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 OUR WASTED RESOURCES; 
 
 Missing Link in the Temperance Reform. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM HAKGKEAVES, M.D. 
 
 
 
 
 NEW YORE : 
 The National Temperance Sooiety and Publication House, 
 
 No. 58 READE STREET. 
 
 1870, 
 
HVsVo 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 
 
 J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
3To 
 JAMES BLACK, Esq., 
 
 LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 MY MUCH-ESTEEMED AND HONORED FRIEND, 
 
 WHO 
 
 HAS SPENT SO LAKGE A SHARE 
 
 OF HIS 
 
 LIFE, LABORS, ENERGIES, AND INFLUENCE TO PROMOTE AND 
 SPREAD THE GREAT TRUTHS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 TEMPERANCE REFORMATION ; 
 
 WITH HIS 
 
 GREAT HEART, KEEN INTELLECT, AND CLEAR INSIGHT INTO 
 THE VARIOUS PHASES OF THE 
 
 MOVEMENT, 
 
 HE HAS FEARLESSLY BATTLED IN ITS 
 
 THREE GREAT EPOCHS, 
 
 TEMPERANCE, TOTAL ABSTINENCE, AND PROHIBITION; 
 
 AS A SLIGHT TOKEN OF 
 
 HIGH ESTEEM AND PROFOUND ADMIRATION 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is vitally important that a people should 
 encourage and foster only those trades and habits 
 which tend to promote industry, sobriety, and 
 virtue ; for society is only safe while its members 
 are industrious, sober, and' virtuous. 
 
 Men do not generally wish to do what will 
 either injure themselves or others ; yet it must 
 be admitted that society is virtually destroying 
 itself by allowing habits and practices that 
 always tend to produce unhappiness, idleness, 
 vice, crime, and disease. For these evils are as 
 truly the manufactured products of society as 
 are boots, shoes, cotton goods, and broadcloth. 
 
 It is therefore clearly the interest and the duty 
 of every citizen to regulate his own conduct and 
 habits, that they may not only preserve his own 
 honor and integrity, but that he may help to 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 establish and extend like virtues throughout 
 society. 
 
 The wise and good should endeavor to teach 
 the masses whatever will contribute to their 
 happiness ; and the government should aim to 
 control the passions of the vicious and inconsid- 
 erate members of society by such laws and regu- 
 lations as will best tend to produce those results. 
 
 But laws, to be respected and generally obeyed, 
 must commend themselves to, and obtain the 
 approbation of, good men. Laws, to do this, must 
 favor natural justice and tend to promote so- 
 briety, industry, morality, and religion. 
 
 In the opinion of a very large and intelligent 
 class of persons of the United States, Great Bri- 
 tain, and elsewhere, it is a very fatal and deplo- 
 rable mistake for any government to license or 
 allow any of its citizens to manufacture or to sell 
 intoxicating liquors as a beverage ; and that the 
 only safe and true policy would be to prohibit 
 both their manufacture and sale as common 
 drinks. 
 
 Another class, perhaps the more numerous, 
 advocate the license system as now generally 
 practised in most States in the Union, as well 
 as in Great Britain and many other countries. 
 
 The relation of the use and the traffic in strong 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 drinks to the trade, labor, and the general pros- 
 perity of the country is much more important 
 than is generally conceived, and of which very 
 little has been said or written by political econo- 
 mists. 
 
 It has been our aim in this essay to present such 
 facts and figures on the subject treated as are 
 reliable, in order that every one could judge 
 intelligently. We do not desire to be deceived 
 nor to deceive. The figures presented are official, 
 or, if not, reasons are given why they are pre- 
 sented. The statistics of agriculture, manufac- 
 tures, etc., given in the tables, and also in the 
 comparisons made, are either the exact or the 
 proportional amounts as found in Volume III. 
 (Wealth and Industries) of the ninth census of 
 the United States of 1870, or from other official 
 reports. These facts and figures, and the deduc- 
 tions drawn from them, are respectfully pre- 
 sented to the serious consideration of my fellow- 
 citizens and others who deem them worthy their 
 consideration. And though several years have 
 been chiefly spent in their preparation, I shall es- 
 teem the time not spent in vain, should the}' be a 
 means of exciting a wider and a still deeper 
 investigation of the effects of the use and sale of 
 strong drinks on the industry, trade, and com- 
 
INTEODUGTION. 
 
 merce of the country. Such investigations can- 
 not fail to point out the true policy to be adopted 
 by the people in relation to the liquor-traffic and 
 the use of intoxicating drinks as a beverage. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa., 1875. 
 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Our National Wealth, 13 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Labor, Wealth, etc., 27 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Labor, Productive and Non-Productive, 35 
 
 CHAPTER IY. 
 Quantity and Cost of Intoxicating Drinks, 41 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Comparisons of the Cost with other Products, etc., . . 58 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Use of Strong Drinks Causes Bad Trade, .... 71 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The Use of Strong Drinks Prevents Production ... GO 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 The Use and the Traffic in Strong Drinks Injures Labor, . 104 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 The Losses of the Nation by the Drink-Traffic, .... 112 
 
 9 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Use of Alcoholic Drinks Causes Pauperism, . . . 119 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Crime Caused by Intoxicating Drinks, 143 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Intoxicating Drinks, and the Traffic in them, Destroy the Influ- 
 ence of Education, 168 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Use of, and the Traffic in, Strong Drinks Impede the Pro- 
 gress of the Christian Church and the Spread of the 
 Gospel, 183 
 
TABLES. 
 
 * 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Table I. Of the Returns of Principal Manufactures in 
 
 1870, 17 
 
 " II. Of Exports and Imports of the United States in 
 
 the Years 1810, 1820, and 1870, ... 19 
 " III. Of Mining Industries of the United States in 1870, 21 
 
 " IV. Statistics of Fisheries of the United States in 
 
 1870, 21 
 
 " V. Statistics of Railways, etc., etc., in 1873, . . 22 
 
 VI. Statistics of United States Liquor Trades in 
 
 1872, 49 
 
 VII. Showing Quantity of Distilled Spirits Reported 
 to Officials in the Several Years from 1860 
 to 1872, . . . . . * . . . 51 
 " VIII. Exhibits the Cost of Drinks and the Value of 
 
 Principal Industries in the United States, . 62, 63 
 IX. Showing the Number of Persons that could be 
 Employed in Manufactures by the Money 
 spent for Liquors, etc., etc., ... 85 
 
 X. Exhibits the Hands Employed in Pennsylvania in 
 the Liquor Business, Wages Paid, etc., in 
 
 1870, 86 
 
 XI. Shows the Number of Persons that could be 
 Employed, Wages Paid, etc., if the Money 
 spent for Liquor was spent for Food, . . 95 
 XII. Exhibits the Establishments that would be 
 Required, Hands Employed, etc., etc., if 
 $288,496,678 was spent for the Articles 
 
 Named, 101 
 
 n 
 
12 TABLES. 
 
 Table XIII. Exhibits the Totals of Table XI. and Table XII., 101 
 
 " XIV. Exhibits some of the Leading Industries of 
 Pennsylvania, with Hands Employed, etc., 
 
 etc., 107 
 
 XY. Shows the Yalue of Articles to Consumers, etc., 109 
 
 " XVI. Showing Pauperism and Crime in the Several 
 
 States, 121 
 
 " XVII. General Statistics of Town Paupers of Massa- 
 chusetts from 1854 to 1870, . . . .122 
 
 " XVIII. General Statistics of Town Paupers of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1867, 123 
 
 " XIX. Average Number Inmates of Institutions, etc., 
 
 in Massachusetts in 1867, .... 124 
 
 " XX. Number of Paupers in Town and County Alms- 
 
 houses in Massachusetts in 1867, . . . 125 
 
 " XXI. Almshouse Returns of Pennsylvania for 1870, 129, 130 
 XXII. Statistics of Schools in the United States in 1870, 173 
 
 " XXIII. Statistics of Juvenile Reformatories of the 
 
 United States in 1870, 180 
 
 " XXIV. Religious Statistics of the United States for 1870 
 
 and 1872, . . . . . . 187,188 
 
OTJH WASTED BESOURCES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 NATIONAL AVEALTH. 
 
 The principal sources of national wealth are : L 
 Agriculture ; II. Manufactures ; III. Trade and Com- 
 merce ; IV. Railways ; V. Mines ; VI. Fisheries. 
 
 AGEIGULTUEAL EESOUECES. 
 
 The agricultural resources of the United States are 
 unequalled by any other civilized nation. 
 
 The area of the United States is about three million 
 square miles, three-fourths of which is capable of 
 being inhabited. 
 
 By the census returns of 1870 there were, in farms, 
 407,735,041 acres, of which 188,921,099 acres were 
 improved and 218,813,942 acres unimproved. The 
 value of these farms was $9,262,803,861 ; and of farm 
 implements and machinery, $336,878,429.'* 
 
 The total value of " farm productions, betterments, 
 
 and additions to stock " was .... $2,447,538,058 
 
 " Wages paid during the year, including value of 
 
 board," 310,280,285 
 
 * Ninth Census Report, Vcl. III., Wealth and Industries, pp. 81, 82. 
 13 
 
14 
 
 NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 slaughtered or sold for 
 
 " Value of animals 
 
 slaughter/' . 
 Value of " home manufactures/ 7 
 Value of " forest productions/ 7 
 Value of " market-garden productions/ 7 
 Value of orchard products, 
 
 $398,956,376 
 23,423,332 
 36,808,277 
 20,719,229 
 47,335,189 
 
 The magnitude of these figures, representing the 
 value of our agricultural products, gives but a very 
 slight idea of the immensity of the products of the 
 soil. It is only after much thought, comparison, 
 and analytic reasoning on the subject that the mind 
 can grasp or appreciate the magnitude of our agri- 
 cultural resources. 
 
 The quantity of the principal cereals or Tbreadstulfs 
 raised in the United States in 1870 was : 
 
 Wheat, . 
 Rye, . 
 Indian corn, 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 287,745,626 
 
 16,918,795 
 
 760,944,549 
 
 Oats, . 
 
 Barley, 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 282,107,157 
 
 29,761,305 
 
 9,821,721 
 
 Total breadstuffs, 1,387,299,153 
 
 This amount of breadstuffs raised in one year would 
 furnish 183 bushels to each of the 7,579,363 families, 
 or give 35 bushels to every man, woman, and child in 
 our country. The wheat alone is lyi bushels per 
 head. 
 
 The principal fibrous productions raised in 1870 
 were : * 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Cotton, 
 Wool, 
 Flax, . 
 
 1,204,798,400 
 
 100,102,387 
 
 27,133,034 
 
 Hemp, 
 Silk cocoons, 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 28,551,040 
 3,937 
 
 Total fibrous products, 1,360,588,798 
 
 * Ibid., p. 85. 
 
NATIONAL WEALTH. 15 
 
 Hay, hops, rice, and tobacco raised in 1870 were : * 
 
 Hay (in tons), . 27,316,048 I Rice (pounds), . 73,635,021 
 Hops (in pounds), . 25,456,669 | Tobacco (pounds), . 262,735,341 
 
 Potatoes, peas, beans, beeswax, honey, and do- 
 mestic wine prodnced in 1870 were : * 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Irish potatoes, . 143,337,473 
 Sweet potatoes, . 21,709,824 
 Peas and beans, . 5,746,027 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Beeswax, . . 631,129 
 Bees' honey, . . 14,702,815 
 Dom'tic wine (gals.) 3,092,330 
 
 The sugar and molasses produced in 1870 were : 
 
 Cane sugar (hhds.), 87,043 
 
 Maple " (pounds), 28,443,645 
 Sorghum " (hhds.), 24 
 
 Cane molasses (gals.), 6,593,323 
 Maple " " 921,057 
 
 Sorghum " " 16,050,089 
 
 The amount of dairy products in 1870 was : * 
 
 Butter, 514,092,683 pounds. 
 
 Cheese, 53,492,153 " 
 
 Milk sold, .... 235,500,599 gallons. 
 
 Of live stock on farms in 1870 there were : * 
 
 Horses, . . . 7,145,370 
 Mules and asses, . 1,125,415 
 Milch cows, . . 8,935,332 
 Working oxen, . 1,319,271 
 Total live stock, 
 
 Other cattle, . . 13,566,005 
 Sheep, . . . 28,477,951 
 Swine, . . . 25,134,569 
 
 Valued at $1,525,276,457 
 
 The above chief products of the United States, 
 raised in 1870, though they do not include all our 
 products of agriculture, yet, large as they are, were 
 produced on considerably less than one-half of the 
 
 * Ibid., pp. 82-84. 
 
16 NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 farm-lands of the country. Of the 407,735,041 acres 
 occupied as farms, only 188,921,099 acres are im- 
 proved, leaving 218,813,942 acres unimproved. 
 
 The capability of our soil to support the nearly 
 forty millions of our present population and the 
 millions yet to be born or to immigrate to this 
 country, is very evident when we consider that less 
 than one-half only of the farm-lands at present 
 occupied were used to raise these immense products. 
 
 The rapid and general increase of products of the 
 soil is very encouraging, and bespeaks for our coun- 
 try a prosperous future, if we but wisely use only 
 a small part of the natural wealth of the soil and our 
 mineral resources. From 1840 to 1870 the population 
 increased 2j{ times, while the wheat crop increased 
 3.4 times, the corn crop more than doubled, and the 
 oat crop increased 2.3 times. Thus our agricultural 
 industries have more than kept pace with the increase 
 of our population. 
 
 MANUFACTURES OE THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Our manufactures are not less important than the 
 products of agriculture, as will be seen by the follow- 
 
NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 17 
 
 * 
 
 Brass, cast, etc., . 
 Building (not marine), 
 Building materials, 
 Building (marine) , 
 Copper milled, etc., 
 Fire-arms, 
 
 Food and food preparations, 
 Furniture and house-fixtures 
 Iron and its manufacture, 
 Lead, .... 
 Leather, 
 Lumber, 
 
 Paper, .... 
 Printing and publishing, 
 Textiles, 
 
 Articles of wear, . 
 Liquors, spirits, malt, etc., 
 Tobacco, 
 ] Total returns of man'factures 
 
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18 NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 To appreciate the immense value of, and the pro- 
 gress made in, our manufactures, we have only to call 
 to mind that within the present century the people of 
 the whole of these United States numbered but little 
 more than are now engaged in manufacturing ; that 
 one hundred years ago not a mill or a factory existed ; 
 that the little manufacturing that was carried on by 
 our people was performed by hand, and was of the 
 coarsest kind ; that the mother country was relied 
 upon for most of the necessaries, to say nothing of 
 the comforts, of life ; that the whole region, now the 
 sites of most of our large cities and towns, was a 
 howling wilderness, inhabited by wild beasts, and by 
 men but little less savage. It must also be recollected 
 that even in the civilized and older countries of 
 Europe all manufactures nearly a century ago were 
 produced by hand-labor. Even England, with all her 
 present vast facilities and machinery for manufactur- 
 ing, and the source of nearly all her wealth, is now 
 very nearly overtaken by the United States in the 
 race to become the world's workshop and factory. 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 The progress that has been made in the trade and 
 commerce of the United States during the last fifty 
 years has also been very great. 
 " This can be seen by comparing the exports and im- 
 ports of the several decades from 1810 to 1870, which 
 were as follows : 
 
NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Of Exports and Imports in years named : 
 
 19 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. Population. 
 
 | 
 
 1810, 
 
 1820, 
 *1870, 
 
 $66,757,974 
 
 69,691,669 
 
 499,092,143 
 
 $85,400,000 
 
 74,450,000 
 
 452,875,665 
 
 7,239,881 
 
 9,633,822 
 
 38,558,371 
 
 Fifty-four years ago (in 1820) the population of the 
 United States was 9,633,822 ; in 1870 it was 38,558,371, 
 or four times greater. In these fifty years our imports 
 increased nearly six times, while the exports of our 
 home productions are more than sixfold larger. 
 
 In twenty- eight years, from 1842 to 1870, the ex- 
 ports of the productions of the United States increased 
 from $92,969,996 in 1842 f to $499,092,143 in 1870. 
 While the population is only little more than double, 
 our exports of home productions have increased 
 nearly fivefold. 
 
 Again, in 1842 the aggregate value of the exports 
 of our domestic products was $92,969,996, while the 
 value of like products exported in 1872 was $499,- 
 092,143, or an increase in thirty years of more than 
 fivefold in the exportation of the products of the 
 United States to foreign countries. Again, while the 
 exportation of our domestic products has increased, 
 our importation of foreign products has compara- 
 tively decreased. In 1842 the value of our imports, 
 exclusive of specie, was $96,075,071, or $3,105,075 
 more than the value of our domestic products ex- 
 
 * Commerce and Navigation Report, 1870, p. 615. 
 
 t Commerce and Navigation Monthly Reports, 1S72, p. ioQ. 
 
20 NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 ported ; in 1872 the value of our imports was $640,- 
 337,540,* or $91,117,822 more than the value ($549,- 
 219,718) of the domestic products exported. 
 
 In 1872 among other domestic manufactures ex- 
 ported were the following :f 
 
 Cotton goods, . . $2,304,330 I Manufactures of iron, $6,812,333 
 Woollen goods, . 212,669 | " of steel, 1,934,723 
 Shoes and leather, . . 3,684,029 
 
 Thus the resources of our national wealth, of agri- 
 culture, manufactures, trade, and commerce, have 
 greatly increased. 
 
 The importance of fisheries in relation to the food- 
 supplies of a nation, and as a source of remunerative 
 employment, cannot be too highly estimated. 
 
 The great advantage arising from this source of 
 our nation's wealth is that the harvest of fish is 
 reaped without expense or preparatory labor ; the 
 fisher has only to gather and cure. To estimate the 
 importance of our fisheries as a food- supply, we have 
 but to state that in 1870, exclusive of our whale- 
 fisheries, their product was 1,135 bbls. sea-bass, 
 559,982 quintals of cod, 2,475 qtls. haddock, 10,955 
 qtls. hake, 2,451 tons halibut, 31,210 bbls. herring, 
 221,003 bbls. mackerel, 5,463 bbls. mullet, 647,312 
 bush, oysters, 3,216 bbls. pickerel, 24,118 bbls. 
 of salmon, 1,810,000 bis. canned salmon, 2,617 
 M. of shad, 69,561 bbls. of white-fish, 25,700 M. 
 white-fish, 766,930 gals, oil-fish, besides $1,208,778 
 
 * Commerce and Navigation Monthly Reports, 1872, p. 545. 
 t Ibid., pp. 54G-48. 
 
NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 21 
 
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22 
 
 XATIOXAL WEALTH. 
 
 wortli of miscellaneous fish. A visit to any of 
 our great fish markets will aid any one to appre- 
 ciate the food- wealth of our rivers and the sea. 
 
 This source of wealth in 1870 produced $11,096,522, 
 and paid $3,449,331 for wages, and gave employment 
 to not less than 20,504. 
 
 The art of fishing has been brought by degrees to 
 its present perfect condition. In remote ages fish 
 were caught by men who lay on the banks of rivers 
 and on rocks, ready to shoot them with arrows or 
 stick them with spears ; even yet the partially-civi- 
 lized take fish in blankets and sheep -skins. 
 
 The wealth of the nation invested in railways, and 
 income derived from them, is immense, and is annu- 
 ally increasing. It is not more than fifty years since 
 the building of the first railroad in the country was 
 commenced. In 1830 there were only 23 miles of 
 railroads in operation in the United States, but in 
 1873 there were 70,651 miles, whose gross earnings 
 were $526,419,935. 
 
 TABLE V.* 
 
 The Miles of Railway in Operation, Amount of Stock, Receipts, 
 Expenses, etc. 
 
 Divisions of 
 the U. States. 
 
 No. 
 miles 
 E.Rs. 
 
 Total Capital 
 Account. 
 
 Eeceipt3 
 
 from 
 
 Passengers. 
 
 Eeceipts 
 
 from 
 Freight. 
 
 Operating 
 Expenses. 
 
 Net 
 Earnings. 
 
 K EngPd, 
 Middle, . 
 Western, . 
 Southern, 
 Pacific, . 
 
 5,314 
 14,019 
 33,772 
 15,353 
 
 2,193 
 
 70,651 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 263,697,778 
 
 1,126,702,107 
 
 1,730,728,234 
 
 509,324,106 
 
 154,090,809 
 
 Dollars. 
 22,358,645 
 42,355,230 
 51,620,779 
 15,456,162 
 
 5,593,611 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 29,318.043 
 
 151,697,072 
 
 160,097,008 
 
 38,456,162 
 
 9,683,138 
 
 Dollars. 
 36,614,911 
 
 124,771,717 
 
 139,253,575 
 
 35,551,060 
 
 6,418,110 
 
 Dollars. 
 15,061,777 
 69,280,585 
 72,464,212 
 18,145,349 
 
 8,858,639 
 
 3,784,543,034 
 
 137,384, 4271389,351,423 
 
 342,609,373 
 
 183,810,562 
 
 * Poor's Railroad Manual for 1874-5, pp. 52-3. 
 
NATIONAL WEALTH. 2'.1 
 
 It is estimated by Mr. Poor, from whose k ' Railroad 
 Manual ' ' the above data is taken, that at the rate of 
 increase of the past three years the earnings of our 
 railroads will be doubled in the next six years, with- 
 out the construction of a single additional mile of 
 road. 
 
 The population of the country is increasing about 
 one million annually, and by the year 1880 the earn- 
 ings of the roads now in operation will be not less 
 than 81,000,000,000 ; the percentage of their earnings 
 will be fully up to 20 per cent, of their cost. It is 
 not likely that the construction of railroads will pro- 
 ceed as rapidly for a few years to come as it has done 
 in the past ; nevertheless, new lines will be constantly 
 constructed, even in States that have the greatest 
 length of lines in proportion to the population, to 
 keep step with the rapid increase of population. 
 Though millions of dollars have been lost in building 
 railroads in advance of the wants of portions of the 
 country or means for their support, the increase in 
 the value of property due to their construction has 
 far exceeded their cost. So that, if a few have lost, 
 the nation has been the gainer. 
 
 The earnings of our railroads are but small when 
 compared with the advantages they give the people 
 in transporting persons and goods. The most distant 
 cities have been brought near, and products that 
 otherwise would be worthless have, by their construc- 
 tion, become chief contributors to our commerce and 
 manufactures. 
 
 The following is, by the census of 1870, the esti- 
 
24 
 
 NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 mated value of the personal property and real estate 
 in the United States : 
 
 * The assessed value of real estate, . . . 
 The assessed value of personal estate, . 
 
 Total assessed value of personal and real estate, . 
 
 The true value of real and personal estate of the 
 
 United States in 1870 was .... 
 
 $9,914,780,825 
 4,264,205,907 
 
 $14,178,986,732 
 $30,068,518,507 
 
 Allowing 25 per cent, for heedless and ignorant 
 under- statement in I860, when the true value of 
 personal and real estate was stated to be $16,159,- 
 616,068, to which add 25 per cent., or $4,039,904,017, 
 for mistakes, it is gratifying to find that, even with 
 this allowance, the true value of property, real and per- 
 sonal, in ten years has increased more than 50 per cent. 
 
 The annual income of the United States, by the 
 census of 1870 and Poor's " Railway Manual" for 
 1873-4, is as follows : 
 
 From agricultural industries, 
 " manufacturing industries, 
 " mining industries, 
 " fisheries, . 
 
 " railroads in 1872, f 
 
 Total of these resources, 
 
 $2,447,538,658 
 
 4,232,325,442 
 
 152,598,994 
 
 11,096,522 
 
 165,754,373 
 
 $7,009,313,989 
 
 The income of the manual-labor class, or the wages 
 fund for 1870 of the United States, is as follows : 
 
 Wages — Agriculture during year, with value of 
 
 "board, 
 
 " Mechanical and manufacturing industries, 
 
 " Mining industries, 
 
 11 Fisheries, 
 
 $310,286,285 
 
 775,584,343 
 
 74,464,044 
 
 3,449,331 
 
 * Total wages paid in 1870, by Census Report, . $1,163,784,003 
 
 * U. S. Census Report, 1870, Vol. III. t Poor's Railway Manual, 1873-4, p 48. 
 
NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 25 
 
 - The receipts and expenditures of the Government 
 for 1872 were : 
 
 * RECEIPTS. 
 
 From Customs, $216,370,286 77 
 Sale of Public Lands, 2,575,714 19 
 Internal Revenue, 130,642,177 72 
 Miscellaneous sour- 
 ces, . . . 15,106,051 23 
 
 To'l ord'y r'c'pts, $364,694,229 91 
 Premium on sales 
 
 of coin, . . 9,412,637 65 
 Receipts from loans 
 
 and TWy notes, 305,047,054 00 
 
 Gross receipts, $679,153,921 56 
 
 Balance in Treasury 
 at the commence- 
 ment of theyear, 138,01 9,122 15 
 
 Cash previously re- 
 ported unavailable, 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Indians, . $7,061,723 82 
 
 Pensions, . 28,533,402 76 
 
 Military Establishments, 
 including Fortifica- 
 tions, River and Har- 
 bor Improvem'ts, 35,372,157 20 
 
 Naval Est'blishm'ts, 21,249,809 99 
 
 Miscellaneous, Civil, 
 inducing Public Build- 
 ings, Lighthouses, and 
 CoirctingRVnue,60,984,757 42 
 
 Net ord'y expenses,153,201, 856 19 
 Premium on Bonds 
 
 purchased, . 6,958,266 76 
 Interest on Public 
 
 Debt, . . 117,357,839 72 
 
 . 18,228 35 | Public Debt > .405,007,307 54 
 
 Gross expendi- 
 tures, . $632,525,270 21 
 
 Bal'nco in Tr'sury at 
 the end of year, 134,666,00] 85 
 
 Tot'l avail, cash, $817,191,272 06 Total, 
 
 $8] 7,191, 272 06 
 
 A survey of the resources of the country, with its 
 increase of population and wealth, must impress all 
 with the pre-eminent advantages our people enjoy in 
 developing its marvellous wealth and increasing the 
 power and influence of the nation, and thus to make 
 its people the most prosperous and happy on earth. 
 
 The advantages which surround us for the procur- 
 ing- of weal tli have never been enjoyed to so great a 
 
 * Report of Finances by W. A Richardson, Secretary of Treasury of United 
 States, for 1873, p. 13-17. 
 
26 NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 degree by any other people in the history of the 
 world. 
 
 We should naturally expect that these immense 
 resources would place all our people beyond the 
 reach of want or destitution. But, alas ! this is far 
 from being the case; for though our nation's income 
 is seven thousand million dollars ($7,009,313,989, the 
 resources numerated above) per annum, yet we are 
 compelled to witness a vast amount of destitution, 
 crime, and pauperism visible in every part of the 
 country. Why is it? Let us seek a solution. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Labor is man's inheritance, and his honor and 
 glory. The world owes ns nothing but what we labor 
 for, though we all owe the world much. 
 
 At birth all are entitled to life, and no one has a 
 right to interfere with it ; all are equally free born, 
 and no one can justly subject us to his will. 
 
 Though we inherit a right to life, we have no right 
 to live without producing, or to consume what is pro- 
 duced by others. The perfection of our organism 
 brings with it at our birth needs that are more com- 
 plex than other animals. Our food, clothing, and 
 shelter must generally be extracted from the earth 
 by labor ; and the greater our number of needs, 
 the greater the necessity for labor. 
 
 The higher our civilization, the more numerous our 
 wants, and the greater will be the labor required to 
 supply them. To consume little, without producing 
 what you consume, is to sink below humanity, and 
 level ourselves with the lower animals. 
 
 To restrict ourselves to such food as merely sup- 
 ports existence, and labor only sufficient to obtain it, 
 we rob society, and supply nothing toward repaying 
 for the sacrifices made for us centuries before our 
 birth. Without the labor of the past, the present 
 
 27 
 
28 LABOE, WEALTH, ETC. 
 
 race of. human beings would be savages of a weak, 
 perhaps servile, tribe ; for nearly all our present 
 resources are the results of labor, nature having 
 merely supplied us with the soil, air, water, and the 
 spontaneous productions of the earth. 
 
 Man, under the most favorable natural circum- 
 stances, when left to battle alone for life, without the 
 accumulated results of the labor of the past, is forced 
 to endure a most wretched state of existence. 
 
 Nature has done a little for us, but labor much. 
 Oar simplest necessaries of the present, not to name 
 the luxuries, have required the aggregate labor of 
 centuries to produce. The race of animals now so 
 serviceable to man, in aiding him in his labors, 
 supplying him with food and clothing, once were 
 wild, and roamed over the earth uncontrolled, except 
 by animals more savage or in greater numbers. 
 
 The domesticated horse, which for unknown cen- 
 turies has been in the service of man, once congregated 
 in troops on the plains of Central Africa or Asia, from 
 which the wolves and jaguars fled. The cow, sheep, 
 and all the different breeds of domestic animals as 
 now found, are the effects of man's labor and care 
 in crossing. 
 
 The products of our fields, orchards, gardens, etc. , 
 are mainly the result of man' s labor and perseverance. 
 That most important plant, the potato, is not in its 
 present condition a gift of nature, but by careful cul- 
 ture and labor man has brought it, step by step, to 
 its present improved condition. Within the last 
 century, and even before it was discovered in this 
 
LABOR, WEALTH, ETC. 29 
 
 country by the Spaniards, the Indians of Mexico and 
 Peru had cultivated it. "Wheat, the almost universal 
 bread -corn, is not, as it now exists, the gift of nature, 
 but is one of the master results of man's labor. 
 
 It has been generally supposed that Central Asia 
 was the native country of our cultivated wheat ; but 
 not many years ago M. Fabre, of Agde, South of 
 France, discovered that the JEgilops Ovata, a grass of 
 the regions near the Mediterranean and of the West 
 of Asia, becomes, by cultivation, transformed into 
 wheat. It grows spontaneously in Upper Egypt, but 
 is there a poor, miserable seed, unfit for bread. It 
 has, therefore, cost many, many centuries of labor to 
 develop the bread we eat ; hence the nutriment of the 
 wheat represents the blood, muscle, nerve-force, and 
 life of thousands of generations of human beings who 
 have perished during its culture. We hence owe a 
 debt to those who have preceded us for the enjoy- 
 ments by which we are surrounded. They all are the 
 results of labor, and must be repaid in part by our 
 labor, and by leaving the world better for our having 
 existed. 
 
 The results of brain-labor have not been less useful 
 than hand-labor, though they may not appear at first 
 sight. Thinkers have done very much to extend the 
 usefulness of hand-labor. 
 
 Though the hand of man has done much to brinsc 
 him and his surroundings to the present exalted con- 
 dition, yet his brain has done more. Thinkers, by 
 their brain-work, have brought into existence the 
 machines that lessen and facilitate labor. 
 
30 LABOE, WEALTH, ETC. 
 
 The inventors of the jenney, the mule, and the 
 power-loom did more useful work with their brains, 
 and conferred greater benefits on mankind, than all 
 the generations that spun and wove before they were 
 born. 
 
 The discoverer of the process of making iron into 
 steel, and Mr. Bessemer, who improved the process of 
 its manufacture, rendered greater service to the 
 human race during their lives than the most extensive 
 manufacturers of steel. 
 
 The tools and implements used by man in all in- 
 dustries are an aggregation of ideas, the results of 
 brain- work. Just in proportion as science and thought 
 have developed, simplified, and improved the means 
 of production, in that ratio has the brain-work of the 
 past helped the present ; and the work of to-day, with 
 all the accumulated results of thought, will help 
 progress in the future. 
 
 Though the spinning-machines, power-looms, steam- 
 engines, and all other machines were destroyed, the 
 ideas that produced them still remain, and new ones 
 could be made from the materials at hand. Hence it 
 must be clear that the brain-work of the world is the 
 most useful. The more our mental faculties are de- 
 veloped and cultivated, the more good we can do to 
 others, and be the more useful to ourselves. 
 
 WEALTH AND LABOE. 
 
 The wealth of a nation is the aggregate result of the 
 labor of the past. Wealth is anything that can be sold 
 
LABOR, WEALTH, ETC. 31 
 
 .or will bring a price in the market, and represents a 
 certain amount of labor that was expended to produce 
 it. All wealth is the result of labor. Nothing pos- 
 sesses value until labor has been expended upon it. 
 Raw materials are not exempt from this rule. Gold 
 has no value while mixed with the sand in the bed of 
 the river ; coal or iron is worthless and useless until 
 labor has been expended upon it, and the labor ex- 
 pended is the measure of its true value. 
 
 The necessaries and conveniences of life annually 
 produced and consumed are supplied by labor direct- 
 ly, or indirectly by purchase or exchange for some 
 other product of labor. 
 
 A nation or people will be better or worse supplied 
 with the necessaries and conveniences of life, accord- 
 ing to what is produced and what is purchased, as 
 they bear a greater or less proportion to the number 
 of consumers. This proportion, in every nation, is 
 regulated by two different circumstances : 
 
 1. By the knowledge, judgment, skill, dexterity, 
 and the implements applied to the labor ; and, 
 
 2. By the proportion of those employed in useful 
 labor to those not so employed. 
 
 Upon these circumstances will depend the abun- 
 dance or scantiness of the annual products of a na- 
 tion, whatever may be the extent of its territory, soil, 
 or climate. 
 
 The measure of the gain or loss of an individual or 
 a nation is the difference between what is produced 
 and what is destroyed, either by economical consump- 
 tion or extravagant waste. 
 
32 
 
 All persons, whether productively or unproductive- 
 ly employed, as well as those who do not labor at all, 
 are maintained by the labor of the country. 
 
 When labor is properly applied, with the advan- 
 tages of the accumulated discoveries of science and 
 the inventions in mechanic arts, the combined results 
 are marvellous. 
 
 The invention of labor-saving machines, and the re- 
 sults produced by them during the last century, have 
 been truly astonishing. The achievements of human 
 art in our own day have equalled those of Aladdin's 
 wonderful lamp. Though man is incapable of creating 
 or destroying a single particle of matter, yet the mat- 
 ter that composes the earth and the forces of nature 
 have been so utilized that they no longer resist hu- 
 man power, but are subdued to service. The steam- 
 engine -alone, by the consumption of a ton of coal, 
 evolves as much force in one day as fifteen hundred 
 man-power. England, in 1854, from 50,000 tons of 
 coal derived the labor-force of two hundred and fifty 
 million able-bodied men ; hence the coal used in 
 Europe and the United States does nearly twice the 
 work that the whole population of the world could do 
 without it. Indeed, all calculations will fail to com- 
 pute the value of water-power and steam in conjunc- 
 tion with the numerous machines now used to multi- 
 ply human force. Nor is this all. Mechanical force is 
 matched by the increased motion that has been gained 
 by the fly-shuttles, hammers, rollers, wheels, etc. Mani- 
 fold rapidity is given in carding, spinning, weaving, 
 and printing, over the old one-thread spinning-wheel, 
 
33 
 
 the hand-loom, and hand-press, by steam and machi- 
 nery. Material forces, under the direction of machi- 
 nery, have grown as light-limbed and as heavy-handed 
 as man's needs have demanded. 
 
 Manufacturers, during the last century, have util- 
 ized the revelations of science and the inventions of 
 machinery, with a corresponding increase in manufac- 
 tured goods and a cheapening of productions, which 
 has increased proportionately the happiness of the 
 human family. This increased productive power has 
 added to our general wealth, and our people are better 
 provided with the commodities that supply life, the 
 luxuries which refine it, and the masses are relieved 
 from many severe drudgeries, thus giving opportunity 
 for attention to higher mental and moral culture. 
 
 By a reasonable amount of labor and economy, with 
 the accumulated powers of production, there is now 
 no necessity for want of food or clothing. Though 
 there has been, perhaps, less improvement in the 
 machinery and implements of agriculture than in 
 manufactures, yet the 5,922,471 persons engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits in the United States are able to 
 produce food for twice or three times our present 
 population. One man can, by the aid of our farm 
 implements, produce ample food for twenty persons. 
 In the manufacture of clothing, with the extensive im- 
 provements that have been made in the application 
 of machinery within the last hundred years, there is 
 an almost incalculable productive power. If we take, 
 for example, our cotton manufactures of 1870, we find 
 that the 135,369 hands employed in cotton manufac- 
 
34 LABOU, WEALTH, ETC. 
 
 tures (of whom 22,942 were boys under 16, and girls 
 under 15 years) produced 1,008,928,921 yards of the 
 different kinds of cotton cloths. Allowing that an 
 average of twenty yards are consumed annually by 
 each man, woman, and child in the United States, the 
 cotton goods manufactured in 1870 would be more than 
 enough for fifty millions of people. By the same aver- 
 age, one person in a cotton-factory is able to produce 
 cottons for the annual consumption of 372 persons. 
 In the same year our woollen manufacturers employed 
 80,053 persons (9,643 of whom were under 16 years of 
 age), who produced 188,588,688 yards of woollen cloths, 
 besides millions of pounds of yarn and other woollen 
 fabrics. To allow each male in the United States ten 
 yards, the woollens produced in 1870 would be more 
 than enough for all our male population. One person 
 in a woollen factory can produce cloths for 235 males. 
 This ratio will be applicable to the manufacture of all 
 kinds of clothing, so that in the general production 
 of clothing one person is able to supply all the wear- 
 ing apparel needed by not less than fifty persons, 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 LABOK, PRODUCTIVE AXD NON-PRODUCTIVE. 
 
 In these days of inventions and the increased appli- 
 cation of machinery it evidently should not be diffi- 
 cult to keep a person supplied with food and clothing. 
 That men will not be satisfied to live upon the mere 
 necessaries of life is readily admitted, neither is it 
 needful that they should ; yet it is desirable that 
 our citizens should so far appreciate their true inter- 
 ests and the advantages to health, wealth, and happi- 
 ness, as to abstain from those expensive luxuries that 
 merely gratify and create depraved and dangerous 
 appetites. 
 
 In the early days of the settlement of this country 
 the food was necessarily simple, clothing coarse, and 
 the habitations rude ; indeed, this was comparatively 
 the case in the older and more densely-populated 
 countries of Europe. But as man progressed 'in 
 knowledge, and as production was facilitated, all the 
 necessaries of life have been increased in quantity and 
 improved in quality ; so that everything really neces- 
 sary for the happiness of mankind is now produced in 
 great abundance. The only question of moment is 
 their economical use and their proper distribution. 
 
 Though we have at command all things needed to 
 secure the happiness of the whole human family, yet 
 
 85 
 
36 LABOE, PEODUCTIVE AND NON-PEODUCTIVE. 
 
 the masses of mankind seem to be unhappy, and un- 
 known numbers are suffering for the simplest neces- 
 saries of life. Why is this % All are interested in 
 the solution of this question ; for the sum of human 
 happiness will be incomplete so long as one member 
 of the human family is deprived of the necessaries or 
 comforts of life. In their eagerness to secure indi- 
 vidual enjoyment and happiness men have generally 
 neglected the interests of their fellow-men ; and thus 
 have inevitably failed to obtain, in a great measure, 
 the happiness anticipated from the acquisition of 
 wealth, and the power and influence it would give. 
 
