0* *»VL' PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED, ACCOMPANIED BY A CHART EMBRACING AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY, MENTAL POWERS IN THEIR VARIOUS DEGREES OF DEVELOPMENT, THE PHENOMENA PRODUCED BY THEIR COMBINED ACTIVITY, AND THE LOCATION OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS IN THE HEAD: TOGETHER WITH A VIEW OF THE MORAL AND THEOLOGICAL BEARING OF THE SCIENCE. O. S. & L. N. FOWLER, PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGISTS, ASSISTED BY SAMUEL KIRKHAM, NEW-YORK: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHORS, BY W. H. COLYER, CORNER OF PEARL AND BEEKMAN STREETS. 1837. - <- i 'I Entered, According to Act of Congress, in the year 1836, br L. N. FOWLER & S. KIRKHAM, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of NEW YORK. STEREOTYPED BY P. F. RIPLEY, NBW YORK. PREFACE. To Americanize whatever in science and the arts, is capable of improving or adorning the mind, or of otherwise benefiting mankind, is no less the duty, than it would prove the glory, of every American citizen. Americans have had the genius and the moral courage to point out to the world the landmarks of civil liberty, and the true form and principles of free government, and, also, the highroad to national prosperity by improving a«id promoting agriculture, com- merce, and the arts ; but, with a deep sense of humility and abase- ment, it must be acknowledged, that hitherto they have rendered to foreign literature and foreign science, a far more degrading homage and submission than that demanded of our forefathers by political tyrants at the period of our Revolution. We have nobly burst the bands of despotick rule, and raised a proud beacon of liberty and in- dependence whose light has penetrated and illumined the remotest corners of the earth ; and yet, it cannot be denied, that we have too generally been content to receive our literary and our scientifick sup- plies by foreign importations — that we have too long degraded our- selves by tamely submitting to the dictum of transatlantick writers, and by servilely copying their works ; or, in other words, that our literary and scientifick dependence has brought a blush upon our po- litical independence. In nothing has this spirit of literary servility been more strikingly manifested than in the works of our countrymen upon the science of Phrenology. Hitherto, no American work has appeared upon this subject, stamped with originality of thought, or presenting new and comprehensive views, or even imbodying, to any considerable ex- tent, facts produced by the soil and climate of equal rights ; but every thing phrenological in this country, has been either a reprint, or a substantial copy, of some foreign work. Why this dearth of talent in American authorship upon Phrenolo- gy'? Is it because foreign writers have exhausted the subject; or be- cause it is an exotick plant which no man of genius and learning dares lo touch 1 or because we have not among us, minds sufficiently gifted in logical and critical acumen, to grapple with the subject, and to imbody and analyze the enormous mass of facts presented by the peculiar condition of the country in which we live 1 Surely, if the genius of science ever demanded an advocate— if ever nature held out her hand, and invited her worshipper to sit down by her side and take her picture, here the votary of the one and the amateur of the other have inducements and allurements to step forth, which were never before proffered to mortal genius. In this land of plenty and equal rights, conscious of its liberty to exercise any and all of its powers, the human mind marches forth unfettered and free. Here human nature displays itself in all its varying hues of light and shade. Here, then, if anywhere, we might expect to find, net only the greatest variety, but, also, the greatest extremes, of character and -V PREFACE. talents, as well as the most striking specimens of original genius, and all accompanied with corresponding phrenological developments. Among those who have become identified with the American soil, we find three of the five varieties of the human race, namely, the Anglo-American, the Aboriginal American, and the African ; be- sides an innumerable multitude of every other nation, kindred, tongue, and people, who are every day landing upon our prolifick shores : and, in short, here we have all the materials necessary for the most extensive, and interesting, and instructive phrenological ob- servations and experiments. Since, then, the grand basis of the phrenological system has been laid by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, in the Old World, does it not behoove some American genius to step forward and lay hold of these ample materials thus placed by Provi- dence within his reach, and complete this beautiful structure, and thereby identify the American name with a monument which is des- tined to become the admiration of all future ages '? Phrenology, it is true, is yet in its infancy; and its warmest advo- cates do not deny, that, for years, it must totter along in its leading- strings. They do not expect, that, like the birth of Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, a science of so vast importance can spring at once into perfect form and maturity. They do not imagine, that, in the freshness of its tender youth, it can possess all the strength, and vigour, and compactness of manhood. They are not unaware, that centuries have rolled up their rich floods of discovery to aid in rear- ing to its present growth, the science of astronomy ; and they believe that the fertilizing efforts of other centuries will be required to per- fect it : and they are sensible, too, that the same is true of botany, chym- istry, medicine, and, indeed, of all other sciences. Hence, they are not so unreasonable as to suppose, that two or three intellects, however gigantick, are capable of discovering and perfecting so comprehen- sive and profound a science as that of Phrenology; but they do be- lieve, that Phrenology is a noble and thriving plant — a germe of true science, which has already taken deep root, and which requires noth- ing more than the fostering care of men of genius and learning to increase it to a stately tree, whose branches will wave over all na- tions, and whose fruit will gladden the hearts of all people. Of all the subjects in philosophy, that which pertains to the mind of man, is undoubtedly the most interesting and important. Every discovery, therefore, in this imperfectly-explored region — every fresh ray of light cast upon this clouded tract, should be hailed with joy by every votary of science and by every friend of man. This volume is not designed to supersede the invaluable writings of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, and of Mr. Combe, nor does it profess to be wholly original ; but it does lay claim to many important improvements in the science 'sf Phrenology. These consist mainly in presenting many new and (as the Authors conceive) useful views upon the subject ; in bringing forward many new facts and the result of many observations and suc- cessful experiments, which serve as new proofs of the truth of the science and illustrations of its principles and utility; in supplying many gross deficiencies of the other writers upon the subject ; and, above all, in presenting the subject in a far more practical form than it has been heretofore given. These several improvements, how- ever, will be more clearly understood by giving a definite, numeri- cal statement of them. The present work, then, differs from all others upon the same sub- ject, in the following important particulars: 1. In order to obtain a clear and distinct idea of the character and analysis of the primary mental faculties, the student in Phre- nology requires, not only that the phenomena produced by them, should be described, but that those great principles in nature, in ac- cordance with which these various faculties are constituted, and to which they adapt the human mind, should also be presented and ex- plained; for, without a knowledge of these natural laws, he could gain but a very imperfect idea of the nature and functions of the mental faculties. The faculty of Weight, for example, has to do with those great principles of specifick gravity to which all material objects are subservient; Causality takes cognizance of the abstract principles of cause and effect, upon which, as far as we can perceive, the whole natural and moral government of God proceeds ; Compari- son is adapted to those laws of analogy which enter into the whole system of things; and so of the rest. The omission of a more dis- tinct reference to these fundamental laws, the Authors consider as a radical defect in other phrenological works, which defect they have attempted lo supply. 2. The organs were discovered when developed in excess, which has led many to an almost exclusive observation of their extreme de- velopments to the neglect of the medium and moro common mani- festation of the faculties, as displayed in the ordinary transactions of life. In applying the principles of the science, the authors have al- ways practised giving the proportionate size of all the various organs, and of describing character as deduced from the combined manifest- ations*of the faculties in their various degrees of strength: and thus they have been enabled, in this work, to describe the phenomena pro- duced by the faculties in all their various degrees of development. 3. By perusing what is said of the manifestations of the various faculties in our best works upon Phrenology, the reader will find it extremely difficult to form any distinct notions of the actions and feelings which these faculties would produce in their ordinary, daily manifestations. This marked deficiency the Authors have attempted to supply by dwelling chicfiy upon the incidents which result from the most common operations of the faculties, and by directing the atten- tion of the reader mainly to the precise phenomena produced by them. 4. Hitherto phrenologists have described the organs, not only when developed in excess, but, also, (which is a still greater defect,) as they manifest themselves when acting singly and alone — a thing that scarcely ever takes place: and hence the very vague and imperfect knowledge of the science acquired by those who have perused all our most able w orks upon the subject. The most important point to be understood in Phrenology, is a knowledge of the modifications produced by the combined action of the several organs; and the prin- cipal merits of this work are believed to rest upon this point, namely, the Authors have presented several thousand combinations of the facul- ties, and described their accompanying manifestations and phenome- na, which have not been noticed by any other writers. 5. Extensive observation, and long experience in applying the principles of Phrenology to the living subject, have satisfied the Au- thors, that, if a conviction of the truth and importance of the science, 1* is ever to be forced home upon the minds of men, it will be, not so much by reasoning upon the subject, as by a practical application of its principles. What do the common people, or even scientifick men, care about the arguments adduced in support of any new subject or science 1 Before they will believe in it, or even listen to it, they must see its truth practically demonstrated. Indeed, the world will never believe, either in any new mechanical invention or improvement, or in any proposed discovery, however reasonable or useful it may be, until they see it fully and fairly tested by actual experiment. In their phrenological experiments in describing character, the Authors sel- dom fail to convince nearly all who witness them, both of the truth of the science and of its practical utility; and, by gaining converts, it gains advocates, students, and admirers, becomes known, and its usefulness is thus disseminated. The importance of this manual as a practical treatise, may be inferred from the fact, that it will enable any individual, by having the relative size of his phrenological or- gans correctly marked upon the Chart which accompanies it, to read from the different pages of the book to which the Chart will refer him, a most beautiful and accurate analysis of his own mind — a cor- rect delineation of his own character and talents, and a perfect clas- sification of all his mental operations, and thus enable him to judge experimentally of the truth of the science. 6. The moral and theological bearing of the science is one of the most important points connected with it, and is presented in the latter part of this work, and discussed in such a manner, it is be- lieved, as to wipe out the disgraceful stigma heretofore cast upon Phrenology by branding it as a science whose doctrines lead to infi- delity, fatalism, and so forth. The Authors trust that they haVe en- tirely scraped off from it this moral fungus, and clearly shown, that, so far from its being a legitimate shoot springing naturally from the phrenological stock, it is a vile and baneful exotick, wholly engen- dered in the minds of immoral, misguided, or designing men : and thus, by clearing the skirts of Phrenology from every thing impure, anti-christian, or unholy, they trust they have rendered an accept- able service both to the cause of science and of pure morality and true religion. The great haste in which this volume has necessarily been pre- pared for the press, is the only reasonable apology which the Authors have to offer for its numerous defects; and even this, it must be con- fessed, is more hackneyed than weighty. The contents will be found at the end of the work. PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED. GENERAL REMARKS IN PROOF OP PHRENOLOGY. Phrenology professes to point out a connexion between certain manifestations of the mind, and particular conditions and developments of the brain. It asserts, for example, that the feeling of benevolence or kindness, is always manifested and indicated by means of, and in proportion to, a given por- tion of the brain; (see cuts;) and that the same is true of cautiousness or circumspection, of love, hatred, and reason, and of all the other mental faculties and feelings; and, vice versa, that the relative developments and various conditions of given portions of the brain, manifest and indicate the character and talents of individuals ; so that the one can be always ascertained by an observance of the other. Phrenology also claims to be a new and complete system of intellectual and moral philosophy, and professes to devel- op and illustrate the fundamental principles of human nature — principles which are inseparably connected with man's im- provement and happiness, and which embrace every thing pertaining to him as a physical, moral, and intellectual be- ing. It rests for support, in part, upon the truth of the fol- lowing propositions. I. The brain is the organ of the mind, or that corporeal instrument which the mind employs in the exercise of thought and feeling. This proposition is established by the following arguments. First. How impossible soever it may be for us to compre- hend the connexion between mind and matter, it is, neverthe- less, indisputably true, that we have no knowledge of the operations of the mind, except through the medium of its physical organ, the body. This fact admits of the most am- ple proof; but, without proof, it must be obvious to every one PHRENOLOGY PROVED. who reflects at all — obvious that we know nothing of mind, in this life, as a separate entity, or a thing that acts indepen- dent of its organick apparatus. Second. Since the body is the instrument of the mind, it follows, that the mind must act upon the physical world, either directly through the whole body, or by means of some particular portion of it. But it would be absurd to suppose, that the mind employs the wholebodj as its corporeal organ; for it is well known, that the various parts of the human frame, with the exception of the brain,* such as the limbs, the lungs, the heart, the liver, the stomach, the viscera, &c, are exclusively occupied, each in performing its particular class of functions. Hence it may be inferred, analogically, that some particular portion of the body is allotted to the exercise of the mental functions — a class of functions im- mensely more important than all those which fall to the lot of the whole body besides: and inasmuch as all the other parts of the body are known to be employed in the performance of the other functions, it follows, that the brain must be devoted to the performance of the intellectual functions. Third. Another and, perhaps, stronger evidence that the brain is the organ of the mind, may be derived from its im- portant location in the human frame, and the extreme deli- cacy of its wonderful structure. Look at its commanding position, in the superiour and crowning portion of this ma- jestick structure called man ! See the matchless skill of the Divine Architect displayed in protecting, from external in- jury, this exquisitely-wrought instrument ; first, by the scull, so elegantly and wonderfully shaped, and so judiciously di- vided into its various frontal, lateral, and occipital portions ; and all these so ingeniously and so strongly joined together by their respective sutures ! And in order still farther to strengthen this bulwark of the intellect, we find the scull again divided into its external and internal tables ; and these tables supported and united by an intervening, spongy sub- stance called diploe, which renders it less liable to be cracked or broken. This ossifick ball is also strengthened by the scalp or skin ; and this, again, is both protected and adorned by a thick coat of flowing hair. But, when we take a view of the interiour of this " dome of thought," this " palace of the soul," and survey its beautiful chambers, so superbly * The spleen may also be considered another exception; but it is too unim- portant to be noticed in the argument. THE BRAIN THE ORGAN OF THE MIND. ^ lined with the dura mater — when we look at the pia mater, which envelops the brain, and at the ingenious contrivance of that secreting membrane, the tunica arachnoidea, placed between the dura and the pia mater to lubricate and soften both — when we examine the partition walls of these cham- bers, formed by the falciform process of the dura mater, and the connecting fibres of the two hemispheres of the brain, styled the corpus collosum — when we scrutinize the cineri- tious substance of which the brain itself is composed, and notice the beautiful convolutions in which it is deposited — when we observe that this organ is the grand centre of all the most delicate and intricate machinery of the human frame, the origin of the spinal marrow, and of the whole nervous system, and, moreover, the recipient of, at least, one-third of the vital flood propelled by the heart — when we look at all this, the conviction is forced home upon us, that the Great Architect would not be likely to make such a display of wis- dom and skill in the formation, location, and protection of the brain, unless, in doing so, he had some important end in view — unless, in short, he designed the brain to perform the mental functions. Fourth. It has been fully proved by anatomical demonstra- tions, that the nerves of feeling, seeing, hearing, smelling, &c, have their origin in the brain, and even compose a por- tion of that organ; and the functions of these nerves, consti- tute a portion of the intellectual operations. Now, since a portion of the mental functions, is performed by a part of the brain, it is a logical induction to infer, that the remaining mental operations are performed by the remaining portions of the brain ; and, without first showing by what organ or organs the other intellectual phenomena are performed, no one can logically call in question this induction. Fifth. An inflammation of the brain produces a derange- ment of the mental faculties ; and its debility causes mental weakness, and sometimes even imbecility ; but no such effects are produced by the inflammation or debility of any other portion of the body. A suspension of the action of the brain by pressure, or other causes, produces a suspension of the action of the mind, while the animal functions continue to operate. The destruction or injury of even a portion of the brain, (when it reaches an organ on both sides of the head,) causes a derangement of some of the mental faculties; but the mutilation of any other part of the body, such, for exam- 10 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. pie, as the amputation of a limb, produces no such effect How can these things be accounted for on any other princi- ple than that which recognises the brain as the organ of the mind? Sixth. There is found to exist a reciprocal proportion be- tween the power and qualities of the mind, and the size, activity, and shape of the brain. An observation of the va- rious classes of animals, will illustrate this position. The worm has little or no brain, and (except sensation) little or no intellect or passion. The frog, the toad, the turtle, &c. have a contracted and flattened brain, and the mental powers proportionally weak. The dog, the monkey, the elephant, &c, possess a cerebral development far superiour to those animals last-named, and an intellect equally superiour. Idi- ots are found to possess brains vastly inferiour to those be- longing to men of ordinary talents ; and these, again, a development of this organ far inferiour to that of a Frank- lin, a Bacon, a De Witt Clinton, a Webster, a Bonaparte, a Sir Walter Scott, &c. : in other words, as we rise in the scale of animated being from the lowest grade tothe highest, at every ascending step, we invariably find, particularly in the coronal and frontal regions of the head, (in which, according to phrenology, the intellectual and moral organs are located,) an additional amount of brain. Are these things merely the result of chance ; or do they show de- sign? — are they merely accidental; or are they the result of fixed and immutable laws ? Other arguments in favour of the proposition that the brain is the organ of the mind, might easily be adduced ; but, since it is generally admitted by the great naturalists, anatomists, physiologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers, it might fairly be assumed, and the burden of proof thrown upon those who call it in question. II. The mind consists of a plurality of innate and inde- pendent faculties — a congregate of separate, primary pow- ers. The truth of this proposition may be shown by the following arguments. First. The mind performs different classes of functions, or various kinds of operations, such as love, hatred, fear, reason, sensation, &c. ; and, throughout all nature, different classes of functions are always performed by different in- struments. It is admitted, that seeing and hearing are men- tal operations, and, also, that they are performed by different MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 11 faculties. (See second argument under this proposition.) It is likewise admitted, that the functions of love, hatred, rea- son, &c, are intellectual functions, differing in their nature and qualities no less than those of seeing and hearing. If, then, the economy of nature requires, that the mental opera- tions of seeing and hearing, should be performed by differ- ent faculties, why should not the same economy also demand, that the mental operations of loving, hating, reasoning, &c. should also be performed by as many different faculties ? The mind, therefore, consists of as many different faculties, or primary powers, as it performs different classes of func- tions. Second. The mind is capable of doing several things at the same time — of seeing and loving a friend, of reasoning and feeling upon a subject, of talking, walking, looking, thinking, hearing, &c, and all simultaneously ; which could not possibly be done by a single faculty. According to the theory of Dr. Thomas Brown,* the mind is but a single faculty or power, and all the various mental operations are the product of this single faculty in different states, or modes of action : — seeing, for example, is the mind, or, what is the same thing, the man, in a state of seeing ; hating, the mind, or the man, in a state of hating; reasoning, the man in a state of reasoning, &c. If this is so, how can the same mind, or, what is equivalent, the same man, be in two or more different states at the same instant ? How can an in- dividual, at one and the same time, be wholly engrossed in seeing his friend and in loving him? How can a speaker carry on, simultaneously, a train of thought and a process of feeling ? or how can he reason better when excited than when not excited ? If this theory were true, while looking at a wound we could not feel its pain, but, with perfect ease, we might relieve its pain by simply looking at the wound, or at any other object, or by engaging the mind in the exer- cise of any other function ; for, inasmuch as it would be im- possible for us both to see and feel at the same time, the instant we should begin to look, or think, or do any thing else, we should cease to feel. But since we can see the per- forating needle whilst we feel its smart; can see our friend whilst loving him ; can be, at the same instant, both devising^ and executing ; can be walking, and talking, and seeing, and * Brown's Philosophy of the Human Mind. 12 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. feeling, and reasoning, &c. simultaneously, and as these require each the exercise of the mind, it follows, that these various classes of functions, and, by a parity of reasoning, that all the different classes of mental functions, are performed by as many different faculties, several of which can be in simultaneous action. The supporters of Dr. Brown's theory, maintain, indeed, that the mind can perform but one class of functions at a time ; but this can easily be shown to be incorrect ; for, if this position were true, the moment one should begin to walk, which requires the exercise of the mind, and all the time he is engaged in walking, he must necessarily cease to perform any and all other functions ; and so of seeing, hear- ing, feeling, &c. Suppose, for example, an orator is deeply engaged in addressing an audience : according to this the- ory, he must be engaged one moment in thinking, the next, in feeling, the next, in looking at his audience, the next, in gesticulation, and so on through the whole round of mental operations which it is necessary for him to perforin, before he can recommence the circuit of the various functions en- tering into the delivery of his discourse ; but, it is evident, that he may be, at one and the same time, beholding his au- dience, gesticulating, and pouring forth a powerful current of thought commingled with deep emotion ; or, in other words, at one and the same time, exercising all the various faculties necessary to the performance of his oratorical effort. But, say the supporters of this theory, in such instances, the mind does not perform several classes of functions at the same time, but its transition from one class to another, is so rapid as not to be observable. Let us look at this argument. It cannot be denied, that an organ which performs any por- tion of a class of functions, always performs the whole of that class — that, for example, the organ of vision does all the seeing, and that no seeing can be effected without its agency and action; that no digestion can be performed with- out the action of the stomach ; that no sensation can take place except by the instrumentality of the nerves of feeling ; no motion, except by the muscles, and so on ; and that this principle holds good throughout all the operations of nature : and hence it follows, that the action of the brain, (which has been proved to be the organ of the mind,) is just as neces- sary in every, as in any, operation of the mind .; and, conse MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 13 quently, that there can be no operation of the mind without a corresponding action of the brain : and, moreover, that a change in the operations of the mind, must necessarily pro- duce a change in the action of the brain. If, then, the mind were a single faculty, and, consequently, the brain a single organ, their united transition from one class of functions to another, could be no more rapid or instantaneous than that of the eye, the finger, or any other corporeal organ, and, of course, not so instantaneous as not to be observable ; and, if not observable, (which all will admit,) it cannot exist : and, therefore, the mind cannot be a single faculty. But according to the principle, that the mind consists of a plurality of facul- ties, any, or even all, of these faculties may be in simultane- ous and harmonious action — a principle as remarkable for beauty and consistency, as the old theory is for deformity 'and absurdity. Third. The diversity of human character and talents, proves the plurality of the mental faculties. If the mind were a single faculty, all minds must be exactly alike in their nature, their qualities, and their modes of action, and could differ only in their strength and activity ; which is by no means the case: but, if different minds possess the various faculties in different degrees of development, they must, like the primary colours mingled in various propor- tions, differ accordingly ; which is the fact. If the mind were a single faculty, it could work just as well in one har- ness as in another — could perform all classes of mental op- erations with equal facility and success ; and every man could succeed equally well in any and in every pursuit — equally well as a poet, a painter, a musician, a logician, an orator, a mathematician, a linguist, a mechanick, a naturalist, a divine, and, in short, in every calling, and in every department of literature and science. Partial genius, or a taste and tal- ent for doing particular things, striking instances of which frequently occur, could not then exist ; but all men would be equally capable of succeeding equally well in any thing and in every thing. This, however, the experience of almost every individual, even from thevery cradle, proves to be erro- neous. Those who are idiots in some things, are often re- markably gifted in other things ; which proves that such, and, by a parity of reasoning, that all mankind, possess dif- ferent mental faculties, and in various degrees of strength and activity. 2 14 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. Fourth. According to the principle, that the mind consists of several faculties, it is evident that, in a given time, it can perform, not only a greater number, but also, a greater vari- ety, of operations, which would render it proportionally the more perfect and useful. In order to show the force of this argument, let us suppose that the body were so constituted as to be incapable of performing more than one class of functions at a time, so that, whilst performing the function of respiration, for example, it would be incapable of exercising any other function — whilst executing the function of seeing, that of hearing, of feeling, of digestion, and of every thing else, must cease. How infinitely inferiour must such a ma- chine be, to the magnificent structure which we now pos- sess — a structure capable of proceeding, in the most easy and elegant manner, in the simultaneous performance of many widely different classes of functions ! As, in the op- erations of the body, scarcely any thing important is ever effected which does not require the cooperation of several, different organs, so is it with respect to the operations of the mind, for we rarely meet with any of its products that do not evince the combined efforts of several of its faculties. If we look into an author, for example, we can seldom proceed far without meeting with a thought that displays the com- bined action of reason, wit, fancy, and so forth. Fifth. That the mind consists of a plurality of faculties, may be proved, in the fifth place, by a reference to the men- tal exercise of memory, by which we are to understand, a reminiscence of the operations of the mind. It has been shown, that, if the mind were a single faculty, its operation would be just as powerful in all classes of functions, as in any class. In this case, it could not only remember, judge, in- vent, construct, copy, &c, with equal success, but its memory would be just as strong when exercised upon one class of facts, as when upon any other class ; and, consequently, every one would be able to remember every class of facts with equal ease and tenacity. But this is seldom, if ever, the case. Almost every individual is a living witness to the opposite state of things . in proof of which, it is necessary only to appeal to observation and experience. Most persons find it as easy to remember some things, as it is difficult to remember others : they often find that their associates rec- ollect what they forget, and forget what they remember. It is both natural and easy for some persons to remember MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 15 faces, but to forget names ; whilst others forget faces, but re- collect names. The same holds true of size, weight, col- ours, dates, tunes, places, incidents, &c. Hence, there are many kinds of memory ; but this could not be the case if the mind were a single faculty: therefore, if we admit — what, indeed, the phenomena of memory compel us to admit — that there are many kinds of memory, we must also admit, that there are, at least, as many separate intellectual faculties, as there are sorts of memory : ergo, the mind consists of a plurality of faculties. Sixth. A plurality of the mental faculties, is also estab- lished by the phenomena of dreaming. If the mind were a unity, it would act or repose, be asleep or awake, as a whole ; that is, one portion of it could not be awake and active, whilst the remainder slept; and, consequently, all its phe- nomena, so far as produced at all, would be in perfect har- mony with each other. But this would entirely preclude the phenomena of dreaming ; or, at least, that kind of dream- ing so very common, in which numerous vivid emotions, such as joy, grief, terrour, fear, affection, &c. arise, succeed one another, and depart, without the control of the reason- ing faculties. These phenomena, however, perfectly har- monize with the doctrine of a plurality of faculties, some of which, being awake and excited to action by some stimulus which does not affect the other faculties, present those dis- ordered ideas and feelings which constitute a dream, whilst the repose of the others, permits this disordered action. Seventh. Partial insanity, or monomania, is utterly at va- riance with the idea that the mind is a single faculty, em- ploying in its operations but a single organ, A derange- ment of the mind can be caused only by a derangement of the brain. Now, if all classes of the mental functions, were performed by a single organ, it is evident, that a derange- ment of this organ, would cause a corresponding and uni- form derangement of all the operations of the mind : whereas, cases of monomania, or a derangement that extends to only one or two classes of the mental operations, whilst all the other classes are performed with perfect sanity and propriety, very frequently occur. This, indeed, is the most common form in which derangement appears, many instances of which have fallen under the author's own observation. We often meet with persons deranged in the matter of love, or hatred, or on the subject of religion, or with respect to . 6 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. property, &c, whilst they are perfectly rational on every other subject ; but, if one and the same faculty exercised the various functions of love, and hatred, and religious feeling, &c, and, also, all the other mental functions, it would be im- possible for this single faculty to be deranged in the perform- ance of these first-named functions, whilst it was perfectly sane in the exercise of all its other functions : consequently, it is impossible, for the mind to consist of only a single fac- ulty.* Eighth. The relief, and even refreshment, afforded to the mind by a change of thought, study, feeling, &c, furnish another evidence of a plurality of the mental faculties ; for, if the mind were but a single faculty, this single faculty would have to perform all the mental operations, and, con- sequently, would be just as much exhausted and fatigued by its exercise in performing any one class of functions, as in any other class ; and, therefore, when fatigued by exercising one class of functions, it could, not only, not be relieved or refreshed, but would be still farther exhausted, by dropping that class, and taking up another. But what is the language of facts touching this subject 1 How is it that the mechan- ick, when fatigued by hard labour in his shop, experiences relief and refreshment by taking a smart walk to his meals 1 Not, as has been intimated by some, by the mere novelty presented by the change, but, by giving rest to the fatigued organs, and by bringing into exercise another set of organs. What is here predicated of the physical phenomena, holds equally true when applied to the intellectual phenomena. The student, for example, when suffering great fatigue of mind from a long and continued pursuit of mathematicks, or metaphysicks, often turns to chymistry, history, the study of language, of geography, or, perhaps, a work of imagina- tion, with new vigour and fresh delight, although his fatigue of mind is too great any longer to continue the first study. The fact that a change of subjects or studies, affords relief and refreshment to the mind, is too familiar to need farther illustration ; and the inference to be drawn from it, is per- fectly obvious, namely, that this change which presents an- other subject of study, calls into exercise another set of fac- ulties. ' For a farther illustration of this point, see Dr. A. Combe, and also Dr. Spurz- heim, upon Insanity. THE BRAIN A PLURALITY OF ORGANS. L7 Thus it would appear, that the various arguments under this second proposition, namely, that the mind performs dif- ferent classes of functions — that it is capable of performing several classes of functions at the same time — that different individuals possess the various mental faculties in different degrees of strength and power, constituting what is called partial genius — that the perfection of the mind requires that it should be composed of many faculties — that the phenom- ena of the various kinds of memory, could not be produced by a single faculty — that the phenomena of dreaming could not result from the operation of a single faculty — that partial insanity is inconsistent with the idea of but a single mental power — and that the relief which the mind experiences by a change of subject, is owing to the exercise of another set of faculties, one and all, clearly demonstrate the truth of the proposition, that the mind is a plurality of innate and inde- pendent faculties, and that this is a fundamental and consti- tutional principle of the human mind. Many other argu- ments in proof of this position, might readily be adduced ; but it is believed that the foregoing are abundantly sufficient. In the general argument in proof of the truth of phrenol- ogy, this proposition is all-important, and even fundamental: It is, indeed, the test and touchstone of the truth of the sci- ence. If this proposition should be disproved^ phrenology would fall, " like the baseless fabrick of a vision, and leave not a wreck behind ;" but if, in connexion with the preceding proposition, it be established, there can be no such thing as evading the inference, that phrenology is true : and when we prove that phrenology is true, we sweep away, like spi- ders' webs, all the old and crude theories of mental philoso- phy, and, in their stead, establish, upon an immoveable basis, the beautiful and splendid superstructure of phrenological science. III. The brain consists of as many different portions or organs, as the mind does of faculties. Throughout all nature, different classes of functions are always performed by different instruments ; and no single organ is known to perform more than one class of functions. It has already been stated, that the organs of seeing, hearing, sensation, &c, have been proved each to perform its respective, intel- lectual function exclusively by means of a particular portion of the brain ; and hence it follows analogically, that all the 2* 18 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. other mental faculties must also perform their functions by- means of the other portions of the brain. In support of this third proposition, innumerable facts have heretofore been brought forward by phrenologists, in addi- tion to which the author takes the liberty of presenting a few of the many that have fallen under his own observation. He once examined the head of a lady who was deranged in the matter of conscience, but perfectly sane in every other respect. He found the organ of conscientiousness to be very large, and much heated, or much warmer than any other por- tion of the head. At the request of the author, other per- sons present who were disbelievers in phrenology, applied their hands to the head, and very readily perceived, and bore testimony to, the fact. While practising phrenology in Brattleborough, Vt., a lady called upon the author, stating that she laboured under a great difficulty in expressing her ideas. He remarked that her organ of language was large, and asked if it had al- ways been so. She replied, that, until she had an inflamma- tion of the brain, which was particularly severe about the eyes, (above which, this organ is located,) causing excruci- ating pain in those parts, she could talk with fluency ; but since that time, she often hesitated for words in which to ex- press the most commonplace ideas. The organ of language being situated upon the superorbiter plate, its inflammation might easily be mistaken for an inflammation of the eyes. A little girl of Washington, D. C, received a fracture of the scull in the region in which the organ of tune is located. Whilst confined with this wound, which had become irri- tated, she experienced, what had never been manifested be- fore, a strong and involuntary propensity to sing. Thus the phenomena of musick was produced by what, under or- dinary circumstances, we should expect to prevent it. viz. a wound ; and the only solution of the case, seems entirely to turn upon the fact, that the inflammation was connected with the phrenological organ of tune. This case was stated to the author in 1 835, by Dr. Miller, at the house, and in the presence, of Dr. Sewal, a distinguished physician and anti- phrenologist. Several cases of monomania, produced by wounds and in- flammation in the cerebellum, in which the feeling of ama- tiveness was deranged, have been related to the author. One was that of a gentleman in the west, who had to submit to THE BRAIN A PLURALITY OF ORGANS. 19 the discipline of the straight-jacket, and who died the ninth day of the disease, reported to the author by a Mr. C. An- other case of the same kind, was reported by Dr. Miller of Baltimore, and another by Dr. Jackson of Boston ; which, together with the thousands of similar ones stated by Drs. Gall, Spurzheim, and others, all tend to confirm the truth of the proposition, that the brain consists of a plurality of or- gans. The author saw a man in Hatfield, Mass., who possesses good talents, but who is deranged in the matter of love, while he is sane in other respects. He is often complaining of a compressed sensation, and of a buzzing sound, exactly in that portion of the head in which the organ of adhesiveness is located. Many other cases in which the individuals were rational, but whose attachments had been interrupted, have fallen under the author's observation, and in all of which they complained of a soreness in the same place. In one of these instances, the individual was unable to rest the back part of the head upon a pillow, and suffered so much from the presence of pain as to call in a physician : # meanwhile the mental suffering, caused by the absence of the object of attachment, was almost insupportable. Did the proposed limits of this work permit, many more similar facts would be presented, but those given are deemed sufficiently numerous to prove a reciprocal connexion be- tween the diseased condition of certain portions of the brain, and a derangement of particular classes of the mental func- tions. Here, then, we rest the argument. If the brain is a unity, a disease of any portion of it, must affect it as a whole ; and, consequently, (on the supposition that the brain is the organ of the mind,) equally affect every function of the mind ; yet, since this is not only, not borne out by facts, but even in direct opposition to them, the only remaining con- clusion is, that, instead of the whole brain's being employed by each, separate faculty of the mind, one portion of it is employed by that faculty, for example, which performs the function of anger, another portion by that which exercises fear, and another by that which exercises reason, and so of all the other mental functions. The contrary supposition is * Through ignorance of the real cause of the disease, the mode of treatment adopted in this case, was very injurious and highly reprehensible. Instead of al- laying the excitement, by removing the inflammation, a blister was applied, which greatly increased the disease. 20 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. as absurd, and as much opposed to all analogy, both physical and intellectual, as to suppose that the whole body should be employed in seeing, the whole in hearing, in digestion, in respiration, and in every other particular function : and if this connexion between the faculties of the mind and par- ticular portions of the brain, exists at all, it follows, that there can be no exercise of the one, without a reciprocal action of the other ; or, in other words, that there can be no exercise of a faculty, without the exercise of its corresponding or- gan ; and, vice versa, no exercise of an organ, without the exercise of its corresponding faculty. The great Author of nature would not have established this mutual connexion, unless the economy of nature required it ; and if this econ- omy requires it in any one instance, it must, for the same reason, equally demand it in every instance. It may also be added in this connexion, that, according to the theory of the unity of the brain, each faculty must, of necessity, use the brain as a whole in succession, which pre- cludes the possibility of that common and necessary phenom- ena of the mind, namely, its simultaneous exercise of several faculties. IV. The various faculties of the mind are possessed, orig- inally, in different degrees of strength by different indi- viduals, and also by the same individual. There exists a toto celo difference between a Shakspeare and a Franklin, a Howard and a Nero, a Raphael and a Washington, a Ben- jamin West and a Patrick Henry — a difference which nei- ther education nor circumstances could create, nor even essentially modify. So strong was the passion for painting with West, that he bid defiance both to the corrections of his school-teacher, and the frowns of his parents, and seclu- ded himself in his garret merely to indulge it; and even while a mere child, and without instruction, he conceived and executed some of his most beautiful designs. Diversi- ty and variety characterize the intellects and the feelings of men, at least, as much as they do their countenances, and that, even from the first dawn of the mind, and not unfre- quently in opposition to circumstances. This diversity of human intellects, dispositions, predilections, talents, &c, is too common and too striking to need illustration. Every individual, in a greater or less degree, furnishes an illustra- tion of this fact. It has even passed into a proverb, that " a poet must be born, and not made ;" and this applies equally SIZE THE MEASURE OF POWER. 21 to the artist, the orator, the mechanick, the divme, the natu- ralist, the accountant, and even to all who excel in any par- ticular calling. The happiness of society, and the improve- ment of mankind, absolutely demand this variety of talents and character; and, in accordance with this demand, the Creator doubtless intends, and, therefore, qualifies, one man for one sphere of action, and another, for another sphere. If this diversity and variety did not exist, it is evident from the principle, that like causes produce like effects, that, in all cases, the same circumstances would form similar char- acters, and opposite circumstances, opposite characters ; or, rather, that the character and talents of men would vary in exact proportion to the variation of their education, circum- stances in life, &c, so that, the one could always be estima- ted from a knowledge of the other ; but the fact is, similar circumstances often produce opposite characters and talents, and opposite circumstances, similar characters and talents. The conclusion, then, both a priori and from facts, is, that the various faculties are imparted to different individuals, and even to the same individual, originally, in different degrees of strength. The force of education, however, in impro- ving or perverting the faculties, as originally bestowed, in modifying their relative power, and in changing their direc- tion, is not intended here to be denied. V. There exists a reciprocal proportion between the rel- ative strength and power of the various mental faculties, and the size of those portions of the brain, or those organs, by which they are severally manifested. It has already been shown, that each mental faculty is exercised, exclusively, by means of one particular portion of the brain ; and, upon the principle, which holds good throughout all nature, that, other conditions being equal, size is always the measure of power* — a principle too familiar to require proof — it follows, that the stronger a faculty is, the larger must be its organ ; and, vice versa, the larger an organ, the stronger its faculty. This proposition is also rendered evident from the estab- lished and familiar, physiological principle, that the exercise of any corporeal organ, causes its increase. The exercise of the arm of the blacksmith, causes its enlargement. Those who spend their lives at the oar, thereby greatly augment the size of their arms and chests, while the lower extremi- * See Combe's System of Phrenology, pages 23 to 29, and 90 to 98. 22 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. ties are comparatively feeble. Labouring men generally possess much larger bodies, and much smaller heads, than literary and scientifick men. Give a child no exercise, and you thereby make him a dwarf. Cease to exercise any por- tion of the body, and it diminishes in size and strength. Now, since the brain is one of the corporeal organs, it follows, (until the brain is shown to form an exception to the action of this law,) that the same common law of increase by exercise, and of decrease by inaction, which has been shown to govern the other corporeal organs, equally governs the organs of the brain, causing their increase in proportion to their exercise. And, since it has been shown, that the va- rious faculties of the mind manifest their functions by means of as many organs of the brain — that these faculties differ in their strength — that the exercise of these organs must be proportionate to that of their corresponding faculties — and that the increase of these organs must be proportionate to their exercise, it necessarily follows, that the increase of each organ, must be proportionate to the exercise of its faculty ; that, for example, if, in the exercise of the function of con- scientiousness, an individual calls into action a given portion of the brain, (see cuts,) and in the exercise of benevolence, another portion, he must exercise, and, of course, increase, the organ of benevolence more than he does that of consci- entiousness, in proportion as he is more benevolent than he is conscientious; and that the same holds true with respect to all the other faculties of the mind, and their corresponding organs of the brain. Hence, a proportion between the two, must necessarily exist. VI. The shape of the brain may generally be ascertain- ed by the form of the scull ; or, in other words, an increase of the various portions of the brain, causes a corresponding increase of the portions of the scull above them ; for, inas- much as the scull is moulded and adapted to the brain, the conformation of the brain determines the shape of the scull, and, with a few unimportant exceptions, corresponds with it. The scull is merely the protector of the brain, and sub- servient to it ; that is, the scull is formed for the brain, and not the brain for the scull. How unreasonable, then, to suppose, that the scull should throw any obstruction in the way of the development of the brain ! This would be like assuming, that men are made for the houses they occupy, and not the houses for the men. What ! one operation of SHAPE OF THE BRAIN. 23 nature interfere with, and prevent, another operation of na- ture ! Does the bark of a tree obstruct the growth of the tree ? Does the shell of the oyster, the lobster, or the turtle, prevent the increase of, or give shape to, the body of these animals? As well might we assume, that the skin gives shape to, and prevents the growth of, the arm, the hand, or the scull, as to suppose that the scull controls the size and shape of the brain. It is brought forward as an objection to phrenology, that an enlargement of the scull can take place, only by the me- chanical pressure of the brain, and that the brain is too soft a substance to produce such an influence upon the scull. This objection is fully answered by an appeal to that general law of nature which accounts for the gradual expansion of the scull as the individual advances in years, by the anal- ogy of growth and formation as displayed in all her works. Are not the gradual growth and formation of the wood and bark of the tree, both mutual and natural 1 And does not the same hold true of the hard and soft parts of the shell-fish, and of every thing analogous in nature? Can we conceive any thing more mysterious or difficult in this, than in any other operation of nature? Is there any thing more unac- countable in the formation and growth of the brain and scull, than in that of the wood and bark of a tree ? The clear voice of facts speaks in the language of demonstration upon this subject ; and from its decision, there is no appeal. Not only does the whole head, which, of course, includes the scull, and all the various parts of the head, increase up to the age of thirty or more, but the form of the head changes, more or less, " from the cradle to the grave." In children the cerebellum (organ of amativeness) is commonly very small. In middle aged persons (when the vigour of the passion is greatest) its proportionate size is greatly increased ; and in aged persons, again diminished ; and the scull adapts itself to this increase and decrease. The middle of the foreheads of children and youth, is, in general, extremely full and rounded, while that of men is generally depressed. Nor is this the only class of facts bearing upon this point. Numerous instances of the increase of various portions of the scull, while other portions remained stationary, might be cited ; yet, why should we consume time upon the prop- osition, that the external surface of the brain and scull, in 24 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. general, correspond — a proposition which is not only a mat- ter of observation, and which is demonstrated by almost every scull upon which we can cast our eyes, but which is already proved to our hands by such men as Cuvier, Magendie, Charles Bell,* and others of equal learning and authority, and, moreover, which is susceptible of physical demonstration? It remains, then, for the phrenologist merely to ascertain what portions of the brain are employed to manifest the vari- ous faculties, and, also, what are the indications upon the scull of the relative size of these organs, (which, indeed, has already been done by the most critical and extensive observation,) and then he will have sufficient data from which to determine even the minutics of the character and talents, and of the various mental qualities, of any and of every individual. In this connexion may be mentioned the fact, that the thickness of the scull may be determined by its vibrations in speaking, the tones of the voice, &c. VII. The history of the discovery of phrenology, fur- nishes ample demonstration of its truth. Like all the other exact sciences,! every portion of it was discovered, and brought to its present state of perfection, entirely by induc- tion — by an observation and a classification of facts. It originated with Dr. Gall, a celebrated physician of Vienna, who noticed, in the first place, a uniform connexion between full and prominent eyes, and a talent for committing to mem- ory. By this happy circumstance, he was led to look for * In Charles Bell's Anat. II. 390, we are furnished with the following passage : " Thus we find, that the bones of the head are moulded to the brain, and the pe- culiar shapes of the bones of the head, are determined by the original peculiari- ty in the shape of the brain." It is also added in a note, " I have seen one striking instance of the scull's decreasing with the brain. It occurred in an individual who died at the age of thirty-two, after having laboured under chronick insanity for upwards often years, and whose mental weakness augmented inproportion to the diminution of the brain and the shrinking of his scull. The diminution of his head in size, attracted his own attention during life." Cuvier is still more ex- plicit upon the same point. He says, " In all mammiferous animals, the brain is moulded in the cavity of the cranium, which it fills exactly : so that the description of the osseous part, affords us a knowledge of, at least, the external form of the medullary mass within." Magendie says, "Theonly way of estimating the volume of the brain in a living person, is to take the dimensions of the scull," &c. Other authors might be quoted ; but these are sufficient for our purpose ; so that anat- omists and physicians, at least, cannot, with any appearance of consistency, ques- tion this proposition : and no others have any right to do so. Its correctness stands, then, unshaken. t So many phrenological facts, all, like the converging rays of the concave mir- ror, tending to the same focus, all establishing and confirming the same general principles as the great law of nature, have been collected and classified, that, until their opponents, upon whom the burden of proof is thus thrown, explain these facts upon other than phrenological principles, phrenologists have an un- disputed right to number it among the "other exact sciences." DISCOVERY OF PHRENOLOGY. 25 other signs of intellect, in other portions of the head, and, accordingly, when he ascertained that a certain servant-man was pre-eminent for his kindness and goodness, he took a cast of his head, and afterwards, the casts of several other persons distinguished for the same trait of character. He then made a careful examination and comparison of these several casts, and found, that, although they differed in every other respect, there was one protuberance, upon the upper part of the frontal portion of the head, (see cuts,) common to them all. The following is the method adopted by Dr. Gall in the discovery of combativeness. After collecting a promiscuous company of ordinary persons from the streets, he ascertain- ed from them which were cowardly, and which, courageous. He then placed the former by themselves and the latter by themselves, and proceeded to examine and compare the re- spective developments of the different portions of their heads, until he ascertained, that, notwithstanding the great diversity of shape in other parts, yet the heads of the courageous ones, all displayed a fulness and thickness just behind the top of the ear, (see cuts,) and that the heads of the cowardly were all thin and depressed in that particular region. This dis- covery — as well as that of benevolence — was then applied to innumerable other subjects, until its correctness was fully established. The same plan was afterwards pursued by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim in the discovery of every other organ. They travelled through many countries of Europe, visiting the va- rious hospitals, prisons, and other places where extreme cases of character might be found, and examined the heads of all the remarkable persons within their reach, and thus, slowly but surely, confirmed the discovery and location of about thirty of the phrenological organs : and in this way they collected an amount of facts sufficient to fasten conviction upon every philosophical mind that will examine them. Thus, in the discovery of phrenology, nothing was - theo- rized ; but every organ was discovered, and that by observ- ing, that certain manifestations of the mind, are always ac- companied by particular manifestations of the brain. Phre- nology rests its claims to respect and belief upon the same grounds with the sciences of chymistry, mineralogy, botany, electricity, anatomy, and all the other sciences which are de- duced from an observance and classification of natural facts. 26 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. VIII. The truth of phrenology is mainly supported by an appeal to the demonstrative evidence of physical facts. In this place an allusion can be made to only a few of the innumerable facts that have already been observed in support of phrenological science. Throughout the whole animal kingdom, they abound; but, more especially, and in the most striking manner, are they found to be manifested in that most important and wonderful of the animal species — man. The human head generally presents a large development of the frontal and coronal portions of the brain ; and, accord- ing to phrenology, the former of these portions, is the seat of the intellectual, and the latter, of the moral, organs ; but, in the brains of animals, these portions are almost entirely wanting, as their heads manifest scarcely any traces of these organs : and does not this perfectly correspond with the mental qualities of these different classes of beings ? The European race (including their descendants in America) possess a much larger endowment of these organs, and also of their corresponding faculties, than any other portion of the human species. Hence, their intellectual and moral su- periority over all other races of men. Franklin, Locke, Bacon, Browne, Edwards, Webster, and Drs. Richard and James Rush, and, indeed, all deep and profound reasoners, all original and powerful thinkers, without a solitary excep- tion, possess really immense causality and comparison. Among all the heads examined and noticed by the author, he has never seen one with so very high, broad, and deep a forehead, or, in other words, in which the reasoning organs are developed in so extraordinary a manner, as in that of Daniel Webster ;* and where do we find his superiour for displaying those faculties of the mind which are imparted by these organs 1 (See comparison and causality very large.) Men of ordinary talent, possess a respectable endowment of these organs. The Hindoos, Chinese, American Indians, and the African race, still less, but much more than the low- er order of animals. Idiots, scarcely any ; and the lower order of animals, none, or next to none at all. (See illus- tration by cuts.) The monkey possesses immense philoprogenitiveness, * In the different parts of this work, the author occasionally takes the liberty of referring to individuals whose permission to do so, he has not had the oppor- tunity to ask. He trusts, however, that the cause of science will be subserved by th(s license, and that this will be received as a sufficient apology for him. PHRENOLOGY OF ANIMALS. 27 amativeness, and. individuality, and large secretiveness, com- bativeness, &c, and but very little language, causality, com- parison,* and moral organs ; which perfectly corresponds with the character of the animal. The crow has very large cautiousness and secretiveness, and large combativeness ; the cat, the fox, the weasel, and all those animals which employ secrecy in catching their prey, possess large cautiousness, secretiveness, and destructiveness ; the tiger, the lion, the leopard, and the panther, or the feline species generally, the bear, the wolf, the fox, the hawk, the owl, the eagle, and all animals which destroy other animals and live upon their flesh, possess, without an individual exception, large com- bativeness and immense destructiveness ; while the deer, the calf, the sheep, the hen, the dove, the pigeon, and all those animals which eat no flesh, and are not savage in their na- ture, have small combativeness and very little destructiveness. The dog has very large locality, and, accordingly, is able to pursue the deer for successive days through the deep for- est, making almost innumerable turnings and windings, and yet, when he gives up the chase, can pursue a direct line to his home. The bear and the swine possess the same organ, and also the same faculty, in a remarkable degree. The familiar fact of tying up a pig in a bag, and of transporting him, in this condition, to a distance, is directly in point. It is well known, that as soon as he is released, if he has the opportunity, he will draw a bee-line for his home. Secre- tiveness is so extremely developed in the head of the cat and the fox, that the protuberance assumes the appearance of a little horn, while destructiveness, though large, comparatively retires ; but in the dog and the bear, destructiveness is much larger than secretiveness : and this exactly corresponds with the character of each. In the gambols of the kitten, and in the general disposition of the cat, we see a great deal more of secrecy and slyness than of destructiveness ; but in the dog, we see the disposition to bite and tear in pieces without the * In the monkey, the superorbiter plate, upon which language is located, and the portion of the scull beneath which causality is situated, are joined together, thus indicating a want of these organs. Their want of the corresponding_/acui- ties, is equally striking. In the Indian and African races, these portions of the scull are separated, perhaps, one inch and a half; whilst in the miniature bust of Franklin, which is probably not one-tenth the size of his head, these same por- tions are separated nearly as far as in the full grown Indian and African heads. The height of this miniature bust, from the external opening of the ear, is also nearly as great as that of the full-sized Indian head; which strictly corrasponds with the moral character of each. 28 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. use of artifice or cunning. In the head of the monkey, the robin, the bluebird, the partridge, and other animals which show an extreme fondness for their young, as well as in fe- males generally, the organ of philoprogenitiveness is very large ; while in the male dog, which is a stranger to this feeling, no traces of it are to be found. The strength of this feeling in the female bear, which, as is well known, will fight so desperately for her cubs, corresponds exactly with the development of the organ in a scull of the bear now in the author's possession.