are some that can do all 
 the work that's needed, and won't object to stay- 
 ing out in the cold ; ' ' and two or three of the 
 younger men seized sticks and placed them like 
 guns, in the hands of the snow images. 
 
 ' ' Come, Howard and May, we will go home to 
 supper, ' ' and Mr. Carver took his children by the 
 hand and led them through the settlement toward 
 the opposite gate of the stockade, near which his 
 home was situated. 
 
 Silently the shadows deepened, and the stars 
 came out one by one. The crescent moon sank 
 early to rest, and left the night dark and cold. 
 In the forest above the town, two hundred forms 
 glided as silently as the very shadows themselves 
 among the trees. Had the moon not hidden her 
 face so soon, some would be seen to be darker 
 than others, and clad in the feathers and paint 
 which the Indian dons while on the war-path. 
 In advance was an Indian woman, accompanied 
 by two Frenchmen, commanders of the expedi- 
 tion, whom she was evidently guiding. Not a 
 twig crackled under the feet of any, as swiftly 
 and silently they glided on their snow shoes to- 
 ward the town. 
 
 ' ' This way to the gate, ' ' whispered the woman, 
 as they neared it. 
 
THE BURNING OF SCHENECTADY 55 
 
 ' ' Not so fast ; we will approach carefully, ' ' re- 
 plied the Frenchman, fearing as ambush. 
 
 " You need not fear. The careless pale face 
 never guards the gates, " and the approach was 
 hastened. The gate was reached, passed, and 
 the company of bloodthirsty Indians and their 
 scarcely less bloodthirsty French companions, 
 was in the town. 
 
 " William, awaken, " called Mrs. Carver in an 
 agony of fear, as a cry smote her ears. 
 
 "What is it, wife?" he asked, but did not 
 stop for an answer, for another cry, loud, shrill 
 and triumphant, sounded upon the quivering air, 
 the dreaded Indian war-whoop. 
 
 " There is no time to waste, follow me; " and 
 the father snatched up his little daughter as his 
 wife hurried the son along, without waiting for 
 clothing, into the cold night. 
 
 kt Mother, it is cold, I don't want to — ," began 
 the boy. 
 
 " Hush, not a sound, the Indians, 1 ' and they 
 made a rush for the gateway near, their only 
 hope of escape. 
 
 The war-whoops were now mingled with the 
 crack of rifles and the shrieks of the dying, and 
 the landscape was lighted faintly by the flames 
 of some dwellings which had been fired, each 
 moment growing brighter. Could they cross the 
 open space between the stockade and the woods 
 
56 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 beyond without being discovered by some hostile 
 eye, and killed by the sure bullet of some savage 
 warrior ? Others were running in the same 
 direction, all with no other clothing than their 
 night clothes. Never did the distance to the 
 first tree seemed so long! Now they must be 
 discovered by the light of that bright flame ! But 
 no, no rifle pours its flame of death in their 
 direction. 
 
 At last the forest is reached, but they must not 
 pause ; already the light and the whoops of the 
 enemy tell them that no part of the town is free 
 from the fierce savages. On, on, through the 
 woods they go. Only a few, and most of them 
 with frozen feet and hands, reached the safety 
 of the fort at Albany, while the invaders, laden 
 with plunder and scalps, and taking twenty- 
 seven captives with them, retreat toward Canada, 
 
 Near the stockade two snow images partially 
 melted by the heat of the burning building and 
 blackened with cinders, kept their vain vigil over 
 the smoking ruins of the town and its former 
 inhabitants, stretched cold and lifeless on the 
 reddened snow. 
 
Jacob Leisler 
 
 The Duke of York, who had become King of 
 England at the death of 
 his brother, Charles II, in 
 the spring of 1688 united 
 the province of New York 
 with New England, mak- 
 ing Sir Edmund Andros 
 governor. Although An- 
 dros was received by the 
 loyal aristocracy of New 
 
 Sir Edmund Andros. 1637-1713 York with great rejoicing, 
 
 he soon made himself cordially hated throughout 
 the colonies by his haughty and despotic conduct. 
 About this time the news reached New York 
 of the birth of a young prince. Most of the 
 Dutch settlers, as well as the Protestants of Eng- 
 land, had hoped for the accession of Mary, wife 
 of William of Orange, and daughter of James 
 Second. This hope was now killed. James's 
 folly and recklessness, especially in attempting 
 to restore the Eoman Catholic faith in England, 
 led to an invitation to William to come and 
 " deliver the land from Popery and slavery ". 
 
 (57) 
 
58 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 James's son was excluded from the succession 
 on the ground that he was not truly the son of 
 the queen, and James himself, forsaken by all, 
 fled to France, where his wife and child had 
 
 William III. 1650-1702 Mary II. 1662-1694 
 
 Reigned. 1689-1702 Reigned, 1689-1694 
 
 already been sent. William and Mary were 
 declared joint sovereigns of England. 
 
 When this news reached New England, Andrus 
 was seized, thrown into prison, and later sent to 
 England, charged with the mal-administration 
 of the affairs of the colony. The people of New 
 York were on the verge of an insurrection when 
 the news of the accession of the new sovereigns 
 was revealed to them. Two parties were found 
 in the city, one composed of the adherents of 
 James, while the other, constituting a large ma- 
 jority of the friends of the new sovereign, who 
 contended that, as the revolution had overthrown 
 the established government, all power reverted 
 to the people. 
 
JACOB LEISLER 59 
 
 Prominent among those who advocated this 
 latter view was Jacob Leisler, a German mer- 
 chant and captain of militia. Leisler was a zeal- 
 ous Protestant, a kind man, and one possessed 
 of an unusual amount of energy and determin- 
 ation. 
 
 As rumors of terrible things contemplated by 
 the partisans of James spread through the town, 
 the militia gathered and requested Captain Leisler 
 to take charge of affairs. Colonel Bayard, who 
 was an aristocrat, attempted to interfere, and 
 was obliged to flee for his life. Nicholson, the 
 old lieutenant-governor, departed to England, 
 thus giving the people's party, or Leislerians, a 
 decided advantage. Bayard continued to stir up 
 opposition to Leisler, was captured, arrested, and 
 imprisoned on a charge of " high misdemeanor 
 against His Majesty's authority ". The opposi- 
 tion of the aristocrats, who were angered still 
 more by this act, became more bitter. 
 
 In the meantime Colonel Sloughter had been 
 appointed governor, but did not arrive until the 
 spring of 1691. Before his arrival Kichard In- 
 goldsby, a captain of foot, arrived with a com- 
 pany of regulars. As he was the highest officer 
 in the colony, the aristocrats urged him to assume 
 supreme authority. He demanded the surrender 
 of the fort without showing his credentials. 
 Leisler refused. Ingoldsby was defeated in an 
 
HO STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 attempt to take the forts by force, and compelled 
 to await the arrival of Sloughter. 
 
 When the governor did arrive, Leisler at once 
 gave up to him his authority over the forts, and 
 the province. Sloughter, although a just man, 
 was over-persuaded by Bayard and others to 
 order the arrest of Leisler, Jacob Milborne, his 
 son-in law, and six others. They were tried on 
 a charge of high treason by a court composed 
 entirely of Bayard's friends. Leisler refused to 
 plead, but appealed to the king. His appeal was 
 never sent. Sloughter was constantly besought 
 to sign a warrant for the execution of Leisler 
 and Milborne, but refused, postponing it until he 
 could hear from the king. The people in large 
 numbers petitioned for the pardon of the prison- 
 ers. This alarmed Bayard, who saw that, if he 
 was to secure the death of his enemy, it must 
 be done quickly. Knowing he could not do this 
 by fair means, he resorted to treachery. Slough- 
 ter was invited to a dinner party on Staten Island, 
 and so plentifully supplied with wine that he 
 became stupidly drunk. While in this condition 
 a death warrant was shown him, and he was 
 induced to sign it. It was sent to the sheriff at 
 New York that same evening, and the execution 
 of the two prisoners ordered the next morning. 
 The governor was, in the meantime, kept drunk. 
 
JACOB LEISLER 
 
 61 
 
 The wives of Leisler and Milbourn were sent 
 for, and parting words 
 were hurriedly spoken. 
 In the drenching rain the 
 two patriots were led to 
 the scaffold. Only a few 
 citizens, some of them 
 women, were present. 
 Seeing among the specta- 
 tors Robert Livingston, 
 one of his most bitter 
 enemies, Milbome said : ' ' Robert Livingston, I 
 will implead thee at the bar of Heaven for this 
 deed. ,? Leisler uttered a prayer for blessing 
 upon the province and his family, and, speaking 
 of his enemies, said : ' ' Father, forgive them ; 
 they know not what they do.' 1 The heavens 
 grew darker and darker, women screamed, and 
 amid the torrents of rain, the souls of the two 
 martvrs ascended to their Maker. 
 
 Robert Livingston 
 
Grandfather's Story of Fort Edward 
 
 " Yes, children, it was many years ago, in the 
 summer of 1755," began grandfather to the 
 children clustering about him and demanding a 
 story, ' ' that I went with General Johnson and 
 Colonel Lyman to attack Crown Point. I was 
 a young man in those days, and very eager to 
 prove my bravery and patrioim. 
 
 "General William Johnson had come to the 
 Mohawk valley to take 
 charge of the estate of his 
 , / _ uncle, Sir Peter Warren, 
 
 and had succeeded, by 
 kindness and justice, in 
 winning the confidence of 
 the Iroquois. He was 
 given command of an ex- 
 pedition intended to cap- 
 
 Gen. William Johnson. 1715-1774 ture Fort CrOWn Point 
 
 and rid Lake Champlain of the French. 
 
 ' ' Colonel Phineas Lyman, of Connecticut, 
 was second in command, as brave and capable 
 an officer as ever led a regiment. He started 
 from Albany one bright summer morning, with 
 
 (62) 
 
 w 
 
GRANDFATHER'S STORY OF FORT EDWARD <58 
 
 r^kT\ EoK 
 
 the main body, consisting of a 
 few hundred colonial troops and 
 King Hendrick's Mohawk braves, 
 with drums beating and colors 
 flying. My brother Joe was one 
 of the drum corps, and I had 
 promised mother I would keep 
 an eye on him. Poor mother! 
 how she hated to have Joe go ! 
 He was her youngest. But he 
 was a brave lad, and anxious to 
 pay off the French for the atro- 
 cities they had committed. 
 
 " We kept on through the 
 woods for fifty miles, until we 
 reached the 'great carrying 
 place ' * between the Hudson and 
 Lake St. Sacrament. Here we 
 stopped and waited for Johnson 
 to come up with the artillery and 
 stores. While we were waiting, 
 Lyman occupied the time in con- 
 structing a fortification of earth 
 which was named Fort Lyman. 
 I was used to work in the forest 
 in those days, and much pre- 
 ferred felling trees to tramping 
 along the hilly country roads, 
 
 *This map is from Hendrick's History, p. 71. 
 
64 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 carrying arms and ammunition, but, like the 
 rest, became impatient at the delay of the com- 
 mander. 
 
 " At last Johnson came and took command. 
 The news of Braddock's defeat took all the spirit 
 out of him, and he would have given up the 
 whole expedition if Lyman had not persistently 
 urged him to go forward. At last he consented 
 to do so. He changed the name of the fort we 
 had built to Fort Edward, calling it after the 
 young prince. The troops did not like this, as 
 they had insisted upon calling it Fort Lyman. 
 
 k ' Johnson decided to proceed to Crown Point 
 by way of Lake Saint Sacrament, which he now 
 called Lake George, in honor of the king. We 
 arrived at the head of the lake, one warm, sultry 
 night, and encamped by the lake shore. We 
 were tired from an unusually long and hard 
 march that day, and when an officer asked 
 Johnson if he intended to fortify the camp he 
 said ' No, the country is safe, no enemies are 
 about and the men are too tired. ' The next day 
 we expected the order to fortify, as it was decided 
 to remain there for a short time, but none came, 
 and we remained there day after day in the open 
 camp. 
 