 The acts of the masses and governments have hith- 
 erto, in a greater or less degree, tended to produce 
 idleness, dissipation, and disease of both body and 
 mind, thus violating the natural laws and the princi- 
 ples of 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 Political economy, as a science, may be said to em- 
 brace the proper administration of the revenues of a 
 nation, the management and regulation of its re- 
 sources, labor, productions, and property, and the 
 means by which the labor and the property of its citi- 
 zens are protected and directed ; as well as the best 
 methods of securing the success of each individual' s 
 industry and enterprise, and general national pros- 
 perity. 
 
 Labor is generally divided by political economists 
 into two classes, viz., productive and unproductive. 
 
 Productive labor is that which adds directly to 
 
LABOR, PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE. ?>1 
 
 value, as the labor of the shoemaker, mechanic, far- 
 mer, factory operative, etc., etc. 
 
 Unproductive labor is generally understood to be 
 labor that is not employed in the production of wealth, 
 or articles representing wealth, as soldiers, physicians, 
 policemen, agents, school-teachers, etc., etc. 
 
 This classification, though made by most political 
 economists, is not necessarily correct ; for, under the 
 present organization of society, the policeman and sol- 
 dier, by adding security to wealth, stand somewhat 
 in the place of producers. The laborer has no desire 
 to work when he is not sure that he will enjoy the 
 fruits of his labor ; and where wealth has not protec- 
 tion, it loses a great portion of its value. Hence the 
 soldier and policeman add value to the products of 
 labor by the security they give, and are not really un- 
 productive. The teacher who labors to develop, to 
 mould, to instruct the human mind is certainly not 
 less a productive laborer than the blacksmith, stone- 
 mason, etc. And as man is of more value than iron or 
 stone, no matter how much labor may have been ex- 
 pended upon them, so the labor of the educator is of 
 more, much more, value than any amount of labor ex- 
 pended upon iron or stone. 
 
 It is also obvious that the physician who heals our 
 diseases, and fits us again to return to some field of 
 productive employment, is certainly not an unpro- 
 ductive laborer ; for, without the aid of his skill, 
 instead of being able to follow some productive em- 
 ployment, we should bo destroyers, and not pro- 
 ducers. 
 
38 LABOE, PRODUCTIVE A1NT> !N r OiS T -PKODUCTIVE. 
 
 In reality, a non-producer is one who consumes 
 without rendering an equivalent for what he destroys. 
 All are destroyers, whether producers or not, for 
 each must consume or destroy in order to prolong 
 life ; and it depends ujdou what a man consumes in 
 proportion to what he produces whether he is a pro- 
 ductive or an unproductive laborer. For example, 
 if a man consumes five hundred dollars' worth of 
 products during the year, and has earned one 
 thousand dollars, or produced products worth that 
 amount, he is a producer and a productive laborer in 
 the highest sense of the term ; for he is five hundred 
 dollars richer. But if he spends five hundred dollars, 
 and only earns that amount, he destroys as much as 
 he produces, and is therefore a non-producer ; and if 
 he should spend ten dollars a week, and only earn 
 seven, he is not only a non-producer, but is a de- 
 stroyer : he consumes more than he produces, and 
 the country is three dollars a week the poorer. 
 
 All the wealth of a nation is not only the result of 
 labor, but is also the fund out of which wages are 
 paid for labor. The people of a country do not hoard 
 their capital ; for those who have money generally use 
 it for the gratification of their many wants, natural 
 or acquired, and the wants of man usually increase 
 with the power or opportunity for supplying them. 
 
 As labor is the source of a nation's wealth, pros- 
 perity, and power, it is obvious that whatever will 
 give the most labor of the productive kind will be the 
 best for the country. Whatever creates a demand for 
 an article of productive industry also increases the 
 
LABOIi, PRODUCTIVE AKD NON-PUODUCTIYE. 89 
 
 demand for the labor to supply it, as well as a demand 
 for labor to furnish the materials of which it is com- 
 posed. For instance, the demand for broadcloth 
 creates a demand for the wool, oil, dye-stuffs, and 
 other articles used in its manufacture. 
 
 Again, before the cloth is consumed the labor of 
 the tailor will be required, and also other materials to 
 make it into garments. The influence of the demand 
 for the cloth will be still further extended by the 
 wages received by the tailor and the operatives by 
 whom the cloth and the other materials were pro- 
 duced, which will be expended in supplying the 
 wants of themselves and families, which again wo aid 
 give labor to other persons in various employments. 
 Thus the increase of labor in one branch of productive 
 industry will extend to and increase many other 
 branches. That nation or people will be the most 
 prosperous, other things being equal, who most en- 
 courage diversified productive labor, and discourage 
 the use of, or the manufacture and the traffic in, what- 
 ever is useless or injurious. 
 
 The labor of the hatter is productive ; for he takes 
 the wool or other materials of which the hat is made, 
 and produces a useful and necessary article. !S T ot 
 only has his labor increased the value of the materials 
 by making them into a hat, but by bringing the ma- 
 terials into use he has given them a new value. No 
 matter how much labor it takes to produce an article, 
 if it does not contribute to the health, comfort, or 
 happiness of the consumer, it is unproductive. Tt is 
 the general character of unproductive labor to con- 
 
40 LABOR, PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE. 
 
 sume the wealth of the nation without benefiting any 
 one directly but the consumer, and rarely does even 
 that. It is, therefore, of vital importance, in consider- 
 ing the question of labor, that the kind of labor should 
 be kept in view ; for labor may be employed upon 
 what will be useless and what will be injurious. 
 Labor is a means and not an end. We labor for its 
 beneficial results, for what it produces. Everything 
 must be measured by its capability to administer to 
 human comfort and happiness ; and any article that 
 will not do this is labor lost in its production, and a 
 waste of the materials composing it. Keeping these 
 plain, common-sense views of wealth, labor, and con- 
 sumption in our minds, we shall be prepared to enter 
 under standingly into the merits of the subject be- 
 fore us. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS, 
 
 Among the many evils resulting from the use of 
 intoxicating drinks is the immense waste of money 
 expended for them. The exact annual cost of these 
 drinks in the United States can only be approxi- 
 mated, not ascertained. 
 
 The tax collected by the Internal Revenue Depart- 
 ment in 1870 was upon 72,425,353 gallons of proof 
 spirits (the specific gravity of 918.6, containing nearly 
 equal weights of water and alcohol) and 6,081,520 
 barrels of fermented liquors. 
 
 CONSUMPTION OF LIQUORS. 
 
 Commissioner Delano, in his Internal Revenue 
 Report for 1869, says: "In the absence of reliable 
 data to fix the annual consumption of distilled spirits, 
 we are left to conjecture. Were I to express an 
 opinion on this subject, I should place the amount at 
 not less than eighty million gallons." This estimate 
 of Commissioner Delano is corroborated by the Census 
 Bureau, which reported ten years previous that there 
 were produced in the United States, for the year end- 
 ing June 1, 1860, 90,412,581 gallons of domestic 
 spirits. 
 
 It is therefore safe to assume that the consumption 
 of distilled spirits in the United States, in the form of 
 beverages, is not less than the taxable quantity of 
 
 41 
 
42 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DMNKS. 
 
 spirits reported by the Internal Revenue Department 
 in 1870, viz., 72,425,353 gallons. It may be said that 
 a large portion of the annual production of spirits is 
 used in the arts, exported, or used in various ways 
 besides that of drinking. To this the following facts 
 will furnish the answer : 
 
 1. We have taken about 8,000,000 gallons less than 
 Commissioner Delano estimates to be the annual con- 
 sumption. 
 
 2. The quantity taken does not include the large 
 amount of liquors known to be made, and for which 
 no tax is paid, as well as imported liquors that are 
 smuggled into the country, which may safely be esti- 
 mated at 5,000,000 gallons. 
 
 3. The liquors captured in the attempt to evade the 
 payment of the tax, which, in 1870, amounted to 
 762,081 gallons of spirits and 10,310 barrels of fer- 
 mented liquors. 
 
 4. The wines of California, the quantity of which 
 is not given in official reports, but which the un- 
 official statements of the "trade" claim to be from 
 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 gallons. 
 
 5. The domestic wines made by farmers, which the 
 Census Report of 1870 returns at 3,092,330 gallons. 
 
 6. Similar wines made from grapes, currants, and 
 other fruits for private consumption, may be safely 
 estimated, at least, at 1,000,000 gallons. 
 
 7. The difference between the above 72,425,353 gal- 
 lons, which is proof- spirits, and the diluted or in- 
 creased quantity, which, when dealt out to the drinker, 
 is on an average not over 40 per cent, of alcohol, or 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 43 
 
 10 below proof, is equal to the addition of at least 
 7,500,000 gallons. 
 
 The quantity of the above liquors not embraced in 
 official enumeration, amounting to 34,592,330 gallons, 
 will clearly appear by the following tabulated state- 
 ment, and will far exceed the quantity exported or 
 used in the arts : 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Domestic spirits less than Commissioner Delano's 
 
 estimate, . 8,000,000 
 
 Domestic and imported liquors which, evaded pay, . 5,000.000 
 
 Domestic wines, 10,000,000 
 
 Domestic wines made on farms, 3,092,330 
 
 Domestic wines made and used in private families, . 1,000,000 
 
 Dilutions of liquors, paying tax, by the dealers, . 7,500,003 
 
 Total, . . 34,592,330 
 
 .It therefore may be safely said that in 1870 the 
 liquors consumed, and their cost, were not less than 
 as follows : ' 
 
 Domestic spirits, . . 73,425,351 gals.,* at 10 cts. a glass, or $6 a gal., $434,552,118 
 
 Ferm'nt'd liqu'rs, 6,081,- 
 
 5.20 barrels, or . .183,527,120 " " 5 " " "$20abbl., 1.21,630,400 
 
 Imported spirits, . . 1,441,74?' " " 10 a gal., 14,417,470 
 
 " wines, . . . 9.08S.894 " " 5 *» 45,444470 
 
 " spiritu's comp'nds, 34,239 " " 10 " 342,390 
 
 " ale, beer, etc., . 1,012,754 " " 3 " 3,038,232 
 
 272,530,107 $619,425,110 
 
 ::: Dr. Young. Chief cf the Bureau of Statistics, in a letter to Rev. Wm. M. 
 
 Thayer, of Boston, said : 
 
 " In tho absence of accurate data, the following is an estimate of the sales of 
 
 liquors in the United States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1871 : 
 
 Whiskey, 60,000,003 gals., at §8 retail, $:J60,000,000 
 
 Imported spirits, .... 2,533,000 " " 10 il 25,000,000 
 
 Imported wine, .... 13,703,003 " " 5 " 53,500,000 
 
 Ale, beer, and porter,+ . . . 6,500,003 bbls., " 23 " 130,000,000 
 
 Native brandies, wines, and cordials, unknown — estimated 
 
 value of , 31,5^0,000 
 
 Total, £600,100,000 
 
 ''Asa proof of the correctness of the above, it may be stated that during the 
 
 t By the Report of Internal Revenue for tho fiscal year ending June 03, 1371, 
 the tax was paid on 7,153,333 barrels of ale, beer, etc. 
 
44 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DPJNKS. 
 
 It must be clear that the above estimated cost of 
 intoxicating beverages in the United States for 1870 is 
 below the actual amount paid for them. This cost 
 for drinks is nearly one- sixth of the value of the 
 manufactures of the United States in that year, which 
 was $4,232,325,442, and more than one-fourth of the 
 value of all the "farm productions, betterments, and 
 additions of stock," valued at $2,447,538,658. By the 
 Census returns of 1870, the value of 
 
 Animals slaughtered and sold for slaughter was . $398,956,376 
 
 Home manufactures, 23,423,332 
 
 Forest productions, 36,808,277 
 
 Market-garden products, 20,719,229 
 
 Orchard products, . . . . . . . 47,335,189 
 
 Total, . . $527,242,403 
 
 Thus we find that the value of all the slaughtered 
 animals, home manufactures, forest products, market- 
 garden products, and orchard products was $92,182,707 
 less than the cost of our nation's drink-bill for the 
 same period. 
 
 Again, by the Census returns of 1870, the value of 
 
 Articles of wear was . . . / . . . *$398,264,118 
 
 Furniture and house-fixtures (exclusive of stoves 
 and hollow-ware), . . . ... . . f 75,539,719 
 
 Total, $473,803,837 
 
 which is $145,621,273 less than the cost of liquors for 
 the same time. 
 
 last fiscal year the receipts from retail liquor-dealers, who paid ®25 each for 
 licenses, amounted to $3,650,00 \ indicating that there were 146,000 retailers of 
 liqucro in the United States. By including those who escaped paying license fe^s, 
 estimated at 4,0; 0, the number is increased to 150,000, who, on an average, sold at 
 least $4,000 worth of liquors each, making «6O0,C0O,C0O, as above stated." 
 
 * Census Report, Vol. III., p. 485. + Ibid., p. 437. 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF IXTOXICATIXG DRINKS. 45 
 
 Thus in 1870 our nation's dbink-bilx was one 
 hundred and forty-six million dollars more than the 
 estimated value at the place of manufacture of all the 
 furniture and house-fixtures (except stoves and hol- 
 low-ware) ; all the boots and shoes, men's, women's, 
 and children' s clothing ; all the collars, cuffs, gloves, 
 mittens, hats, caps, hosiery, etc., etc., that were in 
 that year manufactured in the United States. 
 
 Again, the value of all the food and food prepara- 
 tions of 1870 was 8600,365,571, or 819,059,539 less in 
 value at the place of manufacture than the cost of 
 drinks. 
 
 If to the above value of food and food preparations 
 be added 30 per cent, for jn'ofits of dealers, etc., be- 
 fore they reach the consigners, it will be 8780,475,242. 
 Then the food and food preparations consumed by the 
 people of the United States in 1870 cost only $161,- 
 050.132 more than the cost of the liquors drunk that 
 year ; and if we include all the liquors consumed 
 for which no tax or duty was collected it will 
 be safe to say that more money is annually ex- 
 pended in the United States for intoxicating drinks 
 than for all kinds of food consumed by the 
 people. 
 
 Is it any wonder that tens of thousands of our 
 people are in want of food and clothing, when there 
 is expended annually for poisonous drinks as much 
 as, or more than, is spent for food, and nearly twice 
 as much as is spent for clothing 3 
 
 This needless waste is not for one year merely ; for 
 our drink-bill increases and keeps pace with our popu- 
 
46 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 lation and productions, as will hereafter be more fully 
 shown. 
 
 The quantity and cost of liquors that were entered 
 for consumption and on market in 1871, as appears 
 by the Internal Revenue Report and Report on Com- 
 merce and Navigation, were as follows : 
 
 Proof-Gals. 
 
 . 59,503,972 
 Less spirits inmarket May 1, 1871, thaninNov. 15, 1870, 4,452,580 
 
 Distilled spirits taken from bond, 
 
 Total spirits entered for consumption, 
 Domestic spirits exported, 1871, .... 
 
 Total spirits that paid revenue tax, 
 Reduction of 20 per cent.* 'by dealers before sold, 
 
 Total sold to consumers in 1871 — gals., 40 per cent. 
 
 Domestic fermented liquors, .... 
 
 Domestic ale, beer, etc., exported, 1871, 
 
 Leaving for borne consumption, .... 
 
 Spirits and cordials imported, 1871, 
 " " exported, " 
 
 Leaving for borne consumption, , . . . 
 Seductions of the above 20 per cent, before sold — gals, 
 40 per cent., 
 
 Leaving for home consumption — gals., 40 per cem 
 alcohol, . . 
 
 Wines imported, 1871, f . . . . 
 Foreign wines exported, 1871, 
 
 Leaving foreign vines for home consumption, 
 
 63,956,552 
 971,313 
 
 62,935,239 
 12,597,017 
 
 75,582,286 
 
 Barrels. 
 7,159,740 
 35,563 
 
 7,124,172 
 
 Proof- Gals. 
 
 2,478,845 
 130,932 
 
 2,347,913 
 
 469,562 
 
 2,817,495 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 10,422,904 
 138,252 
 
 10,284,652 
 
 * The liquors chemically examined by Prof. Draper of New Fork, in 1859, were 
 found to contain on an average 40 per cent., and some as low as 22)4 per cent., of 
 alcohol; showing an average reduction from proof of 20 per cent., which would 
 give an increase of 20 per cent, by dilution. 
 
 t Dr. Young estimates imported wines at 10,700,000 gallons. 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 47 
 
 The drink-bill of the United States for 1S71 may be 
 stated thus : 
 
 Domestic spiiits, . . 73,c82,2S6 gals., at 10 cts. a glass, or $j a gal., $453,493,716 
 Domestic ale, beer, etc. 
 
 (7,124,172 barrels), .213,725.100 " " 5 " " M 2">abbl., 112,483,440 
 
 Imp'it'dsp'ts&coi dials, 2.817.495 " " 10 " " " lOagal., 28,174,958 
 
 Foreign wines, . . 10,284,652 " at an average of $5 a gal., 51433,260 
 
 M ale, beer, etc., estimated., 4,4G0,<;7 ; ; 
 
 Total liquors consumed, 
 1S7J, . . . .302,409,593 " costing consumers $080,030,042 
 
 The drink-bill for 1871 was $680,036,042, being an 
 increase of 860,610,932 in one year. 
 
 THE QUANTITY OF LIQUOKS AXD THEIE COST EN' 1S72. 
 
 The reports of the Treasury Department for the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1872, show that there were 
 manufactured and imported 'into the United States 
 alcoholic liquors as follows : 
 
 Proof-GaK 
 
 Domestic distilled spirits,* 69,033,533 
 
 Exported of the same, f ..... 950.213 
 
 Balance, 63,033,320 
 
 Less spirits in market June 30, 1372, than in Juno 30, 
 
 1871 1,512,516 
 
 Twenty per cent, cf the ahore added for reductions "by 
 
 dealers, ] 3.616,664 
 
 Distilled spirits (domestic), reduced gals., 40 per cent. 
 
 cf alcohol, 83,212,500 
 
 Which cost the consumers, at 10 cents a glass, or 06 a 
 
 gallon, retail, 8499,275,000 
 
 Barrel?. 
 
 Domestic fermented liquors, J . . .8,009,969 
 i ted of the same, § .... 2,566 
 
 Leaving for home consumption, . . .8,007,403 
 
 Costing the consumers, at 5 cts. a glass, or $20 a "bhl., $160,143,060 
 
 * I: tcr; cl Revenue Report, 1373. t Comnie.ce azd. Navigation Repo t,1878L 
 
 $Ibid,l8?2. | Ibid. 
 
48 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 Proof- Gals. 
 
 Spirits and cordials imported, . . .2,131,837 
 Exported of the same, 1872, . . . 306,558 
 
 Balance, 1,825,279 
 
 Twenty per ce7it. added for the reduction 
 
 of alcohol , alcoh'c p'rc'nt'ge "by dealers, 365,055 
 
 Leaving for home consumption, 
 
 at $10 a galbn, .... 
 
 Wines imported, 1872, * 
 
 Wine exported, 1372, .... 
 
 . 2,190,334 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 . 9,863,313 
 . 161,202 
 
 $21,903,340 
 
 Leaving for home consumption, 
 Costing the consumers, at $5 a gallon 
 
 Beer, ale, etc., imported, 1872, . 
 Exported of the same, 1872, 
 
 . 9,702,111 
 
 at retail, 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 . 1,975,392 
 14,361 
 
 $48,510,555 
 
 Leaving for home consumption, 
 
 at $3 a gallon, .... 
 
 . 1,961,031 
 
 $5,883,093 
 
 Our drink-bill for 1872 may be stated as follows : 
 
 Domestic spirits, . . 83,212,500 gals., costing $499,275,000 
 Domestic ale, beer, etc. 
 
 (8,007,403), . . 240,222,090 " " 160,148,060 
 
 Foreignsp'ts, cordials, etc., 2,190,334 " " 21,903,340 
 
 Foreign wines, . . . 9,702,111 " " 48,510,555 
 
 Imported ale, beer, ets., . 1,961,031 " « 5,883,093 
 
 Total domestic and foreign 
 
 liquors, . . . 337,288,066 " " $735,720,048 
 
 Thus in tlie year 1872 there were consumed in the 
 United States 337,288,066 gallons of distilled spirits 
 and fermented liquors, costing $735,720,048, being an 
 increased consumption in one year of 34,878,473, and 
 an increase in their cost of $55,684,006. 
 
 Table VI., prepared with great care and much time 
 
 * Commerce and Navigation Heporfc, 1872. 
 
QUANTITY AXD COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 49 
 
 TABLE VI.* 
 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 u o 
 C y^ 
 
 L 
 
 u 
 
 
 C '.- 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 0) <B 
 
 
 
 
 °rO 
 
 I— ~ 
 
 
 States and Ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 at- n-i 
 
 •£ao 
 o 
 
 So 
 
 an ^t 
 
 O 5i OJJ 
 
 o - £ 5 
 
 3o 
 
 Si 
 
 O L 
 
 ■** o 
 
 no " 
 £ CT 
 
 CD 
 
 £ p 
 
 c ^ 
 
 Is 
 
 ! • , y 
 
 CO — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 t>I)2 =3 ~> 
 
 ; n 
 
 
 c.~ 
 
 C o 
 
 
 £ 
 
 fc 
 
 £ 
 
 ■A 
 (4) 
 
 <3 
 
 |fc 
 
 s 
 
 fe« 
 
 £ 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (31 
 
 (51 
 
 (6) 
 
 L, 
 
 (8) 
 
 t 
 
 (91 
 
 Alabama 
 
 6S 
 
 5 
 
 1,852 
 
 72 
 
 r 9,310.000 
 
 535 
 
 108 
 
 10,790 
 
 1,117 
 
 Arizona 
 
 
 1U 
 
 241 
 
 40 
 
 1,205,000 
 
 41 
 
 15 
 
 
 512 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1,582 
 
 70 
 
 7,910,000 
 
 306 
 
 64 
 
 40,432 
 
 125 
 
 California 
 
 262 
 
 226 
 
 5,246 
 
 267 
 
 26,250,000 
 
 107 
 
 28 
 
 1,139,667 
 
 192.577 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 410 
 3,778 
 
 30 
 143 
 
 2,050,000 
 18,890,000 
 
 98 
 143 
 
 3S 
 34 
 
 
 9,171 
 57,416 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 55 
 
 360,172 
 
 
 
 6 
 2 
 
 124 
 326 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 620,000 
 1,630,000 
 
 114 
 
 3S3 
 
 42 
 87 
 
 
 904 
 4,268 
 
 Delaware 
 
 13 
 
 5,419 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 1,097 
 694 
 
 54 
 
 5,485,000 
 
 1*1 
 
 29 
 
 
 15,056 
 124 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 3,470.000 
 
 270 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 (Georgia 
 
 640 
 
 4 
 
 2,537 
 
 161 
 
 12,685,000 
 
 467 
 
 92 
 
 92,480 
 
 5,303 
 
 Idaho 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 261 
 
 ir 
 
 1,305,000 
 
 58 
 
 21 
 
 14,098 
 
 994 
 
 Illinois 
 
 98 
 
 216 
 
 8,918 
 
 302 
 
 44,590,000 
 
 285 
 
 61 
 
 19.471,852 
 
 497.97 7 
 
 [Indiana 
 
 121 
 
 169 
 
 5,051 
 
 146 
 
 25,305,000 
 
 332 
 
 74 
 
 7,043,866 
 
 158,957 
 
 | Iowa 
 
 18 
 2 
 
 237 
 
 171 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 3,264 
 1,657 
 
 4 446 
 
 76 
 66 
 
 389 
 
 16,320.000 
 
 8,285,000 
 
 22,230,000 
 
 365 
 220 
 297 
 
 78 
 59 
 64 
 
 620.150 
 1,171 
 
 5,257,101 
 
 121,026 
 24,385 
 101,404 
 
 | Kansas 
 
 ■ Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 3,930 
 
 278 
 
 19.650,000 
 
 185 
 
 41 
 
 700.406 
 
 48 270 
 
 
 1 
 2< 
 
 t5 
 
 710 
 4,629 
 
 36 
 
 289 
 
 3,550,000 
 23,145,000 
 
 883 
 169 
 
 216 
 37 
 
 85.570 
 1.586,201 
 
 5.574 
 173.531 
 
 [Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 28 
 
 56 
 
 ln,031 
 
 477 
 
 50.155,000 
 
 146 
 
 32 
 
 2,840,755 
 
 570.432 
 
 Michigan 
 
 1 
 
 189 
 
 5,845 
 
 112 
 
 29,225 000 
 
 203 
 
 47 
 
 182,993 
 
 163,767 
 
 ..Minnesota 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 1,908 
 
 44 
 
 9,540,000 
 
 230 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 69.524 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 1,771 
 
 73 
 
 8,855,000 
 
 467 
 
 96 
 
 7,029 
 
 840 
 
 .Missouri 
 
 91 
 
 134 
 
 5,922 
 
 313! 
 
 29,610,000 
 
 291 
 
 64 
 
 2,2S7,285 
 
 S68.968 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 41 
 
 357 
 5S6 
 806 
 
 33 
 21 
 50 
 
 1,785,000 
 2,930,000 
 4,030,000 
 4,575,000 
 
 58 
 
 210 
 
 53 
 
 32 
 62 
 9,3 
 
 
 2,567 
 
 16,568 
 11,007 
 101,310 
 
 Nebraska . . 
 
 
 209,032 
 
 
 
 V. Hampshire.. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 915 
 
 39 
 
 347 
 
 91 
 
 40 860 
 
 New Jersey. .. 
 
 116 
 
 83 
 
 6,853 
 
 112 
 
 34.290,000 
 
 132 
 
 28 
 
 398,790 
 
 565,152 
 
 New York 
 
 m 
 
 479 
 
 26,744 
 
 1,156 
 
 133,720,000 
 
 164 
 
 36 
 
 4,765,154 
 
 2,602.505 
 
 New- Mexico ... 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 397 1 
 
 40 
 
 1,985,000 
 
 234 
 
 57 
 
 223 
 
 757 
 
 N >rth Carolina. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,835 
 
 56 
 
 9,175,000 
 
 584 
 
 117 
 
 81,115 
 
 If! 
 735.609 10 
 
 6 956 
 
 Ohio 
 
 110 
 
 6 
 
 238 
 31 
 
 11,401 
 655 
 
 452 
 37 
 
 57.005,000 
 3.275,000 
 
 234 
 139 
 
 52 
 38! 
 
 14,708,029 
 1.571 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania. . 
 
 86 
 
 443 
 
 15,745 
 
 8-il 
 
 78,725,000 
 
 223 
 
 50 
 
 2,231,004 
 
 1,006,828 
 
 Knode Island.. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1,0 ;0i 
 
 55 
 
 5,100,000 
 
 213 
 
 43 
 
 64,276 
 
 17.808 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 102 
 
 2 
 
 1,709 
 
 641 
 
 8.545,000 
 
 412 
 
 86 
 
 29,126; 
 
 1,957 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 
 11 
 
 3,333 
 
 210 
 
 16,665,< 00 
 
 3 1 I 
 
 78 
 
 452,148 
 
 6,545 
 
 I'exas 
 
 29 
 
 44 
 15 
 4 
 
 3,86 1 
 J 93 
 
 839 
 
 299: 
 
 24 
 7 
 
 19.320.000 
 
 965,000 
 
 4,1 9\ 0:0 
 
 212 
 449 
 
 394 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 89 
 
 6,271 
 
 15,698 
 
 2,271 
 2.516 
 
 Utal .... 
 
 Vermont 
 
 5 
 
 1,487 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 13 
 
 2,856 
 
 141 
 
 14,280,1 00 
 
 425 
 
 
 432,563 
 
 10,562 
 
 Washington .... 
 
 
 14 
 
 292 
 
 20 
 
 1.460.000 
 
 82; 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 4,130 
 
 West "\ itirginia 
 
 78 
 
 17 
 
 779 
 
 20 
 
 3,895,000 
 
 568 
 
 120 
 
 97.928 
 
 20.257 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 10 
 
 292 
 
 3,607 
 
 100; 
 
 18,035,000 
 
 292 
 
 56 
 
 1,019,330 
 
 295,818 
 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 545,000 
 
 83 
 
 48 
 
 
 927 
 
 United States.. 
 
 8,133 
 
 3,421 
 
 161,144 
 
 \ 
 7,276 
 
 805,720,000 
 
 240 
 
 52 
 
 89,033,683 
 
 8,009,969 
 
 * In the preparation of this table the fractions were thrown out, except in a few 
 • here the fraction was l.ir-.: \ when a unit was added. 
 
50 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 and labor, is a compendious history of the liquor- 
 traffic in the United States for the year ending June 
 30, 1872, based on the Internal Revenue Report for 
 1872 and the Census Returns for 1870. Column No. 1 
 shows the number of distilleries in operation ; No. 2, 
 the number of breweries ; No. 3, number of licensed 
 retail liquor-dealers ; No. 4, number of licensed 
 wholesale liquor-dealers ; No. 5, the sales of licensed 
 retailers of liquors, estimating $5,000 to be the annual 
 average sales of each ; No. 6, the number of persons 
 for each licensed retailer of liquors ; No. 7, number 
 of male adults to each licensed retailer of liquors ; 
 No. 8, the gallons of spirits distilled ; No. 9, the 
 barrels of fermented liquors brewed during the year. 
 It will be seen by referring to the columns for 
 Pennsylvania that there were in operation during the 
 year 86 distilleries, 443 breweries ; that there were 
 15,745 licensed retailers, 861 wholesale dealers ; the 
 sales of liquor $78,725,000, and one retailer to 223 
 persons, and one for every 50 adult males, etc. The 
 same can be found for each of the States, etc. 
 
 QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOES FOE THIETEEN 
 YEAES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Having seen the approximated cost of liquors for 
 the years 1870-71-72, we will now endeavor to ascer- 
 tain our nation's liquor-bill for the 13 years between 
 1860 and 1872, inclusive. The following is an exhibit 
 of the liquors reported to United States officials ; also, 
 an estimate of their cost, at the rates already given 
 for the years 1870, 1871, and 1872: 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 51 
 
 Year. Liquors paying Tax. 
 
 
 11 tail Co~t to 
 Consumers. 
 
 1860* .... 203,476,057 gallons, 
 
 costing $668,853,630 
 
 1661 
 
 
 
 j-197,143,194 
 
 u 
 
 613,433,995 
 
 1862 
 
 
 
 f]91,954,182 
 
 a 
 
 " 593,010,453 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 1:77,509,397 
 
 u 
 
 " 181,593,317 
 
 1864 
 
 
 . 
 
 1209,554,922 
 
 lt 
 
 " 661,449,518 
 
 1865 
 
 
 . 
 
 . $133,886,856 
 
 a 
 
 " 208,996,925 
 
 1866 
 
 
 . 
 
 J181,391,444 
 
 a 
 
 " 294,624,795 
 
 1867 
 
 
 . 
 
 §221,200,000 
 
 u 
 
 " 600,000,000 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 1172,117,445 
 
 a 
 
 229,018,463 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 1262,464,803 
 
 Li 
 
 " 693,999,509 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 1272,530,107 
 
 u 
 
 " 619,425,110 
 
 1871 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 1302,409,593 
 
 a 
 
 " 680,036,042 
 
 1872 
 
 
 • 
 
 1337,283,066 
 
 a 
 
 " 735,720,048 
 
 Total for 1 
 
 3 years, . 
 
 2,762,926,066 
 
 $6,780,161,805 
 
 The quantity of liquors reported for the 13 years 
 ending June 30, 1872, is much less than was con- 
 sumed ; for not more than one-third of the liquors 
 manufactured in the United States during the years 
 1865-66-67 and 1868 were reported and paid duty to 
 the Government, as the examination of the following 
 table will fully establish : 
 
 TABLE VII. 
 
 Slioicing the gallons of distilled spirits reported in the several years 
 by the Internal Revenue Department. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 Year. 
 
 . Spirits. 
 
 I860 
 
 88,003,089 gallonsll | 
 
 186711 
 
 14,575,168 gallons, i 
 
 1861 
 
 No report of Inter. Key. 
 
 1868H 
 
 7,231,814 " 
 
 1862 
 
 it a 
 
 186911 
 
 62,092,417 " 
 
 18631T 
 
 16,149,954 gallons. 
 
 187011 
 
 72,425,353 " 
 
 
 (for 10 mos.) 
 
 1871 1T 
 
 56,776,179 " 
 
 1864H 
 
 85,295,391 gallons. 
 
 187211 
 
 69,033,533 " 
 
 1865H 
 
 16,936,778 " 
 
 1873 
 
 71,151,367 " 
 
 186651 
 
 14,599,274 " 
 
 1874 
 
 69,572,062 " 
 
 * Census Report and returns of Custom-house for 1800. 
 
 t Domestic liquors estimated ; imported from returns of Custom-house for 1861. 
 X Reports of Internal Revenue and Commerce and Navigation for the years 
 given. 
 
 § The estimate of Dr. Young, Chief cf the Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 I Prom Census Report, 18G0. r From Internal Revenue Beport of that. year. 
 
52 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 In 1864, when the tax to March 7 was 20 cents, after 
 that date 60 cents per gallon, 85,295,391 gallons were 
 reported ; bnt when the tax was $2 a gallon, there were 
 reported in 1865 only 16,936,778 gallons ; in 1866, 
 14,599,274 gallons ; in 1867, 14,575,168 gallons ; and 
 in 1868, but 7,231,814 gallons. 
 
 In 1869 the tax was reduced to 50 cents per gallon, 
 when there were reported 62,092,417 gallons, or 
 54,860,603 gallons more than in the previous year; 
 in 1870 there were reported 72,425,353; in 187.1, 
 56,776,179; and in 1872, 69,033,533. Every one 
 must feel certain that more liquors were manu- 
 factured and consumed than paid the tax of 186,% 
 66-67 and 1868. It would be absurd to suppose that 
 there was so great a falling off in the manufacture 
 and consumption of spirits ; for in the very years 
 when the greatest failing off of revenue occurred 
 there was the greatest amount of drunkenness in our 
 I country. Every one knows that in 1865-66 and 1867 
 there was more intemperance than in any other years 
 .in the history of the country. 
 
 For in these years, just at the close of the war, the 
 soldiers returned home with back pay, bounty, etc., 
 much of which, if not the greater portion, was spent 
 for drink, and went into the already well-filled tills 
 of the drink- sellers. In regard to the falling off of 
 the revenue on intoxicating drinks, there can be but 
 one rational opinion, and that is that the Government 
 was robbed of its just revenue by the liquor-manu- 
 facturers and liquor-dealers. 
 
 Dr. Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, esti- 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 53 
 
 mates the annual consumption (1867) to be about 
 221,200,000 gallons, and the cost about $600,000,000. 
 He says : "These figures are sufficiently startling, and 
 need no exaggeration. Six hundred million dollars ! 
 The minds of few persons can comprehend this vast 
 sum, which is worse than wasted every year. It 
 would pay for 100,000,000 barrels of flour, averaging 
 2^ barrels of flour to every man, woman, and child 
 in the country. 
 
 "This flour, if placed in wagons, ten barrels in each, 
 would require 10,000,000 teams, which, allowing 
 eight yards to each, would extend 45,455 miles — 
 nearly twice round the earth, or half way to the 
 moon. If the sum were in one-dollar notes, it would 
 take one hundred persons one year to count them. 
 If spread on the surface of the ground, so that no 
 spaces should be left between the notes, the area 
 covered would be 20,466 acres, forming a parallelogram 
 of 6 by a little over 5}4 miles, the walk around it 
 being more than 22^ miles." 
 
 The truth, as the doctor says, will better serve the 
 cause of temperance than any amount of exaggera- 
 tion. The statements made by Dr. Young will greatly 
 serve the cause of truth by enabling us to approach 
 nearer to the true cost than we might otherwise dare 
 to do. Dr. Young informs us that Mr. Wells's 
 report of 1867, which gives $1,483,491,865 as the 
 aggregate annual sales of the licensed retail liquor- 
 dealers of the United States, includes other things 
 sold by them as well as liquors. Though Mr. AY ells' s 
 report does include other articles sold by retail liquor- 
 
54 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING BRINKS. 
 
 dealers, yet it is nearer the real cost, direct and 
 indirect, of liquors in the United States than any 
 other official report yet made on the subject. 
 
 It is very probable that there are sold and 
 consumed in the United States annually not less than 
 100,000,000 gallons of spirits. As already given, 
 there were in 1860 88,003,089 gallons of spirits dis- 
 tilled. By the Internal Revenue Report of 1864 
 there were 85,000,000 gallons distilled during that 
 year en which the tax was paid. No one believes all 
 the liquor distilled is reported. Every report of the 
 Internal Revenue mentions the seizures of illicit dis- 
 tilleries, etc., and the capture of thousands of gallons 
 of liquors. In 1870 there were captured 76^081 
 gallons of spirits ; and, notwithstanding the Brewers' 
 Congress boasts of the great revenue they pay and 
 their honesty, some of them attempted to rob the 
 Government of the tax on 10,310 barrels of beer ; and 
 they too, with all their claimed honesty, like all 
 other thieves, when they have "felt the halter draw " 
 had no " good opinion of the law." No one supposes 
 that all the frauds on the Government are detected, 
 any more than all the thieves and pickpockets are 
 caught in every act. Under the Revenue Laws of 
 1866-67, the distillers could and did systematically 
 defraud the Government.* 
 
 Like an expert gambler, the distiller looks over 
 the whole field and weighs the probabilities ; the 
 chances are nine out of ten that he will not be dis- 
 
 * See Report of the Select Committee of Congress on Internal Revenue 
 Frauds, February 5, 1867. 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 1)0 
 
 turbed ; and if he should be so unfortunate as to be 
 caught, he need not be alarmed. 
 
 Perhaps he has manufactured live or even ten 
 thousand barrels, which he has disposed of without 
 paying the tax ; he may have lost by the seizure fifty 
 or sixty barrels, but he has put into his pocket per- 
 haps a hundred and fifty or three hundred thousand 
 dollars. This is a very strong inducement to run a 
 small risk. When the case goes to Washington, he 
 is promised, if he will pay the tax on the fifty barrels 
 captured, with a small additional penalty, the pro- 
 ceedings will be stopped ; he does so, and the case is 
 ended. The Committee on Internal Revenue Frauds 
 reports that "among all seizures and prosecutions in 
 the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn 
 — and they have been many — your Committee cannot 
 ascertain that a single case was pursued to the 
 extreme limit provided by law." 
 
 The frauds upon the Government have not ceased, 
 which makes it impossible for any one to ascertain 
 the quantity of intoxicating drinks annually con- 
 sumed ; all we can know is what is returned to the 
 Internal Revenue Department. 
 