* Facts which show the correspondence between the known characteristicks of the various classes of animals and their phrenological developments, might be added to almost any extent, and their correctness demonstrated by the author's collection of the sculls of animals. Every menagerie in the country affords numerous and striking evidences and illustrations of the truth of phrenology. All animated na- ture teems with facts in its favour : and no striking instance has been, or, the affirmation may be ventured, can be, pro- duced, through all the gradations and classes which compose the animal kingdom, from the worm up to man, and even through all the different races of men, which can show a discrepance between the known and marked characteristicks of an animal, and the phrenological developments and con- ditions of his brain ; but, on the contrary, the coincidences between the two, are invariably found to be the most striking and satisfactory. Inasmuch, then, as the phrenological phenomena, from one end of the chain of animated beings to the other, are uniformly found to accord with the characters of these beings, it follows, that the same phrenological law governs all animals, and, consequently, causes this uni- formity. Yet, after all, it is the human species that furnishes the most varied, the most striking, and the most copious evi- The following anecdote is well authenticated. Recently a farmer in Allegany Co., N. Y., on rising in the morning, discovered that a sow of his had been killed in the sty, and that her litter.of pigs was missing: and from the tracks of a bear around the pen, together with copious traces of blood, he concluded that the piga had all been eaten Dy the bear. Some time after, however, the farmer encoun- tered, in the woods, a large female bear, having in her charge and keeping his lost litter of pigs. A sharp conflict ensued. The farmer, determined to recover his stolen property, displayed his cornbativeness in a heroick manner ; and bruin, ac- tuated by the still stronger passion of philoprogenitiveness, showed unwonted prowess in defending her paternal right to her adopted offspring, until, at length, overcome by the skill of her human antagonist, she took to flight, carrying off one of the little squeakers in her mouth. This singular incident clearly shows, that the bear possessed larger philoprogenitiveness than alimentiveness. INDIAN DEVELOPMENTS. 29 dences and illustrations of the truth and principles of this science ; because it is man alone that is capable of perform- ing the greatest number, and the most complicated kinds, of functions — man, whose mind can grasp the great, and attend to the minute — man, in short, who is lord over all other ter- restrial beings. A great number of Indian heads and sculls, from many of the different American tribes, has fallen under the author's observation and inspection ; and he has found, as a general feature common to them all, an extreme development of de- structiveness, secretiveness, and cautiousness, together with a large endowment of individuality, eventuality, tune, con- scientiousness, and veneration, and, sometimes, firmness ; large approbativeness or self-esteem,, and sometimes both large; moderate acquisitiveness, benevolence, causality,, combativeness, amativeness, and constructiveness : and, in the female, extremely large adhesiveness and philoprogeni- tiveness ; but in the male, philoprogenitiveness moderate. This combination of organs indicates just such a character as the Indians generally possess. Their extreme destruc- tiveness would create a cruel, blood-thirsty, and revengeful disposition — a disposition common to the race — which, in connexion with their moderate or small benevolence, would make them turn a deaf ear to the cries of distress, and steel them to such acts of barbarity as they are wont to practise in torturing the hapless victims of their vengeance. Their extremely large destructiveness combined with their large secretiveness and cautiousness, and smaller combativeness, would cause them to employ " cunning and stratagem in warfare, in preference to open force ;" would give them less courage than cruelty ; cause them to be wary, extremely cautious in advancing upon an enemy, and to lurk in am- bush; and, with high firmness, admirably fit them to endure privation and hardship, and even the most cruel tortures ; and, at the same time, render them unconquerable: and if to these we add large approbativeness, we may expect them to glory in dark deeds of cruelty ; in scalping the fallen foe, and in butchering helpless women and children. Their large conscientiousness would make them grateful for favours, and, according to their ideas of justice, (which, in consequence of their small causality, would be contracted,) honest, upright, and faithful to their word ; and these consti- tute the principal sum of their moral virtues ; but when we OU PHRENOLOGY PROVED add their high veneration and marvellousness, we find them credulous, religious, and superstitious. Their small amount of brain in the coronal region of the head, when compared with their immense development of the animal passions and selfish feelings, would bring them chiefly under the domin- ion of the animal nature of man, and render them little sus- ceptible of becoming civilized, humanized, and educated : hence, the rugged soil which they present to the labours of the Christian missionary. Their very large individuality and locality, and full perceptive organs generally, with their large destructiveness, secretiveness, and cautiousness, would cause them to delight in the chase, and admirably qualify them to succeed in it ; whilst their small causality, would render them incapable of producing many inventions and im- provements, or of reasoning profoundly. Their small ac- quisitiveness would create in them but little desire for prop- erty ; and this would result in a want of industry, and leave them, as we find them, in a state of comparative destitution as regards the comforts, and even the necessaries, of life. The very large philoprogenitiveness of their females, admira- bly qualifies them to protect and cherish their offspring under the peculiarly disadvantageous circumstances in which they are placed ; whilst the small endowment of this faculty in their males, would cause them to be comparatively indiffer- ent to their children, and to throw the whole burden of taking care of them while young, upon the other sex. Their large tune, and very large destructiveness, would give them a pas- sion for war-songs and war-dances ; and these combined with their large eventuality, would cause them to adopt this meth- od of perpetuating their warlike exploits. In Washington the author examined the heads of about twenty Indians of the Cherokee delegation to Congress, in which he found the animal portion of the brain relatively smaller, and the human and reasoning organs much larger, than in Indian heads generally; and this perfectly harmon- izes with, and accounts for, the fact, that this tribe is less savage, and more intellectual, than any other. Indeed, the phrenological developments of some of the half-breeds, were decisively superiour. Those examined from Indiana, pos- sessed a much larger development of destructiveness, and were less talented and civilized. Those, again, from the Osage tribe, possessed a development still more inferiour, AFRICAN HEADS. 31 and a corresponding character. A scull* from a tribe of cannibals, located near the isthmus of Darien, which was examined by the author, presented altogether the worst phrenological developments of any scull he ever saw. In shape, it bore a strong resemblance to that of the monkey, except that destructiveness, secretiveness, and veneration, and, perhaps, conscientiousness, were larger. Of intellect, of course, these beings possess very little ; and no descrip- tion can adequately set forth their barbarity and brutal fero- city, no pen describe their degradation. And thus it appears, that, in passing from the European race to the Indian, and from one tribe of Indians to another, we find, in every in- stance, a striking coincidence between the phrenological de- velopments of brain, and the known traits of character. The African race as found in America, furnish another instance of the striking correspondence between their known character and their phrenological developments. They pos- sess,! in general, either large, or very large, adhesiveness, philoprogenitiveness, hope, language, and approbativeness, or self-esteem, and sometimes both ; large veneration, mar- vellousness, individuality, locality, and tune ; with moderate causality, constructiveness, and mirthfulness. Combative- ness, destructiveness, secretiveness, acquisitiveness, and, per- haps, conscientiousness, unlike these organs in the Indian head, vary in size, being sometimes very large, and in other instances, moderate or small. The size of their heads, is generally moderate or small. Their extremely large hope, would make them very cheerful, and little anxious about the future; and, with their large approbativeness and small ac- quisitiveness, extravagant, and predisposed to lead a life of ease and idleness. Their very large hope and language, with small secretiveness and mirthfulness, would give them hilarity and garrulity, without much pure wit. Their large, or very large, tune, which inspires them with melody, with their smaller reasoning organs, which give them but few thoughts, and their large language, would fur- * A cast of this scull, the author believes, is for sale. t Individual exceptions to this description, are frequently to be met with, but the author is confident that its general features will be found to be characteristick. What the negroes are capable of attaining to by education and cultivation, he does not pretend to say, nor is it necessary to his argument that he should do so ; for he is merely pointing out the coincidences between their present character, and their phrenological developments. This, however, he has observed, that the intellec- tual organs are, in general, much better developed in coloured children than in adults. 6Z PHRENOLOGY PROVED. nish exactly such composition as we meet with in negro songs, doggrel rhymes glowing with vivacity and melody, and containing many words and repetitions with but few ideas. Their small reasoning organs would give them but little depth and strength of intellect, and a feeble judgment, with very little talent for contriving and planning. Their very large philoprogenitiveness, adhesiveness, and inhabi- tiveness, would make them extremely attached to their fami- lies and the families of their masters, and pre-eminently social. Their excessively large approbativeness and self-esteem would create in them that fondness for dress and show, and that pride and vanity, for which they are so remarkable. Their large religious organs would produce those strong religious emotions, and that disposition to worship, for which they are distinguished, as well as those rare specimens of eminent piety sometimes found among them. Their variable selfish organs would cause those extremes of temper and character which they display, sometimes running into cun- ning, thievishness, and general viciousness and cruelty, and sometimes showing the opposite character. Their large marvellousness accounts for their belief in ghosts and super- natural events so often manifested among them ; whilst their very large language, combined with their large perceptive organs generally, would create in them a desire to learn, and enable them to succeed well in many things. The phrenological developments and characteristicks of the Hindoos, are no less striking. In them the organs of destructiveness and combativeness, are generally small ; which renders them less cruel and warlike than the Amer- ican Indians, or even the European race. Their extremely large veneration and marvellousness produce that religious enthusiasm and superstition for which they are so noted ; and their large acquisitiveness and small conscientiousness often make them thievish. Another important argument in favour of phrenology, may be drawn from the difference in the conformation of the heads of the two sexes. In the female character, fondness for children, and general attachment, are undoubtedly pre- dominating and controlling passions, much stronger, indeed, than the same passions in the male sex ; and, accordingly, we find the organs of adhesiveness, and, particularly, philo- progenitiveness, so strongly developed in the female head as HEADS OF THE SEXES. 33 to elongate, and even deform, the middle portion of the back part of the head, affording a sure sign by which to enable the phrenologist to distinguish the female from the male head. The timidity, trepidation, and anxiety of the sex, is pro- verbial ; in accordance with which, in their heads we find the organ of cautiousness much larger than in the male, and combativeness and destructiveness much smaller : and this perfectly harmonizes with the fact, that they are more amia- ble, and less cruel, than the other sex. Man possesses more dignity, sternness, and force of character than woman, and has less to do with trifles ; and we find in his head, not only a superiour endowment of combativeness and destructive- ness, but also of self-esteem and firmness. The moral and religious organs are generally much larger in the female, than in the male, head ; and we know that women are much more inclined to religious worship than men. Ideality is commonly larger in females ; and in harmony with this, we find them more refined and delicate in feeling, and possessed of better taste. The sympathy and kindness of woman is also proverbial. She will go much farther than man (with reverence, and to her everlasting honour, be it recorded) in her assiduities and unremitting attentions to the sick, the needy, and the afflict- ed ; she will do, she will suffer, she will sacrifice any thing and every thing to relieve distress, to bind up the broken- hearted, and to pour the oil of consolation into the wounds of a troubled soul : and all from pure motives of kindness, affection, love, and duty. The phrenologist alone, is capa- ble of developing and explaining this interesting mystery. He can place his finger upon her superiour organs of benev- olence, conscientiousness, adhesiveness, and philoprogeni- tiveness. But the justice of the Great Giver, would not allow the sex to lay claim to all that is superiour. The reasoning or- gans are not so strongly developed in the softer, as in the nobler, sex; (whether from a want of cultivation, or from some other cause, the author does not pretend to decide;) and, accordingly, we find the former less distinguished for originality and power of thought than the latter, If the mind were a single faculty, and the brain a single organ, and, of course, phrenology a farce, we might expect to find a uniformity in the shape of the heads of the two 34 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. sexes, and, also, uniform developments in the heads of the various individuals of the same sex; that is, exactly the re- verse of what we find to exist. Now, this marked differ- ence in the conformation of the heads of the different races of men, of the sexes, and of different individuals, must either be designed for some wise purpose, or it must be accidental. That it is accidental, no rational mind can believe ; but if it is the result of design in the great Author of it, the conclu- sion is obvious, that it must have a direct reference to the different qualities of mind known to be possessed by these different races, sexes, and individuals. Thus far, then, the author has presented only a few of the numerous classes of facts which go to prove the truth of phrenology. Should he descend to particulars, volumes would be required to enumerate even the striking instances which, in the course of a few years' practice in the science,* have fallen under his own observation. Many additional facts will be interspersed through the following pages of this Avork. Phrenology is either wholly true or w holly false. If the phenomena which support it, are fortuitous or accidental, the truth of phrenology may be doubted ; but if they are the result of fixed laws — of the unalterable principles of nature, it must be true. But the uniformity and harmony observable in these phenomena, render it impossible that they are the mere product of chance : hence it is impossible that phrenol- ogy can be untrue. Phrenology, then, is consistent in the- ory, and, by an appeal to nature and to facts, susceptible of physical demonstration. Let judgment be pronounced upon it, then, at this tribunal alone, and let it stand or fall accordingly. It boldly challenges the most scrutinizing examination. They who question its truth, are called upon to disprove the foregoing propositions, and to account for the facts which support it, on other than phrenological princi- ples : and the importance of the subject, makes this call a reasonable one. The author is willing that the truth or falsity of this sci- ence, should wholly turn on his own ability to apply the principles in describing the character and talents of individ- uals by an examination of their heads. For several years * Should the present work be favourably received by the publick, it is the de- sign of the author soon to publish a larger work upon the subject, in which many more individual facts will be stated. HEADS OF THE SEXES. 35 past, on all occasions, and under every disadvantageous cir- cumstance — even when opposed by prejudice, by envy, by malice, by ridicule — he has boldly challenged those who doubted the truth of phrenology, to test him in any and in every way which their skepticism and their ingenuity could devise : and, although, at first, whilst he lacked experience, he made some mistakes, yet, he can appeal to more than ten thousand living witnesses, who have been present at his pub- lick examinations of heads, (as well as to the testimonials introduced at the close of this work,) who will bear evidence to the great and wonderful accuracy with which, in ninety- nine cases in a hundred, he has described, even in minute detail, the character and talents of those examined — notwith- standing very many of these examinations were made by the sense of touch alone, the author's eyes being covered. Obser- vation and experience, in short, have as thoroughly convinced the author of the truth of phrenology, as he is satisfied of the truth of chymistry, electricity, or any other of the natu- ral sciences, and by the same kind, and an equal amount, of evidence. Phrenology, then, demands assent to the following series of propositions, namely, that the brain is the general organ of the mind — that the mind consists of a plurality of facul- ties — that each of these faculties is exercised by means of a particular portion of the brain — that these several faculties are possessed in different degrees of power by the same in- dividual, and also by different individuals — that the size of these several portions of the brain, or organs, is proportion- ate to the power and exercise of their respective faculties — that, in general, the shape of the scull corresponds with that of the brain — that phrenology was discovered, and thus far matured, wholly by induction — and that the whole animal kingdom, and especially the human species, both prove and illustrate the truth of this science. But, as phrenology claims to be supported by facts, they whose opinions are valuable, will neither form nor express a decision upon its merits, until they have examined a suffi- cient number of these facts to decide under standingly. "Self-conviction," observes an able, phrenological writer, " must depend upon self-observation." As the field is open to every one, and is easy of observation, all are invited to examine and judge for themselves. In this work will be 36 TEMPERAMENTS. found our rules ; and all, into whose hands it may fall, will be able to apply them to the characters and developments of their friends and acquaintances, and thus either prove or dis- prove phrenology. PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. TEMPERAMENTS. As the illustration and application of the principles of phrenology, necessarily combine with them much evidence of the truth of the science, it is impossible to treat these sev- eral branches of the subject in a manner wholly distinct and separate. At every succeeding step of the author's progress, therefore, he will be able to present additional proofs of the correctness and importance of the science. Since the brain is the organ of the mind, and its action necessary in every operation of the mind, we may naturally expect a most intimate relation to exist between the two, and, also, that this relation is reciprocal. Through the nerves there likewise exists a most intimate and close connexion and sympathy between the brain and every other portion of the human system ; hence, it is evident, that the various conditions of the brain, and of the several parts of the body, must effect, in the most direct manner, the manifestations of thought and feeling. This, indeed, is a well-known fact ; but, nevertheless, one that is not appreciated nor acted upon in any due proportion to its real value. It is well known that, after the excitement produced by drinking ardent spirits, has subsided, their effect is to lethar- gise the powers of the intellect, and leave them in a similar state of torpor with that of the body — that a given amount of opium, or calomel, or arsenick, will drive from its throne the feeling and thinking principle — that, in short, the ex- haustion and the refreshment of the body and of the mind, are proportional and reciprocal. Yet, how little are the natural laws of this mutual relation between body and mind, regard- ed or attended to ! The phenomena of the earth and its surrounding elements, the mechanical principles, the laws of numbers and proportion, and of the various branches of phys- ical science, are studied with the greatest assiduity, and ap- plied with the greatest care as far as they tend to promote our physical wants and comforts, whilst the laws and condi- 4 38 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. tions which regulate the mental manifestations, are nearly overlooked. Mens sanis in corpore sano, is, to be sure, an adage often repealed, but seldom understood. Every day's observation confirms and deepens the convic- tion the author has long entertained, that much more is de- pending upon the physiology of the body and the qualities of the brain, or, what is the same thing, upon the tempera- ment, than upon the size and combinations of the organs — that the depraved manifestations of the organs, or those vices which everywhere abound, and which pour forth such a flood of corruption among men, originate not in the nature or the combinations of the organs or of their faculties, but in the disordered physiology of mankind. For example: it is ad- mitted that the size of the organs is not directly changed by an improper use of ardent spirits ; but who does not know, that the vices of an individual, may be easily augmented a hundred-fold by habits of intemperance? And why is this ? Simply because his physiology is deranged. Now, why- should not every derangement of the body, whether brought about by the use of alcohol or wine, or an improper quality or quantity of food, or by any other cause, produce the same result ? And is not the conclusion just, that the ocean of sin, and consequent misery, which swallows up nearly all that is lovely, and elevated, and desirable among men, is produced by the same cause 1 This portion of the expan- sive field of phrenology, and, also, its kindred one, viz. that containing the laws of propagation and its accompanying phenomena, and which are undoubtedly the most fertile parts of the whole phrenological soil, are, as yet, compara- tively unexplored. With the open volume of nature in one hand, and the torch of truth in the other, phrenologists alone have entered upon this immense and valuable tract. The works of A. Combe upon this subject, are valuable above all praise. These digressive remarks, which, were they carried out to the extent their importance demands, would require volumes, will enable the reader to understand what the phrenologist means by the TEMPERAMENTS. The word Temperaments is here used to denote certain states or conditions of the body, or the relative activity of particular classes of the corporeal organs. TEMPERAMENTS. 39 Other conditions being equal, the strength and power of the various faculties of the mind, are in proportion to the size of their corresponding organs of the brain. Yet, since much depends upon the quality, organization, and. activity of the brain, and this upon the quality, organization, health, habits, and activity of the body, or, in other words, upon the temperament, a small brain often gains, in these respects, what it loses in size. All great men are found to possess both a favourable temperament and a large brain. The temperaments are divided into four kinds : 1. The lymphalick, or phhgmalick, in which the secreting glands are the most active portion of the system ; indicated by soft and abundant flesh, and languor of the pulse, and of all the corporeal and mental functions; by a dull, ease-seek- ing, inefficient, indolent, disposition, and an aversion to cor- poreal and intellectual effort. Great excitement is necessary to arouse one with this temperament to effort, yet the action may then be a powerful one. This temperament is often found among the Pennsylvania Germans, and also in ne- groes. 2. The sanguine, in which the arterial system, and the organs which circulate the various fluids, particularly the blood, are most active ; indicated by light or sandy hair, fair skin, a fresh and florid countenance, light or blue eyes, a strong and rapid pulse, strong animal passions, and more ar- dour, enthusiasm, activity, and zeal, than strength and power of mind or body. 3. The bilious, in which the muscular portion of the sys- tem predominates in activity ; characterized by a more ath- ]etick form ; by strong bones and muscles, black hair, a dark skin, and dark eyes ; a strong and steady pulse, hardness, strength, and power of body, accompanied with considerable force and energy of mind and character. 4. The nervous, in which the brain and the nervous sys- tem are much more active than the other portions of the body, which gives rise to, and is accompanied by, the highest degree of excitability and activity of the corporeal and men- tal powers ; vividness and intensity of emotion ; clearness and rapidity of thought, perception, and conception ; spright- liness of mind and body ; light, fine, and thin hair ; a fair, clear, and delicate skin and countenance ; and more activity, vivacity, and intensity, than power and endurance, of mind and bod a t . 40 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. These temperaments are generally compounded : the ner- vous-sanguine gives the highest degree of activity and inten- sity of thought and feeling ; the nervous-bilious, activity, accompanied with power and endurance, constituting one of the most favourable temperaments, especially when united with a little of the sanguine ;* the bilious-lymphatick gives mental and corporeal indolence, accompanied with power under strong excitement ; the sanguine-lymphatick, is less fa- vourable to intellectual, than to corporeal, manifestations, &c. But since these temperaments, and other conditions, ex- cept the size of the respective organs, are alike in the same head, it follows, that the power and energy of each faculty, are proportionate to the size of its organ ; so that this work ■will generally present a comparison between the different faculties of the same individual, rather than between the various faculties of different individuals. INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION. The influence of education, which is admitted to be very great, is exerted chiefly in directing and modifying the op- erations and the manifestations of the various faculties, rath- er than in increasing or diminishing their strength and power, or the size of their respective organs. The function of combativeness, for example, when trained in the ruder states of society, manifests itself chiefly in physical combat, family feuds, personal prowess, and hatred as manifested by open violence and force, bodily exposures to danger, &c. ; while the same amount of the same faculty, even with a similar combination of the other faculties, when the subject is educated in refined society, and placed under the restraints of law and religion, manifests itself chiefly in intellectual and moral courage and resistance, in sarcasm, hatred, &c. ; and yet, the primary function of resistance and opposition, in both instances, is the same in its nature, degree, and aims. The same is true of all the other faculties ; so that, in de- scribing character correctly, it is necessary for the phrenol- ogist to know under what influences, and in what circum- stances, the individual examined, has been placed. The author does not intend, in this connexion, to touch upon the influence of education in radically changing the * Henry Clay. SHAPE OF THE ORGANS. 41 relative power and activity of the various mental faculties, or in moulding and materially changing the character of in- dividuals, but he will reserve, for a future chapter, some re- marks upon its importance, its influence, and the proper method of conducting it. SHAPE OF THE ORGANS. Each mental faculty, as has been already shown, is mani- fested by means of two organs, occupying a corresponding portion of each hemisphere of the brain. The same princi- ple of double organs obtains here, as is exemplified in the case of the eye, the ear, &c, and, doubtless, for the same good reason, namely, that when one organ is injured, the other may perform the function. In shape, the organs are conical, their apex being at the medulla oblongata, and their base at the skull. The medulla oblongata is situated at the base of the brain, or, rather, forms the capital of the column of the spinal marrow. A straight line drawn from the open- ing of one ear to that of the other, would pass nearly through it. A more particular account of the anatomy of the brain, as connected with phrenology, may be found in Dr. Spurzheim's Phrenological Works, and in G. Combe's " System of Phre- nology." As the limits of the present work, do not give the author sufficient space to do justice to this subject, it is left comparatively untouched, and, as it has been so fully and so ably presented by these authors, it is the less necessary that he should enter into an examination of it. It has already been shown, that the power of each faculty, and its tendency to action, are proportionate to the size of its respective organ. In order to determine the size of the or- gans, it is necessary to ascertain their length and their breadth. The length of the organs may be determined by ob- serving the distance from the external opening of the ear to that part of the skull in which they terminate; and the breadth, by the surface of the skull they occupy. It is supposed that the portion of an organ which is nearest to the skull, is chiefly used in the exercise of the mental functions. In some heads, the organs are sharper and more elongated than in others, thus presenting a greater prominence ; in others, they are shorter and broader. The shape of the former, denotes greater activity and quickness, and less pow- er ; that of the latter, greater intensity and strength. 42 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. TEST OF THE FACULTIES. Before we enter upon the classification or description of the several faculties, it will be necessary to lay down some rules by which to test each supposed faculty, that we may thus be able to decide correctly, not only upon the claims of the faculties as now laid down by phrenologists, but also upon all that may be hereafter proposed as discoveries. What is a faculty? The test which was proposed by Spurzheim, and which is generally followed, is that 1. Which exists in one kind of animals and not in another ; 2. Which varies in the sexes of the same species ; 3. Which is not proportionate to the other faculties of the same individual; 4. Which does not manifest itself simultaneously with the other faculties ; that is, which appears or disappears ear- lier or later than they ; 5. Which may act or repose singly ; 6. Which individually is propagated in a distinct manner from parents to children ; and, 7. Which singly may preserve its proper state of health, or be affected by disease. These seem to be descriptions of the phenomena of a fac- ulty, rather than a definition of its nature. A more simple and comprehensive test seems to be, That power of the mind which performs one, and but one, distinct and homogeneous class or kind of functions, and which is manifested by means of a given portion of the brain. When- ever, therefore, we ascertain that there is exercised a distinct class of functions, having for their end one important object, we may infer, that there exists a distinct faculty which per- forms it ; and, vice versa, that the existence of a faculty pre- supposes, and necessarily implies, a corresponding sui generis class of functions which this faculty produces. Upon sub- mitting the faculties as laid down in this work, to this test, it will be found that tbe functions ascribed to amat., combat., acquis., benev., hope, firm., caus., and all the rest, constitute each a distinct, homogeneous class directed to a specifick end, and exercised by so many distinct portions of the brain ; and each supposed discovery of a faculty, which does not con- form to these requisitions, is spurious. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 43 CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. No permanent classification of the faculties has yet been generally adopted. That last adopted by Spurzheim, and followed by G. Combe, and all American phrenologists, is unquestionably the best now in use. In its general divisions and fundamental principles, it harmonizes very well with the generick character of the faculties, and the grouping together of the organs in the head. So far as this is the case, it is per- fect ; yet, in its details, it is evidently defective, because it often groups organs together which are located in widely different parts of the head, and also classifies faculties togeth- er between which there is a generick difference. A more perfect classification of the faculties than that adopted by the great Author of nature in the respective locations of their cor- responding organs, cannot be imagined, and could have been invented only by that all-wise Being who created these fac- ulties ; and yet, to draw lines of demarcation between these organs, is often extremely difficult. Concentrativeness, for example, is sui generis in its character, and too much unlike any of the other faculties to be properly classed with any subdivision of them, whether it be the propensities, the sen- timents, or the intellectual faculties of Spurzheim and others, or the domestick, selfish, human, or intellectual faculties of the author. The function of ideality is not exclusively an emotion, nor yet wholly an intellectual operation, but is evi- dently a compound of both ; and, accordingly, we find its lo- cation to be between these two classes of faculties. Still, it is evidently human, in its character, and is classed accord- ingly. The same is true, except in a degree still more striking, concerning mirthfulness, tune, imitation, and constructive- ness. Is there not quite as much intellect displayed, in a truly pungent and appropriate witticism, or a splendid con- ception of the imagination, as there is in musick 1 in a bon mot, and the inspiration of poetry and oratory, as in a tune ? and is there not quite as much emotion in a musical, as there is in a poetical, performance ? There is evidently as little generick difference between firmness and self-esteem, as there is between any other two organs. Both evidently belong to the same species ; yet, Dr. Spurzheim, and all succeeding phre- nologists, have grouped firmness among the religious organs. Why should destructiveness be placed before amativeness ? 44 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Certainly not because it comes first in the order of nature, nor in its position in the head. How much more of senti- ment is there in imitation, than there is in attachment ? Wom- en are considered even more sentimental than men, and chiefly because they manifest so much stronger attachment. What reason or philosophy is there in grouping construc- tiveness among the animal propensities, when it unquestion- ably displays as much of intellect, and as little propensity, as almost any other faculty? Its location also borders upon, that of the intellectual faculties. Similar remarks will apply to the subdivisions of the intellectual faculties. Enough has already been said to induce the reader to suppose, that the author, in common with most other phre- nologists, considers the present classification of the faculties, if not every classification that can be made, very imperfect. For his own, though widely different from that generally adopted, and, he hopes as materially improved, he is far from claiming perfection. Phrenology is not a man-made theory. All that we can know about it, is learned from an observation of nature. Why not, then, in the classification of the fac- ulties, as well as in their phenomena and analysis, follow nature ? or, in other words, why not let the faculties class- ify themselves according to the grouping together of their respective organs in the head ? In the classification of the faculties, the author has endeavoured, as far as his ingenuity and observation enable him, to follow this arrangement of the organs, as the fundamental principle upon which his divis- ions are based.* * It will be seen that this discrepance between the author and other phrenolo- gists, has a direct reference, not to the facts or principles which involve the truth of phrenology, nor to the nature or the manifestations of the faculties, but simply to the numerical arrangement and the classification of the faculties, or to the nomenclature of the science ; and cannot, therefore, be cited as an instance of a radical disagreement among phrenologists. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 45 He will then submit the following CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL FACULTIES "AND ORGANS. The Faculties are divided into two Classes, or Orders, and these are subdivided into several Genera, and, these again into various Species. ORDER I. Affective Faculties, or Feelings. From these faculties originate the propensities, desires, emotions, sentiments, and the whole range of those mental operations denominated feelings. They constitute by far the largest, most vivid, and most powerful class of the men- tal operations, and, whenever their legitimate stimuli are presented, rush into involuntary activity, and frequently without awaiting the mandate of reason, or listening to the voice of propriety; and, although the internal excitement necessarily produced by the presence of these stimuli, can- not be avoided, yet, an open expression of this excitement, need not take place ; or, in other words, we are not always obliged to express all that we feel. The organs of these fac- ulties, occupy that portion of the head commonly covered by hair, or the space enclosed by the lines D. J. I. G. C. in the cuts. GENUS I. Propensities. These embrace those mental functions which pertain to man as an animal, or to his physical relations. They stim- ulate the other faculties ; impart efficiency, impetus, and phys- ical force to the whole character ; originate the various ani- mal impulses, instincts, desires, passions, and propensities to act ; and are located in the inferiour posterior, or back and lower, portion of the head, (see the figure D. C. F. H. J. in the cuts,) causing, when large or very large, great breadth and fulness between, behind, and over the ears, as in the cut of Pope Alexander VI.'; but, when small, this portion of the head is thin and narrow, as in the head of Melancthon. Near- ly all the brain of animals is developed in this region, as will be seen by a reference to their heads or the cuts ; and their characters are made up, chiefly of the functions per- taining to the corresponding faculties. 46 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Species I. Domestick PROPENSITIES. They are, Abbreviated. 1. Amativeness, amat. 2. Philoprogenitiveness, philopro. 3. Adhesiveness, adhes. ' 4. Inhabitiveness, inhab. These constitute man a gregarious animal ; lay the found- ation for his civil institutions ; make him a social and dc- mestick being ; create his family attachments and relations ; have a direct reference to the marriage state, and originate most of its duties, its relations, and its pleasures. When large or very large, they cause an elongation and fulness in the middle and lower portion of the back part of the head ; (see the figure D. B. E. C. in the cuts, and, also, the female and Aurelia Chase ;) but when they are small, this part of the head presents a depressed and flattened appearance, as in the skull of the male Indian represented in the cuts. 5. Concentrativeness, concent. This is sui generis, or, unique in character ; and, therefore, referable to no specified class of faculties, but acts as a kind of regulator or modifier of ail the other faculties. Species II. Selfish propensities. The selfish propensities are, Abbreviated. f Vitativeness,* vitat. 6. Combativeness, combat. 7. Destructiveness, destruct. 8. Alimentiveness, aliment. 9. Acquisitiveness, .acquis. 10. Secretiveness, secret. These provide for the various animal wants ; have a di- rect reference to the necessities, desires, and gratification of the individual possessing them ; and terminate upon his in- terests, wants, and happiness. They are located upon the sides of the head, around the ears, and, when large or very large, give it a thick and rounded appearance, and make * From the limited number of the author's experiments, he is disposed to regard the location of this organ as uncertain, yet all his experiments confirm its present location. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 47 the sides of the head spherical, but when moderate or small, the head is thinner and more flattened in this region. These propensities, as will be seen by referring to the combinations of the various classes of faculties, receive their direction and their modification mainly from the relative in- fluence of the sentiments and intellect. GENUS II. Human, moral, and religious sentiments. These are feelings of a higher order than the propensi- ties ; are more elevating and ennobling in their character, and more humanizing in their influence. They are located together in the coronal or upper portion of the head, and, when large or very large, elongate, widen, elevate, and ex- pand this part of the head ; but when moderate or small, the head is lower, shorter, and narrower. In the cuts this por- tion is enclosed within the lines C. E. F. H. I. G. See the contrast between the heads of Tardy, or the Indian, and that of Franklin or Melancthon. Species I. Selfish sentiments. They are, Abbreviated. 11. Cautiousness, cautious. 12. Approbativeness, approbat. 13. Self-esteem, self-e. 14. Firmness, firm. These, like the selfish propensities, also terminate upon their possessor, and, by disposing him to seek his own indi- vidual interest and happiness, make him selfish ; yet their character and manifestations are far superiour to those of the selfish propensities, especially when the religious and rea- soning faculties are strong. They are located together in the superiour posterior, or back part of the upper portion of the head, which is represented in the cuts by the portion enclosed between the lines C. E. F. G. When these organs are large or very large, this portion of the head is extended upwards and backwards, and, when the remaining sentiments are deficient, is rendered conical, as in the cut of Pope Alex- ander VI. 48 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Species II. Moral and Religious Sentiments. They are, Abbreviated. 15. Conscientiousness, conscien. 16. Hope, hope. 17. Marvellousness, marvel. 18. Veneration, ven. 19. Benevolence, benev. These faculties create those moral, religious, and devo- tional feelings and emotions which enter so largely into the human character ; humanize, adorn, elevate, and soften the nature of man ; constitute man a moral and accountable being, and connect him with the moral government of God; create those moral duties and relations which exist between man and his Maker, and also between man and man ; and pro- duce those characteristicks commonly attributed to angels, and (except in a vastly greater degree) to the Supreme Be- ing. They are located in the superiour anterior, or the frontal, portion of the upper part of the head, and, when large or very large, throw a proportionally large amount of brain into this region, elevating and elongating it in this di- rection, as in the case of Franklin, Melancthon, and the pious female in the cuts ; but when small, this portion of the head is low and slopes rapidly, as in the cut of Pope Alexander VI. Species III. Semi-intellectual Sentiments. They are, Abbreviated. 20. Constructiveness, construct. 21. Ideality, ideal. 22. Imitation, imitat. 23. Mirthfulness, mirth. These faculties are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of the human sentiments and of the intellec- tual faculties. They tend to the adornment and perfection of the human mind, by creating in it a taste and a talent for the fine arts and polite literature, for constructing, manufac- turing, copying, and the like. They are located partly be- tween the forehead and the portion of the head covered by hair, and partly within the latter, giving, when large or very CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 49 large, a fulness and breadth to this portion of the head ; but when small, the head where the hair begins to appear, is narrow and flattened. ORDER II. Intellectual Faculties. These faculties have to do exclusively with objects and things, their physical qualities, and abstract relations. They create a thirst for information, and furnish the ability to ac- quire knowledge in general ; take cognizance of facts and conditions, and remember them, and constitute what is com- monly called the intellect, understanding, or judgment. GENUS I. Perceptive Faculties. These perceive natural objects and their physical quali- ties, together with some of their relations. They constitute the direct medium of communication between the other fac- ulties and the material world, and convey to the mind all the information it is capable of acquiring. Sensation, Sight, Hearing, Taste, Smell. Species I. External Senses. They are, (that is, feeling or touch.) In accordance with the usage of his predecessors, the author has left these fac- ulties unnumbered ; but, inasmuch as they occupy each a given portion of the brain, and are also mental faculties, there evidently exists no good reason why they should not, in like manner, be numbered. These perform the first portion of the process of observ- ing the physical qualities of material objects. The eye, for example, may be perfectly good, yet the individual be utter- ly unable to distinguish between the colours of objects, or some of their other qualities ; so that, in observing a colour, the faculty of sight performs the first portion of the process, and that of colour, the second. Hence, neither, acting sepa- rately, can take cognizance of the colour of objects. This example will also furnish an idea of the difference existing between the other external senses, and the other perceptive faculties. Their perfection materially assists the other intel- lectual, and even the affective, faculties ; yet, there is no ab- solute dependance of the functions of the one upon the func- tions of the other. 5 50 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Species II. Observing and Knowing Faculties. They are, Abbreviated. 24. Individuality, individ. 25. Form, form. 26. Size, size. 27. Weight, weight. 28. Colour, colour. 29. Order, order. 30. Calculation, calcu. 31. Locality, local. These store the mind with individual facts ; furnish a gene- ral knowledge of things, their conditions, and qualities ; collect statistical information ; create a desire and a talent propor- tionate to their size, for observing and knowing ; and thus render very great assistance in doing every kind of business. They are located directly about the eyes — their principal medium of communication with the external world — and, when large or very large, cause the lower portion of the forehead above the eyes, proportionally to protrude, as in the cut of Lafayette, of the Indian, of Pope Alexander VI, the bust of Washington, &c, (see the figure K. J. M. in the cuts;) but, when they are moderate or small, this portion is proportionally depressed, as in the cut of Franklin. Species III. Semi-perceptive Faculties. They are, Abbreviated. 32. Eventuality, event. 33. Time, time. 34. Tune, tune. 35. Language, Jang. These constitute a class of faculties intermediate between those which perceive objects and their physical qualities, and those which comprehend the abstract relations of things, and have to do with a class of facts which are not necessarily of a physical character. Some of these faculties are much stronger in children than in men, and their corresponding organs proportionally larger : hence, the depression general- ly observable in the middle of the foreheads of the latter, and the fulness and roundness in that of the former. COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 51 GENUS II. Reflective or Reasoning Faculties. They are, Abbreviated. 36. Causality, caus. 37. Comparison, compar. These form ideas ; reason ; superintend the operation of the other faculties; perceive abstract and metaphysical rela- tions, the connexion between cause and effect, proposition and inference, &c. ; form judgment ; discover truth and ab- surdity, &c. They are located in the superiour and frontal portion of the forehead. When they are large, or very large, the upper portion of the forehead is very high, broad, and deep, as well as prominent, as in the cut of Franklin; but when they are small, this portion of the forehead is low, narrow, and depressed, as in the cut of the Indian. COMBINATIONS OF THE CLASSES OF FACULTIES. That portion of the head represented in the cut by the fig- ure D. C. G. F. H. J., is called occipital, and is exclusively occupied by the organs of the propensities and selfish senti- ments : the remaining portion is called frontal, and is devoted to the organs of the sentiments and the intellect. The por- tion represented "by the figure D. C. E. F. H. N. K., is called basilar, and the portion above it, coronal ; the former being allotted to the organs of the selfish propensities and percep- tive faculties, which constitute the principal faculties possess- ed, by animals, and the latter, to those of the sentiments and reasoning faculties. The influence of the various combinations of faculties upon the character, constitutes one of the most important fea- tures of phrenology ; and in nothing is this influence more manifest than in those more general combinations of the va- rious classes of faculties already mentioned. One in whom the occipital region, (or the organs of the propensities and pro- pelling powers,) is much larger than the frontal, will have proportionally more of feeling than reason ; of passion, than intellect ; of propelling, than directing, power ; of efficiency, than depth and strength, of intellect ; of mental sail, than ballast ; of zeal, and energy, and action, than judgment ; of the animal, than of the intellectual and moral, qualities : but 52 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. when the occipital portion is larger than the frontal, the char- acter will be directly the opposite. One in whom the basilar region greatly predominates over the coronal, will possess great force and efficiency of char- acter ; a ready talent for business and study ; and strong pas- sions applied to selfish purposes, but accompanied with less morality and elevation of character and feeling ; less depth of intellect, with less of the moral, religious, and human senti- ments ; and yet, with full comparison and causality, may be capable of conducting and effecting important operations. This portion of the brain is generally large in men who dis- tinguish themselves in the world. One who possesses a much greater development of the moral and intellectual organs, than of the propensities, will have goodness, with less greatness or force, of character ; morality and virtue, joined with want of impetus, if not of effi- ciency ; will have fine talents and a love for moral and in- tellectual pursuits, accompanied with so much modesty and dependance, if not actual tameness, of character, that he will not be likely to rise in the world, unless pushed forward by others, but may then distinguish himself; will be amiable and sentimental, if not eminently pious, yet effect but little. This organization is but poorly adapted to the exigences of the nineteenth century. One having large or very large organs of the propensities and of the religious sentiments, and reasoning faculties only moderate or full, may struggle hard against the current of his propensities, yet will be liable to be often overcome by it ; may endeavour to live a virtuous, Christian life, yet will be sometimes guilty of gross inconsistencies, and apt to take contracted views of religious subjects, and indulge, alternate- ly, both classes of organs ; but, with the moral and reasoning organs equally large, will be obliged to struggle hard, yet will generally struggle successfully, against " his easily be- setting sins," and, in general, be consistent in his religious belief and practice. One having the propensities well developed, with very large moral and intellectual organs, will combine great strength of mind with great energy of character, directed by the human sentiments, and applied to the advancement of moral and benevolent objects, and be a talented and useful member of society, yet have many faults. One with the propensities and the intellectual organs COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 53 large or very large, and the moral deficient, will combine great power and energy of mind with great depravity of character, and never lack means by which to gratify his self- ish passions. One having some of each class of organs large or very large, will present seemingly contradictory phases of char- acter ; will often do what he afterwards regrets, and be sub- ject to a constant and severe " warfare between the flesh and the spirit." One having the perceptive organs generally large or very large, and the reasoning organs only full, will have a mind well stored with facts, and a desire to see and know ; a thirst for general information, and a facility in acquiring it ; an ability to attend to details, and a popular, practical, business talent, but will lack depth, judgment, originality, and pene- tration of mind ; may execute well, but cannot adapt means to ends, nor superintend complicated operations : may pos- sess versatility of genius, be a good scholar, and pass for a man of talents and learning, yet will not think profoundly, nor readily comprehend first principles, nor bear sounding. One with the reflecting organs large or very large, and the perceptive only moderate or small, or with the upper portion of the forehead much larger than the lower, will think more than he observes or communicates ; will have much more to do with ideas than with facts ; with funda- mental principles and the general bearing of things, than with their details and minutiae ; with the abstract relations, than with the qualities, of things ; with the analytical and demonstrative sciences, than with the natural;- with thoughts than words; may have great strength, shrewdness, and pen- etration of intellect, and be a deep and profound reasoner, but will lack versatility of talent, and be unable to employ his powers to good advantage, or show what he is, except in a certain sphere, yet will wear well, have a fund of import- ant ideas, and excellent judgment, and shine in proportion as he is tried. One having the perceptive and reasoning or- gans both large or very large, and a large and an active brain, will have a universal talent, and a mind well balanced and well furnished with both facts and principles ; will be a general scholar, and, with a respectable development of the propensities, possess a decidedly superiour intellect, and be capable of ri- sing to eminence ; will not only possess talents of a very high order, but also be able to use them to the best advantage, and 5* 54 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. both devise and execute projects, and succeed in whatever he undertakes, even when most of those around him, fail. One with an even head, in which all the parts are re- spectably developed, will have few prominent traits of char- acter, and few excesses or deficiencies ; will do a fair busi- ness, take his character from surrounding circumstances, and pass quietly through life ; but, if the brain is large and very active, and external circumstances are favourable, he will be a universal genius — great in every thing, and without any weak points of character, and capable of swaying a general and a commanding influence.* One with an uneven and peculiar head, will possess a sui generis character ; will be notorious for his peculiarities 01 talents and disposition ; for his excesses and deficiencies; his strong and weak points ; will often present opposite phases of character ; cut a bold and commanding figure wherever he moves ; and often effect something important. The combined action of the several organs, has, also, a very important influence upon the character and the mental manifestations, particularly in directing them. Self-esteem large or very large, for example, combined with still larger moral and reasoning organs, and with smaller propensities, imparts a dignity, manliness, nobleness, elevation, and high- mindedness, which scorn every thing mean, low, and de- grading, than which no trait of character is more useful or commendable: while the same degree of self-e., joined with weaker moral and reasoning faculties, and stronger selfish propensities, makes its possessor proud, conceited, haughty, domineering, forward, impertinent, and most disagreeable. The same principle applies to amat., combat., destruct, se- cret., firm., approbat, &c. ; and, in determining character, is as important, at least, as any other. The larger organs! control and direct the smaller ones, and also give the stamp and direction to the whole char- acter, while the smaller organs, in proportion to their strength, modify the action of the larger. Thus, one having combat, and destruct. large, with large or very large self-e., will employ the former to avenge personal injuries ; promote selfish interests ; domineer over others, &c. ; but, with self-e. * Napoleon Bonaparte. t«In this work the term "organs" is often used as synonymous with "faculties," and is intended to refer to both the organs and the faculties, collectively; just as self-esteem means both the organ and the faculty of self-e. COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 55 only moderate or full, and benev. and conscien. very large, will seldom resent personal injuries, yet will be very spirited in maintaining the cause of justice, truth, and humanity; in de- fending suffering innocence, punishing the aggressor, driv- ing forward moral and philanthropick causes, &c. ; Avith large or very large acquis., will employ these organs in de- fending his property, and in prosecuting, with energy, his money-making projects ; with large or very large intellectu- al organs, in the vigorous pursuit of intellectual acquire- ments, in spirited debate, or the fearless declaration of opinion ; with moderate self-e. and large or very large adhes. and be- nev., in the defence of friends, while he himself patiently endures oppression, &c. The combinations of the phreno- logical faculties, are almost innumerable, especially when taken in connexion with the varieties of temperament, educa- tion, habit, external circumstances, &c. of different individu- als — sufficient, at least, to produce that endless diversity and ever-changing variety which exist in the manifestations of the mind. Hence, here is opened the most extensive field im- aginable for philosophical research — a field embracing the whole range of the mental phenomena, and also every thing pertaining to human nature. 56 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ANALYSIS OF THE FACULTIES. The reader will bear in mind that, in the following anal- ysis of the various faculties, the author has left ample room for him to exercise his own judgment and discrimination, particularly in ascertaining the influence of some of the combinations. For example: he has described the influence of the organ of amat. large, when acting in conjunction with other organs: yet as the influence of amat. very large upon the other organs, is the same in kind with that of amat. large, and differs only in the degree or amount of that influ- ence, the reader is left to ascertain this by a reference to the combinations under amat. large. The same is true of amat. full, and of all the other organs very large or moderate. Under amat. moderate, again, the organ is described be- low par, with its combinations. Yet these same combina- tions will also apply to amat. small, after making the neces- sary allowance for the diminution of the mere quantum of the amative feeling. ORDER I. — Affective Faculties or Feelings. GENUS I.— Animal Propensities. SPECIES I. DOMESTICK AND SOCIAL PROPENSITIES. AMATIVENESS. Reciprocal attachment and love of the sexes. This faculty prompts many of those kind attentions and obliging manners which the sexes are accustomed to show to each other ; greatly increases their mutual attach- ment and tenderness ; gives correct reciprocal ideas of taste and propriety in whatever concerns the other sex, and se- cures to them a kind and genteel treatment — thus promoting, as much as any other faculty, general politeness, urbanity, refinement, kindness, and social happiness. The proper ex- ercise and expression of this faculty, so far from being the least gross or indelicate, is as perfectly inoffensive as that of any other ; and is so far from being the least exceptionable, as to be even indispensable, to a virtuous character, especial- ly when modified by large adhes., approbat., benev., ccn- scien., ideal., mirth., and the reasoning faculties. The influ- ence of this faculty in the intercourse of the sexes, is highly AMATIVENESS. 57 advantageous to both, inasmuch as it has a tendency to make man civil, courteous, cleanly, and humane, condescending, polished, affable, &c. ; and woman agreeable, graceful, and elegant, accomplished, sensible, and elevated in character, feeling, and purpose. Large. — One in whom amat. is large, is extremely fond of the other sex, and of their company, and alive to their charms ; is a favourite with them, and readily ingrati- ates himself into their good will, even though he may be possessed of some qualities that are disagreeable ; has a great influence over them; easily kindles in them the pas- sion of love, because he is himself so susceptible to the same passion ; and, when in circumstances calculated to ex- cite the faculty, finds its restraint extremely difficult. One having large amat. with large or very large adhes., is an ardent and devoted lover ; and, with ideal, also large, adds to his love that warmth, and fervour, and intensity which make it romantick, and kindle it to a passion ; with firm, also large or very large, will be constant ; but with these or- gans large or very large, and firm, moderate or small, will be liable to be inconstant, and possess an attachment by no means exclusive : with ideal, and approbat. very large, se- cret, and destruct. large, benev., adhes., and caus. only full, and conscien. moderate or small, will sometimes act the part of the coquette, and seek the general admiration of the other sex, rather than be satisfied with individual attachment : with, large or very large adhes., philopro., benev., and conscien., will be inclined to marry, and be pre-eminently qualified to en- joy the family and social relations, and will also highly ap- preciate the joys and pleasures of home, family, and friends ; and, with large combat, and destruct., will defend them with boldness, protect their rights with spirit, and punish with se- verity those who injure them : with large or very large ap- probat. and ideal., will be over-anxious to obtain the approba- tion, and avoid the disapprobation, of the other sex, and exceedingly sensitive to their praise or censure, and too eager to follow the fashions demanded by the taste of the other sex : with moderate acquis., and large approbat. and benev., will spend money freely for their sakes : with large or very large secret, and adhes., will feel much stronger attachment than express ; keep his heart much to himself; affect com- parative indifference ; and, even when the fire of love is burning fiercely within, will express it equivocally, especial- 58 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ly at first ; but with secret, moderate, will express it without reserve ; throw the portals of the heart wide open ; and, with self-e. moderate, the more readily give up to the dominion of the passion ; but, with self-e. and firm, large or very large, and large intellectual organs, though he may be deeply in love, will have too much pride to be subdued by this passion : with very large adhes., ideal., approbat., and mirth., and caus. only full, will prefer the company of the beautiful, the gay, and the accomplished of the other sex, and love them best: with very large adhes., benev., ven., and conscien., will choose the virtuous, the devout, the religious, &c. : with large intellectual organs in addition, the religious, the refin- ed, and the highly intellectual, and almost adore them, but be disgusted with those first described : with conscien. small, caus. only full, and acquis, and ideal, large or very large, will be less particular with regard to their moral qualities : with large or very large ideal, approbat, mirth., hope, ali- ment., and lang., and moderate or small acquis., conscien., and marvel., is given to joke with and about the other sex ; and inclined to profligacy and revelry: with large or very large conscien., ideal., mirth., benev., and the reasoning organs large, will express this passion in a very delicate, refined, witty, and acceptable manner ; but, with moderate or small ideal, and mirth., in a coarse and vulgar manner : with con- scien. large, is strongly tempted, but strongly resists ; and, with firm., cautious., and caus. also large, will not yield to the solic- itations of the passion ; but, with firm., cautious., and caus. only full, may sometimes sin, yet will deeply repent of it ; and, with approbat. large, suffer intolerably from shame and remorse : with conscien. small and caus. moderate, will be extremely liable to abuse and pervert this faculty, &c. Very large. — One having amat. very large, experiences, at times, the goadings of the propensity to a degree almost beyond endurance ; can govern it only by the aid of large or very large firm., conscien., and reasoning organs, and by- avoiding the causes calculated to excite it ; and possesses ex- traordinary depth, strength, and power of this passion. One having very large amat., with large or very large conscien., firm., benev., and reasoning organs, will exercise towards the other sex, strong feelings of kindness and love ; is ever ready in his attentions to them ; is but ill at ease without their society ; and enjoys intercourse with them in the greatest possible degree: with conscien. moderate or small, and the AMATIVENESS. 