 ' ' One day some scouts brought the news that 
 the forest to the north was swarming with the 
 French and their Indian allies. Johnson sum- 
 
GRANDFATHER'S STORY OF FORT EDWARD 65 
 
 moned a council in his tent, and, as I was familiar 
 with the country about Lake Champlain, I was 
 
 called in. Johnson was 
 anxious to send out a 
 small force to relieve the 
 garrison left at Fort Ed- 
 I ward under Lyman. The 
 H| opinion of King Hendrick 
 was asked as to the advisi- 
 pP bility of such a course. 
 ' If they are to fight, they 
 
 King Hendrick. 1690-1755 are tOO f eW ; if they are 
 
 to be killed, they are too many, ' replied the saga- 
 cious old savage. Johnson deferred to his judg- 
 ment and sent a force of twelve hundred under 
 Colonel Williams, two hundred of whom were 
 Hendrick 's braves. 
 
 ' ' Joe and I were both to go. We started 
 back the next morning, marching as rapidly as 
 we well could, for we were afraid Fort Edward 
 might be surprised before our arrival. Contrary 
 to our expectations, our foes had changed their 
 destination and were marching toward the camp. 
 
 " It was about ten o'clock when all at once, 
 as we were marching along in the front ranks, 
 Joe, who had eyes as keen as a lynx, saw some- 
 thing suspicious among the trees by the roadside 
 ahead, called out, ' A red-skin, as I live ! ' and 
 began to beat a loud alarm on his drum. In a 
 
66 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 second the woods to the front and the left were 
 alive with the enemy, and a volley of bullets 
 gave us a warm reception. We had fallen into 
 an ambuscade. 
 
 ' ' No troops could stand the hot and sudden 
 fire, and all fled in haste toward the camp. I 
 was only a short distance from Joe, and sprang 
 toward him. He was hit in the shoulder. 'It's 
 only a flesh wound, ' he said, in reply to my 
 anxious query, as we started to follow our flee- 
 ing column. 
 
 ' ' Many of the troops were old Indian fighters, 
 and as soon as they recovered a little from the sur- 
 prise they, loaded as they ran, turned occasionally 
 and fired at the pursuing enemy, taking advan- 
 tage of every tree and elevation of ground which 
 could afford shelter. The flight soon became 
 somewhat less of a panic-stricken rout. 
 
 ' ' On we went for miles, Joe losing blood and 
 becoming weaker. At last, just as we came 
 within sight of the camp, Joe staggered, fell, 
 and said faintly, ' Go on, George, I can't go any 
 further. I'm done for. ' 
 
 " ' Go and leave you ? Not much, ' I replied ; 
 and picking him up in my arms, for he was a 
 slight, slender lad, I staggered on with him. 
 
 ' ' The troops at camp had heard of our defeat, 
 and had hastily thrown up a breastwork of trees 
 and planted upon it the two small cannons which 
 
GRANDFATHER'S STORY OF FORT EDWARD 67 
 
 had been sent the day before from Fort Edward. 
 When we reached the breast-work, I could not 
 take another step with my load, and was about 
 to fall when some of the boys grabbed Joe and 
 me and drew us to a place of safety, if any part 
 of the camp was safe. 
 
 1 ' We were scarcely within the camp when the 
 motley crowd of French, Canadians, and Indians 
 came down upon us. The Indians were terrified 
 at the discharges from the cannon and fled to 
 the woods. Colonel Lyman came up just at that 
 moment with part of the garrison of Fort Ed- 
 ward, and at his appearance the Canadian militia 
 also fled, but the French regulars, under Baron 
 Dieskau, stood firm; Johnson had received a 
 wound in the leg at the beginning of the action, 
 so Lyman took command. After continuing the 
 fight for about four hours, the regulars at last 
 took to flight, their commander being fatally 
 wounded. The victory had been won, and the 
 army saved by General Lyman. 
 
 ' ' Lyman, and in fact all the other officers, 
 were anxious to push on and capture Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point, while the French were panic- 
 stricken by their defeat and not in a condition to 
 repel an attack ; but Johnson soon learned that 
 the fortifications were being strengthened, and 
 refused. He abandoned the entire enterprise, 
 and set about building Fort William Henry, at 
 
68 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 the head of the lake. This being completed he 
 returned to Albany, leaving a garrison there and 
 at Fort Edward." 
 
 "Did you go back with him, and did uncle 
 Joe soon get well ? ' ' queried the children. 
 
 " Joe's wound healed, but it was more serious 
 than we at first thought, and he was not able to 
 return to the army. I went back to Albany with 
 him, and soon enlisted in another campaign. 
 
 ' ' General Johnson, soon after his return to 
 Albany, sent to England a report of the cam- 
 paign, in which a mean spirit of jealousy so far 
 got the advantage of him that he did not even 
 mention Colonel Lyman. The British govern- 
 ment conferred knighthood upon him, gave him 
 great estates in New York, and a fortune of 
 twenty-five thousand dollars. ' ' 
 
 ' ' Did Colonel Lyman ever get any reward for 
 his bravery ? ' ' questioned one. 
 
 * ' Yes, years later, for this and for other ser- 
 vices, he was given a grant of land in West 
 Florida, and there he died soon after he had re- 
 ceived it. History, too, does justice to him, and 
 pays to the pure, loyal soldier a much more glow- 
 ing tribute than to the jealous, immoral, mean- 
 spirited Johnson/' 
 
The Stamp Act 
 
 Some years ago, while looking over a box of 
 papers in the garret of my grandfather's house 
 at Poughkeepsie, I came upon a package of let- 
 ters, yellow with age, tied with a faded blue rib- 
 bon. Upon a bit of paper which was wrapped 
 around them, was written, in a delicate femi- 
 nine hand, the words : ' ' Letters from William, 
 written while I was visiting Uncle Daniel in Vir- 
 ginia. " All were addressed to Miss Patience 
 Randolph, the maiden name, as I knew, of my 
 great-grandmother Wiley. The following are 
 extracts from some of them, revised somewhat 
 as to spelling and wording, for greater clearness. 
 All were written from New York. 
 
 Under date of November, 1765, the writer, 
 whom I concluded to be my great-grandfather 
 William Wiley, says: 
 " My esteemed and beloved Patience : 
 
 1 1 It was with much sorrow and disappoint- 
 ment that I learned of your prolonged stay, al- 
 though I hope it may be conducive to your health 
 and happiness. In these troublous times I long 
 to pour into your ears the relation of the hap- 
 
 (69) 
 
70 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 penings of each day, without being obliged to 
 have recourse to the cold and unsatisfactory 
 medium of the pen. 
 
 " You know that a convention of delegates 
 from the colonies was to assemble here on Octo- 
 ber seventh, to discuss measures to be taken in 
 regard to the odious Stamp Act. It met promptly, 
 and was a unit in its opposition to the tyranical 
 law. Nine colonies sent representatives. For 
 two weeks they were in session constantly. John 
 
 John Cruger. 1710-1792 
 
 Robert R. Livingston. 1746-1813 
 
 Cruger, whom you know, wrote a Declaration 
 of Rights, and Eobert Livingston, a cousin of 
 mine by my mother's side, a Memorial to both 
 houses of parliament. Both of these papers 
 were bold and outspoken in declaring and main- 
 taining our rights, but respectful toward the 
 king, as was a petition to the king written by 
 James Otis of Massachuetts; 
 
 " All these were adopted, and copies have been 
 sent to England. In the meantime the law was 
 
THE STAMP ACT 71 
 
 to go into effect before these could reach the king 
 and parliament. Last Friday, the first day of 
 this month, was the day appointed for the act to 
 take effect. James McEvert was appointed 
 stamp-distributor. 
 
 ' ' Early in the morning I went with some of 
 the men and boys to the meeting-houses, where 
 the bells were tolled while some put the flags at 
 half-mast and fired minute-guns. As only 
 stamped paper may be used for some things, very 
 little business was done that day, or, indeed, has 
 been done since. The courts were closed, all 
 commerce was stopped by mutual agreement by 
 the merchants, and no one even gets married, 
 because the license must be stamped. The mer- 
 chants of New York who met on Thursday last, 
 decided to send out a letter to the merchants of 
 other cities inviting them to join with New York 
 in refusing to import stamped goods. This surely 
 will effect the English manufacturers. Every- 
 body here is now wearing home-spun. 
 
 " The times are troublous and I fear the worst. 
 At all events the colony will not submit to the 
 tyrannical tax. We will not be taxed without 
 our own consent. Mother and Ellen unite in 
 sending love, and wishing for your speedy return. 
 ' ' Your affectionate, 
 
 44 William." 
 
 Under date of December first, he writes : 
 
72 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 1 ' My dearest Patience : 
 
 1 4 1 did not expect to have an opportunity to 
 write so soon again, but a messenger to Virginia 
 is about to depart, and will deliver this for me. 
 " * * * The trouble of which I spoke in 
 my last letter grows day by day. We have, as 
 you know, organized the ' Sons of Liberty ', of 
 whom I am one. 
 
 " When the stamps arrived in the city, McEvert 
 was so alarmed by the de- 
 mands for his resignation 
 and the opposition shown 
 by the Sons of Liberty, 
 that he refused to receive 
 them, although Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor Colden had 
 promised him protection. 
 They were taken to the 
 cadwallader colden. 1688-1776 fort,where Colden resides 
 at present, for safety. All were angered by this, 
 and large numbers gathered at the fort to demand 
 that they should be surrendered. Your cousin 
 Eob and I heard of the gathering and went at 
 once, finding only a few there upon our arrival, 
 but in a few minutes the open space in front 
 was black with people. 
 
 tk A demand that the emblems of tyranny 
 should be surrendered was met by refusal, where- 
 at we all shouted, notwithstanding the cannons 
 
THE STAMP ACT 73 
 
 of the fort and of two British ships of war were 
 directed upon us and upon the town. We formed 
 a procession and started back, but the orderly 
 procession soon became a howling mob. 
 
 ' ' One of the first things we did was to hang 
 Golden in effigy at the^ spot where Leisler was 
 hanged. Then almost all returned to the fort, 
 and since they could not get inside, entered 
 Colden's carriage-house and dragged out the fine 
 coach he was so proud of, riding about like a king 
 in it. Pushing it to the Bowling Green, they 
 piled it full of wood from the railings of the 
 Green, and burned it. Then they went to Major 
 James's residence, destroyed his fine library, his 
 elegant furniture and his garden ; and returned, 
 parading the streets for some time with the 
 Stamp Act printed on large sheets and raised 
 upon poles with the words, ■ England's Folly and 
 America's Euin'. At last Colden ordered the 
 stamps to be given to Mayor Cruger and the 
 common council, the latter agreeing to pay for 
 any they lost or destroyed. We did not return 
 to our homes until late in the night. 
 
 ' ' I think the people have possibly gone a little 
 too far in destroying the property of Colden and 
 of James. I did not take part in that. James, 
 however, gave great provocation by saying that 
 he ' would cram the stamps down their throats 
 with the end of his sword, ' and that ' if they 
 
74 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 attempted to rise he would drive them out of 
 the town, for a pack of rascals, with four and 
 twenty men. ' 
 
 ' ' At all events, we have gained our end, which 
 was to prevent the use of the stamps. A vessel 
 came into port a few days later, with stamps on 
 board for use in Connecticut, and the boys 
 boarded her, seized the stamps, took them ashore, 
 carried them down to the liberty pole and burned 
 them. The feelings of all grow more and more 
 bitter as time passes. I fear the result. 
 
 All unite with me in sending love. Hoping 
 this humble epistle will find you in the enjoy- 
 ment of entirely restored health, I remain 
 ' ' Ever your faithful 
 
 " William." 
 
Capture of Ticonderoga 
 
 The breaking out of the revolution found New 
 York peculiarly exposed to attack from the north. 
 By the influence of the Johnson family, the de- 
 scendants of Sir William, the Iroquois had 
 espoused the cause of the English, and were a 
 restless and warlike foe, ever ready to fall upon 
 scattered settlements or small parties. awaj r from 
 the protection of the forts. Lakes Champlain 
 and George, forming, with the Hudson river, a 
 natural highway between Canada and New 
 York*, and cutting off New England from the 
 other colonies, were almost entirely in the hands 
 of the English. The most important posts held 
 by them were Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
 Of these the former was better supplied with 
 arms and military stores. At that time it was in 
 a comparatively defenceless condition, and meas- 
 ures for its captures were at once taken. 
 