 A person may just as well say that there are only 
 so many pickpockets because a certain number are 
 caught, as that all the liquor made and consumed is 
 reported and pays tax. 
 
 Therefore considerable allowance must be made 
 when Ave attempt to estimate the extent of the liquor- 
 traffic by official reports. 
 
 Of this we may be very certain : that the liquors 
 
56 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 
 
 consumed are not less than the amount returned by 
 the manufacturers and the dealers. 
 
 Dr. Young estimates the annual average sales of 
 the licensed retail liquor-dealers to be about four 
 thousand dollars ($4,000). 
 
 This average is certainly too small, for it is only 
 $10 76 a day, which, if we allow them to make 100 
 per cent, profit, will only leave $5 38 per day. With 
 this average daily income, every business man will 
 readily see that the liquor-dealers would not be able 
 to pay their high rents, license fees, taxes, the wages 
 of bar- tenders, etc., support their families, and spend 
 money freely, as they generally do. It is entirely 
 out of the question for them to carry on their business 
 as they do on an average of $5 38 per day profit. 
 Any one who has given the subject much thought 
 and investigation, or has any knowledge of the busi- 
 ness, will not put their annual average sales at less 
 than $6,000. 
 
 But, not to seem to over-estimate, we allow the 
 average sales of the licensed retailers to be $5,000 
 per annum. 
 
 We venture to say, there is scarcely a three- 
 cent liquor-den in Alaska or Baker Street, Philadel- 
 phia, or Five Points, New York, but will sell $5,000 
 worth of liquors during the year. 
 
 The average sales of the liquor- shops of the city of 
 Philadelphia, if we leave out the unlicensed places, 
 will not be less than $10,000 a year, which, with 4,105 
 licensed shops of 1867, will give as the annual liquor- 
 bill of Philadelphia $41,050,000; and to take the 
 
QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 57 
 
 licensed shops of 1873, which were 4,716, at the 
 average of $5,000, then Philadelphia's liquor-bill is 
 not less than $23,580,000 a year. Hence we feel con- 
 fident that it will be no undue assumption for any 
 community to average the sales of their licensed 
 liquor- shops at $5,000 per annum. 
 
 This the liquor-men know to be true ; if it is not, 
 it is because the average is too low. 
 
 Before concluding this chapter, we ask to be ex- 
 cused for dwelling so long on this subject. 
 
 There have been so many different estimates of the 
 cost of liquors that we have endeavored to furnish 
 official and definite conclusions on the subject. 
 
 The above basis will furnish, we believe, a guide by 
 which the cost of liquors in any community can be 
 approximated sufficiently near for all practical pur- 
 poses. 
 
 The standard average, $5,000 each, for the licensed 
 drinking-places, considering the large number of un- 
 licensed establishments which everywhere are the sure 
 concomitants of licensed drinking-shops, will not give 
 the cost of liquor more than it really is in almost any 
 portion of the United States. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH SOME OF OUR 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 If we take Dr. Young's estimate (Chief of the 
 Bureau of Statistics), that the annual cost of liquors 
 in the United States is $600,000,000, then, for the ten 
 years from 1861 to 1870 inclusive, our people spent 
 six thousand million dollars ($6,000,000,000). 
 
 This drink-bill of six thousand million dollars for 
 ten years — what an immense cost ! What finite mind 
 can grasp or comprehend the immensity of the labor- 
 value of six thousand million dollars \ 
 
 This sum appears as fabulous as the marvellous 
 stories of the "Arabian Nights." But, alas! for 
 poor humanity, for the welfare and prosperity of our 
 people, and the honor of our country, it is no fiction, 
 but a lamentable reality. This almost incompre- 
 hensible amount of money, produced by the sweat 
 and toil of the toilers of our land, is spent mainly by 
 our hard-working artisans, mechanics, and laborers, 
 who can the least of all people in the country afford 
 such prodigious waste and extravagance. 
 
 This hard-earned capital, that should be expended 
 for food and clothing, for the half -starved and ill-clad 
 thousands who are suffering for the want of them, or 
 by the " parish bounty fed," is devoured b}^ the demon 
 
 58 
 
COST OF LIQUOBS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 59 
 
 of the still ; and, because this capital is so misspent, 
 our jails are filled with criminals, our poor-houses 
 with paupers, our asylums, homes, and charities with 
 dependants, and our industrious, sober citizens bur- 
 dened with taxes that would not be needed but for 
 this waste of liquors. The cost of liquors for ten 
 years is nearly two-thirds of the assessed value 
 (§9,914,780,825) of all the real estate in the United 
 States, while the assessed value (§4,264,205,907) of all 
 the personal property of the United States is but little 
 more than two- thirds of our ten years' drink-bill. 
 Again, by the Census Returns of 1870, the value of all 
 our "products of agriculture, betterments, and addi- 
 tions of stock (§2,447,538,658)," and the value of all 
 our manufactures (§4,232,325,442), were the sum of 
 §6,679,864,100, or only §679,864,100 more than is 
 spent every ten years for liquors. Thus our people 
 expend every eleven years for intoxicating drinks 
 more than the value of all the products of agriculture 
 and all our mechanical and manufacturing indus- 
 tries. 
 
 If in every eleventh year a fire should be kindled 
 in the United States on the 1st of January, and con- 
 tinue burning until the last moment in December, and 
 if every particle of our agricultural and manufactured 
 products, as fast as they are produced, should be 
 cast into the flames, and burned up until onl} r the 
 ashes remain, it would not inflict as much injury 
 upon our people as is produced every eleven years by 
 the use and sale of intoxicating drinks. The money 
 expended for those drinks is not only lost, but the 
 
60 COST OF LIQUOES COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 
 
 drinks entail upon our people the additional evils of 
 vice, wretchedness, crime, and demoralization, that 
 far, very far outweigh the value of the money ex- 
 pended for them. If the products to the value of the 
 money spent for drinks were only destroyed by lire 
 or flood, it would not deprive our industrious classes 
 of the mental and physical power to replace them, as 
 do the drinks for which their hard-earned millions are 
 expended. What nation or people, however favored, 
 can long exist and prosper who expend or waste the 
 value of so much labor for poisonous drinks 4 Can 
 we wonder that we have money-panics, hard times, 
 and stagnation of trade 1 
 
 The people who use such economy will ultimately 
 become ruined and bankrupt. "The money," you 
 say, "spent for liquor is not all taken out of the 
 country, but is left to circulate among our people." 
 
 True. But what does the purchaser receive for his 
 money spent for drinks ? Absolutely nothing. Ay, 
 worse than nothing ; for they do not promote his 
 health, comfort, or happiness, but injure his health, 
 mar his comfort, destroy his happiness, unfit him for 
 productive labor, shorten his life, and militate against 
 all his interests, for time and for eternity. 
 
 Again : The capital spent for alcoholic drinks adds 
 nothing to the consumer's possessions, as do whole- 
 some food, clothing, furniture, and other property, 
 real and personal ; it is spent for poisonous slops, 
 that give but momentary excitement to his animal 
 passions or sentient pleasures, and finally leave him 
 physically, mentally, and morally worse for their use. 
 
COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITII INDUSTRIES. CI 
 
 And it would have been vastly better for liim if lie 
 had cast tlie money into tlie lire, or had poured the 
 liquor into the gutter as soon as lie had paid for 
 it. He would have felt no loss, but would be a 
 gainer by so doing. 
 
 THE NATION S L0S3 BY THE DRINII-TRAFEIC. 
 
 The loss to the nation by the use of intoxicating 
 drinks and the traffic in them is incalculable, but is 
 certainly not less than the money paid for the drinks, 
 and we should be no worse off if we should suspend 
 our national industries to the value of the money 
 paid for liquors, providing that at the same time wo 
 entirely ceased their manufacture and sale. 
 
 To illustrate this, let us compare the industries of 
 a few of the States with the cost of liquors to the 
 people of the same States : 
 
 States. 
 
 Yalao of the 
 Products of 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Value of 
 vjaiiufact'r's. 
 
 Total TTage.3 
 Paid. 
 
 Cost of 
 Liquors to 
 Consumers. 
 
 receipts of 
 
 the Railways 
 
 in 1873. 
 
 New York, 
 Pennsylvania, 
 Illinois, . 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Maine, 
 
 Dollars.* 
 
 253,526,153 
 183,946,027 
 210,880,585 
 198,256,907 
 32,192,378 
 33,470,044 
 
 Dollars.* 
 785,194,651 
 711,894,344 
 205,620,672 
 269,713,610 
 553,912,568 
 
 79,497,521 
 
 Dollars."" 
 176,918,120 
 151,158,538 
 
 53,439,011 
 
 65,547,266 
 123,872,918 
 
 17,185,497 
 
 Dollars.* 
 106,590,000 
 65,075,000 
 42,825,000 
 58, 845, 000 
 25,195,000 
 4,215,000 
 
 Dollars."- 
 68,825,007 
 83,357,427 
 54,086,412 
 59,508,950 
 27,850,458 : 
 4,363,741 
 
 By examining the above figures, given in the Census 
 of 1870, Table 80, etc., it will be seen that in the year 
 1870 there was spent for liquors in New York $106,- 
 590,000, or more than two-fifths of the value of pro- 
 ducts of agriculture, and nearly one-seventh of all 
 
 See Table VIII., from which they are takes. 
 
G2 COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Exhibits ivumber of Licensed Retail Liquor-Dealers, and the Estimated 
 Agricultural Products and Wages; cdso, the Manufactures, icith 
 Products in each State and Territory, by the Census of the 
 
 STATES AND TEE- 
 P.1TOBIES. 
 
 Number of 
 licensed 
 retail 
 liquor- 
 dealers. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District Columbia. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina . . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina ... 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont , 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington , 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Number. 
 1,976 
 
 119 
 2,000 
 5,845 
 
 371 
 
 3,352 
 
 82 
 
 3*8 
 1.087 
 
 580 
 2,767 
 
 244 
 8.562 
 4,444 
 3,073 
 1,117 
 4,761 
 4,414 
 
 843 
 4 285 
 5.039 
 5.020 
 1,930 
 1,807 
 5,888 
 
 449 
 
 635 
 
 658 
 1,161 
 5,649 
 
 418 
 
 21,318 
 
 1,315 
 
 1 1,769 
 
 738 
 13,015 
 
 727 
 1,565 
 2.684 
 2,168 
 
 128 
 
 540 
 3,314 
 
 224 
 
 543 
 3,864 
 
 236 
 
 The estimated 
 cost of liquor 
 
 to the con- 
 sumers ; esti- 
 mating that the 
 average sales 
 
 Agriculture of United States 
 Production and "Wages.* 
 
 Estimated value 
 ! of ail farm pro- 
 e- 
 
 ductions, better- Total amount 
 of each licensed ments, and addi- of wages paid, 
 retail liquor- i tions to stock, including the 
 i dealer are $5,000 by the Census of value of 
 | per annum, i United States, i board. 
 1S70. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 9,880,000 
 
 595,000 
 
 10 01 0,000 
 
 29.225.000 
 
 1.855.000 
 
 16,760.000 
 
 410,000 
 
 1 840,000 
 5,435,000 
 2,900,000 
 
 13,835,000 
 
 1,220.000 
 
 42,825,000 
 
 2-2.2-20,000 
 
 15,365.000 
 
 5 585,000 
 
 23.805.000 
 
 22,070,000 
 
 4,215.000 
 
 21,425,000 
 
 25,195,000 
 
 25 100 0C0 
 
 9,650 000 
 
 9,035,000 
 
 29,440,000 
 
 2,445,000 
 
 3,175.000 
 
 3,290.000 
 
 5,80 i, 000 
 
 28,245.000 
 
 2 090.000 
 106,500, 000 
 
 6,575,000 
 5«, 845, 000 
 
 3.690 000 
 65,075,000 
 
 3,635,000 
 
 7.825,000 
 
 13 420.000 
 
 10,840.000 
 
 640 0C0 
 
 2,700 COO 
 16.5:0X00 
 
 1.1-20X00 
 
 2,715.000 
 19 3-0 000 
 
 1,180,0,0 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Po'lars. 
 
 67,522,335 
 
 11,851,870 
 
 277,998 
 
 104.620 
 
 40,701,699 
 
 4.06!. 952 
 
 49,856 024 
 
 10,369.247 
 
 2,335.106 
 
 416,236 
 
 26,482.150 
 
 4,405,064 
 
 495,657 
 
 71,156 
 
 8,171,667 
 
 1,696 571 
 
 319,517 
 
 1*4,338 
 
 8,909,746 
 
 1,? 37.060 
 
 80 390,228 
 
 19.787,086 
 
 637.797 
 
 153,007 
 
 2in.8-;o 585 
 
 22,338,767 
 
 122,914,302 
 
 9.675.348 
 
 114,386.441 
 
 9,377,878 
 
 27.630,651 
 
 2.519.452 
 
 87,477,374 
 
 10.709,382 
 
 5-2.C06.622 
 
 11,042.789 
 
 33,4:0.044 
 
 2,903 -292 
 
 35,343,927 
 
 8,? 60.367 
 
 32,192 378 
 
 5,821 ,032 
 
 81,508 623 
 
 8,421.161 
 
 33,446,400 
 
 4 4H9 101 
 
 73,137,953 
 
 10,3-26,794 
 
 103 035,759 
 
 8.797.487 
 
 1.676,660 
 
 325,213 
 
 8,604,742 
 
 882.478 
 
 1,659.713 
 
 438 350 
 
 22,473,547 
 
 2,319.164 
 
 42,725 H:8 
 
 8.314.548 
 
 1.905.0(0 
 
 523,858 
 
 253.526.153 
 
 34,451.362 
 
 57.845 940 
 
 8,342,856 
 
 198.256 907 
 
 16.4K0 778 
 
 7.122, 7 90 
 
 719,875 
 
 183.946.027 
 
 23,181,944 
 
 4,761.163 
 
 1.124.118 
 
 41.903,403 
 
 7 404 297 
 
 86,472.847 
 
 7,118 003 
 
 49,185,170 
 
 4.177.638 
 
 1,973,142 
 
 1 S3. 095 
 
 34.647 027 
 
 4,155 385 
 
 51 774,801 
 
 9,7' 3 041 
 
 2.111.S02 
 
 215.522 
 
 23.379,692 
 
 1,903.788 
 
 7^,027.032 
 
 8,186.110 
 
 42,730 
 
 3.075 
 
 I United States.... 143,115 715 575.009 2,447 538, f5S | 310,286,285 
 
 * Ceosu3 Roport, Ydl. III., p. 81. 
 
COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 03 
 
 VIIL 
 
 Cost of Liquors i.i each Scats and Territory ; also, the Value of ail the 
 Capital invested, Wages paid, Cost of Materials, and Value of the 
 United States, 1S70. 
 
 7 lanuTacture:; of tie Onitec 
 
 The total r?- 
 : ceiptsofthe 
 
 railway.* of the 
 
 
 TTa333paid. 
 
 Capital invested. 
 
 Cost of material. 
 
 Value cf 
 
 Production. 
 
 U. S. tor is ( :i, 
 
 from Poor'd 
 
 Bail way 
 
 Manual of the 
 
 U. S. for 
 
 1S74-75. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollar?. 
 
 1 
 
 .2.227,963 
 
 5.714.032 
 
 7,592,837 
 
 13.041.644 
 
 4 957,941 
 
 3 
 
 45,580 
 673.963 
 
 150.7:0 
 1 762,913 
 
 110,090 
 2.536,998 
 
 185.410 
 4,629,234 
 
 
 927". 609 " 
 
 4 
 
 13.136,722 
 
 39,723,202 
 
 35,351,193 
 
 6(3,594,556 
 
 15.276.749 
 
 5 
 
 538.291 
 
 2,835 605 
 
 1.593,233 
 
 2,852,820 
 
 1,098 596 
 
 6 
 
 38,937,187 
 
 95,281,278 
 
 86,419,579 
 
 161,065,474 
 
 10,544.810 
 
 
 21.106 
 
 79,200 
 
 105 997 
 
 178 570 
 
 162.725 
 
 s 
 
 3.692,195 
 
 10,839 093 
 
 10.205,397 
 
 16,791,382 
 
 666,801 
 
 1) 
 
 2.00 r. 1300 
 
 5,021 925 
 
 4,754,833 
 
 9,292,173 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 <9.59 1 
 
 1 679,930 
 
 2,330,373 
 
 4,685,403 
 
 479,000 ' 
 
 11 
 
 4.844,508 
 
 13,930 125 
 
 18,533,731 
 
 31,196,115 
 
 7,695,955 
 
 12 
 
 112.372 
 
 742 300 
 
 691,785 
 
 1.047,624 
 
 
 13 
 
 31,100,244 
 
 94,368 057 
 
 127,600,077 
 
 205,620,673 
 
 '54,088,412 ' 
 
 14 
 
 18,366 7S0 
 
 52,052,425 
 
 63,135,492 
 
 108,617,278 
 
 24,279,062 
 
 15 
 
 6,893 292 
 
 22 420,183 
 
 27,(382,00(3 
 
 4(5,534,322 
 
 7,983,988 
 
 16 
 
 2,377,511 
 
 4,319,0(30 
 
 6,112.1(33 
 
 11,775,833 
 
 10,062,437 
 
 17 
 
 9.444,524 
 
 29,277,800 
 
 29,497,535 
 
 54,635,809 
 
 7,199,993 
 
 IS 
 
 4,593,470 
 
 13 313,974 
 
 12,412,023 
 
 24,161,905 
 
 2,740,489 
 
 19 
 
 14,*83,>05 
 
 39.796,190 
 
 49,379,757 
 
 79,497,521 
 
 4.363,741 
 
 20 
 
 12 683,817 
 
 3(3.438.729 
 
 4(3,897,032 
 
 7(3,593,613 
 
 15,310,942 
 27,850,453 | 
 
 21 
 
 lH,0M,^8fi 
 
 231 (377.862 
 
 334,413,93 > 
 
 553,912,568 
 
 2 2 
 
 21.205355 
 
 71 712.283 
 
 (38,142,515 
 
 11S,304,'376 
 
 14,295,988 
 
 23 
 
 4 053,837 
 
 11,993.729 
 
 13,842,902 
 
 23,110,700 
 
 4,212,344 
 
 21 
 
 1,547,428 
 
 4.501.714 
 
 4,364,206 
 
 8,154,758 
 
 5,424,326 
 
 25 
 
 31,055.445 
 
 80.257.244 
 
 145,533,2(39 
 
 20(3,213,429 
 
 12,188,908 
 
 26 
 
 370 843 
 
 1.79 4,300 
 
 1,31(3,331 
 
 2,494,511 
 
 
 27 
 
 1.429,913 
 
 2 169,963 
 
 2,902,074 
 
 5,738,513 
 
 '" 11,358,447 ' 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 2,193.473 
 13.823,091 
 
 5.127.790 
 36,023.743 
 
 10,315,984 
 44,577,967 
 
 15,870,539 
 71,038,249 
 
 
 ir K4?i0 1 
 
 30 
 
 32.643.40.) 
 
 79,601,719 
 
 103,415,245 
 
 169,237,732 
 
 25,840.023 | 
 
 31 
 
 167,381 
 
 1.450.(395 
 
 880,957 
 
 1,489,868 
 
 785,194,651 
 
 
 32 
 
 142,465,758 
 
 36(3,994,320 
 
 432.0(35 452 
 
 '"68^2-',007" 
 
 33 
 
 2,195,711 
 
 8140.473 
 
 12,824,(393 
 
 19,021.327 
 
 2,897,488 . 
 
 31 
 
 49.033,488 
 
 141,923,964 
 
 157,131,(397 
 
 269,713 610 
 
 59,5Os,950 | 
 
 33 
 
 1.120,173 
 
 4,376,849 
 
 3,419,756 
 
 6,877,387 
 
 : 
 
 36 
 
 127.97(3,594 
 
 406.821.845 
 
 431,197,673 
 
 711,804,344 
 
 80 357,127 
 
 37 
 
 19.354,256 
 
 66,557,322 
 
 73,154,199 
 
 111,418,354 
 
 1,115,672 
 
 38 
 
 1,543.715 
 
 5,400,418 
 
 5,355,736 
 
 9,858,981 
 
 3.56 027 
 
 33 
 
 5.390.630 
 
 15,593 295 
 
 19,657,027 
 
 34,363,636 
 
 .517 
 
 4) 
 
 1,787,835 
 
 5.28 4,110 
 
 (3,273,193 
 
 11,51 7, 002 
 
 6 147.616 
 
 41 
 
 3 15,365 
 
 1,391,898 
 
 1,238,252 
 
 2 343 019 
 
 1 332,612 
 
 42 
 
 6,264.581 
 
 20,339,637 
 
 17 007,769 
 
 32.184,606 
 
 4,183,547 
 
 4! 
 
 5,343,099 
 
 13.455 403 
 
 2^,332,381 
 
 38,361 322 
 
 7,093,243 
 
 41 
 
 574,936 
 
 1.893,674 
 
 1 135,123 
 
 2 851,032 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 4,322.164 
 
 11.084,^20 
 
 11 503,7'»1 
 
 21 10 ',201 
 
 51,902 
 
 46 
 
 13,575.642 
 
 41 9S1 872 
 
 45 851,266 
 
 77,21 
 
 11.146,812 
 
 47 
 
 3 17, ",78 
 
 889.100 
 
 280,156 
 
 765,434 
 
 •1,232. 
 
 
 
 775,581,343 
 
 2,113.C03,760 
 
 2,488.427,242 
 
 586,419,93 '< 
 
 
G4 COST OE LIQTfORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 
 
 manufactures, paid nearly two-thirds of the wages 
 paid for both agriculture and manufactures ; the 
 liquor-bill being little less than twice the receipts 
 of her railroads. 
 
 The liquor-bill of Pennsylvania in 1870 was $65,- 
 075,000, which was one-third the value of the products 
 of agriculture, nearly one-tenth of her manufactures, 
 more than two-fifths of wages paid, and about three- 
 fourths of the receipts of her railroads, though there 
 are more miles of railroads in Pennsylvania than in 
 any other State in the Union. 
 
 The liquor-bill of Illinois was 842,825,000, or more 
 than one-fifth the value of the products of agri- 
 culture, a little less than one-fourth of her manu- 
 factures, about ten million dollars less than the 
 aggregate wages paid for all the agricultural and 
 manufacturing industries of the State, and only 
 about eleven million dollars less than the annual 
 receipts of her railroads. That year Ohio paid for 
 liquors $58,845,000, which was more than one-fourth 
 of the value of the products of agriculture, and more 
 than one-fifth the value of- her manufactures ; while it 
 was only a little more than six million dollars less 
 than all the wages paid for labor, and as much nearly 
 as the receipts of all the railroads of the State. 
 
 The liquor-bill of Massachusetts was $25,195,000, 
 being five-sixths of the value of her products of agri- 
 culture, one-twenty-second of the manufactures, and 
 not one-fifth of the amount of wages paid. 
 
 In Maine liquors cost only $4,215,000, or less than 
 one-eighth of the value of the products of agricul- 
 
COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 65 
 
 ture, less than one- sixteenth the value of the manu- 
 factures, and only two-sevenths of the wages paid 
 in the State. 
 
 It is said by the friends and supporters of the 
 liquor-traffic that the prohibitory laws of Maine and 
 Massachusetts are failures. Now, we ask these per- 
 sons to examine the above carefully, and compare the 
 liquor-bills of these two States with the products of 
 agriculture, manufactures, and wages paid ; and then 
 turn to the other six States given, or to any State 
 granting license, and make the same comparisons, and 
 the result will in each case be found in favor of the 
 State which most restricts the liquor-trade. If all the 
 States and Territories be so examined — which can be 
 easily done by consulting the preceding Table VIII. , 
 which exhibits the amount of the cost of liquor to 
 each State, and then compare the cost of liquors with 
 the value of the products of agriculture, manufac- 
 tures, and wages paid in each — the conclusion will 
 be inevitable that the true policy of any State seek- 
 ing the prosperity and happiness of its people is 
 prohibition. 
 
 Can any reflecting person consider the immense 
 cost of alcoholic drinks, when compared with the 
 value of the productive industries of the nation, with- 
 out forebodings of the ruin that is in store for our 
 country ? This waste does not exist alone in Penn- 
 sylvania or Xew York, but the same cause is produc- 
 ing the same effects in all States of the Union, as can 
 be seen by Table VEX 
 
 Is it possible for any state or nation to long prosper 
 
QG COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 
 
 or exist whose people spend for demoralizing drinks 
 so large a proportion of the value of their products of 
 industry? The people who practise such irrational 
 political economy will eventually sink into decay, and 
 leave a mass of mouldering ruins as monuments of 
 the egregious folly of allowing or licensing a traffic 
 that produces as legitimate fruits idleness, poverty, 
 crime, disease, and death. 
 
 COST OF WAR AND DRINKS. 
 
 From an essay furnished by David A. Wells to the 
 Cobden Club, England, upon the expenses, income, 
 and taxes of the United States, we learn that the 
 whole cost of the war of the Rebellion, North and 
 South, from 1861 to 1866. is estimated as follows : 
 Lives, 1,000,000; property by destruction, waste, etc., 
 $9, 000, 000, 000. The expenditures of the United States 
 from June, 1861, to July, 1866, $5,792,257,000 ; of this 
 the actual war expenses were about $5,342,237,000. 
 The expenses of States, counties, cities, and towns in 
 the Northern States, not represented by funded 
 debt, have been estimated at $500,000,000. The in- 
 crease of State debts on the war account was $123,- 
 000,000. The increase of city, town, and county 
 debts is estimated at $200,000,000 ; the total war 
 expenses of the loyal States and National Govern- 
 ment, $6,165,237,000. The estimated direct expenses 
 of the Confederate States on account of the war 
 were $2,000,000,000. Aggregated expenses of the 
 country, North and South, $8,195,237,000. The 
 
 
COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 07 
 
 total receipts from all sources during the second 
 year of the war were less than $42,000,000. The ex- 
 penditures were $60,000,000 per month, at the rate of 
 $700,000,000 per annum. 
 
 This immense cost of treasure and blood during the; 
 live years of the Rebellion is truly appalling. Yet it 
 was not all spent in vain, for the nation was saved 
 and chattel slavery abolished. 
 
 But the slavery of strong drink rules our country 
 yet. Its slavery is vastly more oppressive, more de- 
 grading to its victims, and much, very much, more 
 injurious to their moral, religious, and intellectual 
 condition and the general financial affairs of the 
 country, than the chattel slavery of the Southern 
 States. But let us take a glimpse at our nation 1 s 
 drink-bill compared with our late war expenses. 
 
 The annual cost of intoxicating drinks in the United 
 States, at Dr. E. Young s estimate of $600,000,000 a 
 year, in ten years would amount to the total war 
 expenses of the loyal States and the National Govern- 
 ment. Our drink-bill in thirteen and a half years 
 would amount to more than the aggregate war ex- 
 penses of both the North and the South. 
 
 Every fifteen years we expend more for strong 
 drinks than the value of all the property wasted and 
 destroyed during the five years of the war. And 
 every year it costs our people over one million dollars 
 more for strong drinks than the expenses during the 
 war of all the States, counties, cities, and towns in the 
 Northern States not represented by funded debts. 
 
 When we were expending $60,000,000 a month, or 
 
GS COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 
 
 at the rate of $700,000,000 -a year, to crush out 
 the Rebellion and save the nation, a cry arose in 
 all parts of the country that the nation would be 
 bankrupt, that we should never be able to pay off the 
 debt. Men all over the land, on every public and 
 private occasion, at every gathering, railed at and 
 found fault with the Government because of these 
 expenditures. Yet, strange as it may seem, we were 
 expending at the same time almost as much, if not 
 more, for poisonous beverages or strong drinks, with- 
 out a single word of complaint. It is very safe to say 
 that in every year from 1861 to 1874 more money 
 was spent for alcoholic drinks than would pay the 
 annual war expenses. 
 
 Again, the money now spent for strong drinks, if 
 devoted to the liquidation of our national debt, would 
 pay it all off in less than three years. 
 
 What a deplorable cost ! What a shame that a 
 professedly Christian nation should pay annually six 
 or seven hundred million dollars to produce poverty, 
 crime, degradation, demoralization, financial depres- 
 sion, and ruin ! 
 
 No people were ever so favored by a beneficent 
 Creator. 
 
 What do our people receive of these millions ex- 
 pended for liquor? First, they receive about 274,- 
 456,376 gallons of a great variety of admixtures of 
 various degrees of alcoholic strength. The liquor 
 drunk in 1870 would allow about seven gallons for 
 each man, . woman, and child of the Union. 
 
 Why do our people drink it % It cannot certainly 
 
COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 69 
 
 be for the watery portion, for much better and purer 
 water can be obtained freely from the rill and the 
 spring. 
 
 If it is not for water, what are its other ingredients \ 
 It contains, besides spoiled water, alcohol, which is an 
 acrid narcotic poison, and frequently numerous other 
 drugs. But it is drunk for the excitant alcohol. 
 How much alcohol do our people drink \ If distilled 
 spirits contain 50 per cent, of alcohol, malt liquors 
 5 per cent., and wines 20 per cent., our people will 
 consume of pure alcohol, contained in the domestic 
 and imported spirits, ale, beer, wine, etc., the 
 quantity of which has heretofore been given, as fol- 
 lows, viz. : 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 In distilled spirits, cordials, .etc., • . . . 33,798,202 
 
 In malt liquors, 9,948,310 
 
 In vanes, *. . . . ". . . 1,903,066 
 
 Total gallons of alcohol consimied, . . 50,655,178 
 
 Thus there are consumed in our country annually 
 more than five quarts of the purest alcohol for every 
 man, woman, and child. Can we wonder at the 
 large sickness and death-rate in our country when 
 so much liquid poison is drunk \ We are con- 
 fident that satisfactory evidence can be adduced 
 to show that bat for the use of intoxicating drinks 
 the sick-rate, as well as the death-rate, of our coun- 
 try would be reduced to not less than one-half 
 what it is at present. If all the alcohol were taken 
 out of these drinks, what would be left for the money 
 paid for them? 
 
70 COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 
 
 There would remain 227,874,935 gallons of spoiled 
 water, or, more strictly speaking, a decoction of vile, 
 poisonous drugs that the very swine would refuse to 
 drink, unless their appetites and tastes had first 
 become perverted, by being starved in a brewery or 
 distillery, until they learned to drink. 
 
 What else have we for all the millions spent for 
 them? We have drunkenness, with its follies, its 
 revels, its obscenity, its beastliness, crime, and taxa- 
 tion. These drinks are marshalled enemies against 
 civilization, liberty, justice, humanity, morality, and 
 religion. In addition to all these we have also 
 poverty, with its attendant evils ; ignorance, with its 
 vulgarity, brutishness, and vices ; crime of every 
 degree ; accidents on land and sea ; idiocy, insanity, 
 madness, disease, premature old age, and death. Are 
 all these worth the price paid for them \ Does it pay % 
 In the prayerful hope that the statistics and their 
 relations and comparisons with the drink- traffic may 
 prove the looking-glass by which the blotched and 
 pale face of the body politic, weakened by intoxicat- 
 ing drinks, may clearly be seen, the author has 
 toiled many weary hours in presenting them to his 
 countrymen. 
 \ 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 The drink-bill of the United States in 1870, exclu- 
 sive of domestic wines and other liquors made and 
 drunk, was $619,425,098 ; and, in addition to this sum, 
 it must be clear to every one who knows anything of 
 the drink-trade that more liquors are annually, manu- 
 factured and sold than are reported to the Govern- 
 ment. * In consideration of the difficult v of beins; able 
 to arrive at the true cost of intoxicating drinks, we 
 have estimated the annual sales of licensed retail 
 liquor-dealers at 85,000 each, and it is assumed this 
 average will furnish a correct basis for ascertaining 
 the annual cost of liquors in the United States. 
 
 There were in 1870 143,115 licensed retailers, whose 
 aggregate sales of liquors on the above basis would 
 be 8715,575,000. 
 
 The difference between this sum and that of the 
 estimate based on the returns of the Internal Revenue 
 Peport of 1870 is 896,149,902, which will be a small 
 allowance for the liquors which are made and con- 
 sumed, but not embraced in any official report. 
 
 This $715,575,000, taken from the productive in- 
 dustry of the country, is in itself sufficient to cause 
 
 * The liquor frauds just brought to light all over the country plainly prove 
 the impossibility of arriving at tho truo cost of intoxicating drinks from Revenue 
 Reports. At best we can but approximate ; heaca all our estimates are below 
 the true ccs . 
 
72 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 great depression of our national trade. All that is 
 needed to secure the most abundant commercial pros- 
 perity, and to give full employment to all classes of 
 productive laborers, is to transfer these millions from 
 the liquor business, and devote them to the purchase 
 of the necessaries of life, which would increase the 
 demand for the products of agriculture and manu- 
 factures equaA to the value of the sum thus use- 
 lessly expended. 
 
 If our cotton, woollen, and other factories are not 
 now as busy as formerly, it is because they cannot 
 dispose of their goods. It is also certain that if the 
 goods are not disposed of, it is because the people 
 either spend their money for other articles, or are 
 poorer and have not the money to spend. Our people 
 cannot be poorer ; for year after year the wealth of the 
 country increases faster proportionately than does the 
 population. Wages are higher in this than in any 
 other country. 
 
 The truth of the matter is that our people squander 
 their money for what is not only useless, but injuri- 
 ous, and devote their wages to the purchase of those 
 things which give the least labor to our workers. 
 
 Let us examine just one item of lavish and impro- 
 vident expenditure— the use of intoxicating drinks — - 
 and see : l this does not chiefly cause the bad trade 
 andfthe severe depression of business now so general 
 all over our country. 
 
 During the years 1869-70-71-72 there was ex- 
 pended in the United States for intoxicating drinks 
 as follows : 
 
USE OF STRONG DIUXKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 73 
 
 In 1369, $693,999,509 
 
 In 1870, 619,425,110 
 
 In 1371, 630,030,042 
 
 In 1872, 735,720,043 
 
 Total f >r 4 years, .... $2,729, 1 80,709 
 
 Annual average, .... 632,290,677 
 
 Being an average for those four years of more than 
 six hundred and eighty-two million dollars spent 
 annually for intoxicating drinks. 
 
 It is self-evident that he who spends his wages for 
 drink, unless he is richer than the majority of our 
 citizens, must be deprived of many luxuries, and even 
 necessaries, that he could have procured for himself 
 and his family if he had not so spent his money. 
 Therefore, while drinking-shops flourish and increase, 
 the business in every department of productive in- 
 dustry must languish and decline. 
 
 There is an English proverb which says : "A fool 
 can make money ; but it requires a wise man to 
 spend it." The people of our country, as well as 
 almost every other country, like the fools in the pro- 
 verb, can make money, but do not spend it like wise 
 men. For we find, in 1870, that the wages paid for 
 labor in all our manufacturing industries were $775,- 
 584,343 ; and that in the same year there were spent 
 not less than $619,425,110 for strong dririfcs. Was 
 this money spent wisely % Our population in 1870 
 was 38,558,371, and the value of some of our manu- 
 factures was : * Textiles, $380,913,815 ; articles of 
 wear, $398,264,118; boots and shoes, $181,644,090; 
 
 • Soo Vol. III. of Cansu3 Report, 13ro~". Wealth and Industries:' 
 
74 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 cotton goods, $168,457,353 ; woollen goods, $151,- 
 298,196. 
 
 If all these commodities produced in 1870 were 
 consumed in that year — which is very likely — or at 
 least their value in like products, domestic or foreign ; 
 if we add 25 per cent, to the values above given for 
 profits and expenses before they reach the consumers, 
 then for each man, woman, and child in the United 
 States there were spent for our textiles — which in- 
 cludes cotton goods, flax and linen goods, carpets, 
 woollen goods, and worsted goods — $12 30, and 
 for liquors about $16 06 ; and for each family of 
 5.09 persons'" there were expended for textiles 
 $62 60, and for strong drink $81 74. For articles 
 of wear — including men's, women's, and children's 
 clothing, boots, shoes, hats, caps, collars, cuffs, gloves, 
 mittens, hoop-skirts, corsets, and hosiery — there were 
 spent for each person $12 91, for liquors $16 06 ; for 
 these articles of wear for each family were expended 
 $65 71, and for liquors $81 74. There were expended 
 for boots and shoes for each person in the United 
 States $5 89 ; for liquors, $16 06 ; and for each 
 family for boots and shoes, $29 9S ; for liquors, $81 74. 
 For cotton goods of every description there were ex- 
 pended for each person $5 46, and for ieach family 
 $27 79. For woollen goods for each person, $3 23 ; 
 and for each family, $16 44. While, as already seen, 
 for liquor there were spent for each individual $16 06, 
 and for each family $81 74. 
 
 * The average of the families in United States is 5.C9 nersona. 
 
5E OF STRONG DKINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 75 
 
 Is not this wasteful expenditure for a pernicious 
 article clearly the cause of bad trade and business 
 panics I It is very certain that our people cannot 
 boar upwards of seven hundred million dollars an- 
 nually down their throats in the shape of alcoholic 
 drinks, and spend them also for clothing. " You can- 
 not eat your cake and have it also," says the proverb. 
 Nor can a man encourage productive industry who 
 spends his money for drink ; for every cent left with 
 the rum sellers is taken from the butcher, baker, shoe- 
 maker, tailor, etc., and is lost to productive labor. 
 
 The value of the food and food-preparations of 1870 
 was 6600,385,571,* or 815 57 for each person, and $79 25 
 for each family. Thus our people spend nearly as 
 much for liquors as for foods ; for we have already 
 seen that S$l 74 are spent by each family for liquor. 
 
 It is always the effect of non-productive labor to 
 waste capital, whilst productive creates capital. Ca- 
 pital furnishes food, raiment, shelter, etc., for the 
 laborer and his family, besides providing implements 
 and machinery to aid in his labor, and the raw mate- 
 rials for the articles he produces. Whatever aids to 
 produce these necessaries, now or in the future, is 
 capital. Without capital there can be no productive 
 labor ; no combination or division of labor ; nor those 
 implements of industry and machinery that enable us 
 'to overcome the many obstacles which have stood and 
 still stand in the way of genius and industry. 
 
 It is also an indispensable prerequisite for the pro- 
 motion of physical, intellectual, moral, and religious 
 culture and progr< 
 
 * Without the profits c£ dealers, etc. 
 
7b USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 It must be clear to every reflecting person that 
 whatever causes an unproductive expenditure of 
 capital will retard progress. This is eminently the 
 case with money spent for liquors. 
 
 Intoxicating drinks are not only unnecessary, but 
 the money spent for them is so much capital taken 
 from those branches of industry that add to the 
 growth and the prosperity of the nation. 
 
 The money spent for these drinks, if expended for 
 useful articles, would afford increased employment 
 for laborers in every department of life. If it were 
 not for the drinking customs in our country, there 
 would be no lack of work at remunerative wages for 
 all our unemployed, and even those now engaged in 
 the manufacture and sale of intoxicating drinks could 
 be engaged in better and more honorable kinds of 
 business. 
 