59 reasoning organs only full, is strongly inclined and urged to profligacy, licentiousness, vulgar allusions, indelicate ex- pressions and jesting ; to the relation of obscene anecdotes, &c. See combinations under amat. large. Full. — One having amat full, with adhes. and ideal, large or very large, will place a high estimate upon the other sex ; eagerly seek their company, and take great deJight in it ; be ardent as a lover, and not insensible to their charms ; with good health and an active temperament, experience, in a high degree, the influence of this passion, yet will pos- sess more activity than power. The descriptions of amat. full, when combined with the other organs, will be found much the same, except in degree, with those given under amat. large, and will be between those under amat. large and amat. moderate. Moderate. — One having amat. moderate, is not particu- larly partial to the other sex, nor very fond of their company ; may enjoy the society of a few select persons of the other sex, but will dislike their promiscuous society, unless his adhes., approbat, ideal., mirth., or other organs, create attach- ment to them, and fondness for their society : with self-e. and mirth, moderate or small, large or very large secret., appro- bat, cautious., conscien., and ven., will be extremely diffident and reserved, if not awkward and affected, in their company, and ill qualified to shine in parties of amusement, and will be rather deficient in the strength and power of this passion. One having moderate amat., with large or very large adhes., benev., and conscien., and full compar. and caus., will exercise more of pure love and virtuous affection towards the opposite sex, than of the mere amative passion — of chaste Platonick affection, than of sexual love — of pure and sentimental friendship, than of merely animal feeling ; and, with large or very large ideal, and conscien., will manifest this passion in a peculiarly refined and delicate manner, and be exceed- ingly disgusted with vulgarity, particularly in the other sex. This is the kind of attachment generally exercised by females, in whom a'dhes. is common]}!- altogether larger than amat. When the size of these organs is reversed, they produce the opposite kind of love, or that which is less sentimental and exclusive, and more promiscuous and sexual. Small. — One having small amat., is not partial to the oth- er sex as such ; does not pay them so much attention, nor wait upon them so genteelly, nor sacrifice so much for their 60 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. sake, nor excite their love so easily, as if possessed of full or large amat., but is rather cold, coy, distant, unacceptable, and less inclined to marry, unless induced to do so by philopro., adhes., approbat., benev., acquis., the intellectual organs, or some other motive than his sexual desire. Very Small. — One having amat. very small, is incapa- ble of sexual attachment or intercourse; seldom, if ever, ex- periences the workings of this feeling ; and is given to pas- sive continence. This organ is always very small in very young children, and the passion proportionally weak ; it at- tains its full size in the meridian of life, when the passion is strongest; is generally larger in married, than in single, per- sons; and decreases in old age, when the passion becomes weaker. Phrenology determines the strength and power of this passion, and its liability to be perverted, rather than the virtue or licentiousness of the subject. Education and cir- cumstances determine this question oftener than the strength of the faculty. The depraved exercise of this faculty, in one or another of those ten thousand forms which it assumes, is unques- tionably one of the most prolifick sources of depravity, cor- ruption, and misery, with which mankind are afflicted; and it becomes the philanthropist, the Christian, and especially the phrenologist, to inquire, why is this ? for, until we can discover the root of this tree of vice, and attack the evil there, it is in vain to attempt to lop off its branches. This faculty is found to exist in animals, as well as in man, and that, too, unrestrained by morality or intellect, and, consequently, far more liable to perversion, than in the human species ; yet, instances of its perversion in the brute creation, are exceed- ingly rare. Now, why is this? The, nature of the faculty, and the character of the function, are the same in both, so that its depraved manifestation cannot be attributed to any natural cause. It must, then, depend upon the education, or training; of this faculty. And no wonder that it is thus perverted ; for the nature and the proper function of the fac- ulty, not being generally understood, it has been regarded chiefly in its perverted manifestation. Hence, that false modesty, that sickly delicacy, that double-refined fastidious- ness which pervade every civilized community in regard to it, and which are far more detrimental to virtue and purity, than any thing and every thing else could be. It is not too much to add, that nearly all the licentiousness which per- PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 61 vades our country, and yearly ruins scores of thousands, originates in the false training of this faculty. The question, then, becomes a most important one, How can this faculty be so trained that this growing evil may be checked and remedied ? This question will be answered in a subsequent portion of this work. One grand answer is, let the dictates of nature — of simple, undisguised, unpolluted nature, be followed — let the phrenological analysis of the faculty be fully given, and thoroughly understood, and, in- stead of pointing the finger of shame at the proper manifes- tation of a faculty which the Great Author has implanted in the very nature and constitution of man, and of suppressing it by every possible means, let it follow where the ringer of Heaven, in the indications of nature, points out the path of virtue. location. — This organ is located in the cerebellum, or between the mastoid processes behind the ear : and, when large, it causes this portion of the head to appear broad and thick ; when small, the neck is thin and narrow. 2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. Parental affection and tenderness — love of offspring, and of children generally — fondness for pets, especially young animals, and for the infirm and helpless. If there existed no particular attachment to children as such, the burden of raising and of educating them, would be intolerable, and seldom submitted to ; whereas the effect of this faculty is, to make them to their parents the dearest of all objects, their richest treasure, and their greatest delight, a source of their greatest anxiety and solicitude, and, in short, the direct and main object of one of the strongest of the hu- man passions, as well as the indirect object of many others ; and this casts entirely into the shade the trouble, and pain, and expense which they cause, and induces the parent to do, and to suffer, whatever is deemed necessary, and often what is entirely unnecessary, to promote the happiness and the best interests of his child, especially the young child. While children are yet too young to be regarded as friends — the very time they require the greatest attention — they cannot be the legitimate objects of adhes., and, for a similar reason, they cannot come under the exclusive care of benev., of con- scien., of reason, or, indeed, of any other faculty ; so that, if 6 62 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. there were no faculty exclusively devoted to them, they would never receive that care, and those unnumbered attentions, which their helpless condition demands even to maintain them in existence. Without this faculty, the action of the other faculties would be less vigorous towards children than towards others ; whereas, their wants demand a much more vigorous exer- cise of them in favour of children. But, with philopro. to direct and stimulate their action towards children, their pro- tection and nursing, difficult and even painful as they may be, are abundantly secured. It is, moreover, evident, that the. duties and the circum- stances of woman require of her a much greater endow- ment of this faculty than is required of the other sex. Ac- cordingly we find, that she possesses a much larger organ of philopro. than man. This adaptation of the organ in females to the far greater power of the passion, and of both to the far greater demand made upon them by their offspring, is cer- tainly no unimportant argument in proof of the truth of phrenology. Large. — One having large philopro., is deeply interested in children ; delighted with their company and playfulness, and even sports with them; generally notices them, and ea- sily gains their affections, by which their government and education are greatly facilitated ; and, if a parent, willingly endures paternal care and toil; spares no pains in educating them; and considers them the richest of treasures: with adhes. very large, experiences poignant grief at the loss of children; and, with concent, large, will pour incessantly over it, but with concent, moderate or small, will feel keenly for the time being, yet frequently be relieved by a change of the subject of feeling : with large amat. and adhes., feels powerfully the reciprocal attachment of fathers and daugh- ters, of mothers and sons, and of adults and children of op- posite sexes : with full combat, and destruct, and large or very large adhes., benev., conscien., firm., and intellectual organs, punishes children when their own good demands it; is kind, yet strict ; governs them with decision mingled with mild- ness and affection, and, with self-e. full, speaks with the au- thority necessary to secure their obedience ; but, with combat, and destruct. large, is by turns too indulgent and too severe; and, with self-e. moderate, fails to secure their obedience and respect, and allows them to trample upon him: with large PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 63 or very large adhes., benev., ven., firm., conscien., hope, compar., and caus., and moderate approbat. and ideal., will regard their religious, moral, and intellectual character as of primary importance ; their usefulness, rather than their dis- tinction ; and endeavour to give them a practical and sub- stantial, rather than an ornamental education. Very Large. — One having very large philopro., is pas- sionately fond of children, and has them always around him ; and, with very large benev., and moderate destruct. and caus.,. is in danger of spoiling them by excessive fondness and over- indulgence ; is extremely fond of pets of some description, such as pet dogs, pet horses, and the young and tender of animals generally; is willing to endure the greatest priva- tions if he can thereby promote their happiness ; values them above every thing else, and almost idolizes them ; and, with adhes. very large, grieves immoderately at their loss, or is overcome by it : with moderate or small destruct, and con- scien., "spares the rod and spoils the child:" with very large approbat. or self-e., and only moderate or full conscien. and caus., indulges parental vanity and conceit; thinks his own children much smarter than those of others ; delights to ex- hibit their great attainments, &c. ; and, if very large ideal, be added, would be likely to educate them for sAowand effect — to teach them the ornamental and fashionable, to the ne- glect of the more substantial, branches of learning — the fine arts, rather than useful learning ; thus making them self-im- portant fops, and vain and guady belles, rather than useful members of society : with very large cautious., indulges ai multitude of groundless fears and unfounded apprehensions about them, and borrows a world of trouble on their account : with benev. very large, and acquis, only moderate, makes them many presents ; w r ith the moral and intellectual organs also large or very large and.well-cultivated, has a happy talent for instructing them, and delights in it. Full. — One having philopro. full, will take considerable interest in children, especially when they begin to walk and prattle; bear much from them, particularly when combat, and destruct. are only moderate ; and, when they are pos- sessed of high intellectual charms, will often notice and play with them, and generally please them ; and, if he has chil- dren of his own, will make strenuous efforts and great sacri- fices to provide for, and to educate, them; but, with combat, and destruct. larger than philopro., will be rather impatient 64 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. when troubled by them, and sometimes severe with them : with large or very large adhes., benev., conscien., firm., and reasoning organs, and self-e. and combat., at least, full, will love children, yet be far from spoiling them by over-indul- gence, and generally secure their obedience, yet seldom be harsh towards them. Moderate. — One having philopro. moderate, is not very fond of children., and cannot bear much from them; may sometimes take some interest in them, yet does not like young children ; may love his own, yet does not fancy those of others. One with philopro. moderate and adhes. large, may love chil- dren as friends rather than as children ; and, with benev. and conscien. also large, will take all needful care of them from feelings of kindness and duty, without being partial to chil- dren as such. Small. — One having philopro. small, with combat, and de- struct. large, is generally severe, and easily vexed, with chil- dren; and, with self-e. also large, and benev. only mod- erate or full, is domineering, haughty, and arbitrary towards them, and thus extremely unpopular with them, and delights to torment and tease them. Very Small, — One with philopro. very small, will be a stranger to this passion, and deal with children entirely as his other organs dictate. Location. — This organ is located in the centre of the hind head, just above the sharp point of the occipital bone, and back of the top of the ears. When the lobes of adhes. are large or very large, and philopro. is moderate or small, a depression will be found between the lower portion of the two lobes of adhes., but when philopro. is also large or very large, this portion of the head will be elongated, as in the cut of Aurelia Chase, When philopro. and adhes. are both large, and inhab. is small, it assumes a sharpened appearance, running horizontally between the two lobes of adhes. 3. ADHESIVENESS. Susceptibility of attachment — propensity to associate — fond- ness for society — inclination to love, and desire to be loved. The chief office of this organ is to create those strong ties of social and, with amat., of conjugal affection, which bind mankind together in families, societies, communities, ADHESIVENESS. 65 &c, and from which prohably flows as much happiness, if not virtue, as from any other source. This faculty is very strong, and generally a ruling one, in females ; and its in- fluence upon society, is incalculable. Large. — One having adhes. large, exercises strong and ardent attachment ; is eminently social and affectionate ; seeks every opportunity to enjoy the company of friends, and feels very unhappy when deprived of it; does and sacrifices much for their sake ; sets much by them, and goes far to see and help them ; and makes a real, true, warm-hearted, and devoted friend. One having adhes. large, with combat, and destruct. large, readily takes the part of friends; resents and retaliates their injuries; protects their rights, interests, character, &c, as readily as he does his own ; and, with self-e. only moderate or full, even more so ; and yet, with self-e. large or very large, will occasionally fall out with them : with acquis, large, may love strongly, and be very hos- pitable and kind, yet unwilling to give his money ; but, with approbat. and benev. also large, may be liberal among his friends, and sometimes forward to discharge the social bill, yet will be as affectionate as he is liberal ; is very emulous to excel among friends, and cut to the heart by their reproach- es ; and, if approbat. or self-e. is very large, and caus. only full, is jealous of those that excel him, and forward among friends ; assumes the lead ; and must be first or nothing : with moderate combat., destruct, and self-e., and large or very large approbat., benev., conscien., ideal., mirth., and reasoning organs, will have many friends and few enemies ; be amiable, and gain the good will of all who know him : with large ideal., will express his affection in a refined and delicate manner, and with mirth, large, in a pleasing, jocose, and lively manner : with large or very large event., will recol- lect, with vivid emotions of delight, by-gone scenes of social cheer and friendly intercourse : with large reasoning organs, will give good advice to friends ; lay excellent plans for them ; rightly appreciate their character ; and, with cautious, also large, be judicious in selecting them, &c. Very large. — Those who have adhes. very large, or predominant, instinctively recognise it in each other ; soon become mutually and strongly attached; desire to cling around the objects of their love; take more interest and de- light in the exercise of friendship than in any thing else ; are unwilling to think or believe ill of their friends ; sym- 6* 66 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. pathize in their misfortunes ; dread an interruption of friend- ship as the greatest of calamities; and willingly sacrifice ease, property, happiness, reputation, and sometimes even life for their sakes. Their friends may be few, but will be dear, and their attachment mutual, ardent, strong, and, with firm, large, constant ; their joys, hopes, fears, trials, &c. one ; their social intercourse delightful beyond description ; their sepa- ration, painful, in the extreme; their loss, agonizing, almost beyond endurance; and the interruption of friendship, a fre- quent source of partial derangement. One having very large adhes,, with large or very large destruct., combat., self-e., firm., and benev., and only mode- rate or small approbat., secret., and conscien., will be a most ardent friend and an equally bitter enemy ; will never forget a favour or an injury, till the one is rewarded, and the other avenged or confessed ; cannot do too much good to his friends, nor evil to his foes ; and will make all his acquaintance ei- ther ardent friends, or bitter enemies : with very large phi- lopro. and large amat., sets every thing by his family, and almost idolizes them ; takes more delight in home and friends than in any thing, if not in every thing, besides ; cannot en- dure to be absent from home ; is pre-eminently domestick ; and, with very large benev. and conscien., promotes their happiness by every effort, and by every sacrifice in his pow- er, and deeply sympathizes in their distress; and, with moderate combat, and destruct., regards the peace and quiet of the fireside as the greatest of pleasures, and family dissension as the worst of evils ; and does every thing in his power to promote domestick quiet and happiness, &c. One having large or very large adhes., loves those best, and chooses them for his friends, who most nearly resemble him- self, and gratify the largest number of his organs : with large or very large approbat., hope, ideal., and mirth., and only moderate conscien. and caus., the gay and witty, the fashionable and showy, &c. : with large or very large mor- al organs, the eminently devout and religious, the sedate and the sentimental : with large or very large ideal, and intellec- tual organs, those who are highly talented, intellectual, and literary, but avoids the ignorant: with very large conscien., requires, first of all, that his friends be perfectly moral and honest, but with conscien. moderate, is not particular in this respect. Full. — One having adhes. full, will make a social, com- ADHESIVENESS. 67 panionable, warm-hearted friend, who will sacrifice much al the shrine of friendship, yet sacrifice his friendship on the altar of the stronger passions; his friendship, though strong and ardent, will be less glowing and intense than that produced by large adhes. One having adhes. full, with large or very large combat., destruct., self-e., approbat., and acquis., will serve himself first, and his friends afterwards ; form attachments, yet break them when they come in con- tact with the exercise of these organs ; and, with large se- cret, and small coascien., will not be at all desirable as a friend, yet, after all, set considerable by his friends : with very large benev, large conscien., approbat, and firm., only moderate or full combat., destruct., and secret, and moderate or large intellectual organs, will be very good company; desirable as a friend ; liberal, well-disposed, true to his friends, and always ready to do them a favour. Many of the com- binations under adhes. large, will apply, except in degree, to adhes. full, in the selection of which, as in many similar cases, the reader will use his own compar. Moderate. — One having adhes. moderate, may be some- what fond of society, and exercise some attachment to his friends, yet will sacrifice it upon unimportant considerations, and, though he may have many acquaintances, will have no intimate and very dear friends : with large combat, and de- struct, will become easily offended with friends, and seldom retain a friend long : with large benev, will bestow his ser- vices, and, with moderate acquis., his money, more readily than his affections ; and, with the selfish organs large, take care of himself first, making friendship subservient to sel- fish purposes,, Small. — One having adhes. small, thinks and cares little about friends ; takes little delight in their company ; prefers to live and act alone ; is cold-hearted, unsocial, and selfish ; has few friends, and, with large or very large selfish organs, a great many enemies, because he is himself so inimical to others. See combinations under adhes. moderate. Very small. — when adhes. is very small, its influence is not observable, and the subject, a perfect stranger to friendship. While amat. is generally much smaller, adhes., philopro., benev, and conscien., are commonly very much larger in fe- males than in males, by which the former are qualified, in a pre-eminent degree, to enjoy the domestick and social rela* tions, and to discharge the duties of their station. Ob PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Location. — The location of this organ is outward and upward from philopro., and above amat., and its shape near- ly oval. 4. INHABITIVENESS. Love of home and country — desire to locate and remain in one spot — attachment to the place in which one has lived. That there often exists a partiality towards particular places, and for no other reason than that one has lived there, is a very common phenomenon, and even necessary to man's happiness and well-being-. This class of functions must be produced by some faculty ; and the fact that its organ is found adjoining philopro. and adhes., the objects of which it directly and essentially aids, affords presumptive and ana- logical proof both of its existence and of the correctness of its location. Large. — One having inhab. large, will have a very strong desire to locate himself in a single spot which he can call his home, and to remain there; leaves the place of his nativity and abode with the greatest reluctance, and returns to them with delight; soon becomes stronglyattachedtohis house, his office, his garden, his fields, &c, and is generally satis- fied with them ; thinks a great deal of his native town, state, and country, and, when away from them, of those that have lived in them, &c. One having inhab. large, with philopro., adhes., ideal., individ., and local, large or very large, will be extremely fond of travelling, yet too fond of home to absent himself long at a time; in early life, will have an insatiable desire to rove about and see the world, and afterwards to set- tle : with approbat. and self-e. large or very large, will have high ideas of his country, of national honour, national ad- vantages and privileges, &c. ; and, with large or very large combat, and destruct., will be eminently patriotick and ready to sacrifice all, even life itself, in defence of his country's rights and honour, and of his own fireside ; and, with large or very large ven., will look with great reverence to those de- parted worthies who have served and honoured their coun- try, and also to the national relicks of past ages. Very large. — One having inhab. very large, will be sometimes homesick, especially if philopro. and adhes. are also very large ; will suffer almost any inconvenience, and INHABITIVENESS. 59 forego bright prospects of acquiring wealth, &c, sooner than leave his home ; and experience, only in a proportionally higher degree, the feelings attributed to this organ large. Full. — One having this organ full, will prefer to live in one spot, yet, when his interests require it, can change the place of his abode without much regret ; and, with large philopro. and adhes., will think much more of his family and his friends, than he will of his home as such. Moderate or small. — One having inhab. moderate or small, with large or very large hope, individ., ideal., and lo- cal., will be very apt to change his location either in hopes of improving it, or to see the world ; will have an insatiable desire to travel in foreign parts ; unless prevented by strong reasons, will be likely to live, at different times, in several dif- ferent places ; and, with philopro. and adhes. large, will regard his home not for its own sake, but for the sake of family and friends, and will not, by his mere love of home, be prevented from going where his interest or business leads him, nor be likely to suffer from a want of home. Very small. — When this faculty is very small, its oper- ation has no perceptible influence upon the character. The author has seen numerous, striking developments of the organ in conjunction with a proportionate strength of the faculty ; and also many other instances of the deficiency both of the organ and of the faculty. One of the most striking of the former, is the case of Judge Tucker of Williamsburgh^ Va., half-brother of the late John Randolph, who, while yet in the prime of life, left a very lucrative and honourable pro- fession for the sole purpose of living and dying where his fathers had lived and died. The organ is extremely large in his head, and also the organs of adhes. and philopro. The author might mention hundreds of others equally in point. Between Spurzheim and Combe there exists a difference of opinion concerning this faculty and that of concent. Dr. Spurzheim gives the location and analysis of inhab. similar to that contained in this work, but maintains that the organ of concent, does not exist; while Mr. Combe maintains, that the organ of concent, (which will be next analyzed) occupies near- ly the same position. But from the numerous and marked cases of a development of each organ in the absence of the other, and the perfect coincidence between the strength of these faculties and the size of their respective organs, of which, in no instance, has he seen a failure, the author is 70 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. thoroughly convinced that both are substantially correct — that there are two organs as analyzed and located in this work. Location. — The location of inhab. is directly above phi- lopro., and partly between, and partly above, the two lobes of adhes. Where it is large or very large, and concent, moderate, an angle is formed near the union of the lambdoi- dal sutures, between which and the occipital bone, there will be considerable distance, but when it is small, no such organ will be found. 5. CONCENTRATIVENESS. The power of mental concentration and continuity. The object of this faculty is to continue the operations of the other faculties upon any given subject, until they have thoroughly acted upon it, and presented the result. The nature of the faculty may not yet have been fully analyzed, yet, of the phenomena ascribed to it, there can be no question. Large. — One having large concent., is thereby enabled and disposed to keep his whole mind patiently fixed, for a long time, upon a single thing; to continue the existing train of thought, feeling, &c , and to exclude every other; to im- part unity and mutual dependence to propositions, arguments, paragraphs, parts of a sentence, &c. ; to dwell patiently on any subject of interest, and, with large intellectual organs, to go to the bottom of subjects ; to investigate them thoroughly; to run out processes of reasoning, and chains of thought, &c, in all their bearings and consequences; to give his whole mind to one, and but one, thing at a time ; and to hold his mind to a train of thought, subject of study, piece of labour, &c, till they are entirely completed. It imparts a unity and con- nectedness to all the conceptions and operations of the mind, and yet, in doing this, prevents that intensity, and rapidity, and variety which are manifested without it. One having concent, large, with large combat, and destruct., will prolong the exercise of anger: with cautious, large, that of fear: with ideal, large, flights of imagination, &c. Very large. — One having concent, very large, is con- fused if several things claim attention at once ; requires a long time to fix his mind upon any particular subject, or to divert it when once fixed ; in conversation, is apt to be prolix and tedious, and wear his subjects threadbare, and, if inter- CONCENTRATIVENESS. 71 rupted, is greatly disturbed, if not vexed : with individ. moder- ate or small, and the reasoning organs large or very large, is frequently abstract, absent minded, and so deeply buried in meditation, as to be unconscious of what is transpiring around him, and often dwells so long upon a subject as to distort it, and pursue it into absurd extremes. The style of Dr. Chalmers, and also of Dr. Thomas Brown, will serve as il- lustrations of the effect which this faculty produces upon the manner of communicating ideas. Full. — One having concent, full, will be inclined to dwell upon a thing to which his attention has been called, and also to impart as much perfection as may be to the operations of his mind, yet, when occasion requires, can change, without much difficulty, from one subject to another, and thus attend to a variety of objects within a limited time, and will preserve a happy medium between two great prolixity, and too great brevity. Moderate or small. — One with concent, moderate or small, is able and inclined to pass rapidly and easily from one kind of study, book, conversation, thought, feeling, busi- ness, occupation, &c. to another, from point to point, in argu- ment, without connecting or arranging them; does not sys- tematically arrange his subjects ; fails to impart mental de- pendence to his sentences, paragraphs, propositions, and parts of a discourse, so that many of them could be omitted without affecting the rest ; throws out his thoughts in con- cise and distinct propositions, rather than in long paragraphs ; stops when he has finished, and even before he has suffi- ciently illustrated, his ideas, passes to others, and again re- turns ; abridges his anecdotes and sentences by the omission of important particulars ; drops one sentence, subject, anec- dote, &c. to commence another, and forgets what he was be- ginning to say; wanders, in contemplation, through a great variety of different or opposite subjects ; throws off care and trouble easily, and keeps no organ long in connected action unless it is powerfully excited. One having concent, moderate or small, with adhes. small, thinks of his friends for the time being with vivid and intense emotion, but only for a short time at once, yet is not, there- fore, inconstant in his attachments : with combat, and des- truct. large, may get angry quickly, but, unless the injury is deep and intended, cannot retain his anger : with the intellec- tual organs generally large or very large, will be more likely 72 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. to make rather a general, than a critical, scholar, and more apt to have a smattering of all the sciences, than a profound knowledge of any ; soon gets weary of one book, study, &c, takes up another, and then returns to the first, thus studying by piecemeal ; prefers short pieces upon various subjects to long ones upon any — a newspaper to a book, &c. : with corn- par, large or very large, may have bold and original ideas upon a variety of subjects, yet will not, without great effort, or great excitement, have a chain of connected thoughts upon any, and will make rather a striking and immediate, than a lasting, impression: with ideal., imitat, mirth., individ., event., lang., and the reasoning organs large or very large, will make a better extempore speaker than writer, may give vari- ety, but will never give copiousness, to conversation and dis- course ; will lack the requisite patience to prepare his ideas for critical reading, and yet possess great versatility of talent. For the merchant, accountant, superintendent, and those who are called upon to attend to a great many different persons and things, moderate or small concent, is indispensable, and large or very large concent., extremely detrimental. Very Small. — One having concent, very small, has so great a thirst for variety, and change of occupation, and is so restless and impatient, that he cannot continue long enough at any one thing to effect much, and will experience, only in a still greater degree, the phenomena described under the head of concent, moderate or small. In the American head this organ is generally moderate or small, which perfectly coincides with the versatility of their tal- ents, and variety of their occupations. They often pursue sev- eral kinds of business at once, while the English and Ger- mans, in whom the organ is generally large, experience the greatest difficulty in pursuing any other calling or occupa- tion than that in which they were educated. The want of this organ constitutes a great defect in the American charac- ter, which is still farther increased by the variety of studies pressed upon the attention of each student in our schools and seminaries. This, indeed, constitutes one of the greatest de- fects in the present system of education. It is generally full or large in those who spend their lives in doing a single thing, such as factory tenders : and this furnishes an impor- tant hint to those who wish to cultivate the faculty. It is generally, though erroneously, supposed, that a large endow- ment of this faculty is necessary to great power of mind, VITATIVENESS. 73 and a tianscendant genius. The fact is far otherwise. Franklin evidently possessed but a small portion of it ; and perhaps the majority of eminent men whom it has been the fortune of the author to examine, have possessed but an in- different endow r ment of this faculty. When it is weak, the mind seizes at once what it seizes at all, and acts with so much rapidity, that a second subject is introduced before the first is completed, or, at least, before these operations are fully presented and illustrated ; so that such persons are lia- ble to be frequently misunderstood from a want of sufficient explanation. Concentration of thought, style, and feeling, intensity and power of mind, in which there is produced, as it were, a focus of feeling or of intellect, is the result, not, as is generally supposed, of concent, large or very large, but, of concent, moderate or small, an active temperament, and large or very large intellectual faculties. Large concent, as it were, dilutes or amplifies the mental operations. The difference between concent, and firm, is this; con- cent, bears upon the particular mental operations for the time being, while large firm, has reference to the general opinions, plans, &c, of life. For example ; one having con- cent, small, and firm, large or very large, will naturally pre- fer an occupation in which his attention would be rapidly call- ed to successive things, all of which would have reference to his grand object of pursuit, and from which he could not easily be diverted. If he were a merchant, he would pursue his mercantile calling with perseverance, yet he would be able, without confusion, to wait upon many different custom- ers within a short time, &c. Location. — This organ is located above inhab. and adhes., and below self-e. When it is large or very large, a general fulness of this region will be observable, but no protuberance will be apparent ; but when it is moderate or small, a pro- portionate semicircular depression will be very perceptible, in part encircling adhes. and inhab., and following the lamb- doidal sutures. When inhab. is also small, the depression is widened at the union of these sutures. t— VITATIVENESS. Love of life as such — unwillingness to die. It is evident that a desire to live, disconnected with any of the comforts of life, and, also, with all the objects to be secur- 7 74 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ed by living-, constitutes a strong passion, not only in man, but, likewise, in some classes of animals. In some, this in- stinctive love of life, and this fearful shrinking from death, amount to a passion, and nothing is regarded with more ter- rour than dying. Hence the necessity of a faculty whose office it is to perform this class of functions, and, also, of a portion of the brain, by means of which it can manifest these functions. The author became acquainted with Dr. Gibson, one of the editors of the Washington Telegraph, in whom the or- gan is very small, and who, when seemingly at the point of death, in consequence of a wound he had received, not only felt very little desire to live, or fear of death, but even exer- cised his mirth., which is large, in a high degree, although in the expectation that each hour would be his last. Large. — One having vitat. large, aside from the enjoy- ment of life and the fear of death, will look upon life as one of the most desirable of all objects, and upon death as " the king of terrours." This desire to live will also be increas- ed by the desires of the other faculties. One having vitat. large, with the domestick faculties strong, will desire to live, not only because he looks upon his existence here as a most desirable object, but, likewise, on account of his family and friends : with acquis, large or very large, for the purpose of amassing wealth : with the intellectual organs large, to ac- quire knowledge : with approbat. and self-e. large, to gratify his ambition, &c. ; but, when these organs are interrupted or disappointed — when adhes., for example, is wounded by the loss of dear friends, acquis., by the loss of property, appro- bat., by disgrace, &c, the sufferings thus caused, may be so much greater than his love of life, that the individual may wish to die, and, by the aid of destruct, seek relief in self- destruction. Very large. — To one with this faculty very large, even the thought of dying will be dreadful, and he will most te- naciously cling to life, even though it be most miserable. The combinations under this head, except in degree, are the same as those under vitat. large. Full. — One having vitat. full, with other organs large or very large, will desire to live, but rather as a secondary, than a primary, object ; and on account of his other faculties, rather than on account of his vitat. Moderate or small. — One with vitat. moderate or COMBATIVENESS. 75 small, will seldom think of dying, and when he does, will be much more affected by the consequences of death, than by a love of life ; be less careful of his health, and those means calculated to lengthen life, than he would be with vitat. large. In this case, death will be preferred to trouble, and life desired rather as a means, than as an end, and for the objects sought to be accomplished. Very small. — When vitat. is very small, a. desire to live, and a shrinking from death, as such, and per sese, will never be thought of. Location. — Vitat. is located nearly beneath the mastoid process, and partly between amat. and destruct. See cuts. 6. COMBATIVENESS. Propensity to defend, resist, and oppose. The influence of combat, upon the other faculties, and, indeed, upon the whole character, manifests itself, not only in physical, but also in moral and intellectual, opposition. Its action is necessary whenever, in the execution of a diffi- cult project, any thing is to be resisted or overcome. It acts upon animate, as well as upon inanimate, objects, and imparts to its possessor that nerve and determination which induce him to grapple with all his undertakings, as though he could and would effect his purposes. The direction of this faculty, and the character of its man- ifestations, are determined chiefly by its combinations, and the education or breeding of the individual. When it is under the control of the higher sentiments and of reason, and directed to its proper objects, no manifestation of the mind is more virtuous or more praise-worthy ; but when not thus controlled and directed, its manifestation is odious and vicious in the extreme. It was by this organ, directed, aided, and stimulated by conscien., self-e., the domestick faculties, reason, &c, that our ancestors achieved our ever-glorious Independence; and yet, from this organ in its perverted manifestation, originate those party strifes, family and village dissensions, bickerings and quarrels, mobs and physical combats which disgrace humanity. Large. — One having combat, large, with self-e. full, and firm, large, will be eminently qualified to meet difficulties ; overcome obstacles ; brave dangers ; endure hardships ; con- 76 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. tend for privileges ; maintain and advocate opinions ; resist encroachments; resent injuries and insults, &c; will defend his rights to the very last ; suffer no imposition ; seize upon whatever he undertakes with the spirit and determination re- quisite to carry it through all opposing difficulties ; rather glory in opposition than shrink from it ; be always ready, if not glad, to act upon the defensive, if not upon the offensive; inclined to call in question, and oppose, the opinions and the proceedings of others, and partly from pure love of opposi- tion ; will often urge his own opinions ; generally take sides upon every contested question ; and, with approbat. also large, will seek to distinguish himself: with a full or large brain, will possess energy and force of character in an emi- nent degree ; and, with an active temperament, unless restrain- ed by large benev., conscien., and caus., will be naturally too violent and too hasty in his temper, and subject to sudden ebullitions of passion. One having combat, large, with large destruct, will unite harshness, and severity, and a kind of fierceness with his re- sistance, and frequently show quite too much spirit, and, with an active temperament, will not only be quick tempered, but, also, very severe and vindictive when roused ; but, with de- struct. moderate or small, may be quick to resent and resist, and cool and intrepid in the onset, yet will inflict as little pain as possible; will conquer, yet spare the vanquished, and can never punish one who has surrendered, especially if conscien. and benev. are large or very large ; is more courageous than cruel; more petulent than violent; more passionate than harsh ; and, when anger is manifested, will not add to it that fierceness, and that spirit of revenge, which give it a threat- ening aspect, and make it dreadful : with very large self-e., large destruct., and the selfish propensities stronger than the moral and reasoning faculties, will protect himself and his own exclusive privileges first of all ; seem to claim the ser- vices of others merely upon the ground of his own superior]'- ty, and without thinking of returning an equivalent, and, perhaps, abuse those who infringe upon his rights, and, with conscien. moderate or small, those also who do not render him all the service and honour he claims ; will seldom evince gratitude for favours received, because he will feel that they of right belong to him ; will be naturally selfish and jealous, and apt to treat his fellow men, except those whom he con- descends to make his particular friends, with a kind of con- COMBATIVENESS. 77 tempt, and if they cross his path, with scorn : with acquis, large or very large, self-e. large, and caus. only full, will de- fend his property ; stand out for every farthing that belongs to him ; and be very angry at those through whom he may have sustained any pecuniary loss ; but, with acquis, only moderate, and self-e. or approbat. large or very large, will permit the injury of his property with comparative impunity, yet boldly sustain his injured honour, and preserve his char- acter unsullied to the last, cost him what it may : with self-e. only moderate, and adhes. large, will suffer others to impose upon himself, yet will take the part of a friend with a great deal more readiness and warmth of feeling than he would his own part : with amat. large, will defend the other sex sooner than himself or his own sex — the character, the per- son, &c, of a lover, sooner than of himself, &c: with concent, and destruct. moderate or small, and an active temperament, will be subject to sudden bursts of passion, which will contin- ue but for a moment, and then leave him as calm as before, and, perhaps, vexed with himself because he cannot suppress his anger : with lang. and the reasoning organs large, is extremely fond of debate ; very much inclined to start objec- tions to what has been said ; to argue on the opposite side of the question, even in opposition to his real belief, merely from love of argument; and, with large firm., though vanquished, will argue still. Very Large. — The manifestations of combat, very large, are much the same with those under the head of combat, large, except when it is combined with large or very large self-e. or approbat., firm, and destruct., and only moderate or full conscien., secret., benev., ven., and caus., in which case it actuates one to attack and provoke others without suffi- cient cause ; to dispute and quarrel with those around him ; croAvd himself forward ; push his opinions on others ; create disturbance ; kindle strife ; encourage quarrels and engage in them ; and creates a quarrelsome, combative, contentious spirit. One having very large combat., with large destruct.,. is terrible and desperate in the onset ; and fights with fierceness and determination : with large amat, philopro., and adhes., will fight for his family, yet quarrel with them himself: with large acquis., will quarrel for a penny : with large or very large benev., conscien., and reasoning organs, will be able to regulate his anger only by turning abruptly from his op. ponent, and by avoiding every thing calculated to excite his 7* /b PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. combative spirit ; find extreme difficulty in governing his anger, and, when really roused, be desperate. Full. — One having combat, full, is always ready, when opposition is called for, to engage in it, and, with a nervous temperament, soon excited to resent and resist, and natural- ly quick-tempered ; will possess all necessary boldness and efficiency of character, and rather court opposition than shun it ; yet will be far from being quarrelsome, or seeking opposition for its own sake. One having combat, full, with conscien., firm., benev., and caus. large or very large, though his anger is strong, will generally govern it ; will be mild, kind, well- disposed, and peaceable; avoid quarrelling and contention, and yet possess a large share of moral courage, and owe the combative spirit he may manifest, more to the powerful stimu- lus he may experience, than to the natural activity and power of the passion ; will show this feeling more in his business, and in moral and intellectual resistance, than in quarrelsomeness or physical combat ; and seldom employ physical force, except when powerfully excited ; but, with a predominance of the other selfish faculties, will possess an unenviable temper. The combinations under combat, large, will apply, except in degree, to combat, full. Moderate. — One having combat, moderate, will contend no more than the case really demands, and sometimes not even as much ; will not tamely allow himself or others to be really abused and trampled upon, and yet, will bear long before he will manifest resistance, and be quite as forbearing as manliness and virtue will allow ; will dislike quarrelling and avoid it as long as possible ; may be irritable from the irritability of his temperament, yet is by no means contentious ; will not be, in reality, tame and cowardly, nor yet very efficient ; will exercise but little indignation, and be amiable, peaceable, easy with all, quiet, and inoffensive. One having combat, moderate, with self-e. moderate or small, and large or very large philopro., adhes.. acquis., benev., and conscien., will contend for children, family, friends, the oppressed, his religious opinions, moral princi- ples, &c, with much spirit, and yet, suffer personal abuse with impunity : with large or very large self-e., firm., con- scien., and the reasoning organs, will maintain his opinions with stability, and pursue his plans with firmness, and yet, do it in a quiet, but firm and effectual, manner ; seek to ac- complish whatever he undertakes without opposition; act COMBATIVENESS. 79 chiefly upon the defensive ; make but little noise or bustle, yet hold on and persevere till his purposes and plans are carried through ; and, with cautious, also large, will take the castle rather by siege than by storm ; accomplish considera- ble, and in the best manner, but must take his own time for it ; and will be distinguished for his stability, judgment, and success : with large or very large caus. and compar., and large intellectual organs generally, will not distinguish himself in argument or debate, unless when powerfully ex- cited, yet, if his head is large, will then be original and logical, and express many important ideas ; be characterized more by perspicuity, and force of reason, than by passion and fervour of feeding, &c. Small. — One having combat, small, will be unable and unwilling to encounter his fellow men ; be mild, amiable, in- offensive, and rather inefficient ; lack spirit, and presence of mind in time of danger ; quail too quick under opposition, and shrink from it ; love peace and seek it, even at a great personal sacrifice; avoid quarrelling; endeavour to reconcile the contending ; surrender rights rather than contend for them ; endure oppression rather than shake it off, take abuse in good part ; be forbearing, and generally beloved ; and, with destruct. moderate, whatever may be his other qualities, will be unable to effect any thing of importance, or cut a figure in the world ; and, with large or very large domestick, moral, and intellectual organs, will seek his chief gratification in re- tirement from the noise and bustle of active and publick life, in literary and scientifick acquirements, religious exercises, &c," and, though he may have a high endowment of natural talent, will have nothing to stimulate and bring it out ; and, with cautious, large or very large, will be timid, irresolute, cowardly, and easily overcome by alarm. Very Small. — One having combat, very small, with cautious, very large, is passive, tame, cowardly, chicken- hearted, weak, destitute of spirit, force and energy of charac- ter, and may be abused with impunity ; is excessively timid ; does not stand his ground ; never ventures ; will never mani- fest anger, and be utterly unable to withstand opposition. When the author was in the town of Milton, Pa., in 1836, one of the editors of that place, who Avas a decided opponent of phrenology, for the purpose of testing the science, brought forward a lad who was distinguished for his talents, his shrewdness, high-toned, manly feeling, and for his apparent 80 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. boldness and daring in horsemanship. To make the experi- ment the more satisfactory, the author was blindfolded. The lad was described as possessed of extraordinary talent, and high moral feeling, joined with some cunning, but with small combat., and so extreme a development of cautious, as to make him timid and cowardly — too timid to run any risk, or venture near the brink of danger. All present allowed that the description, throughout, was very correct, except that the most marked feature of his character had been reversed. He was considered the most, daring and reckless youth in the whole village. Many instances, however, were soon cited, of his unwillingness to mount horses with which he was not fully acquainted, and which were considered frac- tious. His brother also stated, that he was excessively afraid in the dark ; and only a few days previous, his father had re- marked to some one present, that, although he affected great daring, bravado, and willingness to fight, &c, yet, when brought to the sticking point, he always contrived, and some- times very ingeniously, to get out of the scrape without com- ing to blows. Still the youth affected to be as courageous and as daring as ever, until, at supper, in the evening after his examination, when his mother, who doubtless knew best his real character, accosted him substantially as follows: " My son, you know that you are a coward : why, then, do you persist in denying it? You know that I can never make you, old as you are, go to bed alone ; and that, whenev- er you are left alone in bed, you will get up and come down." " I know it, mother," replied the humbled boy, " but I did not wish the other boys to find out that I was a coward, because, when they do, they will call me out to fight." The real explanation is this. His very large self-e. and large approbat. created the demand for apparent bravery, and his very large intellect, and large secret, enabled him to devise this method of supplying his want of native courage with this counterfeit bravery ; while his predominating cau- tious., which caused his excessive fear, kept him from expos- ing himself to any real danger; and his self-e. gave him the self-confidence necessary to carry out the ingenious expedient which his intellect had devised. The following anecdote was related to the author. A Mr. S., in a certain engagement with the Indians, fought des- perately, even with a bravery which greatly astonished those who had known his father, who was always branded and COMBATIVENESS. 81 ridiculed as an arrant coward. He then confessed, that his fear was almost insupportable, and that he fought thus brave- ly only to wipe out the disgrace of his father. These facts, with ten thousand others which might easily be cited, clearly show, that what is generally considered bra- very, is more frequently produced by approbat. or self-e., than by combat. Hence, great cowards often appear to be men of real courage. The way is thus opened for the remark, that the amount of combat, manifested, depends, in no small degree, upon the stimulus under which it acts. For example; suppose two young men, possessed of an equal share of combat., and alike in every respect, except, that one possessed a very large share of approbat. and very small adhes., and the other only a small degree of approbat., but very large adhes. Now, under given circumstances, the former would be as much more indignant at an insult offered to him, and touching his honour, than the latter would be, as his approbat. was larger than that of the latter; whereas, the latter would take up the quarrel of a friend as much quicker than the former, and fight as much harder, as his adhes. excelled that of the form- er. This illustration presents a general principle, which applies with equal force to the combinations of any of the other faculties with that of combat., and to all the combina- tions of the organs. The application of this principle, will most satisfactorily explain, how a man may be perfectly honest in some things, and quite dishonest in others, as well as ten thousand other interesting phenomena of the human mind. It will explain to us, how the timid and delicate mother, in rescuing her darling child from imminent danger, can assume the boldness of the hero, nay, the fierceness of the tiger. In this last case, the phenomenon is explained thus : Very large philopro., very powerfully excites what combat, there is, but for which excitement, timidity would take the place of boldness, and cowardice, that of courage. Location. — In a common sized head, combat, is located about an inch and a half behind the top of the ear, and ex- tends itself in a perpendicular direction. When it is very large, and the surrounding organs large, it will cause a thickness of this part of the head, which may be the more easily observed by placing the thumb upon the organ on one side, and the fingers on the opposite side ; but when it is 82 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. moderate or small, there will be little protuberance or breadth in this region. 7. DESTRUCTIVENESS. Propensity to destroy, exterminate, and inflict pain. In the economy of human society, many things are to be destroyed to make life even tolerable. Death and destruc- tion enter largely into the great law of nature. Hence, the necessity of some faculty to exercise this propensity to de- stroy. We often see it in the child, which, long before it " knows how to choose the good and refuse the evil," mani- fests an innate and strong propensity to tear in pieces, break, and destroy whatever comes in its way. As it advances in life, it even makes a pastime of tormenting and killing flies, and all such animals as fall into its power. When a little older, it delights in hunting, and indulges feelings of hatred and revenge. We, moreover, see that this same characteristic^ of de- struction, enters into every department of organized matter, and forms no unimportant feature, as well of the moral, as of the natural, government of God. The exercise of this function, must therefore be both right and necessary, else, why should it be exercised by the Creator? And there evi- dently exists, not only no reason why this class of functions should not be performed by a distinct mental faculty, but there certainly exists every reason for supposing that this is the case. It is homogeneous in its kind, and unlike any other in its character ; and, consequently, demands a distinct faculty for its exercise, and upon the same ground with any other class of functions. Large. — One having destruct. large, with large combat, firm., and self-e., possesses that sternness and severity of char- acter, which make others fear to provoke him, and that force of character which enables him to prostrate and surmount whatever obstacles oppose his progress ; accompanies his mandate with a threat, either implied or expressed ; is point- ed and sarcastick, if not bitter, in his replies ; feels strong indignation towards those that displease or injure him, and is disposed to persecute them by injuring their feelings, repu- tation, or interests, or by treating them with entire contempt and neglect; experiences a feeling of revenge and bitterness DESTRTJCTIVENESS. 83 which, unless restrained by secret, conscien., benev., &c, he does not fail to show. One having destruct. large, with large adhes., loves his friends dearly, yet often injures their feelings by saying bit- ter things to them, which, with conscien. large, he often afterwards regrets : with combat, moderate, is slow to wrath, but bitter and vindictive when once roused, and will have satisfaction before he can be appeased : with secret, large, and conscien. moderate or small, watches his opportunity to take vengeance, and strikes in the dark ; but with secret, small, warns before he strikes : with benev. large or very large, may be sometimes harsh in his efforts to do good, and thus often cause needless pain, but will do this more by his manner than from any cruel design ; will be kind, and sym- pathetick, and sensitive to the sufferings of others, and yet, very harsh and severe when provoked ; and generally exer- cise this faculty upon inanimate, rather than upon animate, objects: with conscien. and combat, large, and secret, small, is apt to find considerable fault, and that in a very harsh man- ner: with large or very large compar., applies disgusting epithets to his enemies, and compares them to some most odi- ous or disgusting object; is pre-emiLent for his sarcastick comparisons, which always fit the one for whom they were made,* &c. Very large. — One having destruct. very large, with large or very large benev., conscien., and caus., may be en- abled so to govern and restrain his indignation, that it will seldom carry him beyond the. bounds of reason and justice, or break out into ungoverned rage and violence, yet when roused, will be dangerous, and like a chafed lion, and be obliged to avoid the causes of excitement ; will be fond of teasing, and also of hunting, and the warlike array of a gen- eral muster, &c. ; and, with large or very large combat., self-e., approbat., firm., and hope, will excel as a soldier, &c. For other combinations, see destruct. large. Full. — One having destruct. full, with large firm., and full combat, and self-e., has sufficient harshness and severity of character to keep off and punish those who would other- wise injure him ; to take the rough and tumble of life, and push his own way through it ; and to destroy or subdue whatever is prejudicial to his happiness, yet is neither mo- * John Randolph. 84 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. rose nor cruel ; when driven to it, can witness and inflict pain, but does it reluctantly, and causes as little suffering as he consistently can ; when his anger is not highly exci- ted, is mild in his disposition ; and, excepting occasional flurries of passion, which are produced by irritability of temperament, seldom shows strong indignation. One having destruct. full, with large benev., conscien., ideal., and adhes., will possess uncommon sympathy and ten- derness of feeling, mingled with little sternness and harsh- ness ; will secure obedience, and accomplish his wishes by kindness and persuasion, more than by threats and passion, and be beloved more than feared : with large or very large benev., cannot bear to see pain or punishment inflicted, ex- cept when he is angry, and then may inflict it with delight ; yet, with large combat, and mirth., delights to tease and tan- talize others ; will not be wanton and cruel in the infliction of pain, yet will seldom allow his indignation to slumber when his own interests, or those of his friends, or the cause of justice or humanity, demand it ; in ordinary circumstan- ces, will inflict but little pain, yet will manifest strong dis- pleasure towards his enemies, and, when his indignation is fully kindled, show even more severity and bitterness than the occasion demands ; will not readily forget the objects of his displeasure, and will be far from possessing a tame and insipid character. Moderate. — One having destruct. moderate, will mani- fest only a moderate share of indignation and severity of character ; often spare what should be destroyed or punish- ed ; and, with large or very large benev., -will be unable to witness suffering and death, much less to cause them; and will not possess sufficient force of mind or fierceness of character to drive through important undertakings : with benev. and the moral organs generally large or very large, will be beloved more than feared ; will possess an extraordinary share of sympathy, so much so as sometimes to overcome him, and amount to a weakness ; and will secure his wishes more by persuasion and mild measures, than by threats or harshness. Small. — One having destruct. small, manifests his anger in so feeble a manner, that it effects but little, and provokes a smile, rather than fear : with benev. very large, possesses too little hardness of heart to inhabit a world of suffering and endure its cruelties and hardships, and cannot himself endure physical suffering. DESTRUCTIVENESS. 