 Ethan Allen, who had raised a body of men 
 called the ' ' Green mountain boys ' ' was selected 
 as leader, and the volunteers raised especially for 
 this expedition were put under command, in 
 
 * See map on page 6?. 
 
 (75) 
 
76 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 addition to his own company. A man named 
 Phelps disguised himself and entered Fort 
 Ticonderoga as a farmer who wished to be shaved. 
 While playing the part of an ignorant rustic, 
 hunting for the barber, he obtained as much in- 
 formation as possible. 
 
 In order that the garrison of the fort might 
 not obtain any knowledge of the proposed ex- 
 pedition, men were placed on every road leading 
 to the fort to intercept all who passed. At Cas- 
 tleton a final rendezvous was appointed and here 
 the final plans were laid. Allen, with one hun- 
 dred forty men, was to reach Ticonderoga by 
 crossing the lake from Shoreham, on the east 
 side, while a force of thirty men was to capture 
 Skenesborough (now Whitehall) farther up the 
 lake, and drop down to join Allen and assist in 
 transporting his troops. 
 
 On the eighth of May, 1775, Allen set out for 
 Shoreham, when Benedict Arnold, a brave and 
 daring young officer, appeared and demanded 
 the chief command, showing a commission from 
 the Committee of Safety of Massachusetts. Allen 
 objected, 'but Arnold accompanied the expedition. 
 
 At sometime before night-fall, on the ninth, 
 the detachment reached Hand's Cove, on the 
 east side of the lake and prepared to cross. There 
 was a scarcity of boats, and, when the first light 
 of morning began slowly to streak the darkness 
 
CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 77 
 
 of night with gray, and the slopes of the moun- 
 tains caught the first rays of the coming dawn, 
 only eighty-three men had yet crossed. Allen 
 was impatient, fearing least by waiting for the 
 remainder of the men, the golden opportunity 
 of surprise might be lost. A few thrilling words 
 told his men of the danger of the attack, and 
 called for volunteers. Not a man hesitated. All 
 were ready. 
 
 Arnold stepped forward again and claimed the 
 command. Allen, sure of the support of his 
 soldiers, refused to give up the leadership of the 
 expedition. Harsh words followed and it seemed, 
 at one time, as if the whole expedition would 
 be given up. At last a friend of Allen arranged 
 a compromise by which Allen and Arnold should 
 march side by side at the head of the troops. 
 
 The column of attack was formed, and silently 
 but swiftly they marched up the hill. They were 
 almost upon the dozing sentinel at the wicket 
 gate of the fort when he saw them and snapped 
 his fuse at them, but it missed fire, and he ran 
 into the fort, closely pursued by the rival leaders, 
 with the whole command at their heels. 
 
 Once inside, the men were drawn up on the 
 parade ground, and the sleeping garrison was 
 awakened by a shout. The quarters of the com- 
 mander of the fort, Captain De la Place, were 
 pointed out to Allen, and he aroused the man by 
 
78 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 a thundering rap at the door. Alarmed by the 
 unusual noise, De la Place shouted : ' ' What do 
 you want ? ' ' 
 
 ' ' Come out here and surrender your garrison, ' ' 
 was the answer. 
 
 But half dressed the captain appeared, "By 
 what authority ? " he demanded. 
 
 ' ' In the name of the great Jehovah and the 
 continental congress, ' ' replied Allen. 
 
 De la Place was about to dispute further but 
 a drawn sword prevented argument, and the 
 garrison was ordered to parade without arms. 
 With Ticonderoga one hundred twenty cannon 
 and large supplies of other military stores fell 
 into the hands of the Americans, who were 
 sorely in need of them. 
 
Washington's Retreat from Long Island 
 
 The month of August, 1776, was a trying one 
 for all interested in the cause of American free- 
 dom. Washington's army, numbering about 
 seventeen thousand unpaid, poorly fed troops, 
 was confronted at New York by about thirty 
 thousand British and Hessian veterans under 
 Admiral and General William Howe and Sir 
 Henry Clinton. 
 
 Karl Richard Howe, 1729-1814 
 
 Sir William Howe, 1729-1814 
 
 General Green, who had been assigned the com- 
 mand of the American troops on Long Island, 
 had been forced by a severe attack of fever to 
 resign his command just when most needed. 
 General Sullivan, and later General Putnam, 
 was placed in command. 
 
 (79) 
 
80 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton. 1 
 
 Israel Putnam. 1718-1790 
 
 On the twenty-sixth of August a force of Brit- 
 ish, consisting of between twelve and fifteen 
 thousand troops, was landed on Long Island. 
 Early on the morning of the twenty-seventh, 
 
 the attack began by the 
 driving in of some of the 
 American guards by the 
 British force. General 
 Stirling was ordered to 
 check the enemy's ad- 
 vance and hold the posi- 
 tion if possible. He held 
 it bravely until a larger 
 British force had gained a 
 pass which was insufficiently guarded on account 
 of lack of troops, captured a body of troops un- 
 der General Sullivan after a brave resistance, and 
 had almost reached his rear. Then he fell back 
 toward the main body, and finding the bridge 
 
 William Alexander 
 Lord Stirling 
 
CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 81 
 
 across Gowanas creek in his rear was burned by 
 the British, was obliged to ford the marsh at the 
 mouth of the stream, in the rising tide. With 
 half his troops he remained to meet the enemy, 
 charging again and again upon their ranks until 
 the first division had been protected in crossing, 
 then fell back, but was captured. Washington 
 had crossed over to Brooklyn, but could send no 
 relief to the captured troops, as the enemy 
 threatened the main body. 
 
 An almost constant rain during the twenty- 
 eighth and twenty- ninth 
 prevented any movement 
 by either army. Late in 
 the afternoon of the 
 twenty-ninth a council of 
 war decided to abandon 
 Long Island and retreat to 
 New York city. Washing- 
 ton had anticipated the 
 
 George Washington, 1732-1799 necessity for this move- 
 ment, and had obtained all the boats of every 
 kind to be found on Manhattan Island. By eight 
 o'clock they were collected at Brooklyn ferry. 
 The troops had been informed earlier in the 
 afternoon that re-inforcements were expected 
 from New Jersey, and so did not expect the 
 movement. The sick had been sent to New 
 York earlier on the plea that their quarters were 
 
82 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Alexander McDougall, 
 1731-1786 
 
 needed for the troops. The night was dark, and 
 
 a violent storm of wind 
 and rain set in, making 
 the passage difficult and 
 dangerous. McDougall, 
 who had been given 
 charge of transportation, 
 decided that it would be 
 impossible to transport the 
 army in the teeth of the 
 storm, and set out to in- 
 form General Washington of the fact. He failed 
 to find Washington, so continued the work as 
 best he could. Slowly battling their way with 
 the waves that threateued their immediate de- 
 struction, the boats carrying the first detach- 
 ment succeeded in making their way across the 
 bay to New York. On account of the gale, the 
 sail boats were useless, and only the row boats 
 could be used. They returned for another de- 
 tachment. 
 
 About eleven o'clock the gale died away and 
 the sky cleared somewhat, threatening to make 
 the night clear enough to expose the movement 
 to the British. Soon a fresh southwest breeze 
 sprang up, rendering the sail-boats of use and 
 the passage easy and expeditious. 
 
 All night long the boats passed and repassed 
 with their precious freight. An unusual noise, 
 
CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 83 
 
 the accidental report of a gun, the gleam of a 
 lantern, might have exposed the whole move- 
 ment to the enemy and destroyed the army, 
 America's hope. But all night long the British 
 slumbered on, undisturbed by the thought that 
 the army which they hoped to capture on the 
 morrow was fast slipping from their grasp. 
 Once a blunder was made which might have 
 been fatal. General Mif- 
 flin had been stationed 
 with six regiments t o 
 cover the retreat and oc- 
 cupy the works to the 
 last. By mistake one of 
 Washington's aids 
 brought the orders about 
 two o'clock in the morn- 
 
 Thomas Mirrux, 1744-1800 ing? tQ mQve at once to 
 
 the ferry. The retreat was begun, and the troops 
 were all on their way, when Washington came 
 upon them in the darkness. ' ' A dreadful mis- 
 take ! " he exclaimed, and the men marched back 
 to their posts. The British, fortunately, were 
 still unsuspicious, and, in the words of the his- 
 torian Gordon, ' ' Providence further interposed 
 in favor of the retreating army, by sending a 
 thick fog about two o'clock in the morning 
 which hung over Long Island, while on the New 
 York side it was clear. ' ' 
 
8i STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 About sunrise the remainder of the troops, and, 
 last of all, the commander-in-chief, followed, 
 reaching the New York side in safety. Thus did 
 the God of liberty protect those who were to aid 
 in preserving a free and independent nation, on 
 the soil made sacred by the sufTeiings of those 
 who had fled from the persecutions of the old 
 world to the freedom of the new. 
 
Burgoyne's Surrender 
 
 Late in October of the year 1777, a small 
 group were gathered about the fireplace of a 
 comfortable log cabin near Albany. A cold 
 wind made the fire in the fireplace cheery and 
 inviting. The company about the fire consisted 
 of several children; two women, one evidently 
 the mother of the other; and an old man reclin- 
 ing on an old wooden settle, drawn up before the 
 bright blaze. The bandaged limb proclaimed 
 that the man had been wounded. 
 
 In compliance with repeated requests from 
 the children, at last the 
 old man said : ' ' Yes, chil- 
 dren, I'll tell ye all about 
 the battles and how I 
 came to get these ugly 
 bullet wounds. You see 
 when your father and I 
 started out the first of 
 August in response to 
 j, 1736-1802 General Schuyler's urgent 
 call for troops, we set out for Fort Edward. We 
 found the camp in a very confused condition. 
 
 (87) 
 
88 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Morgan's splendid riflemen, which, with two 
 other brigades and some stores, Washington 
 had sent from his own army, though he could ill 
 spare them, Arnold and Lincoln of Massachu- 
 setts, and volunteers from New York and New 
 England had arrived, making a strange mass of 
 troops. 
 
 " Burgoyne with his fine large army, abundant 
 stores, and Indian allies, 
 had had a sort of trium- 
 phant procession down 
 Lake Cham plain, had 
 captured Fort Ticondero- 
 ga, which Schuyler and 
 all the Americans had 
 thought inpregnable, and 
 had reached the head of 
 the lake. As Schuyler 
 retreated he felled trees, burned bridges, tore up 
 the roads, drove off the cattle, and did every- 
 thing in his power to retard the inarch of the 
 enemy. 
 
 ' ' When we reached the army it was at Van 
 Schaick's, where the Mohawk flows into the 
 Hudson-. The army was pretty well discour- 
 aged but some news from two different sources 
 cheered us up somewhat. Burgoyne had sent a 
 force of eighteen thousand British regulars, 
 
 John Burgoyne. 1T25-179S 
 
 * Now the city of Cohoes. 
 
burgoyne's surrender 89 
 
 Tories, Canadians, and Indians commanded by 
 
 Barry St. Leger, 1732-1789 
 
 Sir John Johnson, 1742-1830 
 
 Colonel St. Leger and Sir John Johnson, son of 
 William Johnson, np the St. Lawrence to Os- 
 wego, thence down the Mohawk with orders to 
 capture Fort Schuyler. This expedition, we 
 learned, had failed, although it seemed at one 
 time as if the ambush of a force of Americans 
 under General Herkimer, which had been sent 
 to relieve the fort, meant the total defeat of all 
 efforts to hold the valley and prevent St. Leger's 
 
 Nicholas Herkimer, 1715-1777 
 
 John Stark. 1728-1822 
 
90 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 joining Burgoyne. A force sent out by General 
 Schuyler was successful in driving St. Leger 
 back to Canada, and we felt no fear from that 
 quarter. 
 
 "Then came the cheering news that General 
 Stark had captured Colonel Baume and one 
 thousand troops which had been sent out to 
 capture our stores at Bennington in the Hamp- 
 shire Grant. We began to cheer up and recruits 
 came in more rapidly. 
 