 It is said that a man once applied for work to a 
 Philadelphia millionaire, who, not having a situation 
 for him just then, but liking his appearance and 
 wishing to help him, set him at work to remove a pile 
 of bricks ; the bricks being removed, and the gentle- 
 man not yet having another job ready for him, 
 ordered him to remove the bricks back again, to do 
 which he flatly refused ; feeling, as a true man 
 should feel under like circumstance, that he was not 
 giving an equivalent for his wages ; that his work 
 being of no earthly use to his employer or any one 
 else, it made him a destroyer, and not a producer. 
 His motives were appreciated by the gentleman, who 
 soon found him more important and useful work. 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 77 
 
 Most men would have discharged the man at once, 
 and would have told him that, if he was willing to pay- 
 wages for what was of no use, it was his own business. 
 You may also say that as the gentleman was rich, and 
 could aiford to pay for work that was of no use, the 
 man ought to have removed the bricks and taken his 
 wages ; for though nothing was produced, yet the 
 world was none the poorer. Let us look at the prin- 
 ciple here involved a little closer. Suppose the 
 millionaire, as he could well afford it, had employed 
 fifty men instead of one, at ten dollars a week, for 
 removing bricks from one place to another, the 8500 
 paid for the week's work was lost; no value being 
 added to the bricks, they were worth no more on 
 Saturday night than they were on Monda}" morning, 
 although §500 had been paid for labor upon them. Is 
 the world no poorer % It may be said the money only 
 changed hands. True ; the money changed hands, 
 and perhaps the men spent all or nearly all their 
 wages for food and clothing for themselves and their 
 families. But what has become of the food and 
 clothing and the other materials that were worn out 
 during this week of non-productive labor? Food, 
 clothing, etc., were consumed, and nothing produced. 
 Thus the world was certainly $500 the poorer for the 
 week's unproductive labor. But if these fifty men 
 had been employed to build a house with the bricks, 
 there would have been a house in return for the 
 money ; and though the world would have been $500 
 poorer in food, clothing, etc., yet it would have been 
 the richer bv a house. 
 
78 
 
 USE OE STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 Though this is an extreme case— for men do not 
 generally pay wages for work that will not be of use 
 to them— yet men very often spend their money for 
 what is not any more productive, but much more 
 injurious, to themselves and society. In the produc- 
 tion of malt liquors and all other intoxicating drinks 
 the real sources of wealth, land, and labor are em- 
 ployed unproductively. 
 
 MAKING AND SELLING INTOXICATING DRINKS IS UN- 
 PRODUCTIVE LABOR. 
 
 The labor devoted to brewing, distilling, and the 
 selling of liquors is unproductive labor ; for while the 
 liquors do not benefit those who consume them, yet 
 the necessary and useful products of labor are con- 
 sumed, or rather destroyed, in the process of making 
 them. What a man consumes to keep up his health, 
 strength, and capacity for labor at some beneficial 
 employment is productive consumption ; but when 
 money is expended for intoxicating liquors, whether 
 by the idle or industrious, it is unproductive con- 
 sumption in the highest sense of the term. Intoxicat- 
 ing drinks neither preserve health, give strength, 
 prolong life, nor in any way aid the consumer to per- 
 form labor; but they injure health, unfit for pro- 
 ductive employment, and will ultimately shorten life. 
 And not only are the millions of dollars wasted that 
 are expended for intoxicating drinks, but the value 
 of the products used, and the labor expended in their 
 manufacture and sale, are lost to society. To these 
 losses must be added the loss of the products of in- 
 
USE OE STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 79 
 
 dustiy consumed by those and their families who are 
 engaged in either the manufacture or the sale of 
 intoxicating drinks ; for all are unproductive laborers. 
 If those engaged in the liquor- trade are non-pro- 
 ducers, and as they are necessarily consumers, it 
 follows that such persons are really no better than 
 paupers — ay, worse than paupers. Their business 
 is not only unproductive, but it retards and pre- 
 vents productive laborers from pursuing their useful 
 occupations, thus inflicting society with a threefold 
 loss. 
 
 THE USE OF LIQUOR, ETC., CAUSES UNPRODUCTIVE 
 CONSUMPTION. 
 
 It would be absurd to make laws merely to find 
 employment for lawyers, or to spread disease to give 
 practice to doctors ; and it would be equally absurd 
 for the Government to encourage the liquor-traffic 
 merely to find business for some thousands of liquor- 
 makers and liquor- sellers, to consume the fruits of 
 the industry of others. The man that lives upon the 
 products of another's industry does not create any 
 beneficial demand for those products ; he is merely a 
 destroyer. 
 
 The manufacturers and distributers of alcoholic 
 drinks do not create a healthy demand for the pro- 
 ducts used in the manufacture of the drinks, nor for 
 those consumed by themselves, their families, or 
 employees. The consumption is unproductive, be- 
 cause the strength derived from the food consumed is 
 not used in producing other beneficial things. The 
 
80 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 blacksmith consumes perhaps as much as the liquor- 
 seller ; but the smith returns value in horseshoes and 
 other useful iron-work, while the drink-seller adds 
 nothing to the common weal, but really abstracts by 
 rendering his customers less able and less willing 
 for useful labors. 
 
 You may say the money spent remains in the 
 country and forms a part of the general wealth. 
 True ; it remains in the country. But what are the 
 general effects of its expenditure % If a member of a 
 family should appropriate to himself the income of 
 the family, and then say to the other members, 
 "What does it matter? it's all in the family," it is 
 very clear that it would not be of much advantage or 
 consolation to those deprived of their right to a 
 share. 
 
 All the products of a nation will be consumed 
 sooner or later, and are produced to be consumed ; 
 and their value is inert until ready for consumption ; 
 and money spent for one article will necessarily pre- 
 clude the same money being expended for another of 
 equal value. It is less important to gratify artificial 
 wants than those of first necessity ; it is, therefore, 
 more important that our people should spend their 
 revenues for what is of utility than for intoxicating 
 drinks, which, as already said, are not only useless, 
 but unfit the consumers for productive labor. We are 
 told by the Brewers' Congress, in a resolution, that 
 they, "from the amount of capital invested in their 
 business, from the labor they employ, and from a. 
 large proportion of an article of necessary and general 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. SI 
 
 consumption of what they produce, and more particu- 
 larly from the steadily-increasing progress made by 
 their trade, as conclusively shown by the Internal Re- 
 venue returns and other statistics gathered from most 
 trustworthy sources, presented to this Congress, do 
 represent a very important branch of manufacture, 
 and are entitled to demand from the National Govern- 
 ment, and also from the various State legislatures, pro- 
 per recognition and protection" ! Thus it is plainly 
 claimed by the brewers, as by others engaged in the 
 liquor business and those favorable to its existence, 
 that the liquor- traffic is beneficial, because it employs 
 a large number of persons and causes a large amount 
 of capital to be invested. 
 
 Though all wealth is the result of labor, yet a great 
 amount of labor is often expended that does not in- 
 crease the wealth of the nation, but destroys it. The 
 latter is eminently the case with labor employed in 
 manufacturing and selling intoxicating drinks. That 
 the truth may be clearly seen, we will carefully ex- 
 amine and compare statistics on both sides cf the ques- 
 tion. To confine ourselves more closely to tie subject, 
 we will take Pennsylvania to represent the United 
 States. 
 
 DOES THE LIQUOK-TEAFFIC CEEATE A DEMAND FOR 
 LABOR ? 
 
 We have no official report of the actual first cost of 
 intoxicating liquor in Pennsylvania or any other State, 
 and can only approximate such cost by taking the 
 general average based upon the sales of licensed 
 
82 USE OF STH0XG DKIXKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 liquor-dealers, which we have estimated at $5,000 
 each per annum. The indirect and consequential cost 
 of liquors, probably fully equal to the direct cost, is 
 excluded. Assuming this average, then, the 15,745 
 licensed retail liquor-dealers of Pennsylvania returned 
 by the Revenue Department report of 1872 sold in 
 that year liquors costing the consumers $78,725,000. 
 
 This sum is certainly not more than was sold when 
 we consider the great number of unlicensed liquor 
 places in the State, and especially in Philadelphia, 
 where there are (as the writer was informed by a mem- 
 ber of the Liquor-Dealers' Protective Association of 
 Philadelphia) mors than 4,000 places where liquor is 
 sold without license. This estimate of $78,725,000 is 
 nearly the value of all the woollen goods,* $27,361,897; 
 cotton goods,* $17,565,028 ; boots and shoes,f $16,- 
 864,310; furniture and house-fixtures, J $9,389,503; 
 and all the worsted goods, § $7,883,038, that were 
 returned by the Census of 1870, as manufactured in 
 the State. 
 
 The drink-bill of Pennsylvania is only about twelve 
 million dollars less than the value of all the food and 
 food-preparations, || $66,564,919 ; and the manufacture 
 of clothing,! $23,363,156, produced in the State in 
 1870. If the liquor-traffic did not exist, these $78,- 
 725,000 would mostly be expended by our people for 
 the comforts and necessaries of life, which would not 
 
 * Census Report 1870, Vol. III., p. 489. + Ibid., p. 503. 
 
 X Ibid., p. 437. § Ibid., p. 633. 
 
 il See Census Report, Vol. III., " Wealth and Industries," for 1870, p. 436. 
 
 % Ibid., p. 563. 
 
USE OF STKOXG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 83 
 
 only increase tlieir happiness end virtue, but would 
 in a high degree promote the general prosperity of 
 the State and nation. Let us suppose that our people 
 stop the use of liquor for one year. Now let one-fifth 
 of this drink-bill be deposited in our banks as a 
 reserve fund, and $50,000,000 expended for necessa- 
 ries and luxuries, as follows : 
 
 1. Let one-sixth of the $50,000,000, or $8,333,333^, 
 be spent for farm and market-garden products, such 
 as wheat, corn, beef, mutton, poultry, eggs, butter, 
 fruits, and vegetables, which would give our farmers 
 and gardeners twice the profit that they now receive 
 for the fruits and grain manufactured into strong 
 drinks. 
 
 2. Let one-tenth, or $5,000,000, be expended in the 
 building of houses. This sum would provide for our 
 working-men 3,571 homes of the value of $1,400 each. 
 To build these houses would give employment to 
 2,000 persons, and pay them* $1,000,000 for wages, 
 $2,600,000 for building materials, and pay a good 
 interest on $1,400,000 of capital, besides vastly im- 
 proving the home enjoyments of our people. To 
 prepare the $2,600,000 worth of building materials 
 would give employment to thousands of laborers, as 
 lumber-men, sawyers, etc., etc. 
 
 3. Let another one-tenth, or $5,000,000, be expended 
 for cotton goods, which would increase the demand 
 for raw cotton, etc., start the mills now stopped, or 
 cause new ones to be erected, or change the distilleries 
 
 * See Census Iteport, VoL III.. uDder specific manufactures, on which the 
 above estimates r.re based. 
 
84 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 and 'breweries into factories to supply the increased 
 demand for cotton goods. It would give employment 
 to 4,000 factory operatives, pay $1,100,000 for wages, 
 more than $3,000,000 for raw materials, and give a 
 good investment of $3,000,000 in factories, etc. 
 
 4. Let another one-tenth, or §5,000,000, be spent 
 for woollen goods, which, besides creating a demand 
 for wool, the produce of our own and foreign coun- 
 tries, would give employment to 2,500 factory 
 operatives and others, pay for wages $800,000 and 
 $3,400,000 for raw materials, and give good invest- 
 ment to nearly $2,500,000 capital. 
 
 5. Let another one- tenth be expended for worsted 
 goods, which would give employment to 2,500 hands, 
 pay $850, 000 for wages and more than $3, 000, 000 for raw 
 materials, and give investment to $2,000,000 capital. 
 
 6. Let another one-tenth be invested in furniture 
 and house-fixtures, which would give employment to 
 3,500 persons, pay for wages about $1,500,000, pay 
 for materials $2,000,000, and give an investment to 
 $3,000,000 capital. 
 
 7. Let one -sixth, or $8,333,333^, be invested in 
 clothing, and it would give employment to 6,500 per- 
 sons, pay for wages $1,660,000, and for raw materials 
 pay $4,000,000, and give a good investment to $3,- 
 600,000. 
 
 8. Let another sixth, or $8,333,333^, be spent for 
 boots and shoes, and it will give employment to 
 7,650 persons, pay for wages $2,800,000, pay for 
 materials $3,500,000, and give investment to $3,250,000 
 of capital. 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 85 
 
 111 addition to the above advantages to be derived 
 by our people from expending their money for useful 
 articles and comforts, instead of intoxicating drinks, 
 it will give $12,980,000 for profits and expenses upon 
 the commodities above named after leaving the place 
 of manufacture, and until they reach the consumers. 
 
 TABLE IX. 
 
 Shoius the number of persons that could be employed, the wages paid, 
 value of materials used, the capital invested, etc., by expending 
 but little more than half of ivhat is paid for intoxicating drinks in 
 Pennsylvania.- 
 
 ITame. 
 
 No. Per-' m 
 sons em- 1 Wages 
 
 Cost of 
 
 Capital 
 
 Total Cash 
 
 
 ployed, i Paid. 
 
 Materials. 
 
 Invested. 
 
 Expended. 
 
 
 1 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Farm products, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,333,333* 
 
 Building houses, . 
 
 2,000 1,000,000 
 
 2,600,000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 Cotton goods, 
 
 4,000 1,100,000 3,000,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 Woollen goods, . 
 
 2,500, 800,000 3,400,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 Worsted goods, . 
 
 2,500| 850,000 3,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 Furniture, etc., . 
 
 3,500 1,500,000 2,000,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 Clothing, 
 
 6,500 1,660,0001 4,000,000 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 8,333,333^ 
 
 Boots and Shoes, . 
 
 7,650 2,800,000 3,500,000 
 
 3,250,000 
 
 8,333,333^ 
 
 Total rnanuf 's, 
 Total, . . 
 
 28, 650 ( 9,710,000 21,500,000 
 
 18,750,000 
 
 41,666,666| 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 50,000,000 
 
 By this table it will be seen that by expending for 
 useful and necessary articles of our manufactures 
 only $41,666,666%, or little more than one-half of 
 what is spent by the consumer annually for liquors 
 in Pennsylvania, it would give employment to 28,650 
 hands, pay $0,710,000 in wages, use $21,500,000 worth 
 of raw materials, and find an investment for 818,750,- 
 000 of capital in the manufacture of the articles named, 
 which would certainly increase the happiness, comfort, 
 
 * These estimates aro based en the Census returns, and are all less than the 
 trua amount. 
 
SO 
 
 USE OF STRONG MINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 
 
 and prosperity of our people, and promote beyond all 
 calculation the general wealth, power, and influence 
 of the State. But it may be said : " The money that 
 is expended for liquors also employs labor, causes the 
 use of materials and the investment of capital." All 
 of which is readily granted. In answer, we have this 
 to say : that the more ]abor employed and the more 
 capital invested in the liquor business, the worse is 
 the case of the liquor-men ; for it is certainly so much 
 labor and capital wasted. But we believe it can be 
 clearly shown that the capital invested in the liquor 
 business employs the smallest amount of labor and 
 confers the least benefit on the nation. 
 
 Among the manufactures of Pennsylvania, as given 
 in the Census returns of 1870, are the following : 
 
 TABLE X. 
 
 Showing the Liquors Manufactured in Pennsylvania in 1S70. 
 
 Kind of Liquors. 
 
 Hands 
 
 em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Wages 
 paid. 
 
 Cost of 
 materials. 
 
 Capital 
 invested. 
 
 Value of the 
 Liquors. 
 
 f*Distilled liquors, . 
 j*Fermented liquors, 
 ^Vinous liquors, 
 
 Totals, 
 
 512 
 
 1,583 
 
 15 
 
 Dollars. 
 215,837 
 
 773,267 
 4,250 
 
 Dollars. 
 1,950,077 
 3,553,986 
 7,960 
 
 Dollars. 
 2,504,857 
 6,966,236 
 100,160 
 
 Dollars. 
 4,618,228 
 7,056,400 
 17,900 
 
 2,110 
 
 993,354 
 
 5,512,023 
 
 9,571,253 
 
 11,692,528 
 
 From the Census returns of 1870, the whole of the 
 liquors that were manufactured that year employed 
 2,110 hands ; paid for wages, $993,354 ; used $5,512,023 
 worth of materials ; there was invested $9,571,253 ; the 
 value of liquors was $11,692,528 at the place of manu- 
 facture. 
 
 * Census Report, Vol. Ill , p. 451. 
 
USE OF STKOXG DlttXKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 87 
 
 Let us now compare the totals of Table IX. and the 
 totals of Table X., and see how the question stands : 
 
 Kind. 
 
 Pe em°- nS| TVa ^ es Cost of Capital 
 ployed. paid - : matciials - invested. 
 
 Totals of Table IX. of useful 
 articles, .... 
 
 Totals of Table X. of li- 
 quors, . 
 
 The difference, 
 
 28,650 
 
 2,110 
 
 Dollars. 
 9,710,000 
 993,354 
 
 Dollars. , Dollars. 
 
 21,500,000 18,750,000 
 5,512,023 9,571,253 
 
 20,540 
 
 8,716,646 15,987,977 
 
 9,178,747 
 
 By the difference of totals we find that the money, 
 if spent for useful articles, would employ 26,540 more 
 hands ; pay $8,716,646 more for wages ; pay $15,987,- 
 977 more for materials ; and invest $9,178,747 more 
 capital to produce $41,666,666% worth of useful, and 
 necessary articles, than it would to produce $11,692,- 
 52 S worth of liquors at the places of manufacture. 
 
 It may be objected that there is a difference in the 
 value of the products at the place of manufacture, 
 and that a difference in amount of capital, labor, etc., 
 should be expected, and that to form a just com- 
 parison the value of products should be nearly 
 the same. What we have mainly to do with is 
 the cost to the consumers. Let us, then, endeavor to 
 ascertain the cost of the two classes of commodities 
 to the consumers, and then their relative effects on 
 labor, capital, etc. 
 
 In 1S70, by the Internal Revenue Report, there were 
 manufactured in Pennsylvania spirits and malt 
 liquors as follows : 
 

 Distilled liquors of all kinds, o,351,S28 gals., worth at retail £6 a gal., 0-32,171,523 
 Fermented liquors, . . 783,03-1 barrels, " " $24 abbl., 18,912,816 
 
 Total cost at retail to consumers, §51,C84,336 
 
 This $51,084,336 is certainly less than the cost of 
 liquors in Pennsylvania ; for our people as a rule are 
 not more sober nor drink less than the average of the 
 people in the other States of the Union. The people 
 of Pennsylvania pay about 6 per cent, of the revenue 
 collected on the spirits manufactured in the United 
 States, and about 12 per cent, of the revenue on malt 
 liquors. Unless our people drink less than their share 
 of the liquors produced and consumed in the country, 
 more liquors are consumed in Pennsylvania than are 
 annually manufactured in the State. 
 
 If to the money expended for building houses and 
 for the. purchase of cotton goods, woollen goods, 
 worsted goods, furniture, clothing, boots and shoes, 
 as given in Table IX., we add 25 per cent, on the 
 money so expended for profits, expenses, etc., from 
 the place of manufacture until they reach the con- 
 sumers, then the cost to consumers of these articles 
 of first necessity will be §52,083,332, while intoxicating 
 drinks, as we have seen, cost §51,084,336, or only §998- 
 996 less than the cost of the 3,571 houses and ail the 
 manufactures specified in the table, which, as before 
 said, would give employment to 26,540 more hands ; 
 pay $8,710,646 more for wages : pay §15,987,977 more 
 for materials ; and invest §9,178,747 more capital to 
 produce them than to produce the intoxicating drinks. 
 iYow, if it is good political economy for a people to 
 encourage that which will cause the greatest amount 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TEADE. SO 
 
 of labor and employ the most capital, without any 
 regard to the results or the products of the labor 
 and capital employed, it is certainly good political 
 economy for our people to discourage the expenditure 
 of money for liquor. 
 
 But when we consider the utility of houses, cotton 
 goods, woollen goods, etc., etc., with the injurious 
 effects produced by intoxicating drinks, every argu- 
 ment in favor of the use and the traffic in strong drinks 
 becomes drivelling, if not devilish. 
 
 Is it not clear, then, that the liquor-traffic causes 
 bad trade, employs the least amount of labor for the 
 money spent, to say nothing of its inutility % 
 
 We will show, as clear as facts and figures can 
 show, in the next chapter, that the drinking system is 
 not only injurious to trade and commerce, but to all 
 useful labor. 
 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 
 
 The drink-bill of the United States, as we have 
 shown, for the four years of 1869-70-71 and '72, 
 is $2,729,186,709, or an average of nearly $700,- 
 000,000 a year, which is a less sum than the average 
 for the years since 1872. Experience and observation 
 have fully demonstrated that when men cease to use 
 intoxicating beverages they invariably devote a very 
 large portion of the money formerly spent for drinks 
 to the purchase of useful articles for themselves and 
 families. It is therefore very reasonable to conclude 
 that if the liquor-traffic was swept from our country, 
 not less than three-fourths of the money now 
 spent for liquors would be devoted to the purchase 
 of useful articles. 
 
 Let us suppose that our people, instead of spending 
 
 for drinks $700,000,000 annually, applied that sum to 
 
 the purchase of the following, being one-half of the 
 
 articles named produced in the United States, as 
 
 given in the Census of 1870, viz. : 
 
 9 o 
 

 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 91 
 
 I. Div.* " For food and food-preparations," . . $300,182,785 
 
 HI. Div.f " Cotton goods," 84,228,076 
 
 III. Div. % " Woollen goods," 75,649,093 
 
 IV. Div.§ " Boots and shoes," 90,822,045 
 
 V. Div. || " Furniture and house-fixtures," . . 37,769,859 
 
 Total, $588,652,403 
 
 Which will leave for expenses, profits of retailers, 
 
 etc., 111,347,537 
 
 The total being less than the direct annual cost of 
 
 liquors, $700,000,000 
 
 Let us see what necessaries or useful articles these 
 seven hundred million dollars would purchase in the 
 place of the 272,530,105 gallons of poisonous liquids 
 now annually consumed. 
 
 I.- Div. — For the first item of the above general 
 division, viz., §300,182,785, devoted to the purchase 
 of "food and food-preparations," let us specify what 
 could be purchased by a proper expenditure of this 
 portion of our drink-waste. 
 
 1. We could purchase 16,039,572 *[ barrels of wheat- 
 flour, 222,125 barrels of rye-flour, 15,596,981 bushels 
 of corn-meal, 202,230 cwt. of buckwheat flour, 280,375 
 bushels of hominy, and 14,703,732 cwt. of cattle-feed. 
 
 2.** These grist-mill products would require to 
 manufacture them, as we learn from our last Census 
 Report, 11,286 mills, of the average capacity of grist- 
 mills in the United States, give employment to 29,224 
 persons, and pay $7,288,766 for wages. 
 
 * Vol. III. Census Report, 1870, p. 435. 
 
 t Ibid., p. 430. % Ibid., p. 489. § Ibid., p. 416. || Ibid., p. 437. 
 
 T The quantities of the articles above named are proportional quantities of 
 the same as given in Vol. III. (Wealth and Industrie?), NinthCensus of the United 
 States, 1870. The figures are actual results as furnished by the official tables, 
 exoept in a few instances, when explanations and reasons are given. In nany, 
 if not in most, figures of quantities, those given aro less than the official 
 data would warrant. 
 
 ** Vol. III. Census Report, 1870, pp. 5C8, 599. 
 
92 USE OF STRONG D KINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 
 
 3.* The following farm-products or raw materials 
 would be used in the above mill manufactures, viz. : 
 183,274,484 bushels of wheat, 20,498,226 bushels Indian 
 corn, 9,802,488 bushels of oats, 1,110,625 bushels of 
 rye, 444,461 bushels of buckwheat. The value of the 
 grain used would be $181,157,263, and the value of 
 the flour and other grist-mill products $222,492,571. 
 
 4.f And to prepare these products for family use 
 would require 1,775 bakeries, of the average capaci ty, 
 give employment to 7,063 persons, and pay them for 
 wages $2,676,592. 
 
 It is evident that such an increase of bread and 
 breadstuff's would not only benefit the farmers, grist- 
 millers, flour-merchants, bakers, etc., but every other 
 useful trade in the country, and also increase the 
 general health. The history of all nations has fully 
 established the fact that, when bread and breadstuff s 
 are plentiful and the people well supplied, the gene- 
 ral health is good and mortality lessened. While this 
 increased consumption of bread and breadstuffs would 
 benefit our millers, bakers, merchants, etc., the 
 augmented demand for the products of our farmers 
 would enable them to improve their farms and in- 
 crease their crops and the wealth of the nation. 
 
 The benefits of total abstinence from alcoholics, and 
 the non-existence of the traffic in them, would further 
 encourage our agriculturists : 1. by increasing the de- 
 mand for cattle for ^ slaughter to the value of about 
 $5,000,000 annually, which would employ 941 persons 
 
 * Vol. III. Census Report, 1870, pp. 593, ES9. 
 t Ibid., p. 418. % Ibid., p. 422. 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 93 
 
 as butchers, pay $273,173 for wages, and cause an 
 increase of the sales of meats to value of not less than 
 $5,519,964 ; and thus, while it supplied an abundance 
 of wholesome food, would increase the general busi- 
 ness of the country. 
 
 5. It would also give to our * farmers and graziers 
 $775,000 for animal food-preparations, $1,265,776 for 
 beef and pork cured and packed, $762,000 for beef 
 packed, $28,000,000 for pork packed, and $1,500,000 
 for market-garden and orchard products canned and 
 preserved. 
 
 6.f Besides the benefits that would flow from the 
 increased demand for the above products of our agri- 
 culturists, the preparation of these products for 
 market would employ 249 persons in preparing cured 
 and packed meats, and pay $86,590 for wages ; to 
 pack beef, 217 persons, and pay $55,797 for wages ; to 
 pack pork, 2,775 persons, and pay for wages $861,163 : 
 and to can and preserve fruits and vegetables, would 
 employ during the season 2,934 persons, and pay 
 $385,821 for wages. 
 
 7. J There would be dairy products, consisting of 
 52,233,202 gallons of milk, worth $7,040,142, made 
 into 54,767,614 lbs. of cheese, worth $8,355,284, and 
 $30,548 worth of other products. Total value of 
 products of cheese-factories was $8,385,832, which 
 would employ 2,303 persons, and pay for wages 
 $353,283. 
 
 84 Nor do the advantages of abstaining from in- 
 
 * Sec Vol. III. undor articles named. t Ibid., p. 4CG. $ Ibid., p. 427. 
 
94 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 
 
 toxicating drinks end here ; for in the preparation of 
 coffee, spices, etc., there would be employed 610 per- 
 sons ; pay them for wages $335,491, pay for materials 
 $i,0S5,918, producing coffee, spices, etc., for market 
 'worth $5,633,211. 
 
 9.* For fish cured and packed there would be em- 
 ployed 427 persons ; pay them for wages $90,552, pay 
 for materials $420, 602, and the products, when ready 
 for market, would be worth $796,295. 
 
 10. Fish and oysters canned employ 793 persons ; 
 pay for wages $133,204, use materials worth $470,151, 
 the value of products $735,650. 
 
 11.* Food-preparations of vegetables employ 279 
 persons ; pay for wages $88,531, use $373,449 worth of 
 materials, the products worth $593,101. 
 
 12.* The preparation of ground mustard, preserves 
 and sauces, vermicelli, and macaroni, and chocolate 
 employs 334 persons ; pays $126,156, uses materials 
 worth $876,045, and the value of the products is 
 $1,301,837. 
 
 There cannot be the least doubt but that the de- 
 mand for the above-named food and food-preparations, 
 or products equivalent to them, would be increased 
 in about the proportion estimated, if our people 
 ^would abstain entirely from intoxicating drinks for 
 one year. 
 
 This increase of business, with its general and 
 special beneficial results, would not end with those 
 named ; for the increase of one branch of productive 
 
 * See report of articles named, Vol. III. 
 
USE OF STEONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 95 
 
 industry will increase others, whether directly con- 
 nected with it or not. 
 
 There is a reciprocal connection between all product- 
 ive industries, except when articles of like use are sub- 
 stituted one for another, as cotton goods for woollens, 
 etc., etc. But between the products of labor given 
 above and intoxicating drinks there is for ever an 
 antagonism. The use of these drinks is at war with 
 all the productive industries and the labor interests 
 of the nation. 
 
 TABLE XI. 
 Shoivs by expending $300,182,785 for food mid food-preparations 
 
 liow many industries icill be promoted, the member of persons 
 
 employed, ivages paid, value of materials used, and value of 
 
 each product. 
 
 
 Estab- 
 
 Pers'ns 
 
 VVases ' Value of ma- 
 
 V alue of 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 lishing. 
 
 ployed. 
 
 paid, j terials used. 
 
 products. 
 
 
 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Flour and grist mill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products,* . 
 
 11,280 29,224 
 
 7,288,766 
 
 183,696,061 
 
 222,492,571 
 
 Bread, cracker, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bakery products, 
 
 1.775 
 
 7,063 
 
 2,676,592 
 
 11,105,928 
 
 18,453,852 
 
 Butchering, . 
 
 254 
 
 940 
 
 273,173 5,519,964 
 
 6,843,030 
 
 Coffee, spices, roast'd, etc. 
 
 78 
 
 610 
 
 335,4911 4,085,918 
 
 5,633,211 
 
 Fish, cured and packed. 
 
 37 
 
 427 
 
 90,552| 420,602 
 
 796.295 
 
 Fish and oysters, can'd. 
 
 8 
 
 793 
 
 133,204 470,151 
 
 735,650 
 
 Food preparat'n, anim'l. 
 
 42 
 
 291 
 
 138,218 774,240 
 
 1.164,395 
 
 " vegetable, 
 
 1G 
 
 279 
 
 88,531 
 
 373,449 
 
 593,101 
 
 Fruits and vegetables, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 canned and preserv'd, 
 
 48 
 
 2,934 
 
 385,821 
 
 1,547,423 
 
 2,712,838 
 
 Meat, cur'd and pack'd, 
 
 8 
 
 249 
 
 86,590 
 
 1,265,776 
 
 1,880,401 
 
 Packed meat, beef, 
 
 18 
 
 • 217 
 
 55,797 
 
 762.340 
 
 975,153 
 
 Pork, packed, 
 
 103 
 
 2,775 
 
 861,163 
 
 23,28^932 
 
 28,214,665 
 
 1 Ground mustard, . 
 
 7 
 
 47 
 
 21,543 
 
 99,417 
 
 153,504! 
 
 Preserves, sauces, etc., 
 
 15 
 
 167 
 
 56,713 
 
 422,385 
 
 621,418 
 
 Cheese, 
 
 656 
 
 2,303 
 
 353,283 
 
 7,044,642 
 
 8,385,832 
 
 Vermicelli and macar'i, 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 8,5501 21,669 
 
 53,736 
 
 : Chocolate, . 
 
 4 
 
 99 
 
 39,350 332,574 
 
 473,129 
 
 Totals, f . 
 
 14,358 
 
 48,436 
 
 12,893,337^41,231,471 
 
 300,182,781 
 
 Cji eus Pep rt, VU. IT., pp. 331, 393, 396, 32 
 
 t Ibid, p. 435, each one-half. 
 
96 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 
 
 By the foregoing table we see that our people, by 
 abstaining from alcoholic liquors, and by spending 
 less than one-half of their annual cost, $300,182,781, 
 for food and its preparations, would need 14,358 addi- 
 tional food-preparing establishments, employ 48,436 
 persons to carry on these manufactories, pay them 
 for wages $12,893,337, and cause a demand for $241,- 
 231,471 worth of raw materials. There is no exag- 
 geration in these figures, nor are they made for the 
 purpose, but are proportional estimates from the 
 Census Report of 1870, with all the fractions thrown 
 out of the computation. Considering the thousands 
 of our people who are under-fed or in an actual starv- 
 ing condition, we cannot doubt but that this sum of 
 money would be spent for food, if not expended for 
 drink. Our farmers would receive for grain alone 
 used for these food-preparations $181,157,263, which 
 is '$131,056,975 more than the value of all the ma- 
 terials used in the manufacture of liquors in 1870 ; for 
 the Census returns give $49,100,288 * as the value of 
 the materials made into liquors. 
 
 THE BENEFIT OF MONEY SPENT FOR MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Having seen some of the benefits that would result 
 from spending a portion of our national drink-bill, 
 viz., $300,182,785, for "food and food-preparations," 
 we will endeavor to point out the advantages to be 
 derived from spending the other portions for some 
 other of our manufactures. 
 
 II. Biv. — Let us see what would be received by 
 
ITSE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 97 
 
 spending §84,228,676 for " cotton goods," and not 
 for intoxicating drinks. 
 
 1." We should receive 239,102,256 yards shirtings, 
 sheetings, and twilled goods, 17,266,731 yards of 
 lawns and fine muslins, 244,625,026 yards of printed 
 cloths, 15,150,543 lbs. yarn not woven, 5,780,121 
 dozen spools thread, 5,559,063 lbs. of bats, wicking, 
 and wadding, 36,509,022 yards of warps, 246,946 
 table-cloths, quilts, counterpanes, 1,383,530 seamless 
 bags, 2,528,727 lbs. of cordage, lines, and twines, 
 4,195,025 yards of flannel, 453,034 lbs. thread, 19,- 
 637,622 yards ginghams and checks, 6,970,447 yards 
 of cassimeres, cottonades, jeans, etc., and several 
 million pounds of other cotton fabrics. 
 
 2.* In the production of these cotton goods there 
 would be consumed or used 199,154,128 lbs. of raw 
 cotton, 3,111,094 lbs. cotton yarn, 68,050 lbs. cotton 
 warp, and 2,617,130 lbs. cotton waste ; the cost of 
 mill-spindles $5,455,336, and all materials $55,868,468. 
 
 3. To produce these cotton goods would require 478 
 factories of the average capacity of the United States 
 establishments, employ 67,684 operatives, and pay 
 them $19,522,066. 
 
 4. The benefits do not consist alone of those already 
 named ; for it must be remembered that the nearly 
 two hundred million pounds of raw cotton are the 
 products of our agriculturists of the Southern 
 States ; besides, the other materials used in the manu- 
 facture of these cotton goods are the products of our 
 
 * Con&us Report, Vol. IIL, rr- 5 ™, 697 
 
98 USE OP STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 
 
 people's industry, not included in the above numera- 
 tion. 
 
 III. Div/*— Then, again, let us suppose that we in- 
 vest another portion of the drink-bill, say $77,702,679, 
 in " woollen goods, "what would be the result of this 
 investment ? 
 
 1. To minister to health, comfort, and enjoyment, 
 there would be received 1,000,219 pairs of blankets, 
 130,604 yards beavers, 31,670,306 yards cloth, cassi- 
 meres, and doeskins, 970,932 yards felted cloth, 
 966,191 yards of negro cloth, 37,500 yards cottonades, 
 113,372 coverlids, 29,482,643 yards flannels, 37,50( 
 yards of frockings, 12,244,992 yards jeans, 2,753,451 
 yards kerseys, 7,065,137 yards linseys, 1,331,883 yards 
 repellants, 7,036,279 yards satinets, 140,000 yards 
 Balmoral skirts, 1,426,729 yards tweeds and twills, 
 61,000 lbs. of warp, 7,078,118 lbs. of yarn, 111,500 lbs. 
 of hosiery yarn, 784,500 pounds of shoddy yarn, 
 10,730 dozens of hosiery, 4,341,534 lbs. of rolls, and 
 for men and horses 29,276 blankets. 
 
 Would not these products of our woollen factories 
 be a good exchange for the millions of gallons of the 
 poisonous decoctions made in the breweries and dis- 
 tilleries ? 
 
 2. The benefits do not end with the consumers of 
 these goods, but their results will extend to the pro- 
 ducers. For to manufacture these goods would re- 
 quire 1,445 factories, the average size of the factories 
 in the United States ; to drive the necessary ma- 
 chinery, it would take at least 525 steam-engines and 
 
 * Ibid., pp. 630, 682. 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION* 99 
 
 1,046 water- wheels of the aggregate power of 47,610 
 horse-power; of machinery, it would need 4,183 sets 
 of cards, capable of carding daily 428,696 lbs. of wool, 
 7,019 broad looms, 10,072 narrow looms, and 922,748 
 spindles ; and besides giving work to men to make the 
 machinery, it would give employment to 40,026 per- 
 sons, and pay them for wages $13,438,787. 
 
 3. Xor would the results end here ; for in the manu- 
 facture of these goods there would be used 9,686,031 
 lbs. of shoddy, 656,280 lbs. of warp cotton, 77,383,547 
 lbs. of domestic wool, 8,655,912 lbs. of foreign wool, 
 1,631,974 lbs. cotton yarn, 1,286,759 lbs. woollen yarn, 
 82.916,673 worth of chemicals and dyestuffs, and 
 82,835,125 worth of other materials.- The total value 
 of the materials to produce these goods is 848,216,300. 
 
 IV. Div.* — In addition to what has already been 
 enumerated, total abstinence would allow our people 
 to expend $90,822,045 for boots and shoes. 
 
 1. For which we should receive 7,159,264 pairs of 
 boots, worth $25,115,735 ; and 33,154,357 pairs of shoes, 
 valued at $46,923,103, and other articles worth $1,- 
 305,589. 
 
 2. There would be used in making them 2,466,201 
 sides of sole leather, 3,807,356 sides of uppers, and 
 6,892,721 lbs. of other leather. To make them would 
 require 67,944 hands, and pay them for wages $25,- 
 9S6,35G, and use materials worth $46,791,264. 
 
 3.f To produce the shoe-findings would require 135 
 establishments, employ 1,386 hands, paying for 
 wages $396,478. 
 
 * Ibid , p. 501. t Ibid., pp. 415, 416. 
 
100 USE OF STKONG DEENKS PEEVENTS PEODUCTION. 
 
 4.* To tan, curry, and prepare the leather would 
 need 3,784 establishments, and employ 17,621 persons, 
 and pay $7,252,887 for wages. 
 
 Y. Div. — There could also be expended for all 
 kinds of house-fixtures and furniture (except stoves 
 and hollow- ware) $37,769,859. 
 
 l.f To produce which would need 3,156 establish- 
 ments, employ 28,545 persons, and pay for wages 
 $11,652,478, and for materials $14,258,272. 
 
 2. In addition to the hands employed in making 
 these house-fixtures and furniture, employment would 
 be given to thousands of other persons, as lumber- 
 men, sawyers, etc. This expenditure, no one w T ill 
 deny, would materially add to the comforts and the 
 enjoyments of our people. It would not only make 
 the homes of our laboring classes more pleasant and 
 desirable, but would cultivate a greater love for home 
 and home enjoyments. This would tend to form 
 better habits among our rising generation, to develop 
 moral and religious sentiments, and to form a superior 
 class of citizens for the future of our country, which 
 would redound to the happiness and prosperity of 
 our people, and to the honor and glory of our nation. 
 