85 In its perverted exercise, this faculty creates a vindictive, bitter, revengeful, over-bearing spirit ; delights in tantalizing and tormenting ; produces cruelty towards beasts, and those in its power; gives a relish for hunting, killing, destroying, witnessing publick executions, and such amusements as the fighting of men, dogs, and fowls, in bull-bating, bear-bating, &c. ; produces a propensity for war, murder, violence, blood- shed, &c. ; instigates children and others to stone, catch, tor- ment, and destroy birds, insects, and such animals as fall in their way, and also to stamp, strike, tear in pieces, and ex- hibit other signs of rage, violence, &c. ; and, with approbat. and self-e. very large, to engage in duelling, &c, and pur- sue enemies till revenge is fully satisfied. That the class of functions here described, constitutes a very extensive and a very influential portion of the mental operations, no attentive observer of human nature can enter- tain a doubt. Every page of the history of man, from that which records the murder of Abel by his own brother, to that which closes with the wars of Florida and Texas, is written in characters of violence and blood. Even the most favourite amusements of men have always been sanguinary : a specimen of which are the theatrical representations and gladiatorial shows which have always delighted mankind. Every publick execution is crowded with eager spectators of all classes and ages, and of both sexes, who attend mainly to gratify their destruct. by witnessing the violent death of a fellow mortal. Almost every newspaper is stained with the horrid details of some cold-blooded murder, duel, or suicide, or some other act of violence or destruction in some of the unnumbered forms it assumes. If phrenology did not make provision for this class of functions, this omission would be prima facie evidence of its destitution of truth, and inconsis- tency with nature. Its exercise is either virtuous or vicious, according to the circumstances in which, and the objects upon which, it is exercised. Perhaps no organ is more liable to be abused than this, or productive of more misery; and yet, this is by no means owing to the nature and the original character of the faculty, but solely to its perversion. Hence the import- ance of its proper education. Location. — This organ is located beneath the temporal bone, and, when large, extends from three to six eighths of an inch above the top of the ear. When it is very large, it 86 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. thickens the middle of the base of the head, and makes the ears stand out from the head. When it is large or very large, and secret, is small, it produces a horizontal ridge which extends about half an inch above the top of the ears. 8. ALIMENTIVENESS. Appetite for sustenance — desire for nutrition. This faculty creates a relish for food, drink, &c. ; renders important assistance in selecting the kinds of food best calculated to nourish the body ; when the system needs a further supply of food and drink, produces hunger and thirst, and., when it is unperverted, and the stomach is in a healthy state, is a sure directory as to the quantity and the quality of food necessary for the purposes of nutrition and health. Large. — One having aliment, large, is very fond of the good things of this life, and frequently eats more than health and comfort require; partakes of food with a very keen rel- ish; sets a very high value upon the luxuries of the palate ; and, according to his means, is a good liver. One having aliment, large, with acquis, also large, will in- dulge his appetite, when he can do so without too great ex- pense ; but, when good eating is costly, will sometimes suffer hunger rather than pay a high price to appease it, except where he is ashamed not to eat ; Avill expend money reluctantly for sweetmeats, &c, unless his aliment, is stimulated by a favourite dish, or, to him, favourite sweetmeats, but will, nev- ertheless, find it hard to keep from eating whatever delicacies may be in his way : with acquis, moderate or small, will spend his time and money freely for rich viands and rare liquors ; and, if large or very large adhes. be added to this combination, will not only take the greatest delight at the convivial board and the social meal, but will spend money even more lavishly than is necessary to entertain his friends : with conscien. large or very large, will feel guilty whenever he over-indulges his appetite, and will endeavour to regulate his eating according to his ideas of duty, yet will be obliged to struggle hard against this as " an easily besetting sin," by which he will, nevertheless, be often overtaken : with con- scien. and ven. large or very large, will be thankful for his ALIMENTIVENESS. 87 food as a bountiful gift from the hand of his Maker :* with lang., mirth., and adhes. large or very large, and secret, only- moderate, will be conversational, social, and humorous at the festal board : with the intellectual organs generally large, will prefer conversation upon rational and scientifick sub- jects : with ideal, large or very large, must have his food prepared in the nicest manner, and in elegant and fashion- able dishes ; but, with ideal, moderate, thinks more of the food and of the cookery, than of the ceremonies or the style, of the table ; with self-e. large, and acquis, only moderate or full, will be satisfied only with the first and the best table, even if he is obliged to pay a high price for it : with large approbat. and ideal., will be very ceremonious at table; but with ideal, only moderate, and self-e. and caus. large, will despise ceremony, yet, with large or very large benev., will provide bountifully, and show great hospitality at table, with- out much splendour or ceremony, &c. Very large. — One having aliment, very large, will be too much given to the indulgence of a voracious appetite ; too ready to ask " what he shall eat and drink ;" will think as much of his meals as of almost any thing else, and be strongly in- clined to act the epicure or the gormand. The combinations of aliment, very large, are analogous to those produced by aliment, large, except that its manifestations will be greater in degree, which the judgment of the reader will readily supply. Full. — One having aliment, full, partakes of food with a good relish, yet is not a gormandizer, nor very particular in regard to what he eats and drinks ; can endure a poor diet, yet is very partial to a variety of rich dishes, and some- times overloads his stomach. The combinations of aliment, full, resemble those of aliment, large, except in an inferiour degree. Moderate. — One having aliment, moderate, is by no means destitute of a relish for food, yet, when in health, is not particular as to what he eats ; prefers a plain, simple diet to that which is highly seasoned and very rich, &c. One having aliment, moderate, with acquis, large, will grudge the money he pays for his meals, and frequently suf- fer hunger rather than pay the customary price for them ; will prefer to take up with a poorer meal or a cold bite at a lower price, than to pay well for the best : with conscien. * Hence, the custom of " asking a blessing" upon food, and of " returning thanks" for it. OO PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. large or very large, finds little difficulty in governing his appetite, because he has so little to govern, &c. Small. — One having aliment, small, will have but an in- different or a poor appetite ; will care little about what he eats, or when he eats ; and, with acquis, large, go long with- out food, and live very poorly, rather than part with his money to pay for food. Gluttony, gormandizing, luxurious living, intemperance in all its forms, and the unnatural cravings of the stomach, are the perverted exercises of this faculty. To see the pains taken, and the preparations made, and the time and money worse than wasted, merely in gratifying this propensity, is most astonishing : and, above all, to see the monstrous per- versions of it which everywhere abound, to the reflect- ing, sober mind, is humiliating in the extreme. That man, made in the image of his God, and endowed by nature with such transcendent powers of thought and feeling, that man should thus " make a god of his belly," and, for the mere purpose of indulging to excess this animal passion, thus de- mean and degrade himself so far below the brute creation — thus clog the wheels of this wonderful machine which we call mind, exhibits, in a most mortifying light, the depravity into which human nature is capable of being led. Yet such is the deplorable fact, and such is likely to be the character and condition of man, so long as he "lives to eat," instead of "eating to live," and thus continues to indulge his animal propensities at the expense of his moral and intellectual fac- ulties. The experience of all mankind shows that there exists a reciprocal and most intimate connexion between the faculty of aliment, and the state of the stomach, and, also, between the state of the stomach and the conditions of the brain; and still further, between the state of the brain and the mental operas tions, or, between the state of the stomach and the operations of the mind. But this subject will be enlarged upon in a subsequent chapter upon physiology. Location. — Aliment, is located just before, and a little below, destruct., in front of the top part of the ears, above the back part of the zigomatick process, and beneath the anteri- or portion of the temporal bone. It may be distinguished from destruct., by its being situated farther forward than de- struct., and a little below it. It is generally large or very large in children. ACQUISITIVENESS. 89 9. ACQUISITIVENESS. Propensity to acquire substance, and to appropriate it to one's self- — love of property — desire to amass wealth, lay up, own, possess, keep, <$fc. This faculty loves money as an end, and not as a means ; money for its own sake, and not for what it will purchase ; gives ideas of exclusive right, and personal ownership and possession ; creates that feeling of meum et tuum, or that im- pression that certain things are our own, and that other things belong to others, which is so universally manifested among men, and upon which the law, and, indeed, all our claims to property, are founded, &c. This faculty, in its operation, brings within our reach most of the necessities, and all the comforts and luxuries, of life ; is the great nerve of commerce, manufactures, inventions, and business in all its multifarious forms ; and is the great mov- ing cause of husbandry, trade, the arts, and the improve- ments with which mankind are blessed. We little realize how much we owe to this faculty. The making of books, and apparel, and houses, the cultivation of farms, the building of villages, and cities, and stores, and canals, and the possession of nearly all that prevents life from being one dreary waste, may be traced, through the helps afforded by the other faculties, directly to the influence of this love of money. Without this faculty, man, like those beasts which are destitute of it, when he had satiated his hunger, and slaked his thirst, would wander on till again overtaken by these cravings of his nature ; would not provide, in health and the vigour of life, for sickness and old age, but, like the savage of our western wilderness, in whom it is generally small, would live " from hand to mouth," providing nothing for a rainy day, and idling away his life. That this feeling exists, and even manifests itself in bold relief in the human character, every observer of human nature will at once admit ; and that, while, in some, it amounts to a ruling passion, in others, it is scarcely perceptible. Here, then, we have a distinct, a sui generis, and a homogeneous class of functions ; and we must hence conclude, that there exists a distinct power of the mind which performs it. Large. — One having acquis, large, is stimulated by his 90 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. love of money, to use arduous and self-denying efforts in order to acquire wealth ; takes delight in accumulating prop- erty of every description ; spends his money reluctantly for things to be consumed ; cannot endure to see waste ; enters upon his money-making plans in good earnest, or, perhaps, makes them his main object of pursuit ; unless he is accus- tomed to handling large sums of money, has a watchful and eager eye upon the small change, both in making and in spend- ing money ; thinks much of becoming rich ; seems to place his heart upon what property he may possess ; and seeks, with avidity, to obtain all that belongs to him. One having acquis, large, with self-e. only moderate, and conscien. and caus. only full, will occasionally discover a penuriousness, littleness, and closeness in his dealings, and also banter for trifles, if not for the half-cent : with hope large or very large, not only has strong desires to accumulate prop- erty, but also views every project of acquiring it, through the magnifying medium of hope, and thus exaggerates every pros- pect for making money ; and, with firm, and self-e. also large or very large, is eminently enterprising; devises bold, schemes for acquiring property, and enters upon them with great determination and energy, cheered on by seemingly bright prospects of success : with the perceptive organs also large or very large, is a first rate judge of property ; prone to trade and speculate; and, with secret, also large, will ex- cell in negotiating, and in conducting a trade ; is seldom taken in, and generally gets the best of the bargain : with hope very large, cautious, only moderate, and concent, small, will be disposed to enter so largely into business as to endanger an entire failure; to venture beyond his means and capabili- ties ; to speculate too largely; to acquire his money by trafhck, or by investing it, expecting thereby greatly to increase it; and, with large combat, and destruct. in addition, will be likely to prosecute his money-making operations with great vigour and energy ; and with firm, also large or very large, to drive them through all opposing difficulties, and either to "make or break;" will be subject to reverses of fortune, and. sometimes lose by imprudence what he has gained by enterprise ; but, with combat., cautious., self-e., hope, and the reasoning organs large or very large, and the perceptive at least full, will combine uncommon energy, with uncommon prudence ; may enter largely into business, yet will be so careful and judicious as generally to secure ACQUISITIVENESS. 91 himself against losses and accidents ; will generally have for- tune upon his side; and, with a large and active brain, un- less prevented by his friendship, his benev., or his conscien., or by accidents, against which no carefulness or sagacity could provide, will doubtless be rich ; but, with hope moderate, and cautious, large or very large, will desire to enter largely into business, yet fear to do so ; frequently be " a day after the fair;" and deliberate so long before he decides what to do, as to lose the most favourable time for action; yet will sustain fewer losses, and, in what he does undertake, will be more sure of success ; will not invest his money unless he can foresee the necessary result of the undertaking ; to acquire property, saves rather than speculates ; and prefers an income that is more sure, though it may be more slow, to one that is more promising, yet more precarious ; takes all availa- ble security against losses by fire, by accidents, by dishon- esty, or in any other way ; makes every thing as safe as pos- sible ; and is over-careful in all his pecuniary transactions, &c. : with hope very large, concent, small, and firm, only full, will be likely frequently to change his plan of operation, or, it may be, his business, hoping thereby to get rich the sooner; will never be satisfied to "let well enough alone," nor to pursue one steady occupation long enough to reap much profit ; but, with firm, large or very large, and hope less than firm., will be likely to pursue one steady business and plan of operation through life, unless literally compelled to change it by duty, or judgment, or friendship, or some oth- er powerful motive : with cautious, very large, through fear of consequences, may waver in business, and will labour un- der the greatest anxiety about his property ; and, with hope small, in the midst of wealth, friends plenty, and the fairest prospects, may really apprehend poverty and even starvation : with compar. and caus. large or very large, intuitively per- ceives what means or causes put in operation, are naturally calculated to effect certain ends ; what property will be likely to increase in value ; lays judicious plans ; makes shrewd cal- culations as to what will be ; and, with cautious, also large, so calculates as generally to succeed, &c. : with conscien. large or very large, though he may be very eager in his desire for money, and tax all his powers to accumulate property, yet will acquire it only by honest means; despise the "tricks of trade," and can be safely relied upon: with large or very large intellectual organs, will prefer to make 92 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. money by some intellectual, scientifick, or literary pur- suit, &c. Acquis, merely desires property, but the kind of property se- lected for acquisition, is determined by the wants and the tastes of the other faculties. One having acquis, large, for example ; with philopro. also large, will desire property both for its own sake, and, also, on account of children, or, with all the domes- tick faculties energetick, for his family, and will spend it freely for their sake : with approbat. large or very large, will seek money both to lay up, and also to obtain approbation by dress, equipage, elegant furniture, &c, and expend it freely for these purposes, yet may show penuriousness in other respects : with benev. very large, will love money, yet give it freely to relieve suffering, and also to do good to his fellow men : with large or very large moral and religious organs, will be likely to "be diligent in his business," economical and, per- haps, close in money matters, yet will give freely to benevo- lent, missionary, and religious objects, and for the purpose of converting men to Christianity: with ideal, and ven. very large, will be likely to lay up ancient coins, paintings, books, &c, and be an antiquarian: with the selfish faculties strong and vigorous, Avill lay up such things as will gratify his va- rious selfish passions: with the intellectual organs large, books, philosophical apparatus, and other assistants to intel- lectual pursuits ; and, with ideal, also very large, books that are elegantly bound and embossed, minerals, curious specimens of nature and art, &c. : with several of these or- gans large or very large, will desire money for its own sake, for the sake of family, for purposes of personal aggran- dizement, for benevolent and literary objects, &c, all com- bined. Hence, this universal scrambling for the " root of all evil," which is the bane of human happiness and moral virtue. This analysis of " the love of money" is certainly most beautiful. Phrenology shows us not only how strong the love of money is in every man, but, also, the character of this love, and the ultimate ends sought to be reached by it. Very Large. — One having acquis, very large, makes money his idol ; taxes, to the utmost, all his powers to amass wealth ; makes every sacrifice, and endures every hardship to secure this object, and allows nothing to divert him from it ; spends money grudgingly, and is so penurious and close- fisted as to deprive himself of many of the comforts, and of all the luxuries, of life ; is covetous and miserly, unless benev. ACQUISITIVENESS. 93 and conscien. are equally large, and can never be satisfied with adding field to field, house to house, &c* One having acquis, very large, with combat, and destruct. also large, and benev. and conscien. only moderate or full, will "grind the face of the poor;" practice extortion; take every advantage of his fellow men ; make all the money he can, both by fair and foul means ; and is light fingered. The combinations under this head will coincide with those under the head of acquis, large, with the modification pro- duced by the mere increase of acquis. Full. — One having acquis, full, will be likely to be in- dustrious, frugal, anxious to acquire possessions, both from love of money, and also to secure the comforts of life ; will be zealous, if not quite eager, in all his money-making pur- suits ; and unwilling to spend his money except when his stronger faculties demand it for their gratification ; will be nei- ther prodigal nor penurious, unless made so by circumstances; will be likely to save enough to live comfortably, but live well upon what he has, yet, as a general thing, will find it very difficult to keep money by him, and seem to be extravagant. So far as the making of money and the class of substan- ces selected for acquisition are concerned, the selections under acquis, large, will apply to acquis, full ; yet, in the spending of money, there may be a difference. One having acquis, full, with approbat., and ideal., &c, large or very large, will be industrious in making money, and quite anxious to become rich, yet will spend it too freely for fash- ionable and ornamental articles of convenience, dress, equi- page, &c, or to make a show ; with ideal, and local, very large, in travelling; with adhes. and benev. large or very large, for the purpose of assisting his friends; with the reli- gious organs very large, in promoting the cause of religion and advancing the benevolent objects of the day, and will take much more delight in spending his money in this way, than in laying it up ; with large or very large intellectual organs," in such things as will gratify these faculties; with several organs large, in such a manner as to gratify the greatest number of them ; with amat. and adhes. large or very large, in supplying the wants, and augmenting the pleasures, of the other sex, &c. This same principle of spending money, applies to acquis. * Stephen Gerard, of Philadelphia, whose picture shows a very large development of acquis. 94 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. large, whenever the larger organs require it, at whose mandate acquis, will unlock her treasures, and may even permit extrava- gance. The additional combinations of acquis, full with the other organs, will be found to be intermediate between those under acquis, large, and acquis, moderate. Moderate. — One having acquis, moderate, desires mo- ney more as a means than as an end, more for its uses than to lay up ; will pay too little attention to small sums, spend his money too freely, so that he can hardly account for the amount spent ; does not grudge what he spends, or gives, or sees given ; though he may be industrious, will not be suffi- ciently economical ; will as soon purchase things to consume as to keep ; and prefers to take the good of his money as he goes along, instead of laying it up. One having acquis, moderate, with the domestick organs very large, will be likely to spend his money for the present, rather than reserve it for the future, wants of his family : with the selfish faculties strong, and the moral and reasoning deficient, will spend his money upon the gratification of his passions, and seldom accumulate property : with approbat. and ideal, very large, and caus. only full, will be extrava- gant ; likely to run into debt for the purpose of dashing out ; and will be foppish : with combat., destruct, self-e., and firm, large or very large, will almost throw away money to gratify his will : with ideal, and self-e. large or very large, never purchases a poor article, and pleases his fancy, compara- tively regardless of its cost ; and, with hope ?lso large or very large, will be too apt to run into debt; spend money in anticipation of future income ; and be too prodi- gal. One having acquis, moderate, may have a very strong desire to make money, but not upon its own account : with the domestick organs large, when he comes to have a family of his own, will love money much more than before, on their account : with the intellectual organs generally large, will desire it to facilitate his literary pursuits, &c. Hence, the amount of one's acquis, can seldom be determined, either by the eagerness with which he seeks it, or the manner of his spending it ; and hence, also, some appear to be spend- thrifts at one period of their lives, and misers at another.* * The author is acquainted with a Mr. H. who, until within five years, was accustomed to spend an annual income of several thousand dollars, laying up nothing ; but who, since that time, has acted up to a determina- tion to make, and save, all the money he can, not because he loves mo- ney, per sese, any better now than he did then, but from other motives. His fellow citizens call hirn penurious. ACQUISITIVENESS. 95 Small. — One having acquis, small, holds money loosely; spends it without sufficient consideration, and often without receiving its full value ; is thoughtless how his money goes, and, with hope very large, will live on, enjoying the present, thinking that the future will provide for itself; will spend his last dollar as freely as his first ; is wasteful, or at least, does not save the fragments ; and, with approbat. and ideal, very large, and caus. only full, will be a spendthrift; lay out his money to very little advantage ; run into debt without making a provision for payment, &c. For additional com- binations, see those under acquis, moderate. Very Small. — One having acquis, very small, neither knows or considers the value of money ; cares not how it goes, nor how expensive things are, provided they take his fancy; will have no idea of laying up property and, with ideal, and approbat. very large, will spend all he can command ; every thing pertaining to money being determined by his other faculties. In females, this faculty is generally weaker than in males, while ideal, and approbat. are generally much larger, which accounts for the fact, that they spend money so much more freely than men, especially, for ornamental purposes. The author has observed, that the sons of rich parents generally possess the organ (as they do the faculty) develop- ed in an inferiour degree. This is doubtless owing to the fact, that, having an abundance of money at command, they have had nothing to stimulate, and thus increase, this faculty, so that, from mere want of exercise, it becomes weak and feeble. This likewise accounts for the fact, that the children of men who have made themselves rich, generally make a very poor use of their fathers' earnings, and often fall into dissipated habits. A deficiency of this faculty is one cause of their idleness, and this, the cause of their dissipation, and this, frequently, the cause of their ruin. Thus it is, that full acquis, is an important inducement to industry, and, therefore, highly promotive of virtue and moral worth ; whilst a deficiency of this faculty leaves open the floodgates of temptation and dissipation. If this is so, the lesson thus taught mankind, by phrenology, is invalua- ble. We are thus taught the importance of a proper cultiva- tion of acquis., and, also, what that proper education is. We are farther taught, that the exercise of acquis, is virtuous or vicious, not in itself, nor in its medium exercise, but 96 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. in its extremes of manifestation. This faculty certainly needs to be educated no less than caus., event., calcu., or any other faculty of the mind. The perverted manifestations of acquis, are, theft, cheating, extortion ; with construct, and imitat. large, forgery, counter- feiting, burglary; penuriousness, meanness, a miserly, sordid, money-loving, covetous feeling, &c. Location. — This organ is located just before secret, and above aliment. ; or, upon the sides of the head, and a little farther forward than the fore part of the ears ; or, in the mid- dle of a line connecting the organs of cautious, and calcu. It seldom causes a protuberance, but, when it is large, the thickness of the head just in front, and a little above the tops of the ears, will be conspicuous, even to the eye. 10. SECRETIVENESS. Propensity and ability to secrete, to conceal, and to sup- press the expression of the other mental operations. We often think and feel what it would be very improper for us to express. Hence, the necessity of some faculty, the office of which is to suppress the open manifestation of the various mental operations, until the reasoning faculties, conscien., benev., &c, have decided upon the propriety and the utility of their expression. The legitimate office of this organ is not, as has generally been supposed, to keep the secrets intrusted to the individual, but to enable him success- fully to keep his own secrets, and conceal his own plans from general observation. It is even unfavourable to keeping the secrets of others ; because, inasmuch as it has to do with secrets, it creates an anxiety, not only to ascertain the secrets of others, but also to reveal them as secrets, but with the in- junction of secrecy. A good endowment of this organ is essential to prudence of character, particularly in speaking of, and exposing, one's business, &c, and also to etiquette and modern politeness. It removes the blunt, unpolished edge from the manner of ex- pression, appearance, &c; assists in covering many weak points of character ; and prevents exposures, not to physical dangers, (for this is the office of cautious.,) but to the machina- tions of the designing and the envious, to the impositions of the crafty, and the false constructions of all. Large. — One having secret, large, will generally keep SECRETIVENESS. 97 his thoughts, feelings, business, plans, opinions, mirth., and destruct, are the leading developments in this gentleman's head; and, in the written description allu- ded to, his extraordinary powers of ridicule, his discrimina- tion, point, and sarcasm, and his ability to make ludicrous comparisons, and to apply odious and severe epithets to the objects of his irony or displeasure, were dwelt upon with uncommon emphasis. Davis. — The Hon. Francis Granger prevailed upon Mr. M. L, Davis, "the Spy in Washington," to submit to an exam- ination, during which, both parties, astonished at the remark- able hits, and the wonderfully accurate delineations of char- acter and talents given, several times arrested the progress of the phrenologist to inquire whether he did not know the character of the gentleman examined ; and they could scarce- ly be induced to believe his repeated and positive assevera- tions of entire ignorance of the man, except by his phrenolo- BY FACTS. 295 gical developments. The written description of Mr. D.'s character, produced a similar effect upon the minds of several gentlemen who afterwards read it. — For the correctness of the statement here made, the writer takes pleasure in refer- ring his readers to Dr. Gibson of Washington, a gentle- man who was for some time one of the editors of the Tele- graph. Gibson. — Dr. Gibson's head furnishes, at least, one de- monstrative proof of the truth of phrenology. His head is large, and his temperament, one of the most favourable. Among his phrenological organs, caus., compar., benev., con- scien., mirth., combat., and destruct, are the most promi- nently developed. As a reasoner, he has but few equals ; and his very large conscien., which takes the lead, not only makes him a perfectly honest man, but, combined with his other organs, enables him to reason most clearly and power- fully upon all subjects which involve the abstract principles of right and 'wrong. He likewise exhibits an almost Her- culean power in hurling rebuke and censure at those who violate moral principle, whilst bis ridicule and sarcasm are withering: and yet his very small marvel, and small ven. make him indifferent to religious forms and creeds. But the children of Dr. G. furnish phrenological science with proofs of its accuracy more numerous than those drawn from the character of the parent. Of his two sons, one pos- sesses extraordinary imitat, construct., form., and all the fac- ulties necessary for a first-rate portrait painter : and the genius he displays in the pursuit of the fine arts, is almost unequalled. But his imitat. overtops all his other organs ; and, in mimickry, and a talent for theatrical representations, he is considered almost a prodigy. Previous to the examin- ation of the lad, some of his friends who knew him well, drew up a list of about twenty questions, with answers, em- bracing nearly all of his peculiarities of character and talents, which questions they propounded to the examiner, and, in every instance except two, his answers agreed with theirs ; and, in one of these discrepant points, they afterwards admit- ted that the phrenologist was correct, whilst, in regard to the other, there was some doubt. The developments, as well as the character, of the other son, though widely different, are scarcely less extraordinary. His very large reflective faculties, taken in connexion with his very active and nervous temperament, perfectly harmon- 296 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED ize with his uncommon ability to comprehend first principles, to reason, and criticise. The little daughter of Dr. G. possesses a most astonishing development of order, so great, indeed, as to exhibit almost a deformity. In accordance with the development, her father stated to the writer, that before she was one year old, her love, of arrangement and neatness, and her discomfiture at disar- rangement, were so conspicuously and unequivocally mani- fested as to astonish all who witnessed them. The develop- ment of order, and, with it, the corresponding faculty, are almost equally prominent in the grandmother of the child, but, extraordinary as it may seem, not in the mother, it having passed by one generation. Greene. — Gen. Duff Greene furnishes another, illustra- tion of the truth of phrenology. Hope, benev., adhes., and. compar., are his. leading organs: the first would impart to him that enterprising and bold speculating spirit which has characterized his whole life ; the next two are the cause of his strong attachments and liberality, not to say, prodigality, which have manifested themselves in his giving away thou- sands to his friends ; and the last, aided by combat, and de- struct, furnishes him with those severe and biting compari- sons with which his style abounds. His mirth., caus., indi- vid., and event., are also very large, his self-e. large, and secret, small. The examination of hjs head: was made by the writer without any previous knowledge of the man. In Washington the writer examined the headof a Mr. R., in which he found no organ of conscien. He accordingly said to him, "You have no conscientious scruples or com- punctions:" to which he replied, "that is a fact: my conr science never troubles, me :" (see conscien. small and very small, p. 133.) Another individual, examined in Phila., and in whose head there was little or no development of consci- en., remarked in writing, that " he had often done things for which he felt sorry, because they had injured the feelings of others, (benev.,) or because he considered, them beneath him, (self-e.,) or because his reason, told him better ; yet, his conr science never condemned him for such acts." Another gen- tleman in whom conscien. was described as very small, re- plied, that "though he had done many wicked deeds, yet he always went to sleep with a quiet conscience, and did not know what the feeling of guilt was." Another (in New Xork) in, whom conscien. was described as deficient, remark,- BY FACTS. 297 ed, that " he had never done wrong in his life :" — the very phenomena attributed to conscien. small and very small, on p. 138. The authors have witnessed thousands of similar cases. The following characteristical scene occurred at the office of O. S. Fowler in Washington. A man was examined (whose name we suppress) and described as having very low conscien., marvel., and ven., but exceedingly strong passions, especially that of combat. ; as highly talented, but nearly destitute of all moral feeling except that of benev. ; as skep- tical, haughty, and self-conceited, (self-e. very large without the moral faculties,) and prone to infidelity, gambling, &c. When the examination was closed, he arose, and, with a most important air, replied, "Sir, your phrenology must now come down. You have described me as an infidel, a gam- bler, and every thing that is base ; but, sir, I wish you to know, that I am a preacher of the Gospel of Jesus Christ /" 11 Be that as it may," was the reply, " I have gone according to the 'bumps;' and if phrenology cannot support itself in that way, let it fall." He took his seat to hear the examination of others ; and presently there entered the office a professed gambler, who recognised in our boasted clergyman, an old crony and for- mer associate black-leg. They soon began to chat about " old times," and recount, with much enthusiasm, their former exploits at cock-fighting, horse-racing, gambling, dissipation, debauchery, and the like. Our clerical hero at length ask- ed the phrenologist, " what for a lawyer he would make?" " Excellent, if you only had a little more conscience," was the reply, " I have for some time been studying law," said he, " and think I shall prefer pleading to preaching." He was afterwards admitted to the bar. On relating the foregoing circumstance to a lady of the Methodist persuasion, she said that "this man was a preacher in their connexion, but very unpopular, because he never seemed to feel what he said, (intellect without the moral sen- timents,) and because he was an arrogant, overbearing sort of a man, who wanted a great deal of attention," &c. By an- other citizen of Washington, he was recognised as a former resident there, who was distinguished as a wild, rakish, dis- sipated, gambling youth. A gentleman was examined by the writer at his office in Washington, and described as possessing two classes of fac-. 298 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED alties in an extraordinary degree, viz., those which create a talent and a fondness for the study of divinity, and also those which give a passion and an ability successfully to prosecute the natural sciences, particularly geology. All his moral organs were large or very large, and his perceptive facul- ties, especially form and local., were very large. Surprised and astonished at the disclosure p.nd description given, he arose from his seat, and asked if the writer knew him. When fully assured that he did not, he admitted, that, since phrenol- ogy had not only distinctly pointed out the great outlines and leading features of his character and talents, but had, likewise, delineated the nicer shades, and even minute fea- tures, of his character,, and that, too v with an accuracy which his most intimate acquaintances could not have done, the sci- ence must be true. — The gentleman was a clergyman, and, as the writer afterwards learned, was then employed by go- vernment as a geologist, in which capacity he had made several tours and surveys, particularly in the West. Brown. -But no evidence of the truth of phrenology, is more conclusive than that furnished by the phrenological develop- ments, taken in connexion with the character, of Mr. Wm. H. Brown, known in many parts of the union as a full-length profile cutter. This gentleman entered the office of the wri- ter in Washington, and inquired for a room to let, and when asked for what purpose, replied, tl as you are a phrenologist, sir, perhaps you can tell." He was found to possess the largest perceptive faculties, considered as a whole, that the writer had ever seen. His form, size, and local., are abso- lutely astonishing; and, accordingly^ he never forgot the looks of a face or of a place. As an instance; when it was remarked that he always retained in his mind a distinct im- pression of the appearance of any place, and the location of any object, he had ever seen, he immediately gave a minute description of the houses, corners,, pumps, &c. in Market and Pearl streets, in the city of Albany, although he had passed up Market street to Pearl only once, and back to the wharf by another street. By afterwards occupying the same office with Mr. B., the writer had an opportunity frequently to observe the manifest- ation of his extraordinary powers. His head is very large ; and in it, besides the organs already mentioned, are devel- oped very large construct., imitat, and compar. This or- ganization would give him unrivalled dexterity and skill in BY FACTS. 2'9§ the use of tools, in drawing, &c. At the funeral of a senator, he saw Martin Van Buren ; and several days after, from memory alone, he cut a full-length miniature likeness of him from black paper, which, when pasted upon a white card, represented the original to the very life ; so much so, indeed, that every person who entered the office, and who had pre- viously seen Mr. V. B., recognised it immediately: and hun- dreds of copies of it were soon sold. When gentlemen call- ed upon Mr. B. for the profiles of their friends, or servants for those of their masters, they were invariably directed to select them from a large pack, and they were never at a loss in deciding upon the right pictures. With such facility and despatch wa« the artist enabled to produce these likenesses, that he could cut and finish from seventy-five to one hundred in a day. While in Boston, Mr. B. was taken to the Exchange, where six individuals were pointed out to him in succession. Several hours afterwards, he was requested to cut their pro- files promiscuously, they not being present ; and to the as- tonishment and admiration of all present, so successfully and accurately did he perform the task, that all who knew the originals, were enabled immediately to recognise the like- ness of each as it was produced. During an absence of two years from B., a gentleman whose profile he had cut, had deceased, and no copy of his picture could be found. Anxious to retain, if possible, so striking a token of remembrance of him, the friends of the deceased applied to Mr. B. to cut a new one from memory : and so perfectly did he reproduce the likeness, that they were no less gratified than astonished at the masterly power of the artist. Astonishing, however, as these talents in Mr. B. may ap- pear, they were, nevertheless, all distinctly pointed out by the writer at his first interview with him: to which fact Mr. B. himself, who was then a disbeliever in phrenology, as well as several others who were present, will at any time testify. He then described Mr. B., for example, as able, for almost any length of time, to retain in his mind a distinct and 'per- fectly accurate impression of the looks of persons, machines, &c. which he had once seen, and, at pleasure, to transfer their appearance to paper ; and declared that, in drawing, profile cutting, &c, he had no equal. Dr. Spurzheim saw Mr. B. in Boston, and, at one of his publick lectures, gave a -specifick and correct description of these same powers of his 300 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED mind. Mr. B. states, that all phrenologists who understand the science, con£ur in attributing to him the same qualities and talents. The editor of the U. S. Telegraph, made the following remarks upon the talents and genius of this prodigy in art: " Such is the correctness of his ideas of form and size, and such the accuracy of his touch, (weight,) that by casting his eyes upon an individual for a few minutes, he can transfer to paper, and cut out with scissors, the profile, and the whole contour of the person, with such exactness, that no acquaint- ance of the person can fail to distinguish it. The accuracy of his likenesses, and the facility with which they are produ- ced, are truly astonishing. We have seen proxies thus ta- ken of General Jackson, Judge Marshall, and others, which are so striking, that any one who has ever seen them, can be at no loss to name the person designed to be repre- sented." " But the connexion of Mr. Brown's extraordinary talent with the science of phrenology, is its most interesting feature^ The phrenological developments of Mr. B. are such as indi- cate the very faculties which he possesses, and that in an ex- traordinary degree. We doubt whether there is a head in the United States, or even in the civilized world, in which there is such a development of the so-called phrenological organs of form, size, imitation, and constructiveness." " To such an extent does Mr. Brown possess this most extraordi- nary power of recollecting forms and faces, and of delinea- ting them, that, by looking two or three minutes at an indi- vidua!, or at several in succession, he can, hours afterwards, transfer them to paper with his scissors, nearly as accurately as though the persons were before him." — Scores of equally flattering newspaper notices might easily be added. Booth. — The coincidence between the phrenological de- velopments and the character and talents of J. B. Booth, the celebrated tragick actor, is singularly striking. His head is large, and his temperament very active. His combat, destruct, self-e., compar., caus., and ideal., are all very large t and his imitat. larger than is often found. His lang. is large, which enables him to commit to memory, and command words, with great ease. It is by the combined influence of these faculties that he is enabled so admirably to personate the ambition, the haughtiness, the insolence, and the brutali- ty and malice of Richard the Third ; but his secret, is mo- BY FACTS. 301 derate; and this is the cause of his failure (according to the testimony of some of the criticks) to do full justice to the craft, cunning, and deep duplicity of his favourite hero. The combination given likewise explains to us the reason why Mr. B. is greater in raising the tempest of passion and violence than in directing the storm. His very large ideal., joined with very large reflective faculties, gives him that sublimity of conception and grandeur of personation that mark his acting ; Avhile his very large mirth., combined with his combat, and destruct, enable him to represent the se- vere and sarcastick. All his domestick faculties are strong- ly marked. He produced his eldest son, and, though not only a skep- tickin phrenology, but greatly prejudiced against it, acknowl- edged the entire change wrought in his opinions by the ex- amination, and added, that he doubted whether his own de- scription of his son could have been more characteristick and accurate. Mr. Weymes, the owner of the American theatre at W., and of the Walnut-st. theatre in Phila., who was examined while the writer was wholly unacquainted with his occupation and character, was described as possessing an extraordinary ta- lent for committing to memory ; (very large lang. ;) in con- firmation of which, he stated that he had learned, verbatim, fifteen hundred lines of blank verse (if the writer's memory serves him) in six hours. To detail all the marked and striking observations in proof and illustration of phrenology, made by the writer even while in Washington, would doubtless be more tedious than interesting. He will therefore close this list of cases with the single remark, that he found the heads of individuals generally in that city, and especially of all who are distin- guished in the national councils, to be considerably above the common standard in size and in striking developments. Among the many scores of striking examples which he found in Alexandria, D. C, the writer will mention but one, which he selects merely on account of its occurring at a pub- lick examination, and in reference to a notorious character. The name is forgotten, but there are hundreds in the city of A. who can attest to the fact here stated. The first thing mentioned, was a trait produced by very large combat., de- struct., firm., and self-e., unrestrained by conscien. or secret., namely, his violent and ungovernable temper. In this par- 26 302 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED ticular, the man was represented as dangerous ; especially as an enemy, yet, as disposed to take vengeance above board. In accordance with this, it was stated, that, in open day, he had shot two individuals; and that when his anger was rais- ed, he was emphatically a chafed tiger. Not possessing any acquis., and having very large amat., ideal., self-e., ali- ment., and other organs indicative of prodigality, he was described as a spendthrift; and accordingly he had squan- dered two large fortunes mainly in selfish gratifications. As in hundreds of other cases, the charges of " collusion," and " a previous knowledge of his character," were resort- ed to in order to explain away the astonishing coincidence between his real character and this publick phrenological description of it. Orr. — At a public examination in Georgetown, D. C, and when the writer was blindfolded, a Mr. Orr, who is re- porter in the U. S. Senate, and, withal, known to the literary world as a gentleman of great learning and extraordinary intellectual powers, was brought forward as a fit subject to test phrenology. He was described as possessing extraordi- nary perceptive and reflective powers, united with very large concent., large combat., and unusual energy and decision of character. But his wonderful calculating and astronomical powers were dwelt upon as forming one of the strongest traits of his character. In accordance with this description, he is considered one of the best astronomers and mathe- maticians of the age, and, moreover, as possessing a clear and powerful intellect, and a mind well stored with a rich fund of thought and learning, and all backed up with strong and energetick feelings. The manner in which he literally uses up his opponents, is ample demonstration of the presence of very powerful combat., compar., caus., concent., &c. He was also described as a very sarcastick and severe writer ; which was said to be characteristick of him. The description of character agreed perfectly with one previously given of the same gentleman by the writer, for the correctness of which he refers to the good people of Georgetown who heard it, and, also, for several other equally striking proofs of the truth of practical phrenology. At the close of a course of lectures delivered in that place, during which a large number of well-known characters was publick- ly examined, a resolution was introduced by Mr. Orr, and carried, nem. con., the purport of which was, that the eviden- BY FACTS. 303 ces of the truth of practical phrenology presented in the lec- tures, were highly satisfactory and conclusive. Green. — During the summer of 1835, in addition to the foregoing, many striking facts occurred, illustrative of the proof of phrenology, whilst the writer, O. S. Fowler, was located in Baltimore. One of the most singular, was the examination, at his office, of Dr. John C. Green, of Union, Loudon Co., Va., a gentleman of very unique and very strong traits of character, who has, of late, become very celebrated in his profession, particularly on account of his most extra- ordinary and unequalled skill in curing chronick liver com- plaints* The Doctor's head is large, and very uneven, (p. 54,) indicative of uncommon mental power, and great si?igu- larihj of character : his temperament is active. His com- bat., destruct., seif-e., conscien., firm., cautious., and compar., are large, his benev., caus., and hope, very large, his ven. and perceptive faculties only full, and marvel., secret., and acquis., very small. Accordingly, he was described as a bold, original thinker, who was capable of making new and important discoveries; as highminded, independent, and hon- ourable to the fullest extent, but, at the same time, incredu- lous, and imprudent and indiscreet in what he says ; as pos- sessed of kind feelings and liberality ht>excess, and utterly incapable of taking care of properly ; and, in addition to this, many minute points and shades of character were stated ; and so graphick and strikingly correct was the description, that the examiner was interrupted by the Doctor, who, aston- ished beyond measure at the portraiture of character drawn, demanded whether the phrenologist did not know him. Be- ing assured to the contrary, with increased earnestness, he reiterated the inquiry, " Do you not know me, sir . ?; ' And after being reassured that he did not, he asked if the exam- iner would be qualified to that effect. Being most solemnly assured that he would, and the statement of the phrenologist * It was asserted by the Doctor, and attested by several of his Va. acquaintan- ces of unquestionable veracity, that, since he had made the discovery of a suitable remedy, he had cured all the patients thus afflicted who had followed his advice and prescription ; and that, the number then sat down and were examin- ed; and it is conceded on all hands, that Mr. F. was not less- successful in our cases than in relation to the boys. The whole company departed highly gratified, and immensely astonished at the disclosures made by phrenology. Nothing but facts, stubborn and irrefutable facts, could have produced the conviction and amazement which evidently possessed the minds of those present. " Mr. F. manifestly understands his favourite science, and is, withal, an agreeable and interesting lecturer. We now verily believe, that great injustice has been done to this de- partment of useful study, and to those who, in spite of the taunts and jests of opponents, are zealously pursuing it. Phrenology is destined' to rise and become extensively useful 1 ; -and as truth is mighty, and will ultimately prevail, so this branch of learning must eventually triumph over every ob- stacle, and maintain a high rank in the circle of science. " We write this unsolicited by Mr. F., or any body else, . and regard all that we have stated as a very feeble testimony to the claims of phrenology, as well as to the merits of Mr. Fowler, the lecturer." The following is a description of a publick test of the truth of practical' phrenology, which was written for the Baltimore Chronicle, and can be attested to by a very large audience of the citizens of Baltimore. " For the Baltimore Chronicle. "Mr. Barnes. — The science of phrenology, as promuk gated in our city by Mr. Fowler, has met with not a little opposition and ridicule. To satisfy the incredulous, therefore, of its truth, as well as more firmly to establish the faith of new converts, Mr. F. proposed publickly to meet his oppo- nents, and to put the science to the most rigid and scrutin- BY FACTS. 80? izing test ; and, with that intent, appointed a meeting in the Lecture-Room of the Baltimore Lyceum. " His first test was, to examine before the audience, (which was very large,) the phrenological developments of two twin brothers, and to give their characters. The twins are chil- dren aged 5 or 6, whose education and training have been alike, but whose dispositions and talents widely differ — the sons of Dr. Beare, a highly respectable professional gentle- man of our city. It being known by the testimony of their respectable parent, that Mr. F. had never seen either of the boys, nor heard one word about their respective characters, only that they differed, their presentation before the audience produced not a little anxiety and excitement, enough, at least, to evince the intense interest taken in the examination by the respective partisans who had previously declared for, or against, phrenology. With a boldness and an intrepidity which nothing but the highest confidence in his abilities, di- rected by true principles, could inspire, Mr. F. proceeded with the examination, describing, as he went along, in strong, plain, and unequivocal terms, not only their most prominent points of character, such as their respective dispositions, including their passions, tempers, propensities, and the like, and, also, their respective talents and abilities, but he went even into detail, and minutely described many of the nice shades of difference in their habitudes and modes of thinking. " As soon as Mr. F. closed his examination, the father of the children read to the audience a minute description of the character of each of the boys, as he had previously, written it out ; and by comparing his description with that given by Mr. F., it appeared that the two differed, on all the numerous points of character described, only in one slight particular,. viz. Mr. F. had attributed to one, more generosity than the parent supposed him to possess.* The victory of Mr. F. was complete, as was strongly evinced by the long and loud ap- plauses of the audience — to the no small confusion and dis-. comfiture of the obstinately skeptical, and to the high grati- fication of the non-committal or fence-men, many of whom jumped down on the phrenological side. " But this victory was but a prelude to those more tri- * The mother, on learning my decision, remarked that I was right ; and said that the lad had more benevolence than the father gave him credit for. I had this, from the father himself. Q. S. FOWLER. 308 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED umphant ones that were to follow. Mr. F. proceeded to exam- ine the heads of many who presented themselves for the purpose, and to describe and hit off their characters with astonishing accuracy. It was soon proposed, however, that he should examine some present Avho had been previously examined by him, and who had Mr. F's charts of their char- acter in their pockets, in order to compare the former des- criptions of character with those that should then be given. " Mr. F. declined not this most scrutinizing test, and proceed- ed with the examination of two gentlemen, numbering their several organs in a scale from 1 to 20 ; and as each number was pronounced, the corresponding one on the chart was also pronounced by a gentleman appointed for the purpose; and the result was, that in thus rapidly naming off the rela- tive size of some 50 or 60 organs, more than one-half agreed exactly with those previously written down on the two charts ; and among the whole, only one number differed materially.* " It was then proposed that Mr. F. should cover his eyes, and then examine; and, although it deprived him of the im- portant assistance (to which, too, he had always been accus- tomed) of sight, in connexion with touch, Mr. F. faltered not, but boldly proceeded to gratify the audience in any man- ner, whether reasonable or unreasonable, that they might, ehoose ; and, to the utter astonishment of all, a number of characters thus rapidly hit off, leaped out from the mint so strongly and elegantly stamped, that all their acquaintances would have known them at the first glance, even had they, like the phrenologist, been blindfolded. It seemed more like magick than any thing else. " Towards the close of the examination, several very divert- ing cases occurred. One gentleman was aecused by Mr. F. of possessing great energy of character and moral courage, which qualities called into requisition, in no small degree, his combativeness. The gentleman arose, and declared to the audience, that Mr. F. had sketched his character very accurately, except in this particular ; but, as for combative- ness, he had it not : and to prove that he was right, he went on with so energetick and combative a speech, as soon to con- vince all present, that he, and not Mr. F., had mistaken his * In a similar test at Mr. Fowler's office, the writer of this notice saw Mr. F. mark a second chart for a gentleman, on which 34 of the 35 numbers agreed ex- actly with the first chart, and the other number differed but slightly. BY FACTS. 309 own' character. This ludicrous and happy circumstance, elicited tremendous applause for the phrenologist. Another gentleman examined, seemed to insinuate to the audience, that he possessed not the mechanical ingenuity at- tributed to him by Mr. F. By after confessions, however, it appeared, that the tinkering propensity of the gentleman, (though not a mechanick by profession,) has caused him to amass a great variety of tools, and that he has been guilty of indulging his mechanical ingenuity with considerable success, in drawing — which comes under Mr. F.'s description of con- structiveness. "But the most satisfactory case of all, was yet to come, Mr. F. had frequently desired some one to come forward whose character was very prominent, or well-known to the audience for some striking and peculiar qualities ; and was now requested to blindfold himself again, with the expecta- tion of being gratified in this particular. Accordingly, a gentleman, (Captain Bossier,) was prevailed upon to submit to examination, who is more distinguished for certain bold and strong characteristicks, than any other in our city. The phrenologist was completely successful. He gave the char- acter in bold and graphick style, and with an accuracy that could scarcely have been equalled by any one of his numer- ous acquaintances present. The conviction of skill and truth on the part of the phrenologist, went home so power- fully to the minds of the audience, that their applauses sev- eral times interrupted the examination. "But there was, at least, one skeptick who yet remained in- corrigible ; and this was a man, who, the writer is informed, is notorious for his over-weening fondness for ' the root of all evil.' This worshipper of Midas could not be persuaded but that Mr. F. had previous knowledge of the head just examined, and therefore desired his own to be brought in contact with the magical touchstone. But no sooner did the inspired fingers of Mr. F. play upon the golden bumps of our money-loving hero, than his acquisitive character burst forth before the audience in so strong relief, as utterly to shock the incredulity of its owner, who soon begged for ' quarters,' and was let off— to the great diversion of all present. AUDITOR." From Mr. Candler of Baltimore, a strong opponent to phrenology, the writer had the following statement. While the character of Wm. Gwynn Jones, who is now in the Peni- 310 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED tentiary in B., for purloining money from the Post-office in that city, but who was, at the time the observation was made, a member of a Christian church, and co-editor of a daily paper in the city, had the confidence of the publick, and had been promoted to several important stations of trust, a phrenologist said to him, " Mr. Jones, if I did not know you to be an honest and an honourable man, I should think you a rogue, for you have no organ of conscien., and love money well enough to take what does not belong to you." — Though this remark passed unnoticed at the time, yet, a few weeks after, when he was found guilty of stealing, forgery, and lying, the remark of the phrenologist was recollected and turned to the account of phrenology. While the writer was on board a James-River steamboat bound for Richmond, Va., something being said of phrenol- ogy, Mr. Pegram of Richmond, desired him to examine the head of a new acquaintance of his on board. The first re- mark was, " he has no conscience, not a particle ;" the next, " he is secret, mysterious, and artful, and has great practical talent." To Mr. P. he represented himself as a wealthy plant- er from the South ; pretended that his trunk and money had been stolen from him, &c. Accordingly, on arriving at R., Mr. P. ordered for him a suit of clothes, introduced him to some of his friends, from whom he received presents, and advanced him $1300, in cash, for which he received a check of the gentleman on a Washington Bank; and, finally, Mr. P. gave him $70, with which to pay for his clothes on taking them from the tailor's. This money the rogue pock- eted, and taking the clothes without paying for them, disap- peared. The check was not cashed, of course ; and a sub- sequent inquiry proved, that the southern planter was a con- summate villain, a gambler, and a thief — without " any con- science." At the time of the examination, Mr. P. was too thick with his new friend, and too skeptical on the subject of phrenology to regard these forewarnings. In the town of P., Va., L. N. Fowler examined the head of a young lady who had extraordinary approbat, self-e., and firm., very large amat, adhes., combat., destruct., secret., acquis., and cautious., large conscien., benev., and intellectual faculties, and an active temperament. She was both vain and proud in the extreme, and absolutely stubborn ; was secret, sly, and deceptive in a high degree ; would steal, and when asked why she stole, replied, " because I can't help it." BY FACTS. 311 Though by the influence of conscien. and intellect, she ac- knowledged her fault, and strove against them, yet she would still steal, would falsify, and then plead guilty. She had a most violent temper, and. with all her raging passions, display- ed unusual intellect. In Portsmouth, Va., the writer saw a lad about 14 years old, in whom acquis, is immensely large, so much so as to project beyond the other organs, secret, large, conscien. small, the upper portion of the forehead low, narrow, and retiring, and cautious, extremely large. His entrance to this pleasant village, was greeted by this hopeful youth in the. character of an importunate beggar, with the pretence that his sick mother was in a starving condition, and wanted a little money to get her some bread. He begged long and most earnestly, setting up several pleas, all of which proved to be utterly false; and when a piece of money was finally tendered, he seized it with the utmost avidity, clapped it to his mouth in ecstasy, and immediately renewed his request for more, accompanied with other pretences. A second and a third piece of money were received with equal transports of delight, and his suit for more, still renewed. In his hat were to be seen old nails, bits of paper, and an abundance of shells, &c, which his acquis, had hoarded up. Every day at low tide he might be seen wading through the mud knee deep, and at high tide, again at his begging in the manner just described ; and when he could make money by it, he showed himself quite an adept at lying. Of course, the main interest of this case, turns upon the fact, that the traits of character displayed by the lad, perfectly correspond with his phrenological developments. The writer's publick examinations in P., seemed very much to astonish the citizens on account of their accuracy, and to convince them of the truth of phrenology. After the first lecture, one gentleman, in behalf of several, came to ask if the examiner did not know Capt. Jarvis, the gentleman examined, and when answered in the negative, replied, "then, sir, I am perfecthj satisfied of the truth of phrenology." An elderly lady in P., was described as possessing, among other things, extraordinary imitative power, which manifest- ed itself not only in drawing, needlework, &c, but even in mimickry. Her brother remarked, that he could not have delineated her character with greater accuracy, except that he had never seen the least signs of her talent for mimickry. 312 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED Soon, however, it was proved, that, in early life, she was unsurpassed among her acquaintances, for her talent at " taking off" the peculiarities of individuals, and for relating anecdotes and stories. Baker. — The Hon. Judge Baker, who is distinguished in that part of the country for his profound knowledge of law, his ability to collect, analyze, and clearly present, facts and arguments, for his discrimination and practical talent, as well as for his highmindedness, weight of character, un- bending integrity, and the nobler traits of human nature, possesses a high head, large self-e., firm., ven., and conscien. ; very large benev, compar., event., individ., and local., and large caus., form, size, order, and lang. — the very organs indicative of these characteristicks. The following remarks were made by one of the editors of a Norfolk paper, but with an especial reference to an ex- amination of his son. " In our presence, Mr. Fowler has examined the heads of several individuals with the bent of whose dispositions we were somewhat familiar, and we must confess our surprise at the accuracy, as well as the facility, of his delineations of their characters, with which it was impossible for him to have made an- acquaintance through any other medium than his skill in phrenology." In L. N. Fowler examined the head of a female who was considered deranged on the subject of religion, and who was a religious mclancholiclc and despondent. The organs of cautious, and conscien. were developed in an extraordinary degree, and so sensitive to the touch, that she complained bitterly of the pain caused by the application of the hand to either of these portions of the head. Ven. was also very large, and hope and self-e. small. At a lecture in Petersburgh, Va.,-the instructer of the school taught in the lecture-room, proposed a pupil for examination, who was described as possessing extraordinary construct, im- itat, form, ideal., and colour, and, consequently, as unsurpass- ed in his talent to draw, paint, and use tools with dexterity, and, also, to mimick. So extraordinary were these developments, that the teacher was appealed to for the correctness of the description ; and he replied, that he had seen no manifestation of such talents, but thought that phrenology was at fault with respect to them ; but when the appeal was made to the schoolmates of the boy, there were a dozen voices in con- sr FACTS. 