 ''Just at this General Gates was given the 
 supreme command by congress, and our brave 
 General Schuyler was deprived of the fruits of 
 what he had accomplished with so much diffi- 
 culty. Although he felt hurt about it, he was 
 generous and patriotic and gave his plans for 
 the campaign freely to Gates. 
 
 Philip Schuyler, 1733-1804 Horatio Gates, ¥i 
 
 " On the twelfth of September we moved 
 camp and took up a position at Bemis Heights. 
 
burgoyne's surrender 91 
 
 Arnold and Kosciusko selected the site, and 
 Kosciusko strengthened it by a line of redoubts 
 
 and breastworks. We 
 were directly in the line of 
 Burgoyne's march to Al- 
 bany. On the eighteenth 
 there was some skirmish- 
 ing. The next morning 
 the fight began in earnest. 
 Arnold's brigade was first 
 to see heavy fighting, but 
 
 Thaddeus Kosciusko. 1746-1817 ft goon b ecame general. 
 
 The uneven ground and woods in front made it 
 possible for each army to approach within easy 
 range. We had no artillery, but the enemy had 
 four cannons. These were, for some time, the 
 centre of attack. Again and again we captured 
 these guns, but were forced back. I myself saw 
 Tom Haines of Concord sit astride the muzzle 
 of one of those cannons and kill two regulars 
 with his bayonet before a bullet struck him 
 down. At sunset both armies ceased firing, 
 and we withdrew to our fortified line. Thus the 
 day ended in a drawn battle, but Burgoyne's 
 advance had been checked. 
 
 ' ' Nearly three weeks passed before either 
 party did anything. We were receiving recruits, 
 while the English were becoming weaker day by 
 day. Burgoyne was waiting for help from 
 
92 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Clinton, who, you know, came up as far as 
 Esopus, burned it, then returned to New York. 
 
 "Finally Burgoyne saw that, as his stores 
 were giving out, he must do something and that 
 quickly. He ordered an advance and tried to 
 turn our left. Morgan's riflemen prevented this, 
 and the battle was joined all along the line. In 
 less than an hour we had the advantage. At 
 this time Arnold, who, on account of a personal 
 quarrel with Gates, had been removed from his 
 command, could no longer resist the temptation 
 to be in the thickest of it, and dashed upon the 
 field. He joined his old division, in which your 
 father and I were fighting, and assumed com- 
 mand, carefully avoiding the aide whom Gates 
 had sent to recall him. Here, there, everywhere 
 where the fight was the thickest, Arnold could 
 be seen on his large black horse, and wherever he 
 called, ' Come on boys ! ' we were not slow to 
 follow. With a cheer all rushed after him 
 wherever he led. At dusk the red-coats retreated 
 to their intrenchments, but even then Arnold 
 and Morgan followed them, and, breaking 
 through the line, forced the Hessians who held 
 it to abandon their position. 
 
 "Just as he was charging through the sally- 
 port in this last attack Arnold was wounded. I 
 was close behind, and as I pressed forward to 
 his assistance, a bullet from the rifle of a Hes- 
 
burgoyne 's surrender 93 
 
 sian struck me and I fell. A little later I was 
 carried from the field, knowing the enemy 
 thoroughly beaten. 
 
 "The next night Burgoyne retreated to Sara- 
 toga. Our army followed, sur- 
 rounding the British completely, 
 and cutting off their line of re- 
 treat. Without supplies and 
 outnumbered by our army, he 
 was forced to surrender on the 
 seventeenth. It was a fine sight, 
 I can tell you. Our army was 
 drawn up that morning in a 
 field, and the whole British 
 Monument on Bemis a miy, nearly six thousand 
 
 Heights. From Bar- , , n n ., . 
 
 keen's Geography of the strong, marched out from their 
 Empire state, p. 103. camp and stacked arms. Bur- 
 goyne presented his sword to Gates, saying that 
 the fortunes of war had made him Gates's pris- 
 oner. We gained some military stores, but, 
 more than that, have prevented the junction of 
 Burgoyne and Clinton, and the cutting off of 
 New England from the other colonies. ' ' 
 
 ' ' But, Grandpa, what is to become of the Eng- 
 lish troops ? ' ' asked a little fellow seated on the 
 floor, nestling his head against his mother's knee. 
 
 " They are to be sent back to England on con- 
 dition that they will not serve again during the 
 war, I think." 
 
94 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 ' ' It is time all you children were in bed now ' ' 
 said the mother. ' ' If you are up too late, you 
 will not be ready to get up early in the morning 
 for the milking." 
 
The Gapture of Stony Point 
 
 During the early part of the summer of 1779 
 the British under Clinton had ascended the Hud- 
 son River and captured the forts at Stony Point 
 and Verplanck's Point, opposite, completing the 
 unfinished fortifications at the former place, and 
 furnishing both with arms and garrisons. Wash- 
 ington believed Clinton's ultimate object was the 
 seizure of the forts in the Highlands, and the 
 ferries affording communication between New 
 England and the southern colonies. It was de- 
 sirable that these points should be re-captured, 
 both because of their own importance, and be- 
 cause in this way Clinton, who had just returned 
 to New York with the purpose of invading New 
 England, could be kept from sending his troops 
 so far away with an active enemy in his rear. 
 
 It was a daring undertaking, and Washington 
 selected for it a man renowned for his dashing 
 bravery, General Wayne, often called "Mad 
 Anthony ' ' . 
 
 On July 15, the troops which were put under 
 the command of Wayne for the expedition 
 started from Sandy Beach, fourteen miles away, 
 
 (95) 
 
96 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 and at eight o'clock in the evening reached the 
 rendezvous, foot-sore and weary. 
 
 The fortress of Stony Point was a headland 
 projecting into the river and cufc off from the 
 mainland by a morass. A causeway was the 
 only means of crossing this. The approach on 
 the land side was further protected by two rows 
 of abatis. 
 
 Wayne was fortunate in being able to obtain 
 a guide who was provided 
 with the countersign, a 
 negro slave belonging to 
 Colonel Lamb, who was 
 an ardent whig residing 
 in the neighborhood. 
 Pompey was accustomed 
 to go to the fort with 
 cherries and berries for 
 vnthony wayne. ir45-iT96 sale, and since the begin- 
 ning of the season for hoeing corn, had not been 
 allowed to go during the day, and therefore had to 
 make his trips at night, and Avas supplied with 
 the countersign. 
 
 The Americans started about eleven o'clock 
 with Pompey and two strong men disguised as 
 farmers in advance. So dark was the moonless 
 night that the troops were obliged to put pieces 
 of white paper on their hats in order to distin- 
 guish one another. When he reached the first 
 
THE CAPTURE OF STONY POINT 97 
 
 sentinel to the west of the causeway, Pompey 
 stopped and entered into a conversation with 
 him, and while his attention was thus engaged 
 the negro's two companions seized and gagged 
 him. The sentinel at the causeway was secured 
 in the same way, and as soon as the tide had 
 ebbed sufficiently, the troops crossed over to the 
 foot of the western declivity of the promontory, 
 unobserved by the British. The little band was 
 then formed into two columns, one of one hun- 
 dred and other of one hundred fifty volunteers, 
 and with fixed bayonets pressed forward, pre- 
 ceded by an advance guard of twenty men to 
 remove the abatis and other obstructions. They 
 were ordered to use only bayonets in the attack, 
 and any officer seeing a man aim his musket was 
 to cut him down. 
 
 One column advanced toward the fort from 
 the north and the other from the south. Silently 
 they approached until they were at the foot of 
 the hill, within pistol shot of the pickets upon 
 the heights, when they were discovered and a 
 skirmish ensued. The garrison was aroused and 
 the cry, "To arms! to arms!" the rattle of 
 musketry, and the roar of cannon sounded forth 
 upon the night air. 
 
 During the time which elapsed while the 
 Americans were climbing the hill, some of the 
 British shouted, " Come on, ye rebels!" " Don't 
 
98 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 be in such a hurry, my lads, we'll be with you 
 presently, ' ' was the reply from the column ad- 
 vancing in the face of a murderous fire from 
 above. 
 
 Lieutenant -Colonel Fleury first scaled the 
 ramparts and tore down the British flag. His 
 column closely followed him. Wayne, struck 
 down from a wound from a musket-ball ex- 
 claimed : ' ' March on ! Carry me into the fort, 
 for I will die at the head of my column." For- 
 tunately the wound was not as severe as he at 
 first thought, and he soon recovered. 
 
 In less than half an hour from the firing of 
 the first shot, the fort was completely in the 
 hands of the Americans, with over five hundred 
 prisoners, fifteen cannon, and a large quantity 
 of military stores. The American loss was fif- 
 teen killed and eighty- three wounded, while the 
 British had sixty- three killed. 
 
 At two o'clock in the morning of the sixteenth 
 of July, Wayne sent General Washington the 
 following despatch: " The fort and garrison, 
 with General Johnston are ours. Our officers 
 and men behaved like men determined to be 
 free." In a subsequent despatch he said: " The 
 humanity of our brave soldiers, who scorned to 
 take the lives of a vanquished foe when calling 
 for mercy, reflects the highest honor on them, 
 and accounts for the few of the enemy killed on 
 this occasion. ' ' 
 
THE CAPTURE OF STONY POINT 99 
 
 The value of this victory on the spirits of the 
 Americans and in inducing Clinton to postpone 
 indefinitely a movement upon Connecticut, as 
 well as the advantages derived from the military 
 stores captured, can hardly be overestimated. 
 
 LofC. 
 
Arnold's Treason 
 
 Benedict Arnold had been known throughout 
 the Revolution as one of the bravest officers of 
 the American army, but unquestioned as was 
 his bravery, there were many who had serious 
 doubts as to his patriotism. While stationed in 
 Philadelphia he had married Miss Shippen, a 
 beautiful young tory, and had made many friends 
 among the partisans of the king. He had lived 
 luxuriously and beyond his means and was ac- 
 cused of using the continental funds dishonestly 
 to pay his own enormous debts. For this and 
 other charges he was tried and sentenced to be 
 publicly reprimanded by the commander-in- 
 chief. Few could have done this as delicately 
 as did Washington, but it left its sting behind, 
 and probably strengthened a resolution which he 
 had previously entertained of espousing the 
 cause of the British. 
 
 When in 1780, he applied for and obtained the 
 command of West Point, the most important 
 fortification on the Hudson, he had already been 
 in communication with Sir Henry Clinton, com- 
 mander of the British forces in New York, for 
 
 (100) 
 
ARNOLD'S TREASON 101 
 
 about eighteen months. To Clinton, Arnold had 
 given much valuable information, and without 
 disclosing his identity, convinced Clinton that 
 he was an officer of high rank. 
 
 When he received command of West Point he 
 desired an interview with Clinton, or some one 
 authorized to act for him. To this request Clin- 
 
 Benedict Arnold. 1741-1801 John Andre, 1751-1780 
 
 ton acceeded and sent Major John Andre to meet 
 Arnold and arrange the details of the nefarious 
 plot. Arnold tried for several days to get Andre 
 within the American lines as John Anderson, 
 merchant. Andre was prevented by the hazard 
 of the undertaking, and the certainty of being 
 arrested and executed as a spy if discovered. 
 Just at this time Washington had gone to confer 
 with his French allies at Hartford, and delay 
 would be dangerous, as Washington's plans 
 might change, and unforeseen obstacles arise. 
 Arnold made an attempt to meet Andre at 
 
102 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 Dobbs Ferry, but was fired upon by the guard- 
 boats and obliged to give up the undertaking. 
 ADdre then pushed on to the " Vulture ", a Brit- 
 ish man-of-war lying just above Sing Sing. After 
 communicating his presence to Arnold, he was 
 taken, on the night of September 21st. by 
 Joshua Smith, a man sent by Arnold, to the west 
 bank of the Hudson, and landed at the foot of a 
 hill called Long Clove Mountain, about two miles 
 below Haverstraw. 
 
 There the traitor was waiting, concealed in the 
 thick bushes. There in the darkness the con- 
 spirators discussed their dark plans. Dawn ap- 
 proached and the conference was not yet ended. 
 Although Andre had been ordered by Clinton not 
 to enter the American lines, assume a disguise, 
 or take any papers, he reluctantly consented to 
 accompanying Arnold to the house of Smith, 
 four miles distant. Just after they arrived 
 there, the Americans opened fire on the Vulture, 
 and obliged her to drop down the river, cutting 
 off Andre's escape in that direction. 
 