 By the totals of Table XII. it is seen that by 
 expending $288,469,678 for cottons, woollens, boots 
 and shoes, furniture, etc., instead of intoxicating 
 drinks, there would be required 20,712 additional 
 manufacturing establishments, employ 223,206 hands 
 to run them, pay for wages $78,249,052, and for ma- 
 terials $165,134,304. 
 
 * Ibid., p. 449. t Ibid., p. 437. 
 
USE OF STRONG DlilNKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 101 
 
 TABLE XII. 
 
 Exhibits the number of additional establishments that tvould be 
 required, the hands employed, the tvages paid, the value of ma- 
 terial used, and the value of the products, if $288,496,678 were 
 expended for the articles named. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 n 
 
 .a >> 
 
 Wages 
 paid. 
 
 Value of the 
 materials. 
 
 Value of 
 products. 
 
 67,684 
 
 40,026 
 
 67,944 
 
 1,386 
 
 17,621 
 
 28,545 
 
 Cotton goods, . . . 478 
 Woollen goods, . . . I 1,445 
 <^ . 1 Boots and shoes, . 11,714 
 w S ! Shoe-findings, . .1 135! 
 o 2 [Tanning. Currying ) Q n?<ZA' 
 f§*j Leather, . *\\ 3 > 784 
 Fur'ture and h'use-fixtur's, 3,156 
 
 Total of manufactures, . 20,712 223^206 78,249,052 165,134,304 295,039,452 
 
 'III i ! 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 19,522,066' 
 
 13,438,787. 
 
 25,986,356 
 
 396,478 
 
 7,252,887 
 
 11,652,478' 
 
 Dollars. i Dollars. 
 55,868,463 88,744,869 
 48,216,300, 77,702,679 
 
 46,791,264 90,S22,045 
 14, 258, 272 ' 37,769,8~9 
 
 TABLE XIII. 
 
 Exhibits the totals of Table XI. and Table XII., and the aggregate 
 
 of the totals. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 Is 
 
 Hands 
 employed. 
 
 Amount of 
 wages paid. 
 
 Value of ma- 
 terials used. 
 
 Value of the 
 products. 
 
 Totl's of Table XI., food 
 and food-prep'r'tions, 
 
 Totals of Table XII., of 
 manufactures, . 
 
 14,358 
 20,712 
 
 1 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 48,435 | 12,893,337 
 
 223,206 7S,249,052 
 
 Dollars. 
 241,231,471 
 165,134,304 
 
 Dollars. 
 300,182,781 
 295,039,452 
 
 Aggregate, . 
 
 35,070 
 
 271,642 91,142,389! 406,365,775 
 
 1 
 
 595,222,233 
 
 Tims our people, by expending 8700,000,000, our 
 average annual drink-bill, for the productions given 
 on Tables XL and XII., would keep running 35,070 
 establishments, employ 271,642 persons, pay for wages 
 $91,142,389, and cause a demand for $400,305,775 
 worth of raw materials, and leave $104,777,767 for 
 profits and expenses upon the commodities after leav- 
 
102 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 
 
 ing the place of production and until they reacli the 
 consumers. 
 
 Will any person who is able to reflect or to dis- 
 tinguish between a benefit and an inj ury maintain that 
 the nation would not be benefited beyond all calcula- 
 tion by the prohibition of a traffic which prevents so 
 much productive labor and wastes so much of our 
 nation's wealth for that which is not only useless but 
 positively injurious to the consumers individually 
 and to our people collectively ? 
 
 It is clear, in view of what has been already said 
 and the facts and figures presented, that the govern- 
 ment which acts so absurdly and irrationally as to 
 license the sale of intoxicating drinks violates sound 
 principles of political economy. The traffic in, and 
 use of, these drinks not only prevents productive 
 labor and wastes the capital expended for them, but 
 the grain, fruits, and other materials used in their 
 manufacture is lost ; and all the people of the nation, 
 whether they drink the liquors or not, have to make 
 up or suffer the loss, and they who drink the liquors 
 not only lose all the capital they expend for them, 
 but have to bear their share also of the general loss. 
 
 No one derives benefit from the liquor ; the con- 
 sumer, from its effects, suffers a loss of physical and 
 mental power, and he would have been the gainer in 
 health and power if he had cast his money into the 
 fire ere he spent it for the drink. 
 
 There is not a shadow of doubt but that more than 
 seven hundred million dollars would be annualty 
 spent for food, clothing, and other articles of use and 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 103 
 
 comfort, additional to what is now expended, but for 
 the use and the traffic in strong drinks. This addi- 
 tional sum expended, for our manufactures and pro- 
 ducts of agriculture annually, would give a great 
 impetus to every department of industry, manu- 
 factures, agriculture, trade, and commerce. From the 
 facts and figures presented it must be plain that the 
 remedy for our present bad trade and lack of labor 
 lies entirely within the power of our people. If we 
 continue to spend these more than seven hundred 
 million dollars annually for poisonous drinks, and 
 expect to have prosperous trade, we shall find out our 
 mistake when it is perhaps too late to apply the 
 remedy. As the use of the drink prevents productive 
 industry, it is logically clear that we may increase 
 productive labor and trade by stopping the drink and 
 removing the temptations to drunkenness. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 INJUKES LABOB. 
 
 The demand for any product creates a demand for 
 labor to produce it ; and when there is no demand for 
 an article, there is certainly no need for its manufac- 
 ture. It is equally true that wages are regulated by 
 the demand for labor. When the number of laborers 
 exceeds the demand for their labor, wages will be low ; 
 and when the laborers are less than the demand, 
 wages will be high. In other words, when two men 
 are seeking the same job of work wages will be low ; 
 but when two jobs are seeking one man, wages will 
 be high. It is equally clear that when the demand 
 for labor just equals the supply, the working-classes 
 can obtain "a fair day's wage for a fair day's work" 
 — that " Labor will not be oppressed by Capital." 
 But you ask, "How can this employment and fair 
 wages be obtained?" Nothing is more simple. All 
 that needs be done is to create a demand for the useful 
 products that will give the most labor and extend 
 their beneficial influences to promote other productive 
 industries. Let the millions now wasted, or worse 
 than thrown away, for liquors, be spent for food, 
 clothing, furniture, and other necessaries, and not 
 
 io 4 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 105 
 
 only would there be work for our unemployed and 
 .those engaged now in the liquor business, but labor 
 would be in demand in all departments of produc- 
 tive industry. Not only does the money expended 
 for liquors give the least amount of labor in propor- 
 tion to the capital swallowed up in their purchase, 
 but experience proves that, while the user of them is 
 impoverished, those that it employs are also most 
 generally debauched and ruined. 
 
 The census returns in 1870 show that the value of 
 the malt and spirituous liquors manufactured in 
 Pennsylvania were valued at the place of production 
 at 811,692,528; that their manufacture gave employ- 
 ment to 2,110 hands, and paid $993,354 for wages; 
 which, on an average, is less than eight and one-half 
 cents' worth of labor to make one dollar's worth of 
 liquor. A gauger in the service of the United States 
 to whom the writer applied for information as to the 
 cost of manufacturing liquors writes: "At present 
 I have but one distillery in my charge. It employs 
 three men at an average pay of $2 25 per day each ; 
 uses 48 bushels of grain, producing, on an average, 
 188 proof gallons of spirits per day, which, in its 
 crude state to-day (Sept. 6, 1873), is selling at 81 05 
 per gallon. To the cost of this quantity of grain (48 
 bushels) daily add the cost of two and one-half 
 pounds of hops, three-fourths of a ton of coal, and 
 three empty barrels." As this distillery is in Penn- 
 sylvania and in a neighboring count3 T , we will take 
 this as the average cost of manufacturing spirits in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
IOC USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 
 
 The cost of manufacturing 188 gallons of crude rye 
 whiskey will be as follows : 
 
 Rye, 48 bushels, at $1, ' $48 00 
 
 Hops, 2% lbs., at 40 cents, . . . . . . . 1 00 
 
 Coal, % ton, at $6, 4 50 
 
 Total cost of material, .... $53 50 
 Three men's wages, at $2 25 per day each, . . G 75 
 
 Three empty barrels, at $2 each (iron-bound), . . 00 
 
 Total cost of materials, barrels, and labor, $66 25 
 
 188 gallons of whiskey (crude), at $1 05, . . . $197 40 
 
 Thus the cost of labor to manufacture 188 proof 
 gallons of crude whiskey, worth at the distillery 
 $197 40, is $6 75, or less than 3.42 per cent, of the 
 value of the product for labor. 
 
 At this rate the 5,361,920 gallons of whiskey made 
 in Pennsylvania in 1870, at $1 05 per gallon in its 
 crude state at the distillery, would be $5,630,016, and 
 at 3.5 per cent, for wages is $197,050. This value of 
 the liquor is $1,011,788 more than the value given in 
 the census returns (Table X.), and $18,787 less than 
 the amount paid for wages. To give the liquor-traffic 
 the benefit of all doubts, we will take the figures in 
 the census returns ; for it cannot be said we made 
 them suit to our cause, as the figures in census 
 returns were given by the liquor-men themselves to 
 the census-takers ; if they are not correct, they alone 
 are to blame. 
 
 Table XIV. exhibits some of the leading industries 
 of Pennsylvania, showing the number of hands 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 
 
 107 
 
 employed, the amount of wages paid, the value of 
 .materials used in their manufacture, the capital 
 invested, and the value of the products at the place 
 of their manufacture ; also the per cent, paid for 
 labor on the value of the products. 
 
 
 TABLE 
 
 XIY. 
 
 
 
 
 Kind of Product- 
 
 13 o 
 
 Wa^es 
 Paid. 
 
 Cost of 
 Materials. 
 
 Capital 
 Invested. 
 
 So 
 
 Per~ct.fo7la^~ 
 bor on value 
 of product. 
 
 
 319,487 
 15,799 
 19,136 
 6,350 
 951 
 12,762 
 12,578 
 3,868 
 
 Dollars. Dollars. 1 Dollar?. 
 127,976,594 d21.1Q7 fi73l 4fifi R21 845 
 
 Dollars. 1 
 711,894.344 *17.97 
 16,864.310! 28.5 
 23,363 1561 91 K"t 
 
 
 4,818,902 
 5,040,272 
 2,775,026 
 403 597 
 3.510.534 
 4.340,06* 
 1.363,334 
 
 6 932,726 6.375.943 
 
 Clothing 
 
 12,822,465 
 3,355.908 
 722,863 
 10 749.472 
 17.325,849 
 4,932,940 
 
 10,378,443 
 
 5,686.553 
 
 951,850 
 
 12,575 821 
 
 
 9,389,503 
 1.537,687 
 17 KfiS fl28 
 
 29.55 
 26.24 
 19.98 
 15 86 
 
 
 
 
 14.066,785| 27^361,897 
 3,350,078 7,883,038 
 
 Worsted goods 
 
 17.30 
 
 All kinds of Liquors — 
 
 2,110 
 
 993,354 
 
 5,512,023 
 
 9,579,253 
 
 11,692,528 
 
 8.5 
 
 In the column under per cent, paid for labor it 
 will be seen that for labor paid in all industries in 
 the State combined there is paid 17.97 per cent, of the 
 value of all manufactured articles ; for boots and 
 shoes, 28.5 per cent. ; for clothing, 21.57 per cent. ; 
 for furniture, house-fixtures, 29.55 per cent. ; for 
 hardware, 26.24 per cent. ; cotton goods, 19.98 per 
 cent. ; for woollen goods, 15.86 per cent. ; worsted 
 goods, 17.30 per cent. ; while for the manufacture of 
 liquors only 8.5 per cent, is paid for labor. The per- 
 centage of the value of materials to the average value 
 of all the products of the industries of the State is 59 
 per cent. ; whilst the per cent, of the value of the 
 
 * Per cent, for labor on all the rncKufaciures of the State. 
 
108 USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 
 
 materials manufactured into liquors to their value 
 where made is only 47 per cent. 
 
 Thus the sum paid for labor to make $100 worth 
 of all the manufactures in the State averages $17 97 
 for boots and shoes, $28 50 ; for clothing, $21 57 
 for furniture, etc., $29 55 ; for hardware, $26 24 
 for cotton goods, $19 98 ; for woollen goods, $15 86 
 for worsted goods, $17 30 ; while for making $100 
 worth of liquors only $8 50 are paid for labor. 
 
 Nor does this show the true injury done to labor 
 by the sale and use of intoxicating drinks ; for we 
 must bear in mind that the cost of liquors to the 
 consumer is proportionately much more after they 
 leave the place of manufacture than the other pro- 
 ducts of our industries. It has been shown at page 
 88 that the liquors made in Pennsylvania in 1870 
 would cost the consumers $51,084,336 ; the percent- 
 age of the cost of the liquors to the consumers for 
 labor being only 1.94 per cent. 
 
 It will be a fair estimate if we allow an average of 
 25 per cent, for the increase in value, or the price 
 upon all the products of industry, after leaving the 
 manufactory, to the time when received by the con- 
 sumers. 
 
 Table No. XY. shows the value of the articles 
 named at the manufactory ; the increase of value at 
 25 per cent. ; the cost to the consumers ; the wages 
 paid on them for labor ; and the per cent, paid for 
 labor on the cost of the articles to the consumers, or 
 the sum that is paid for labor out of every $100 
 spent by the consumers. 
 
USE OF STKONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 
 
 109 
 
 TABLE XV. 
 
 The kind of 
 
 Products. 
 
 I All Industries... . 
 I B >ots and Shoes. 
 
 Cbthing 
 
 i Furniture and | 
 , House fixtures j 
 
 Hardware 
 
 Cotton goods 
 
 Woollen goods. . . 
 
 Worsted goods. . . 
 
 Liquors. 
 
 The value of The increase 
 the product |of value at 25 
 of the manu- per ct. from 
 factory, 1870.; Producer to 
 Consumer. 
 
 The cost of 
 Articlts to 
 
 the 
 Consumers. 
 
 The wages 
 paid for 
 
 Manufactu- 
 ring the 
 Product. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 711,894 344 
 16,864,310 
 23,363,156 
 
 9,389,503, 
 
 1.537,6871 
 
 17,565.028 
 
 27, 361, 897 . 
 
 7,883,034! 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 177,973.586 
 4,216,077 
 5,840,789 
 
 2,347,375 
 
 359,421 
 4.391.257 
 6 840 474 
 1,970,759 
 
 Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars 
 
 889,867,9301 127,97K,594 14 38 
 
 21080.387 4,818,902 22 85 
 
 29.203,945 5,040,272 ! 17 25 
 
 1.922.109 
 21.956,285 
 34.202,371 
 
 9.853,797 
 
 The sum 
 paid for 
 labor out 
 o f every 
 $100 worth 
 
 12,184,254 2,775,026 
 
 403,597: 
 
 3,500.534! 
 4,340,066 
 1.363,334! 
 
 22 76 
 
 20 99 
 15 94 
 
 12 9-5 
 
 13 83 
 
 11,692,528 
 
 51,084,3361 
 
 993,354, 
 
 1 94 
 
 By examining this table it will be seen, by buy- 
 ing §100 of the aggregate manufacture of the 
 State §14 38 of it goes to labor for producing it. 
 For every $100 spent for boots and shoes, $22 85 goes 
 for labor ; for clothing, $17 25 ; for furniture, house- 
 fixtures, etc., $22 76; for hardware, $20 99; for cot- 
 ton goods, $15 94 ; for woollen goods, $12 98 ; for 
 worsted goods, $13 83 ; while $100 spent for liquors 
 will only give to labor $1 94. If we average a day's 
 work to be worth $2, then one hundred dollars ($100) 
 spent for boots and shoes will give one work for II^t/V 
 days; for clothing, 8ff days; for furniture, etc., 
 11 5 W days ; for cotton goods, 7 T Vo- days ; for woollen 
 goods, C t Vtj days ; for hardware, lO^yV days ; and for 
 worsted goods, 6Jff days ; while one hundred dollars 
 expended for liquors will only give one man less 
 than a day's work. 
 
 Is it not clearly evident that the use of strong 
 
110 USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 
 
 drinks injures labor and consequently our laboring 
 classes ? 
 
 The liquor business employing but little labor, and 
 sharing with labor a very small portion of its profits, 
 is for ever at war with all the interests of labor and 
 the working-classes of all countries, as well as with all 
 efforts for the intellectual, moral, and religious ad- 
 vancement of our race. 
 
 Considering the facts and figures already present- 
 ed, it is certainly the interest of our working-classes, 
 if they desire to improve their own condition and 
 that of their fellow-laborers, to use all their power 
 and influence, social and political, to banish the 
 drink-traffic from our land. Every dollar spent fo 
 liquor robs labor of nearly a half-day's work; or, 
 taking the whole liquor waste of $700,000,000, an 
 aggregate annually of not less than three hundred 
 million days' work. 
 
 It has been plainly demonstrated that the man 
 who spends a dollar for liquor receives nothing of 
 value ; labor receives less than two cents from the 
 dollar so spent. If a dollar is spent for a pair of 
 shoes for a child, labor would have received nearly 23 
 cents as its share, instead of less than two cents, as 
 when spent for liquor ; the child would have a pair 
 of shoes, and the man minus a headache. Hence, in 
 examining the question of capital and labor, the 
 drink question is a very important element, which 
 must be duly considered. The remedy for bad trade 
 is certainly in our own hands. As long as men 
 spend their money for liquors which give but little 
 
USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. Ill 
 
 profit to labor, whilst at the same time they take the 
 place of those commodities that give more employ- 
 ment to the laboring classes, we shall have a continu- 
 ance of hard times, a scarcity of work, and conse- 
 quently low wages, and the laborer will continue 
 the "slave of capital." 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE LOSSES 0E THE NATION BY THE DKINK-TRAEEIC. 
 
 In addition to the loss of money expended for 
 liquors there is a series of losses that are the 
 inevitable results of such expenditure. 
 
 The first of these is the loss of the labor of those 
 engaged in the manufacture and sale of the drink, 
 which we shall endeavor to approximate. By turning 
 to Table VI. it will be seen that in 1872 there were 
 7,276 licensed wholesale liquor establishments. If 
 there are three persons employed in each, there are 
 engaged in those places 21,828 persons. There were 
 also in that year 161,144 persons licensed to sell 
 liquor by retail. If two persons are employed in 
 each of these liquor-shops, then 322,288 persons are so 
 employed. 
 
 Experience shows that there are nearly as many 
 unlicensed liquor-shops as licensed; but suppose 
 there are only one-half so many, there will be employ- 
 ed in the unlicensed liquor business 161,144 persons. 
 We thus have engaged in the United States about 
 505,260 persons selling liquors. 
 
 There were 3,132 distilleries. If five men were 
 employed in each, then they employed 15,660 men. 
 
 The Brewers' Congress, June 3, 1874, said that 
 there were employed 3,566 men in malt-houses and 
 
 112 
 
LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DRINK-TRAFFIC. 113 
 
 11,138 in breweries. To which we may add 10,000 
 more persons who were employed about distilleries 
 and breweries as teamsters, blacksmiths, coopers, etc. 
 The number of persons directly employed in the 
 liquor business may be estimated as follows : 
 
 NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN MAKING LIQUORS. 
 
 Persons engaged in breweries, 11,138 
 
 Persons engaged in malt-houses, 3,56G 
 
 Persons engaged in distilleries, 15,660 
 
 Persons variously employed about breweries and distil- 
 leries, 10,000 
 
 Total, 40,364 
 
 NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SELLING LIQUORS. 
 
 In wholesaling, 21,823 
 
 In licensed retailing, 322,233 
 
 In unlicensed retailing, 161,144 
 
 Total engaged in selling, . . . .• 505,260 
 
 The total number of persons employed in making 
 and vending intoxicating drinks was 545.624; there- 
 fore, as we have seen that the wealth of the nation is 
 the result of productive labor, what real benefit to 
 society is the labor of these 54.5, 624 men, even if we 
 leave entirely out of the consideration all the moral 
 aspects and results of their business? None what- 
 ever ! Their labor is a total and direct loss. Their 
 labor is unproductive, and whatever they consume is 
 unproductive consumption ; and, as said in a previous 
 chapter, they are little better than dependants living 
 upon the industry of producing classes. In truth, 
 
114 LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DRINK-TKAFFIC. 
 
 they are worse than paupers ; for their labor is not 
 only unproductive in itself, but prevents productive 
 industry by unfitting the productive laborer who 
 consumes the drink for useful employment. 
 
 Each person now engaged in the liquor business, if 
 employed in some branch of useful industry, would be 
 contributing his share to the aggregate wealth of the 
 nation, which would, at the present time, be worth at 
 least $2 a day, or $500 a year, allowing the balance 
 for loss of time by sickness and other causes. This 
 increase of producing labor would add to the wealth 
 of the nation $1,091,248 per day, or $272,812,000 per 
 annum. This more than two hundred and seventy- 
 two million dollars is only a small part of the direct 
 loss annually sustained by the nation in the shape of 
 labor taken by the liquor trades from productive 
 industry. 
 
 It is estimated that there are 600,000 drunkards in 
 the United States, which is certainly no exaggera- 
 tion ; for if each of the 161,144 licensed liquor-shops 
 have four customers who are drunkards, the number 
 will be 644,576. That this is a low estimate must be 
 evident when we consider the vast number of un- 
 licensed liquor-shops in the nation. If, on an aver- 
 age, these 600,000 drunkards lose but one-half of 
 their time by drinking, it will equal the loss of the 
 labor of more than 300,000 men annually, which, at 
 $500 a year for each, will be a loss of $150,000,000. 
 
 Taking the number of our population at 38,558,371, 
 as at last census, nearly one-half of whom are fe- 
 males, and 8,425,941 males of twenty-one years and 
 

 LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DKINK-THAFFIC. 115 
 
 upwards, and supposing that only one-sixth of these 
 adult males use intoxicating drinks to any great 
 extent, it will give us for the United States 1,404,323 
 male tipplers, to say nothing of the female popula- 
 tion, though every one knows that they are not all 
 total abstainers. It is estimated by good authorities 
 that there are not less than two hundred thousand 
 female drunkards in the United States. If one day's 
 labor is lost a week by each of these 1,404,323 male 
 tipplers and occasional drunkards, the loss will be 
 $2,808,646 a week, or $146,049,592 a year. 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES OF TIME AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 The loss of time and industry of 545,624 men en- 
 gaged in making and selling liquor, . . $272,812,000 
 The loss of time and industry of 600,000 drunkards, 150,000,000 
 The loss of time and industry of 1,404,323 male tip- 
 plers, 146,049,592 
 
 Total loss of time and industry, . . . . $568,861,592 
 
 Investigation will show that this large aggregate 
 is far below the true loss. 
 
 But the above are not the only losses which the 
 drink-trade imposes, as will be seen by the follow- 
 ing exhibits. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF GRAIN, ETC. 
 
 Brewers and distillers destroy grain to produce a 
 product that is unlit to nourish the animal system, 
 while the miller prepares a true food. By the 
 manufacture of liquors not less than 40,000,000 
 
116 LOSSES OF TflE NATION BY DRINK-TRAFFIC. 
 
 bushels of nutritious grain are annually destroyed. 
 A bushel of rye or corn weighs 56 lbs., and a bushel 
 of barley 47 lbs. The average weight of the grain 
 used for liquors will be about 53 lbs. to the bushel, 
 yielding not less than 40 lbs. of flour, which will 
 make about 60 lbs. of bread, or fifteen 4-lb. loaves 
 per bushel. The 40,000,000 bushels will give a grand 
 total of food annually destroyed equal to 600,000,- 
 000 4-pound loaves of bread, or annually more than 
 79 loaves for each family in the United States. This 
 calculation does not include the destruction of grain 
 and fruit involved in the manufacture of- the liquors 
 imported from foreign countries, nor the domestic 
 liquors produced in -the country that are not re- 
 ported to the Government. 
 
 These loaves, if used as paving-stones, would pave 
 a street ten yards wide and more than a thousand 
 miles long ; or a road as long as from Philadelphia 
 to St. Louis, Mo., or from Boston nearly to Chicago. 
 To remove them from the bakery in wagons, allowing 
 500 loaves for each, and take a load every half hour, 
 to be thrown into the Delaware River, and continue 
 this for ten hours a day during the entire year, would 
 require 164 wagons to haul these loaves to the river 
 in one year, or one wagon in 164 years. 
 
 What a thrill of horror would be excited in the 
 breast of every sane citizen of Philadelphia if these 
 164 wagons should be seen going down Market Street 
 to the Delaware, each having 500 4-pound loaves of 
 bread to be thrown into the river ; and we feel safe 
 in saying that not a single loaf would touch the 
 
LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DKINK-TEAFFIC. 117 
 
 water before lie who would attempt to destroy so 
 much food would be thrown after it. Yet, year 
 after year, there is grain destroyed in the manufac- 
 ture of intoxicating drinks equal to the amount of 
 bread that those 164 wagons could haul, at two 
 loads an hour, working ten hours a day for the 
 whole year. If the six hundred million loaves of 
 bread were annually destroyed by being cast into the 
 rivers of the country, at the most and worst the 
 bread would be lost, and that would be the end of 
 it ; the destruction of this bread would be a bless- 
 ing to our people compared with the results that 
 now from the intoxicating drinks made from this 
 wasted grain. The drink not only ruins our people 
 financially, but undermines their virtues, blunts the 
 sensibilities, effaces the memory, enfeebles the un- 
 derstanding, dethrones reason, and destroys life. 
 
 It cannot be denied that the grain is wasted in the 
 process of malting, brewing, and distilling. 
 
 The food thus annually wasted would feed millions 
 of our people. It is a sin and a crime to destroy food, 
 though enough may still remain to feed the people. 
 Every bushel of grain that is made into liquors en- 
 hances the price of what remains in the market ; and 
 dear bread always causes bad trade, for the more 
 people have to pay for food, the less money they have 
 for clothing and other comforts or luxuries. The re- 
 sults are the same, whether forty million bushels of 
 grain perish in the fields by rain and mildew at har- 
 vest-time, or are subsequently destroyed in the brew- 
 eries and distilleries. In both cases the price will 
 
118 LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DRINK-TRAFFIC. 
 
 be raised ; but in the latter case there is not only the 
 destruction of the grain, but the destruction of the 
 virtue of our people, the disinclination to engage in 
 useful and productive labor to make up for the in- 
 crease in the price of food, which is a twofold loss 
 to the community. 
 
 In addition to these we have the immeasurable evils 
 and burdens that flow directly and indirectly from 
 the use of alcoholic drinks. 
 
 It is very clear, then, that if the grain was used for 
 bread, instead of being destroyed in our breweries and 
 distilleries, it would be vastly better for all classes of 
 our people. 
 
 "No nation can prosper long that practises such 
 waste of food. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE USE OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSES PAUPERISM. 
 
 There is no more difficult task than that of under- 
 taking to find out the true cost of pauperism and 
 crime in the United States. In truth, it may be said 
 to be impossible from the poor and irregular system, 
 or no system, of collecting facts and statistics in the 
 public institutions of the country. There are only 
 one or two States where any reliable statistics are col- 
 lected. The figures of these States will be given, from 
 which we may be able to proximate the condition of 
 some of the others. 
 
 Though the figures presented are approximated, 
 they are yet sufficiently near to convince every re- 
 flecting person that each of these evils is an immense 
 pecuniary burden upon the industry of our people. 
 
 By viewing the vast resources of our country, given 
 in the first chapter, we should be led to conclude that 
 there must be general prosperity throughout our 
 country, and that all our people would be well 
 clothed and bountifully fed, and that no want or 
 poverty could exist in all our favored land. 
 
 But on looking around us and viewing the actual 
 condition of the masses of our people, we are forced to 
 the very sad and painful conclusion that while our 
 nation has been growing in wealth, and has year by 
 
 year been extending its means, and increasing the ap- 
 
 110 
 
120 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 pliances to produce more and greater wealth, large 
 numbers of our people have been growing poorer and 
 poorer, and that now tens of thousands are already in 
 the midst of hardships and penury, and are either 
 supported as paupers in our public institutions, or, 
 what is still worse, both for them and society, as beg- 
 gars and vagrants by private charity. 
 
 It will be seen, by a table hereafter to be given, 
 from the census returns of 1870, that in the United 
 States during the year ending June 30, 1870, there 
 were 116,102 persons in the different poor-houses ; 
 that- 76,737 received support June 1, 1870, at a cost 
 .of $10,930,429. And also that during the same 
 period there were convicted 36,562 criminals, and 
 that t? re were on that day 32,901 of this class of 
 persons in the prisons of the United States. In the 
 same year there were 143,115 licensed retail liquor- 
 u^cders in the United States. The census returns of 
 paupers do not exhibit the full extent of pauperism 
 and vagrancy. 
 
 Extreme poverty is not confined to those receiving 
 regular or temporary relief from public institutions ; 
 for thousands of our laboring classes who never apply 
 for public charity suffer untold hardships for want 
 of the necessities and comforts of life. 
 
ALCOHOLIC LUILXKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 121 
 
 TABLE XVI. 
 
 This Table shows the Pauperism and Crime in the several States 
 from the Census Returns of 1870. 
 
 States and Ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 [United States.. 
 
 Ulabama 
 
 | Aiizoua 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 (Colorado 
 
 (Connecticut .... 
 
 Dakota 
 
 {Delaware 
 
 ;Di?t. Columbia. 
 
 JFlorida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 ildaho 
 
 'Illinois 
 
 i Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Ma'ne 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Matsachusttts., 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 N. Hampshire.. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico ... 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Population. 
 1570. 
 
 Pauperism. 
 
 No. Sup- 
 ported 
 dur'g the 
 yearl870. 
 
 Cost of 
 annual 
 support. 
 
 Crime. 
 
 No. con- 
 victed in 
 the year 
 1870. 
 
 B,558 
 
 996 
 9 
 
 484, 
 
 5b0 
 39 
 
 537, 
 14, 
 
 125, 
 
 131. 
 
 187, 
 1,184, 
 14. 
 2,539. 
 1,680. 
 1,194. 
 
 364 
 1.321, 
 
 '726, 
 
 626. 
 
 780. 
 1457, 
 1,184. 
 
 439; 
 
 827. 
 21, 
 
 1 
 
 ' 20 
 122 
 
 42 
 
 318 
 
 906 
 
 9!. 
 
 4,382 
 
 1071, 
 
 2,062 
 
 90 
 
 Pennsylvania ! 3 521 ,95 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington.... 
 West Virginia.. 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 21 
 
 705 
 
 1,258 
 
 818 
 
 86 
 
 330 
 
 1,225 
 
 25 
 
 442, 
 
 1,154 
 
 9, 
 
 37 1 
 992 
 658 
 471 
 247 
 864 
 454 
 181 
 015 
 700 
 748 
 119 
 999 
 891 
 ,637 
 020 
 ,399 
 011 
 ,915 
 915 
 894 
 351 
 ,059 
 ,706 
 922 
 295 
 595 
 993 
 491 
 oOO 
 096 
 874 
 75!) 
 
 391 
 
 2i ;o 
 
 923 
 951 
 853 
 606 
 520 
 579 
 786 
 551 
 163 
 965 
 041 
 
 B7n 
 
 us 
 
 116,102 
 890 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 10,930,429 
 81,459 
 
 626 
 
 74,917 
 
 2,317 
 
 273,147 
 
 73 
 
 11,422 
 
 1.728 
 
 189,918 
 
 556 
 
 303 
 
 147 
 2,181 
 41 
 6,054 
 4,657 
 1,543 
 
 361 
 2,0f9 
 
 590 
 4,619 
 1,857 
 8,036 
 3,151 
 
 684 
 
 921 
 2,424 
 
 104 
 93 
 
 196 
 2 636 
 3,256 
 
 26, 1 52 
 
 1,706 
 
 6,383 
 
 133 
 
 15.872 
 
 1046 
 
 2.343 
 
 1,349 
 
 2' 4 
 
 56 
 
 2.008 
 
 3,890 
 
 34 
 
 1.102 
 
 1,553 
 
 41,266 
 
 26 364 
 
 9 830 
 
 159,793 
 
 7.247 
 
 556,061 
 
 403,521 
 
 175,179 
 
 46.475 
 
 160.717 
 
 53,300 
 
 367,100 
 
 163.584 
 
 1,121,604 
 
 269,682 
 
 66,167 
 
 96.707 
 
 191,171 
 
 17,C65 
 
 11,161 
 
 23.702 
 
 235,126 
 
 283,341 
 
 2,661,385 
 
 136.470 
 
 566,280 
 
 24,800 
 
 1,256,024 
 
 97.702 
 
 £24 805 
 
 99,811 
 
 21,219 
 
 6.206 
 
 178.028 
 
 303.081 
 
 5 283 
 
 80,628 
 
 151.181 
 
 36,562 
 
 1,269 
 
 29 
 
 343 
 
 1,107 
 
 32 
 
 450 
 
 2 
 
 145 
 
 121 
 
 335 
 
 1,775 
 
 26 
 
 1,552 
 
 1,374 
 
 615 
 
 151 
 
 603 
 
 1,559 
 
 431 
 
 868 
 
 1,593 
 
 835 
 
 214 
 
 471 
 
 1,503 
 
 24 
 
 53 
 
 132 
 
 182 
 
 1,040 
 
 95 
 
 5,473 
 
 1.311 
 
 2,560 
 
 80 
 
 3,327 
 
 209 
 
 1,399 
 
 722 
 
 200 
 
 27 
 
 139 
 
 1,090 
 
 20 
 
 155 
 
 837 
 
 24 
 
 No. in 
 
 prison 
 
 June 1, 
 
 1870. 
 
 32,901 
 
 593 
 
 11 
 
 362 
 
 1,574 
 
 19 
 
 430 
 
 3 
 
 C6 
 
 143 
 
 179 
 
 737 
 
 28 J . 
 
 1,795 
 
 907 
 
 397 
 
 329 
 
 1.067 
 
 '845 
 
 371 
 
 1 035 
 
 2.526 
 
 1,095 
 
 129 
 
 449 
 
 1,623 
 
 16 
 
 69 
 
 99 
 
 267 
 
 1,079 
 
 24 
 
 '4,104 
 
 468 
 
 1,405 
 
 104 
 
 3 231 
 
 'ISO 
 
 732 
 
 981 
 
 732 
 
 19 
 
 193 
 
 1,244 
 
 19 
 
 191 
 
 418 
 
 13 
 
 No. licenc- 
 ed retail 
 liquor- ! 
 shoos. etc., 
 1870. 
 
 143 115 
 1.976 
 
 119 
 2.000 
 5,845 
 
 371 
 
 3,352 
 
 82 
 
 368 
 1,087 
 
 580 
 
 2,767 
 
 W 244 
 
 8,562 
 
 4,444 
 
 3 013 
 1,117 
 
 4 761 
 4 4 l 
 
 84*> 
 4,285 
 5.039 
 5,020 
 1.930 
 1.807 
 5.888 
 
 449 
 
 635 
 
 658 
 1,161 
 5,649 
 
 418 
 
 21,318 
 
 1,315 
 
 11.169 
 
 738 
 13015 
 
 727 
 1.565 
 2.684 
 
 a, 168 
 
 128 
 510 
 
 3,314 
 224 
 5i3 
 
 3,804 
 236 
 
122 
 
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126 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 PAUPERISM AND CRIME IN THE YEAR 1868 IN 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The Citizens' Association of Pennsylvania, 'charter- 
 tered by the Legislature "to report on the dependent 
 and criminal population of the State," in their report 
 to the Legislature dated February 1, 1868, gave the 
 following facts : 
 
 "The paupers in poorhouses and chargeable to 
 counties numbered 14,988, or one in 246 of the 
 population. Cost of maintaining them at 29 cents* 
 per day each, or $106 60 per year, amounts to $1,597,- 
 720, or $2 67 for each voter in the State. 
 
 "The percentage of the public poor who are helpless 
 from age, disease, or other infirmity is about .45, 
 leaving .55 who are able to employ themselves in 
 some occupation that may in part remunerate the 
 counties for their support. 
 
 "Relief given to deserving poor, ... or out- 
 door relief, amounts to $190,376 56, or 32 cents to each 
 voter. 
 
 "The number of the second class of poor, denomi- 
 nated vagrants, cannot well be ascertained, but from 
 returns in hand the number of meals furnished to 
 such at the poorhouses is estimated at 361,000, which, 
 at 15 cents per meal, would amount to $54,150, or 9 
 cents to each voter. 
 
 "The number of nights' lodgings furnished to 
 travelling poor is 119,096. Add to this the lodgings 
 
 * The average of the Philadelphia Almshouse, which is lower than any 
 other in the State. 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 127 
 
 in station-houses in Philadelphia, 46,250, and we have 
 a total of 165,346 nights' lodgings furnished to va- 
 grants." 
 
 Two-thirds of the above pauperism and three- 
 fourths of vagrancy are justly attributed to in- 
 temperance or the use of intoxicating drinks. 
 
 From this report of the Citizens' Association* we 
 find that one-third of the insane, deaf-mutes, blind, 
 and feeble-minded are attributed to intemperance ; 
 and also that two-thirds of the friendless children 
 and the inmates of the houses of refuge, or 1,154 of 
 these dependents in the State, are from the same 
 cause. 
 
 They also say: u The estimated population of 
 county jails is 8,447 ; of penitentiaries, 669, or one in 
 402 of the population. The average cost for the 
 maintenance of these prisoners is 44 cents each per 
 day— a total per day of $4,011 04, or $1,464,029 60 
 per year, or to each voter in the State $2 45. 
 
 "Causes. — It will not be doubted that two-thirds of 
 the pauperism and crime of the State are justly 
 attributed to intemperance, and it is stated by au- 
 thorities that one-third of the dependent classes — as 
 insane, feeble-minded, etc. — are to be traced to the 
 same cause. If we apply this rule to the figures 
 before us, we have the aggregate cost of maintaining 
 paupers and criminals whose condition is due to 
 intemperance §2,204,244 per year, and the aggregate 
 cost of maintaining insane, idiotic, and other depen- 
 
 * Hcport Citizens' Association, Pennsylvania, 18G8, page 9. 
 
128 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 dent persons from the same cause $55,666 66, — a total 
 cost of $2,259,910 66. 
 
 u These are startling facts which deserve candid 
 thought, and should be taken into account by legisla- 
 tors and all persons who have an interest in public 
 morals and in the economy of our State affairs. . . . 
 Ought we not to ask : If we have done so much for 
 the support of pauperism and crime, what have we 
 neglected to do for the arrest of these evils ? It seems 
 to us that if both sides of this question are fairly 
 examined, our sins of omission will rise up against 
 us with fearful condemnation 
 
 "The victims of strong drink, however, come in 
 hosts more numerous than all the rest together, and 
 with hopes blasted, self-respect gone, and the story 
 of domestic sorrow and grief bearing upon the heart, 
 point to the path of ruin that is before them, and 
 ask for help. 
 