313 firmation cf what had been stated, each one telling what the lad had made, or drawn, or painted, and all agreeing that his mimickry of the peculiarities and oddities of others, con- stituted one of their principal diversions. Among other proofs, a painting of Minerva executed by him, was cited as a remarkable specimen of juvenile talent. Cherhy. — Among the many exemplifications of phre- nology, none are more worthy of notice than the head of Dr. Cherry. It is very large, and in it, caus. and compar. are prodigiously great ; the perceptive faculties only moder- ate, concent, firm., self-e., hope, cautious., secret., benev., ideal., and mirth., either large or very large, ven. small, and marvel, very small. The writer saw, and the world will doubtless one day see, specimens of a deep, philosophical, and original genius in his writings, as prodigious, indeed, as are his organs of caus. and compar. His large concent, obliges him, whenever he becomes interested in any particu- lar subject or thing, to dwell upon it until it is completed, and frequently prevents him from attending to lessons of in- terest and instruction, because he cannot draw off his mind from subjects that have previously taken possession of his thoughts. ■ _ The writer, in company with several distinguished citi- zens of Williamsburgh, Va., visited the Lunatick Asylum in that place, where the first subject presented, possessed ex- traordinary amat., very large adhes., firm., concent., benev., and lang., and small acquis, and secret. Disappointed love was the^principal cause of his derangement; and, in accord- ance with his sinall secret, and very large benev. and lang., he was constantly talking about his amours, his sweethearts, &c. He was generally kind in a very high degree, but, when his firm, was excited, he was obstinate and even, mulish. The gentleman's name is James Roon. Of another, it was remarked, that he had extraordinary ftrm.. self-e., adhes., and benev., and was, therefore, by turns, very' stubborn or very obliging — that he had large individ. and full event., with but small caus. ; and, consequently, that he could do what he was told to do, but could not un- derstand the application oftneans to ends. The keeper of the asylum replied, " It is exactly so, throughout." In the head of John Kinchelloe, self-e. projected prodi- giously, so much so, that the writer's remarks upon him, turned mainly upon this organ. He appeared exceedingly 27 314 PHRRNOLOfiV PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED ostentatious ; told the company that he was a vastly greater man, as to talents, than any other in America ; was to be the next president ; had the destiny of the world in his hands ; and when one of the company remarked, that he was from Richmond, he replied, that he had special business with the Governour and Common Council of that city. Six or eight other cases equally striking, were depicted with such accuracy as to astonish and surprise the keeper beyond measure, who, previous to this visit, had been not only an entire skeptick in phrenology, but a prominent op- poser to it. Arthur Tribble possessed very large combat, destruct, and cautious., and was surly, savage, and so dangerous that he was kept manacled. Another, in whom acquis, was very large, had his hat full of old nails, shells, and such other trumpery as he could pick up in the yard. Love of money caused his insanity. The keeper accounted for the correctness with which the first subject was described, by supposing that those who accompanied the examiner, had previously related to him the history of the man, and, accordingly, after that, he se- lected several himself of whom he knew the examiner could have heard nothing, which, as he afterwards declared, were described with as great correctness, as he could have done after a daily observation of their conduct for from six to twelve years. Each of the professors, and several of the students, of Williamsburgh College, are living witnesses of the truth of phrenology, and furnish admirable illustrations of its prin- ciples; but having already dwelt quite too long upon these 41 facts," a decent respect for our readers, requires that we should omit a particular enumeration of them. Lay. — On a visit to Batavia, N. Y. in the autumn of 1835, the narrator, O. S. Fowler, was introduced loy Mr. Kirkham to G. W. Lay, Esq., member of Congress from Genesee Co.; and being forcibly struck with the extraor- dinary developement of many of his phrenological organs, particularly those of the perceptive faculties, he proceeded, with the permission of Mr. L , to give a description of his leading traits of character and talents. He described him as possessing an extraordinary memory of facts and circum- stances, and even of their minute particulars and details, as well as of persons, places, the relative position of objects, BY FACTS. 315 and of expressions ; as. having a passionate fondness for learning, oratory, elegance, and for travelling and viewing natural scenery; as possessing a superiour professional and business tact, a very shrewd and critical turn of mind, a happy talent for comparing, illustrating, and analyzing, a keen, quick perception of the ludicrous, and a great deal of tact, point, and sarcasm, accompanied with an ability to use np his opponent; as highminded and manly, pre-eminently ambitious and enterprising, and always aspiring to some- thing great and commanding; as spirited, energetick, and prompt, a happy speaker, excellent in making a bargain, highly honourable, but not over scrupulous and conscien- tious. These remarks were deduced from the following combinations. Mr. Lay's head is above the common size, and his temperament, active. He has very large compar., ideal., hope, individ., local., and event., and the residue of" the perceptive faculties are large, together with his combat., de- struct., secret., acquis., self-e., approbat, firm., benev., mirth., caus., amat., adhes., philopro., and cautious., and his con- scien. is only moderate or full. He is, therefore, possessed of uncommon natural talents, is very social and obliging, and incapable of doing any thing degrading or unworthy the character of a gentleman. At a publick examination in the same place, the wri- ter discovered, among other things, extreme combat, and destruct., with small benev., in one of the subjects exam- ined, and, accordingly, described him as exceedingly cruel, disposed to delight in barbarity, and given to the outbreak- ings of a most brutal temper. In confiymation of this state- ment, J. Churchill, Esq., remarked to one of the authors, (S. Kirkham,) that he was skeptical upon the subject of phrenology until he heard the character of this individual described ; but that the character of the man (which he un- derstood most perfectly, having been brought up toith him) was so extraordinary, particularly in reference to his revolt- ing and horrid cruelty of disposition, and had been so accu- rately hit off by the phrenologist (who must have been an utter stranger to him) as to change his mind in regard to the science. In illustration, Mr. C. further remarked, that he had frequently known the said individual, when a youth, to catch squirrels and chop their feet off, and then let them run, merely for the sport of it ! At other times,_ he would make an incision in the skin of a squirrel, and, with a quill, 316 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED inflate the shin of the little animal, and then let it run again I At other times, again, he would pluck the feathers from birds, amputate their limbs, and devise and execute various other kinds of tortures upon animals of various descriptions, and then appear to be in perfect raptures of diabolical der light whilst witnessing the writhings, contortions, and other expressions of agony in his innocent victims. This case suggests two points of inquiry not unworthy the candid attention of disbelievers in phrenology. 1. It presents us with two individuals, brought up under the same roof, but possessing dispositions widely different ; the one, though not inferiour in talents to the other, even from a child, delights in cruelty and bloody deeds, and at the age of thirty, becomes a drunken vagabond and a grovelling wretch ; the other, revolts at cruelty and despises every base pursuit, and at thirty, is a lawyer and a respectable member of so- ciety. Now, whence springs this difference of character? Is it the effect of education alone ? or has nature something to do with it ? And, 2. let it spring from whatever source it may, wherein is phrenology responsible, for merely ascer- taining the fact, and pointing out the difference, when guided solely by the external signs upon the head? Phrenology responsible for the traits of character it discovers in men ? What absurdity! nay, what stupidity I Does the phrenolo- gist create the "bumps," or the disposition which cultivates them, and which causes their increase ? On such a principle of reasoning, we might, and with equal propriety, arraign phrenology for not discovering as much metaphysical talent in the dog as in a philosopher, and for not finding as large an organ of local, in the latter as in the former. In the possession of the Lyceum in Fredericktown, Md., is the cast of the scull of a murderer, who was hung some three years since, in which combat, and destruct. are swelled out in an extraordinary degree, and all the other selfish propensities appear very large. He was not only guilty of murder, but even when a boy, used to amuse himself by cutting off the feet of pigs, and then applying to them the lash, in order to see them attempt to run, and by other simi- lar acts of cruelty and torture. At a public lecture in Prattsburgh, N. Y., six individuals were selected for examination by a rank opponent to phre- nology ; but, inasmuch as the writer had once lived in the place, he was requested to be blindfolded, lest he should judge BY FACTS, 317 from a previous knowledge of their characters. The first subject presented, was a violent opposer of religion, infidel in his belief, violent in his temper, stubborn, and withal a great mechanical genius ; and such he was described to be throughout. The next was described as highly conscien- tious, talented, religious, eminently paciflck, &c. and, in the main, directly opposite to the first. After their examination, Deacon Linsley, who knew both perfectly well, and who, till that time, had been a disbeliever in phrenology, observeo 1 , that, since these two individuals, whose characters were di- rectly opposite in almost every particular, had been examined in succession, and the points of difference between them correctly pointed out, and that, too, when the examiner was blindfolded, and, consequently, unable to judge of character except from the shape of the head, phrenology must be a true index of character. What is still more, one of these gentlemen had been examined the preceding evening, and both descriptions precisely agreed. Spaulding. — Among others selected for examination on the same occasion, was the Rev. Henry W. Spaulding, Mis^ sionary to the Indians that have removed west of the Missis- sippi. After his extreme firmness and high moral qualities, particularly his very large bcnev., or disinterested and strong desire to do good to his fellow-men, had been described, in passing his hand along the arch of the eyebrow, the writer felt a deep depression where the organ of colour is located, and, struck with surprise, he exclaimed, "this gentleman has no organ of colour, and can hardly tell white from black." After the lecture was over, Mr. S. observed, that, as had been stated, he was utterly unable to distinguish colours ; that, ex-> cept black and white, all colours and shades of colours looked alike to him, and all appeared of a dingy, indistinct hue • that his wife would never trust him to purchase any article of clothing whatever, because he seemed to be utterly desti- tute of all power of distinguishing, and even of discerning-, them. This fact we deem an important one. The eye- sight of this gentleman, is perfectly good ; he reads correctly, uses words with facility, thinks and writes with unusual power, seldom forgets faces, and is a superiour scholar ; yet his power of distinguishing colours, is almost wholly want- ing. We ask, then, whether the same mental power which perceives colours, also perceives forms, and places, and the force of arguments? If so, why should the first of these 27* 318 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED faculties be wholly wanting in the Rev. Mr. S., and the last of them be unusually strong in him 1 Will anti-phrenological metaphysicians have the kindness just to explain these simple and common phenomena ? Linsley.— Deacon Linsley is certainly one of the most devoted and consistent Christians — the most fervent and de- vout in his addresses to the throne of grace, the most meek, and penitent, and forgiving of men. Accordingly, his head is not only very high, but it is also very deep from the supe- riour anterior to the superiour posterior portion, and greatly arched by the extraordinary development of his benev. and ven. His intellectual faculties generally, are large : hence his uncommon share of good sense, mingled with his piety. His philopro. and adhes. are very large; and hence the suc- cess with which, for many years, he has superintended Sab- bath-schools and Bible-classes. When the writer was a boy, he was wont to listen to the marvellous stories of one of his fellow-townsmen, who al- ways magnified every thing he related, especially if it per- tained to himself, till it appeared to be something really great, singular, and wonderful. Accordingly, on revisiting his native town, he sought his old story teller, and found tnat in his head, the organs of marvel., hope, approbat., and lang., were largely developed. From a mere boy, one of his brothers was remarkable for his propensity to throw stoyies, and, more especially, for his adroitness and skill at it, as he was able in this manner, to kill birds, squirrels, &c. As he grew up, he was equally famous for going aloft at country "raisings," &c; and, ac- cordingly, was found to possess very large weight, whilst the writer, whose education, in this respect, has been the same, is nearly destitute both of the organ, and of the fa- culty, of weight. The same is true of colour. One of his fellow-townsmen, who had always been noted for his disbelief in the doctrines of the Christian religion, as well as for his strenuous opposition to it, was found to possess very small marvel, and ven., and small conscien. t New York City. — But, next to Washington, New York furnishes facts and demonstrations as perfectly conclu- sive in proof and illustration of phrenology as anychymical or anatomical demonstrations. At the first publick lecture delivered in this city, in the autumn of 1836, two of the authors, O. S. and L. N. Fow- BY FACTS. 319 ler were present, and the first person who submitted to an examination, was examined by one of the lecturers in the absence of the other, and then by the other ; and (it being a striking case) the same description, not only in the main, but, also, in the details, was given by both. The next individual was described as possessing an ex- cessive development of amat., with very large selfish pro- pensities and sentiments, and a fair share of intellect. As much was said of his amat. as propriety would permit, and the whole examination turned upon this organ, his combat., and destruct., and small conscien. : A few days after, the Rev. Mr. Walter, pastor of the church from which this in- dividual had been cut off, stated to the writer, that, in conse- quence of his amours with the wives of others, he had broken up several families, and was then living with the wife of another man (since divorced;) that the violence of his temper was ungovernable ; and that he appeared to have no compunctions of conscience. He added, that several of his church members who heard the examination, stated that it was so characteristick as perfectly to astonish them. Smith. — At their second lecture in N. Y., Mr. S. B. Smith, late a Romish Priest, and now editor of the " Down- fall of Babylon," was selected for examination. He was found to possess a large head, developed mainly in the coro- nal region, with very large firm., self-e., benev., form, order, caus. and compar., large hope, conscien., combat., adhes., mirth, ideal., imitat., lang./calcu., size, local., and cautious., only moderate destruct., time, and secret., and small mar- vel. The inference was, that he possessed commanding talents joined with great energy and efficiency of character ; resistance, and moral courage in a pre-eminent degree, with- out harshness or a desire to injure even his enemies; that he must be a publick man and distinguished in his sphere; an original and profound thinker, and a logical reasoner ; a distinguished scholar, and possessed of integrity; very cau- tious and judicious, and yet, enterprising ; a theologian and moral reasoner of the first class, and possessed of extraor- dinary form, or power of recollecting faces, detecting typo- graphical errours, &c. ; a first-rate critick, and perfectly systematick, nay, almost "old-maidish" about having things in order. But his superiour talents as a moral and theolog- ical reasoner, were dwelt upon as his great forte— -his leading characteristick. At the time of the examination, Mr. S. 320 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED was utterly unknown to the writers, and as far as they have since learned his history and character, the coincidence be- tween them and the publick description given, is palpable and striking throughout, and some portions cf it so much so as to be incapable of amendment or improvement. The hardships which he has endured, the opposition and perse- cution which he has met with, the heart of a christian hero, and the high moral character, which he has displayed in his ready renunciation of a religion which he felt to be wrong, and that, when, by so doing, he knew he should drawdown upon his devoted head the anathemas and the vengeance of the whole Romish church, his incredulity in not believing Romish dogmas, the clearness of his argu- ments presented in the " Downfall," (due allowance being made for that enthusiasm which is begotten by dwelling so long upon a highly exciting subject,) the anecdote of Mr. H. R. Piercy, (see note to p. 222.,) the " Synopsis" translated by him — these things, one and all, show a perfect coincidence between the description of his character, of which the pre- ceding is a mere abstract, and his real character and talents as evinced both in his publick and private life: — see relative size of his organs in the Table. Brown. — At a subsequent lecture, Mr. Goold Brown, author of a Grammar, was examined, and described as pos- sessing a high degree of critical acumen, and a happy talent for comparing, analyzing, and illustrating, and especially as a verbal critick and linguist ; as somewhat eccentrick in his manners, rigidly exact and honest, and somewhat dogmat- ical ; but, withal, as possessing rather an extravagant organ of love of approbation and popularity, which would make him rather boastful, and fond of telling what great things he had done, &c. ; and, in confirmation of the correctness of these statements, many anecdotes have since been related to the writers, O. S. and L. N. Fowler. At another lecture in N. Y., a well-dressed lad was brought forward. The first remark made of him, was, that he possessed an extraordinary organ of secret., such a de- velopment, indeed, as the examiner had seldom, if ever, seen; that, consequently, he was cunning, artful, sly, deceit- ful, equivocating, and evasive ; that it was often next to im- possible to extort the truth from him, and that nothing could be known from what he said; that his acquis, was also very large, and eonscien. small, and, consequently, that he was a BY FACTS. 321 rogue, and would steal, as well as lie, and manifest un- wonted dexterity, not only in stealing, but also in concealing the plunder ; that he had no compunctions of conscience, and could not be made to feel guilty ; that he was not at all benevolent, but the reverse; that his reasoning powers were very deficient, and yet, that he was quick to observe, and had an extraordinary memory of facts, and very large lang. or " gift of the gab;" small combat, and large cautious., and was, therefore, a coward ; and that he possessed an extraor- dinary fondness for children. The following is a statement of his character, the principal part of which was made at the time, before the audience, by the individual who brought him forward, and. the rest subse- quently communicated to the authors by the same gentleman. " This lad, who is about thirteen years old, was born in Cana- da; when about five years old, was found to be so very fond of children, that he was frequently employed by gentlemen to amuse their children, and even infants, from which he was taught by his mother, (as he says,) to steal the coins about 'heir necks, and such other things as he could lay his hands upon ; that, on the occurrence of a fire, he stole money from the pocket of a person, and blacked it, pretending that he had found it, yet, as it was a pocket-piece, it was easily identified ; that for a long time he had been in the habit of taking small sums from a shoemaker in Greenwich-st. N. Y., with whom he is now living as an apprentice ; that when one theft after another was detected and proved upon him, he would so- lemnly declare, and call his God to witness, that each one was the last ; that he would frequently protest, by all that was good or great, that he told the truth, and soon after- wards declare, that what he had before said, was wholly false, but that what he now swore to, was certainly true ; that he was very adroit in meeting charges against him, and always ready with an excuse for his wickedness ; (small conscien. ;) that, to prevent suspicion, he would often accuse other boys of stealing apples from a poor woman who sold them in the streets, and pretend to pity her, when he himself stole them every day, and had laid up half a trunk full ; that he would falsify even when nothing could be gained by it; that he was an arrant coward, and would quail before the stern look of his playmates, and always run if they threatened him ; that his judgment Was extremely limited, and yet he showed great tact in learning to do some things ; that he 322 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED was admirable in pleading his own case, and was, withal .4 superstitious Catholick ;" (his ven. and marvel., being large.) For the truth of the foregoing particulars, we refer to Mr. Rufus Dawes, co-editor of the N. Y. Mirror, and to the crowded audience who witnessed the examination in Clin- ton Hall, as well as to a cast of the head of this hopeful youth, which they keep for sale at their office in the same place : — see relative size of his organs in the Table. Chan and Eng. — The Siamese Twins, Eng and Chan, furnish another striking example of the truth of phrenological science. It is well known that their traits of character, in- cluding their feelings, passions, abilities, dispositions, modes of thinking, of acting, and so forth, are so much alike as frequently to start the pretence, and induce the belief, that they possess but one mind, or, at least, that, in consequence of the wonderful, physical connexion of their bodies, there exists between them a similar union of mind, or such a one as to cause both minds to think, feel, and act simultaneously and alike. Although this is a mere pretence, yet the founda- tion of it remained to be developed and explained by phre- nology. In the autumn of 1836, at the Washington Hotel, N. Y, their heads were examined by the narrators, O. S. Fowler and S. Kirkham, when, to their surprise and admi- ration, they were found to be most wonderfully and strik- ingly alike, not only in size and general outline, but even in the minute development of nearly all the phrenological organs. * The following note from the gentleman who prints the " Downfall" for Mr. S., will confirm several points of character contained in the foregoing statement. "Mr. Smith is so very particular and over-exact to have even every little thing done with the utmost precision, as to give my workmen a great deal of extra labour, and to provoke from them a nickname designating his 'old-maidish' peculiarities. As a proof reader, although Mr. S. has but recently turned his attention to the busi- ness, yet, by the force of what seems to be an innate talent, he excels many who have had much more practice. He is one of the firmest men I have ever seen ; and when he thinks he is right, nothing can turn him : (firm, and self-e.) His cautiousness is almost equally,as striking as his order and firmness. " Before I heard Mr. Fowler's description of Mr. Smith's character, I had no faith in phrenology, but this satisfied my mind of the correctness of the science : fori considered the description accurate and striking throughout, so much so that it could not be bettered by any of the gentleman's most intimate acquaintances: and this opinion I expressed to Mr. Le Roy Sunderland at the time, who was sitting beside me. H. R. PIERCY." Several other individuals made remarks similar to those of Mr. P. Among them Mrs Smith and Mr. Carey, teacher in the deaf and dumb asylum of N. Y. The approbation of the audience, and the testimony of all who knew Mr. S., was general and unequivocal as to the examination being a perfect transcript of the life and character of this distinguished gentleman. We will take the liberty to refer those of our readers who wish to satisfy them- selves, to " the Synopsis of the Moral Theology of the Church of Rome," pub- lished by Mr. S., where the reasoning organs of Mr. S. are displayed to admira^ BY FACTS. 323 Some small difference, indeed, in the development of some few of the organs, does exist ; but then it is so slight as to be detected only by the most minute and accurate observa- tion. Among all the heads ever examined by the authors, such an agreement of size, shape, and temperament, or any thing approaching to it, in any two, they never before wit- nessed or heard of; and hence, the striking coincidence be- tween the characters and dispositions of the two brothers, no longer remains a mystery ; for, in addition to the general, natural law, (which operates in this case,) that " like causes produce like effects," from the necessity of the case, their training, habits, anal education, have been alike, more per- fectly so than that of any other two individuals that ever lived. But notwithstanding this, it has been stated, that a slight difference in the development of some few of their organs, was pointed out by the phrenologists, and the conse- quent difference in their characters, specified. In relation to this point, as well as to all the points of agreement, both the young gentlemen, and the gentleman who accompanied them, fully confirmed and corroborated the statements of the ex- aminers. Again we appeal to our opponents to answer the question, If phrenology is not a true science, how could these nice distinctions and discriminations of difference in character, have been thus accurately pointed out merely by an examination of the physical form of the head? And again : If the disposition and talents of individuals, depend solely on education or training, how could any difference in these respects, exist between these twins? At a publick lecture in Clinton Hall, a gentleman exam- ined, was described as possessing, in an unusual degree, the mathematical and reasoning organs, and, also, philopro., but as subject to a depression of spirits, or " the blues." His char- acter had been previously written out by his friends, and, when read to the audience, it not only confirmed the cor- rectness of the phrenological examination, but showed that, on account of the predominance of those traits of character pointed out by the phrenologist, the gentleman had been se- lected as a proper test of the science. A son of Dr. Barber, professor of Elocution, &c, was also examined, and his traits of character minutely specified ; and, after the examination, almost every point stated, was confirmed and illustrated by anecdotes of the lad as related by his father. 824 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED Offen.— But of all the publick tests of phrenology, per- haps no other one ever made so extensive and decided an im- pression in its favour, as the examination of Benjamin Offen, a distinguished infidel lecturer, which took place in Clinton Hall on the evening of the 28th Jan., 1837. As this exam- ination was made in the presence of, at least, one thousand spectators, who are living witnesses of the truth of the fol- lowing account of it, the authors trust that its accuracy will not be doubted by the general reader. In acceptance of a previous challenge in which the ex- aminers had invited the publick to " test the science in any and every way which their incredulity or ingenuity might suggest, by choosing their own subjects for publick examina- tion, or otherwise," an elderly gentleman of very ordinary dress and general appearance, came forward : and in order to give the audience the opportunity of the double test of hearing a description of the character given by each of the examiners in the absence of the other, L. N. Fowler retired from the room accompanied by a gentleman, whilst O. S. F. proceeded with the examination. --; About the first thing stated by the examiner, was, that the gentleman's conscien. was moderate, his. ven. small, and his marvel, almost wholly wanting ; and, consequently, that he must be a total skeptick, particularly in regard to reli- gion, especially revealed religion, and all the popular forms and doctrines connected with it. He also stated that his combat., destruct, self-e., firm., adhes., and knowing and reasoning organs, particularly his compar., were very large, and his cautious, and secret., small; and hence, that he was much inclined to debate, and ready, on all occasions, to de- clare his disbelief, and advance and defend his opinions. His event., lang., mirth., and imita'i, were likewise described as very large; and hence the inference Avas drawn, that, although his general appearance did not seem to justify the conclusion, yet he must be a publick speaker, and as such, quite distinguished — that, in debate, he Was considered a great reasoner, and would display a great command of words, facts, and arguments; that he employed much action, and was unsurpassed in his- powers of ridicule, particularly in employing severe epithets and ludicrous andsarcastick com- parisons. But among many other things, his benev. was dwelt upon as one of his strongest traits of character, and his acquis, was stated to be so small as to prevent his ever feY FACTS. 325 becoming rich. He was represented as kind-hearted, oblig- ing, and generous to a fault, but, at the same time, (small conscien.,) as not always actuated by moral principle, or the ■right and the wrong in the case, and as having little or no feeling of the guilt or sinfulness of any of his acts. For some points of this character, see first paragraph under conscien. moderate, p. 131, also 8 lines at the bottom of the same page, 1 1 lines at the top of the next, the last 5 of the same paragraph, the first paragraph on p. 135, and be- nev. large, and very large, p. 155, 1 — together with the rela- tive size of his organs in the Table of Measurements. After the first examination had closed, L. N. Fowler was called in, and proceeded with an examination of the same head; and so perfectly, on every point, did his description of the character and talents of the man, agree with the first description, that the old charge of collusion was again brought up, although the fact was, that neither of the exam- iners had any previous knowledge of the individual, nor in- tercourse with each other during the examination ; and this point was proved at the time, to the entire satisfaction of every candid hearer, ■After the close of the second examination, Mr. Vail (a lec- turer in Tammany-Hall) arose, and remarked, that "the gen- tleman just examined, was Mr. OfTen, the celebrated lecturer in Tammany Hall; that he had known him intimately for eight or nine years ; and that, as far as he was enabled to judge, he must pronounce the descriptions of character and talents given by the phrenologists, as remarkably correct throughout, excepting that he thought the elder brother had not given Mr. O. quite credit enough for his conscientious- ness, but that, with the modified and plainer description of the same trait of character as given by the younger brother, he was satisfied." Mr. V. then Went minutely into his character, taking it up, point after point, and illustrated most strikingly, and confirmed, each as stated by the phrenolo- gists. ^Among other things, he said that, "though a poor man, Mr. O. was a very benevolent man ;" and in proof of it, he begged leave to state the fact, that " Mr. O. lived out of the city, and near a common, upon which unfeeling per- sons were in the habit of turning old and worn-out horses to starve, and that, out of pity, Mr. O. was in the habit of -nk- kig up these horses and feeding them at his own expense." Finally, Mr. Often arose and confirmed the correctness of 28 326 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED the descriptions given by the examiners, and remarked, that, •' Although hitherto skeptical in regard to the truth of phre- nology, yet the remarkable accuracy with which they had delineated the various features of his character, had changed his mind in regard to it, so far, at least, as to compel him to believe that there was much truth in it." But touching their description of his low conscien., he seemed not to be fully satisfied. He therefore continued: "The phrenolo- gists have stated that I have many friends. This, I believe, is true. They have also said that I have many enemies. This may be true; but I ought not to have them, for I never Wronged a man in my life." O. S. Fowler then took occasion to remark, that " He con- sidered this declaration of Mr. O. as proof demonstrative of his possessing a low conscience, for, he was sure, that every man who has a large one, will be ready to condemn himself and acknowledge that he has often done wrong to his fellow- men." — See conscien. large, p. 126, and conscien. small and very small, p. 132, 133. In a subsequent conversation, Mr. O. stated to the writer, that, from his earliest recollection, he had known no standard of moral rectitude and no code of moral principle or of vir- tue, except that which tended to relieve human suffering, or to augment human happiness; and, moreover, that he regard- ed that, and that alone, as sinful, the effect of which was to prevent the enjoyment, or to increase the sufferings, of his fellow-men. Of abstract justice, right, or duty, he had no conception ; yet he could never be an atheist. Whether there was, or was not, a future state of existence, he did not know ; but i/such a thing does exist, he, and all others composing it, should be happy. He said that he was perfectly astonished at the description of his standard of moral principle. He also added, that he was, for many years, a deacon of an evan- gelical church. Frances Wright. — However striking many of the pre- ceding facts may be, the authors feel confident, that none of them surpass in individual interest, or as proofs of the truth of phrenology, the phrenological developments of the cele.- brated lady whose name heads this paragraph — now, Mad- am Darusemont. As hers is one of the most remarkable characters of the present day, and as her phrenological de- velopments throughout, are found perfectly to agree with her peculiarities of character and disposition, this may be BY FACTS. 327 considered one of the best tests of the truth of phrenological science that can be produced or desired. But there is one circumstance which renders this case particularly gratifying to the phrenologist ; and that is, the character and talents of Madam Darusemont are so well known, that the greatest skeptick in phrenology, has not " a loop left to hang a doubt upon," concerning the perfect coincidence between her char- acter and her phrenological developments, as presented in the Table of Measurements. On a visit to this lady in the present year, (1837,) the fol- lowing observations were made with the greatest care, by O. S. Fowler and S. Kirkham, and noted down at the time*: so that their correctness may be fully relied upon. The head of this distinguished individual is considerably above the ordinary size, and her temperament such as to combine the highest activity, with great strength and power. But her head is developed in such a manner as to present a character decisively masculine, combining great boldness and energy, with unusual intellectual power. In other words, her head is much larger and wider in the basiliar region, than it is in the coronal ; and, again, the posterior portion of the coronal region, is much larger than the frontal, notwithstanding her forehead is large, and fully developed throughout; but the lower and middle portions of it, are relatively much larger than the upper and lateral portions. In phrenological lan- guage, the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties, together with compar., are really very great, whilst caus., though large, is relatively smaller. The authors do not recollect ever to have seen, in a woman, so much intellect urged onward by so prodigiously great propelling powers; and hence her acknowledged talents, combined with masculine energy, which have gained for her a fame throughout the world. As to her individual organs, amat. is large and adhes. very large, whilst philopro. is only full ; and, accordingly, the greatest objection to her theory against matrimony, is, that it does not sufficiently provide for children* Concent. is small; and hence the intensity of her mental operations, nd the rapidity with which her mind passes from one sub- ject to another. Combat, is very large, and destruct. large ; and hence, with her large mirth, and very large compar., (am! At the time the authors visited Madam Darusemont, she had left her only child 1 a young one, too) behind her in Francej and her husband had gone back for it. 328 PHREXOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 1 her point and severity, her withering sarcasms, and the spirit and fire which are breathed into almost every sentence she utters ;. and hence, also, that disposition to resist, attack, combat, debate, and defend, which forms one of the most prominent points of her character. Acquis, is almost wholly wanting ; and hence the utter disregard of property as such, and the loose and vague ideas upon the subject of personal ownership, which constitute a part of her new code of morals. Hence, too, the facility with which she joined Robert Owen in his Community scheme, as tested on the banks of the Wabash. In further illustration of this trait of character, it is said that she has never appropriated to her own use, one cent of the avails of her lectures or of her writings : seep. 95. Her cautious, is moderate ; and a want of pradence and discretion, it will readily be seen, has, more or less; charac- terized her publick career. Secret, is very small ; and hence the directness, and plainness, and ingenuousness with which, on all occasions, she speaks out just what she thinks and feels: so that K let the world say what they may of her, they cannot call her- a hypocrite. Approbat. is weak ; and this manifests itself in her utter indifference, both in appear- ance and in fact, to what is thought or said of her, in her dis- regard to reproach, and to being considered singular • and this, united with her combat, and destruct, causes her to glory in encountering opposition. Her large self-e. and firm., united with her combat, and destruct., and her deficient ven., give her that daring boldness-, independence, self-confi- dence, unbending perseverance, highmindedness, and even arrogance of character, and determined resolution, and ac- knowledged efficiency, which shine so conspicuously in her publick career : see p. 120. All the moral organs, with the exception of benev. and hope, are so deficient-, that the coronal portion, of herhead is narrow and flattened. Benev. is largely developed; and doubtless she has at heart, the good of society and the advancement of hu- man happiness ; and she certainly considers herself a phi- lanthropist ; but ven. is deficient, and marvel, is so very small that no traces of it can possibly be discovered— smaller, if possible, than in any other head which the authors have ever seen ; hence her disbelief in any thing which she does not see demonstrated to her senses. Even the existence of a Su- preme Being she questions, " because," she says, " she can- not see such a being, nor know any thing of him by any of BY FACTS. 529 her senses." Her conscien. is only moderate or small ; and hence the looseness of her moral code, her imperfect reason- ings upon moral subjects, and her want of moral acumen ; which are very evident to every conscientious reader of the productions of her pen. Hope is full ; and, without it, no one would undertake what she, unaided and alone, has at- tempted to accomplish. Hence, also, with her self-e., her unbounded confidence in her own abilities and strength. She professes to have come to America this last time, for the express purpose of enlightening our benighted minds in morals and religion, and to instruct our ignorant statesmen in a knowledge of the true principles of our republican gov- ernment, and to show them what measures they must adopt in order to save the ark of liberty from destruction ! Her ideal., imitat., lang., individ., event., and compar., are all large or very large ; and hence her acknowledged elo- quence; which is really of the highest order. Her individ., event., and compar., are all very large, and nearly all her other intellectual faculties are large; and hence her intel- lectual greatness; her acknowledged superiority as a scholar; her extensive information about matters and things in gene- ral ; the copiousness, appropriateness, and elegance of her historical and scientifick illustrations: and her great talent for collecting statistical information, &c. Caus. is less than compar.; and, accordingly, she exhibits more of a practical, literary, matter-of-fact talent, than of deep, logical argument — more of clearness, perspicuity, and force of illustration, than of close inductive reasoning — more of facts, analyzed and systematized, than of profundity and depth of intellect. Her reasonings upon first principles, in short, cannot be relied upon : see Table. Bennet. — Phineas Bennet, the distinguished inventer of the new method of generating steam for the steam-engine, furnishes a proof of the truth of phrenology so convincing, and so clear an illustration of the practical application and utility of the principles of the science, that, to omit to mention his phrenological developments, would be doing injustice to the science. His head is of the largest size, being seven inches and three-eights in diameter where the hat fits to it, but, in consequence, of the extraordinary development of the perceptive faculties and of construct., it is much larger a little lower down. His development of firm, is most astonishingly great, of 28* 330 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED self-e., very considerable, and of concent., greater, perhaps, than the authors have ever seen elsewhere. On a close inspection, his forehead' appears really massive. Though generally uniform, it is most developed in the region of the perceptive faculties. His construct, is- wonderfully great, so as very much to widen and. deepen that portion of the head in which it is located. His form is really prodigious,, calcu. very large, size extraordinary, and com par. and caus. hut. little inferiour, whilst hope is scarcely full : see p. 162. His firm., self-e., and concent., are sufficient to give him that astonishing perseverance and connectedness and determi- nation of purpose which, in spite of poverty, the reproaches of his friends, the jeers of his enemies,, and the apparently insur- mountable difficulties that, one after another, arose before him, held him fox fourteen successive ?/e&rs upon one single inven- tion — an invention that will annually save the world many mil- lions of dollars in the expense of fuel and labour, and render him as immortal as his illustrious predecessor Robert Fulton. His concent, inspired him with paiie?ice, and enabled him to concentrate all his powers upon this one pointy his construct. and 1 pereeptive faculties, with his caus. and compar., gave to these lastnamed qualities an inventive and mechanical direc- tion ; his indifferent hope allowed him fully to mature and per- fect his plan, instead of enticing him to some other pursuit or invention, whilst his self-e. inspired him with the requisite self- confidence to push forward his designs without encouragement from others ; his deficient imitat. neither enabled or disposed him to take any hint or pattern from any other machine, whilst his inventive powers were thus left free to produce something wholly original. Now, any materially different organiza- tion, would have prevented so glorious a result. This organi: zation, then, taken in connexion with his invention, is cer- tainly wonderful to contemplate. Mr. B. was brought to the office of the writers by Col. Haskett, and furnished with a chart by L. N. Fowler, before he had even heard. of such a man or his invention; but a friend of Col. Haskett's, on seeing the chart given, was forcibly struck with its accuracy, particu- larly in reference to his concent., adding, that if Mr. B. ever became interested in any subject, nothing could divert his mind from it until he had finished the thing in hand. The relative size of his organs as given at the time referred to, may be seen in the Table of Measurements, p. 347. Con- §cien. is very large in bis head; and, with the first money BY FACTS. 331 received from the success of his machine, he immediately proceeded to pay up all those debts he had unavoidably con- tracted during his progress, and to amply compensate those who had done him favours, before he thought about himself. Mr. B. is also ascertained to be the inventer of the Amer- ican Automaton Chess-player, by which the Messrs. H. are said to have made a handsome fortune. Mr. B. stated that after deep and long study upon his machine, he generally experienced a severe pain in the region, of the forehead and of the temples, and in showing where it was lo- cated, placed his hand upon construct., caus., and compar : see "increase of the organs by exercise," pp. 365 to 370. We again ask our opponents to account for this coincidence between so remarkable a character and the corresponding phrenological developments ; and, if they are not satisfied with our observations, to make observations for themselves.. Wynans. — Akin to Mr. B. is Mr. Wynans of New York, who has distinguished himself, both in this country and in Eng- land, as a machinist. Four years since, he invented and ap- plied to the Manchester and Liverpool Rail-Road, an improve- ment called the out-side bearing, which was immediately adopted, both in this country and in Europe. The amount of. power gained by it, is said to be very great. He is also the au r thor of several other scarcely less important inventions, and is now erecting a very large establishment in N. Y. for making greatly improved locomotive engines, orders for which he has received, not only from many of the principal rail-road conir panies in this country, but several, from Europe. His locor motives are much less expensive, and much more efficient, than those generally in use. He also invented those very large eight-wheel cars which are coming into so general use, and are both much less expensive, and much more con- venient, than their predecessors. It may not be improper to add, that, for several seasons, he has been employed, at one and the same time, by four different rail-road companies, and is paid fifteen hundred dollars annually by each, simply and solely to give advice, without being obliged often to leave his other business on this account, such is his reputation as a machinist. This gentleman, with his lady, entered the office of the writer in Clinton Hall, perfect strangers; and the first re- mark made of him, was, "that his mechanical genius and talent were, beyond all question, not only the ruling feature of his character, but greater than in one man in ten thousand" 332 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED This was inferred from his extraordinary development of all the organs that constitute both an in venter and a machinist of the first class — that is, from his extraordinary construct., imitat., form, size, weight, order, calcu., local., compar., caus., and ideal. Now, let the reader contemplate all these united in one and the same individual, whose talents as an inventer and machinist have just been stated, and let him recollect, that all these organs were described as giving those very powers just enumerated, and that, too, in a degree no less striking than they are actually found to exist — described both by the writer, O. S. Fowler, and afterwards by L. N. Fowler, who did not hear the first description, but whose de- scription, according to the testimony of Mr. W., and also of his lady, did not differ from the first either in these, or in any other, points of his character, and then say whether phrenol- ogy is not deserving of belief. Let it be observed, also, that in Mr. B., imitat. is deficient, while in Mr. W., it is developed in a most astonishing de- gree, forming a ridge almost as prominent upon his head as the finger would form upon a plain surface. Accordingly, the invention of Mr. B. is wholly original — being through- out, entirely unlike any other; whilst those of Mr. W. con- sist mainly of improvements upon the inventions of others. This will*serve to illustrate the influence of imitat. upon the character, as well as upon construct. Mr. W. has very large ideal., whilst Mr. B. has much less ; and hence the former embellishes by his improvements, whilst the latter confines his whole attention to the mechani- cal power alone. Stephens. — Robert L. Stephens possesses a large head and an unusually active temperament, together with those organs strongly developed which give ambition and energy of character. He has, also, very large construct., caus., corn- par., imitat., individ., form, size, local., ideal., and hope, and large calcula. and order. Hence his extraordinary mechan- ical ingenuity, as displayed in his improved methods of con- structing steamboats, &c. His philopro. is very large ; and hence his extreme fondness for pets, and especially for horses. Powers. — Mr. Powers, a very celebrated artist in Wash- ington, D. C, possesses extraordinary form, size, weight, ideal., imitat., caus., compar., and construct, and has partic- ularly distinguished himself for the correctness of his marble, miniature busts of Judge Marshall, Calhoun, and other great BY FACTS.' 333 men of the nation— in which busts he displays his form, size, and imitat., with surprising success. Mr. P., the clever artist who produced that admirable piece of workmanship known as Ellen Tree, possesses a prodi- gious head in point of size, and, in it, very large ideal., imitat., form, size, and all the other requisites of an artist of the first class; and such he was pronounced to be by one of the au- thors before he was known to him. Ames. — A young man of plain, unassuming manners, and, as the vulgar phrase is, somewhat "countrified" in his appearance, entered the office of the writers some time in Jan. of the present year, (1837,) and desired a phrenological ex- amination. He was described by L. N. Fowler and S. Kirk- ham, neither of whom had ever seen him, or heard of him, before, as possessing, among other things, extraordinary powers of memory anal observation, together with prodi- giously great calculation. S. Kirkham,. in particular, dwelt upon his organ of calcu. as of very uncommon size^as alto- gether larger than any thing of the kind he had ever §een, ex- cept in the boy Michael in the Blind Asylum of N. Y., (whose extraordinary powers of calculation, very nearly, if not quite v equal those of Zera Colburn, and will be hereafter spoken of,) and remarked that, in shape and size, the organ in this young man, exactly resembled that in the lad, as well as in the portraits of Zera Colburn. But not only was calculation developed in a most extraor- dinary degree, but also nearly all of the perceptive faculties, particularly form, size, weight, individ., local., and event., to- gether with fair caus. and large compar. ; and, accordingly, he was described as having the greatest imaginable curiosity to see every thing in nature, and an ability to remember, most accurately and perfectly, the shape, size, location, and appearance of every thing he ever cast his eyes upon, as well as everything he had ever heard or read — as having uncom- mon talents for geometry, trigonometry, surveying, engineer- ing, &c. After the examination, at the request of S, Kirkham, the young man stated, that his name was Nathan Ames— that, in regard to his memory, he did not know that he had ever forgotten any thing — that he commenced the study of arith* metick at the age of 1 7, and went through with vulgar arith- metick in jive weeks — that the next winter he went to school again seven tceeks, during which time he went nearly through 334 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED with geometry and algebra, leaving- off at quadratick equa- tions — and that, afterwards, and without an instructer, he mastered surveying in the evenings of four weeks — that he has since practised surveying; is 22 years of age; and expects soon to enter the engineer department under Gov- ernment. — The correctness of every part of the foregoing statement, the writers are prepared, at any time, to prove. They, therefore, simply ask disbelievers in phrenology, to explain, first, — How this young man is able to learn more in calculation, &c, in a given number of weeks, than is ordinarily learned in twice the number of months, unless it is by means of the extraordinary faculties ascribed to him by phrenology ? and, secondly — How the extraordinary power of these particular faculties, could have been so accu- rately pointed out by the examiners, on the supposition that phrenology is untrue ? Dr. Griffin. — Whilst one of the authors, (O. S. Fow- ler,) was lecturing in Newark, N. J., Dr. Smith invited him to his office, and there requested that his eyes might be blind- folded whilst he was examining and describing a particular individual. Accordingly, Dr. Griffin was seated in the chair, and, in the presence of his wife and children, Dr. Smith, and others, the following description was given of him. Conscien., caus., ana compar., are all very large ; accord- ingly, the gentleman is naturally, not only very fond of the- ology and moral metaphysicks, but is a deep and profound moral reasoner, and, his combat, being also large, he must be very fond of debating upon, and discussing, topicks of re- ligious controversial character, or of polemical theology. He possesses, also, great decision and force of character; great integrity, and the highest regard for moral principle; is very incredulous, and places his religion mainly in doing right and in doing good, throwing creeds and ceremonies into the back ground ; is conspicuous for his imitative talent, and for the appropriateness of his gesticulation ; has a quick and lively perception of the ridiculous, and is very sarcas- tick; possesses talents of a high order, and combines the elements of a great genius ; has an unusual share of ideal., and, consequently, a lively imagination, which causes him to express himself with glowing rapture and beauty. He was likewise described as a critick, both logical and verbal, of the very first order; as being a clear, strong, and lucid reasoner — most devoted in his attachments, exceedingly fond BY FACTS. 335 of children, exceedingly apt in relating anecdotes, and in de- scribing, — as more prone to thinking than observing, as ex- ceedingly cautious, &c. These traits of character were drawn from his very large compar., caus., ideal, imitat., be- nev., conscien., approbat., lang., adhes., combat., and firm. ; small marvel., only full ven. and individ., large mirth., de- struct., and event. Dr. G. considered the description wrong in relation to his imitative power, his mirth., combat, and de- struct. ; from which, however, the writer appeals to the de- cision of the publick. It may be added, that Dr. G.'s head is unusually large, his temperament highly excitable, all his organs sharp, his forehead high, bold, and expansive, and compar. (a faculty more conspicuous in his character than any other) projects so as to stand out in bold relief: and this, with his ideal, and lang., gives him that peculiar elegance and eloquence of style and delivery which are ascribed to him. . Dr. Beecher. — This distinguished divine and theologian, and clear-headed reasoner, possesses a head much above the ordinary size, and happily balanced. His constitution is firm and dense, and his physical organization indicative of great power in proportion to its volume. In addition to this, conscien., caus., and compar., are all very large; and hence his clearness and great power as a moral reasoner. Com- bat, and destruct. are large ; and hence his greatness in the field of polemical controversy, as also that nervousness of style and force of expression by which his writings are character- ized. His mirth, is large, which gives him that facetious disposition and talent, and, with destruct. and combat., that sharp vein of irony and sarcasm, which abounds in his dis- courses, and which has so often called forth the censure of his ministerial brethren. Ven. is below, mediocrity, and marvel, is small, whilst his firm, and self-e. are large; and hence it is that he pays little or no regard to the Westmin- ster Catechism, the Church Discipline, and " the good old way," merely because they have been handed down from former generations; but he begs leave to think, and to inter- pret the Bible according to the dictates of his judgment and his conscien. Dr. Alexander. — In the. head of "this distinguished or- nament of the church, the organs of ven., firm., and self-e., are all very large ; and hence, unlike Dr. B., he adheres 336 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED strictly and literally to the established church authorities, and resists innovation, might and main: see p. 149. In Dr. A. the intellectual organs generally, are largely developed, whilst compar. is very large; and hence his crit- ical acumen, and his general intellectual powers. Stockton. — Thomas Stockton, formerly chaplain to Congress, who stands almost unrivalled for his pulpit elo- quence, as well as for his moral worth, possesses a very large development of nearly all of the perceptive and semi- perceptive organs, and, also, of ideal., imitat., compar., be- nev., ven., and conscien. From his very large lang., individ., compar., and ideal., originate those truly splendid compari- sons, personifications, and allegories, as well as that uncommon propriety, perspicuity, and elegance of expression, for which he is so justly celebrated : see p. 168, and middle of p. 227. Ludlow. — The Rev. H. G. Ludlow, in company with a friend of his, entered the office of the writer, and was de- scribed as possessing A r ery large ideal., imitat., adhes., mirth., and benev. ; large lang., caus., hope, ven., conscien., appro- bat., and philopro., and his character was deduced according- ly. His friend, and also himself, considered the description strikingly correct throughout, so much so as frequently to ex- press a firm conviction that the examiner was well acquaint- ed with him. When the examination was concluded, L. N. Fowler entered the office, and was requested to re-examine the reverend gentleman, which he did with the same result. He was described by both as highly intellectual, exceedingly devout and religious, and yet, too facetious to maintain, at all times, a due degree of clerical gravity, and also as possessing a great deal of tender feeling, of imagination, and of love of popularity. Burchard. — This distinguished preacher and revivalist, forms one of the best subjects for testing the truth of phreno- logical science which our country furnishes. The size of his head is large, but, when his temperament, which, for ac- tivity and strength combined, the authors have never seen surpassed, if they have seen it equalled, is taken into the ac- count, his mental power and force must be set down as alto- gether extraordinary. His physical organization is remark- ably dense and firm* and, also, in the highest degree, excita- ble. Add to this the sharpness of his organs, and we have combined a concatenation of circumstances which cannot but produce an extraordinary intellectual character. BY FACTS. 337 As phrenologists, the writers have nothing to do with the propriety or impropriety of this most zealous and most ec- eentrick gentleman's "measures" or "modes of procedure;" but they feel bound to say, that his phrenological develop- ments plainly indicate a genius of rare talents and uncom- mon mental power — a popular speaker, and publick debater, who, for vigour of thought, and force and clearness of argu- ment and illustration, for intensity, point, and pathos in his appeals to the feelings and the heart, as well as for singularity and sarcasm, in short, for soul-stirring and overwhelming eloquence, he has few equals. His combat, and compar. are very large; and hence that torrent of striking similes, allegories, and illustrations, which he pours forth in his discourses ; and hence, too, the cause of their being so frequently drawn from scenes of war and stirring strife, in which the contending hosts of the Almighty and of Satan are drawn up in battle array Add to these his very large mirth, and imitat, and we have opened up the phrenological fountain from which flow those wonderfully striking and sometimes ludicrous comparisons and descrip- tions which offend so many of his graver brethren, and which he acts out in a manner still more comical. His conscien., firm., and hope, are all very large, which, with his very large combat., and only full cautious., give him that moral boldness, that energy and enthusiasm, and almost reckless daring, which so strongly characterize his expressions and modes of proce- dure. His very large caus., combined with his still larger conscien., gives him that clear perception of moral truths, and that great ability to reason upon them; which will readily be acknowledged by all of his hearers similarly or- ganized. Add to these his large ven. and very large benev., and we may fairly inter that his motives are good. His ap- probat. is also very large, which throws a sprinkling of am- bition into his composition ; and against this enemy of his spiritual warfare, he acknowledged that he was obliged strongly to contend. His adhes. and philopro. are both uncommonly large; and bence, go where he will, he is sure to draw around him an interesting group of devoted friends from among the " little ones" in community; and hence, also, his unwearied efforts to convert these to the faith of the Gospel. His concent, is small ; and hence his intensity of mental conceptions, and the great variety of thoughts and topicks which he often in- 29 338 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED troduces into one discourse. Marvel, is small, which, com- bined with his very large caus., induces him constantly to resort to means by which to accomplish his" ends, and to adopt the "new-measure" doctrine of relying more upon human agency and effort, than upon divine interposition, in the conversion of men — the great bone of contention between him and the " old-school" divines. In Mrs. B. marvel, is large and ven. very large; in accordance with which, she was described as differing from her husband in this respect, and as relying more upon divine agency for the advance- ment of religion in the world. On retiring from the room of Mr. B., the writer fell in with the Rev. J. Leavitt, editor of the N. Y. Evangelist, and, in reply to his inquiries re- specting the developments of Mr. and Mrs. B., the writer mentioned this difference in respect to their marvel. Mr. L. then stated, that, in the morning of that day, he witnessed a striking illustration of this difference in their character. The circumstance was this : in conversing about some important thing that was to be done, Mr. B.'s caus. was very active in devising the ways and means by which to accomplish it ; to which Mrs. B.'s marvel, replied, " Let God do his own work, and in his own way." To conclude, Mr. B.'s head is very uneven; and hence his extravagances and eccentricities of character : see Table of Developments, p. 346. . Finney. — The Rev. C. G. Finney has a very large head, and a most favourable temperament; that is, one in which the bilious and nervous predominate, accompanied with a good share of the sanguine. His head is, moreover, of great height and length, measuring six inches from the opening of the ear to firm., ven., bene v.. and compar., and eight and one-eighth inches from individ. to philopro. and being seven and three-eighths inches in average diameter. His forehead is both high and broad. His firm, and self-e. are really prodigious, whilst his ap- probat. and secret, are small ; hence that independence, weight, and force of character, and that boldness, directness, and even bluntness of speech, employed in addressing even strangers upon the subject of religion, and which, In the early part of his career, brought down upon him the charge of arrogance and impudence. Hence, also, his unyielding fer severance, which, as well as independence, has characten- zed his whole course in life. His cautious, is larsre: and. BY FACTS. 339 without great prudence, no one could have obtained so com- manding an influence in the church as this gentleman now sways. His acquis, is very small; and his disregard for money is such, that he takes very little interest even in the pecuniary affairs of his own family. Imitat. is very large, and ideal, only full; and hence that incessant, and often powerful, though not very graceful, action which accom- panies his delivery. His compar. is immense; hence that wonderful flow of appropriate, clear, striking, and pointed comparisons and il- lustrations which abound in all his discourses. His caus. is also very large ; and if any one, even though prejudiced against the man, can read his sermons, or hear him preach, and not acknowledge that his discourses display a rich vein of original and powerful thought, an uncommon depth, and strength, and force of argument, and a wonderful copiousness and clearness of illustration, the writers beg leave to place a low estimate upon his judgment. In short, nearly all of his intellectual faculties are uncommonly large ; and hence the extent of his information, and his extraordinary powers of mind, by which he has distinguished himself, not only in the pulpit, but also at the bar. His lang., in particular, is very large ; and his command of words, equally great. This, together with his very large individ., event, compar., and imitat., gives him his almost unrivalled talent for narra- tion and description. His form is also very large ; and it is a fact, that if he see a person but once, he never forgets him. His combat, and destruct. are only full, whilst his marvel, is moderate: see Table of Developments, p. 346. The writers again appeal to the candid, reflecting reader, and ask him to look at the unusually high and fully devel- oped head, and, especially, forehead, of this great man — they say, great, because they believe, that, without a great mind and uncommon force of character, no one could force himself into notice, and cut so bold and commanding a figure in the world as he has done — and compare them, or his phrenologi- cal developments as given in the Table, with the peculiar kind, as well as amount, of talent which he has displayed throughout his publick career, and then say whether this gentleman does not furnish as strong a proof of the truth of phrenology, as any one fact can furnish in favour of any one science. Dewey. — In order to satisfy his mind in regard to the 340 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATE!* merits of phrenology, the Rev. Orvil Dewey, author of " The Old and New World," submitted his head for examination ; and, without knowing him or his profession, he was de- scribed by L. N. Fowler as having immense caus., compar., ideal., benev., and adhes., and a general development of both the intellectual and moral feelings, together with strong pro- pelling power, and a very large and a very active brain. It was inferred, also, that his developments would be likely to make him an orthodox clergyman. Mr. D. then stated, that this was the only mistake that had been made in the descrip- tion, but added, that he had been a thorough going orthodox, and, as such, studied for the ministry. A more finely bal- anced head, presenting extraordinary reasoning powers, and those faculties which indicate classical taste, and purity both of style and of motives, is very seldom found. Rev'ds. Kirk, Beman, Maffet, Walter, and a host of others, equally distinguished with those just described, who have sought for truth by testing practical phrenology, are living evidences of the correctness and applicability of its princi- ples; but the authors lack space in which to describe them. Webb. — James Watson Webb furnishes another specimen of the truth of phrenology, which we fancy that our oppo- nents will find it very difficult to gainsay. His head is very large, its average diameter being seven inches and three- eighths. Add to this, one of the very largest developments of firm, and hope which the authors have ever seen, with large combat., approbat., and intellectual faculties generally, and we have the elements of that energy of character, and ambi- tion and enterprise, for which he is known throughout Chris- tendom. Benev., adhes., and amat., are developed in a most extraordinary degree; and we are confident, that, if his ene- mies can testify to the strength and endurance of his opposi- tion and hatred, his friends can also bear witness to the still greater strength and tenacity of his attachments and benevo- lent feelings. But his conscien. and ven. are small, and marvel, so very small as to appear entirely wanting. Hence, his known skepticism, if not opposition to religion ; and he is free to acknowledge that honour, (very large approbat.,) rather than conscientious scruples, is his rule of action. His forehead is high, deep, and broad, and, withal, the various organs are toell balanced. Whether his mental manifesta- tions correspond with his phrenological developments, or hot, the publick are left to judge for themselves : see Table, p. 347. BY FACTS. 341 * Leggett. — Leggett, editor of the Plaindealer, who will, of course, excuse our plain dealing with him, two years since was brought by a friend, to the office of the writer, with the request that his strongest trait of character might be pointed out. " Stubbornness" was the immediate reply. After a most hearty laugh on the part of his friend, and the interro- gation of Mr. L., " do you not know me, sir?" his friend asked, if there was nothing more. " Here is very large combat.," was the answer. Now, if we add to these, his large self-e. and conscien., we present a most perfect and striking coinci- dence between his phrenological developments, and that high- minded, independent, fearless, determined, and uncompromi- sing course which this gentleman has thus far pursued. His moral courage none will question. See p. 126. All of his perceptive, and nearly all of his semi-perceptive, faculties are very large; hence his prodigious talents for collecting information '& and, if to these, we add his large compar., we arrive at ,his extraordinary powers of analysis and critical acumen. But his caus. is relatively smaller ; and hence his arguments are distinguished more by acute- ness and point, than by profundity and depth. Noati. — Who that has been delighted with the descrip- tive, the humorous, the masterly effusions of the graphick pen of Mordecai M. Noah, can look at his bold and commanding forehead, and especially his very large mirth, and lang., and not be forcibly impressed with the striking coincidence be- tween them and his peculiarly gifted mental manifestations? or who can look at his extremely large development of be- nev. — a^trait equally conspicuous in his character — and not acknowledge that, at least, in this instance, phrenology tells the truth ? Cobb. — Lyman Cobb, the distinguished American lexi- cographer, possesses a rare head, and one that presents many striking proofs of the truth of phrenological science ; but our .imits will allow us only to glance at a few of his lead- ing developments. In the first place, his head is large, and his temperament highly favourable for activity and endurance. His domes- tick and social organs, except amat, are all large or very large, which, combined with his very large benev. and small selfish faculties, impart to his' affections and attachments a purity, strength, and ardour, seldom equalled in the gentler sex. " His hope is so large as to make him quite sanguine 342 rHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED in his expectations ; his firm, is very large ; which makes him stable and decided when he has made up his mind, and quite persevering in the accomplishment of his purposes ; and his combat, and destruct. are sufficient to give him great energy of character. But the most prodigious and interest- ing development in his head, is his conscien. : although his firm, is very large, yet this organ rises above it on each side. In a phrenological view, therefore, we might reasonably suppose, that, in making this head, the Almighty designed to present to the world a perfect specimen of an honest man. His self-e. is moderate, his a'pprobat. large, and his cau- tious, very large ; hence his excessive diffidence, modesty, and amiability of character ; and these, combined with his excessive conscien., make him feel too unworthy, and cause him to allow others to encroach upon his rights and privi leges. His very large benev., joined with his moderate ac- quis., makes him liberal to excess, especially towards his friends. His reasoning faculties are of a high order; his critical acumen, unsurpassed. His form is very large; and this, aided by his very large order and large size and local., ena- bles him instantly to detect a typographical errour or an inaccuracy in spelling by a mere glance of the eye — see Table of Developments, p. 347. Halleck. — Of all the distinguished men examined by the authors, they have found few, if any, whose phrenologi- cal developments present more points of interest than those of the nation's favourite poet, Fitz Green Halleck. His head is large, and very strongly and most favourably develop- ed ; but, what is yet of more importance tohim, is, his temper- ament is still more favourable than his phrenological devel- opments : and to this he doubtless owes no small share of his undying fame. His domestick and social organs are all large, and adhes. very large, _ which, united with his very large firm, and large conscien., render his attachments of the most ardent, pure, sincere, and enduring kind. His very large combat, combined with his large cautious., gives him great en- ergy, united with circumspection and prudence: and if we add to these his very large self-e.,. hope, ideal., and benev. r and his large mirth., we combine the elements of a lofty,' glowing, and refined imagination, of sanguine expectations' of enthusiastic^ and, at the same time, delicate, and most BY PACTS. 343 Syrnpathetick feelings, and of a nobleness and elevation of soul united with independence of character, together with a rich vein of pleasant humour, mingled with irony. His intellectual faculties are nearly all large or very large,, which, united with his high self-e. and his large moral fac- ulties and propelling powers, enable him to take very accu- rate, very liberal, and very comprehensive views of subjects. According to his phrenological developments, he is a close observer, as well as deep thinker. His talents are quite va- ried, being strong at many points. He is a natural scholar of the first order, and, by habit, " a good and ripe one." His critical acumen is very great, but not superiour to his taste. His powers of description are of a high order, but not more so than his social qualities. He is naturally a gentleman, and is actuated by a noble ambition, unalloyed by selfish mo- tives. Like most other poets, he has hardly acquis, enough* to enable him to get rich : — see Table, p. 348. . On the 24th of April, 1837, S. Kirkham and O. S. Fowler visited the House of Refuge, the Asylum for the Blind, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, in the city of N. Y., for the**purpose of making phrenological observations. In the firstnamed institution, the first subject they examined, was a lad named Kelly, in whose head caus. and compar. are developed in the most extraordinary manner they have ever seen. Caus., in particular, forms two large protuberances, each being very nearly equal ia size to that of half a goose egg. He' also has fair conscien. and perceptive faculties, without any thing else remarkable. Accordingly, he was described as possessing, for a lad, enormous judgment, and prodigious ability to learn, or to compre- hend subjects and principles, together with a decent share of honesty and kind feeling. This description was confirmed by Mr. Hart, the courteous superintendent of the institution, who remarked, that when the lad came there, he could read but very little, but that his capacity for learning and grasping every subject presented to his mind, was so great, that,"in five months, he had ascended from the lowest class to the highest, and had become the best scholar in the institution. The next subject examined, was a youth of about 16, who was de- scribed' as having very large secret., acquis., firm., and self-e., large combat, and destruct., small adhes., ven., approbat., and cautious., and small reasoning orgaus, with tolerable perceptive faculties; and, consequently, as being a notorious liar and thief, a hardhearted, reckless, impudent, sullen, stubborn wretch, with no kindness or goodness about him — as having, in short, the worst head the exami- ners had ever seen, placed upon the shoulders of a youth, and one- that presented a perfect specimen of "the villanously low forehead" described by the immortal bard. To the correctness of this severe description, Mr. H. also gave his full assent, and stated that the fellow would steal every thing he could lay his hands upon, and that he could' discover no good trait or redeeming quality in him, on account of which, he was obliged to keep him almost constantly confined in a cell.. After this, the narrators examined some fifteen or twenty boys in. 344 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED. the teachers' room of the same institution, and without finding owe tolerable head among them. Most of them possess moderate or small reasoning organs, benev., ven., conscien., approbat., and adhes., with full or large perceptive faculties and firm., and large or very large combat., destruct., acquis., and secret. — the whole exhibiting a melan- choly picture of the phrenological developments of a set of young rogues. But to this disagreeable picture, the writers saw a most pleasing contrast on visiting the Asylum for the Blind. The first striking (and very striking it is, too) general fact in proof of phrenology, that they here observed, was, that nearly all the girls and boys that have been blind from infancy, present, for children and youth, enormously large compar. and cans., and very small perceptive organs. This sin- gular fact is perfectly explicable on phrenological principles, but on no others. Not having been able to see, these youth have not been able to exercise and cultivate the perceptive faculties; whereas, on this very account, they have had much more time, and have been nat- urally led, to think, which would call into exercise, and consequent- ly develop, in an extraordinary degree, the reasoning organs : and their known intelligence, and uncommon reasoning powers, perfectly agree with their developments. In contrast with the youth in the House of Refuge, they also generally present large moral organs, es- pecially conscien., large cautious, and domestick feelings, but moderate or small selfish organs. In this institution the writers also saw the blind boy Michael Ma- guire, so noted for his great calculating powers. His organ of calcu. is prodigiously developed, corresponding fully with his astonishing computing powers, to test which, the narrators put to him several questions, such as requiring him to give the product of 788 multi- plied by 788, the quotient of 894349 divided by 28, &c, to each of which sums, without slate or pencil, he gave a correct answer in less than a minute. But if these cases (and many oilier s which they have not space for) are wonderful proofs of the truth of phrenology, still stronger evidences of its correctness, if possible, were presented at the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Here, again, in the heads of one hundred and sixty young misses and masters, caus. and compar. are generally develop- ed in an uncommon degree ; but the most astonishing of their phren- ological developments, is their imital. Nearly all of them have the organ large, and very many have it bumped up above the surrounding organs, to one-half, and frequently three-fourths, the thickness of a man's finger. In other words, they show a development of the organ three ox four times as large as it appears in youth generally — an irrefutable proof that the organs increase by exercise ; for these youth exercise the faculty of imitat. to an enormous extent, and possess an ability to imi- tate, mimick, represent, and act out, altogether astonishing to those who witness its display, and utterly inconceivable and incredible to such as have not witnessed its manifestation. Since, then, we have no reason to suppose, that these children were born with any thing more than an ordinary endowment of imitat., we can explain the stubborn fact here stated only by admitting that phrenology is true. The same fact also teaches us the immense influence which habit, educa- tion, or training, exerts upon the character and talents. TABLE OF DEVELOPMENTS. 1 CIS 5 a d d 3 > c o P5 3 -a o ►J c pi o 1 c (2 Size of the Head. 6f 5 5t 5t 5 5f 6 6 5 6 Degree of Activity. 4* 6* 6f 5 4 5 5 6 5 1. Amativeness. 5t 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 5 5f 2. Philoprogenitiv's 6 6* 5* 5 6 5 6 5 3. Adhesiveness, 6 6* 6* 5* 6 5 5* 6 6 6 4. Inhabitiveness. 5 6 4 4 5 5 5. Concentrativen's 4* 4 4 2* 5 5 4* 5 G. Combativeness. 5 ■5f 6 6 5 4 6 4 5t 6 7. Destructiveness. 5 4 5 5 5 st 5 5 5 8. Alimentiveness. 6 5* 4 5* 6 6 5 5 9. Acquisitiveness. 2* 2 2* 6 5t 6 10. Secretiveness. 3* 3 2* 6 2 5t 6 4 3 2* 11. Cautiousness. 5* 5t 5 6 6 5 4 5 4 12. Approbativeness 5 5 6 6 5 6 5 5 4 13. Self-Esteem. 5 5t 5f 6 3 6 61 5 6 6 14, Firmness. 5* 6 6 6 5 6 6t 6 6 6 15. Conscientiousn's 5 5 4- 5 4 2 4 4 2 16. Hope. 5* 5t 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 17. Marvelousness. 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 IS. Veneration. 5 5 4 2 2 2 5 2* 19. Benevolence. 6 6 6 5 6 5 4 6 5t 6 20. Constructiven's. 2* 4 5 5 21. Ideality. 5 5 6 5* 5 5 5 5 6 22. Imitation. 4* 5* 4 5 5 5 6* 23. Mirthfulness. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 24. Individuality. 4 6 6 5 4 6 6.t 6 4 25. Form. 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 26. Size. 5 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 27. Weight, 5 4 4 5 5 28. Colour. 3 4 29. Order. 5t 5 5 6 5 5 5* 30. Calculation. 5 st 5 5 5 5 31. Locality. 5 6 6 5 5 6 6t 6 5 32. Eventuality. 4 6 6 4 3 6 6t 6 5 33. Time. 4 34. Tune. 4 5 35. Language. .* 4* 5 5 5 5 5 5 6t 5 5 36. Causality. 6 5 5t 5 5 6 5 4 5 6 37. Comparison. 6 6 at 5 5 6 6 6 6t 6 The authors are not fully confident in relation to the organs thus marked. Plus, or morej indicating that the organs are somewhat larger. - Minus, or less. TABLE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS 5 00 o si > o — a o o o o 1 a i a O C5 H S3 (5 O PQ d Q Sh" E 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 4 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6t 2 6 5 5 6 2 3 4 2 5 2 2 4 6 3 6 4 5 6 5 5 6 5 4 3 5 3 4 6 5 3 5 3 3 5 2 5 5 . 5 6 2* 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 4 5 6 4 4f 5 5 5 4 3 5 3 5 3 2 6 6 4 6 3 2 2 6 6 6 6 3 5 6 5 5 5f 61 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 6t 3* 5 5 2 5 5 5 6 3 2 6 5 6 3 2 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 4 5 5- 4 4 3 2 5 6t 6 6t 2 6 6 (3 4* 6 4 5t 6 61 4 6- 6 6 4 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 6 4 5 2 5 6 4 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 5 4 5 5 5 6t 5 5 6 6 3 61 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 61 Gt 5 4 4 5 5 61 5 6 2 6.t 5 4 3 5 5 6 5 2 5 6 5 3 3 5 6t 3 5 4 3 3 5 5 6* 6 5 6 5 5 4 5 6 5 2 6 6 5 2 5 5 5 5 6 6 3 6t 6 6 4 4 6 5 6 6 5* 3 2 2 6f 2 1 6 6 6 4 6 3 5 6 6 6 4 3 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 6 5 5 6t 5 4 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6f 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 61 OF DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALS. 347 ■§ c a ~ a. J3 i -Q ' 1 5 PQ PQ 1 5 rt pq a R R- R R Ph £ d o & £ ^ Size of Head. 5 5 -~5t 5 5f 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 Deg. Activity. 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5f 1. Amat. 3 5 5 5 6 5 4 5 6t 4 5 4 2. Philopro. 6 6 6 5" 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 5f 3. Adhes. 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 6t 5 6 G 4. Inhabit. 6 5 5- 5 5 6 6 3 5 5 5. Concent. 5 6 5 6 2 4 6 5 3 3 6. Combat. 5 5 5 5 4 5t 5 5t 5 3 3 5 7. Destruct. 3 5 5 5 4 5 3 4 4 5 5 4 8. Aliment. 4 5 5 5 5 3 2 5 5 5 4 9. Acquis. 4 3 4 2 4 5 5 2 4 2 3 3 10. Secret. 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 5 3 2 4 11. Cautious. 6f 5 6 5 6 6 5t 4 6f 3 5 6 12. Approbat. 6 6 5t 5 4 5 5 6 2 5 5f 13. Self-e. 3 5f 4 5 6 5 4 4 6 5 3 14. Firm. 5 6 5t 5 6 t 6 5t 5 6t 6 6 6 15. Conscien. 6t 5 6 6 6 5 6. 5 3 2 5 6t 16. Hope. 3 5 5 5 4 5 5f 6 6 2 6 5t 17. Marvel. 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 IS. Ven. 6 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 5 4 4 19. Benev. 6t 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6f 6 6 6f 20. Construct. 4 3 4 6 61 5 4 5 3 2 21. Ideal. 5 6t 6 4 4 5f 6 5 5- 6 5 4 22. Imitat. 5 6 5t 3 6'f 5f 5 5t 6 4 3 23. Mirth. 4 5t 5 5 4 4 5 5 6 5 4 4 24. Individ.- 5 6 5 4 6 6 6f 6 5 6t 6 5 25. Form. 5 6 5 5 6 6f 6 6 5 5 5 6t 26. Size. L 4 6 5 4 6 6 6f 6 5 5 5 5 27. Weight. 4 4 5 6 6 5t 5 4 4 4 3 28. Colour. 4 2 2 5 5| 3 4 3 3 2 29. Order. 5 2 6 6 6t 5 3 5 5 6 30. Calcu. 5 5 6 6 4 4 5 3 5 6 31. Local. 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 32. Event. 3 6 5 3 5 5 6 6t 4 61 6 5t 33. Time. 1 2 5 4 5 6 2 2 3 34. Tune. 5 i 3 2 1 35. Lang. 5 6 5 5 3 4 4 6-t 4 5 4 36. Caus. 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 6 4 5 6 37. Compar. 6 6 6 6 6 (J 6 .6 6 G 6 6 [For a description of characters not given in the preceding pages, see Appendix.] 348 TABLE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS. a - ■a _• -rf -- d aj ^ 1 1 o a s pi a 02 d s 1 a p. s 'S. ■a 1 3 & C 5 u - — •5 S < 15 3 5 3 4 I Size of Head. 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 5 5 Deg. Activity. 6 4 5 4 5 4 5 •1 4 3 1. Amat. 5 5 5 6 6t 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 2. Philopro. 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 6 1 6 6 3. Adhes. 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 5 6 5 6 6 4. Inhab. 5 5 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 1 5 5 5. Concent. 4 5 2 3 2 6, 5 3 5 M 2 4 6. Combat. 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 7. Destruct. 4 5 5 3 6t 6 6t 5 3 6 6 5 8. Aliment. 3 5 4 3 6 5 6| 5 4 5 5 6 9. Acquis. 4 4 3 2 6t 6 et 5 4 4 5 5 10. Secret. 4 4 5 2 6t 6 6t 5 4 6f 5 5 11. Cautious. 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 6 5 6t 5 5 12. Approbat. 4 6 6 4 5 4 2 5 6 6 6 5 13. Self-e. 6 4 3 "6 6 5 5 3 6 2 6 4 14. Firm. 6 6 6t 6 6 6 5 5 6 4 6 5 15. Conscien. 4 6 6f 5 2 4 2 3 5 6 4 4 16. Hope. 6 6 5 5 4 4 2 3 5 5 -! 4 17. Marvel. 2 5 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 5 6 4 18. Ven. 4 4 5 6 4 5 1 5 4 5 6 5 19. Benev. 5 6 61 6 4 5 4 4 '5 3 3 5 20. Construct. 5 5 2 5 Q 5 4 4t 3 3 4 21. Ideal. G 5t 6 5 4 4 5 3 5 4 3 3 22. Imitat. 5 6 6 5 5 3 4 3 5 4 3 2 23. Mirth. 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 3 5 4 4 2 24. Individ. 6 6 4 6 5 6 5 5 6 6 5 5 25. Form. 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 ' 5 5 5 26. Size. 5 st 5 6 5 5 5 i 6 5 4' 5 27. Weight. 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 ' 3 6 5 4 4 28. Colour. 4 5 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 2 29. Order. 6 5 5 4 4 3 5 4 5 3 4 5 30. Calcu. 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 3 .5 3 *3 j>_ 31. Local. 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 32. Event. 6 6 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 6 5 4 33. Time. 3 5 3 3 2 3 4 2 5 4 3 4 34. Tune. .2 3 3 4 4 5 2 4 6 5 4 35. Lang. 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 4 3 5 36. Caus. 5 6 6 6 4 4 3 4 6 3 3 4 37. Compar. 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 349 -OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED, The following- discussion between O. S. Fowler and Vin- dex, originally appeared in the "Baltimore Chronicle," in the summer of 1835. At the suggestion of the editor of the " U. S. Telegraph," and with the hope of more effectually- removing the popular, though groundless, objections to this "useful and sublime science, it was afterwards published, with Some slight alterations and additions, in a pamphlet form — in which form 3000 copies have been sold: and, after some hesitation and debate, the authors have concluded to intro- duce it into the present work without materially altering its original plan. Their apology for this step, is, that this method secures the interest and spirit of presenting argu- ments nearly in the form of dialogue, and thus of relieving the reader from the dryness and tediousness of a more prosing- and didactick method. Literary merit and elegance of dic- tion are less aimed at than perspicuity of style and force of argument. For the Chronicle. Proposal for a Phrenological Discussion. -Mr. Barnes — As phrenology has many enthusiastick vo- taries, and also violent opposers, r and is sharing largely the attention of all classes in the community, a properly con- ducted discussion on this subject, may, perhaps, furnish some very interesting matter for your paper. If, therefore, you feel disposed to open your columns to such a discussion, the pole-star of which shall be truth, rather than victory,- please to give the following an insertion. . There are those that see many, and very strong, reasons for believing that phrenology is true, who yet stumble at some seemingly insurmountable objections to it. There are others, especially among professors of religion, who, fearing "that its tendency is to infidelity and fatalism, and being ap- prehensive that its influence is immoral and irreligious, have honest and deep-rooted prejudices against it. There are others, again, who ridicule and scout the very idea of the truth of such a science, as " the hallucination of a moon- 30 350 DISAGREEMENT AMONG PHRENOLOGISTS. struck imagination."* Now, if any one, or more than one, of either, or of all, the abovenamed classes, or of any other class of objectors or opposers to phrenology, will state their objections to it, in as strong, yet concise, terms, as they please, in the columns of the Chronicle, they will be answered through the same medium by the subscriber. O. S. FOWLER. P. S. As for those fun-lovers, who propagate their hu* morous anecdotes at the expense of phrenology, merely from their love of jokes — why, do let them enjoy their frolick, as we indulge other sportive, but harmless, insects. And let those, also, who endeavour to put down phrenology by ridi- cule instead of argument, proceed ; for they thus merely betray the weakness of their cause, inasmuch as ridicule is the last resort of a weak and vanquished opponent. O. S. R tfEPLY OF VINDEX.f " Mr. Editor — I am willing to accept Mr. Fowler's challenge to anti-phrenologists, contained in yesterday's paper, provided I can understand his opinions upon certain points. As each phrenologist has a system of his own, I should like to understand what Mr. F.'s system is, and for that purpose I propound the following questions : "Is there an organ for each faculty of the mind'? " Are there as many nerves leading from the junction of the spinal marrow and brain, to the surface of the brain, as there are phrenolo- gical organs, or are there more 1 " Is not the scull subject to bony excrescences, which are liable to be mistaken for phrenological organs 1 " Can a phrenologist tell decisively whether a man is a liar, a thief, or a murderer, without reference to physiognomy 1 " Is an organ increased in size by activity, and can that increase be seen upon the cranium'? ■ _ " When these questions are answered, I shall have some founda- tion to commence a series of arguments against this system. VINDEX." ANSWER TO VINDEX. Sir. — In asserting that " each phrenologist has a system of his own," you assume what is not correct; for, in regard to the fundamental principles of the science, there is perfect unanimity among phrenologists, except on some points that are considered by all as not yet fully settled. It is not true that " Dr. Annan, before the Medical Faculty of Maryland. t Vindex is not & fictitious, buta real, opponent, or, rather, number of opponents. OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 351 "each phrenologist has a system of his own," any more than it is that every physician has a medical system of his own, every divine, a theological system, every botanist, a botanical system, and every naturalist, a zoological system of his own ; although, it is true, that different phrenologists have different methods of explaining the same thing, and that some carry out certain points farther than others, be- cause they have more extensively investigated them. In the naming and numbering of some of ths organs, and in their analysis of some of the faculties, phrenologists do somewhat differ ; but in the arrangement and application of facts, and in their views of the fundamental principles of the science, there is, at the present time, greater unanimity among them than among the teachers of any other doctrines or science within my knowledge. Instead, then, of there having been a revolution in the phrenological system, there has been only some little change in its nomenclature. But what science has not undergone even greater changes than this ? Yours, &c. O. S. FOWLER. REPLY OF VINDEX. " My assertion that each phrenologist has a system of his own, is founded in fact. In Spurzheim's works on phrenology and physiog- nomy, he distinctly admits, that there was a difference of opinion be- tween Dr. Gall and himself on certain material points, which led to their separation. In Combe's Phrenology, we find several pages ta- ken up in opposition to Spurzheim, on the organ of Inhabitiveness, and on other points, which Mr. F. can ascertain by perusing these works. The only fundamental principle phrenologists agree upon with great unanimity, is, that the brain is the seat of feeling and of thought — a principle which few of their opponents will dispute. VINDEX." ANSWER TO VINDEX. You assert, that " between Combe and Spurzheim there are differences on other points than that of the organ of In- habitiveness." Combe himself says, " To the best of my knowledge, there is no material point of doctrine on which Spurzheim and I differ, except on the organ of Inhabitive- ness :" (Preface to Combe's System of Phrenology.) Now, whether Mr. Combe or you are right, I leave to the decision of those who peruse the works of Combe and Spurzheim. The probability is, that Mr. Combe knows as much about 352 DISAGREEMENT AMONG PHRENOLOGISTS. this matter, at least, as yourself, and that he would not know- ingly misrepresent it, especially when such a misrepresenta- tion could so easily be detected. You also say, that " the only fundamental principle upon which phrenologists agree, is, that the brain is the seat of thought and of feeling — a principle which few of their op- ponents will dispute." Now, sir, I do not say that your asser- tion is false, but simply ask, if all phrenologists do not agree in maintaining, and that with " great unanimity," not only that the brain is the organ of the mind, but also that the mind is a plurality of faculties — that each faculty is exercised, not by means of the ivhole brain, but by means of a particular por- tion of it — that the vigorous exercise of any of these faculties, causes a corresponding exercise of its partic ular organ, and that this exercise of the organs causes their enlargement — that the size of these organs is reciprocally as the power of their faculties — that, consequently, the traits of character, and pe- culiarities of talents, are always both indicated, and accompa- nied by, certain protuberances of the brain, and, of course, of the scull, so that the various qualities of intellect and feeling can be discovered by the size and shape of the head? And are not these principles as fundamental as the one you men- tion % If 3 r ou answer this question in the affirmative, you will contradict yourself; if in the negative, the concur- ring testimony of all phrenologists, and also of all who are acquainted with the facts in the case, will contradict you. It is true, that, as this science is advancing with unparal- leled rapidity, some suppose that they have made improve- ments, which the limited observation of others does not allow them either to admit or to deny. This remark will explain most of the points of difference between Gall and Spurzheim, but does not show the existence of any opposition of views. Gall originated the science, whilst Spurzheim improved and systematized it. For example ; Dr. Gall observed that a certain portion of the head was very large in inveterate thieves, and, as was very natural, named it the organ of Theft. Dr. Spurzheim discovered that two organs were located in this region, one of which gave a disposition to hoard up, and the other, to secrete, and accordingly named them acquis, and secret. In adroit thieves, both organs are found, and hence the imperfect observation of Dr. Gall. This discrepance was occasioned by a new discovery, and does not at all invali- OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 353 date the truth of phrenology. The same is true of every material difference with which I am acquainted between the two authors, except that about the^ analysis and naming of the organs. Gall discovered the organs when in excess, and, consequently, named them from the phenomena displayed in their abuse ; and, as his chief attention was directed to the discovery of the organs, and the observation of facts, of course he paid but little attention to their analysis. Gall having made his discoveries, and collected a great abundance of ma- terials in support of them, and thus laid a deep and imperish- able foundation for the most beautiful and stupendous of the sciences, Spurzheim enters the field, makes a few valuable discoveries, and, by his extraordinary powers of discrimina* tion, analyzes the faculties, and erects a magnificent super- structure, which is destined to be the admiration of all coming ages, as the richest boon ever yet bequeathed by man to his fellow-men. In doing this, it was necessary to change the names of some of the organs. To this, Gall, as was natu- ral, at first objected., but gradually yielded point after point, till, at his death, there was much less disagreement between these two great men than there had formerly been. To my question, " Do I understand you to urge this as an objection against phrenology?" you wisely make no reply; for, had you answered in the negative, I should have re- plied, then why adduce it? — if in the affirmative, I should have replied, if your argument proves any thing, it proves. too much; for it equally proves that the sciences of chymis-- try, of botany, of mineralogy, of mechanicks, of electricity, ^ of intellectual and mora* philosophy, and even of mathe- ' maticks and astronomy, are all untrue : for, to this day, the ablest mathematicians contend about the question, whether or not the circle can be completely squared, notwithstanding this is one of the oldest, and one of the demonstrative, sciences. But does this prove, that the sublime principles of astronomy are untrue, or that two and two do not make four"? Just as much as a disagreement among phrenologists disproves phrenology. Between Franklin and Du Fay, there was a fundamental difference about electricity — the former main- tainino- that there were two electrick fluids; the latter, that there was but one; but does this prove that such a thing as an electrick fluid does not exist, or even that its supposed laws are merely "the hallucination of a moon-struck imag-' ination?" 30* 354 ANATOMY OF THE BRAItf. Touching this point, I will here introduce an extract from a letter to Dr. Maxwell Mc Do wall, of Baltimore, in reply- to an article published in the May number of the Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine, not merely because I con- sider it in point, but because I have strong reasons to believe, that this same Dr. McDowall waso?ieofthe authors of Vindex. "You urge the disagreement among phrenologists as your most weighty objection against its doctrines. Suppose, then, that the objection were a hundred-fold stronger than it really is, and you, sir, are the very last person who ought to urge it against phrenology, since it bears with a thousand- fold more force against the very science you teach and prac- tise. Who does not know, not only that there are several conflicting systems of medical science, but, also, that scarcely any two individuals can agree, either as to the nature or the remedy of many diseases 1 ' First cast the beam out of your own eye,' and then you may attempt to 'cast the mote out of your brother's eye.' Many of the differences among physicians are fundamental, and heaven-wide ; and yet, is there no truth at all in any part of the healing art ? But, upon the ground you take, there is none at all. If this ar* gument is a sound one, by it the truth of every thing can be disproved, and especially every thing pertaining to reli- gion ; for different men take different views of almost every popular subject of belief." THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. In reply to your question, " Are there as many nerves- leading from the junction of the spinal marrow and the brain, to the surface of the brain, as there are phrenological organs, or are there more?" I will simply observe, that, to my knowledge, no such nerves have been discovered; yet, for all that, they may exist. But this is by no means a ma- terial point, for we never rely upon the dissection of an or- gan for the discovery, or even the proof, of its functions. I shall therefore discuss the anatomy of the brain no farther than it is necessary for me to do in replying to the objections that may be fairly brought against phrenology upon this ground. Yours, &c. O. S. FOWLER. " Mr. F. is more willing to give up the consideration of the anato- my of the brain, than I am, As our readers are practical men, they OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 355 can easily learn what has been observed by practical anatomists. If there is- any theory in considering the subject, it is- on the part of. Mr. F., who argues that the fact of none of the nerves of the different or- gans having, to his knowledge, been discovered, is no proof that such nerves do not exist. Now, when an affirmative is stated, it must be proved by facts, otherwise it is only a theory. It is not incumbent on us to prove that such nerves do not exist— that they have not been discovered is sufficient proof of that fact. We all know that the nerves of the organs of seeing, hearing, smelling, &c, have been discovered, and their course has been traced to various portions of the brain. " It is well known that nerves have been discovered of the organs of seeing, hearing, smelling, &c. These are corporeal organs. Mr. F. calls all the organs, as laid down by phrenology, corporeal organs. Now, if that be true, why have not nerves been discovered leading from each organ to the base of the brain 1 Mr. F., in his second number, says—' No such nerves have, to my knowledge, yet been discovered.' Why have they not been discovered"? Would not such a discovery prove the fundamental principles of phrenology better than mere conjecture 1 Are the nerves so small as not to be discov- ered by a microscope 1 They must be small indeed, for Lyonet has detected not less than four thousand and sixty-one nerves in the mere larve or caterpillar of a cossus, or insect approaching to a butterfly. VINDEX." You charge me with assuming the existence of the nerves of the organs, from their non-discovery — with arguing on that assumption, and with calling on you to disprove it. Now, sir, I neither assume nor deny their existence, nor do I predicate any argument whatever upon it. I simply say, that the point is not material, and assign the reason. Your argument is this: no such nerves have been discovered; therefore, no such nerves exist — consequently, phrenology is- not true. This syllogism lacks foundation. You must first prove, that these nerves are a sine qua non — an indispensable requir site to the truth of phrenology. You assume this : I deny it. Until you prove this point, your whole argument has not the weight of a feather ; for it is an essential one. After you have, proved it, (which you will find a very difficult task,) you will be obliged to prove that the non-discovery of such organs, establishes their non-existence ; which you certainly cannot do. They may exist, and yet not be discoverable ; not from their smallness, but from the nature of their substance and texture. The " nerves of the larve," which you mention, are nerves of motion ; and, as the function of these nerves differs jo widely from the function of the nerves of the organs, (on supposition that such nerves exist,) it is prima facie evi- dence, that their nature and texture as widely differ. Their 356 ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. discovery, then, may be, and might be expected to be, alto- gether impossible by human instrumentality, inasmuch as their function is so subtle. You plainly intimate, that I am afraid to discuss the anat^ omy of the brain — that phrenology is lame here — that I wish to cover this lameness under the plea that our readers will take little interest in the discussion of its theories. In this, sir, you are greatly mistaken. Do I not state that I am ready " to answer any objections which may be urged against phre- nology on anatomical principles ?" Why then charge me with being " more willing to give up the anatomy of the brain than yourself?" No, sir, so far from being lame here, phrenology is most at home in this field, and perfectly invulne- rable ; and, so far from wishing to evade this point, I am even anxious to take it up. State your anatomical objections, then, and see if I leave them unanswered. It is not for me to prove that anatomy does not contradict phrenology, but for you to prove that it does. When you do this, you will do what no man has yet done. But I mistake, or yours will be emphatically a Herculean task, if you undertake to point out any discrepance between the anatomy of the brain and phrenology. Almost every expert anatomist adopts that mode of dissecting the brain which was discovered by the discoverers of phrenology, and along with it. Medical schools and medical authors are universally adopting the phrenological anatomy of the brain ; and the best dissec- tions of the brain, are those that proceed upon phrenological principles. I was recently informed by Dr. Monkur, an anatomical dis- sector in the Washington Medical College of Maryland, that phrenology had thrown more light on the anatomy of the brain, than all other discoveries. Horner, a standard medi- cal author, on the 76th page of his anatomy, says, " Theirs (Drs. Gall and Spurzheim's) is a very improved and simpli- fied method of studying the anatomy of the brain, and of the nervous system." " It is an obvious matter of fact, and, for the most part, as susceptible of demonstration as the contents of the thorax." The whole world have long since been chal- lenged to show the least contradiction between anatomy and phrenology. The ablest anatomists of Christendom have tri- ed it, and failed. If you try it, sir, you will also fail. The fact is, that the science of anatomy is founded in nature — phrenology is also founded in nature ; and, therefore, each OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY' ANSWERED. 357 will support the other. This is evident from the fact, that the only clear and rational anatomy of the brain, is that which was discovered by phrenologists, by means of phrenol- ogy, and along with it, thereby proving that they are both the twin sisters of truth and nature. If, then, you attempt to disprove phrenology by anatomy, you will only spit in the wind, and, of course, in your own face. True, you say, unfortunately for your argument, " It is known that the nerves of the organs of seeing, hearing, smell- ing, &c, have been discovered, and that their course has been traced to various parts of the brain." It is also known that these nerves have been traced exclusively (am I not right?) to the base of the brain- — the very part allotted by phrenol- ogy to those functions which are common to men and ani- mals. This part of the brain, as well as these nerves, is common to men and animals. The base of the brain, or that part to which these nerves have been traced, is the same part in which phrenology has discovered the organs of the animal functions in man, and comprehends the whole of the animal brain. The organs of the sentiments peculiar to man, together with the reasoning organs, are chiefly want- ing in the animal brain, but occupy a large portion of the human brain. To this portion of the human brain, none of the nerves of the animal functions have been traced. This fact, so far from disproving phrenology, is wholly inexplica- ble on any other than phrenological principles, and goes far to establish these principles. Unless phrenology is true, why is it that the animal portion of the brain, in animals, accord- ing to phrenology, is alone developed? Unless phrenology is true, why is it that the nerves of the animal functions ori- ginate in the animal portion of the brain ? Unless phrenol- ogy is true, why is it that, in the part of the human brain al- lotted by phrenology to the moral and reasoning organs, where such nerves are not only not necessary, but would be out of place, no such nerves are to be found ? I put these questions home to you, and ask how they can be satisfactori- ly answered, only by admitting that between anatomy and phrenology there exists a striking coincidence. The only statement, then, which you have made respecting the anat- tomy of the brain, bears strongly, if not conclusively, against you, and as conclusively in favour of phrenology. So it is with every anatomical argument which anti-phreno- 358 EXCRESCENCES/ logical anatomists have yet adduced, or, I venture to say, can adduce. EXCRESCENCES. In answer to your third question, " whether the scull is not liable to bony excrescences which may be mistaken for phrenological organs," I will simply remark, that, although the scull does present such excrescences as the mastoid pro- cesses, the occipital spine, and, perhaps, some others, yet, since we know their location and their usual form, and since they seldom cover the whole of any organ, an expert phrenol- ogist is no more liable to mistake these for phrenological organs, than an equally expert physician is to mistake a dis- ordered stomach for an affection of the liver. A quack may mistake in both cases, yet there is no necessity for mistaking in either, REPLY OF VINDEX. " The writer of this has seen bony excrescences in parts of the scull, •where ' cautious.,' ' firm.,' ' hope,' and ' ideal.,' are located. In some cases there were cavities of three-quarters of an inch, and as broad as any phrenological organ. Yet no phrenologist, however expert, could have discovered that they were mere excrescences. VINDEX." In common with most other anti-phrenologists, you carp a great deal about the " bony excrescences,'" just as though, because the scull is liable to an occasional excrescence, there could be no truth in the fundamental principles of phrenolo- gy. Suppose the scull were wholly covered with these ex- crescences, the phrenological organs might exist, and perform their functions, just as well with, as without, them. If, then, your argument were stronger by a hundred-fold than it is, it would not at all invalidate the truth of the principles of phrenology : and this is the point Ave are now discussing. On the supposition that such excrescences were numerous, they would, to be sure, throw in the way of correct phre- nological observations, a difficulty proportionate to their size and number : and this is the most your argument can claim. But, so for from these excrescences being numerous, ex- cept the regular processes, which are well known,, scarcely MEMORY. 359 one occurs on an average, upon a dozen heads, or iu nearly 450 organs, (there being 38 organs on each side of the head.) And even when an excrescence does occur, it is, at least, ten chances to one, if it covers the whole of one organ, but generally a part of several ; and a hundred more chances to one, if its shape corresponds exactly with that of the organs covered, and then still another hundred, if it is just as large. So that the necessary chance of errour is as one to 45,000,000. And suppose this difficulty to be a thousand times greater than my estimate, the necessary chance for mistaking an excres- cence for an organ, is as forty-five thousand to one. And even then, it is hardly supposable that two excrescences should occur on precisely opposite sides of the same head, so that one side would correct the other. Why, then, should I waste words on so diminutive an argument ? The same general remarks will apply to the " cavities," only we must allow for the fact, that these are still more easi- ly detected. In my publick examinations in this city, I have detected three cavities, occasioned by blows upon the head ; in New York, at least, two ; in Albany and Troy, several ; one in Brattleboro', Vt. ; and a number in other places : and in all my examinations, I know of but one mistake occasioned by cavities, and that was in this city ; but by a subsequent ex- amination, the errour was at once -corrected. That these excrescences occasionally throw some difficul- ty in the way, especially of the unpractised, phrenologist, I readily admit; but their shape is so irregular, and their knotty appearance differs so widely from the regular swell of the phrenological organs, that the phrenologist must be comparatively a tyro in observation, whatever he may be in theory, who mistakes the one for the other. The difficulty seems to be far greater in theory than it really is in prac- tice, especially to those who look at it through the magni- fying glass of prejudice. — The frontal sinuses will be subse- quently considered. I will here take the liberty of introducing a couple of par- agraphs from a publick discussion which took place in Wash- ington, D. C, with Dr. Joseph M. Munding, of that city. " You affirm, sir, that 'the bumps may be caused as well by blows from without, as by the actual shape of the brain,' and say that I ' never make any difference between these two kinds of protuberances.' This statement, sir, allow me to say, is entirely erroneous, for I can, and do, at once detect 360 REPLY TO OBJECTIONS. the difference. At the Baptist Church, the citizens of W. heard me state unhesitatingly, that a certain head which was examined, had sustained a severe injury from a blow; and also heard, by the gentleman examined, a confirmation of my decision. " Besides, sir, you perhaps need be reminded, that blow's upon the head generally produce cavities instead of bumps. By what mechanical process a breaking in of the scull causes a ' bump? I am really at a loss to divine. Blows generally produce irregular cavities, whilst the phrenological organs are regular sicclls of a given shape, and alike in both hemi- spheres of the brain ; and yet you say, that ' I ascribe to each of them the same influence upon the mind.' This statement of yours, in common with many others, betrays gross igno- rance of the whole -subject of debate. And yet you say, that this point is so plain, and so clear against me, 'that it re- quires no farther argument.' " MEMORY. You ask, sir, " whether there is an organ for each facul- ty of the mind." 1 answer, yes, so far as these faculties have, as yet, been discovered. You then say, as "Mr. F. admits, that there is an organ for each faculty of the mind, will he state where the faculty of memory is located, and what name phrenologists have given to it ?" Pray, sir, what am I to understand by the faculty of mem- ory % I deny that the mental phenomena called memory, are performed by a single faculty of the mind. There are almost as many different kinds of memory as there are dif- ferent minds, and these kinds of memory differ as much from each other as the head does from the foot- — as much as. rea- son does from feeling. What, then, do you mean by the term memory? — Memory o/what? — of faces, places, ideas, sto- ries, friends, enemies, size, words? — memory of what 1 Just describe the kind of memory which is the subject of your inquiry, and I will describe its location and its name. Do you not see, sir, that you have put your question too soon ? You should have first demonstrated, that the phenom- ena of memory are the product of a distinct mental faculty, and then have demanded the phrenological name and loca- tion of that faculty. Memory is simply the reminiscence of the operations HEMORf. 361 of the faculties. One faculty has to do with words,' an- other with ideas and principles, a third with facts, &c. ; and each faculty recollects those things with which it has to do. If, then, that faculty which has to do with prin- ciples, (caus.,) is stronger in that one than that which has to do' with incidents, (event.,) he will remember principles as much better than he does facts, as his cans, is stronger than his event. : and so of every other faculty. I repeat — describe the kind of memory you mean, and I will point out to you its local habitation and its name'; or bring me a child, and I will tell you what kinds of memory it possesses, and where the different kinds are located. ' But ask me, " where (in the head) the faculty of memory is loca- ted," and I must answer you as the yankee answered, the question, where he was born: " why," said he, " at Barnstable Bay, Gape Cod, and all along shore." Memory of something- is located, at least, all over the forehead. . Understand me to introduce the Yankee answer, not because I wish to ridicule you, or your question ; for it is put to me daily, and is proper enough-— but because it is too indefinite to admit of a definite reply. The same is true of every other faculty of every other system of mental philosophy : and this very point shows both the weakness and the obscurity of all other sys- tems of mental philosophy, but the inimitable beauty, clear- ness, and simplicity of phrenology. Suppose, for example, I should go with you into the fam- ily with which you are most familiar, and ask you, " Has that child a good memory?" You answer, "yes — no child has a better one." I say to the mother, "Can this child re- member the countenances and dress of those that he saw at church?" " No, sir, but he can remember the whole of the sermon." I ask you, if the second has a good memory. You say, " no." I ask the mother, if she cannot recollect, with re- markable accuracy, the faces and dress of those she saw at meeting. " Yes," says the mother, " but she cannot recollect a word of the sermon." Now, sir, you were both right, and also wrong, in both your answers. A third child can re- member only the substance of the sermon ; a fourth, neither the substance of the sermon, nor the words of which it was composed, nor the dress of those that were there, but can sing, with perfect accuracy, all the tunes she heard there, and will never forget them. But, if you ask me, whether this or that child has a good memory, I will tell you in every in- 31 362 KEPLY TO OBJECTIONS. stance, and with unerring certainty, just what land of memo- ry the child possesses; and also describe every other striking facult}?- of the child. If, instead of my assertion, you wish ocular demonstration, choose your time, place, children, witnesses, scribe, &c, with the understanding that the result is to be published, and I will attend. Let the true character of the children be previously written out, and their physiogno- my covered. Invite Dr. Annan, and let us see whether phre- nology is "the hallucination of a moon-struck imagination," or whether it is a true science. Since I appeal to such a test, my declaration must be admitted until it is disproved. According to the system, that one faculty has to do with thoughts, another with events, another with colours* and so forth, it is an a priori inference, that that faculty which has to do with thoughts, should remember thoughts ; that that which has to do with events, should remember events, and so on. But, touching this point, one fact is better than a thou- sand syllogisms. Therefore, until you accept my challenge of an appeal to a practical test, I shall drop the subject. Again, you argue that, " If phrenology can .come no nearer a man's character than to say, he is either avaricious or a thief, the system is of no value at all." In reply, I would ask, what is an avaricious feeling but a desire for property, and what is a thievish disposition but a desire for property ? The one is a desire which expresses itself in one manner, and the other, the same desire, expressed in another manner; but the two can hardly be considered as separate affections of the mind. Now, phrenology can tell how strong a man's love of property is: and is this of no value? Phrenology goes more deeply into the subject than to look at mere acts. It goes into the secret recesses of the soul, and measures the depth and strength of the very spri?igs of human thought and feeling. It discovers and analyzes the relative strength and power of the faculties themselves — of the very fountains of emotion and action. This is the peculiar prerogative— the inimitable excellence and beauty of phrenology. , You object to the phenomena of the " phrenological or- gans acting in companies," as if it were a defect in our sys- tem. Who walks without using, at the same time, his feet, legs, toes, eyes, lungs, and even hands — without calling into action almost every organ and nerve belonging to the body ? Innumerable instances might be adduced of a like character. Indeed, we perform scarcely an act of our lives without the OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 363 co-operation of several organs. Is it strange, then, that the phrenological organs should " act in companies ?" It would be strange, passing strange, and contrary to the whole analogy of nature, if these organs did not " act in com- panies." On the supposition that the seemingly opposite organs of destruct. and benev. are equally large, you ask, which will predominate ? I answer, the one which circumstances excite the most for the time being. When there is nothing to ex- cite the former, and much to excite the latter, kindness is the result ; but, when injustice or personal abuse excites destruct., severity, and sometimes rage, are the consequences. Thus phrenology alone will explain the character of those who are generally kind, obliging, sympathetick, &c, but who, when thoroughly provoked, are terrible — are truly fiend- like, and entirely beside themselves. It is thus that phre- nology, and phrenology alone, analyzes, most perfectly and beautifully, those characteristicks and mental phenomena which can be explained in no other way — which no other system of mental philosophy can reach. You doubt whether I can " describe the same character twice alike." Try me. I propose this evening to examine, publickiy, a number of heads. I give you the privilege of producing any person you please, whose head I have already examined, and of allowing him to say before the audience, whether the two descriptions of character agree.* As will be seen by a reference to the facts stated in the preceding pages, I have been tested, in this way, hundreds of times, and I always give the same description of character* •the second time, that I do at first, and, in general, nearly the same numbers. While reading your last, a gentleman (whose name I can give) entered my office, whom I had examined three weeks previous. I gave him a new chart ; and, on dividing the sum total of the numbers in the two charts, by the total difference, this difference was only as one to fifty. A gentleman of Baltimore lost his chart, and, after giving him the second, he declared, in the presence of a distinguished author of this city, that every number of the ' At the meeting mentioned, the writer was thoroughly tried, both with and with- out his eyes covered ; and in the hundreds of organs that he pronounced upon, there was no material difference except in one instance. In every case but two, the size of the organs was described alike, was the same, or did not differ over two twentieths from that previously given. 364 AGREEMENT IN EXAMINATIONS. second chart agreed with every number of the first, with but one slight exception. The difference between them was as 1 to 125. A Mr. S. Smith, merchant in Troy, staked the price of an examination, that the difference between the first and second examinations, would be as one to eight. It was as 1 to 85. All the numbers, except five, were alike in both charts. How much more accurately than this, is surveying done by mathematical instruments ? Now, allow me to try your " expertness." Take, if you please, promiscuously from a stream, 35 pebbles, and give me, by the senses of seeing and feeling, their relative size, in a scale of numbers from 1 to 20. Do the same one hour afterwards, or three months afterwards, (as was the case in the instance you cite against me,) and if your numbers do not differ ten times as much as mine did, I will acknowl- edge — not that phrenology is not true, but, simply, (and this is all you can ask,) that I am not ten times as "expert" as you are. Will you try it, or, without trying it, acknowledge that your argument is weak, nay, puerile % As the mere numbering of the relative size of the organs is no necessary part of phrenology, I may give two descrip- tions of character, both perfect, and precisely alike, and yet not put down precisely the same numbers in both cases. It is much easier to describe the character than to transfer these numbers accurately to the chart ; yet the chart is very useful for the purpose of preserving, as nearly as maybe, the result of the description given. But the proper question at issue, is, not whether my skill in judging of size is so marvellously great that I can, at one time, mark off, in a scale of from 1 to 20, the relative size, of 38 organs, and at another time, or at four, six, or ten other times, mark off the relative size of the same 38 organs with- out any variation in any of the numbers, but whether, sole- ly by the application of phrenological principles, I can, at one time, accurately describe the character and talents of an individual, and at another time, or at four, six, or ten other times, solely by the application of the same principles, de- scribe the character of the same individual with equal accu- racy, or without any material variation from the first de- scription given: and in this latter form, I am prepared to meet the question in the affirmative. But suppose that I should sometimes vary in my descriptions of the same char- acter. Would this wholly disprove phrenology, or merely OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 365 iprove, that, as a practical phrenologist, I am not infallibly but sometimes more "expert" and accurate than at others? INCREASE OF THE ORGANS BY EXERCISE. Again you ask, " Is an organ increased in size oy con- stant activity, and can that increase be observed by an exami- nation of heads?" To both parts of this question I answer in the affirmative ; and this increase can be measured by irv struments, or seen on busts taken at different periods of life. And this theory is in perfect accordance with the whole pro- cess of nature, and with the fundamental principles of physr siology. C You ask, if I " mean that the mental organs are corpo- real ?" The brain is certainly a corporeal organ. Corpor real means, belonging to the body. The brain belongs to. the body, and is therefore a corporeal organ, and, of course* governed by the same laws of increase and decrease that govern other corporeal organs. It is also the mental organ, or the organ of the mind. You say, " it is not true that the violent action of the body, increases the action of the mind—r. and that exercise does not increase, nor inactivity diminish, the size of the veins and arteries." I say it zstrue, and ap r peal both to the personal experience, and to the observation, of every reader, whether, when his body is vigorous and ac- tive, his mind is not proportionally so; and whether, when his body is sluggish or drowsy, his mind also is not equally so; and whether the shaking of a drowsy child does not quicken his menial, as well as corporeal, action ? Never give a child any exercise, and see how fast his veins and ar- teries will grow. You say, " the muscles of a blacksmith's arm are first hardened, and then increased." I reply, that the two processes of hardening and increasing, are simulta- neous. You say, that " comparisons drawn from material objects, do not apply to the immaterial mind." I answer, that the brain, about which Ave are arguing, is just as much material as is the blacksmith's arm, and is governed by the same laws, one of which is, that its exercise causes its in- crease. It is for you to prove either that the powerful action of the mind does not produce a corresponding action of its corporeal organ, the brain, or else that exercise, while it in- creases the size of every other organ of the bodv ; does not 31* 366 INCREASE OF THE ORGANS. increase the size of the brain. All analogy is point blank against you, and in my favour. You say, ,: that a mental organ is increased in size by constant ac- tivity, and that this increase can be observed by examination, requires to be proved. Assertion alone is not sufficient. There is not a sin- gle case recorded by phrenologists, of a head's having undergone any change so as to prove that one organ has increased or diminished in size, compared with the other organs in the same head. It is now forty years since Gall first unfolded his theory to the world ; and if any change had taken place in the relative size of the organs, we should have been, informed of it long before this." It is a universal pri&eiple of nature, that every " organ is increased in size by constant activity," and tbe increase of the brain can be determined just as well as that of any other corporeal organ. If "assertion alone is not suffi- cient," analogy and physical demonstration are ^-sufficient. Your " assertion alone is not sufficient" against such evi- dence. . It has been observed by hatters, that literary men generally require larger hats than labouring men, even though their bodies are smaller. The reason of this differ- ence is obvious. By exercising their intellects, and not pro- portionally their bodies, educated men, of necessity, exercise. their brains, and thus cause them to grow proportionally faster than their bodies; Avhile the opposite holds true with regard to working men : and without a variation in nature's laws, the fact could not be otherwise. Your gratuitous assertion, that "phrenologists have never recorded a case of a single organ's having increased or dimin- ished in size when compared with the other organs in the same head, although they have had the observation of forty years," is contradicted by facts. While lecturing in Boston, E>r. Spurzheim was accustomed to exhibit two casts of the same head, the first of which was taken when the individual was of mature age, but before he had devoted much attention, to a mechanical occupation ; the other, twenty years after- wards, at which time the same individual, by his mechanical inventions and skill, had become noted throughout Europe as one of the greatest machinists of the age. Deville of London, has a multitude of casts, several of which were taken from the same head at different periods of life, and when the pursuits of these individuals required the exercise of different classes of faculties, which show a com- parative increase of the faculties exercised, and a decrease of INCREASE OF THE ORGANS BY EXERCISE. 