 During the morning the plot was completed, 
 and Andre, though against orders, took papeis 
 explanatory of the military condition of West 
 Point. He placed these in his stockings, ex- 
 changed his uniform for citizen's clothing belong- 
 ing to Smith, and, supplied with a pass signed 
 by Arnold, at nightfall set out on horseback for 
 the English lines, accompanied by Smith. 
 
ARNOLD'S TREASON 103 
 
 After crossing King's Ferry and starting by 
 the road toward White Plains, Smith left Andre 
 to proceed alone. It had been . reported the 
 night before that British marauding parties, 
 who infested the country above New York, were 
 on the Tarrytown road, and wishing to fall in 
 with them, Andre took that direction. Riding 
 along through the forest about half a mile above 
 Tarrytown, Andre came suddenly, about noon, 
 upon a party of three continental soldiers, John 
 Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams. 
 (See frontispiece. ) 
 
 As he approached, Paulding rose, presented his 
 firelock, and asked Andre which way he was 
 going. Thinking the men must be some of the 
 cowboys he sought, he replied: " Gentlemen, I 
 hope you belong to our party." 
 
 " Which party? " asked Paulding. 
 
 ' k The lower party, ' ' was the answer. 
 
 Paulding replied that he did. 
 
 " I am a British officer out on particular busi 
 ness, " continued Andre, "and I hope you will 
 not detain me a minute. ' ' 
 
 Upon hearing this assertion, Paulding ordered 
 him to dismount. Andre saw he had made a 
 mistake. "My God!" he exclaimed, "I must 
 do anything to get along," and showed his pass 
 from Arnold, adding as he did so: "By your 
 stopping me, you will detain the general's 
 business." 
 
104 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 ' ' I hope, ' ' replied Paulding, ' ' you will not be 
 offended; we do not mean to take anything 
 from you. There are many bad people going 
 along the road. Perhaps you may be one of 
 them. Have you any letters with you ? " 
 
 Andre answered "No". He was taken into 
 the bushes and searched for papers. Three 
 packets were discovered in each stocking, some 
 of them in the handwriting of Arnold. 
 
 ' ' This is a spy, ' ' said Paulding. 
 
 Andre asked if they would let him go for a 
 hundred guineas. 
 
 ' ' Not for ten thousand guineas, ' ' cried the 
 the patriot. 
 
 They delivered him to Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Jameson, who commanded the post at North 
 Castle, going away without demanding any re- 
 ward or leaving their names. 
 
 Andre was confined in Old Salem, yet, strangely, 
 given permission to communicate with Arnold 
 by letter. Arnold received his letter while at 
 breakfast with some of the aides of General 
 Washington, who was on his way back from 
 Hartford and was engaged in examining the 
 river fortifications. Retaining his self-posses- 
 sion, he excused himself, saying he must attend 
 at once to some urgent business across the river, 
 went to his wife's room, told her he was dis- 
 covered and must flee for his life, and, leaving 
 
ARNOLD'S TREASON 
 
 105 
 
 her in a faint, kissed his infant son, jumped on 
 his horse, and rode to the river. There he got 
 into his barge and was rowed down the river to 
 the Vulture. Washington arrived soon after 
 his escape and immediately took steps to pre- 
 serve West Point. 
 
 Andre wrote a letter to General Washington 
 in which he excused himself for having been 
 * ' betrayed into the vile condition of an enemy 
 in disguise, ' ' and added, ' ' The request I have to 
 make to your Excellency, and I am conscious I 
 address myself well, is that, in any rigor policy 
 may dictate, a decency of conduct toward me 
 may mark that, though unfortunate, I am 
 branded with nothing dishonorable, as no motive 
 could be mine but the service of my king, and 
 as I was involuntarily an imposter. " 
 
 Andre was, throughout the whole affair, 
 treated with a delicacy and kindness in striking 
 contrast with the treatment received from the 
 
 % u - 
 
 
 Marquis de Lafayeytte, 1757-1834 Baron Steuben, 1730-1794 
 
106 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 British by Nathan Hale. He was conveyed to 
 the headquarters at Tappan and then tried by a 
 court of which Lafayette, of the French army, 
 Steuben, from the staff of Frederick II of Prus- 
 sia, Green, and others renowned for their up- 
 rightness and justice were members. The report 
 was unanimous that tw Major John Andre, adju- 
 tant-general of the British army, ought to be 
 considered as a spy from the enemy and suffer 
 death.' ' The court showed its indulgence to 
 him in every way possible, and he acknowledged 
 this generosity in the strongest terms, even say- 
 ing that k ' if there were any remains in bis mind 
 of prejudice against the Americans, his present 
 experience must obliterate them."' 
 
 Clinton did everything possible to gain the free- 
 dom of Andre, offering everything in his power 
 except the exchange for Arnold which his sense 
 of honor forbade, and demanding his release as 
 one who had been protected by ' ' a flag of truce 
 and passports granted for his return 1? . 
 
 In his reply to Clinton, Washington enclosed 
 the report of the court which had tried Andre 
 and observed that u Major Andre was employed 
 in the execution of measures very foreign to 
 flags of truce, and such as they were never 
 meant to authorize.' ' 
 
 Andre's conduct before his execution was brave 
 and calm. While awaiting the time, he em- 
 
ARNOLD'S TREASON 107 
 
 ployed himself in writing letters to his friends 
 and relatives, and in drawing. A pen- sketch of 
 himself sitting at a table is still in existence, 
 and is said to be an excellent likeness. 
 
 He had hoped to be shot and when, as he ap- 
 proached the place of execution, he observed the 
 gallows upon which he was to suffer, he was 
 visibly affected, but soon recovered and said that 
 he was " reconciled to death, but not the mode ", 
 and called upon the bystanders to witness that 
 " he met his death like a brave man." 
 
 After his death the king knighted his brother, 
 pensioned his mother and sisters, and raised a 
 memorial to him in Westminster Abbey. Ar- 
 nold received as the reward of his treason and 
 dishonor, a commission of brigadier-general in 
 the British army, between six and seven thous- 
 and pounds, sterling, pensions for his wife and 
 children, and the opprobrium and disgust of all 
 dying in poverty and disgrace. 
 
Battle of Plattsburg 
 
 ' ' I was a little girl ten years of age, ' ' said my 
 grand-mother, " when the most exciting event 
 of my life happened. ' ' 
 
 ' ' Tell us about it, grand-ma, ' ' shouted the five 
 grand children drawn up in a circle about the 
 fire. Chairs were drawn closer and the young 
 faces put on an expectant look. 
 
 ' ' I saw a battle, my dears, ' ' replied the cheery 
 old lady, picking up her knitting. 
 
 ' ' I should like to see a naval battle, ' ' put in 
 Eob, ' ' That would be the most exciting. ' ' 
 
 ' ' The one I saw was both a naval and a land 
 battle, ' ' continued grandmother. 
 
 k ' Both ? how could it be both, and where was 
 it ? " came in a chorus from the excited children. 
 
 " Get your maps and look for Plattsburg, chil- 
 dren. Now, Bess, if you have found it tell us 
 where it is. " 
 
 ' ' Here it is grandma, way up in the northern 
 part of the State, on Lake Champlain. " 
 
 " Yes, and you notice the Saranac River, 
 which flows for a short distance almost parallel 
 to the lake shore, there turns and flows into the 
 
 (108) 
 
BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 109 
 
 bay, forming a little peninsula. At the time of 
 which I shall tell you, the autumn of 1814, we 
 were at war with Great Britain for the second 
 time, and Sir George Prevost determined to in- 
 vade New York State by way of Lake Cham- 
 plain, as you know Burgoyne did in the Kevolu- 
 tionary war, and penetrate at least as far south 
 as Crown Point. In order to do this he must 
 capture Plattsburg. At that time we lived on a 
 farm near the town, and not far from the lake: 
 in fact so near, that from a clump of trees in 
 our pasture we could overlook the lake, and the 
 same time get a good view of the town. 
 
 ' 4 Early in September General Izard, who had 
 been in command of a 
 body of troops stationed 
 at Plattsburg to prevent 
 the British invasion, left 
 the town with a large part 
 of his force, to relieve 
 General Brown who was 
 besieged at Fort Erie. He 
 left behind a small force 
 Alexander macomb. 1782-1841 un d er General Alexander 
 
 Macomb, who was aided by a fleet of ten barges 
 or gunboats and four larger vessels commanded 
 by Lieutenant Thomas McDonough.- By appeal- 
 ing to the citizens of New York and Vermont, 
 Macomb succeeded in adding three thousand 
 
110 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 volunteer militia to his little force of two thous- 
 and five hundred. During the first week in Sep- 
 tember we heard that Prevost was advancing 
 along the shore with fourteen thousand men, 
 accompanied by his fleet of four ships and twelve 
 gunboats, commanded by Captain Downie. 
 
 " From the clump of trees in the pasture of 
 which I have spoken, we could see our troops 
 toiling on three redoubts which with two block- 
 houses they constructed on the little peninsula 
 between the river and the lake. It was my 
 favorite occupation to watch them, and when- 
 ever I could I stole from the house to watch the 
 progress of the work as well as I could from 
 that distance. 
 
 k ' On the eleventh of September, calling my 
 younger brother, Ted, we started out to watch 
 the men in the town. k Get the shovel and let's 
 make earth-works, ' I suggested, and Ted brought 
 the iron fire-shovel while I got a hoe and fol- 
 lowed. ' We must have a bugle call like the 
 soldiers. ' I said, and hurrying back to the house 
 took the tin dinner horn from the peg behind the 
 door, where it always hung, and slipped slyly 
 out of doors with it. 
 
 " We played for a time making a little mound 
 of earth just at the top of the hill under the 
 trees, and putting sticks in it for cannon, pre- 
 tending to repel an attack from the lake, when 
 
BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 111 
 
 Ted cried, ' Look at the boats! ' The little 
 American fleet was drawn up in line across the 
 mouth of the harbor, the four larger vessels in 
 advance, the barges inside and opposite the spaces 
 between them. Up the lake we could see the 
 sails of what we knew must be the British ships. 
 We watched them as they approached, and as 
 they came nearer, we could see also the land 
 troops. what if they should defeat our little 
 army ! 
 
 " The red lines seemed endless. Soon they 
 neared the river and the cannon began to belch 
 out their fire, the shots striking about the redoubts, 
 but we could not see that it did much damage. 
 In the meantime the ships had approached and 
 joined battle, and the rumble of the cannon on 
 shore was answered by the roar from the water. 
 Breathlessly we watched them. The land troops 
 approached the river, and attempted to cross at 
 several points, protected by the heavy artillery 
 fire. The attempts were in vain, for our brave 
 men fought desperately and repelled them again 
 and again. 
 
 " The conflict on the lake, too, became more 
 and more fierce. McDonough himself, as we 
 afterward learned, had pointed the first gun from 
 the ' Saratoga ', which raked the English flag- 
 ship ' Confiance '. For an hour we watched the 
 fire from the whole line, gun answering gun in 
 
112 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 N-'> 
 
 py<^ 
 
 Thomas McDonough. 1783-1825 
 
 rapid succession until all the ships seemed ablaze. 
 Toward the last, gun after gun stopped its fire, 
 
 disabled. The ' Sarato- 
 ga's' whole starboard bat- 
 tery was disabled, and we 
 saw her swing completely 
 around, and her larboard 
 battery opened fire. The 
 ' Confiance ' attempted to 
 do the same but was un- 
 successful and was soon 
 obliged to strike her colors. 
 The other ships which had not already surren- 
 dered soon followed her example, although many 
 of the galleys drifted out into the lake and 
 escaped. 
 
 kt We understood by this time that our men 
 had won the battle, both on the lake and on 
 shore. ' Let's go and tell mamma we've beat! ' 
 shouted Ted, but just then a barge which was 
 drifting inshore caught my eye. Her rudder 
 seemed to have been shot away, making her 
 helpless. Soon a boatload of men in red coats 
 put off from her and rowed rapidly for the shore. 
 They landed just below where we were, and, 
 frightened, we threw ourselves down on the 
 ground and peeped over our little mound at them. 
 ' ' They stopped for a moment and held a whis- 
 pered consultation. At last we heard one who 
 
BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 113 
 
 evidently in command say: ' We must have 
 horses. Then we can ride around their lines and 
 joined our column on the retreat. There must 
 be horses on these farms around here. Up the 
 hill, boys, and get them.' Just then Ted, who 
 in his interest had leaned too far forward, dis- 
 lodged a stone and it rolled down the hill. The 
 men heard it, looked up, and we dodged back. 
 They hesitated, and one pointing to our mound, 
 said something about a rifle-pit and an ambush. 
 Another saw our sticks which we had mounted 
 for cannon, and thought them gun barrels. 
 After more whispering they decided to continue 
 up the hill, and with rifles presented, advanced. 
 I thought of ' Gypsy \ my own black colt, graz- 
 ing with the other horses in the field. They 
 should not take her away! How could I pre- 
 vent it ? 
 