 "Thirty thousand people in Pennsylvania are in 
 this condition, and come to ask you (the legislators 
 of Pennsylvania) with these pictures of pauperism, 
 dependence, and crime, asking that they may have 
 a share of your sympathy — not that they may be 
 abased and imprisoned as criminals, nor yet be 
 humiliated as paupers, but that they may have such 
 help as will enable them to be men again and do 
 their portion for the public good." 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
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ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 131 
 
 The Board of State Charities sent interrogatories to 
 nearly 700 districts ; 212 only replied,* from which we 
 find that the cost of pauperism in those districts was 
 $68,538 92 for 760 paupers, of which 64 are reported 
 to be intemperate, 71 insane, and 35 idiotic. These 
 figures are very far from being correct, for the State 
 Board of Charities report says : "The accompanying 
 tables of almshouses and township poor . . . illus- 
 trate the great necessity of further legislation, requir- 
 ing a uniform system of statistical records to be kept 
 in these institutions. Some are not able to give the 
 number of persons relieved during the year, the ave- 
 rage number admitted, or the weekly cost of support. 
 . . . In many no distinction is made as regards 
 sex, color, nativity, etc., etc. While a majority of 
 stewards allege intemperance to be the cause of pau- 
 perism, yet there are no regular records kept of the 
 number of intemperate persons receiving support ; 
 and when asked, How many of those supported or re- 
 lieved were intemperate ? answer frequently, ' We 
 have no record upon the subject.' Hence the diffi- 
 culty of arriving at the real cost of pauperism.'' 
 
 The following table shows the number of paupers, 
 the amount expended, number intemperate, insane, 
 and idiots, and children under sixteen years, in the 
 county almshouses and districts of Pennsylvania : 
 
 * Board of Public Charities Report, Pa., 1871, p. 94. 
 
132 
 
 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 Names. 
 
 No. Pau- 
 pers re- 
 lieved. 
 
 ! No. Iu- 
 Amount Expended temper- 
 ate. 
 
 No. 
 In- 
 sane. 
 
 No. 
 Idi- 
 otic. 
 
 Under 
 
 16 
 years. 
 
 County Almshouses. . 
 * Township Poor 
 
 f Totals 
 
 17,571 
 760 
 
 18,331 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 948,312 49i 1,955 
 
 68,538 92 64 
 
 523 
 71 
 
 180 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 1,075 
 300 
 
 1,016,851 41 2,019 594 215 
 
 1 1 
 
 1,375 
 
 From tlie Report of the State Board of Charities 
 and Reform of Wisconsin for 1871 we learn that for 
 1870 the whole number of persons receiving relief of 
 towns was 3,800 ; the total for the State is estimated 
 at about 5,000. The amount expended for the relief 
 of poor was : 
 
 Cost of county poorhouses, 
 
 Relief of poor not in poorhouses from county 
 
 treasuries, 
 
 Amount paid from town treasuries, . 
 
 Total, 
 
 $70,553 09 
 
 69,307 76 
 113,004 57 
 
 $252,865 44 
 
 The United States census gives the number of per- 
 sons supported in Wisconsin during the year 1870 as 
 1,553, while the reports to the Board of Charities, etc., 
 are 3,792 ; and there is good evidence, as the Board 
 says, to believe that some ten or twelve hundred more 
 were relieved that were not reported to them. The 
 census returns give the cost of pauperism as $151,181, 
 while the returns to the Board show a cost for the 
 year ending a few months later than that covered by 
 the census to have been $252,864 44 ; licensed places 
 to sell liquors, 2,613 ; number of places without li- 
 censes selling liquor, 414. 
 
 There is also in every State a large class of persons 
 
 * Board of Public Charities Report, Pa., pp. C8-104. 
 t Ibid., pp. 106-9. 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 133 
 
 who mainly depend upon their relatives and friends 
 for support. 
 
 AVe feel safe in saying that twice or even thrice 
 as many persons are in the condition oe paupers 
 as are reported to have been relieved in our alms- 
 houses. 
 
 The returns of vagrancy are even more imperfect 
 than those of pauperism ; but every one must be pain- 
 fully aware that in every part of our country there 
 is a very large class of persons who have no fixed 
 place of abode, but are moving about from place to 
 place, and obtain a living by begging and stealing, or 
 by some of the many impositions practised upon the 
 public. This class of persons is a worse burden upon 
 society than our actual paupers ; for they are not only 
 supported by the public, but they carry an atmos- 
 phere of demoralization wherever they go ; 1,408 of 
 this class of persons were arrested by the police of 
 Philadelphia in 1873, being nearly 700 more than the 
 previous year. 
 
 To survey the extent and magnitude of our re- 
 sources ; the power for greater production and de- 
 velopment, and the accumulation of still greater 
 wealth ; the diversity of our climate ; our numerous 
 majestic rivers, which peculiarly fit us to become a 
 great manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial 
 nation, we can but conclude that something must 
 be radically wrong by which so much vagrancy and 
 pauperism exist amid such resources and natural ad- 
 vantages. But when we consider the results flowing 
 from our numerous drinking-places, the demoraliz- 
 
134 ALCOHOLIC DEINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 ing social habits caused thereby, and sum up the 
 money that is squandered for intoxicating drinks, we 
 can no longer wonder at the poverty, misery, and 
 pauperism which exist ; for there is, and ever will 
 and ever must be, a never-failing relation and connec- 
 tion between the facilities for obtaining intoxicating 
 drinks and vagrancy and pauperism. As these facili- 
 ties and consequent drunkenness are increased in any 
 town, city, or State, in that ratio is pauperism aug- 
 mented. Every cent taken from the pockets of our 
 laboring classes for liquors is taken directly from the 
 means of procuring the necessaries of life, and is a 
 total loss to them. 
 
 It is this squandering of money for strong drink by 
 our laborers, mechanics, artisans, etc., which places 
 or keeps them in that condition wherein, if by sick- 
 ness, accident, depression of business, or other cause 
 they are unable to follow their avocations, they either 
 greatly suffer or become burdens on the charities of 
 the public, xi laboring man need not become a 
 drunkard to impoverish himself and family. To 
 drink two or three glasses a day is sufficient to pro- 
 duce want or a lack of many comforts of life. Then, 
 in addition to the loss of the money so spent, the con- 
 tinual though moderate use of the liquor so poisons 
 and undermines the drinker' s constitution that very 
 often before he has arrived at the meridian of life he 
 is a worn-out old man, a dependent, and his family a 
 burden on the sober, healthy, and industrious. Not 
 less than 130,000 of the widows and orphans, annually 
 left in our country, are left such by the liquor- 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CATJSE PAUPERISM. 185 
 
 drinkers. From two-thirds to four-fifths of the in- 
 mates of our poorhouses are there by drink. 
 
 If the individual and the family history could be 
 ascertained, it would be found that not less than nine- 
 tenths were brought directly or indirectly to the con- 
 dition of inmates of the almshouse either by the in- 
 temperance of themselves or others. 
 
 It is true that sometimes, by commercial depression, 
 misfortune, sickness, or other causes, persons may be 
 brought to poverty and distress ; but for the use of 
 intoxicating drinks, few indeed would be the cases 
 that would need to be sent to the poorhouse. Every 
 liquor-shop is a moral plague-spot and hot-bed of 
 disease and destitution. 
 
 This is not only seen to be the case from the returns 
 of our pauper institutions, but in the mendicity that 
 exists throughout the land. The greater part of the 
 beggary is created and perpetuated by the traffic in 
 strong drinks. The expense to our people collectively 
 of the beggary so increased in our country is little if 
 any less than the pauperism in our public institu- 
 tions. Our working classes will inevitably be kept 
 poor and dependent so long as the temptations of the 
 liquor-traffic exist ; for, as a general rule, at least all 
 their surplus earnings are spent for drink. Why is 
 it that the houses of the liquor-sellers are well fur- 
 nished and often owned by themselves, while the 
 homes of those who patronize them are destitute not 
 only of the comforts but even the necessaries of life \ 
 It is because of the self-imposed taxes they burden 
 themselves with for drink, and deprive themselves 
 
13G ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 
 and families of the pleasures and the comforts of 
 home-life for the degrading, demoralizing, and mo- 
 mentary enjoyments and delusions of drink. The 
 greater number of our working-men expend for 
 liquor sums of money which, if saved for a few years, 
 would purchase handsome and well-furnished horn: s 
 or make provision for sickness, accident, or old age. 
 For example, let us make a simple calculation of the 
 sums of money spent for liquor by a very moderate 
 drinker. We will suppose that a young man com- 
 mences at the age of 20 years to drink, and that from 
 20 to 23 he drinks but one glass of beer a day, worth 
 5 cents a glass ; at 23 he will have spent $54 75 ; 
 from 23 to 25, two glasses a day, he will have spent 
 $73 ; from 25 to 30, three glasses a day, $273 75 ; from 
 30 to 35, four glasses a day, $365 ; from 35 to 40, five 
 glasses a day, $456 25. 
 
 Thus, a young man commencing at the age of 20 to 
 drink in the strictest moderation will have spent at 
 the age of 40 for beer, which did him not one particle 
 of good, but more or less injury, the sum of $1,222 75. 
 Now, if another young man commences at 20, and, 
 instead of spending the money named for beer each 
 year, should put it out at 6 per cent, interest, with- 
 out any other savings but tlii 3 beer-money he would 
 be worth, at the age of 40 years, $1,955, having saved 
 his money, his character, his health, and perhaps his 
 soul. "And what will a man give in exchange for 
 his soul \ ' ' 
 
 Young men, ponder well the above. Is not the 
 allowance we have given less than the quantity of 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 137 
 
 liquor drunk by the average moderate drinkers in the 
 course of 20 years ? Let the most temperate drinkers 
 reflect whether they do not annually spend more for 
 strong drinks than the sum named. Is it not foolish, 
 ay, sinful and criminal, to spend hard-earned money 
 for that which is not only of no benefit, but injurious ? 
 
 A certain man was in the habit of saying when he 
 drank a glass of liquor, " Here goes a peck of pota- 
 toes." But the man who has drunk only moderately 
 for twenty years may say with truth, " I have swal- 
 lowed a three-story house and lot, chimney and all." 
 
 Our industrious classes are not only injured by the 
 money they spend for intoxicating drinks, but by 
 the time lost frcm drinking, which, even in the case 
 of moderate drinkers, is often more in value than the 
 money expended. 
 
 Again, the use of intoxicating drinks tends to 
 create spendthrift and improvident habits, making 
 the poor man indifferent or content in his poverty, 
 lessening his self-respect, destroying his laudable 
 ambition, which prevents him from trying to better 
 his circumstances. This is clearly exhibited in almost 
 every family where strong drinks are used to any 
 great extent. Total abstinence has an opposite ten- 
 dency ; for as soon as men who have been in the 
 habit of drinking give up their cups they become 
 more industrious and ambitious, provide better for 
 the wants of their families, and try to get along 
 better; and many, in a short time, commence to ac- 
 cumulate property and "provide for a rainy day." 
 
 Nothing injures our working classes so much as 
 
138 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 drinking. The man who from month to month 
 spends one-third or one-half of his earnings in drink 
 is in no condition to resist the reduction of wages or 
 unjust exactions of his employer. He is compelled 
 to submit and accept any terms or wages offered, in 
 order that himself and family may not be deprived 
 of the necessaries of life. Drinking injures the sober, 
 industrious mechanic, artisan, and laborer, as well as 
 the dissipated ; for they, too, are often compelled to 
 accept a reduction of wages, as the number of 
 dissipated workmen is so large at the present time 
 that a sufficient number can always be found who 
 must have work on any terms, or starve ; hence the 
 sober mechanic has to take less wages because the 
 drinker is compelled to do so. Now, if the artisans, 
 mechanics, and operatives, when trade is good, would 
 save but half the money they now expend for liquor, 
 there would be no need of strikes ; for the workers 
 would generally be in a pecuniary condition to resist 
 any very unjust exaction of their employers. 
 
 For employers generally need the labor of their 
 workmen as much as they need money ; for it is out 
 of the profits of their labor that the employers make 
 their capital. 
 
 Let our laboring men take care of their money, and 
 not expend it for liquor, and they will soon be as 
 independent of their employers as the latter are 
 of them ; for, in a normal condition, capital and la- 
 bor are equally dependent one on the other. 
 
 Again, if the industrious classes would save the 
 money now spent for liquor, when their employers 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 139 
 
 refuse or are unable to pay them remunerative wages 
 they would be able with their savings to embark in 
 other fields of productive labor which would not only 
 benefit themselves, but relieve the labor market of 
 a surplus of laborers. If, for instance, the 12,505,923 
 persons engaged in agriculture, manufactures, and 
 mechanical and mining industries would deposit in 
 our savings institutions annually one-fifth of the 
 money now expended for liquor, or 8140,064,276 ; 
 or if the 2,053,996 persons engaged in manufactures, 
 mechanical and mining industries, or about 410,799 
 families, would deposit in the savings-banks the 
 $81 per year that is spent by each family in the 
 United States for liquor, the accumulation of this 
 sum in a few years, with the interest accruing, would 
 be a very handsome reserve fund for each family 
 to fall back upon in time of need. 
 
 With these savings at their command they would 
 not be compelled, when business is a little dull, to 
 work upon any terms their employers might offer. 
 
 Though strikes never benefit, we believe, any one, 
 employer or employed, yet if the working-classes will 
 abstain from liquors and save the money expended 
 for them, in a few years, they might then strike with 
 some show of success. But the strikes that take place 
 now result generally to the injury' of the working 
 classes ; for in the majority of cases, after losing weeks 
 or months of labor, they are obliged to go to work 
 without gaining what they struck for, because they 
 had spent the money for drink that would have 
 supported or enabled them to go into some other 
 
140 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 employment or become employers themselves. 
 Hence, in any and every way we may look at 
 this subject, it is to the interest of the working 
 classes to adopt the principle of total abstinence ; 
 and the first strike should be against spending their 
 money for drink and keeping the drink- sellers in 
 idleness. By doing this they are sure to gain in 
 money, health, and happiness. 
 
 Total abstinence will not only benefit the 
 employed, but the employer. All other things 
 being equal, the sober workman who totally 
 abstains from all kinds of liquors is to be 
 preferred to one who drinks. The non-drinking 
 mechanic or artisan is generally able to do more and 
 better work with greater ease to himself than the 
 drinker. This is now certain ; hence it is a loss for 
 employers to have drunken hands, or even those who 
 use strong drinks. Again, the non-abstainer will 
 often neglect his work to spend his time in drinking. 
 True, the employer does not pay his hands when 
 they are not at work. The employer, when he 
 engages a man, needs his work, and expects to profit 
 by it ; but when he spends his time in drinking, the 
 employer not only loses the profit on the work he 
 could have done, but his business is neglected, and 
 often, as business is now carried on, other men may 
 be kept waiting for the work he should have done. 
 In such cases the employer not only loses the work 
 of the drinker, but also that of the non-drinker, by 
 drunkenness. If it is profitable to employ hands 
 at all, it is certainly to his benefit to have sober 
 
ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 141 
 
 workmen upon whom lie can depend : and it is just 
 as surely a loss to have men who drink. This was 
 well understood by Mr. Bokewell, of Manchester, 
 England, who offered to give a shilling a w r eek extra 
 to every one of his workmen who should become a 
 worthy and consistent member of a total-abstinence 
 society. 
 
 It is strange that manufacturers and master-me- 
 chanics have not ere this become more fully awakened 
 to the loss they sustain by the drinking customs of 
 the country, not only by checking the development 
 of their industries, but by the loss they sustain from 
 the drunkenness and idleness of their employees. 
 Let us, to illustrate, suppose that Mr. A. has a ma- 
 chine-shop or factory, fitted up with machinery, 
 each part depending upon another. The success of 
 his business depends upon the skill and industry of 
 his workmen. He contracts to produce in a given 
 time a certain amount of the products of his busi- 
 ness. To do this will require the steady and uniform 
 labor of one hundred hands to produce the manu- 
 factured articles by the time named. But, instead 
 of all these hands working regularly, there are eight 
 or ten hands every week or few days who lose their 
 time or neglect their work, either to drink or from 
 inability to work from the effects of drinking. The 
 consequence is that some portion of the machinery 
 is standing idle ; and in order that the whole estab- 
 lishment shall not stop, he is obliged to keep his 
 engine going at a loss of fuel to turn a part of his 
 machinery, and the result is that the work will not 
 
142 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 
 
 be done, unless lie employs additional hands, or 
 runs his machinery longer hours, and incurs the loss 
 of light, fuel, and wear and tear of machinery. 
 Thus will he be a great loser by the intemperance 
 of his workmen, besides the trouble of mind and 
 perplexity that will be experienced to have the 
 contract completed in time. The same will apply 
 to men in every business who are under the neces- 
 sity of employing help. This is another of the 
 great drawbacks upon industry. Hence there is no 
 question that is agitating this country that so mate- 
 rially affects the interests of manufacturers, mer- 
 chants, and tradesmen in every department as the 
 right solution of the question arising from the drink- 
 ing habits of the people of this and every civilized 
 nation. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 CKIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DEIXKS. 
 
 The relations of the use of intoxicating drinks to 
 crime is a subject well worth the serious considera- 
 tion of statesmen and people, and is one which 
 appeals to the sympathy and reflection of every 
 lover of the human race. All must deplore the dire- 
 ful and demoralizing effects of the liquor-traffic upon 
 our citizens, and particularly so when they consider 
 the immense cost directly and indirectly caused 
 by it. 
 
 In whatever direction we look, in every State and 
 Territory of the United States, and in every portion of 
 the civilized world, the terrible results of the use of, 
 and traffic in, alcoholic drinks have been felt, and to 
 which may be traced most of the crime, misery, and 
 the disturbance of the public peace. This cause more 
 than all others fills our jails, poorhouses, penitentia- 
 ries, and lunatic asylums, and does more to frustrate 
 the efforts of Christians and philanthropists than all 
 else combined. 
 
 In an article prepared by A. S. Fisk, A.M., entitled 
 "The Relations of Education to Crime in New Eng- 
 land, and the Facilities for Education in her Penal 
 
 143 
 
144 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 Institutions," and published in the report of the 
 United States Commissioner of Education for the year 
 1871, page 549, we find the following: 
 
 ' ' The fourth fact is that from 80 to 90 per cent, of 
 our criminals connect their courses of crime with in- 
 temperance. Of the 14,315 inmates of the Massachu- 
 setts prisons, 12,396 are reported to have been in- 
 temperate, or 84 per cent." 
 
 "At the Deer Island House of Industry (Boston), 
 not included in the above figures, of 3,514 committals, 
 3,097, or 88 per cent., were for drunkenness ; fifty-four 
 more as idle and disorderly, which commonly means 
 under the influence of drink ; seventy- seven for 
 assault and battery, which means the same thing ; 
 and forty-eight as common night-walkers, every one 
 of whom is also a common drinker. "We have, there- 
 fore, of this prison a full 93 per cent, whose confine- 
 ment is connected with the use of drink ; and this may 
 be taken as a not exaggerated sample of many munici- 
 pal prisons. In the New Hampshire State Prison 
 sixty-five out of ninety-one admit themselves to have 
 been intemperate. Reports were asked from every 
 State, county, and municipal prison in Connecticut in 
 the spring of 1871 in reference to the statistics of 
 drinking habits among the inmates, and it was found 
 that more than 90 per cent, had been in habits of 
 drink by their own admission. 
 
 The warden of the Rhode Island State Prison, and 
 county jailer, estimates 90 per cent, of the residents of 
 his cells as drinkers. 
 
 From Vermont and Maine no reports have been se- 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 145 
 
 cured ; but they would not, if their prisoners were all 
 interrogated, bring the estimate below 80 per cent. 
 
 It will still be remembered that these figures do not 
 cover the mere temporary arrests for drunkenness, 
 disorder, etc., nor the facts of the municipal place of 
 detention, where the percentage of drunken criminals 
 will be most striking. 
 
 There is no enormity or crime to which persons, no 
 matter how well disposed and gentle at other times, 
 may not be impelled when under the influence of 
 drink. 
 
 Husbands and fathers are not only caused to 
 neglect wives and families, but to inflict upon 
 them the most revolting cruelties. The affections in 
 families are blunted and obliterated ; children are neg- 
 lected and left without clothing, food, or education, 
 and often forced into crime by their parents to pro- 
 cure money for them to spend in drink, or they are 
 abandoned and left to shift for themselves, and under 
 the guidance of wicked associates are urged to com- 
 mit crime to eke out a shiftless existence. 
 
 There can be no doubt in the minds of any who have 
 examined the subject in the least but that the liquor- 
 traffic is the main source and prolific cause of the 
 criminality that is steadily increasing from year to 
 year, and which consequently necessitates the increase 
 and enlargement of prisons and police officers. All 
 of which has again and again been fully and clearly 
 established by the testimony of judges, grand-juries, 
 police magistrates, chaplains, governors, and inspec- 
 tors of prisons. They have repeatedly testified that 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 frauds, embezzlements, theft, the prostitution of our 
 young women, robberies, burglaries, and murders, are 
 produced mainly by the brutalizing and depraving in- 
 fluences of strong drinks. More than three-fourths of 
 the inmates of prisons attribute their fall to the use of 
 intoxicating drinks. Of the 39 cases of murder and 
 121 cases of assault to murder in the city of Philadel- 
 phia in 1868, in almost every case it may be safely 
 said that the murderer was intoxicated when the 
 deed was committed. These bloody deeds were clear- 
 ly traceable to the liquid poison that maddens the 
 brain, depriving of reason, and leading to the commis- 
 sion of acts of blood and violence at the thoughts of 
 which, when sober and clothed in their right minds, 
 the perpetrators' souls would revolt. They would 
 say with one of old, u Is thy servant a dog that he 
 should do this great thing?" For all these evils flow- 
 ing from the liquor-traffic not only do heavy and 
 fearful responsibilities rest upon the liquor-sellers, 
 who entice, by various means, men and women to 
 enter their places and indulge in strong drink, but a 
 terrible responsibility is also laid at the door of the 
 law-makers, citizen voters, and every one who does 
 not exert all his influence, political, social, and reli- 
 gious against legalizing such traffic. 
 
 Reader, do you doubt that intoxicating drink pro- 
 duces the crimes charged against it % If you do, ex- 
 amine well the following figures and facts. 
 
 The Brewers' Congress and the Liquor-Dealers' 
 Associations boast of the great revenue they pay for 
 the privilege of selling liquors. The amount paid for 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 147 
 
 tavern licenses in Pennsylvania in 1867 was $279,532; 
 for beer licenses, §40,482— making a total of $320,015. 
 Of tins sum $162,746 was paid in Philadelphia. Dur- 
 ing that year, of 36,333 persons arrested in the city of 
 Philadelphia, 13,930 were committed to prison for 
 drunkenness who were not able to pay their lines, etc., 
 but were incarcerated at the expense of the public. 
 There were committed to the Philadelphia County 
 Prison, from the 1st of January, 1868, to January 1, 
 1869, for drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, 
 and breaches of the peace, 9,220. In the year 1867, 
 as already seen, Pennsylvania paid for criminal and 
 pauper expenses caused directly by liquor-drinking, 
 $2,259,910, or an average of $5 80 for each voter in the 
 State. The same year Philadelphia paupers and 
 criminals cost $1,500,000, or $11 for each voter. 
 What did Philadelphia receive in the way of reve- 
 nue from license towards paying this million and 
 a half of dollars? Nothing. The money paid for 
 licenses went into the State treasury. The State re- 
 ceived $317,742 75 for licenses to sell liquor, and paid 
 for pauperism and crime caused by the use of strong 
 drinks $2,259,910 ; or, in other words, the State from 
 licenses received 14 cents, and spent one dollar for 
 crime and pauperism. Truly, the State paid dear for 
 its whistle. But, to be more specific in our charges 
 against the liquor-trade, we will present a few facts 
 from official records. 
 
 The report of the Board of State Charities of 
 Pennsylvania for 1871, on page 89, says : " The most 
 prolific source of disease, poverty, and crime, observ- 
 
148 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 ing men will acknowledge, is intemperance. In our 
 hospitals, as well as in our almshouses and prisons, 
 a large portion of the inmates have reached the refuge 
 in which they are found by the way of habitual in- 
 toxication." . . . " Intemperance, the great scourge 
 of society, is, as every one knows, a social vice. Few 
 inebriates begin their downward career by purchasing 
 the stimulant in quantity, and taking it home to use 
 at pleasure or convenience. The habit of its use is 
 contracted in some public place where like com- 
 panions meet, and where the exhilaration which 
 strong drink produces may expand itself into bois- 
 terous mirth." 
 
 "The policy of giving licenses to certain parties to 
 open taverns, where intoxicating drinks may be par- 
 taken of, and gatherings may be accommodated for 
 their indulgence, is now in vogue." "The imposts 
 exacted for these licenses are a source of considerable 
 revenue." . . . On page 90 the report says : " It 
 would be difficult to name any practical good which 
 results from this system (of licensing liquor-shops), 
 unless it be that it furnishes a certain amount of reve- 
 nue. Should these wages of iniquity be put into the 
 treasury % They are the price of blood, and, in their 
 aggregate, would be inadequate to buy fields enough to 
 bury the multitudes who are the victims of the dread- 
 ful traffic for whosa profits they sell Xh^d people's sanc- 
 tion." "And what economist can fail to discern,, 
 without any elaborate calculation, that the State is 
 impoverished by the whole transaction? There is 
 received into the public coliers a small tribute from 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 149 
 
 every man who cares to secure the common authority 
 for the prosecution of this pernicious trade, and the 
 consequence is that there is lost from the common- 
 wealth the productive labor of thousands who waste, 
 in the licensed haunts of intemperance, both the 
 ability to add to her wealth and the accumulations 
 of former thrift." 
 
 INTEMPERANCE AND CRIME — PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 To form an idea of the amount of crime in Philadel- 
 phia we give the following : 
 
 Table shotting the number of prisoners and cost for Philadelphia 
 
 county prisons for ten years, from 1861 to 1871, inclusive: 
 In the year 1861 there were 16,201 prisoners, costing $50,643 59 
 
 a 
 
 1862 
 
 a 
 
 14,646 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 50,745 25 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 17,219 
 
 14,067 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 50,225 95 
 58,737 51 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 16,142 
 
 19,468 
 18,575 
 
 a 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Li 
 
 a 
 
 69,252 51 
 
 103,111 13 
 
 95.276 60 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 1868 
 1869 
 
 
 17,620 
 18,305 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 104,631 63 
 105,625 12 
 
 a 
 
 1870 
 
 a 
 
 15,288 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 102,680 03 
 
 a 
 
 1871 
 
 a 
 
 13,171 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 103,807 55 
 
 The total for ten years was 180,501 prisoners, costing $894,736 92 
 
 Table showing the whole number of prisoners , before and after trial, 
 confined in the County Prison of Philadelphia in 1871 : 
 
 Prisoners received for trial. . 
 
 Vagrants 
 
 Disorderly and breach of 
 
 peace 
 
 Intoxication 
 
 Sentenced not to hard labor . 
 
 Sentenced to hard labor 
 
 Sent to Eastern Penitentiary . 
 Sent to House of Refuge 
 
 Total 
 
 Males, males, i Total. 
 
 4,423 
 649 
 
 1,657 
 
 2,721 
 
 80 
 
 306 
 
 71 
 
 20 
 
 9,974 
 
 1,105 
 410 
 
 664 
 
 963 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 1 
 1 
 
 5,528 
 1,059 
 
 2,321 
 
 3,684 
 
 86 
 
 400 
 
 72 
 
 211 
 
 Mode- 
 rate 
 
 drink- 
 ers. 
 
 Tempe- 
 rate. 
 
 135 
 
 3,197 13,171 
 
 151 
 
 Intem- 
 perate. 
 
 103 
 
150 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 By the preceding table 13,171 were sent to the 
 county prison of Philadelphia. After deducting the 
 5,528 sent for trial, there remained 7,643, of which 
 number 3, 684 were committed for intoxication ; there 
 were 2,321 cases of disorderly conduct and breach of 
 the peace, and 1,059 vagrants. 
 
 Everywhere the testimony is that nine-tenths of all 
 cases of vagrancy, disorderly conduct, and breaches 
 of the peace are the direct effects of intoxicating 
 drinks ; hence 3,042 of the 3,380 cases of these 
 offences were due to drink. These, added to the 
 cases of intoxication, will give a total of 6,726 cases, 
 or 88 per cent., as the direct results of the liquor- 
 traffic. 
 
 These startling facts deserve and demand the con- 
 sideration of every one in the community, and should 
 particularly impress our legislators with the necessity 
 of adopting such measures as will tend to change 
 this sad and terrible state of affairs, if not for the 
 sake of humanity, at least for the financial interests 
 of the country. If it costs so much to support our 
 helpless, poor, and criminal population, the State 
 should take the means to prevent and correct these 
 evils. 
 
 The Philadelphia County Prison Report for 1871 
 says, page 16: "About the usual proportion of com- 
 mitments for the past year may be placed to the 
 account, either directly or indirectly, of intemperance. 
 There were for intoxication 3,684, against 3,983 for 
 1870, 3,546 for 1869, and 2,025 for 1868 ; for vagrancy, 
 1,059. against 1,377 for 1870, 1,248 for 1869, and 1,093 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 151 
 
 •for 1863 ; for assault and battery, 1,821, against 1,376 
 for 1870, 1,687 for 1869, and 1,482 for 1S6S ; for dis- 
 orderly cou duct and breach, of the peace, 2,321, 
 against 5,393 for 1870, 7,339 for 1869, and 8,132 for 
 1868 ; for assault with intent to kill, 153, against 132 
 for 1870, 146 for 1869, and 121 for 1868. Of the entire 
 number of commitments (13,171), nearly three-fourths, 
 or 9,038, are traceable to intemperance ; drunkenness 
 being, with exceptions, a cause of the offences in the 
 foregoing list. The aggregate of these offences is con- 
 siderably smaller than for the two preceding years, it 
 having been in 1S70 12,266 and in 1869 13,987. The fall- 
 ing off is chiefly in commitments for breach of the peace 
 — a form of commitment which has to some extent 
 been abandoned by Committing Magistrates under 
 instructions from the Court of Quarter Sessions. It 
 would be unfair to assume that the offences alluded 
 to are exclusively attributable to intemperance ; for 
 crime and vagrancy and prisons are found in 
 countries where drunkenness is comparatively rare. 
 But it cannot be doubted that the unrestrained mul- 
 tiplication of temptations to crime in the unbridled 
 sale of alcoholic drinks in our city is a fearful evil." 
 
 Mr. William J. Mullen, the well-known and highly- 
 esteemed prison agent, in his report for 1870 says : 
 "An evidence of the bad effects of this unholy busi- 
 ness may be seen in the fact that there have been 
 thirty-four murders within the last year in our city 
 alone, each one of which was traceable to intempe- 
 rance; and one hundred and twenty-one assaults to 
 murder proceeding from the same cause. Of over 
 
152 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 38,000 arrests in oar city within the year, seventy-five 
 per cent, of this number were caused by intempe- 
 rance. Of the 18,305 persons committed to onr 
 prison within the year, more than two-thirds were the 
 consequence of intemperance. Of this number, 2,517 
 were for intoxication. The whole number committed 
 to our prison for the offence of drunkenness for the 
 last twenty years was 184,966 persons. 
 
 ' ' The whole amount of blood-money which has been 
 paid to our State Teeasueer for the year 1869 for 
 license to sell intoxicating liquors in this State was 
 §329,211 77, of which over $200,000 was paid by our 
 city for the privilege of contributing nearly a million 
 and a half of dollars for the support of our criminals 
 and pauper population, who are made such by the 
 use of intoxicating liquors. If we add to this a fair 
 proportion of the expenses of our charitable as well 
 as criminal institutions of Philadelphia (a large pro- 
 portion of which is in consequence of intemperance), 
 we have an expenditure of over $2,500,000." Again 
 Mr. Mullen says: " Ignorance and drunkenness are 
 the real causes of nearly ail the misery in the world. 
 The last is immeasurably worse than all others com- 
 bined; for such is the benumbing/ stultifying, and 
 crazing effect of inebriating drinks that they change 
 a man of reason and feeling into a brutalized monster. 
 Hence it is that the ' knife, the dagger, the bludgeon, 
 and the pistol are in such frequent use ; and in the 
 domestic circle cruelty to children, wife-beating ; and 
 in many families at home horrors of every kind.' 
 This is lamentably too true, as is proved by the cases 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 153 
 
 that consume the time of our criminal courts, and is 
 seen by the condition of society at large. No sooner 
 have our courts disposed of one case of murder or 
 assassination than the liquor-shops furnish others 
 to supply its place." 
 
 INTEMPERANCE AND CRIME — PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Judge Allison, in a speech delivered at a public 
 meeting in November, 1872, speaking of the evils of 
 intemperance and the duty of good citizens to join in 
 the efforts made to do away with the evils of rum -sell- 
 ing and rum-drinking, said : " Intemperance is upon 
 our right hand and left ; on the streets, north, south, 
 east, and west, we see the lures to destruction, and see 
 that in this city to-night men are being hurried to the 
 drunkard's grave and the drunkard's doom. Shall 
 we be held guiltless if we do not stretch forth our 
 hands and use the means we possess to save our per- 
 ishing fellow-men % There is a day coming when this 
 question cannot be evaded, but must be answered be- 
 fore an impartial Judge. The lives of these poor drunk- 
 ards will then be in some measure chargeable to us. 
 There are few people who see the practical evil as we 
 see it in the criminal courts of this city. There we can 
 trace four-fifths of the crimes that are committed to 
 the influence of rum. There is not one case in twenty 
 where a man is tried for his life in which rum is not 
 the direct or indirect cause of the murder. Rum and 
 blood— I mean the shedding of blood — go hand in 
 hand. 
 
154 
 
 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 "Shall we not attempt to remedy this thing? Or 
 shall we close our eyes while the agencies for the sale 
 of rum are multiplied 1 Rum is already a mighty 
 power in this city, and it requires all the power of 
 temperance men to put the traffic under bonds." 
 
 The Citizens' Association of Pennsylvania, in their 
 report for 1868, estimated, as already seen, that the 
 number of inmates in the county jails of Pennsylvania 
 was 8,447 ; of penitentiaries, 669 ; or an aggregate in 
 both classes of prisons of 9,116, or one person in 
 prison for every 402 of the population. The average 
 cost of maintaining these prisoners was 44 cents per 
 day for each, or a total of $1,464,029 per year, being 
 a cost of $2 45 a year to each voter in the State. 
 
 Two -thirds of this cost of crime is estimated by the 
 Citizens' Association to be caused by intemperance. 
 
 The number of arrests by the police of Philadelphia 
 in 1872-3, by the reports' of Kennard H. Jones, Chief 
 of Police, to his Honor Mayor Stokley, was as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 
 1872. 
 
 1873. 
 
 Deer as,\ 
 1873. 
 
 Total arrests 
 
 40,007 
 
 30,400 
 
 9,607 
 
 Assaults and battery 
 
 2,358 
 
 205 
 
 4,661 
 
 15,782 
 9,769 
 
 2,006 
 139 
 
 4,030 
 
 10,077 
 
 7,897 
 
 352 
 
 66 
 631 
 
 5,705 
 
 1,872 
 
 Assaults with intent to kill 
 
 Breaches of neace 
 
 Intoxication 
 
 Intoxication and disorderly conduct 
 
 Total cases usually caused, directly or 
 indirectly, by liqnor 
 
 32,775 
 
 24,149 
 
 8,626 
 
 Total decrease for intoxication and intoxication and 
 disorderly conduct, 7,577. 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DEINKS. 155 
 
 For the year 1873 there was a decrease for all offen- 
 ces of 9,607 ; while for the five classes of offences given 
 there was a decrease of 8,626, leaving only 981 for 
 other offences. 
 
 By these reports we find the whole number of of- 
 fences in 1872 was 40,007, of which there were for 
 assault and battery, 2,358 ; assault with intent to kill, 
 205 ; breaches of the peace, 4,661 ; intoxication, 15,782 ; 
 and for intoxication and disorderly conduct, 9,769— a 
 total of 32,775 which are directly or indirectly charge- 
 able to the sale and use of intoxicating drinks ; the 
 15,782 cases of intoxication, and 9,769 for intoxication 
 and disorderly conduct, or 25,551 cases caused directly 
 by the use of drink, being 63.86 per cent., or nearly 
 two-thirds, of all the police cases for 1872. * 
 
 Besides these prisoners, there were 59,674 lodgers at 
 the different station-houses during 1872. 
 
 * By examining the reports of Mayor W. S. Stokleyfor the years 1872-3 it will be 
 found that of the 40,007 arrests made by the police in 1872, 13,431 were natives of 
 Ireland ; and of the 33.400 arrested in 1873, 13,331 were the same nativity. We also 
 find the arrests for assaults, breaches of peace, intoxication, and disorderly con- 
 duct in 1872 were 3 2,775, but in 1873 only 24,149, or 8,G2S less than in the previous 
 year ; and that there were in 1873 5,110 less Irish arrested than in 1872, while 
 there was only a decrease of 3,597 Americans, 577 Garmms, and 325 English. Thus 
 we find that about five-eighths of the decrease of arrests are those of Irish. 
 
 Why this difference ? By the report of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union's 
 fourth annual convention, he'd in Chicago, October 7 and 8, 1874, on page 27, we 
 read as follows : 
 
 "In October, 1S72, the Diocesan Union of Philadelphia was composed of five 
 societies, with an aggregate membership of 1,10,1. In October, 1873, it *ad increased 
 to 29 societies, 20 adult and 9 cadet, with an aggregate membership of 8,i 48. At 
 the present date it numbers 57 societies— 34 adult and 23 cadet— with an aggregate 
 membership of 12,285, of which 8,577 are adults and 3,7C9 cadels. This is an in- 
 crease of 4 adult and 14 cidet societies during the past year, and an increase in the 
 aggregate membership of 4,233. 1 here are 1,10J members of non-union societies, 
 making a grand total of 1 3,333 total abstainers in Philadelphia." 
 
 Is it not clear that this decrease of arrests of Irishmen is due mainly to the 
 existence of the total-abstinence societies of Philadelphia ?— f jr as they have in- 
 creased in number and aggregate membership, the arrests chargeable directly to 
 intoxicating drinks have proportionately decreased, which is another proof that 
 intoxicating drinks cause crime, while total absti e: ce decreases it. 
 
156 CHIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 It is very safe to say that not less than 40,000 of these 
 lodgers were brought to the necessity of seeking shel- 
 ter in a police-station by the use of drink. 
 