367 the faculties not exercised. A gentleman in England had a cast of his head taken annually for five successive years. Meanwhile he stimulated some of the phrenological faculties, and avoided exercising others. Every successive cast show- ed an increase of those organs that were exercised, and a de- crease of those that were restrained. The first and last casts differed from each other so much, that they would hardly have been recognised as casts of the same head. £ had this fact from a gentleman (an editor) who had. examin- ed the busts alluded to. Many more examples might be quoted ; and yet you say, that " phrenologists have never re- corded a case of the kind." If you have not read all the phrenological works, why do you make this assertion? If you have, why misrepresent them in this manner 1 This proves that you know comparatively nothing of the doctrines you oppose. Ignorance of this subject is, however, common to all anti-phrenologists. Several instances, both of increase and decrease, have fallen under my own observation. While examining the head of a gentleman in Philadelphia, I noticed that the or- gans on oue side of it, were larger than those on the other. He then stated that, for two years, that side of the head on which the organs were smaller, had not perspired, Avhile the other had perspired very freely. This proves that the organs on that side which had not perspired, had not been active, and that those of the other, had been. It follows, then, either that the smaller organs had become so in consequence of their inactivity, or else, that in consequence of their activity, the larger ones had outgrown them. Either supposition proves that a mental organ is increased by constant activity, and decreased by inaction. Dr. Spurzheim examined the head of a distinguished female, whose life had been chief- ly occupied with books, and severe application to the ab- stract sciences. Her phrenological organs of causal., corn- par., mirth., ideal., lang., and event., were large, and her ob- serving organs, small. In order to exercise a new class of faculties, the organs of which are located about the eye, she was advised to leave her abstract studies, and take up bota- ny, mineralogy, phrenology, &c. This she accordingly did with all her might, and in three months there was a percepti- ble increase of the organs thus exercised. I am also perfectly certain, that since I commenced the practice of phrenology, several of my own organs- which §68 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. have thereby been called into constant activity, have very perceptibly increased, while others that are now exercised comparatively less than before, are proportionally smaller. For example ; the organ of size, which, when I commenced the practice of phrenology, I observed to be on a par with the other perceptive organs, and which, since that time, has been called into almost constant activity, now protrudes far above all the others in the arch of the eye. Upon the return of my brother, L. N. Fowler, from a phrenological tour of eighteen months in the west and south during which time he was almost constantly employed in examining heads, which, of course, required the equally con stant exercise of his organs of size, individ., form, local event., compar., and lang., I observed that these organs, eS' pecially size, compar., and lang., had very much increased In the heads of sailors who have long followed the seas, the organs of form, weight, and local., are generally very large. Size and order are also commonly found very large ; but the organ of weight, in particular, is so uniformly de- veloped to a very great extent, that, from this circumstance alone, especially when taken in conjunction with form and local., experienced seafaring men can generally be selected from others. In men of this description, among the hundreds I have examined, I have never seen one instance of a defi- ciency of these organs. Now, their occupation calls these organs into almost constant exercise ; and is it irrational to suppose, that this exercise causes in them this much larger development of these organs than is found in men in general, who exercise them less I The organ of amat. is very small in children ; but it in- creases during the years of youth and manhood in proportion to the increased strength of its corresponding passion ; and diminishes again in old age. I have observed, also, that this organ is much larger in married, than in unmarried, per- . sons. In the spring of 1835, I visited the deaf and dumb asylum of N. Y. city, and, to say that the organ of imitat., as devel- oped in the heads of the pupils of this institution, was twice as large as it is usually found, would by no means come up to the truth. Such a development of this organ the author had never seen before ; and, what is most extraordinary is, it was very large in all the pupils. , To the question, " How is it possible for you to teach INCREASE OF THE ORGANS BY EXERCISE. 369 these unfortunate beings, who can neither hear nor talk, to communicate their ideas and feelings with a readiness and facility almost equal to those who can both talk and hear ?" Mr. Cary, one of the instructors, replied, " We teach our pupils to express themselves in those gestures and actions which are the natural offspring of their feelings." I wit- nessed one of their debating performances, in which the one who was addressing the rest, was a\l life and animation, and made use of the most natural and powerful gesticulation. See them at their meals, or at their sports, and all their com- munications consist of their ideas acted out. Mr. Cary brought one forward, who was noted for his wonderful power of imitating a man shooting fowls. Another specimen of imitative power at all to be compared with this, or another such an organ of imitat. as this youth possessed, I have never seen. That this organ and its corresponding faculty are not in so high a degree innate, is evident from the fact, that they are so much larger in these youth than in others. Hence, this increase of the organ in proportion to the exercise of the faculty, and this extraordinary power of the faculty, which corresponds with the increased size of the organ, bring us to the obvious conclusion, that the reciprocal increase of the two, stands in the relation of cause and effect. Again ; in the institution for the blind in the city of New York, the manifestation in the pupils, of much smaller or- gans of the perceptive than of the reflective faculties, is so plain as not to be mistaken by the most superficial observer. Now, why is this? Evidently because, in consequence of a destitution of sight, they cannot exercise their perceptive faculties, and, therefore, these remain unincreased ; and, on the same account, the reflective receive the greater exercise, and, consequently, become uncommonly large. This point, then, I shall take the liberty to consider as established, both by analogy, and by physical demonstration, namely, that the exercise of particular mental faculties, causes the exercise, and consequent, enlargement, of corres- ponding portions of the brain, and, of course, an increase of the scull above them ; (see p. 22-24 ;). so that the strength of particular mental faculties can be determined by the size, of their cerebral organs, and the size of these organs by the form of the scull. This I conceive to be not only one of the least explored, but one of the most important, departments of 370 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. this invaluable science ; and, if this is correct, of what moment- ous importance — of what immense utility, a knowledge of phre- nology might be to parents and teachers. They might cul- tivate or restrain — might stimulate or allay, such organs as the case demanded, and thus make their children almost any thing they choose. Not, however, that the nature of child- ren could thus be changed; but excesses could be prevented, and the hand of the parent directed to the identical point of excess or deficiency. Yes, sir, phrenology is destined to be of greater practical utility to mankind than any — I had al- most said, than every other science — greater than any finite mind can imagine. And yet, you oppose it! But you are pardonable; for, as has been shown, you do it ignorantly. Yours, &c O. S. FOWLER. PHRENOLOGY NOT DEPENDENT UPON PHYSIOGNOMY. You ask, " By examining the cranium, can a phrenolo- gist pronounce decisively whether a man is a liar, a thief, or a murderer, without reference to physiognomy 1 I an- swer, just as well without physiognomy as with it. I will- also refer you to the certificates given by the keepers of most of the prisons in Europe, which affirm that Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, in every attempt, classified the prisoners with perfect accuracy, according to their crimes. I will also ac- company you to any prison you please, and pronounce cor- rectly upon the class of crimes committed by given individu- als, or yield the argument. The subjoined notes are select- ed, from many other similar cases, as in point.* * From the Pittsburg Times. " We attended at the Penitentiary during the afternoon of Friday, along with several gentlemen, to see Mr. L. N. Fowler examine the heads of the convicts. This gentleman has been delivering lectures, &c, at the Hall of the Young Men'a Society, and the purpose of the visit was to test his phrenological skill. He passed through the ordeal in a manner calculated to demonstrate, not only the authenti- city of the science, but also the fairness of his own claims to an acquaintance with its principles. " In no instance did he seem to err, either in relation to the nature of the offence in question, or in the particular details of character which he generally stated mi- nutely. The dispositions of some of the convicts were pronounced as equivocal : thus — one was said to be liable to commit rape, or murder, or possibly theft. The conviction had been for rape. Another was stated to be prone to murder— or to commit destruction in some way. The conviction had been for house burning. The uncommon mechanical powers and high intellectual cast of another, were well indicated. The case of , who robbed Mr. Cook, was well stated. The thieves, who were numerous, were generally designated very explicitly. The boy Hazlet was represented as being not particularly prone to criminality, except that PHRENOLOGY INDEPENDENT OP PHYSIOGNOMY. 371 You say, " that Gall could easily determine that persons were rogues when he saw them in prison." True; but he could not thereby determine the class of their crimes — whether they were sent there for stealing, for assault and bat- tery, or for murder, &c. ; and this is what Dr. Gall did. . You also intimate, that phrenologists determine character by the physiognomy. Surely, sir, you cannot be ignorant of the fact, that, from the time I first came to Baltimore, to this day, I have challenged disbelievers to cover the physi- ognomy of the subject. I have, likewise, in this city, and elsewhere, repeatedly examined subjects before large audi- ences with my own eyes blindfolded ; and, according to the testimony of the subjects themselves, and of all who knew them, there was a perfect coincidence between my descrip- tions of the character, and the character itself. Among many others, I re-examined, blindfolded, before the Baltimore Lyceum, the head of the editor of the Chroni- cle. The gentleman then stated to the audience, that the description corresponded, on every point, with that previous- ly given before an audience at my first lecture. The first time I examined the gentleman, he was a perfect stranger to me ; and the second time, I knew not whom I was describ- ing. And yet, it is a matter of publick notoriety, a fact sub- stantiated by the publick testimony of Mr. Barnes himself, that the two descriptions" agreed in every respect, both with each other, and with his true character. After the lecture, a gentleman produced a little boy. I said he was a thief — was cunning, deceitful, lying, haughty, stubborn, proud, ungovernable, &c. The gentleman said, "your description is perfectly accurate. Till now I have he would be liable to be led by others to any sort of crime. This was the well- known case of manslaughter, committed at YVilkinsburgh by a gang of boys, at the instillation of certain notorious villains. " In the evening we submitted to his inspection the scull of a very remarkable character, a most devoted boxer and blackguard. He returned a written descrip- tion singularly correct; remarking, among other things, that 'he was continually under the influence of a querulous, barbarous disposition,' &c. 'the slave of his propensities ; loved quarreling as well as eating.' " From the Frankfort Argus. " Mr. Fowler, who is now in town, visited the Penitentiary on Monday last, and examined the heads of some fifteen or twenty of the convicts, giving his opinion upon their propensities, and naming the probable crimes which brought them there. The correctness of his conclusions was generally corroborated by the ad- mission of the subjects, as well as by the statements of the keepers themselves, who were acquainted with the crimes with which they were convicted." See, also, a description of my visit to the Moyamensing prison in Philadelphia, contained in the U. S. Gazette of about the tenth of Sept., 1836. 872 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. been a sceptick ; but this convinces me that your science is true." Thus you perceive, that a rogue can be detected as well in a church as in a prison. While discussing the question before the Baltimore Ly- ceum, " whether phrenology ought to be ranked among the exact sciences," after bringing forward nearly the same ob- jections that you adduce, and in nearly the same style, my opponent wrote out the character of a Mr. Wolf, an attorney, in the form of answers to questions. These questions he re- quired me to answer before the audience, by an examination of Mr. W.'s head ; and the two descriptions agreed perfect- ly, except that he said Mr. W. had no imitation ; but I said he had it large. A gentleman who had been intimate with Mr. W. for fifteen years, said he had it large. An ap- peal was then made to Mr. W., who remarked, that, although he was no mimick, yet he could draw, sketch, draught, take profiles, imitate different handwritings, &c, with much more than ordinary facility and accuracy. But I did not say he could mimick, for he had but little secret., which, according to phrenology, is almost indispensable in mimickry. -The cheering was tremendous, and the Lyceum decided, not only that phrenology was one of the sciences, but that it was one even of the exact sciences. I might go on to detail thousands of cases in which I have not only corrected the opinions of individuals in regard to each other, but even concerning themselves. To a certain gen- tleman in this city, for example, I gave small event., and large ideal., and told him that he could write poetry. He said, that though he loved poetry, he had no talent at all for writing it. On this hint, however, he tried it ; and his effort was completely successful, his poem being well-filled with po- etick fire. He remarked that this. was his first effort, but a friend of his youth reminded him, that, while young, he had written several pieces, which were copied and admired throughout his neighbourhood. His small event.had let the incident slip from his memory. I have often announced publickly, and here again repeat, that I even prefer that the physiognomy of the subject for examination, should be cover- ed; and am perfectly willing to examine even with my own eyes blindfolded. In as much, then, as" I challenge you to remove all possibility of my ascertaining the character ex- cept by the application of phrenological principles, even if I KEPLY TO DK. MUNDIKG. 373 were guided by the physiognomy, the argument that I am, could not be admitted. The writer takes the liberty of introducing two or three other paragraphs from his reply to the letter addressed to him by Dr. Munding. " You say, that the ' first point which particularly strikes your attention, is,' that * I make myself a fortune-teller.' Now, sir, a fortune-teller has to do mainly with events, and pretends to tell what has been, or predict what will be. But, in describing character phrenologically, I have nothing to do with the events of a man's life any farther than they are dependent upon his character. It is, indeed, true, that I often say to an individual, for example, in whom cautious, is small, combat, large, and hope very large, 'you, sir, generally have been, and generally will be, unfortunate, and frequently in difficulty;' and to another, in whom cautious, and caus. are large or very large, 'you, sir, generally have been, and generally will be, successful in your undertakings.' In do- ing this, however, I pronounce upon the fortune of the indi- vidual only as it is the result of his character. " But who does not, more or less, judge of the character and talents of individuals by their 'physiognomy ? — (and in the practice of physiognomy, is generally included the fore- head of an individual; and, thus far, it is -phrenology.) In pronouncing upon character physiognomically, then, the same kind of process is involved as that employed in judging phrenologically, with the difference only, that the physiog- nomist judges by looking at the face, the phrenologist, by looking at the whole head ; therefore, if the latter is a for- tune-teller, so is the former — so are all mankind, in short, for all participate, more or less, in the practice of physiog- nomy. " You infer that if phrenology is true, some of the organs might be destroyed, and the others go on to perform their functions without interruption. You are right : the fact is just as you infer it must be, on the supposition that phrenol- ogy is true. " But I must not leave unanswered your argument, that, if phrenology is true, the organ of tune and the acoustick nerve must be in contact. You assume that the ear is the organ of musick. This, your first premise of the argument, I deny : for if the ear were the organ of musick, the perfec- tion of one's musical talent would be in proportion to his 32 374 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. power of hearing. But, how often do we see those whose faculty of hearing is perfectly good, but who cannot distin- guish one tune, or even one note, from another ! I can hear very well, but can learn a tune only by dint of persevering effort, and then only mechanically, while a brother of mine, who is partially deaf, can learn a tune much quicker, and sing it much better, than Lean. Your first premise, then, being incorrect, the whole argument falls. This much is evident, however, that the musical faculty does not depend upon the power of hearing : and, since this power is an ex- ercise of the mind, it must, consequently, require the exer- cise of some cerebral organ. (See p. 181 and 217.) ! ' The various passions of love, anger, reflection, shame, &c, exhibit themselves through the eye ; and yet, it cannot be supposed that they are performed by the optick nerve. Doubt- less there is some connexion between those parts of the brain by means of which these various passions are performed and the optick nerve, and also between the organ of tune and the acou stick nerve, just as there is between the stomach and the brain; but still it does not follow, that this connexion should be susceptible of anatomical demonstration, any more in the case of tune, than in that of the others mentioned, and in that of hundreds of similar cases, which might easily be cited." LETTERS TO DR. MAXWELL McDOWALL. The following extracts are from a series of letters address- ed to Maxwell McDowall, M. D., of Baltimore, by O. S. Fowler. This same Dr. McDowall, as already stated, is, doubtless, one of the authors of Vindex. The writer has omitted one important objection urged by Vindex, namely, that phrenology leads to fatalism, only because the objection is much better stated by Dr. McDowall. Sir: In the May number of the Baltimore Literary .and Religious Magazine, there appeared an article from your pen, designed to disprove, and calculated to injure, the sci- ence of phrenology. By evidence the most satisfactory — the most demonstrative, I am fully convinced that phrenology is based upon the broad and immutable principles of nature, truth, and reason ; that it is a science by far the most sublime and useful ever discovered, and that the principles of human LETTERS TO DR. M'DOWALL. 375 nature and mental philosophy which it develops, are calcu- lated to elevate the character, and improve the physical, intel- lectual, and moral condition of mankind, more than all the other sciences put together — more, indeed, than can well be imagined. As a man, then, as a philanthropist, and espe- cially as a Christian, though unaccustomed to publick dis- cussions, I cannot pass unnoticed any obstacle which is cal- culated to arrest the progress of a science, which, from the first, has been struggling even for its existence, and which, though opposed at every step of its triumphant progress by an unparalleled amount of opposition, of ridicule, and mis- representation, from the pulpit, the press, and the lecture-room, and, in short, from every conceivable source, is now gaining strength enough to bear down before it all opposition. To say the least, it is no more than fair that phrenology should be heard in reply, though it is to be regretted, that it does not speak through a more able and experienced organ. It is ( however, hoped that the comparative youth and inexperi- ence of the author may be. more than compensated by the strength of his cause ; for, magna est Veritas. You dwell munli, sir. upon the question of Dr. Good to Dr. Spurzheim, " Why does phrenology assign no organs to folly, absurdity, wisdom, hypocrisy, gluttony, sensuality, mirth, melancholy, &c. ? J ' Really, sir, are you so grossly igno- rant, even of the very elements of the science you attack, as not to know that phrenology classes gluttony under the per- verted exercise of aliment. ; hypocrisy, under that of secret. ; sensuality, under that of amat., aliment., and some of the other propensities ; melancholy, under that of cautious, in the ab- sence of hope ; mirth, under the exercise of mirth. ; wisdom, under that of caus. and compar. ; and folly and absurdity un- der the absence of these organs 1 And have you, in addition to this ignorance, so little discrimination as not to perceive, even intuitively, that folly and absurdity, in reality, amount to the very same thing, and, instead of being positive opera- tions of the mind, are mere negative qualities, or the defi- ciency of reason ? Do you not know that the glutton is a sensualist, that the libertine is a sensualist, and the drunkard, a sensualist? Now, phrenology has more wisdom than to assign different kinds of sensuality to the same organ. And yet, this is the ground both of your objection and of that of the great Dr. Good. By the way, when Dr. Good penned the article alluded to, he was almost entirely ignorant-, even 376 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. of the outlines of phrenology. This is evident, not only from almost every sentence of his chapter upon this subject, but also from the passage you quote. He did not even know that hypocrisy was one of the manifestations of secret. — a fact of which the veriest tyro in phrenology ought to be ashamed to be ignorant. But you also commit the very same errour. Nor is this the only instance in which you betray an ignorance of phrenology altogether unpardonable in one who attempts to convince the world that it is untrue. In justice to phrenology, I must here reflect somewhat severely upon anti-phrenologists generally, not exempting even yourself from the censure. No one is qualified to de- cide upon the truth or erroneousness of any subject what- ever, until he has examined, in person, the evidence by which it claims to be supported. Now, phrenology profess- es to be demonstrated solely by facts. It affirms that a cer- tain development of brain is always accompanied by a cer- tain manifestation of intellect or feeling, and that these man- ifestations are uniform throughout the whole animal kingdom. Hence, then, no person is qualified to form any decision upon the truth of phrenology, until he has examinp/l thp. fn.cu in the case for himself; that is, until he has learned both the location of the phrenological organs, and their analysis. I have already exposed your ignorance of the analysis of the organs. And you even misstate their number, and, of course, can know very little of their location. Now, sir, I ask you, I ask the World, whether it is right, whether it is philosophi- cal, whether it is acting a manly part, for you not only to condemn phrenology yourself, but also publickly to attempt its refutation, whilst you are almost wholly ignorant both of its principles, and of its details. But you are not alone. Hundreds have written against it, and millions are now con- demning it, Avho know just nothing at all about it — not even enough to distinguish it from fortune-telling. The blind have led the blind until they are all tumbled together into the- ditch. By your quotation from Dr. Charles Bell, you would fain make the world believe that Drs. Gall and Spurzheim were the greatest anatomical ignoramuses that ever lived. But. sir, your efforts are too late in the day to fix this im- pression upon any except those who are entirely unacquaint- ed with the truth in this matter. The fact is, and is becom- ing universally admitted, that these distinguished literary LETTERS TO DR. M'DOWALL. 377 geniuses have thrown more light upon the anatomy of the brain, and of the nervous system, than was ever before shed upon these subjects — that their anatomical discoveries, and knowledge, and researches, at least, equal, if they do not far surpass, those of any other two men who have ever lived. Years before the far-famed discovery of Dr. C. Bell, relating to the nervous system, Dr. Spurzheim suggested to the world the very same idea which constituted that discovery, as probable. Medical schools and medical authors are univer- sally adopting the phrenological anatomy of the brain and of the nervous system, and by far the best anatomical dis- sections of the brain,, are those which proceed upon phre- nological principles. So far from disproving phrenology, anatomy perfectly harmonizes with it, and even lends it every possible support : and this shows that both are the twin sisters of truth and nature. Comparative anatomy, in particular, furnishes ar- guments the most conclusive, the most una?isicerable, in sup- port of phrenology. (See pp. 26 to 34.) ' You are also at fault, sir, for attacking phrenology as it was some twenty years ago, when you should have attacked it as it is now. Every new science has its weak points. How many absurdities clustered around chymistry fifty, or even twenty, years ago, around astronomy before the days of Newton, around every science while yet in its infancy ! Phrenology has but just burst upon our world. It is yet in its infancy — is yet wanting that perfect beauty and symme- try, and that analysis which time alone can give it. Doubt- less much more remains to be discovered than has yet been discovered. Great allowance ought to be made to phrenol- ogy even as it now is ; much more as it was twenty years, or even ten years, ago. Yet, instead of making the allow- ance which is really its due, you do not # even give it all the credit which belongs to it. But in this you are not alone. You say, bottom of page 137, " carefully remove the scull from any given number of human heads, and there will be a uniformity of appearance on the surface of the several brains." Of course, you mean, if you mean any thing, that the " surfaces of any given number of brains, are uniform!" This statement I deny in toto. The fact is, that wherever there is a regular swell of the external table of the scull, indicative of the development of a phrenological organ, there is also a corresponding depression of the internal table, 32* 378 OBJECTIONS ANSAVERED. which is filled up with brain, excepting, always, the region of the sinuses, and the mastoid and other processes. I will accompany you, or any other person, to any collec- tion of sculls you please, and demonstrate my position, or give up the argument. Scattering exceptions there may be ; but, as a general thing, the external surface of the brain and of the scull correspond nearly enough for all phrenologi- cal purposes. It is true, when the scull is removed, as the brain is too soft to retain its original shape, the higher portions some- what flatten down ; so that we must determine the natural shape of the brain by that of the internal surface of the scull. At the location of some of the organs, various brains differ in size more than an inch. Yet, you say, that the " surfaces of different brains are uniform." I ask, then, what fills the cavities between these sculls and their brains ? If your statement were correct, the scull of Washington must have been more than an inch thicker, just above the eyes, than that of Franklin, and an inch thinner in the upper and lat- eral part of the forehead. Compare these two foreheads- compare any two heads you please, and if there is any agree- ment between the general shape of the head and that of the brain, your argument, so far from disproving phrenology, is unanswerable in its favour. You assert, sir, that anatomists have divided the brain into three sections, assigning to one section the seat of the intel- lect ; to another, that of the animal senses ; to a third, that of the feelings generally. Pray, sir, how does this differ from the phrenological divisions, except that the former con- sists of three, the latter of thirty -five, sections? And what- ever arguments you bring against the phrenological divis- ions, I will bring, mutatis mutandis, against the anatomical. divisions. INJURIES OF THE BRAIN. You mention the case of a gentleman who, by the frac- ture of his scull, sustained a severe injury of the brain, and a considerable loss of it, and yet, you gravely assure us, that not the slightest difference could be discovered in his mental power — that " there was no change whatever in his capability for acquiring knowledge." Now, there are several ways of accounting for this fact. In the first place, this loss of brain INJURIES OF THE BRAIN. 379 might have been made up> Other portions of the body, the bones, flesh, &c, have the power, after parts of them have been removed, of reproduction. A wound heals, a bone^or nerve reunites, &c. Why, then, should not the brain possess the same power, and be able to supply portions which have been removed? And since analogy is on my side of the argu- ment, it belongs to you either to admit that it does, or else to prove that it does not. In the second place, on the suppo- sition that phrenology is wholly false, will you have the goodness to explain this phenomenon upon the principles of your own doctrine of the unity o^ the brain and of the mental power 1 According to your theory, an injury of any por- tion of the brain, must affect it as a whole, and, an injuring of the brain as a whole, must equally impair every operation of the mind. And yet, by your own admission, all the mental powers, in the case you cite, remained unimpaired. But, by the application of the principles of phrenology, the explanation of this phenomenon is perfectly easy and ra- tional ; for, as the organs are double, like the eyes, ears, &c, and, as the accident occurred partly upon one side of the forehead, it is evident, that, while one or more organs upon that side of the head, were labouring under the injury caus- ed by the wound, the corresponding organs upon the other side of the head, being uninjured, performed the functions of both sets of organs, just as, when one eye is injured, see- ing is performed by the other eye. This fact, then, so far from militating against phrenology, proves it to be incom- parably superiour to your favourite doctrine of the unity of the brain. You also adduce cases of hydrocephalick affection, in the first of which, " the brain was discovered to be in a liquid state ; in the second, the whole substance was watery, and so soft that it would hardly bear the knife ; and in the third, be- sides water in the ventricles and an effusion of blood upon the tentorium, there seemed to be a total change of the con- sistence and colour of the brain throughout, so that it would neither bear handling nor cutting, the parts being uncom- monly indistinct." And yet, mirabile dictu, the subjects could think and feel just as well without brains, forsooth, as with them. These cases, if they prove any thing, prove that the brain is not the organ of the mind ; for "a loss of a part of the 380 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. brain," and " a total change of its consistency, do not, in the slightest degree, affect the operations of the mind!" The inevitable conclusion, then, from your own argu- ments an3 premises, is, that the mind acts wholly and entire- ly independent of the brain- — a conclusion directly at war with a fundamental principle of every existing system of intellectual, and natural, and medical philosophy, viz., that the brain is the organ of the mind. But, in several different places, you admit, distinctly, that the brain is the organ of the mind; and then you go on to show that its loss and dis- organization have no influence whatever upon the mind. Admirable consistency ! And this drives you to take the one or the other of the horns of the following dilemma — ^youmust admit either that your argument is fallacious, or else that the . mind acts independently of the brain.; either of which ad- missions contradicts one of your own positions. But how, I would ask, do these cases affect phrenology? I maintain that they do not even touch it as such : for, if the whole mind can operate by means of the 'whole brain, even though it be hydrocephalick, then, surely, one faculty' of the mind can operate by means of one part of it, even though it be hydrocephalick. Why do you not argue against phre- nology as such — phrenology per se ? FREE AGENCY AND FATALISM. But your most prominent objection to phrenology is, that, "When carried out to the full extent of its minuteness of detail, it renders mankind completely passive in their moral character — strikes at the root of the free agency and accountability of man, and makes God the author of sin. But, to my mind, it is passing strange, that a portion of mankind should be furnished by the Creator, with organs for the cultivation of theft and murder — organs which, when extensively developed, produce such an irresistible propensity in the individual, to the commission of those degrading crimes, that he cannot be restrained by all the other counteracting organs. The admission of such a doctrine, is calculated to throw a reflection on the holy and all-wise God, in thus rendering it physically impossi- ble for some of the human family to avoid being murderers, and rob- bers, and thieves. Dr. Spurzheim directly avows that the Creator has sanctioned the perpetration of robbery and murder, by furnish- ing organs and propensities for the commission of these crimes." When stated in form, your objection amounts to this : The leading doctrine of phrenology is, that moral actions and FATALISM. 381 moral conduct are the result of, or, at least, conform to, and agree with, the physical form of the cranium. This con- formity, then, must be in the relation of cause and effect — necessary, and not accidental. Therefore, every moral agent must be ruled by this relation, and has no power to deviate from it, which amounts to a full denial of free agency ; and when fully illustrated, the objection amounts to this : Since God creates one individual with those organs very large which, when thus developed, manifest themselves in steal- ing, lying, quarreling, fighting, murder, licentiousness, or vice of any kind, such individual is compelled, by these physical organs which his Creator has given him, to commit these crimes ; and, since he cannot help himself, nor resist the instinctive operations of his organs any more than he can avoid being hungry when deprived of food, or sleepy when deprived of rest, or seeing objects when they are pre- sented to his organs of vision, he is, therefore, not accounta- ble or blameable, and, consequently, not punishable, for his actions. On the other hand, since God creates another man with a large development of the organs which indicate kind- ness, nobleness, and high moral and intellectual qualities, no thanks to him that he is kind, virtuous, just, praiseworthy, intelligent, &c, for, he is obliged to be so by his physical organization, over which he can exercise no control, or govern by any act of personal volition. A blood-thirsty Nero, or a Caligula, and a philanthropick Howard, are each alike virtuous and alike vicious, because each acts in perfect conformity to the physical development of his men- tal organs ; and, as God created and designed him to act. Another, by being created destitute of the organs of ven., conscien., benev., &c, in consequence of this natural defect in his organization, cannot worship his God, cannot resist temptation, or exercise gratitude or penitence, cannot deal justly or exercise the feeling of benevolence or of mercy ; and, therefore, ought not to be blamed, much less punished, for not doing what he is physically incapable of doing. What ! the infinitely just and benevolent Creator to give a man no eyes, and then punish him for not seeing, or to give him an appetite for food, and then punish him for being hungry ! To admit the truth of phrenology, therefore, is to destroy all free-agency, and all power of voluntary choice, and, with them, all moral accountability, all virtue, all vice, and, con- sequently, all liability to rewards or punishments, both in 382 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. this life and in another state of existence;, for the Creator determines the physical organization of man, and this deter- mines their whole character, and, in conjunction with cir- cumstances, causes them to feel and act in a given way. Hence, the whole doctrine of human agency and accounta- bility is annihilated, and the adorable Deity is made the ne- cessary author of all sin, and yet this same Deity punishes innocent and helpless man, both for doing what he obliges him to do, and also for not doing what he has given him no power to perform. Inasmuch as this objection forms the great gun of the op- position to phrenology — the terrifick scare-crow which has frightened many, and particularly religious people, so that they dare not even look at the arguments and facts in the case, and inasmuch as it appears to be a very plausible ob- jection, and one which, to my own mind, has never been sat- isfactorily answered by other phrenologists, I shall endea- vour to reply to it more at large than to any objections hith- erto noticed. Permit me, then, to beg your careful attention to the following distinct arguments. First, — That certain vicious propensities do exist, and are very strong, is an absolute matter of fact — a fact which every where stares every observer of human na- ture full in the face. One man is cruel and ferocious, and another mild and tender-hearted ; one is talented, and another foolish ; one is timid, and another brave, &c. See middle of p. 315 and 316; also, description of the lad in Lansing- burgh, p. 261,- contrasted with that of the benevolent girl, p. 262 : see, likewise, description of the young lady, p. 280, of Mr. Brown, p. 298, of Franklin Gibson, p. 304, of the young lady, p. 310, of the lad, p. 311, of the lad described upon p. 320 ; of Col. Knapp, Webster, Clay, &c. A gentleman recently entered my office, and desired me to tell him the whole truth. At the close of the examina- tion, he remarked, that the description was perfect, only that one marked, one predominant, trait of character had been omitted. " And I can tell you what that is, sir," said I : "you have a very strong propensity to steal." "You are right, sir," he replied ; " yet you and I are the only persons that know it. Notwithstanding all my efforts to rid myself of it, the propensity still exists, and is well nigh irresistible." A lad was recently brought me, whom I described as a FATALISM. 383 lump of wickedness, yet talented. His uncle remarked, that he had never seen his equal, either for depravity or talent. In Virginia, the following statement was made to me by a responsible gentleman, concerning a young lady who was brought up in the same neighbourhood with himself. " This young lady," he said, " who was descended from one of the first families in the state, and was amply provided for, when on a visit at the house of a relative in Petersburg!], Va., stole a family gold medal from off the neck of a little child, and pawned it. By advertising, the owner found it, and, to his utter astonishment and mortification, learned that his own niece had pawned the stolen property. Stung to the quick to think that his family should be thus disgraced, he turned her out of his house. On another occasion, she was strongly suspected of having stolen a gold watch, and, a search-warrant being procured, there were found in her pos- session silver, spoons, knives and forks, table-cloths, towels, and various articles of clothing which were recognised as be- longing to others, a very large assortment of jewelry, and apparently every thing upon which she could well lay her hands, together with the gold watch — all of which, it appear- ed upon evidence, she had stolen! It also appeared that she had several times used various arts to decoy individuals into her power, for the mere purpose of robbing them. She was accordingly cast out of respectable society, and, at last, was found keeping an oyster establishment, in order that she might the more successfully prey upon her customers. "With deep emotion, her brothers begged her, for their sakes, and for the honour of their family, as well as for her own, not to disgrace herself and them. They told her, if she wanted money, they would give her thousands, rather than suffer the honour of their names to be thus tarnished. Yet it was all of no avail. She is still living just as she has always lived — an abandoned thief." An English provincial paper tells a story of a female, moving in the upper circles of society at Ramsgate, and possessed of considerable wealth, who was detected in the market of that town pilfering turnips from a poor person's stall. Thousands of similar cases might easily be stated in ad- dition, exclusive of what other phrenologists have already recorded — all showing certain strong, if not predominant, propensities or talents. Instances of extraordinary mechan- 384 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. ical or poetical taste or talent, of strong and original powers of thought, and of the various other marks of genius, such as were possessed by a Benjamin West, a Michael Angelo, a Webster, a Clay, a Bonaparte, a Shakspeare, &c, have occurred in all ages and in all countries, and are equally ap- plicable to the point in question. Need I, then, point to our prisons, or to our criminal courts — need I cite the number- less details of cold-blooded murders, of revengeful duels, and of daring robberies, which blacken almost every news- paper? — need I enumerate the ever-varying, ever-multiplying crimes of mankind in confirmation or illustration of the po- sition that vicious propensities do exist, and that they are very strong; for where is the individual who is not himself an illustration of it ? — that is, who does not himself possess some vicious propensity, some ' easily-besetting^ sin? Virtuous traits of character, also, which are equally ap- plicable to the argument, are found likewise to exist, and are not unfrequently joined with very vicious propensities. As well might one attempt, in short, to deny that two and two make four, or that he exists, as to deny the existence both of virtuous and of vicious traits of character. So far as the argument is concerned, then, what difference does it make, whether certain vicious propensities are, or are not, invariably accompanied by certain developments of the brain, and certain virtuous feelings and talents, by other ce- rebral developments? The objection, so far as it is appli- cable at all, lies only against the propensities themselves, and not against their physical organs, which, phrenologically considered, are mere physical indications of them. Now, sir, since it is a matter of fact and observation, that certain vicious propensities and certain virtuous traits of char- acter, as well as certain talents, do exist, and are also very strong and frequently predominant, you are, in reality, urging this objection, not against the existence of certain phrenological organs connected with these manifestations of intellect and feeling, but against the existence of these mental manifestations themselves — rc^against the existence of these merely accompanying physical signs which phrenolo- gy has discovered, but against the existence of the propen- sities themselves — not against the phrenological expla- nation of these facts, but against the existence of facts as they are — against the system of things as it is — or, in FATALISM. 385 other words, against the government of "the all-wise and holy God." Inasmuch, then, as you urge your objection against the existence of certain inclinations and talents of the mind, and inasmuch as daily observation, if not personal experience, compels you to admit the existence of these things, you are obliged to admit the very thing to which you object : and since you, equally with myself, admit the existence of that to the existence of which you object, it belongs to you to an- swer your own objection, rather than to me to answer it for you ; for, so far as the argument is concerned, an objection is fairly answered when shown to lie with equal weight against what the objector himself admits. You cannot but perceive that you are not urging this objection against phre- nology as such, but against what is. You are therefore chargeable with the very same heresy with which you accuse phrenology, and, consequently, must either admit that your inference is unfounded, or else, that it " reflects" no less against the creation and government of the " all-wise and holy GW," than it does against phrenology. How is phrenology at fault for merely pointing out the indications of the existence of certain talents and propensi- ties, when the Almighty himself has hung out these signs for the guidance of man ?— for merely declaring, that that exists which actually does exist? If phrenology did not show that one man possesses a remarkable mechanical tal- ent, another, a murderous propensity, another, an honest or a benevolent disposition, another, a high endowment of in- tellect, &c, it would not correspond with the facts in the case, and, therefore, could not be true. If I am rightly informed, you, sir, are a believer, not only in the Bible, but also in the general features of the Calvin- istick creed. If, therefore, your argument is valid, in com- mon with all other believers in this, or a kindred, doctrine, you are the very last who can consistently assail phrenolo- gy upon the ground of your argument, but you ought to be the first to hail it with "joy unspeakable," as a scientifick confirmation of a doctrine which, as you maintain, is as in- dispensable to salvation as breath is to our corporeal exist- ence ; and yet, strange inconsistency ! you are the very first to attack, and the most violent in opposing, that very science which, according to your own interpretation of it, fully con- firms that doctrine which lies nearest your heart. You, 33 386 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. forsooth, will believe, and most zealously maintain and de- fend, the doctrine of divine sovereignty and fore-ordination as the foundation and the essence of that " faith without which no man can be saved," and yet, reject phrenology, be- cause (according to your interpretation) it teaches precisely the same doctrine. Admirable consistency ! What freedom from bigotry and prejudice ! Believe a doctrine which you fancy that you find in the Bible, and regard it as the philos- ophers' stone in religious matters, and yet, reject phrenology as a most horrid and blasphemous thing, because it teaches the very same doctrine ! This shows how sincerely you believe in your Calvinistick creed, and how much common sense you exercise in reference to that belief. You, and all others of the Calvinistick creed, are bound, then, either to believe in phrenology, or to give up the pole-star of your religious faith. Secondly, — It is self-evident that divine agency either does, or does not, influence and determine human actions — that it either is, or is not, concerned in bringing about events. If the Deity does not, in any way, influence the conduct of men, surely, he has no "hand in any thing that takes place in the world, for all other terrestrial transactions bear no comparison with this in importance. If, then, God has no agency in the doings of men, surely he has no agency in the operations of nature, and, therefore, does not rule. But if God does rule — if divine agency is efficient in forming human character, and in bringing about events, then human agency cannot be efficient in bringing about the same : or, in other words, just so far as divine agency forms human character, determines human conduct, and causes events, human agency does not do it, and man cannot be free and accountable. It follows, then, that, as far as your objection bears against phrenology, it also bears, and with equal force, against the Deity's having any hand in any thing that con- cerns the character and the conduct of men. Now, as re- gards your objection, it makes not the least difference whe- ther the Deity forms human character, and determines the conduct of men, by means of direct, compulsory force, or by phrenological organs, or by other circumstances ; for the objection really lies against the Deity's having any hand at all, either in forming the characters of men, in determining their conduct, or in bringing about any event whatever. What ! then, do you, Dr. McDowall, a professor of re- ligion, really undertake to maintain that the God who rules FATALISM. 387 above, has no agency in determining the characters of men, and in the management of human affairs ? and thus, by de- nying that He gives any bias to the character of his crea- tures, virtually deny that he rules? If you answer this question in the affirmative, then be consistent, and drop your objection at once; if in the negative, you are justly charge- able, either with the grossest inconsistency, or with downright atheism. One of these two answers, however, you must give; and lohich, I leave with you to choose. But, if you admit the doctrine of free agency, personal volition, and moral accountability, (which your objection necessarily im- plies,) and also that God is the sovereign ruler of the uni- verse, (which you must do, or be an atheist,) have the good- ness to answer your own objection ; for I urge it against what you admit with just the same propriety, and upon pre- cisely the same grounds, that you urge it against phrenol- ogy: and an objection is always considered as answered when shown to lie with equal weight against what the ob- jector himself admits. To what has been said, you may, indeed, reply ; "But, sir, you do not answer the objection by throwing it back into my teeth — you do not get yourself out of the snare by getting me into it.' r True, sir r but I thereby shut your mouth. First extricate yourself from the snare you have laid, and you will thereby release me from it. In other words, first answer your own objection as it is applicable to matters of fact, and to the government of the Deity, and you will thereby answer it as applicable to phrenology : and, until you do thus answer it, consistency requires you to drop it, since, by urging it at all, you urge it, not against phrenology as such, but against the works and the government of " the alLwise and holy God," and may therefore settle your own difficulty with your maker. Thus far, then, I have virtually admitted, but will now endeavour to answer, the objection. Thirdly, — It is a fundamental principle in phrenology, that the size of the organs is increased by the exercise of the corresponding faculties. See bottom of p. 21 and p. 22, and the chapter on "the increase of the organs by exercise," pp. 365 to 370. The organs of acquis., destruct, &c, are only the instruments of the corresponding propensities, and not the propensities themselves, nor the causes of them; and their development is, in a great degree, the effect, and not the cause, of the exercise of the corresponding passions. Men 388 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. are nof murderers, liars, thieves, &c, because they have very large destruct., secret., acquis., &c, but they have large de- struct., secret., acquis., &c, because they are murderers, liars, thieves, 6pc. True, the power of the propensity, the activi- ty being considered, is proportionate to the size of the organ, but is not caused by it ; and, therefore, the whole responsibili- ty falls back upon the necessary cause of these propensities. Hence, very large organs of acquis., destruct., &c, instead of, compelling, or even urging, their possessors to violence and theft, are merely the instruments by means of which these vicious passions are exercised; and the size of these organs shows only how much their guilty possessor has chosen to exercise the corresponding propensities. The size of an organ, then, not only does not cause and determine the strength of the corresponding propensity, but is itself caused and determined by the strength of the passion. It is true, indeed, that when an organ is very large, the corresponding faculty is spontaneously and proportionally the more powerful, and sometimes well nigh uncontrollable ; but the guilty individual had no right thus to indulge the passion, and thereby to enlarge the organ. In this, mainly, consists his guilt. The strength of the depraved propensities, is, in a great degree, proportionate to their indulgence or culti' vation ; and, consequently, the guilt of an individual is also pro- portionate to the same indulgence : that is, the guilt is in pro- portion to the strength and misapplication of the depraved pro- pensities; and these depend mainly on cultivation. Are the de- sires of the libertine, the thief, the murderer, &c, the less crimi- nal because they have been stimulated and indulged, and there- by increased, until they have become too clamorous and too powerful to be controlled 1 By no means ; but the stronger these depraved desires, the greater their possessor's guilt. So it is with the phrenological organs. They are seldom inordinately large, unless the corresponding faculties have been inordinately indulged ; and this indulgence is the clearest, the strongest possible proof of the subject's guilt. It follows, then, that very large destruct., acquis., secret., amat., &c, so far from excusing the murderer, the thief, the hypo- crite, the libertine, &c, are physical vouchers for his guilt. Like the mark put upon Cain, they tell the story of his guilt. The same principle, reversed, applies to small organs. When a given organ, say that of conscien. or ven., is small, this deficiency shows, not that the individual cannot be just. FATALISM. 389 or worship his maker, but, simply, that he has not been, and done so. To every individual, more or less of every faculty and organ are originally given ; so that, by reasonably ex- ercising what conscien. and ven. he has, he can obtain more — by " cultivating his one talent," he can increase it to five. But if he neglect to exercise what conscien. and ven. he may possess — if he " bury his talent in the earth," "even what he has, will be taken from him;" and, for his guilty misimprovernent of the one talent, he will be justly " cast out into outer darkness." A most interesting fact,, bearing directly upon this point, is, that in the heads of the hundreds, if not thousands, of children, which I have observed, the organ of conscien. is generally, not only very large, but, excepting cautious., one of the largest organs in the whole head, whilst, in the sev- eral thousand heads of men which have fallen under my own observation, conscien. has been found decidedly Ivioer than the average of the other organs in nearly one-fourth of the num- ber, and is frequently found to be almost wholly wanting. In well-educated females, it is generally one of their largest organs. In some villages and religious societies, this organ is found, with scarcely an exception, very large, and in others, again, where conscientious scruples are little attended to, it is found to be far less prominent, or even quite deficient, The same holds true among those who pursue different calk ings and professions ; and, among the latter,, observation has convinced me, that, in general, those who have long prac- tised law, have no more conscien, than they need — very lit- tle more, indeed, than those who have long gambled for office at the fashionable game of party politicks, whilst combat, is very large. — The chapter on the increase of the organs by exercise, presents this matter in its true light. See p. 365—370. It is, nevertheless, true, that when one has ven. large, and another has it small, the latter cannot worship God. with all the fervour and the heart-felt devotion of the former : nor is this required of him ; for, "of him to whom much is giv- en, much will be required." But more upon this point, j-re* sently. If an individual wish to reduce the size of am- given organ or organs, let him cease to exercise the corresponding faculties, and it will be done. Let the sailor or the blacksmith swing up, in a sling, his hand or his arm, which he has made large and strong by exercise, and it will soon become 890 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. smaller, and its strength will be diminished. So, if one cease to exercise a given organ by ceasing to exercise its corresponding faculty, that organ will become smaller, and, in. all probability, the pressure of the atmosphere upon the scull, will diminish the protuberance. — See note to p. 24., and also p. 23. For farther particulars concerning the in- crease and decrease of the organs by exercise, see p. 365. Hence it follows, that one is culpable, not for the excess or deficiency of his phrenological organs, but for the excess or the deficiency of the corresponding propensities, and, conse- quently, for the over indulgence or the neglect of these facul- ties. And since the organs grow by exercise, and are the effects, rather than the causes, of the exercise of their corres- ponding faculties and propensities, it is a logical induction to infer, that an individual is no more guilty for having depra- ved propensities which are well nigh ungovernable, and, with them, the phrenological organs proportionally developed, than he would be for having these same depraved propensities without the corresponding organs. So far as phrenology, per se, is concerned, he is left just as free to act without organs as with them — as free to cultivate one organ, or class of or- gans, as another ; and perfectly free to cultivate any organ to any desirable extent. What greater freedom can the most strenuous advocate of free moral agency and human account- ability desire, than that which declares that every man, in a great measure, forms his own character, determines his own conduct, and is endowed with the power of giving, to a greater or less extent, just such a shape to his head as he chooses ? And thus, sir, if your main objection has not been fairly consi- dered and fully ansicered, either my logical acumen or my vanity greatly deceives me. But, perhaps, to all this you will object in language simi- lar to the following : " Did not the Creator originally im- part to one individual a large endowment of some faculties, and a small endowment of others ; and, to another, the oppo- site of this, so that the exercise of the respective facuh ties in that proportion in which they were originally given, ultimately causes one to possess a large devolopment of the organ of benev., for example, and a small development of destruct., and another, the opposite organization ? Did not God originally impart to the pirate Gibbs, for instance, a large amount of the faculties of destruct. and amat. ? to How- ard, of benev. ? to Webster, of caus. and compar. ? so that. FATALISM. 391 each became what he was in character, and had the corres- pondent development of organs, in consequence of exercising the faculties in that proportion in which they were original- It/ distributed ? The objection is thus thrown a little far- ther back, but is not yet fully met." How much more of the faculties of destruct. and amat. was originally imparted to Gibbs, of benev. to Howard, of caus. and compar. to Webster, &c. than is given to ordinary men, it is not necessary for phrenology to decide, in as much as it does not profess to explain the origin of the mental facul- ties, but their manifestation only. The existence among men of a very great diversity of character — a diversity which embraces every observable shade of character, and variety of talents and disposition — is an absolute matter of fact. Now, this diversity must, of neces- sity be, at least, in part, inherent in our very nature, and caused by the original impress of that divine hand which created us, or else it must be wholly the product of circumstances. If you admit, that, in the creation of man, God makes this dif- ference, you urge your objection, in reality, against the works of the Deity, rather than against phrenology. You must, therefore, settle your difficulty with your Maker — as a phre- nologist, I" have nothing to do with it. But if, to avoid this difficulty, you contend that this divei'sity of character and tal- ents is the product of circumstances, in admittingthat the Deity rules, you must, of course, allow that these circibmstanccs are, at least, partially under his control ; so that, turn it whichever Avay you will, you must, at last, admit, that this difference among men-this endless diversity of character-is the product, at least, in part, of divine agency — that either in the original formation of the faculties, or by the force of circumstances,— by means of phrenological organs, or in some other way^ God gives more or less bias to the human character. Hence, to urge this objection against phrenology, or against God's making this difference by means of, or, rather, in accordance with, certain developments of the brain, is virtually to urge it against hismaking it by any means whatsoever ; that is, against his making it at all ; which is nothing less than finding fault with the government of God. Carry up your objection, then, boldly and impiously, to the throne of the great Jehovah, and enter your complaint against his divine will and government, and not drag it in against phrenology, 392 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. which has no more to do with it than it has with God's causing "one star to differ from another star in glory." Now, if this diversity of character were wholly the pro- duct of circumstances, upon the principle that " like causes always produce like effects," it is plain, that similar circum- stances would always produce similar characters, and oppo- site circumstances, opposite characters. Yet the reverse of this is very often true ; for, how often do similar circumstan- ces produce directly opposite characters, and opposite cir- cumstances, similar characters ! What circumstances made Patrick Henry so splendid an orator? Benjamin West so distinguished a painter ? Daniel Webster so profound a rea- soner? Washington Irving so finished and classical a wri- ter? or George Washington unrivalled as a general? Why do the same circumstances often have directly opposite effects upon different individuals ? Evidently because their natures so widely differ. Hence, it follows, that this diversity of human character, is caused, in part, at least, by divine agen- cy, and that the seeds of it are, in a measure, innate. So far then as the Deity has any hand at all in causing this di- versity of character and talents which are found to exist among men, whether it is effected directly by a compulsory, divine agency, through the force of circumstances, or by means of phrenological organs — for, as regards the argu- ment, it matters not which — so far, I say, as the Deity causes this diversity of character, divine agency supersedes and li- mits human agency. So far, but no farther — for this reason, and for no other — does your objection have any force at all. In other words, just so far as God rules, and determines human character, your objection has weight, but no far- ther. By urging this objection against phrenology, then, you, in fact, "charge God foolishly," and may settle your dispute with the Supreme Ruler of the universe. But mark this point distinctly, that your objection lies with as much force against the Deity's making this difference by means of any other circumstances, as it does against his making it by means of the developments of the brain. The fact is, that it lies against the Deity's malcing any difference among men — against his giving any bias, or any direction what- ever, to human character — against his having any influence at all among men — or, what is precisely the same thing, against his ruling. But suppose that the Creator should cast all minds in the FATALISM. 393 same mould, and allow no difference to result from circum- stances, but dispose all to think alike* see alike, feel alike, talk alike, and act alike,, and what a monotonous scene — what a stagnant sea this theatre of human life would be! Surely, that must be a most unenviable world which pre- sents no variety or diversity of pursuits, tastes, talents, and character ; but just such a world as the principles of your objection carried out, would form. That there should be an original difference among men, is perfectly coincident with the whole system of nature. Do we ever see any two faces, or even features, precisely alike? Search throughout the immense herbage of the field, or the foliage of the forest, scan the bowels of the earth and the "starry heavens," in short, pervade all nature, and can you find two trees, two flowers, two leaves, two stones, or even two grains of sand precisely alike ? Do not diversity and variety characterize the whole of God's works ? Why, then, should man form an exception? His diversified features, talents, inclinations, passions, feelings, gifts, and graces, evince an original and a constitutional difference, as well as similarity. As welL might one, then, pretend to deny the existence of the universe, as of this difference in the mental characters and capacities of men ; and as well might he pre- tend that every man is his own creator, as that this diversity of mental qualities is wholly the product of education and circumstances. Now, since these diversified traits of character and quali- ties of mind are not wholly caused by the personal volition of the individual in whom they exist, they must be necessa- ry, and can be neither self-induced, nor wholly avoided. If you please to call this fatalism, be it so, and we must all be either fatalists or atheists. Phrenology aside, how can you yourself come to a different conclusion ? And will you raise the hue and cry of fatalism against phrenology, be- cause, forsooth, it teaches the sovereignty of God, and be- cause it does not explain what has never yet been explained, namely, how human and divine agency are consistent with, each other ? Even Revelation itself, while it states the fact, does not pretend to explain it. When this objection is urged against the Bible, you reply, that " secret- things belong to God," and still cling to the- doctrine ; but when you find this self-same doctrine in phrenology, you cry out, " fatalism !" "infidelity!" 