 " Casting my eyes bout, I spied our bugle, the 
 old time dinner horn, and picking it up blew 
 terrible blast, thinking to scare the horses and 
 make them run into the woods. The blast had 
 very different effect, for the Englishmen stopped, 
 then turned and fled back to their boat. 
 
 " Looking down over the hill, we saw them 
 row hastily out toward the middle of the lake, 
 as if to reach one of their owu fleeing gun-boats. 
 Observed by one of our vessels, they were soon 
 overhauled and taken prisoners." 
 
114 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 " And where did the English land troops go 
 to ? " queried Rod . 
 
 ' ' They marched back to Canada, my dear, and 
 Lake Champlain, with its adjacent shores, was 
 left in peace." 
 
The Erie Canal 
 
 " From fair Albania, toward the setting sun, 
 Back through the midland length 'ning channels 
 
 run; 
 And the fair lakes, their beauteous towns that 
 
 lave, 
 And Hudson's joined to fair Ohio's wave." 
 
 — Joel Barlow" 8 " Vision of Columbus", 1787. 
 
 On the morning of October 28, 1825, a flotilla 
 of canal- boats was gathered at Buffalo, waiting 
 for the waters of Lake Erie to flow into ' ' Clin- 
 ton's Big Ditch ", as the Erie canal was often 
 called in derision. Eight years before, on July 
 4th, 1817, the first spade was struck into the 
 ground to excavate for the great water highway 
 from the great lakes to the Atlantic. Now the 
 gigantic task was about completed, and the boats 
 awaited to commence their journey from Buffalo 
 to New York. The signal was given, the water 
 rushed into the canal, and boom ! went a cannon 
 by its banks. Hardly had the sound died out on 
 the clear autumn air when the sound of another 
 gun was heard to the eastward. This was the 
 signal for the firing of still another, and thus 
 
 an) 
 
118 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 from one to another the news of the opening of 
 the canal was carried from the west toward the 
 east, and in an hour and twenty minutes reached 
 New York. 
 
 As soon as the canal was filled with water the 
 barges entered in a stately procession. All were 
 beautifully decorated. First came the boat 
 " Seneca Chief ", drawn by four powerful gray 
 horses. On board were Governor Clinton, to 
 whose energy, foresight and perseverance the 
 canal was largely done, Lieutenant- Governor 
 Tallmadge, and other distinguished guests. They 
 had on board two brightly painted barrels of 
 water from Lake Erie. One of the large barges 
 which followed was called "Noah's Ark", and 
 contained a bear, two fawns, two live eagles, and 
 a variety of other birds and beasts, as well as 
 two Seneca Indians in native costume. 
 
 The novel procession was viewed by crowds at 
 the villages on its route. At Eochester, where 
 the canal crosses the Genesee River, a sentinel 
 stationed on a boat on the river called out as the 
 4 ' Seneca Chief ' ' approached : k ' Who comes 
 there? " 
 
 ' ' Your brother from the west, on the waters 
 of the great lakes, ' ' was the reply. 
 
 ' ' By what means have they been diverted so 
 far from their natural course? " continued the 
 sentinel. 
 
THE ERIE CANAL 119 
 
 " Through the channel of the grand Erie 
 canal, ' ' was the response. 
 
 " By whose authority, and by whom was a 
 work of such magnitude accomplished ? ' ' 
 
 " By the authority and by the enterprise of 
 the people of New York ' ' cried many voices from 
 the deck of the " Seneca Chief ". 
 
 At Albany, the eastern terminus of the canal, 
 the flotilla was received by a grand procession 
 and the passengers escorted to the capitol where 
 great crowds were gathered and congratulatory 
 speeches were made. 
 
 From Albany the canal boats were towed to 
 New York by Hudson River steamers. The 
 passengers of the "Seneca Chief", and the 
 water from Lake Erie were transferred to the 
 " Chancellor Livingston ". which took the former 
 to tow and, joined by many others, moved down 
 the river, amid the waving of flags and firing 
 of guns. 
 
 Before daybreak November fourth, the strange 
 flotilla anchored off Greenwich village, a suburb 
 of New York. At a given signal, flags were 
 unfurled all over the city, and the handsomely 
 decorated steamer ' ' Washington ' ' conveyed the 
 municipal officers of the city to the anchored 
 boats. ' ' Where are you from and what is your 
 destination ? ' ' 
 
 ' ' From Lake Erie and bound for Sandy Hook, ' ' 
 was the reply. 
 
120 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 The fleet was joined by many other boats of 
 all kinds and, after receiving salutes from the 
 Battery, Castle William on Governor's Island, 
 and two British ships of war lying in the har- 
 bor, formed a procession and moved toward the 
 sea. After passing the Narrows the United 
 States schooner ' ' Dolphin ' ' approached as a 
 messenger of Neptune to inquire in regard to the 
 visitors. Then followed the ceremony of the 
 wedding of the lakes and the ocean. 
 
 A keg of the lake water was brought to Gov- 
 ernor Clinton on the deck 
 of the ' ' Chancellor Liv- 
 ingston". Lifting the 
 keg and pouring the 
 water into the sea, the 
 governor said : " T h i s 
 solemnity, at this place, 
 on the first arrival of 
 vessels from Lake Erie, 
 is intended to indicate 
 and commemorate the navigable communication 
 which has been accomplished between our Medi- 
 terranean seas and the Atlantic Ocean, in about 
 eight years, and to the extent of four hundred 
 twenty-five miles, by the wisdom, public spirit 
 and energy of the people of the State of New 
 York; and may the God of the heavens and of 
 the earth smile most propitiously on this work, 
 
 DeWitt Clinton, 1769-1828 
 
THE ERIE CANAL 121 
 
 and render it subservient to the best interests of 
 the human race. ' ' After an address, salutes and 
 music, the procession moved back to the city, a 
 banquet being served on the steamers on the way. 
 Daring this time a civic procession represent- 
 ing all classes of New York's citizens had paraded 
 the streets with banners and music. The repre- 
 sentatives of twenty-two industrial societies piled 
 their trades upon platforms drawn in the pro- 
 cession. A printing press in one of these cars 
 constantly printed and scattered the ' ' Ode for 
 the canal celebration ' ' beginning thus : 
 
 "'Tisdone! 'Tisdone! The mighty chain 
 Which joins bright Erie to the Main 
 For ages shall perpetuate 
 The glory of our native State. ' '' 
 
 The festivities were continued by illuminations 
 and banquets, and terminated with a grand ball, 
 at which more than three thousand people were 
 present. 
 
 Thus did the State celebrate its greatest under- 
 taking. Begun at a time when the finances of 
 the State were at a low ebb, it had been carried 
 on and completed by New York State alone, at 
 a cost of about nine million dollars, which was 
 later increased to over fifty millions by enlarging 
 it. Fortunately for her, the United States gov- 
 ernment refused to assist in the undertaking, 
 although it would benefit the whole north west, 
 
122 
 
 STORIES OF NEW YORK 
 
 and the State has the honor and glory of carry- 
 ing the stupendous project to a successful com- 
 pletion. This great water highway gave an 
 outlet to the products of the North- West, 
 cheapened transportation to a wonderful degree, 
 built up cities on its route, and made New York 
 city what it has since remained, the great com- 
 mercial metropolis of the New World. 
 
 Christopher Colles. 1738-1816 
 
 Gouverneur Morris. 1752-1816 
 
 It is to such men as Christopher Colles, who 
 first suggested the canal, Governor DeWitt Clin- 
 ton, Robert E. Livingston, and Gouverneur Morris, 
 more particularly to Clinton, that the State owes 
 this undertaking; and yet, among all who have 
 been so honored, she has never raised a statue to 
 the memory of the man who accomplished so 
 much against such seemingly insurmountable 
 difficulties. 
 
THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Books for New York Schools. 
 
 1. A Manual of School Law. By C. W. Bardeen. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 
 300. Manilla, 50 cts. ; cloth, $1.00. 
 
 This book has been for twenty years the only recognized text-book on 
 the subject. The present edition was wholly re-written in 1896, and brings 
 the subject up to date. It includes the author's "Handbook for School 
 Trustees ", and adds all the questions in school law given at uniform exam- 
 inations from the first to March, 1896, with full answers as published by the 
 State Department corrected to date according to changes in the law. As 
 school law is hereafter to be required in all teachers' examinations, 2d and 
 3d grades, as well as 1st, this book is absolutely indispensable to every 
 teacher, and hence has been put in the Standard Teachers' Library. 
 
 2. Laws of New York relating to Common Schools, with Comments and 
 Instructions, and a digest of Decisions. Leather, 8vo, pp. 807. $2.50. 
 
 This is what is known as " The Code of 1888", and is the final authority 
 upon all disputed questions. 
 
 5. A Descriptive Geography of the Empire State. By C. "W. Bardeev. 
 Cloth, 8vo, pp. 126, with 25 outline maps on uniform scale, 5 relief maps, and 
 125 illustrations. 75 cts. 
 
 The advance orders for this book exceeded any that have before been re- 
 ceived for any of our publications. Its most marked characteristic is its ap- 
 peal to the eye. Its illustrations are abundant and typical, and its 25 outline 
 maps on uniform scale, each making prominent one thing at a time, commend 
 themselves at sight. No New York school can afford to be without it. 
 
 4. A Brief History of the Empire State, for Schools and Families. By 
 Welland Hendrick, A.M. Cloth, small 4to, pp. 201. 75 cts. 
 
 This book has proved one of our great successes, more than three hun- 
 dred schools having officially adopted it. This subject has been made a 
 part of the Regents' course of study, with special questions in the examina- 
 tions, and the Department of Public Instruction gives it five counts at the 
 examinations for State certificates. Whether used as a history, or as a sup- 
 plementary reading-book, it has given universal satisfaction. 
 
 5. Civil Government for Common Schools, prepared as a manual for 
 public instruction in the State of New York. To which are appended the 
 Constitution of the United States, and the Declaration of Independence, 
 etc., etc. By Henry C. Northam. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 220. 75 cts. 
 
 This book no longer needs description, as its use is almost universal. 
 The present edition gives all the changes under the new constitution. 
 
 6. A Chart of Civil Government. By Charles T. Pooler. Sheets 12 x 
 18. 5 cts. The same folded for the pocket, in cloth covers, 25 cts. 
 
 7. History of Educational Journalism in New York. By C. W. Bar- 
 deen. Paper, 8vo, pp. 45. 50 cts. 
 
 C. W. BAKDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N". Y. 
 
THE SCHO OL B ULLETIX P UBLICA TIONS 
 
 Hendrick's Brief History of the Empire Slate. 
 
 The success of this work may be judged from the fact that the last Re- 
 gents' report giving the text-books used shows that the number of schools 
 in which Hendrick's History is used has increased from 98 in 1891-2, when 
 first published, to 162 the next year, 189 the next, 231 the next, and 268 in 
 1895-6. the last reported, while two others are used altogether, and these only 
 in 2 schools. Since the Regents give two counts to New York history, and 
 the Department of Public Instruction gives nearly half the questions in 
 American history to New York history, principals are no*, slow to see that the 
 trend in history as in geography is toward beginning at home, and making 
 first well-known that which is nearest. Here are some testimonials: 
 
 Entered 50 in New York history; passed 42, or 92 # of class. Think the 
 book first-class for the purpose.— Principal J. A. Bassett, Richfield Springs. 
 