 Besides the cases before our police courts, brought 
 there directly through drink, at least three-fourths of 
 the remaining cases were indirectly caused by liquor. 
 Of the 23 murders that were committed in Philadel- 
 phia in 1872, 20 of them, at the lowest calculation, 
 sprang directly or indirectly from the same direful 
 cause. The police expenses were $1,246,713 98. Of 
 this sum, two-thirds would not be needed if the drink- 
 traffic did not exist. To this must be added the ex- 
 pense of building the new House of Correction, which 
 has cost the city already over $575,000. The House 
 of Correction would not be needed but for the use of 
 strong drinks ; for, by the reports of the officials of the 
 institution, over 80 per cent, of the inmates were 
 brought there by intemperance. 
 
 Coroner Brown of Philadelphia, in his report for 
 the month of September, 1874, gives the following 
 cases of violent deaths : Mary Heron, thrown down- 
 stairs ; Mrs. Tozier, shot by her husband ; Eliza- 
 beth Carton, beaten to death by her husband ; Simon 
 Schmid, struck in the head with a beer-glass. All 
 resulted directly from drink, except the case of shoot- 
 ing. Thus 3 out of 4 violent deaths in the city of 
 Philadelphia, in the space of one month, were caused 
 directly by drink. 
 
 The Grand Jury for the December term, 1874, of 
 the Court of Quarter Sessions of the City of Phila- 
 delphia, in the final presentment, said they "had 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 157 
 
 acted upon 471 bills, of which 324 have been returned 
 as true bills, and 147 have been ignored. 
 
 " A large proportion of the cases before us were for 
 assault and battery, and in every instance these were 
 the direct results of a free and improper use of intoxi- 
 cating drinks. Indeed, this liquor-traffic is the ferti- 
 lizing source of all crime. It is evident that in a 
 community where a considerable proportion of the 
 people are unable from various causes to resist the 
 temptation which beguiles them at every corner, there 
 should be proper safeguards as a defence for the weak 
 ones. In the protection of society from the devasta- 
 tions of this river of fire, it may yet be necessary to 
 hold the liquor-seller to a criminal responsibility for 
 the crimes committed under the influence of liquors 
 sold by him or them. 
 
 ' ' Society must be protected, purified, and elevated 
 from present conditions by wise, intelligent, and far- 
 reaching agencies, religious, social, and legislative. It 
 is a noticeable fact that a very considerable number 
 of these crimes were committed on the Sabbath day ; 
 so that the historic consequences which in all ages 
 have followed Sabbath desecration are ripening their 
 poison-fruit in our midst. Statistics w T ell kept con- 
 stantly show that no legislation of city or State, no 
 social or human contrivance, can for a moment arrest 
 the certain punishment which marches like an armed 
 giant in the path of an ever-present divine retribu- 
 tion. The Sabbath of God cannot be desecrated with 
 impunity by either individuals, corporations, or gov- 
 ernments. 
 
15S CHIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 " A growing evil and fruitful source of crime in our 
 city arises from the thousands of idle, vagrant youth 
 who wander about the city and congregate in dens of 
 infamy. These are the products, for the most part, 
 of broken and disrupted families, shattered and con- 
 sumed by the liquid fires of rum. This is a dangerous 
 element in our midst, young, vigorous, and, to some 
 extent, equipped. The well-being of our city impera- 
 tively demands the instant suppression of the dens 
 where these youths are harbored and the lowest in- 
 stincts ministered to and trained to crime. It is clear 
 that when, from crime or other causes, the parent ceases 
 to control or to provide for, educate, and properly 
 train the child, then the State or city government be- 
 comes of right and duty the parent, and is bound to 
 enter fully into all the responsibilities and relation- 
 ship of parent to child. What, then, shall be said of 
 the city parent, rich in palace homes, and overflowing 
 with wealth and prosperity, yet with 15,000 of her 
 youth beggars, thieves, homeless \ The only remedy 
 at our hand is Compulsory Education ; not a house 
 of correction, but a school. Ignorance is very expen- 
 sive ; crime still more so. Juvenile crime is the most 
 expensive. In a mere dollar sense it would cost much 
 less to the taxpayer to arrest, confine, and educate 
 into societary salvation these children of the street 
 and den than it now does under the present condi- 
 tions. These wretched outcasts are the city's chil- 
 dren/' 
 
 By the report of the Board of Public Charities of 
 Pennsylvania for 1872 we learn that of the' 240 in- 
 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 159 
 
 mates in the Eastern Penitentiary, the habits of 75 
 were sober, 6Q moderate drinkers, and 99 intemperate. 
 Of the 213 inmates of the Western Penitentiary, 63 
 are reported as sober in their habits, 60 as moderate 
 drinkers, and 90 intemperate. Nor is this merely an 
 accidental proportion of one year ; for by the report 
 of 1870 we find that for the nine years from 1860 to 
 1869 there were sent to the Western Penitentiary 1,500 
 convicts, whose habits are reported as follows : 
 
 Abstainers from liquors, 589 
 
 Moderate drinkers, 274 
 
 Intemperate, 637 
 
 Total, . . 1,500 
 
 By the report of 1871 we find that in 1870 144 con- 
 victs were sent to that institution, whose habits were 
 given as — 
 
 Abstainers from liquors, 39 
 
 Moderate drinkers, 55 
 
 Occasionally intemperate, 17 
 
 Intemperate, . . ... . . .33 
 
 Total, 144 
 
 In the Eastern Penitentiary, the same year, there 
 were 315 convicts ; their habits are given as — 
 
 Abstainers from liquors, . . . . .24 
 
 Moderate drinkers, 210 
 
 Occasionally intemperate, 16 
 
 Intemperate, . . 63 
 
 Total, * . .315 
 
 By the report for 1872 of the Board of State Chari- 
 ties of Pennsylvania, the numbers of convicts sent to 
 Eastern and Western Penitentiaries were as follows : 
 
160 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 Habits. 
 
 Western. 
 Penitential y. 
 
 Eastern 
 Penitentiary. 
 
 T>'al. 
 
 Per ce^it. 
 iu b.ith.. 
 
 Sober, 
 
 63 
 
 75 
 
 133 
 
 30.46 
 
 Moderate, 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 120 
 
 27.82 
 
 Intemperate, . 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 139 
 
 41.72 
 
 Total, ... 213 240 453 
 
 By the report of 1871 of tlie Western House of 
 Refuge, of the 224 inmates, the parents of 76 were 
 intemperate. The report of the State Charities, on 
 page 91, says : 
 
 "We have spoken of intemperance as a fruitful 
 source of pauperism and crime, and it is doubtless 
 the proximate cause of nine-tenths of the idleness, 
 brutality, and vice which affect society." The re- 
 port might with equal truth have added that it was 
 the cause of four-fifths of all crime. The figures 
 given above of the convicts to the penitentiaries 
 yon may say do not show so large a proportion 
 of intemperate. But it must be remembered that 
 we cannot by the convicts sent to the penitentiaries 
 arrive at the amount of crime directly or indirectly 
 the result of intoxicating drinks. These criminals are 
 for a different class of crimes, and are an entirely dif- 
 ferent class of persons from those sent to our county 
 prisons. The class of criminals, as burglars, gam- 
 blers, counterfeiters, etc., who require a steady hand 
 and a clear brain to be able to pursue their avocations 
 successfully, must abstain from drink ; and these are 
 the abstainers and moderate drinkers reported. The 
 convicts sent to the penitentiaries are not one-tenth of 
 the criminals committed, and it is safe to assert that 
 not less than three-fourths of all the crime commuted 
 
CEIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DItlNKS. 101 
 
 in tlie State of Pennsylvania, and in every other State 
 in the Union, is directly caused by drink. Again, the 
 greater amount of crime caused by intemperance is 
 never brought into our courts, but is settled before it 
 ever reaches them. Hence it is impossible to fully 
 estimate the vice and crime caused in any community 
 by strong drinks, and any statistics we may be able to 
 collect on the subject will fall short of the truth ; for it 
 is utterly impossible to estimate the extent of the vice 
 and crime directly caused by the use of alcoholic 
 drinks, and much less what is indirectly the result of 
 the same cause. The city of New York is perhaps 
 not behind any city in the Union for its number of 
 liquor-shops and the results following from them, of the 
 extent of which we may form a slight idea when we 
 reflect that there were, in 1867, 5,203 places where 
 liquor was publicly sold, each of which receives the 
 daily average of 134 visits. These visits are not imagi- 
 nary; for Superintendent Kennedy placed police-officers 
 ov^r 223 licensed liquor establishments to observe how 
 many entered into those places, when it was found that 
 the average visits to each were, as already said, 134 
 daily, or 218,221,226 visits annually. The number of 
 arrests by the police for the year ending October, 
 1868, was 98,861, of which 50,844 were for intoxication 
 and disorderly conduct. In addition to the licensed 
 liquor-shops, there were 647 houses of ill-fame and 
 1,678 billiard-saloons. Mr. Oliver Dyer, in a lecture 
 on " The Wickedness of New York," said the liquor- 
 shops of New York would line both sides of a street 
 running from the Battery out eight miles into West- 
 
162 CEIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 Chester County. The Commissioners of the Metropoli- 
 tan Police reported for 1867 that there were 80,532 
 arrests, 21,589 of whom were women and 58,948 men. 
 Of the women arrested, 1,056 were for assault and bat- 
 tery, 62 for felonious assaults, 6 for robbery, 6 for 
 murder, 7,529 for disorderly conduct, 4,075 for intoxi- 
 cation, 3,294 for intoxication and disorderly conduct, 
 1,199 for petty larceny, and 491 for grand larceny. 
 Does not this plainly show the demoralizing influence 
 of strong drinks \ Of the men arrested, 17, 604 were 
 for intoxication and 13,233 for disorderly conduct. 
 These men were not all uneducated and of the crimi- 
 nal classes ; for amongst them were 30 editors and 8 
 clergymen.- Taxpayers, are you willing to pay your 
 hard-earned money to support a system that produces 
 so much crime % Christian men and women, can you 
 longer give countenance and support to so great a sin- 
 engendering cause as the traffic in strong drinks ? Can 
 you stand idly by and do nothing to free our country 
 from this blighting, withering curse % The arrests in 
 the city of New York in 1871 numbered 75,692 ; 34,696 
 were for intoxication and disorderly conduct, the 
 direct consequence of the millions of dollars expended 
 for intoxicating drinks. Besides these arrests ; there 
 were 141,780 persons who lodged at the different lodg- 
 ing-houses. It can hardly be supposed that this vast 
 multitude would need to seek shelter in such places if 
 the millions spent for liquor had been kept in the 
 pockets of those who spent them, or if they had been 
 expended for useful and necessary products of our in- 
 dustries ; neither would there have been one-tenth of 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 163 
 
 the arrests made. There is certainly a defect in the 
 social system, something radically wrong in onr gov- 
 ernment, that such fruits shouldbe produced. Thirty- 
 four thousand drunken persons arrested in one year 
 for that vice in one city alone, with tens of thousands 
 wandering about the streets with no place to rest their 
 weary heads, which must keep an. army of upward of 
 three thousand police to look after these poor victims 
 of the rum-traffic, for which are paid nearly three and a 
 half millions of dollars a year ! And still the cry is 
 for more houses to shelter the homeless. Two million 
 dollars are spent annually by the State Board of Chari- 
 ties and Correction. Of the 24,166 persons relieved 
 out of the streets of iSTew York, sixteen thousand were 
 children. The average population of the New York 
 hospitals, asylums, nurseries, prisons, reformatories, 
 etc., is 8,840. Not do matters grow better in this re- 
 spect, as is evidenced by the report of Commissioner 
 Stern, which was adopted January, 1874, by the Board 
 of Charities and Correction of New York. By this re- 
 port we are informed that the number of persons com- 
 mitted to the workhouse on Blackwell' s Island more 
 than live times for intoxication, from January 1, 1870, 
 to Januarv 1, 1874, was as follows : 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Committed. 
 
 
 
 Males Committed. 
 
 103 
 
 , , 
 
 G times before. 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 3!) times before 
 
 28 
 
 # , 
 
 7 
 
 iC 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 
 50 
 
 it t 
 
 162 
 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 40 
 
 tt a 
 
 5 
 
 , , 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 70 
 
 it it 
 
 181 
 
 
 10 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 75 
 
 It tt 
 
 IG 
 
 . 
 
 12 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 . 80 
 
 it u 
 
 21 
 
 , 
 
 15 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 . 100 
 
 tt it 
 
 27 
 
 . , 
 
 20 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 — , 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 . 
 
 25 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 5l;0 total. 
 
 
 
104 
 
 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 
 
 Females Committed. 
 
 
 Females 
 
 Committed. 
 
 3,702 
 
 . 6 
 
 times. 
 
 10 . . .25 times 
 
 602 
 
 . 7 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 26 " 
 
 1,437 
 
 . 8 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 28 " 
 
 172 
 
 . 9 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 29 " 
 
 1,157 
 
 . 10 
 
 a 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 . 30 " 
 
 31 
 
 . 11 
 
 a 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 40 " 
 
 749 
 
 . 12 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 41 " 
 
 13 
 
 . 13 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 48 " 
 
 46 
 
 . 14 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 49 " 
 
 37 
 
 . 15 
 
 it 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 50 " 
 
 28 
 
 . 16 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 58 " 
 
 7 
 
 . 17 
 
 a 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 60 " 
 
 33 
 
 . 18 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 70 " 
 
 5 
 
 . 19 
 
 ti 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 80 " 
 
 762 
 
 . 20 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 86 « 
 
 1 
 
 . 21 
 
 tt 
 
 29 
 
 
 100 " 
 
 7 
 
 . 22 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 23 
 
 it 
 
 9,006 total. 
 
 3 
 
 . 24 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 Meyer Stern, the commissioner,' says : 
 ' ' Tliat account speaks volumes for itself. The 
 tale it tells of male drunkards being recommitted to 
 prison from one hundred times down to six times, 
 of whom one hundred and eighty- one offenders were 
 recommitted ten times, is dreadful to contemplate. 
 But this tale of horror is put entirely in the shade 
 — it is lost sight of — if placed side by side with the 
 statistics of female arrests. While 580 male per- 
 sons were committed for intoxication daring the 
 past three years, there were arrested 9,006 females 
 — sixteen times as many. Of the former, one was 
 rearrested one hundred times for the same offence ; 
 of the female drunkards, twenty-nine had to be 
 rearrested one hundred times ; and this fearful 
 proportion is observed all through. Is not this 
 sufficient evidence of a deplorable defect in the 
 present law, and which we must by all means try 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 165 
 
 to remedy?" Fellow-citizens, it is by your will 
 these things exist. Yon are the sovereigns ; the 
 power is in your hands to remove or still keep this 
 terrible drink-shop system, that may make your 
 sons, your daughters, and your wives, ay, your- 
 selves, equal to the worst of the poor victims of 
 the poisonous cup that were brought down to oc- 
 cupy the cells of Blackwell's Island Workhouse 
 for the hundredth time. Oh ! think of New York 
 City alone, with its 5,203 licensed liquor-dens, and 
 perhaps as many more unlicensed; also of its 40,000 
 destitute, outcast, homeless children ; of its 647 
 houses of ill-fame ; its 6,929 cases of assault and 
 battery by men and women ; of the 98,861 arrests, 
 nine-tenths of which are the result of drink. 
 
 This crime and degradation is not confined to 
 New York alone or Philadelphia; all over our fair 
 land intoxicating drinks are breathing their terri- 
 ble upas breath, blasting all that is fair or lovely. 
 Nine- tenths of all the crime, the vice, and degra- 
 dation of our country are chargeable to strong 
 drink. Bronning, the Boston wife-murderer, con- 
 fessed that he beat his wife to death because she 
 would not give him her hard earnings to spend 
 for drink. Mr. Edmund, warden of New York City 
 prison, said three-fourths of all offences are directly 
 or indirectly caused by intoxicating drinks. Oscar 
 Tyler, sheriff of Albany, said eight-tenths of per- 
 sons committed to Albany county jail were in con- 
 sequence of the use of liquors. Sethi Clarks, jailer 
 of Buffalo, said nine-tenths ol the crime in that 
 
166 CKIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DEINKS. 
 
 county had its origin in intemperance. J. C. Cole 
 and S. H. H. Parsons, police justices of Albany, 
 said that three-fourths of all offences are the re- 
 sult of the use of liquors. So we may pass from 
 county to county, from State to State, and the 
 answer from all will be that from four- fifths to 
 nine-tenths of all criminal and other offences are 
 caused by strong drink. 
 
 This relation of the use of intoxicating drinks to 
 the production of crime is not accidental, but the 
 direct and essential result of their nature and inevi- 
 table tendency. The mass of crime produced by the 
 use of drink was not committed by persons in a 
 positive state of drunkenness, but by far the greater 
 part when the person was just sufficiently under its 
 influence to arouse the lower passions and propen- 
 sities to the degree when men are easily tempted 
 to do evil and readily provoked to acts oi* violence, 
 who, but for the excitement of the liquor, would have 
 been able to resist the impulse to do wrong. 
 
 It is in the blunting of the mental and moral facul- 
 ties of man, and in exciting the passions, that the 
 triumphs of drink consist. Burke, the notorious 
 Irish murderer, said he never felt remorse of con- 
 science but once ; when about to kill an infant, it 
 smiled in his face. That smile of innocence touched 
 his stony heart. He could not perpetrate the cruel 
 act. But he drank a glass of brandy. That one 
 glass stifled his conscience and blunted all feelings 
 of pity; he then committed the cruel act without 
 pity, without remorse. Bishop and his partner in 
 
CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 167 
 
 crime, before they undertook to murder the Italian 
 boy, prepared themselves by imbibing plentifully of 
 gin. Few indeed are the criminals, in this or any 
 other country, who have not had to charge the use 
 of alcoholic drinks, directly or indirectly, with being 
 the cause of their ruin. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 INTOXICATING DRINKS, AND THE TRAFFIC IN THEM, 
 DESTROY THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION. 
 
 The success of a republican government depends 
 mainly upon the education of the people. Unless 
 the citizens are intelligent, a free government is 
 always in clanger. It is the character of the citizens 
 that makes states and unmakes them ; and as charac- 
 ter is mainly formed by education, it is of first im- 
 portance that all should be well educated. ISTo 
 matter how little or how much we have # investigated 
 the subject, this truth meets us everywhere. 
 
 The founders of this Republic no doubt felt the 
 need of right education ; and had not slavery existed, 
 they would undoubtedly have inaugurated a general 
 system of education under the control of the General 
 Government. But as this, under the circumstances, 
 could not be done, it was left to the regulation of 
 the several States. Hence the effect of this policy is 
 now very readily seen in the general characters of 
 the natives of the different States in the Union. The 
 States first to adopt the free-school system are among 
 the most prosperous, and their citizens the most 
 wealthy, sober, intelligent, moral, religious, and 
 happy. In most States now provisions are made 
 for the general education of the people and free 
 
 163 
 
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 1G9 
 
 schools for the children ; yet, with all the means that 
 have been adopted, there were, in 1870, 4,528,084 per- 
 sons, ten years old and upwards, who eonld not read, 
 and 5,658,144* who could not write ; and what is tlie 
 most startling in these figures is that 4,880,271 of 
 these persons who cannot write, over ten years of 
 age, are natives of the United States. The foreign-born 
 who cannot write are 777,873. True, our educational 
 system is not complete or perfect, and there is room 
 for much improvement ; yet, all circumstances con- 
 sidered, it is equal to that of almost any other 
 country. Notwithstanding all our educational ad- 
 vantages, and that our schools are multiplying 
 yearly, there is an almost equal demand for jails 
 and penitentiaries ; and prison statistics inform us 
 that the inmates of these institutions are yearly in- 
 creasing. What is the cause of this \ Go where you 
 will, in almost every State there are two entirely 
 opposite systems of education; and though each 
 antagonizes the other, yet both are established by 
 law, and both are fostered and encouraged by the 
 customs of society, and more or less by the people 
 of every rank and station throughout the nation. 
 
 Both these systems of education cost vast sums of 
 money to support them. The first of these is the 
 free or public school, which is the embodiment of the 
 enlightened ideas of the learned and good of all ages, 
 and whose nature, tendency, and results are to pro- 
 duce citizens of superior character, to promote the 
 
 * Compeacl. Ninth Census Report v page 456. 
 
170 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 
 
 welfare of all, to build up and strengthen the power 
 and influence of the State. 
 
 The other system of education is embodied in the 
 dram-shops of our country, that are now so flourish- 
 ing under the protection of our Christianized and 
 civilized governments, and licensed by them to edu- 
 cate and make worthless citizens, spread over the 
 States a deluge of corruption and death, destroy- 
 ing the influence of the former system of education 
 or changing much of the good produced by it to 
 evil. 
 
 There are in the United States 141,629 schools,* 
 with 221,042 teachers and 7,209,938 pupils, costing 
 $95,402,720. Of these schools, 125,059 are public 
 schools, with 183,193 teachers, 6,228,060 pupils, cost- 
 ing $64,030,673. 
 
 Of the population of the United States, f 12,955,443 
 are between the ages of 5 and 18 years — the school 
 age ; but we find that only 6,228,060, or little more 
 than half of those of school age, attend the public 
 school, and only 7,209,938 attend all the schools, 
 colleges, etc., in the country, leaving 4,845,505 
 of school age who do not attend school at all. 
 Why are they not at school % Some of them may be 
 engaged in various occupations. True, 739,640 be- 
 tween 10 and 15 years are engaged in labor of some 
 kind. But it is safe to say that more than three 
 millions who ought to be at school are not en- 
 gaged in any occupation of benefit to themselves, 
 their parents, or the state. What are the parents 
 
 * Compend. Census Rory rt 1870, pp. 437-492. t Pp. 452-453. 
 

 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 171 
 
 of these children 1 To whom do those dirty, ragged, 
 and forlorn-looking children belong who are running 
 about the streets, alleys, and by-places of our cities ? 
 Ninety-nine hundredths of them are children of the 
 intemperate, who have no care either for their bodies 
 or their souls ; their only desire being to obtain drink 
 to stupefy their senses to forgetfulness. But are 
 these children uninstructed ? Alas ! for them and 
 the welfare of society, no ; they are early educated 
 in the schools of crime and nurseries of depravity — 
 the streets. They are taught to live by begging or 
 theft, and before they are fairly in their teens are 
 adepts in crime, steeped in depravity and sin, and 
 soon become graduates in those high-schools and 
 colleges of sin and . debauchery — the liquor-shops 
 and low dance-houses. 
 
 Our schools and colleges will be inoperative and 
 fail to elevate our people so long as these schools of 
 vice and nurseries of crime— the drinking-shops— are 
 allowed on every hand. For the drink-shops not 
 only close the doors of our schools against the 
 children, but they destroy much of the good pro- 
 duced by the schools by deadening- the intellects of 
 our citizens and rendering education and knowledge 
 that has been acquired useless. We may build our 
 school-houses on the most improved style of archi- 
 tecture, and place in them the best teachers that 
 the highest salaries can command ; and, when all is 
 done, we shall fail to educate and produce citizens 
 that are industrious, intelligent, honest, and virtuous, 
 so long as the other system of education is allowed 
 
172 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTEOYED. 
 
 to exist, and the law sanctions and allows the schools 
 of immorality and vice to stand side by side with our 
 free schools and colleges. What egregious folly for 
 grave legislators to enact one law to educate our 
 children in science, knowledge, and virtue, and 
 another set to undermine and destroy the benefits 
 of the first ! Why should we take such pains and 
 go to so much expense to do good, and then at 
 much more expense to undo the good done 1 This 
 table of schools, etc., in the United States is com- 
 piled from the Census Returns of 1870 * and Inter- 
 nal Revenue Report, and includes statistics of all 
 classes of schools, 1870. 
 
 * Census Ecport, 1S70, page 450. 
 
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 
 
 173 
 
 TABLE XXII. 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 Teach- 
 ers. 
 
 No. 
 
 Total Cost 
 
 No. 
 Retail 
 
 Cost of 
 Liquors in 
 
 
 Schools 
 
 | 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Expenses. 
 
 1 Liquor- 
 i Sellers 
 
 1 
 
 States and 
 Territories. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 1 DnPars. 
 
 ~ 
 
 ! 
 
 1 DoFarp. 
 
 United States, 
 
 141,629 221,042 7,209,938 95,402,726 
 
 143,115 715,575,000 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 2,969 3,364 
 
 75,866 
 
 976,351 
 
 1,976 
 
 9,880,000 
 
 Arizona, 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 132 
 
 6,000 
 
 119 
 
 595,000 
 
 'Arkansas, 
 
 1,978 
 
 2,297 
 
 81,526 
 
 631,962 
 
 2,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 California, 
 
 1,548 2,444 
 
 85,507 
 
 2,946,308 
 
 5,845 
 
 29,225,000 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 142; 188 
 
 5,033 ' 87;915 
 
 371 
 
 2,225,000 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 1,917 2,926 
 
 03,621 1 1,856,279 
 
 3,352 
 
 16,760,000 
 
 j Dakota, 
 
 35 j 52 
 
 1,255 9,284 
 
 82 
 
 410,000 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 375 ! 510 
 
 19,5751 212,712 
 
 368 
 
 1,840,000 
 
 District of Columbia, 
 
 313; 573 
 
 19,503; 811,242 
 
 1,087 
 
 5,435,000 
 
 Florida, 
 
 377 482 
 
 14,670 154,569 
 
 580 
 
 2,900,000 
 
 : Georgia, 
 
 1,880 2,4B2 
 
 63,150 1,253,299 
 
 2,737 
 
 13,S35,000 
 
 ; Idaho, . 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 1,208 19,938 
 
 244 
 
 1,220,000 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 11,835 
 
 24,056 
 
 767,775 9,970,009 
 
 8,565 
 
 42,825,000 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 9,073 
 
 11,652 
 
 464,477 
 
 2,499,511 
 
 4,444 
 
 22,220,000 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 7,496 
 
 9,319 
 
 217,654 
 
 3,570,093 
 
 3,073 
 
 15,385,000 
 
 Kansas, 
 
 1,689 
 
 1,955 
 
 59,882 
 
 787,226 
 
 1,117 
 
 5,585,000 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 5,149 
 
 6,346 
 
 245,139 
 
 2,538,429 
 
 4,761 
 
 23,805,000 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 592 
 
 1,902 
 
 60,171 
 
 1.199,684 
 
 4,414 
 
 22,070,000 
 
 Maine, 
 
 4,723 
 
 6,986 
 
 162,636 
 
 1,106,203 
 
 843 
 
 4,215,000 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 1,779 3,287 
 
 107,384 
 
 1,993,215 
 
 4,285 
 
 21,435,000 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 5,726 
 
 7,561 
 
 269,337 
 
 4,817,939 
 
 5,039 
 
 25,195,000' 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 5,595 
 
 9,559 
 
 266,627 
 
 2,550,018 
 
 5,020 
 
 25, 100. ooo ; 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 2,479 
 
 2,8S6 
 
 107,286 
 
 1,011,769 
 
 1,931 
 
 9,655,000 
 
 Mississippi, . 
 
 1,564 1,728 
 
 43,451 
 
 780,330 
 
 1,807 
 
 9,035,000| 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 6,750 9,028 
 
 370,337 
 
 4,340,805 
 
 5,883 
 
 29,440,000' 
 
 Montana, 
 
 54 65 
 
 1,746' 41,170 
 
 449 
 
 2,445,0001 
 
 Nebraska, 
 
 796 ' 840 
 
 17,614! 207,560 
 
 635 
 
 3,175,000 
 
 Nevada, 
 
 53 84 
 
 2,3731 110,493 
 
 658 
 
 3,290,000; 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 2,542; 3,355 
 
 04,6771 574,898 
 
 1,161 
 
 5,805,000 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 1,893 ! 3,889 
 
 129,800 2,982,250 
 
 5,649 
 
 28,245,000 
 
 New Mexico, 
 
 44 72 
 
 1,798' 29,886 
 
 418 
 
 2,090,000 
 
 New York, 
 
 13, 020 2S,918 
 
 833,02315,936,783 
 
 21,318 105,290;000 
 
 North Carolina, . 
 
 2,1611 2,692 
 
 61,958; 635,892 
 
 1,315 
 
 6,575,000 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 11,952! 23,589 
 
 790,79510,244,614 
 
 11,769 
 
 58,805,000 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 637 826 
 
 32,593 
 
 248,022 
 
 738 
 
 3,690,000 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 14,872! 19,522 
 
 811,863 
 
 9,628,119 
 
 13,015 
 
 05,075,000 
 
 Rhodo Island, 
 
 561 951 
 
 32,596 
 
 565,012 
 
 727 
 
 3,635,000 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 750 1,103 
 
 38,249 
 
 577,953 
 
 1,535 
 
 7,825,000 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 2,794' 3,587 
 
 125,831 
 
 1,650,693 
 
 2,6S4 
 
 13, 420, 000 1 
 
 Texas, 
 
 548 i 706 
 
 23,076 
 
 414,880 
 
 2,188 
 
 14,840,000 
 
 Utah, . 
 
 267 408 
 
 21,067 
 
 150,447 
 
 128 
 
 640,000 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 3,084 
 
 5,160 
 
 62,913 
 
 707,292 
 
 540 
 
 2,700,000 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 2,024 
 
 2,697 
 
 60,019 
 
 1,155,585 
 
 3.314 
 
 16,570,000 
 
 Washington, 
 
 170 
 
 197 
 
 5,499 
 
 48,302 
 
 2-4 
 
 1,120,000 
 
 West Virginia, 
 
 2,445 
 
 2,838 
 
 104,949 
 
 698,061 
 
 543 
 
 2,715,000 
 
 Wisconsin, . 
 
 4,943 
 
 7,955 
 
 344,014 
 
 2,600,310 
 
 3,864 
 
 19,320,1 H )0 
 
 Wyoming, 
 
 9 15 
 
 305 
 
 8,376 
 
 236 
 
 1,180,000 
 
174 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 
 
 To illustrate the effects of these two antagonis- 
 tic systems of education we will examine a few 
 figures to show their operation in Pennsylvania. 
 
 By report of the State Superintendent of Com- 
 mon Schools for 1873 there were in the State, in 
 1872, 14,415 schools, with 699,802 pupils and an 
 average attendance of 464,127, and 7,674 male 
 teachers and 9,110 female teachers— a total of 
 16,784 teachers. Total expenditures for common, 
 school purposes, $6,620,498 13. These are exclu- 
 sive of Philadelphia. 
 
 For the city and county of Philadelphia for 
 1872 there were 1,630 schools; the whole num- 
 ber of pupils registered in 1872, 139,924 ; the whole 
 number belonging to the schools at the beginning 
 of the year, 80,364 ; the number of pupils at the 
 close of the year, 84,387; average attendance, 72,025. 
 The whole number of male teachers, 78 ; whole num- 
 ber female teachers, 1,552 ; the total expenses for 
 school purposes, $1,576,199 74. The total educa- 
 tional institutions of the State in 1872 were 16,090; 
 teachers, etc., 18,783 ; pupils and students, average at- 
 tendance, 542,076; the cost for educational expenses, 
 $8,399,724. 
 
 Let us briefly examine the picture of the other 
 educational system. There were licensed in 1872 
 in Pennsylvania 15,745 of those schools of drunk- 
 enness and debauchery, the retail liquor-shops — and 
 861 wholesale liquor establishments. Allowing that 
 three persons are engaged in each wholesale place, 
 and two in each retail shop, there will be employed 
 
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 175 
 
 in selling intoxicating drinks not less than 31,490 
 by the sanction and protection of the State. 
 There are, at the lowest calculation, one-half 
 as many unlicensed liquor-shops as there are 
 licensed, or about 7,000, one-half of which, or more, 
 are in Philadelphia. If two persons are employed 
 in each, it will make 14,000 persons more engaged 
 in selling unlawful liquor, or a total of 45,490 liquor- 
 venders. If each liquor-shop has four drunkards 
 and 30 tipplers, we have in the State 94,424 drunk- 
 ards and 708,180 tipplers. The total in the State 
 is not less than 802,604 males who are drunkards, 
 tipplers, and sots, besides not less than one- 
 fourth as many females who are tipplers and 
 drunkards, and many of them worse than the worst 
 of the males. The direct cost in the State is not 
 less than eighty million dollars ($80,000,000). 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF THE TWO EDUCATIONAL 
 SYSTEMS. 
 
 Education in Knowledge and Virtue. i Education In Immorality and Vice. 
 Schools, colleges, etc., in l Drinking-places in Penn- 
 
 Pennsylvania, ; . 16,090 | sylvania, . . . ' . 23,606 
 
 Professors and teachers, . 18,783 Employed in liquor-shops, 45,490 
 
 Pupils and students, etc., j Tipplers and drunkards, . 803,604 
 
 in regular attendance, . 542,076 j The direct cost of liquors 
 Cost for educational pur- in Pennsylvania, . $S0,000,000 
 
 poses in Pennsylvania, §8,399,723 [ 
 
 Thus Pennsylvania has only about two-thirds 
 as many schools, academies, colleges, etc., as 
 there are liquor-shops ; and more than twice as 
 many persons are employed in dealing out intoxicat- 
 ing drinks in those schools of vice and immorality 
 
176 IXELUEXCE OF EDUCATION" DESTROYED. 
 
 as are engaged in schools and other educational 
 institutions ; and nearly twice the number of 
 tipplers and drunkards are attending these schools 
 of drunkenness and immorality as attended 
 all the schools, academies, and colleges in the 
 State ; and there was spent for those liquid 
 poisons sold in our licensed drunkard-making 
 manufactories alone ten times more than the cost 
 for true educational purposes. 
 
 After carefully examining these figures, can any 
 one wonder that, with all our educational facilities, 
 we have hitherto failed to have a conrmunity com- 
 posed of sober, honest, intelligent, and industrious 
 citizens ; that the more our educational improve- 
 ments have augmented, the more have crime and cri- 
 minals increased ? 
 
 Though within the last twenty years our teachers 
 have increased from 25 to 30 per cent., and pupils 
 attending schools more than 50 per cent., yet crime 
 has increased about 60 per cent. 
 
 Of 626* convicts in the Eastern Penitentiary, Penn- 
 sylvania, 390, or 62.30 per cent., had attended public 
 schools ; 169, or 25.40 per cent., had attended private 
 schools; and 77, or 12.30 per cent., never went to 
 school. 
 
 There were admitted in 1868 into the Houses of 
 Refuge, in Pennsylvania, 536 children, whose ages 
 averaged 14*4 years, of which 57 did not know the 
 alphabet, 92 knew only the alphabet, 262 could read 
 
 * From a table prepared by John S. IIolloway ; Esq., Warden cf the Eastern Peni- 
 tentiary of Pennsylvania. 
 
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 177 
 
 poorly, 21 read well, 246 could not write, 177 wrote 
 poorly, 94 tolerably, and 19 well. 
 
 The county superintendents of common schools of 
 41 counties visited the almshouses and jails of those 
 counties, and found in the almshouses 2,809 persons 
 over ten years .of age, of whom 1,181 could not read, 
 1,189 could read a little, 412 well, and 70 were good 
 scholars. In the jails there were 1,601 inmates, of 
 whom 434 could not read, 540 could read a little, 504 
 well, and 123 were good scholars. Of the 291 con- 
 victs in the Eastern Penitentiary, 62 were illiterate, 
 24 could only read, 203 could read and write, and 2 
 well educated ; and of the 5,975 convicts received 
 in this prison, 1,210 were illiterate, 1,019 could read 
 only, 3,714 could read and write, and 32 were well 
 instructed. 
 
 Is there not a distinct relation existing between 
 ignorance and crime % Tens of thousands of the chil- 
 dren in the State of Pennsylvania do not attend 
 school, though ample provisions are made by the 
 State for the education of every child or person be- 
 tween 5 and 21 years. In the city of Philadelphia, 
 out of 150,000 children between the ages of 6 and 18 
 years, 20,534 attended neither public nor private 
 schools. Of these 20,534 nearly 11,000 were between 
 the ages of 6 and 12 years ; showing that it was not 
 really necessary that they should be kept from school 
 in order to earn their support. It may be safe to 
 estimate that there are from seventy-five to eighty 
 .thousand children in the State of Pennsylvania who 
 do not attend school. 
 
178 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 
 
 If these children are left uneducated, the majority 
 will find their way either to our jails or poorhouses. 
 Why are they not at school % Nine-tenths, no doubt, 
 are children of intemperate parents." By the unani- 
 mous judgment of the officials of juvenile reforma- 
 tories, 95 per cent, of the inmates of those institu- 
 tions came from idle, ignorant, vicious, and drunken 
 homes. Almost all the children are truant from 
 school at the time of their committal, have been 
 habitually idlers on the street, or the children of 
 besotted and ignorant parents. 
 
 The average number of inmates in the year 1870 
 was 556. The average yearly cost, including all ex- 
 penses, except those of a permanent character, and 
 including earnings, was $125 43 each, and, deducting 
 earnings, $79 75, or a total of $44,340 for the year 
 1870. 
 
 The admissions were 200 white boys, 38 white girls, 
 53 colored boys, and 21 colored girls. 
 
 From the report we find that 5 had used intoxicat- 
 ing drinks, and nearly all tobacco ; 60 had attended 
 theatres, 90 were truant-players, 7 had been home- 
 less, and nearly all professional idlers ; 217 had at- 
 tended public schools, but nearly half were confirmed 
 truants. In many cases the influence of profligate 
 and intemperate parents corrupted them and gave, 
 as it were, a sanction to their own vices. 
 
 The average number of inmates in the Western 
 House of Hefuge of Pennsylvania in 1870 was 224, 
 
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 179 
 
 and the per capita cost, including all expenses, ex- 
 cepting those for permanent improvement, was §201. 
 
 The number of admissions was 148, viz. , 106 white 
 boys and 30 girls ; and 9 colored boys and 3 girls. 
 The average age on admission of all the inmates was 
 13 years and 3 months. The report * says : ' ' We 
 thus find that in the case of the parents of those 
 admitted, as far as could be ascertained, 76 parents 
 were intemperate, 27 habitually quarrelsome, 15 had 
 been in prison, 17 were paupers, 7 had been separat- 
 ed, 4 had been insane, and all of the parents cf 
 these children but 47 could read and write. 
 
 "With respect to the early habits, early training 
 and associations of their childhood, it is recorded 
 that 37 had used intoxicating drinks, 74 had used 
 tobacco, 87 visited theatres, 76 were truant-players, 
 91 had been idlers, 98 used profane language, 16 had 
 no homes, 13 had been previously arrested, 23 had 
 relatives in prison, 87 had been reared in the family, 
 and 41 among strangers. The causes assigned for 
 these vices are idle habits and bad companions/' 
 
 * From the Report of Board of State Charities of Pennsylvania, 1871. 
 
180 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 
 
 TABLE XXIII. 
 
 Statistics cf Juvenile Reformatories in the United States for 1369, 
 compiled from Tables prepared by B. K. Pierce, D.D., to accom- 
 pany Ids paper entitled " A Vieiv of Preventive and Beformaiory 
 Institutions in the United States." 
 