394 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. Let us now look this whole question directly in the face, and join issue with it. Let us suppose that a mother is pos- sessed of a very large organ of cautious., and but a small organ of combat., whilst her husband has moderate cautious., and large firm, and combat. : let both be suddenly awaked by a cry of fire, and instantly, on awaking, find themselves in the very jaws of the devouring element. The frightened mother, seizes her infant, throws it out of a third-story win- dow, and follows it herself, and thereby kills her helpless babe, and loses her own life, whilst the cool and intrepid husband, by suddenly summoning to his aid his reason and his courage, speedily, but safely, descends with a remaining child in his arms. Now, under these circumstances, the timid mother could no more avoid being distracted by fear, than she could help seeing the fire which was blazing fiercely before her, or ex- periencing excruciating pain when coming in direct contact with it. Her actions were the natural and the unavoidable result of her excited cautious. She could, therefore, no more avoid or prevent her fears, and her consequent rash deeds, than she could avoid being hungry when deprived of food, or thirsty when deprived of drink, since both classes of feelings, when thus excited, are equally spontaneous. Her natural timidity, in common with her existence, with her fac- ulties of seeing, hearing, &c, might have been, in part, ori- ginally derived from her parents, and, also, have been greatly increased by their telling her frightful stories, and frequently punishing her by shutting her up in a dark place, and then causing her to apprehend something dreadful, &c. ; but be the cause what it may, the feeling, in this case, is absolutely un- avoidable. Again, when benev. is constitutionally very large, and also called into frequent exercise, a benevolent character is the necessary result. In like manner, when combat, and de- struct. are naturally very strong, and also frequently excited by the passionate or the irritating treatment of the parent or teacher, the necessary consequence will be, that these passions may be suddenly excited by a supposed insult ; and before the individual reflects at all, he clenches his fist, and deals out ven- geance, if not death, upon the object of his wrath. But, although the deed is involuntary, yet, is there no guilt ? Most certain- ly there is. In what, then, does it consist 1 Not so much in the deed itself, as in the state of excited feeling in which it origi- nated. A love of ardent spirits, for example, is frequently FATALISM. 395 so strong as to set reason, duty, self-respect, and all evil con- sequences at defiance ; nay, as to be irresistible. Is, then, the wretched subject of this depraved, but resistless, appetite, guilty for indulging- it, and for the crimes consequent upon such indulgence? Unquestionably; and the more guilty the stronger the passion, at least, so far as the passion is self- induced. But, on the supposition that his parents, in part, cultivated in him this depraved appetite, they are culpable and responsible for just so much of the propensity, and of the crimes resulting from it, as they caused. But to illustrate this last point still farther, let us suppose an individual, by recklessly sporting in the river above the falls of Niagara, to be drawn unawares into the resistless cur- rent, and, nolens volens, carried down the roaring rapids, and dashed into the foaming abyss below: is he therefore guilty for this deed? Certainly he is. What ! guilty, when he could no more resist the mighty current, or save himself from the catastrophe, than he could chain down the raging billows of the sea, or pluck up the Andes from their firm foundation ? To be sure he is. But wherein lies his guilt? Not in go- ing down the stream, but in getting into it — not in being overcome by the irresistible power of the element, but in ex- posing himself to such a fate. Had his parents caused his death by putting him into a frail bark whilst he was yet a child, and by sending it adrift, they, of course, would have been answerable for his fate : then, why is not he guilty for needlessly and rashly exposing himself to such a fate? The inference from the foregoing premises, is this : in the first place, that the timid mother is guilty in destroying herself and her child, rather for her cultivated timidity of dispo- sition, than for the act of throwing her child and herself out of the window — that the benevolent man is commendable, rather on account of his general benevolent feeling, than for any particular acts of benevolence — that the revengeful man is culpable mainly for the inordinate strength of his revenge- ful propensity, which renders him so liable to commit acts of violence and outrage — that the drunkard is responsible, not for having aliment, but for exercising it in an inordinate love of liquor, &c. ; — and, in the second place, that, as far as these several states of mind, or, indeed, any state of mind which manifests itself in depraved action, are either volunta- ry, or self-induced, or capable of being avoided by any act of personal volition, so far the guilt falls upon the doer of the 396 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. sinful deed ; but that, as far as they are brought upon him by necessity, or by the agency of others, so far these agents are responsible for these states of mind, and for the effects which they produce. It is further evident, that, by creating us with any given amount of the organ of cautious., God does not thereby make us so timid as to deprive us of reason ; by giving us aliment, in any given degree, he does not necessa- rily oblige us to become gluttons or drunkards ; but that he made man, in common with all his other works, perfect, and exalted him far above all other creatures in this lower world, and yet, he caused one man to differ from another, thereby qualifying one man for one station or sphere of action, and another for another sphere. Hence, so far from being re- sponsible for the wicked actions of men, the Deity has done all that infinite wisdom and infinite goodness, aided by infinite power, could do, to guard them against committing sin, and to make them holy, and thereby happy. As a phrenologist, then, I distinctly admit, and maintain, these two propositions : first, that the very same act of creative power which calls man into existence, also gives to every individual a constitu- tional, a sui generis, character, which innate, mental quali- ties form the basis of all his feelings, capabilities, actions, and mental operations, and that this creative act constitutes the leading agency or influence which the Deity exerts over the character of men; and, secondly, that there are causes within the reach of human agency — causes within the reach of parents, of teachers, of every human being as soon as he is capable of exercising moral actions and moral feelings, which, when applied to the natural characteristicks of man, exert an important influence upon all the feelings, capabili- ties, actions, and mental operations of every member of the human family, and that the product of this influence consti- tutes the human agency and accountability which our feel- ings assure us exist. Hence, then, according to phrenology, divine agency and human agency both co-operate in bringing about every transaction and every mental operation of every individual of the human race — divine agency in creating the primary faculties from which these actions originate, and in distribu- ting them in -certain degrees, and human agency in modify- ing these innate faculties, and in directing them to different objects, according as education' external circumstances, and personal volition, may determine. FATALISM. 397 Now, I contend, that this, is the only view of free agency which does not, of necessity, involve in it palpable absurdi- ty. Unless we adopt this, or a similar, view of the union and co-operation of human and divine agency, we must necessarily subscribe to one of these two doctrines, namely, either that all the motives, feelings, and actions of men are the offspring exclusively of human agency, or that they are entirely controlled by divine agency ; but the first of these doctrines, as already shown, would be downright atheism, and the last, Tank fatalism. Touching your objection, then, you must necessarily choose whether you will be an atheist, a fatalist, or a phrenologist. In the cultivation of the ground, and in all we have to do with physical nature, we take precisely the same views of this subject as are here taken, and our practice accords with them. " God has created the earth, the sun, and the atmos- phere, vapour, heat, &c, and in their application to the growth of vegetation, &c, he varies them according to certain fixed laws. So far, then, divine agency causes the growth of the vegetable creation ; and yet, in regard to the products of a given piece of ground, it is often left for human agency to decide, at least, in part, what they shall be — whether it shall bring forth wheat, or corn, or grass, or garden vegetables ; and, moreover, the degree of perfection to which their growth shall be carried. This view of free agency presented by phrenology, then, is in perfect keeping with those common-sense notions of tilling the earth which are founded upon the universal ex- perience of mankind. Human agency greatly modifies the action of those causes which quicken vegetation, by making one field bring forth one kind of produce, and an adjoining field, which is subject to the -same divine agency, bring forth substances of a very different kind. How this subject of free age?icy has appeared to you, or to others, I will not pretend to decide ; but, for my single self, I can truly say, that it was always obscured to my men- tal vision by an impenetrably dark cloud of mist in which it was shrouded by the theorizing of the metaphysicians and the speculating of the theologians, until phrenology kindly stepped in and dispersed this cloud by the influence of its lucid rays : and if phrenology does not demonstrate the precise point of union between these two agencies, it does, at least, show that such a union is both rational and necessary. 34 398 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. Fourthly, — But the following I conceive to be the most conclusive, as it is the final, reply to your objection. It is a fundamental doctrine in phrenology, that every fac- ulty IS ORIGINALLY GOOD, and that THE LEGITIMATE EX- ERCISE of every faculty, is virtuous. The plain inference from these propositions, is, then, that all vice or sin must proceed, either from the excessive exercise, or the perversion, of good faculties. To illustrate this point, let us take, for example, the crime of murder, which is, doubt- less, the worst manifestation of depravity that human nature presents. Now, when analyzed, the faculty of destruct., from which this crime mainly proceeds, is found to be simply a propensity to destroy and inflict pain. See p. 82. With- out such a faculty, it is obvious, that man could not maintain even his existence, much less promote his comfort and hap- piness, in this world, for he could not subdue the earth. and cultivate it — he could not destroy those noxious plants, ven- omous reptiles, and savage beasts which would successfully contend for dominion with him, and, at once, conquer and exterminate him. Without this faculty, he could not punish the guilty, or make himself feared ; but would be so tame and powerless as to be trampled upon with impunity, and be constantly liable to suffering and death. When, therefore, the faculty of destruct. is directed to the proper and legitimate objects of its function — when it is exercised in the defence of our natural rights — in the promotion of good order, and the protection of good government — in the defence of the weak and oppressed against the encroachments of the power- ful &c, its exercise is not only necessary, but praiseworthy and virtuous, as much so, in fact, as that of benev. or con- scien., or any other faculty: but when it oversteps these bounds, and breaks forth in acts of violence, cruelty, rage, malice, revenge, murder, &c, its exercise becomes perverted, and is most odious and sinful* ' One of the strongest arguments of Dr. John Mason Good against phrenology, is, that, "if these faculties are originally good, the more powerful they are the bet- ter ; whereas, their very powerful actions, which, according to this doctrine, ought to be regarded as their greatest natural perfection, are usually found to manifest themselves in depraved and vicious feelings and conduct." The objec- tion of the learned Doctor is not without foundation ; for phrenologists have given him just cause to bring it forward, by having turned their attention'raam?y to ex- treme developments of the organs and manifestations of the faculties, and by hav- ing neglected to describe their medium developments. This errour they have fallen into by not doing what many find fault with the authors/or doing, viz., prac- tising a general examination of heads. FATALISM. 399 But to show more clearly, that the proper exercise of de- struct. is virtuous and commendable, let us suppose that you hear of a starving family, situated in the midst of a deep and gloomy forest, which forest is infested with gangs of robbers and beasts of prey. Your benev. prompts you to relieve the distresses of this family by carrying them food ; but you know that, unless you go well armed, the undertaking will be hazardous and liable to failure, nay, that your life will be the forfeit. To prevent such a disaster, therefore, you arm yourself, if you please, with a sword. Now, be your sword ever so sharp, or the arm that wields it, ever so powerful, and it does not follow, that you are necessarily obliged to thrust it into every man you may chance to meet. No : your duty is to let your sword rest in its scabbard, until yourself or your food is attacked, and then the longer, the stronger, and the sharper your sword, and the more vigor- ous and powerful the arm that wields it in slaying those savage beasts or barbarous men that would interrupt you in the exercise of humanity and benevolence, the better. So with your faculty of destruct. y for be it ever so active or pow- erful, you are not thereby obliged to vent the malignant man- ifestation of it upon every innocent man you meet. No ; but let it remain quiet, until the cause of justice, of huma- nity, of benevolence, of virtue, demands its exercise, and then the more energetick and powerful the faculty, the better. In fact, the peace and good order of society absolutely de- mand that the violator of its just laws, should be punished ; but punishment to the guilty cannot be awarded, except through the instrumentality of destruct. Was there ever a more virtuous and praiseworthy deed — one more Justin it- self, beneficial in its results, or acceptable in the sight of Heaven, than that of our patrbtick and heroick ancestors in drawing the sword of liberty, and letting it fall so heavily upon our country's foes in the days of the Revolution ? Yet, in this noble and glorious act, destruct. shone most conspic- uously, though directed, it is true, by conscien., firm., in- hab., philopro., adhes., self-e., caus., &c. It is chiefly by the proper exercise of destruct., aided by amat., that the husband or the father protects his wife or his daughter from brutal violence ; and yet, the perverted exer- cise of these same passions, is mainly concerned in commit- ting brutal violence upon woman. Nay, the vigorous exer- 400 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. cise of destruct. is manifested even in the divine character and government ; and for man to be just or benevolent without the aid of this faculty, joined with combat., is often impossible. There is, in short, just as much virtue in pum ishing the guilty, as in relieving the distressed ; or, in other words, in the legitimate exercise of destruct., as in that of be- nev. ; and, vice versa, as much iniquity in the improper ex- ercise of benev., as in that of destruct. But it would be un- courteous to my readers to multiply examples to prove the correctness of a principle which is as clear to the eye of reason, as the existence of the sun is to the natural eye, name- ly, that virtue and vice, as connected with destruct., combat., amat., or any other faculty of the mind, consist, not at all in the nature of these faculties, nor in the degree of strength with which they are manifested, but solely in the objects to which they are directed, and in the character of their mani- festation. This same general principle is applicable, and with equal force, to the operations of any and of all the other faculties. We might take, for example, acquis., which gives a desire to accumulate property. Without it, who would cultivate the earth, promote manufactures and the arts, engage in com- merce, or even provide for the wants of the morrow ? It is by the exercise of this faculty mainly, that most of the com- forts, as well as the luxuries, of life are brought within our reach ; for, after all, it is more from instinct, than reason, that mankind are taught to lay up property : and, without the aid of wealth, how could we educate our children, sup- ply the wants of the poor and needy, relieve the sufferings of the distressed, propagate religion, advance science and the arts, and carry forward those ten thousand schemes for pro- moting the happiness of our fellow-beings which are dictated by philanthropick enterprise % Yet, this same propensity, which, in its proper manifestation, is productive of so benefi- cial results, in its perverted exercise, leads to covetousness, cheating, extortion, and even stealing. The manifestations of combat, secret, aliment, amat., self-e., &c, are likewise either good or bad, virtuous or vicious, commendable or rep- rehensible, not from the nature of these faculties, but ac- cording to the time, place, character, objects, and direction of their manifestations. Thus we perceive, not only that every faculty of the mind is originally good, and that one is as good and useful as an FATALISM. 401 other, but, also, that any faculty is capable of being turned either to a good or a bad account, according as it is trained and directed by the personal volition and external circum- stances of the individual : and hence we infer the personal responsibility of every man. Every faculty, whether small, moderate, or large, in every state and stage of its develop- ment, is liable to be perverted, in which case its manifesta- tion becomes immoral, or it may be exercised in harmony with the laws of nature and of moral justice, in which case its manifestation will be virtuous. The reasoning faculties, for instance, in all stages of their development, are capable of being employed to prove and propagate either truth or errour, either morality or immoral- ity, either Christianity or infidelity — either in the ennobling pursuits of science and philosophy, or in the grovelling pur- suit of devising ways and means by which to gratify an in- ordinate love of gain, or the sensual or baser appetites and passions. Ven. may be equally exercised either in a bigot- ed and blind adoration of a pagan idol, or in a pure and de- vout worship of Jehovah. Benev. is capable of being exer- cised either in relieving the distresses of those who are the proper objects of charity, or in screening from justice those who have violated moral law, and ought, therefore, to be pun- ished. Conscien., even, may be so perverted as to sanction the most revolting and horrid crimes, such as confining innocent victims in dungeons, burning them at the stake, and torturing prisoners taken in war. In proof of this, look at the inhuman, cruelties exercised by one religious sect upon another in times of persecution. Look at the bloody butcheries and savage cru- elties of the various Indian tribes, which are often practised upon innocent women and children. But are we to suppose that they who practise such barbarities, are destitute of con- scien. % Certainly not. We know that the former often be- lieve that, in committing such atrocities, they are " doing God service ;" and phre7iologically we know, too, that the latter possess a higher development of conscien. than civili- zed, and even Christianized, men. As a proof of this, in his perfectly savage state, we know that the Indian will rarely, if ever, tell a falsehood. Although the acts resulting from the proper manifestation of the propensities, are not of so ennobling and elevated a character as those arising from the legitimate exercise of the intellectual and moral faculties, yet, they are altogether as 34* 402 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. virtuous. Nay, more. A good endowment of the propen- sities is indispensably requisite to a virtuous character ; for, without such an endowment, and with ever so high a develop- ment of the intellectual and moral faculties, one would be too inefficient and too tame to fulfil all the duties of a benev- olent, an intellectual, or a moral character : his moral light would be "put under a bushel." The feeling called love, flows mainly from adhes. ; and adhes. is one of the propen- sities : yet, who ever supposed, that what we so much ad- mire, and still more strongly eulogize, as " the pure and ho- ly love of woman," is a less virtuous feeling than her benev. or her devotion 1 And, on the other hand, would we not con- sider the absence of this feeling in her, as great a defect as the absence of conscien., of benev., or of good sense? Hence, it is evident, that, by giving us aliment., God does not compel us to become gluttons and drunkards, but that he has merci- fully bestowed upon us this faculty for the legitimate pur- pose of enabling us to sustain our bodies by the use of food : that, by giving us acquis, he does not compel us to rob and steal ; by giving us destr*ket., he does not oblige us to mur- der, and so on ; but, that all our faculties are primarily good, and their legitimate exercise, virtuous. If, then, these faculties are, in their nature, good, and their proper exercise, virtuous, it follows, that it is our duty to ex- ercise them ; and, of course, that we render ourselves culpa- ble bjr neglecting their proper exercise. If, for instance, we neglect to perform an act of humanity, or of charity, when Ave have the means to do it, and clearly see it to be our duty, we are as much to blame as for committing a positive act of injustice or violence upon a fellow-creature. As it is essential to the argument, and, also, a cardinal doctrine in phrenological theology, I may be pardoned for repeating the proposition under Consideration, namely, That all the faculties of the mind are primarily good, and their legitimate exercise, not only sinless, but even virtuous ; and, therefore, that all sin and all guilt have their origin, not in the nature of the faculties themselves, but in the charac- ter of their manifestations, or in their immoral exercise. According to this view of the subject, then, God nev- er made a bad head, or, he never created a man who must necessarily be a sinner. In fact, to deny this, would be " charging God foolishly," and denouncing his " greatest. FATALISM. 403 work" as imperfect; and, moreover, making him out to be "the author of sin," " What ! then," I conceive you are ready to exclaim, " does phrenology deny the doctrine of original sin, and of innate depravity, as derived from our first parents, and, consequent- ly, of the redemption of the human race by the death and suffering of the Redeemer?" If, by " innate depravity, and original sin," you mean a constitutional depravity of the pri- mary faculties of man's mind, as I understand phrenology, it, in common with every principle of moral justice, of divine perfection, "and of common sense, does deny such a dogma. In their nature, organization, and adaptation, the flowers of the field, the plants of the valley, the beasts of the forest, the fish of the sea, the fowls of the air, the sun in the firmament, ' the stars in the sky, nay, all the works of God, proclaim that the perfection of the Great Architect is stamped upon every thing which he has made. And no less so does the corpo- real part of man ; and, since the all-wise Creator has impart- ed perfection to the organization and adaptation of our phys- ical frame, can we, for a moment, -suppose that he created the immortal mind less perfect ? Analogy teaches us, that, in as much as animate nature excels, in the wisdom and per- fection of its constitution and formation, inanimate matter — in as much as man excels all the other works of God in his lower creation, and in as much as mind excels matter, in just the same- degree are we to expect superiour perfection in the constitutional formation of the human mind. To maintain that the nature of man's mind is depraved in its primary faculties, and that all his sinfulness and guilt have their ori- gin in this depravity, is to destroy, at once, his individual responsibility, and charge upon God all the sin, and all the consequent misery, that have taken, or will take, place either in this world or in a future state of being : and this is fatal- ism in all its horrid deformity — a doctrine no less revolting than blasphemous. That human depravity, in some form, and in a greater or less degree, is coextensive with the existence of the human race, or, at least, as far back as the fall of Adam, is a fact which I readily admit. If you ask, " What, then, are the origin and procuring cause of this depravity — since you de- ny that they are in the original constitution of the human mind?" I answer, that, if phrenology cannot fully explain the whole matter,, it can, at least, point out one of the causes 404 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. of this depravity ; and that one is found in the depraved phys- iology of mankind, proceeding from a perverted education and training of both their physical and their mental powers. Most of the diseases, sickness, and pain we suffer, both men- tal and corporeal, also proceed from the same cause, and not from any imperfection in the organization and original constitution of our bodies — not from any necessary or legiti- mate action of our corporeal organs, but from our violating the natural and wholesome laws of our physical nature. And this perversion of the laws of our physical, intellectual, and moral nature, has a direct influence upon our offspring, so that the child often inherits from his parents, to a greater or less extent, not only his physical, but his moral and intel- lectual, character, just as he frequently inherits the health or the diseases of his parents and ancestors. Hence we per- ' ceive, that God is no more the cause of our bodily infirmi- ties, pain, sickness, and suffering, than he is of our mental weaknesses and aberrations ; for, in the formation and con- struction of our corporeal frame, a wisdom and perfection are displayed which show that he has done all that could have been done to prevent disease and suffering.* To depraved human nature, the doctrine of constitutional and original depravity, seems to be immensely gratifying, since it answers as a sort of " scape goat," upon the head of which to pile up all our sins. But I do not see any thing in phrenology which teaches that, in our day, man is born with a different or less perfect moral or physical nature than that given to Adam when he came from the hand of his Ma- ker, excepting ahvays the degeneration and variation which our species, or different portions of it, have undergone by the perversion of the laws of our physical nature already allu- ded to : and I do not see how it could have been otherwise without-destroying man's personal responsibility : and if we take from him his personal responsibility, he is no longer accountable for his conduct. But that man is personally res- ponsible, and, therefore, accountable, " for the deeds done in the body," phrenology clearly demonstrates. I have already shown, that man becomes guilty by perverting his orignally * The writer designs shortly to prepare for the press, a work upon the connex- ion between man'3 physiology and his mental powers, and kindred subjects, em- bracing, among other things, an inquiry into the causes of the great evils in socie- ty as it is, and suggesting remedies for these evils as pointed out by phrenology; The work will form a kind of sequel to the present volume. FATALISM. 405 good faculties— that he often prostitutes his reason, his moral feeling, and all the noblest powers of his nature, to the base and grovelling gratification of his depraved and sensual de- sires and appetites, whereas, were he to act in perfect har- mony with the laws of his nature — that is, his uncle genera- ted nature, or such a corporeal and mental organization and constitution as God originally gave to our first parents- — he would be virtuous and happy. According to this view of the subject, then, so far from de- stroying the free agency of man, and diminishing his res- ponsibility and his guilt for indulging in sinful feelings and wicked deeds, phrenology establishes the former, and great- ly enhances the latter. It not only, does not make God the author of sin, but it charges home upon the sinner himself the whole weight of his guilt, with a power and with a force that can scarcely be derived from any other source. Hence, so far from leading to fatalism, phrenology fur- nishes to the Christian, even, an argument against those who urge against his religion this objection. Let us sup- pose, for instance, the following discussion to take place between a Christian and an infidel. The infidel brings for- ward a most depraved character, say the pirate Gibbs, who not only murdered thirty human beings with his own hand, but also caused the death of four hundred more, and, more- over, ravished, and then inhumanly butchered^ many help- less and imploring females that fell into his power; and, to fill up the measure of his depravity, to the day of his execu- tion, seemed to delight in recounting these revolting barbar- ities ; and then says to the Christian, " According to your doctrines, did not God create this abominably wicked wretch, and that, too, with all his wicked propensities ?" " Yes," must be the reply. "And, according to your Bible, does not God eternally punish him for these very crimes which are the legitimate offspring of his originally depraved nature?" " He certainly does," says the Christian. " That is, accord- ing to your creed," says the infidel, " God first creates men with depraved natures, and then punishes them for being what he made them ! Surely, the licentious Jupiter of the heathen is far preferable to the unjust and tyrannical God of the Christian, Away with a doctrine and a Deity so ab- horrent to every principle of common sense and common justice." If the Christian appeal to the authority of Revelation to 406 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. help him out of the difficulty, the infidel resists the appeal by rejecting the Bible as an absurd fable; and let the Chris- tian exert his utmost ingenuity, and turn whichever way he will, he still finds it impossible entirely to wrench this weapon from the hand of his antagonist. But here phrenology steps in, and completely shields Christianity from the blows of infi- delity, by saying, " It is true that God gave to Gibbs very large destruct., acquis., amat, &c. ; but so far as the Deity is concerned, these faculties were created pure and sinless ; and, had they been properly cultivated and directed, their mani- festations would have been virtuous, and productive of good to mankind. But by means of the power delegated to Gibbs, instead of exerting these faculties in accordance with the be- nevolent designs of his Maker, in the promotion of the wel- fare and happiness of his fellow men, he basely prostituted them to the worst of purposes. But he had no right thus to prostitute and pervert these originally good faculties ; and, for doing this, he alone is guilty, and, of course, pun- ishable." And now, sir, either my reasoning faculties, or my self- complacency, greatly deceive me, if these four arguments, either singly or conjointly, do not fairly meet, and fully an- swer, your main objection to phrenology, namely — the first, by throwing the objection back upon yourself to answer as bearing against matters of fact as you admit them to exist — the second, by showing, that, so far as the objection lies against phrenology, it also lies against God's imparting any mental qualities to man — the third, by proving that the ex- ercise of the various faculties, causes the exercise, and con- sequent enlargement, of their respective organs, and that the deficiency of any of the organs is mainly owing to neglect in the exercise of their respective faculties — and, the fourth, by showing that the nature and constitution of all the facul- ties, are originally good, and their legitimate manifestation, virtuous, and, consequently, that vice and immorality origin- ate in the perverted exercise of these good faculties. Here, then, I dismiss this subject, and, at the same time, take leave of several other points of your article; for, if this your great gun can be completely silenced, and even turn- ed against fatalism, surely, all the small arms which can be brought to bear upon phrenology, can be spiked without difficulty. MATERIALISM. 407 MATERIALISM. Another important objection to phrenology, and one very closely related to that just answered, is, that this science es- tablishes the doctrine of materialism. It is urged that, by making mind so much dependant upon, and under the influ- ence of, organized matter, and by showing that, from one end of the animal kingdom to the other, (see pp. 7 to 10, and 26 to 34,) the mental and corporeal manifestations are recip- rocal, phrenology proves a connexion between mind and matter, so direct and intimate, that it can .be explained only by admitting, that mind is nothing more or less than a con- dition, or property, or emanation of matter peculiarly organ- ized and. endowed with vitality ; and, consequently, that when vitality ceases in such matter, the mind that inhabited it, also ceases to exist, and, therefore, cannot be immortal. That the sympathy and connexion between mind and mat- ter, are very intimate, and that organized matter has a con- trolling influence upon the manifestations of intellect and feelings, no one who has investigated the subject, will pre- sume to deny ; any-more than he will that the laws which govern this sympathy, are universal in their application to animate beings. It is a matter of fact, that we know nothing either of the t character or of the operations of mind in this world, only as they are manifested by means of corporeal organs. The mantled cheek, the lowering brow, the curled lip, the speak- ing tongue, the sparkling eye, the look of joy, of love, of af- fection, of sorrow, of suffering, of benignity, of intelligence, of indignation, as expressed in the countenance, all bespeak the inward workings of the mind, whose mandate they obey : and, if we derange or disturb the corporeal organization through which the mind manifests itself, we equally derange or disturb the mind itself. Let the body be vigorous and active, and the mind will be equally so ; whereas, if weakness, or lassitude, or nervous affection prostrate the corporeal powers, the mental powers will proportionally sink. If inflammation seize the brain, the mind is excited to raging madness ; but when the brain is again restored to healthy action, the healthy action of the mind is also restored. In short, if the corporeal functions are deranged in any way, the mental functions are equally disturbed : see p. 1 8. Hunger and many kinds of disease 408 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. create peevishness and irascibility ; a surfeit clogs the wheels of thought and feeling ; dyspepsy produces melancholy and gloomy forebodings ; a draught of ardent spirit stimulates the feelings, and sometimes the intellect; unrequited love causes the mind to droop, and frequently the body to pine away ; and a few grains of arsenick or opium are sufficient to drive both reason and feeling from their throne. Facts of this kind might be multiplied ad libitum; but these are doubtless sufficient to illustrate the sympathy and connexion which exist between mind and matter. Now, if 'the doctrine of materialism follows from the fact that organized matter has a controlling influence over mind, it must be true, and we may as well refuse to believe what we constantly see and. feel, as to disbelieve this doctrine. The whole question, then, seems to resolve itself into this — wheth- er or not the connexion of mind and matter necessarily in- volves the doctrine of materialism. But, decide this question as we may, this much is certain, that phrenology is no more liable to the charge of material- ism, than is every system both of physicks and metaphysicka extant. If phrenology is chargeable with materialism, the science of anatomy, of medicine, of physiology, of natural and moral philosophy, and, in short, of every thing which treats of the human body or mind, is equally chargeable with supporting the same doctrine ; for they, one and all, equally with phrenology, admit, and even demonstrate, this same great principle of the intimate connexion and relation be- tween the physical organization and the manifestations of thought and feeling. Nay, even the Bible itself is charge- able with this heresy of materialism. But, if there is any more materialism in the proposition, that one portion of the brain is employed to perform one class of mental functions, and another portion, another class, than there is in the propo- sition, that the whole brain is brought into action by every operation of the mind, then, indeed, is phrenology guilty, but not otherwise. All systems of physiology support the doctrine, that the brain is the corporeal instrument by means of which the mind performs its various functions; and this doctrine con- stitutes the data, and the only data, upon which the charge of materialism, as urged against phrenology, is founded. Hence, so far as the objection has any force, it virtually lies against the existence of any connexion between, not only the MATERIALISM. 409 brain and the operations of the mind, but between any por- tions of matter whatever and the mind. But it has already been shown, that we know nothing of the existence or ope- rations of mind in this life, as a separate entity, or a thing that exists or acts apart from organized or animate matter; but of its existence and operation in connexion with organi- zed and animate matter, we do know, just as well as know that matter itself exists. It is not, however, incumbent on me here to discuss the question of materialism in the abstract, but merely as appli- cable to phrenology. Since, therefore, I have clearly proved that this doctrine is not applicable to phrenology as such — that it has no more to do with the principles of this science than it has with those of any and every other science which treats of the physiology and mental economy of man, I con- ceive that I have fairly met, and fully answered, this ob- jection. But this objection is not urged by infidelity against the Christian religion so much as it is by professing Christians against phrenology. They argue that " Materialism is false, because it is contrary to divine Revelation ; but that phrenol- ogy leads to materialism; and, therefore, phrenology must be untrue." But let those who are zealous for the truth of the Christian religion, beware, lest, by proving materialism "upon phrenology, they thereby prove it upon themselves, and thus fall into the snare which they had set for phrenolo- gists. They infer that, if phrenology is true, it neeessarily implies the truth of the doctrine of materialism, and, conse- quently, overthrows Christianity. Now, if, after all, phre- nology should become (as it unquestionably will) fully es- tablished, materialists and infidels will prove their doctrines by the very arguments furnished by Christians themselves. They will reason thus: "According to your own argt^ ments, if phrenology is true, it establishes the truth of mate- rialism, infidelity, fatalism, &c. : phrenology is demonstrably true ; therefore the doctrines of materialism, infidelity, fatal- ism, &c, are undeniable." And thus, even though their ar- guments are sophistical, Christians will be " condemned out of their own mouth," or else driven to the disagreeable alter- native of admitting that their arguments are fallacious, and the orlspring of religious bigotry. It is an old trick of agitators and bigots to raise the hue and cry of infidelity, atheism, materialism, heresy, and so 35 410 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. forth, against new doctrines in religion, and new discoveries in philosophy and science. Not only were Anaxagoras, Soc- rates, Galileo, Columbus, Locke, and a host of other worthies, the effulgence of whose genius has lighted up the intellectual and moral world, obliged to contend with the same kind of opposition, but the great Reformers, and even our Saviour and St. Paul, were assailed with the same sort of weapons. But I am not so easily alarmed as to be driven from my pur- pose by a little dust kicked up by those who are too bigoted to look at a new science lest its doctrines corrupt their morals, nor so easily persuaded as to yield to an objection which I find to be directly at war with, facts. I shall, therefore, de- liberately walk forward in the train of facts which light up my way, fearless of the goal to which they may conduct me. In reference to the doctrine of materialism, I have only to add, that phrenology itself furnishes evidence sufficient to satisfy my mind, that it is utterly false. This evidence is chiefly furnished by the faculties of ven. and hope. I believe that the legitimate and leading function of the first, is to teach us to worship a God, and that this proves the existence of a Deity, and, consequently, of a being whose mind acts independently of organized matter ; and I believe that the leading office of the last, is to point out to us a hereafter by leading us to hope for it and to expect it, and, consequently, that it proves the existence of a future state of being. But these points will be presented more at large in the chapter upon the Theology of phrenology. REGENERATION, OR A CHANGE OF HEART. As the objection, that the principles of phrenology are op- " to what many believe to be the Scripture doctrine of change of heart, is tolerably well stated in the following letter, published in the Morning Star, we allow Dr. Mallison, as the representative of all who urge this objection against phrenology, to state it in their behalf. "New York, Oct. 18, 1836. " To the Messrs. Fowlers. " Sirs, — At your next lecture, T wish you to explain, according to the principles of phrenology, how any material or radical change in a man's moral character, disposition, or conduct, can take place. For example ; we frequently see the infidel and irreligious man, sud- denly and radically change his sentiments and practices in life, and become pious, reverential, and devotional. Now, according to the A CHANGE OF HEART. 411 Principles of your system, it seems to follow, that, in reality, there are no such changes, and that they are wholly imaginary or hypocrit- ical, or else, that there must be a corresponding change of the phren- ological organs, namely, a sudden diminution of one class of organs, and an equally sudden enlargement of another class, whose functions are directly opposite. " That men do often experience these changes, is evident to every one ; but that the bumps of the cranium, are subject to such sudden growth and depression, is certainly most doubtful : and, if these or- gans do not correspond with a man's changes in conduct and dispo- sition, how can they have any reciprocal relation to his true char- acter 1 D. J. MALLISON, M. DJ J Admitting this doctrine of a change of character and con- duct called regeneration, as believed in and taught by ortho- dox Christians, to be correct, and the first question to be con- sidered in relation to its bearings upon the doctrines of phre- nology, is, in what does this change consist ? From even a superficial view of the subject, it is evident, that it does not consist either in a substitution of one primary mental faculty for an other opposite faculty, or in a change of the original nature and character of the faculties, or of their proportion- al strength; for, if the subject of this change possesses a strong and original intellect before conversion, he has just as strong and as original an intellect after conversion ; but, if he is weak-minded before, he still remains so. Even his leading peculiarities of mind, thought, and feeling, remain unaltered. If, before conversion, he possesses a remarkably retentive memory of incidents, of faces, of dates, of principles, and of places, his memory of these things is equally tenacious after- wards ; but, if his memory of any of these things is weak be- fore, it is equally so afterwards. If, before, he is remarkable ■for his mechanical, or any other, talents, he is uniformly found to possess the very same talents, and in the same de- gree, afterwards. If he is possessed of a superiour musical talent before he meets with this change, he possesses the very same talent, and in the same degree of excellence, after this event. In what, then, does this change consist? Simply and solely in a change of the direction of these respective facul- ties, or of the objects upon which they are exercised, and not in a change of their nature and character, or of their rela- tive power. For example; if the person converted, has a •great talent for musick, the effect of his conversion is to change the direction of thi3 faculty : thus, before conversion, k was chiefly exercised in singing songs, lively airs, &c, 412 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. whereas, it is now chiefly exercised upon pieces of sacred imi- sick. If, before conversion, his reasoning powers are great, but exercised principally upon political, philosophical, or scien- tifick subjects, they are afterwards equally powerful, but di- rected mainly to religious and theological subjects. Benev., which was before manifested in relieving the physical suf- fering, and promoting the temporal wants and earthly hap- piness, of his fellow-men, is now directed to a different and far more elevated object, namely, the salvation and eternal happiness of his fellow-men. And so of every other feeling, faculty, and talent, of the individual. Now, in as much as the relative power of the faculties themselves, remains unchanged, though directed to different objects, there is no call for an alteration in the proportionate size of the organs, and, of course, no need of a sudden dimi- nution of one class of organs, and an equally sudden enlarge- ment of another class. But, if this change of heart did ne- cessarily involve a change of the nature and the constitution of the primary mental powers, the inevitable conclusion would be, that these faculties were not well-made at the first, and, therefore, require remodelling, or, rather, re-creating, which would necessarily imply imperfection on the part of the Creator; and, not only so, but this radical change in the nature of the faculties themselves, would certainly destroy the identity of the person converted, thus making him, not a neie, but another, being. Again, if this conversion were to change the relative power of the primary faculties, the same inferences hold good. Whilst, then, the nature of the faculties themselves, remains unchanged, and their proportionate strength the same as it was before, the amount of it is, that divine grace simply gives to the faculties as they originally or previously were, a new direction. An illustration will, perhaps, make the point clear. A steamboat, which is made perfect and beautiful throughout, is being propelled down a river, by the power of steam. The rud- der is turned, and the same boat is now propelled up the river, by the same power, and by means of the same apparatus. But the boat is not changed, or transformed; for it is, by sup- position, made perfect ; nor is the nature of the steam changed, nor the character or proportionate strength of any one thing about the boat. This is not necessary. The boat is perfect. Its direction, merely, is altered; and that by means of the A CHANGE OV HEART. 413 cooperation of the power of the boat and that of her com- mander. So it is in the matter of conversion. The sinner is sailing smoothly down the rapid current of sin and worldly pleasure, towards the opening gulf of endless perdition. Di- vine agency arrests him, and changes, not the nature of the thinking faculties themselves, but merely the direction of the thoughts produced — not the nature of the propelling powers themselves, but the drift and current of the feelings that flow from those powers, by setting before them a different object to stimulate and occupy those powers. The analogy of the steamboat, does not, of course, hold good throughout ; for man is a moral agent, the steamboat, a mere machine. It, however, holds good as far as I have occasion to apply it. Men are depraved, not because they have depraved faculties, but because they make a depraved mse of good faculties : see last proposition under the last ob- jection, p. 403. You allude to a " sudden" change. So far as the change is sudden, it is not a change, either of faculties, or of their relative strength. This change of the proportionate strength of the faculties is always gradual. The man whose besetting sin before conversion, was an inordinate craving for money, has the same craving afterwards, with this differ- ence merely, that, by the grace given him at conversion, it is restrained from breaking out into overt acts of wickedness. The same is true of the passionate man, of the ambitious man, &c. Paul speaks of carrying on a " warfare against the lusts of the flesh;" and the Bible everywhere holds out the idea that victory over our depraved propensities, must be gradual, and can be obtained only by long-continued and la- borious effort — by watching and praying, and severe self- denial. Christian experience is compared to the " rising light, which," from a feeble gleaming, " groweth brighter and brighter till the perfect day" — "to a grain of mustard seed, which," from the smallest of seeds, "becomes a great tree;" plainly implying, that, as far as the relative strength of the faculties is changed, so far the change is gradual. I would ask any true Christian, if he is not obliged to hold in with a strong rein, those propensities that predomi- nated before his conversion; and, if a long time is not requi- site effectually to subdue " those sins that most easily beset him," so that their instinctive promptings are not plainly felt. By the time, then, that he has subdued his propen- 35* 414 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. sities, or altered the relative strength of his faculties, the organs will have time to adjust themselves accordingly : see pp. 365, to 370. If I mistake not, then, I have clearly shown, that the doc- trines and principles of phrenology, are not at all inconsist- ent with the doctrine of regeneration ; and, also, that phre- nology enables us to tell what kind of Christians particular individuals are. PHRENOLOGICAL FLATTERY. It is farther objected to phrenology, or, rather, to phreno- logical deductions of character, that " The science as employ- ed in practice, generally makes men better than they really are; and thus flatters their vanity and self-conceit, and, con- sequently, tends to diminish their efforts for improvement." By the application of phrenological principles, we are en- abled to ascertain and describe only the natural talents, feel- ings, dispositions, and capabilities of individuals, including, also, the modifications of these feelings and talents as far as cultivation has produced a change in their external signs or organs ; but a correct description drawn from such data, can- not properly be called flattery. To make it flattery, the de- scription should give to individuals a greater amount of talent, of intellect, or of moral feeling, than they really possess ; but this it does not do, except in the hands of unskilful or dis- honest practitioners, for whose acts phrenology cannot be justly held responsible. It is freely admitted, however, that phrenology often as- cribes to individuals a far greater amount of certain talents, propensities, or feelings, than they think they possess, or than the}'- have manifested. But, in doing this, phrenology is not at fault ; for the fact in the case not unfrequently happens to be, that, from the force of circumstances, defects in education, or from some other cause, these qualities of mind, which really exist as described, have not been manifested in such a manner as to display their real strength and power, but have remained neglected and unknown, and, consequent- ly, unappreciated. The diamond, however, is the same, " whether it sparkle in the diadem of royalty, or slumber on the cross of the pilgrim." Who does not know, that the dis- tinctions and honours obtained in human life, more frequently depend upon adventitious and favourable circumstances, than upon native genius and real worth? Let an individual who PHRENOLOGICAL FLATTERY. 415 is possessed of only respectable talents, be thrown into cir- cumstances which shall give these talents high cultivation and polish, and he will often cut a far greater figure in the world than another who possesses talents of the highest or- der, but who is chained down in obscurity by the force of un- favourable circumstances. Hence we might expect, that, if phrenology reveals the true character, it will often be con- demned for overrating, and, at other times, for underrating, the capabilities and talents of individuals. But one prominent ground of the objection under consid- eration, is, that men do not know themselves ; that is, they frequently entertain very erroneous notions concerning their own talents, disposition, and capabilities, especially with re- ference to some f articular traits of character ; and, what makes the point still worse for phrenology to settle in a sat- isfactory manner to all the parties that may be concerned or interested in an examination, is, not merely that the individ- ual examined may have wrong notions of many of his own mental qualities, but that his friends and neighbours even, frequently entertain views on these same points, widely dif- ferent from his own, and widely different from each other. So that, there is nothing more common than for the decisions of phrenology upon particular traits of character, to be oppo- sed by the parties concerned, to be disputed upon among themselves, and, finally, after investigation, to be conclusively established in favour of phrenology : see pp. 79, 263. The causes of this ignorance of human character which so extensively prevails in the world, are numerous. I shall allude to only two or three of them. The first is, that all our systems of mental philosophy heretofore published, are so obscure, contradictor}'-, and defective, as to render it im- possible for any one, not excepting even their very authors, to obtain from them clear views of their own mental facul- ties — to learn from them what constitute the various facul- ties of the human mind, their analysis, different functions, and modes of operation. Secondly, we live in a highly artificial state of society, particularly we who profess to be highly civilized. In so- ciety as it is now constituted, the great strife seems to be, not to improve, but to conceal and pervert, nature; so that men (and especially tvomen) are little more what they seem to be, than artificial fruit is like real fruit. The theatre of human 416 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. life has become a masquerade, where each attempts to act his part in disguise. To illustrate this point, let us suppose that a very upright and conscientious man engages in business, in the mercan- tile line, if you please. He proceeds, for a while, to deal in the most honest and honourable manner, but directly finds that he is surrounded by those who employ "the tricks of trade," and begins to think that, unless he fall in with their usages, he will be ruined in his business. He then stops a moment to reason with his conscience — and more especially with his acquis. ; and he finds that it is an almost universal practice to recommend a bad article as a good one, (particu- larly among the retailers,) and to lie it on to the customer ; also, to take advantage of the ignorance of the customer, by selling him an article for fifty or a hundred per cent more than it is really worth ; and to practise a thousand other dirty tricks with impunity. His conscience loudly rings the alarm, and tells him it is wicked, it is base, it is mean. But the consideration of gain, the universality of the practice, and what he considers the necessity of the case, at length get the upper hands, and so far stifle the warnings of conscien., that he gradually slides into this slimy and hell-ripening course. Now, at such a stage of his career, phrenology would be apt to attribute to him a higher degree of conscien. than he dis- plays in his practice ; for, as yet, the organ has not had time to diminish in proportion to the letting down of the man's character. — This case may serve to illustrate ten thousand others, not only with respect to the organ of conscien., but also in regard to all the other organs. On the other hand, the phrenologist may sometimes be found fault with for describing an individual's character as worse than it is, when, in reality, the only reason that he has not displayed his vicious propensities in their full force, is, they have been restrained merely by surrounding circum- stances, or, perhaps, the witness who bears testimony in the case, is not so intimately acquainted with the individual as to know his real character. Hence, I have invariably found, that, the judgment, &c, being equal, the more intimate the acquaintance between the person examined and him who bears testimony to the correctness of the examination, the more perfectly will he agree with the phrenological descrip- tion given. . &*&&, PHRENOLOGY NOT REDUCIBLE TO PRACTICE. 417 Again, it is often urged, that, " If an individual is deficient in intellect and moral feeling, or if his organization is such as to expose him to temptation of any sort, he should be kept in ignorance of the fact." Now, if ignorance of the phreno- logical development of amat., secret., combat., &c, would prevent the manifestation of these propensities in excess, ig- norance might be advisable ; or, if ignorance of a want of intellect would compensate for its deficiency, phrenology would do harm ; but, since a deficiency of intellect, and an inordinate development of any of the propensities, will most assuredly manifest themselves, the sooner the individual is made acquainted with the fact, the better : see p. 262. PHRENOLOGY NOT REDUCIBLE TO PRACTICE. Another objection, which is, perhaps, more generally urg- ed against phrenology than any other, is, that, " Although the science may be true in its general principles, yet, in its details, and in its application to practice, and to the develop- ment of the nicer shades of character and talent, no reliance can be placed upon it." Tnis objection seems to have arisen out of the circum- stance, that many obtain a partial knowledge of some of its leading principles, and, from superficial observation, collect evidence enough to convince them that these are true, when, from a want of a more extensive and critical knowledge of the subject, they are not able to go into its details, nor to make observations that shall clearly prove its correctness in detecting the nicer shades of character. But, to the reason- ing mind, it must appear evident, that the same arguments and facts which prove the correctness of its genero.1 princi- ples, also prove the correctness of these principles when car- ried out in detail. Hence, if the truth of its general princi- ples be admitted, the applicability of these principles to prac- tice in minute detail, follows as a matter of course. This objection, again, is varied by some who profess to be- lieve in what they are pleased to term its most important and prominent organs, such as firm., benev., caus., &c, but who disbelieve in the existence of many of the smaller or- gans, thinking that so great a number of organs as is con- tained in the phrenological nomenclature, would make the system of the mental faculties too extensive and complex la be either convenient or true. They say, that the organ q£ 418 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. "colour," or of " weight," for example, is unnecessary ; and that, if phrenologists admit into their scheme, these and many other equally unimportant organs, they are bound to admit many others not included in their list. Now, if phrenologists had formed their system themselves, by setting down and "mapping out the head into different portions," and by locating one organ, or one group of or- gans, here, and another there, they might have extended or diminished the number of organs at pleasure ; and, of course, every objector would have been at liberty to lay their system upon his iron bed, and, like Procrustes, lop it oft' or stretch it out, just as his fancy or his judgment might dictate. But, since phrenologists have had no hand in forming their sys- tem, and, of course, in determining the number of the facul- ties in the human mind, and of their corresponding organs in the brain, or in locating them either, but have presented the whole thing in just the same form in which they disco- vered it, they do not hold themselves accountable, either for the number, size, location, or importance of the respective organs, but beg leave to refer objectors to the Great Creator and Contriver of the whole system. True, as discoverers, they are answerable for the number of organs which they have admitted into their system ; but here they hold, that they have admitted no more than they have been compelled to admit on the ground of evidence furnished by an observa- tion and facts : see pp. 24, 25, 42, and 250. But the proper answer to this objection is given in the description and anal- ysis of the various faculties of the mind, as given in the pre- ceding pages of this work. The fact is, this very minuteness with which phrenology describes character and talent in all their details and shades of difference, constitutes its grand and leading excellence — an excellence which, at once, places this science pre-eminently above any and all other systems of mental philosophy. Thousands who have submitted their heads to our examina- tion, have had their admiration excited to the very utmost, and been no less astonished than delighted, by this striking peculiarity in phrenological power. After having submitted his head to the manipulations of L. N. Fowler, Professor Hovey, of Amherst College, expressed his surprise and as- tonishment many times over, at the wonderful minuteness, combined with perfect accuracy, with which all the nicer points and shades of his character were described. CONTENTS. PAGE. Phrenology defined and proved, 7 The Brain the Organ of the Mind, ib. Mind a Plurality of Faculties, 10 The Brain consists of as many Organs as the Mind does of Faculties, 17 The Faculties differ in power, 20 Reciprocal proportion between the strength of the Faculties and size of the Organs, • • • • 21 The Scull shaped to the Brain, 22 Discovery of Phrenology, •••• 24 Facts in proof of Phrenology, 26 Phrenology of Animals, 27 Indian Heads and Sculls, 29 African do. do., 31 Phrenological difference of the Sexes, 32 Phrenology Illustrated, 37 Temperaments, 38 Influence of Education, 40 Shape of the Organs, 41 Test of the Faculties, 42 Classification of do., 43 Affective Feelings, or Facul- ties, :: 45,56 Animal Propensities, ib. Domestick do., 46,56 Selfish do., 46,73 Human, Moral, and Religious Sentiments, 47, 102 Selfish do., 47, 103 Moral and Religious do., • • 48, 123 Semi-Intellectual do., 48,159 Intellectual Faculties— Percep- tive do., 49,177 External Senses, • • - 49, 178 Observing and knowing Facul- ties, 60, 183 Semi-Perceptive Faculties, 50,209 Reflective or Reasoning Facul- ties, ■• 51,229 Combinations of the Faculties, 51 1. Amativeness, • 56 PAGE. 2. Philoprogenitiveness, 61 3. Adhesiveness, 64 4. Inhabitiveness, • • 68 5. Concentraliveness, TO t. Vitativeness, 73 6. Combativeness, 75 7. Destructiveness, 83 8. Alimentiveness, 86 9. Acquisitiveness, 88 10. Secretiveness, 96 11. Cautiousness, 103 12. Approbativeness, 107 13. Self-Esteem, 113 14. Firmness, 119 15. Conscientiousness,- ••••.• • 124 16. Hope, •■ 136 17. Marvellousness, 141 18. Veneration, 147 19. Benevolence, • 153 20. Constructiveness, 160 21. Ideality, 165 22. Imitation, 169 23. Miuhfulness, 172 Sensation or Feeling, 178 Sight, 179 Hearing, • ISO Taste, 182 Smell, ib. 24. Individuality, 183 25. Form, 186 26. Size, 190 27. Weight, 192 28. Colour, 195 29. Order, 198 30. Calculation, 202 31. Locality, 205 32. Eventuality, 209 33. Time, 214 34. Tune, 217 35. Language, 222 36. Causality, 231 37. Comparison, 239 Unascertained Organs, ....... 247 Grouping of the Organs, • ••••• 250 Directions to Examiners, 253 420 CONTENTS. PAGE Improved Bust, 254 Facts in proof of Phrenology, 256 Examinations in Amherst Col- lege— H. W. Beecher, ib. Dr. Humphrey— Examinations in Lansingburgh, N. Y., 257, 261 Examinations in Waterford — Troy, 258 Prof. Eaton-Dr. White— Hud- son, • ■ 259 Examinations in Catskill, 262 do. in Amsterdam, 263 do. • in Schenectady, 265 do. in Albany, 266 do. in North Adams, 267 do. in New York, 268 do. in Philadelphia, 269 do. in Carlisle, Pa— Wal- die,--'- : 271 Chief Justice Gibson, 272 Wm. Roberts— Jas. Cornelius, 273 Rev. Geo. G. Cookman, 274 Hon. Judge Lewis, 275 Gen. Anthony, 276 Hon. Mr. McKean— Mr. Pack- er, ■ 277 Examinations in Bloomsburg, Pa., 27S do. in Milton— Gen. Frick, 279 do. in Washington, D. C. — Dr. Hunt, • • • 281 Prof. Jones— Dr. Sewall, 282 Woodhouse— Elliott, 285 Wise— Ex-president Jackson, 286 Van Buren — Adams, 287 Clay— Webster, 288, 289 Calhoun — Poindexter — Pres- ton -R. M. Whitney, 291 Benton — Cass — Woodbury — Clayton, 292 Gov. Tyler— Judge White— Pettigrew— R. M. Johnson — Gov. King, 293 Walter Jones— M. L. Davis, • • 294 Dr. Gibson, •• • 295 Gen. Duff Greene, 296 Win H. Brown, • • 298 Booth— Weymes, • • 300, 301 Orr— Dr. Green, 303 Examinations in Baltimore, •• 304 PAGE Examinations in Richmond and Portsmouth, Va.,- • 310, 311 Hon. Judge Baker, 312 Dr.Cherry— Williamsburg, Va., 313 Hon. Geo. W. Lay— Batavia, N.Y.,' 314 Prattsburg— Rev.H.W. Spaul- ding, ■••••■•. 316 Kxaminationsin New York, •• 318 Rev. S. B. Smith, 319 Goold Brown, 320 Chan and Eng, Siamese twins, 322 Eenjamin OlFen, 324 Frances Wrigh t, 326 i'hmeas Bennet, 329 Wynans, 331 Robt. L. Stephens— Powers, • • 332 Nathan Ames, 333 Dr. Griffin, 334 Dr. Beecher— Dr. Alexander, 335 Rev. T. Stockton— Ludlow— Burchard, 336 Rev. C. G. Finney, 338 Rev. O. Dewey, 339 Webb, 340 Legget— Noah, 341 Cobb, • 341 Halleck, 342 Inmates of the House of Ref- fuge, , 343 do. Asylum for the Blind, • • 344 do. Deaf and Dumb Asy- lum, 344 Table of Developments, 345 Objections to Phrenology an- swered, 349 Anatomy of the Brain, 354 Excrescences. upon the Scull, 358 Memory, 360 Increase of the Organs by Ex- ercise, 365 Phrenology independent of Physiognomy, 370 Answer to Dr. McDowall, .■ • 374 Injuries ,of the Brain, 378 Free Agency and Fatalism, •• 380 Materialism, • • ■ • • 407 Regeneration, 410 Phrenological Flattery, 414 Practice of Phrenology, 417 bd 23& 2^,' ^ V™V ,*'* /w<*v «>' Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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