 We use your History, 40 in the class. It is the best supplementary 
 Reader I ever saw. — F. L. Oammage, Headmaster St. Paul's School. 
 
 Hendrick's book was used as a supplementary book in one of our gram- 
 mar classes with very great acceptance. The teachers report great interest 
 on the part of the pupils, and express the opinion that the book is admir- 
 ably adapted to the purpose for which it was designed. It ivas by all odds 
 the most popular reading book placed in the hands of the class.— Principal 
 E. N. Jones, Plattsburgh Normal, while superintendent at Saratoga Springs. 
 
 Two things especially impress me in perusing this work, viz.: the im- 
 portance of this knowledge to the school children of New York State, and 
 the means of acquiring the same, made attractive by the clear and concise 
 style of the author. — Commissioner Oscar Granger, Tioga county, N. Y. 
 
 What a fine work the " History of the Empire State " is! I hope to see 
 it in every school, for it is exactly such knowledge that will prove most in- 
 structive to the children of our State. — A. H. Wilson, School Commissioner, 
 Fayetteville, N. Y. 
 
 Mr. Welland Hendrick, a teacher of history, finding the need of a brief 
 history of New York State, set about to supply the deficiency. The result 
 of his labors in compilation, arrangement, and condensation is a very satis- 
 factory text-book. In a compact manual of eighteen chapters he outlines 
 the story of the Empire State. The descriptive matter is well furnished 
 with wood-cuts, portraits and maps. In an appendix a number of well 
 framed questions are given for each chapter, making the work doubly use- 
 ful for the scholar and teacher. There is also an index. * * * It is really 
 quite refreshing to find the maker of a text-book of the history of New 
 York going at it properly, instead of hieing at once, as is usual with the 
 compiler, to Washington Irving, and taking him seriously. Mr. Hendrick 
 shows the sturdy qualities of the first settlers of New York, pays high trib- 
 ute to the merits of the Hollanders, does justice to Leisler, emphasizes the 
 story of liberty, gives due proportion of space to the events leading to the 
 Revolutionary and later wars, and to the triumph of peace. The last chap- 
 ter treats of the era of centennial celebrations.— The Critic. 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS 
 
 Prentice's History of New York State 
 
 The demand for a history of New York fuller than Hendrick's History 
 of the Empire State and brought down to date has led to the preparation of 
 this volume, which, it is believed, will meet the requirements for several years 
 to come. It contains three times as much material as Hendrick's, and 
 carries the narrative to 1900, ending with the nomination of Gov. Roosevelt 
 for vice-president. 
 
 It divides the history of the State into eleven periods, and treats it in 
 fifty-eight chapters, with six supplementary chapters on education, colonial 
 families, distinguished citizens, New York in literature, the New York of 
 1900, and the counties of New York. Each chapter is of suitable length for 
 a single reading or lesson, has a main thought about which all that is given 
 is grouped, and is followed by topical questions. No effort has been spared 
 so to arrange and present the history as to make a fixed and vivid impression. 
 
 To this end no less than 182 portraits have been inserted, each in that 
 place in the narrative where the name is most conspicuous, and each with 
 the date of birth and death. These portraits include those of every presi- 
 dent of the United States and every elected governor of the State, each with 
 the term of such service following the date of birth and death. All will 
 recognize the helpfulness of these portraits, both in giving vividness to the 
 narrative, and in familiarizing the pupils with the features and the periods 
 of the men prominent in New York history. Other illustrations are given, 
 and abundant maps show the locality of the events described. 
 
 In the preface the author speaks as follows: 
 
 " While every citizen should have a general knowledge of the history of 
 the State in which he lives, there are special reasons why this is true of 
 those who dwell in any one of the thirteen original States. Theirs is the 
 history of our country, of the formation of our government, of the develop- 
 ment of those institutions which every American loves. They are the par- 
 ent States from whose union were begotten the whole sisterhood of the 
 nation. * * * 
 
 " In all this New York has borne a most honorable and important part. 
 
 "Moreover, there is in her case an additional reason for the study of 
 State history. Within an area-of only 49,170 square miles there is a vast 
 foreign-born population such as few other States possess. The children of 
 these, educated in her free public schools, are entitled to a share in that 
 honorable history which in so many native-born families has been handed 
 down from father to sou from revolutionary times. 
 
 " For all these young men and women, whether native or foreign-born, 
 future citizens of the State, this book has been written, in the hope that it 
 will help them to know, and so to love, the great State in which it is their 
 good fortune to have a home." 
 
 Cloth, 1 61110, pp. 550, 12 maps, 188 portraits and other 
 illustrations, JS1.50 
 
. THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Books for Teaching Geography. 
 
 1. A Brief Geography of the Empire State. With 25 outline maps o* 
 uniform scale, 5 relief maps, and 125 illustrations. By C. W. Bardeen. 
 Cloth, 8vo, pp. 120. 75 cts. Outline maps of New York for pupils' use to 
 accompany it, 15 cts. per pad of 50. 
 
 Primary Education says of this book : " The work has several unusual 
 features. The series of outline maps is designed to make prominent on* 
 thing at a time. * * * There are also the unusual maps of Mineral Springs, 
 Indian Reservations, and of Charitable and Correctional Institutions. The 
 book is intended for the use of pupils as young as fifth grade. * * * The 
 illustrations embrace the unequalled natural attractions of a State famous for 
 its beauty of waterfall, mountain, and landscape. These illustrations are of 
 excellent quality and tastefully arranged, and will be enjoyed by everybody 
 who turns the leaves of this unique book, whether they belong to the Empire 
 State or to some other part of our broad country. The book is full of unex- 
 pressed State pride, and the school children of New York will feel richer in 
 their State inheritance after their study of this concentrated record of the 
 facts, resources, and history of a State always justly proud of its past and 
 present. * * * It is a credit not only to Publisher Bardeen's enterprise 
 but to his love for his State and his recognition of the grade and quality of 
 his State constituents, that he has seen and felt the occasion to bring out a 
 book of this nature." 
 
 2. The Oswego Method of Teaching Geography. By Amos W. Farnham. 
 Cloth, 16mo, pp. 127. 50 cts. 
 
 Dr. Sheldon, principal of the Oswego Normal, says in the preface : 
 " The plan, the order of arrangement, the exclusion of unnecessary details, 
 all seem to me very commendable. And I take pleasure in endorsing it a* 
 an embodiment of my own idea as to the method of teaching geography." 
 
 3. Descriptive Geography taught by means of Map-Drawing. By EvaD. 
 Wilkins. Boards 4to. 
 
 (a) Map Drawing Book of the Continents, pp. 66. 75 cts. 
 (6) Map Drawing Book of the United States, pp. 89. 75 cts. 
 (c) Teachers' Edition for both the above, pp. 129. $1.50. 
 
 4. Topical Geography, with Methods and Supplementary Notes. By Ida 
 L. Griffin. Leatherette, 12mo, pp. 142. 50 cts. 
 
 5. Oral Instruction in Geography. By Emma L. Pardon. Paper, 16mo, 
 pp.29. 15 cts. i 
 
 6. A School Geography of Pennsylvania. By J. W. Redway. Leather- 
 ette, 16mo, pp. 98. 35 cts. Indispensable to Pennsylvania teachers. 
 
 7. A Globe Manual for Schools. By Flavius J. Cheney. Paper, 16mo, 
 pp. 95. 25 cts. Few teachers grasp the possibilities of globe-instruction. 
 
 8. The International Date Line. By Henry Collins. Paper, 16mo, pp. 
 15. 15 cts. This is final authority on a subject often little understood. 
 
 9. Latitude, Longitude and Time. By J. A. Bassett. Maniifa, lemoi, 
 pp. 42. 25 cts. Makes simple one of the most difficult subjects. 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
" An effort in the right direction.*"— The Nation. 
 
 " Contains all the information that is likely to be desired by teacher or 
 pupil."— The Critic. 
 
 "There are uumerous illustrations, many of which are well chosen and 
 well produced."— Science. 
 
 " I am delighted with it. It is brimful of helpful suggestions."— Prin- 
 cipal M. A. Taft, Mattituck, N. Y. 
 
 " Mr. Bardeen issues some splendid books, and this is one of them. It 
 is well arranged, edited, and printed, and the schools of New York are to 
 be congratulated on having so good a geography." — Penman's Art Journal. 
 
 " I have just finished reading your Geography of the Empire State, and 
 I am heartily pleased with it. I never realized that there were so many 
 places and things of interest and importance in this State. "—Frank L. 
 Miller, School Commissioner, Schuyler Co., N. Y. 
 
 "Bardeen's Geography of the Empire State meets a long-felt want. It 
 is just what Ave need to prepare for regents geography. The arrangement 
 of the subject matter is up to date. Our students are more than well- 
 pleased with it."— Principal James M. Grimes, Mount Vernon, N. Y. 
 
 " Received the Geography of the Empire State, and have read every 
 word of it. It is deeply interesting to me. * * * I think every one who 
 claims to be intelligent should make the book a study. Now we can have 
 it, it seems a necessity. Every pupil of the public school should be re- 
 quired to master this book somewhere in his course."— G. Ayer, Clifton 
 Springs, N. Y. 
 
 " Local geography is deservedly taking a high rank in school studies. 
 The regents make a separate requirement of geography and history of New 
 York State. No better text-book can be found to give the desired inform- 
 ation than Bardeen's Geography of the Empire State. Its illustrations and 
 text combine to give the student a very excellent idea of what New York 
 State really is."— Chas. T. Andrews, New York Inspector of Normal Schools. 
 
 " This is a vigorous and enterprising manual, copiously illustrated with 
 maps and phototypes. It treats of the boundaries, surface, rivers, moun- 
 tains, lakes, physical features, and geology of the State, its climate, pro- 
 ductions, and political divisions, and, in a novel and ingenious chapter, 
 takes the student over a series of the railway journeys possible in the State." 
 — The Independent. 
 
 " Mr. Bardeen has made a geography of New York State which can be 
 used by fifth year pupils as a text-book and by all folks as a work of refer- 
 ence. It contains much matter not easily accessible to the ordinary stu- 
 dent and it contains all that the student and average reader needs. Within 
 the compass of 125 pages the author has 21 full-page illustrations, 25 out- 
 line maps on uniform scale, 5 relief maps, 125 illustrations, and enough 
 letter press to satisfy the most exacting. It is the best State geography we 
 have ever seen and its use in the schools of New York should be made com- 
 pulsory."— The Teachers World. 
 
THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 
 
 Nortlmm's Civil Government. 
 
 What ground shall a text-book of civil-government cover? Shall it 
 deal with theories or shall it deal with facts? The answer is simple — in this 
 subject as in all oiAers, the facts should come first. This is the inductive 
 method — the methoo. of the 19th century. When the facts are familiar, then 
 the theories may be considered, but it is ridiculous for a class of youngs- 
 ters to be discussing the theory of representative government before they 
 know which officers are elected at town-meeting. 
 
 To give facts is the special province of Northam's Civil Government. 
 <rne lirst 24 pages are kept in type, and the names of the officers are in 
 every edition revised to the date of issue. For this reason the book is pur- 
 chased by lawyers and supreme-court judges because the information may 
 be depended upon. When the present State Superintendent was a member 
 of assembly, in 1878, he ordered 50 copies for himself and his friends; 
 whereupon the democratic leader ordered 62 copies for himself and his 
 friends. Even in schools that use other text-books, the wise teacher in- 
 variably keeps Northam's upon the desk, and depends upon it for her facts; 
 and she finds when examination comes that it is what they have learned 
 from Northam that enables her pupils to pass. 
 
 It begins with the school-district: then passes to the town, giving the 
 provisions of the new town law, just gone into effect; and passes on to the 
 village, the city, the county, the State, and the nation, making frequent 
 comparisons and giving tables that keep clear to the pupil the correspond- 
 ences and the differences in the various offices. It deals clearly with the 
 judiciary, making the various steps of litigation distinct. It gives a series 
 of 12 maps of the State, each illustrating a single feature. And finally it 
 gives the latest revisions of the State and the national constitutions. 
 