 State. 
 
 Title. 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 >t 
 
 
 
 a, 
 
 £ 
 
 K 
 
 a 
 
 09 
 
 02 
 
 f- 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 CO 
 
 3j 
 
 p 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 « 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 >> 
 u 
 o 
 
 SH 
 
 09 
 
 p, 
 o 
 
 Bh 
 
 o 
 
 p. 
 
 +3 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 ! 
 
 Total Expcnditurt; for 18C9. 
 
 1 
 3 
 p. 
 
 | 
 
 n 
 cJ 
 
 3 
 
 P4 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 % 
 
 •a 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 O o' 
 || 
 
 O M 
 
 (3 
 
 P 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 p 
 
 M> 
 
 "3 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 ci 
 
 U 
 
 P 
 ta 
 
 "3 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 
 PR 
 
 California.. 
 iConiiectic't 
 
 1 Illinois 
 
 Indiana... . 
 Kentucky. 
 | Louisiana.. 
 
 Industrial School 
 
 Srate Keform School. . . . 
 Chicago Reform School 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 >tate Reform School 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 13 
 
 17 
 16 
 40 
 27 
 19 
 10 
 25 
 24 
 26 
 10 
 26 
 54 
 55 
 27 
 23 
 30 
 
 8 
 16 
 10 
 23 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 192 
 255 
 221 
 
 "m 
 
 "185*' 
 
 340^ 
 
 307 
 
 264 
 
 140 
 
 273 
 
 273 
 
 183 
 
 101 
 
 67 
 584 
 848 
 623 
 517 
 193 
 330 
 
 12 
 501 
 118 
 219 
 221 
 
 87 
 163 
 
 6.10 
 40. 
 47.62 
 
 19." 
 
 20. ' ' 
 
 35.50 
 33. 
 
 50." 
 
 26.00 
 
 16. 
 
 16. 
 
 34.75 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 29.15 
 31.30 
 
 1." 
 
 23." 
 
 27.77 
 
 29." 
 4. 
 
 5." 
 
 6." 
 
 10.34 
 
 8. 
 
 20." 
 31. 
 
 26.00 
 .02 
 
 2." 
 
 5." 
 6 02 
 .12 
 7 
 .016 
 
 8." 
 10.' 
 
 50 
 
 14 
 41 
 
 40 
 57 
 75 
 68 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 •• 
 
 Dol- 
 lars 
 138 00 
 150 00 
 114 00 
 150 00 
 SO 00 
 
 ii6'63 
 
 112 83 
 171 CO 
 192 40 
 170 56 
 
 215*27 
 
 155 00 
 153 >i0 
 
 113 0J 
 
 128 78 
 131 CO 
 
 114 00 
 
 133' 00 
 
 118' CO 
 150 42 
 251 00 
 196 00 
 194 00 
 157 00 
 
 Dollars. 
 28.193 00 
 53,115 30 
 25,150 0? 
 53,016 27 
 24,055 74 
 
 26,000 00 
 39,476 03 
 52,80J 00 
 51, 50 J 00 
 23,891 39 
 
 ' 41 OCO TO 
 39,466 77 
 15,701 00 
 19,989 46 
 63,675 (d 
 
 1(9 204 10 
 82,865 00 
 f 9,003 00 
 41,743 27 
 43 805 0J 
 
 59.131 00 
 
 19 834 99 
 56.940 00 
 43 380 27 
 16,877 06 
 25 036 00 
 
 1,114,911 65 
 
 To^al cost 
 
 for 
 one year. 
 
 1 
 
 Maryland .. 
 Massa'setts 
 
 Michigan... 
 
 Missouri. . . . 
 New Ham'e 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Penn'vania. 
 
 ■Bh-dc M'd 
 
 j Vermont.. . 
 
 j Wisconsin.. 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 State Reform School 
 
 Nauti'lRef. Sch.(2ships) 
 State Ind. Sch. (for girls) 
 House of Reformation.. 
 
 State Reform School 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 State Reform School 
 
 State Reform School — 
 
 Catholic Protectory 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 Juvenile Asylum 
 
 West'n House of Refuge 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 State Reform School 
 
 hit. Re. & In. Sc. for girls 
 House of Ref., white dept 
 House of Ref., col'ddept 
 West'n House of Refuge 
 Providence Reform Sch. 
 
 State Reform School 
 
 State Reform School 
 
 Tota's for 18 States of the United 
 States and 29 institutions in the 
 same. 
 
 584 
 
 7,407 
 Total 
 aver- 
 age of 
 
 In- 
 mates 
 
 25 57 
 5o re 
 
 rt — 
 
 p| 
 
 c' 
 r ~ 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 nc re 
 
 pO 
 
 o 'f* 
 
 jo C 
 
 o 
 
 1 66i/ 2 
 per 
 capita 
 aver- 
 age. 
 
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 181 
 
 111 view of these facts we can but ray that ig- 
 norance breeds crime. And, farther, it may be 
 said that the classes most widely debauched by 
 drink are those the least taught in letters and in 
 skilled labor, who are by their drinking habits -re- 
 duced to tho deepest wretchedness of poverty, want, 
 degradation, and helplessness. What are we to ex- 
 pect but that in this condition they will betake 
 themselves to lives of vice and crime 1 And thus 
 they will become, as figures everywhere prove them, 
 the disturbers of the peace, public order, and the 
 dangerous classes in every community. When all 
 this is true of the parents, what can we expect of 
 the children % Must they not be the 95 per cent, of 
 our juvenile offenders? Must they not grow up to 
 fill our jails and prisons % 
 
 The education of our rum- shops counteracts that 
 of the public schools. Massachusetts may be called 
 the pioneer State of the free-school system. She 
 may support three or four hundred families by 
 teaching, ar.d spends perhaps half a million dollars 
 for education ; while as many thousand are sup- 
 ported by the drink trade, and four or five millions 
 are spent for liquors. Boston sends about 35,000 
 pupils to its public schools, and more than that 
 number into the hands of the police and the officials 
 of the almshouses. Official reports prove that one- 
 eighth of its population are degraded by the drink- 
 ing-houses of Boston, so that they demand public 
 charity or correction. 
 
 These results are not confined to Pennsylvania 
 
182 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTEOYED. 
 
 and Massachusetts, or to Philadelphia and Boston. 
 Every State, city, town, or village in the United 
 States is almost in the same condition of which we 
 have any statistics. In proportion to the liquor 
 drank and intemperance produced, so education is 
 neglected and crime and pauperism exist. Friends 
 of public education and the human race, are not the 
 means to remedy the evils of intemperance well 
 worth your careful consideration with a view to im- 
 mediate action ? 
 
• CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE USE OF, AND THE TRAFFIC IN, STRONG DRINKS 
 IMPEDE THE PROGRESS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 
 AND THE SPREAD OF THE GOSPEL. 
 
 Experience and observation have demonstrated 
 beyond a reasonable donbt that at least two-thirds of 
 the moral and social evils afflicting society are due to 
 the use of alcoholic beverages. They also neutralize 
 the efforts for the amelioration of the condition of 
 mankind. 
 
 Though the efforts and the means that have been 
 used for the religious, moral, and intellectual develop- 
 ment of our people have been numerous and impor- 
 tant, yet all must admit their disappointment at the 
 results attained. After all, they have been as success- 
 ful, perhaps, as could reasonably be expected, consid- 
 ering the adverse circumstances and influences by 
 which they have been surrounded. 
 
 Notwithstanding churches and schools are spread 
 all over our land, that thousands are employed to 
 preach the Gospel and as teachers in colleges, acade- 
 mies, and schools, and hundreds more to visit people 
 at their homes to distribute tracts and Bibles, and 
 that millions of tracts and thousands of Bibles have 
 been spread broadcast over our country, and the Gos- 
 
 1 3 
 
184 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 pel preached, yet ungodliness, vice, and immorality 
 abound, and thousands are living without Christ or 
 hope in the life to come. 
 
 The principal, if not the sole, cause of this state of 
 things is the use of strong drinks. 
 
 The liquor-traffic throws temptations in the way of 
 the old and young, and propagates ungodliness, crime, 
 and sin. There is nothing known within the whole 
 realm of science that possesses the power to degrade 
 and demoralize human beings like alcohol. Its essen- 
 tial properties and nature are such as to carry its vic- 
 tims beyond and out of the reach of all good in- 
 fluences. In this power it stands alone. It benumbs 
 the senses of its victims, deprives them of reason, and 
 renders them incapable of rational and religious im- 
 pressions. Alcoholic drinks and religion and piety are 
 incompatibles ; their relation to each other is as fire 
 to water or an acid to alkali. To talk to men and 
 women about the sublime truths of Christianity who 
 are under the influence of strong drink is little better 
 than to " cast pearls to swine." The use of strong 
 drinks tends to destroy every personal, social, and 
 religious virtue. A learned physician said : ' ' The 
 devil first binds with a hair, and then with a chain." 
 The man who occasionally drinks intoxicants is bound 
 with a hair which soon becomes a chain that cannot be 
 easily broken, but binds him to the chariot- wheels of 
 Satan. Thousands of good men, ay, Christian men, 
 have been ensnared by this tempter ; prophets, 
 priests, kings, and world-renowned conquerors, have 
 fallen by the potent power of strong drink. 
 
THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 185 
 
 How many clergymen of every denomination have 
 been stripped of their divine office and Christian 
 characters by this monster, and have gone down 
 to the drunkard's grave ! None are safe who tamper 
 with it. As the poet has said : 
 
 " We are not worse at once j 
 The course of evil begins so slowly, 
 And from such slight source, an infant's hand 
 Might stop the breach with clay. 
 But let the stream grow wider, and philosophy, 
 Ay, and religion too, may strive in vain 
 To stem the headlong current." 
 
 Strong drink has always prevented the progress of 
 truth and religion in proportion to the extent of its 
 use. It has continually robbed the Christian Church 
 of its converts, and shorn it of much of its power for 
 the pulling down of the strongholds of sin and Satan, 
 and the establishing of Christ's kingdom. Almost 
 every one can call to mind one or more who for a 
 time ran well the Christian's race, but were finally 
 overcome by strong drink. Can we wonder that 
 strong drink should impede the progress of the 
 Gospel when even ministers, to escape from its terrible 
 power, have to seek refuge in an inebriate asylum ? 
 
 A large number of our criminals and paupers, as 
 well as those who are fast becoming such, have been 
 Sabbath-school scholars, and sometimes teachers. 
 
 To what are these results chargeable, if not to alco- 
 holic drinks % They are undoubtedly the chief cause. 
 The testimony of those in positions to know is very 
 clear on this point. 
 
186 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 The chaplain of the Leeds (England) jail said 
 "that of 232 prisoners 180 had been Sabbath- school 
 scholars and 28 had been teachers." Another 
 chaplain, in April, 1869, said: "I have in my book 
 the biography of 650 persons, their antecedents, and 
 what led them to sin ; and I might mention, for the 
 information of those connected with the Sabbath- 
 school movement, that nineteen out of every twenty 
 Protestants in prison have at some period of their 
 lives been Sabbath-school scholars. Some of them 
 had been teachers in the Sabbath-school fifteen and 
 twenty years ; yet that did not save them from a 
 prison-cell. JSTow, what was the cause of their fall 
 and finding their way to these cells \ Drink, almost 
 without an exception." 
 
 Are we any better off in this respect than they 
 are in England ? No. Go visit our jails. Ask the 
 inmates if they ever attended Sabbath-school? The 
 vast majority will answer, Yes. Ask them, What 
 brought you here ? The answer will be, Drink ! I 
 was drunk when I committed the deed for which they 
 sent me here. 
 
 Go interrogate the inmates of our penitentiar- 
 ies and almshouses. The answers will be, Drink ! 
 drink! When we compare the extent, the power, 
 and influence of strong drinks, and the tempta- 
 tions and allurements of the traffic in them, 
 with the instrumentalities of the Christian Church, 
 we cannot really be surprised at the comparative 
 result, nor that the Church has failed to produce 
 
THE PROGRESS OE CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 187 
 
 effects commensurate with efforts made — the import- 
 ance and inducements of the Christian religion. 
 
 .TABLE XXIY. 
 
 Religious Statistics of the United States, from the Census Returns of 
 
 1870.* 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 ED 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ZJ 
 
 P. 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 (^ 
 
 .a 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 la 
 
 N 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 
 
 a 
 ea 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 S 
 ■a 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 All Denominations, 
 
 72,459 
 
 63,082 21,665,062 
 
 354,483,581 
 
 1. Baptises (Regular), 
 
 14, 174 
 
 12,857 
 
 3,997,116 
 
 39,229,221 
 
 2. Baptists, 
 
 1,355 
 
 1,105 
 
 363,019 
 
 2,378,977 
 
 3. Christian, 
 
 3,578 
 
 2,822 
 
 865,602 
 
 6,425,137 
 
 4. Congregational, 
 
 2,887 
 
 2,715 
 
 1,117,212 
 
 25,069,698 
 
 5. Episcopal (Protestant), 
 
 2,835 
 
 2,601 
 
 991,051 
 
 36,514,549 
 
 6. Evangelical Association, 
 
 815 
 
 641 
 
 193,796 
 
 2,301,650 
 
 7. Friends, 
 
 692 
 
 662 
 
 224,664 
 
 3,939,560 
 
 8. Jewish, .... 
 
 189 
 
 152 
 
 73,265 
 
 5,155,234 
 
 9. Lutheran, 
 
 3,032 
 
 2,776 
 
 977,332 
 
 14,917,747 
 
 10. Methodists, 
 
 25,278 
 
 21,337 
 
 6,528,209 
 
 69,854,121 
 
 11. Miscellaneous, . 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 6,935 
 
 135,650 
 
 12. Moravian (Unitas Fratrum), . 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 25,700 
 
 709,100 
 
 18. Mormon, 
 
 189 
 
 171 
 
 87,838 
 
 656,750 
 
 14. New Jerusalem Swedenborgian, 
 
 90 
 
 61 
 
 18,755 
 
 869,700 
 
 15. Presbyterian (regular), 
 
 0,262 
 
 5,683 
 
 2,19S,900 
 
 47,828,732 
 
 10. Presbyterian (other), . 
 
 1,562 
 
 1,388 
 
 499,344 
 
 5,436,524 
 
 17. Reformed Dutch in America (late 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dutch Reformed), 
 
 471 
 
 46S 
 
 227,228 
 
 10,359,255 
 
 18. Reformed Church in United States 
 
 
 
 
 
 (late German Reformed), . 
 
 1,256 
 
 1,145 
 
 431,700 
 
 5,775.215 
 
 19. Roman Catholic, 
 
 4,127 
 
 3,806 
 
 1,990.514 
 34,555 
 
 60,985:566 
 
 20. Second Advent, 
 
 235 
 
 140 
 
 306,240 
 
 21. Shaker, .... 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 8,850 
 
 86,900 
 
 22. Spiritualists, 
 
 95 
 
 22 
 
 6,970 
 
 100,150 
 
 23. Unitarian, 
 
 331 
 
 310 
 
 155,471 
 
 6,282,675 
 
 24. United Brethren in Christ, . 
 
 1,445 
 
 937 
 
 265,025 
 
 1,819,810 
 
 25. Universalist, 
 
 719 
 
 602 
 
 210.S84 
 
 5,692,325 
 
 26. Unknown (local), 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 11,925 
 
 687,800 
 
 27. Unknown (union), 
 
 409 
 
 552 
 
 153,202 
 
 905,295 
 
 : Census Report (Ccmpecd.) for 1S70, p. 51-1. 
 
188 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 TABLE XXV. 
 
 Religious Statistics of the United States, 1872*. 
 
 
 
 £.- 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 u 
 
 ^•2 ■ 
 
 o Jh 
 
 rO O 
 
 a.- 
 
 a. d 
 
 XD 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 TO 
 
 o 
 
 m u 
 
 a 03 
 
 go a: 
 
 5^» 
 
 
 
 jB. as 
 
 tk 
 
 >vO 
 
 POO 
 
 
 M 
 
 o bo 
 
 03 
 
 03p 
 
 •c+^e- 
 
 
 a 
 
 &fe 
 
 ■3 
 
 1 § 
 
 S«| 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^ M 
 
 p 
 
 a 
 
 0-! A 
 
 
 & 
 
 O 
 
 ai 
 
 02 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dolars. 
 
 All Denominations, . 
 
 83,637 
 
 11,459,534 
 
 26,856 
 
 3,754,292 
 
 47,636,495 
 
 Roman Catholics, 
 
 3,907 
 
 3,758,000 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 , 
 
 Methodists Episcopal, 
 
 21,234 
 
 1,367,134 
 
 16,912 
 
 1,410,806 
 
 8,796,000 
 
 Methodists Episcopal, South, 
 
 7,586 
 
 571,241 
 
 
 . 
 
 2,258,150 
 
 United Brethren in Christ, . 
 
 1,709 
 
 120,445 
 
 2,519 
 
 135,954 
 
 641,849 
 
 Other Methodists, 
 
 10,968 
 
 773,125 
 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 Pree-Will Baptists, . 
 
 1,145 
 
 66,909 
 
 
 
 
 Regular Baptists, 
 
 12,013 
 
 1,489,191 
 
 5,287 
 
 498,75610 
 
 Disciples, 
 
 1,797 
 
 487,223 
 
 
 
 
 Mennonites, Tunkers, Winebrena- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rians, 
 
 950 
 
 88, COO 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 Seventh Day, Six Principle, Anti- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mission, and other Baptists, 
 
 700 
 
 70,000 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Presbyterian Church, United 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 General Assembly, 
 
 4,795 
 
 455,378 
 
 
 479,817 
 
 9,097,706 
 
 Presbyterian Church, South, 
 
 1,096 
 
 87,529 
 
 . 
 
 50,355 
 
 1,034,390 
 
 Reformed Presbyterian, 3 sects, 
 
 197 
 
 19,000 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 United Presbyterians, 
 Cumberland Presbyterians, 
 
 560 
 
 71,804 
 
 ' 601 
 
 '52,616 
 
 800,001 
 
 1,314 
 
 96,335 
 
 518 
 
 29,968 
 
 
 Reformed (German), 
 
 526 
 
 101,894 
 
 1,019 
 
 51,210 
 
 594,250 
 
 Reformed (Dutch), 
 
 566 
 
 63,483 
 
 
 51,169 
 
 1,227,657 
 
 Congregationalists, 
 
 3,194 
 
 312,054 
 
 
 368,937 
 
 6,650,814 
 
 Protestant Episcopal, 
 
 2,898 
 
 224,995 
 
 . 
 
 253,584 
 
 5,544,575 
 
 Lutherans, 
 
 2,157 
 
 495,325 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 United Brethren (Moravians), 
 
 86 
 
 15,064 
 
 
 6,120 
 
 131,000 
 
 Unitarians, 
 
 396 
 
 30,000 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 Christian Connection, 
 
 3,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Universalists, . 
 
 630 
 
 84,000 
 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 Friends (Orthodox), . 
 
 
 57,405 . . 
 
 ec.ooo 
 
 . . . 
 
 Hicksite and Progressive Friends, 
 
 
 40,000! . . 
 
 . 
 
 . . 
 
 New Jerusalem Church of Swe- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 denborgians, 
 
 63 
 
 5,000 
 
 . 
 
 
 03,000 
 
 Jews, .... 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Mormons, 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 Spiritualists, 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 . 
 
 . . . 
 
 Minor sects not included else- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 where, 
 
 150 
 
 9,000 . . 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Deistical, Atheistical, Radical, 
 
 
 
 
 
 and Liberal Clubs, . 
 
 
 V 
 
 • 
 
 . . . 
 
 * Extracted from a volume of F^cts, htatist -c-. Ua^ed, etc., presented to purcha- 
 sers of " Watson's New Map of the United States, 1 ' page 87. Published by Uaylurd 
 Wats-on, New York. 
 
THE PROGKESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 189 
 
 By Tables XXIY. and XXV. —Religious Statistics 
 of the United States, from the Census returns of 
 1870 and other sources, of the different denomina- 
 tions in 1872 — it will be seen that there were in 
 the United States 72,450 religious organizations, a 
 church membership of 11,452,534, with 63,082 
 churches, and 83,637 ministers. We also find that 
 there were in 1872, 3,754,292 Sabbath- school scholars 
 and teachers, and that the whole contributions for 
 church and benevolent purposes, in 1872, amounted 
 to 847,636,495. Though we have not been able to 
 obtain the contribution of some of the minor de- 
 nominations and the Roman Catholics, yet we may 
 safely estimate the total contribution for these pur- 
 poses in 1872 did not exceed the sum of §50,000,000, 
 or less than one-thirteenth of the money spent for 
 liquors ; and while there were 63,082 churches, 
 there were not less than 241,716 licensed and un- 
 licensed retail drinking-places, and 7,276 licensed 
 wholesale liquor establishments, or a total of 
 248,992 places where intoxicating drinks were sold, 
 or nearly four liquor-shops for every church. 
 
 Daniel DeFoe wrote, two hundred years ago : 
 
 " Where God erects a house of prayer, 
 The devil builds a chapel there. 
 It Trill ho found upon close observation, 
 That the latter bas the larger congregation." 
 
 This is as true to-day as when written, for if 
 each of the licensed and unlicensed retail drink- 
 in£-shops have only one-half of the average daily 
 
190 THE PEOGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 visits of the liquor-shops of New York, or receive 
 67 visits a day, the retail drinking-places of the 
 United States will receive daily 16,194,972 visits, 
 and 5,911,164,780 visits annually. 
 
 Again, while only 83,637 ministers are laboring 
 to spread the Gospel of Jesus, to make men and 
 women better and happier during the present life 
 and fit them for that which is to come, a half- 
 million persons are engaged in dealing out strong 
 drink to destroy them body and soul. Is it. not 
 a terrible reflection that not less than 6,000,000 of 
 our population visit these schools of debauchery — 
 the drinking-shops — or more than there are adult 
 church members. Of these 6,000,000 worshipers at 
 the shrines of Bacchus, 600,000 of them are drunk- 
 ards, of whom 60,000 will annually fill the drunk- 
 ard's grave, and, unless we deny the Bible, we must 
 believe they cannot enter the Kingdom of God. 
 But the terrible sufferings and awful deaths of 
 these 60,000 human beings leave not less the num- 
 ber of poor miserable suffering drunkards. For as 
 fast as the grave closes over the sad remains of 
 one poor victim of intemperance, another recruit is 
 drafted into the ranks of this army of confirmed 
 drunkards, who are marching on, if by fours, in one 
 column extending 174 miles. Think of this awful 
 procession of human beings, four deep, and 174 miles 
 long ! Christian men and women, fellow- citizens, 
 behold this mournful procession ; listen to their 
 tramp, tramp, tramping, as they march to the final 
 destruction of body and eternal death of their 
 
THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 191 
 
 souls ! See, as tliey tramp along, every ten minutes 
 one of them falls before your eyes and sinks into the 
 drunkard? s grave! And thus they will continue to 
 drink, to drink, and one will die every ten minutes 
 from the beginning of January to the last minutes 
 of the last day of December of every year, and the 
 number will still increase as the facilities for drink- 
 ing, the drink -shops, increase. 
 
 Can we wonder that good men despond \ Is it 
 strange and surprising that the church should 
 make such slow progress in the reformation and 
 regeneration of mankind \ Xot at all. The only 
 wonder is, that so much good has been accomplish- 
 ed, and that the church has made the advances it 
 has in the face of these 248,992 temples of Bacchus, 
 with their 505,000 priests, who are continually em- 
 ployed in dealing out death, ruin, sin, and demo- 
 ralization. But the God of Daniel still lives, and, 
 if we do our duty, he will deliver us from the jaws 
 of these lions. 
 
 As good Christian men and women, we pray to God 
 to revive his work and to pour his Holy Spirit into 
 the hearts of men, that the Gospel of peace and good- 
 will toward men may be spread over all the earth, 
 that his kingdom may come and his will be done 
 on earth as in heaven. Let us not be deceived. 
 God works by means and not by witchcraft. He 
 expects men and women to co-operate with his power 
 and be instruments in his hands to save mankind 
 from their sins. Strong drink has defied and frus- 
 trated the labors of the church of Christ to evangelize 
 
192 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 the world, by keeping millions of sonls from listening 
 to the message of the Gospel's glad tidings of great 
 jo j, and deliverance from the thraldom of sin and 
 death, and stili be allowed to fill our streets with 
 drunkards on the Sabbath. 
 
 The Christian church can hardly be expected to 
 accomplish its God-designed mission while the liquor- 
 traffic is allowed to exist. 
 
 The cases are very few in which persons have been 
 expelled from evangelical churches that strong drink 
 was not the direct or indirect cause. 
 
 This has been the condition of affairs since John 
 "Wesley, while visiting Newcastle, excluded seventeen 
 persons from the society for drunkenness. The 
 Rev. Newman Hall informs us that " the churches 
 of England lose on an average one member annually 
 through liquor- drinking," and that " 30, 000 members 
 are slaughtered yearly through this cause." Rev. 
 Richard Knill said : " Nearly all the blemishes which 
 have been found on the character of ministers for the 
 last fifty years have arisen directly or indirectly from 
 the use of intoxicating liquors." 
 
 Rev. Dr. Guthrie, of Edinburgh, sail: "X have 
 seen no less than ten clergymen, with whom I have 
 sat down to the Lord's table, deposed through strong 
 drink." 
 
 Rev. Dr. Campbell, of London, said: "There has 
 been scarcely a case requiring of me church disci- 
 pline, such as expulsion, which has not arisen 
 through strong drink." 
 
 Rev. Win. Jay, of Bath, said : "In one month not 
 
THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 193 
 
 less than seventeen dissenting ministers came under 
 my notice who were suspended through intoxicating 
 drinks." 
 
 In the report, made February 25, 1869, by the Com- 
 mittee on Intemperance for the Lower House of Con- 
 vocation of the Province of Canterbury, we find the 
 following testimony of the clergy on the effects of in- 
 temperance on the work of the church : 472. * " Truly 
 drink is the curse of the working classes of London." 
 474. " Habits of occasional intemperance keep men 
 away from church for a time." 475. " The apparent 
 result is chiefly neglect of the means of grace and 
 ordinances of religion." 476. " Public-house keepers 
 rarely or ever come to church." 479. "Those who 
 tipple most are most frequently absent from public 
 worship." 480. "As a rule they neglect the ordi- 
 nances of religion altogether." 481. "Necessarily 
 injurious to religion." 482. "There are families 
 who never attend divine service ; they plead that 
 they have no decent clothes in which to come — the 
 truth being that the money which should purchase 
 clothes is spent at the beer-shops." 484. "The 
 Saturday evening attendance at the public-house 
 must, as far as it extends, act injuriously on the 
 duties belonging to Sunday." 485. "No drunkard 
 attends the ordinances of religion." 486. " The 
 effect is to lessen the frequency of the attendance 
 at church." 487. "Sabbath-breaking, swearing, and 
 drunkenness are the vices that go together. The 
 
 * The figures arc the number of the answers to interrogatories sent to the clergy, 
 as given in the report. 
 
194 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 influence for evil here is very great." 490. "All 
 persons who frequent ale-houses are irregular in 
 their attendance at a place of worship/' 492. 
 "The Gospel fails to meet the case." 49G. "One 
 public-house only. Population, 280. Since the 
 opening of the public-house, the attendance at 
 church has been somewhat less." 500. "There is 
 a beer-shop in the next parish, which is a source 
 of annoyance. The license is continued contrary 
 to the wishes of myself and several respectable 
 neighbors. It is very discouraging to the paro- 
 chial clergy of small agricultural parishes, where their 
 efforts for the spiritual welfare of the people are in a 
 great measure frustrated by the baneful effects of beer- 
 houses in their immediate neighborhood ; often in the 
 most retired and by -places favorable for the resort of 
 the basest characters." 501. "Attendance at church 
 has been greatly increased with the decrease of intem- 
 perance among my parishioners." 
 
 502. " I speak clerically, and say that intemperance 
 undoes all we can do for the moral improvement of 
 the parish ; and, magisterially, that out of every one 
 hundred cases, ninety at least of the cases brought 
 before the bench are directly or indirectly to be traced 
 to intemperance ; and, perhaps, having been in prac- 
 tice for several years as a medical man, and holding 
 my diploma, I may speak medically, that the vice 
 caused to a great extent by intemperance ruinously 
 affects the health of numbers." 
 
 503. "Numbers are kept away from public wor- 
 ship from intemperance directly, and still more so 
 
THE PROGRESS OE CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 195 
 
 perhaps indirectly, the effect of intemperance being 
 not only to produce poverty, but also to debase 
 and deprave the whole moral nature — in fact to 
 brutalize." 504. " Intemperance keeps numbers from 
 church." 505. "The consequences on morals and 
 religion are clearly marked in both respects." 516. 
 "I believe the beer-houses and publics to be the 
 
 devil' s own hot-houses Communion 
 
 has become really extinct among the poor, and vital 
 religion as low as well can be." 517. "The utter an- 
 nihilation of all moral and religious feeling/ 1 518. 
 "People who indulge in drink seem dead to reli- 
 gion." 519. " No one can well exaggerate the very 
 injurious influences which the public-houses exercise 
 over the religious and moral feeings of my popula- 
 tion." 520. " It is always hostile to religion and mo- 
 rality." 522. "It is very prejudicial to religion, more 
 than any other cause, and is the secret source of 
 backsliding among Christian converts." 523. "It 
 need hardly be said that intemperance is the fruitful 
 source of irreligion." 527. "With the increase of 
 beer-shops there has been a decreased attendance on 
 the ordinances of religion." 529. "I never seethe 
 habitually intemperate at church. I have often 
 known men change their habits, and then come to 
 church." 530. "Keeps the men from going to 
 church, and renders them indifferent to religion." 
 531. "A considerable amount of Sabbath desecra- 
 tion consequent on intemperance." 532. "Destroys 
 all regard for religion." 534. "As touching religion 
 'he place is demoralized. No one is ashamed of 
 
196 THE PROGRESS OE CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 drunkenness, and the violent deaths which not unfre- 
 quently occur are no warning. Only a few weeks 
 since a drunken man was roasted to death upon a 
 lime-kiln "bank, and the same day his two brothers 
 consoled themselves by a drunken debauch. I have 
 
 told them at church that drink is the God of S , 
 
 and the public-houses their churches." 536. "No 
 room in man's heart for two gods — when they wor- 
 ship drink, there is a corresponding absence from 
 God's worship." 539. "Almost all that is wrong in 
 the parish — wrong and irreligious — is traceable to 
 drunkenness." 544. "Intemperance disqualifies for 
 profitable attendance on religious ordinances." 545. 
 "As soon as a drunkard leaves off drink, even tem- 
 porarily, he generally begins to attend divine service. 
 If he drinks, he keeps away, except at club sermons" 
 546. " They become so degraded that they are ashamed 
 to be seen poorly clad in places of worship." 547. 
 ' i A fearful drawback in morals and religion ; it ruins 
 my senior scholars awfully." 
 
 This testimony of the clergy of England corrobo- 
 rates what has already been said of the demoraliz- 
 ing and irreligious tendencies of strong drinks. 
 These effects are not confined to England ; the same 
 results are produced wherever used, whether on 
 tliis or the other side of the Atlantic. As early as 
 1831, the Eev. Mr. Barbour, of New England, 
 set himself to work to ascertain the losses caused 
 to the churches by liquor-drinking. He addressed 
 "circulars" to ministers and clerks of churches ill 
 all of the New England States, and of New York, 
 
THE PKOGHESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED, 197 
 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. He receiv- 
 ed replies from 459, whose records show 2,590 
 cases of discipline where the charge was intempe- 
 rance alone. From this and other data obtained, 
 he concludes that seven-eiglitlis of all cases of 
 church discipline arise directly or indirectly from 
 liquor- drinking. Another gentleman gives the fol- 
 lowing testimony: "I have travelled in 48 coun- 
 ties, and visited 450 churches in Pennsylvania and 
 in many other States, embracing nearly all denomi- 
 nations. I have made diligent enquiry in regard to 
 drinking by ministers and church members, and 
 these are my conclusions, viz. : 
 
 "1. That the churches of this country lose, on 
 an average, one member a year from liquor-drink- 
 ing. 
 
 £; 2. That liquor-drinking causes the ruin of more 
 ministers than all other causes combined. That a 
 minister rarely falls who is not at least a tippler. 
 
 "3. That since 1853, when the slavery agitation 
 broke up our systematic temperance education, 
 drinking customs have increased at least one hun- 
 dred per cent, in the churches of this country." 
 
 These statements are plainly within the truth, as the 
 records of every church in the country will testify. 
 Let any church member or minister examine the re- 
 cords, or call to mind all the cases of church disci- 
 pline of which he has any knowledge, and he will find 
 that the major portion arose from the use of strong 
 drink. Sufficient testimony has been adduced to leave 
 no doubt in the mind of any person of the injury in- 
 
198 TJIE PE0GEE8S OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 liicted upon the Cliristian Church by strong drinkSo 
 This demoralizing traffic must be abolished. The 
 Gospel can never fully spread its soul-saving influ- 
 ence while we have four of these devil's chapels — 
 drink-shops — for every church; and spend one 
 dollar for the spread of the Gospel and Christian 
 charities, and more than thirteen for intoxicating 
 drinks, to spread crime, sin, and debauchery. Strong 
 drink shuts out the Holy Spirit. It stifles the con- 
 victions, sears the conscience after the person has 
 been awakened. 
 
 Strong drink obstructs the progress of the Gospel. 
 The intemperance of the Christian professors in 
 foreign lands brings reproach upon the holy religion 
 of Jesus. Sir Charles E. Trevelyan, K.C.B., in his 
 testimony to the Committee on Intemperance of the 
 Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, said : 
 1,211. " The responsibility of the empire has also to 
 be considered. Those only who have lived in heathen 
 countries know what a scandal to our nation and to 
 Christianity will be removed by a change in our 
 military system. The natives of India ask whether 
 the Gora log (European soldiers) are the same caste 
 as the Saliib log (European gentlemen) ; and seeing 
 the exhibition our soldiers too often make of them- 
 selves in the grog-shops and houses of ill-fame, in the 
 bazaar, they wonder why, if this be the result of a 
 Christian education, the missionaries take such pains 
 to convert the Hindoos and Mohammedans to Chris- 
 tianity. To abstain from intoxicating liquors is a 
 cardinal point of both those religions, and it is a 
 
THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 199 
 
 disgraceful fact that the tendency of our influence has 
 been to encourage excess in the use of them. We 
 are not speaking now of money, but of money's 
 worth ; and surely it is worth something, even for the 
 peace and duration of our Indian empire, so to con- 
 stitute our military force that it may present the as- 
 pect of a Christian army to the population of many 
 races, languages, and religions, whose welfare is de- 
 pendent upon us." The following is a testimony sent 
 to the chairman of the Committee by Sir John 
 Bo wring : 
 
 "It has been deemed somewhat singular that 
 neither in the Hebrew nor the Christian Code is the 
 vice of drunkenness especially censured or forbidden.* 
 It maybe sufficient to reply that if the commands of 
 the Decalogue or of the all-comprehensive teachings of 
 Jesus were obeyed, intemperance in any form would be 
 impossible, and as the greater must include the less, 
 the highest religious authority is not wanting to dis- 
 courage the vice of inebriety. Still the lamentable fact 
 remains that drunkenness is far more common among 
 nations professedly Christian than among those who 
 have any other national faith. In the Levant the use 
 of strong drinks is almost wholly confined to the 
 Christian and the Hebrew races, for though intoxi- 
 cating liquors are used among the Mohammedans, the 
 use is secret, as public opinion would not tolerate its 
 public employment. So strong are the prohibitory en- 
 
 * Dent. xxi. 20, xxiv. 10 ; Trov. xxiii. 21 ; Isa. v. 22, xxviii. 7 ; Ilab. ii. 15 ; 
 Matt. xxiv. 49 ; Luke xii. 45, xxi. 34; Rom. xili. 13; Gal. v. 21 ; 1 Cor. v. 11. v. 10; 
 Eph. v. W. 
 
200 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 
 
 actments of the Koran that the stricter sects of Mus- 
 sulmans — such as the Wahabees — will not allow the 
 use of coffee, on account of its exciting qualities. The 
 value of water as one of the gifts of Allah is constant- 
 ly put forward in 'The Book,' and the moralists of 
 Islam all teach that water, which it is permitted to 
 sweeten with the unfermented juice of fruits or 
 flowers, is all-sufficient to quenching thirst, and ad- 
 ministering to unforbidden enjoyment without the 
 addition of any inebriating element. Water is the 
 universal drink of Buddhists and Brahmins, and 
 under these designations we may include nearly half 
 of the whole race of man. Stimulants of another 
 character are no doubt largely employed among 
 Orientals, the hashish of the Arabians, the bang 
 among the East Indians, the opium among the 
 Chinese, are very largely consumed ; but^ though they 
 are dangerous to health, and fetch on misery, they do 
 not generate such seeds of violence, nor lead to sacri- 
 fice and suffering, at all comparable in amount or ex- 
 tent to that produced by drinking in the British 
 dominions." 
 
 Archdeacon Jeffreys, a missionary in the East 
 Indies, said, more than twenty years ago, "that for 
 one really converted Christian, as the fruit of mission- 
 ary labor, for one person 'born again of the Holy 
 Spirit, and made a new creature in Jesus Christ'— for 
 one such person, the drinking practices of the English 
 had made one thousand drunkards." 
 
 These facts cannot fail to excite painful emotions 
 in the heart of every Christian. Thsy should arouse 
 
THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 201 
 
 tlie churches of our country to greater activity, and 
 become united to aid in the overthrow of a legal sys- 
 tem that produces so much evil in the Church and 
 out of it. The paramount question with every Chris- 
 tian should be : What is the influence of strong- 
 drinks on men's souls ? Do they prepare them to re- 
 ceive the Gospel intelligently and reverently, or do 
 they disqualify them to feel and understand its claims 
 and embrace it I The essential characteristics of alco- 
 hol are such as to blunt the sensibilities, neutralize the 
 effects of the Gospel, and to disqualify men to accept 
 the offers of mercy and salvation. Can Christians, 
 and especially Christian ministers, be indifferent to 
 the consequences of intoxicating drinks, and the ex- 
 tent to which they defeat their labors. 
 
 These evils do not terminate with persons outside of 
 the pale of the Church, whom as Christians we must 
 endeavor to bring into the Church, but the baleful in- 
 fluences of these drinks extend and enter within the 
 sacred limits of the Church, and drag laymen and 
 ministers from the class-rooms and the pulpits into 
 the taverns and beer- saloons, and bring reproach upon 
 religion, and thus do more to retard the progress of 
 the Gospel than the faithful ministers and the whole 
 membership of the Christian Church can do to ad- 
 vance it. Surely, in view of these facts, the Christian 
 and moral people will gravely consider the subject, 
 and unite in the adoption of measures to secure the 
 needed reform. 
 
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