 " At the commencement of last term I introduced Northam's Civil Gov- 
 ernment into a class of 28 pupils, more than half of them girls. At the 
 close of the term I invited in our lawyers, politicians, and prominent citi- 
 zens to witness the examination. After we had gone through the regular 
 exercises, I called on some of the prominent lawyers to question the class, 
 and they did so, minutely and thoroughly. When they got through, the tes- 
 timony of these lawyers was that they did not think there were ten people 
 in the county outside the legal profession, and very few in the profession, 
 who could have sustained such an examination so well. As for the book 
 itself, I have never used any text-book on any subject in which I could get 
 up such enthusiasm. The children were proud of the information they got, 
 and their parents were proud too. The people say that in the five years I 
 have been at Owego, I have done no other one thing of so much importance 
 to the village. They all agree that it would be a great deal better to have 
 less Latin and Greek, if it were necessary in order to have more of ?uch in- 
 Btruction as this."— Principal A. J. Bobb, Owego, N. Y. 
 
 Cloth, 16mo, pp. 214. Price 75 ets. 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS 
 
 Books for Teaching History. 
 
 1. A Working Manual of American History for Teachers and Students. 
 By Prof. Wm. H. Mace. 16mo, pp. 297. 
 Cloth, $1.00 ; manilla, 50 ots. 
 
 (1) It outlines the subject to 1870, 
 showing phases of institutional life so 
 as to reveal the organizing principle in 
 each. (2) It gives abundant reference 
 by volume and page to the leading au- 
 thorities, making the book usable when 
 time is short and books are scarce. (3) 
 It gives original material for study at 
 first hand, sets original problems, makes 
 history real, and causes students to 
 think. 
 2. Tojncs and References in United 
 States History. By Geo. A. Williams. 16mo, pp. 181. Cloth, $1.00; ma- 
 nilla, 50 cts. 
 
 The references are to magazines and to works writteu in popular style, 
 with the idea that the first object is to awaken interest in the subject. 
 
 3. An Outline Study of United States History. By Harlow Godard. 
 Leatherette, 16mo, pp. 136. 50 cts. 
 
 It gives (1) an outline of leading events ; (2) directions for studying each 
 topic; (3) a list of books for reference; (4) a review at the close of each 
 period. 
 
 4. A Thousand Questions in American History, with full Answers. Cloth, 
 16mo, pp. 247. Price $1.00, 
 
 This work shows rare breadth of view and discrimination, dealing not 
 merely with events but with causes, and with the side-issues that have so 
 much to do with determining the destiny of a nation. 
 
 5. Helps in Fixing the Facts of American History. By Henry C. Nor- 
 tham. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 298. Price $1.00. 
 
 6. Brief Views of U. S. History. By Anna M. Juliand. 16ino, pp. 69, 
 35 cts. 
 
 7. Dime Question Books, No. 5, General History, and No. 6, United States 
 History and Civil Government By Albert P. Southwick. Paper, 16mo, 
 pp. 37, 32. 10 cts. each. 
 
 8. Chronological Tables. A Synchronistic Arrangement of the Events 
 of Ancient History. By Arthur C. Jennings. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 136. $1.00. 
 
 The range is from the foundation of Rome to the birth of Christ. In 
 tables i-iv the student may see at a glance what political events in Palestine 
 or the eastern monarchies occurred at the same time with those of Greek 
 and Roman history. In tables v, vi he may see what stage each country ha(J 
 reached at any period in science, legislation, and literature. 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 
 
 Cards and Charts for Teaching History. 
 
 1. Historical Cards, with Topics, Questions, and References on the most 
 important events in General History, 200 cards, 3J4 x 5J4 inches, in box, $1.00. 
 
 These cards are designed for use in the High and College Preparatory 
 Schools. 
 
 On each card is a topic, with subdivisions and questions. On the back 
 of each card reference is made to all the leading histories used in the schools 
 of the country. Thowands of 'references are cited. Space has been left on 
 each card for additional questions and references. 
 
 The cards may be used in daily recitations and reviews. In addition to 
 the many Histories cited, a large number of books are referred to under the 
 head of "Interesting Reading." Different colors are used for the several 
 Historical Epochs. 
 
 2, Historical Cards, with Topics, Questions, and References on all the 
 important events in United States History. 200 cards, 3}£ x 5J4 inches, in box 
 $1.00. Or, 
 
 Part I. Prehistoric Period, Period of Discoveries and Explorations, 
 Period of Settlements, P^iiod of the Revolutionary War. 92 cards, in box, 
 50cts. 
 
 Part II. Constitutional Period, which includes the Periods of the Devel- 
 opment of the States, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and more recent events, 
 General Review, Civil Government. 108 cards, in box, 50 cts. 
 
 On each card there is a topic, with subdivisions and questions. On the 
 back of the cards reference is made to fifteen School Histories, giving the 
 page or pages in each on which the subject is in any way treated. Nearly 
 5,000 references are cited. The cards may be used with any United States 
 history. The topics and questions are so arranged that the pupils, in recit- 
 ing, must necessarily express themselves in their own language, rather than 
 that of the book. Much time is saved the teacher in having the topics pre- 
 pared. Different colors are used for the several Historical Epochs. 
 
 8. A Chart of United States History, By Noah T. Clarke, Ph.D. One 
 page, 9x12. Each 5 cts. ; per dozen 50 cts. 
 
 This chart gives a birdseye view of the entire history of our country. 
 No more practically helpful review has ever been published. 
 
 A. Conspectus of United States History to the time of Garfield. Cloth, 
 81x91 inches, on rollers. $2.00. 
 
 5. Conspectus of the History of Political Parties and the Federal Govern- 
 ment to 1880. By Walter R. Houghton. Cloth, 4to, pp. 85, with colored 
 charts, $5.00. Or chart alone, mounted on rollers, $1.00. 
 
 6. Syllabusses of American History. By Welland Hendrick. Paper, 
 8vo, pp. 4. Each 5 cts. Per dozen 50 cts. 
 
 Published four times a year, for the Regents' Examinations. 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
■THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 
 
 Edwards's American History Game. 
 
 This consists of 100 cards, each with five questions printed on one side, 
 
 as in the sample shown. The 
 cards are uniform with those 
 of Geography Game, and the 
 manner of playing is the same. 
 The variety of questions is un- 
 usual, so that interest is easily 
 maintained. As the answer is 
 given to every question, the 
 cards become not only a test 
 but a means of instruction. 
 Here are some of the questions: 
 What president was left- 
 handed ? Garfield. 
 
 What president was a great 
 wrestler ? Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Who was the first president 
 not born a British subject ? 
 Van Buren. 
 
 What president made no in- 
 augural address ? Fillmore. 
 
 Who was the only president 
 to deliver his inaugural address 
 extempore ? Cleveland. 
 
 Who was the only president 
 elected by a commission? 
 Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 
 What president learned to 
 write after he was married ? 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 
 What president never cast a vote or held a civil office until elected 
 president ? Taylor. 
 
 Which was the larger before the Revolution, New York or Boston ? 
 Boston. 
 
 What was captured from Santa Anna at the battle of Cerro Gordo? 
 His cork leg. 
 
 Of whom did General Grant say " I rank him with Napoleon, Frederick 
 the Great, and the famous commanders of history ? Philip H. Sheridan. 
 
 In what battle was a tablecloth raised for a white flag ? Surrender of 
 Detroit, 1812. 
 
 Who of President Hayes's cabinet was a member of the opposite party ? 
 Postmaster General Key. 
 
 To whom did Franklin say, " We must all hang together or we shall all 
 hang separately ?" John Hancock. 
 
 The cards come put up in a neat box, and are sent postpaid for 50 cts. 
 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 — 76 — 
 
 What is the only war recorded 
 in history in which all the vic- 
 tories were on one side, and 
 were gained in every instance 
 against a larger force? 
 
 Mexican War. 
 
 Of what President was Nath- 
 aniel Hawthorne an intimate 
 friend? Franklin Pierce. 
 
 What nation presented to Amer- 
 ica Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty 
 Enlightening the World? 
 
 France. 
 
 Who was Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury during the Civil War. 
 
 Salmon P. Chase. 
 
 What republic applied for ad- 
 mission to the United States 
 during Grant's administration? 
 San Domingo. 
 
-STANDARD TEACHERS' LIBRARY, No. 42. 
 
 Topics and References in American History. 
 
 By Geo. A. Williams, Ph. D., Instructor in Brown University. 
 
 This is an entirely new edition of this popular manual, with many addi- 
 tional references, and reaching from the earliest times to the administration 
 of McKinley. The references are largely given to magazines and to works 
 written in popular style, rather than to standard histories, in the belief that 
 the main point on the start is to awaken an interest. If the work is taken 
 up topically with this little book as a guide to study and reading, " that 
 hateful history" may become the most delightful of studies. 
 
 From testimonials of the former edition we select the following : 
 
 It seems to me well prepared and likelj r to be very useful. — Martin B. 
 Anderson, late president Rochester University. 
 
 I think your " Topics and References " is an admirable little manual for 
 use in our academies and union schools. In fact it would be very useful for 
 any student of American history. It is full, accurate, and free from all 
 political bias.— Ebenezer Dodge, late president Colgate University. 
 
 I have looked over your Topics with genuine pleasure, and I see chat 
 you are doing your work in the right way. There is so much of humdrum 
 work that such a method is an inspiring relief fiom the ordinary text-book 
 methods. — Charles K. Adams, president University of Wisconsin. 
 
 Thank you for the little book, which seems to me uncommonly well 
 done. It is the fulfilment of my strong desire to see in various directions 
 such a humanizing influence brought to bear on the teaching of history in 
 our schools. — Col. Thos. W. Higginson, Boston, Mass. 
 
 I take a personal satisfaction in all such works as yours, for I Was one 
 of the first to adopt the new view of United States history of which your 
 work is a type. It is hardly necessary to say that I admire your book. I 
 had had it sent to me before by one of the Messrs. Holts' agents ag a model 
 of what such a book ought to be, and I entirely agree with him. — Prof. 
 Alex. Johnston, Princeton College. 
 
 We do not say it in the interests of the author or publisher, but for the 
 benefit of the profession, that we know of no outline of historical topics 
 that will compare with the above for completeness or arrangement and 
 general suggestiveness to the teacher. Not only are the topics stated in his- 
 torical and logical order, but copious and definite references to standard his- 
 torical and literary works are given in connection with each. All teachers 
 and students of history should have a copy of this work. — True Educator. 
 
 The first sentence in the preface of Mr. Williams's little pamphlet con- 
 tains the secret of the general excellence of the publications of this pub- 
 lisher : " The main purpose in printing this little hand-book has been to save 
 time in my own classes that would otherwise be consumed in copying." 
 Most of Mr. Bardeen's books are born in the school-room, not in the study. 
 That is a good place for a school-book to be born in. — School Gazetteer. 
 lGmo, pp. 181, Interleaved for notes. In Manilla 50 cts. ; in Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 *C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
School Bulletin Publications 
 
 NOTE.— Binding is indicated as follows : B boards, C clolh, L leatherette, 
 M manilla, P paper. Size as follows: 8:416 indicates Svo,pp. U16; 12:393 in- 
 dicates 12mo, pp. 393 ; 10:389 indicates 16mo, pp. 3S0. Numbers preceding the 
 binding and size give the pages in the Trade Sale catalogue of 1898 on which 
 the books are described, the fullest description being placed first. Books 
 preceded by a dagger (t) are selected by the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction for the New York Teachers 1 Library. 
 
 Books starred may be had also in the Standard Teachers' Library, 
 manilla binding, at 50 cts. each. Unless expressly ordered to be sent in this 
 binding, such volumes are always sent in cloth. 
 
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 (2) 
 
 
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 (3) 
 
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 chiefly in reply to " Sex in Education •'. C 16:155 1 00 
 
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 (4) 
 
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 (5) 
 
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 (6) 
 
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 (7) 
 
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 New York Uniform Questions 
 
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 No. 5, 1894-5; No. 6, 1895-6; No. 7, 1896-7; No. 8, 1897-8; 56, each C. . . . 1 00 
 (8) 
 
New York Uniform Que°tions 
 
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